JPRS ID: 9730 JAPAN REPORT

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JPRS L/9976
10 Septert~ber 1981
Translation
SOVIET SCIE~CE ANO TECHNOLOGY POLICY
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION ~ERVICE
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JPRS L/9976
10 September 1981
- SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
This non-serial report contains selected translations of Russian
articles on the planning aad admi.nistration of Soviet research
and development and the introduction of scientific achievements
iaato industry.
CONTENTS
Fedoseyev on Domestic, International Goals of Soviet Science
(P. N. Fedoseyev; VOPROSY FILOSOFII, No 4, 1981) 1
Problems in Introducing Computer Technology Into National Econamy
(V. M. Glushkov; VITCHYZNA, No 3, 1981).....,..,.~,.~~,~~,~~..,,~, 14
Current Problems in Coordinating Research in the Belorussian Republic
(V. P. Hrybkoyski; VESTSI AKADEMII NAWK BELARUSKAY SSR:
_ SERYXA HRAMADSRIKH NAWK, No 1, 1981) 23
;Jkrainian Interdepartmental Scientific-Production Complexes Described
(B. Ye. Paton; VESTNIR AKADErIII NAUK SSSR, No 12, 1980)...,,.,..,, 35
Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information to Institutions
of the USSR Academy of Sciences
(B. B. Kadomtsev; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1981)......... 48
Problems With Academy Library-Information Services
(V. V. Menner; VF;STNIR ARADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1981)...,.,...... 53
- Academy of Sciences Resolution on Library-Information Services
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1981)......... 55
Industry, Government Neglect S&T Information Services
(M. Libintov; SOVETSKAYA BELORUSSIYA, 22 Jul 81).~~~~~,~~~..~~~~~. 58
Problems in Introducing New Agricultural Technology
(Ye. A. Bondarev; RUKOVODSTVO KOMPARTII UKRAINY RAZVITIYEM
- PROIZVODITEL'NYKH SIL SEL'SKOGO KHOZYAYSTVA RESPUBLIKI, 1980)... 60
Marchuk on Role of Science in Society
(G. I. Marchuk; MOLODYM 0 NAIJKE, 1980) 70
- a- [I - OSS R- 0 FOUO]
Ti'AD ACLT/`i A~ i TCTi ANi V
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FEDOSEYEV ON DOMESTIC, INTERNATIONAL GOALS OF SOVIET SCIENCE
Moscow VOPROSY FILOSQFII in Russian No 4, Apr 81 pp 22-38
[Excerpts from an article written on the basis of a report to the general assembly of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, 18 Mar~h 1981, by P. N. Fedoseyev: "The 26th CPSU
Congress on the Tasks of Science in the N~w Five-Yea~r Plan"]
[Excerpts] The 26th CPSU Congress allotted an exceptionally large amount of atten-
tion to the tasks of further developing science and, on this basis, accelerating
scientific-technical progress. "The party of communista," said Comrade L. I. Brezh-
nev, "proceeds from the assumption that the construction of a new society is simply
inconceivable without ~cience."* The congress pointed to the necessity of moving all
- sectors of the economy forward to the leading edges of science and technology. We
s~e that this aim of the congress is the concretization of the historic task of
organically uniting the achievements of the scientific-technical revolution with the
advantages of socialiam.
The scientific-technical revolution is uafolding under the aggravat~d conditions of
the struggle of two world systems when, on the one hand, the power and influence of
the forces of socialism and of national liberation and social progress are growing
and, on the other hand, the crisis in capitalism is becoming more acute, its contra-
dictions are deepening and, at the same time, the aggreasiveness of imperialism is
becoming stronger.
~
Under present conditions, the imperiali~t strategists have a big stake in using
scientific-technical achievements in an arms race. The successes of the scientific-
tech-~ica1 revolution themselves are being more and more directed by these strategists
toward the creation of monstrous means of ma~s annihilation of people and the incite-
ment of war hysteria. Under these conditions, the question of increasing the effec-
tiveness of our civil production on the basis of comprehensive use of the achieve-
ments of the scientific-technical revolution is the pivotal problem not only for the
development of a socialist society but also for all human civilization.
The imperialiets, by relying on the presence of a developed production base and a
high scientific-technical potential and qualified personnel, by intensifying the
plundering of economically poorly developed countries and the exploitation of the
' workers in their own countriea, and by building up their military might, think that
the can occu a dominating poaition on the �ronts of th~ scienti�ic-technical
* Materia y X7 s'yezda RPSS" [Materials of the 26th CP~U Congress~, p. 42
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NUK V!'r1l,lAL UJC. UlVLY
revolution and achieve economic and military supremacy over the whole world. Ameri-
can imperialism intends to use its ecientific-technical base and military strength
with a view toward leadership in the capitalist world and as a pressure lever on
young national states, to interfere ~rith their advancement on the road to social
progress, applying all means, including armeci internention, against liberation move-
ments. But the main design of Ameri~an imperialism is to build up arms and scienti-
fac-technical potential, especially in the military field, to surpass the defense
potential and economic growth of the Soviet Union and of couatries of the socialist
_ fraternity and to cancel out the great historical achievements of re~l soeialism,
.and to turn back the tide of historical progress.
Allotting increasing financial means, technic~l equipment, and qualified personnel
to the development of scientific-technical potential, American imperialists are -
trying at the same time to slow down the development of Soviet science in the most
important areas. Undsr various pretexts, such as under the banner of protesting
"human rights," the pretext of the "Soviet military threat," and "U.S. national
secur.ity," American rulers limit and divert scientif ic-technical relat~ions with the
Soviet Union on problem areas in whieh they think the seientifie achievements of
their country are higher than 3oviet science. As is well known, American officials
have imposed a ban on the sale to the Soviet Union of a large number of types of
scientific-tachnical equipment and various materials. Along the same lines, they
are putting pressure on other capitalist countries, trying to.isolate Soviet science
from the general flow of world scientific-technical progress and to impose a sort of
scientific-technical blockade on the relations of our country and countries of the
socialist fraternity.
Soviet scientists, recognizing their patriotic duty, are devoting maximum affort to
achieve self-reliance and independence in the development of Soviet aeience and
technology in the decisive areas, to help in every way po~sible the strengthening of
the defense ca~ability of our country to counterbalance Ameriean claims of achieving
military supremacy over the Soviet Union and the socialiat fraternity.
On the basis of scientific achievementa, further development or new developments
have been achieved in such fields as atomic machine building, space technology,
electronics and microelectronics, micr~biological industrq, laser technology, the
production of artificial diamonds and oCher synthetic mat~rials; the utilization of
natural resources and distribution of productive forces have been bet~tered; and
social relations have been improved.
The successful development of the economy and the solution of social probl~ms is
impossible, under the ffiore complicated conditions of the 1980's, without the very
active and direct participation of science and without the acceleration of scienti-
fic-technical progress. Therefore, the acceleration of seientific-t~ehnical progreas
is really the crucial problem in the economic developm~nt of our country under present
conditions. "The country has an extreme need," said Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in the
Summary Report af the CPSU Central. Cammittee, "to have the e~forts of 'big science,'
along with the developmet~t of theoretical problems, concent~xated in larger m~asure on
the solution of key economic problems and on dis�overies that are able tv bring
genuine revolutionary changea in production."* Thia is a clear program for the
- development and practical utiliaation.of seiat~tific aehievements, including funda+~..
mental sciences, which a~e ~the chief sour~e o~ technical pragres~.
*"Materialy RXVI s"yezda KPSS," pp 42-43. ;
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Scientific and technical achievements can and muat compensate for the growing
additional expenditures of labor and resourcae in the eeoxomy caused by having more
and more to use fuel and energy sources and raw materials in places that are remote
and hard to reach. The solution of this economic task is becoming a matter of first-
priority importance, for on this depends the effec�tive exploitation of the new
eastern regions of the country. Scientific-technical progress is called upon to
overcome yet another diffic+~lty to provide high rates of growth in production
during an expected decrease in labor resources caused by unfavorable demographic
trends in future years.
In short, we have a rich, meaningful scientific build-up and good prospects for future
progress in science.
Socialist society has a vital interest in expanding the scientific-technical revolu-
tion; iC can and must create more favorable conditions to help this revolution.
However, as was noted at the congress, in practice we often do not utilize the
advantages of socialism for the development of science, for increasing its effective-
ness, and for accelerating sc~.ent.ific-technical progrQSS.
The statement that science is a direct productive force has become literally true.
But this statement must be tied to the und~rstanding that science is becoming a
direct productive force only when it is embodied in the means of production and in
technological developments and then in the production of material wealth.
Close integration of science and production," stressed L. I. Brezhnev, "is the
persistent requirement of the present epoch."*
Unfortunately, great difficulties arise at the stage where scientific achievements
and the introduction of technical innovations into mass production take place. The
Soviet Union has enriched the world with many discoveries which have foreordained
profound improvement in the engineering and technology of production, but we our-
selves in a n umber of instances are behind in the time-lengths and scales of appli-
cation of these progressive technologies. The congscess ordered analysis of the
reasons for the intolerable slowness in the assimilation of prospective developments.
In analyzing the reasons for such a situation, it is necessary to consider a number
of conditions, including technical-economic ones. It often happens that the develop-
ment of new technology does not provide effective technical-economic advantages over
the engineering and technology that is in use. This is caused largely by the
imperfection of the cost-accounting system, which makes it unprofitable for enter-
prises to make products more cheaply because this leads to the lowering of the
production indicators used in evaluating their activity. This circumstance was
brought out with definity in the CPSU Central Committee Sutmmary Report to the.26th
CPSU Congress. In a number of casec, new tEChnology causes an increase in the cost
of manufactured items because expenda.tures �or the production of new machinery and
equipment substanti~lly rises, while productivity incre~.ses leas than the price. As
a result, this leads to unjusti�ied growth in the cost of end products in all
branches of the economy that employ such technology. Znadmi$sible lack of coordina-
tion exists in the methods and criteria for evaluating the effeeti:veness o� capital
investment and new technology.
* Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS, p 4.
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A large grotip of econotnic scientists have been en~aged for a lo~~ time in the
ana2ysis of the reasons �or such a problem. Homever, a verified answer still has not
been given to the basic economic questions of scientific-technical pragress.
Under present conditions of the development o� our economy, enterprises should be
vitally interested in utili.aing acientific and technical achievements. Central plan-
ning and administrative bodies and the Co~nittee for ~cience and Tech~ology, as
~ L. I. Brezhnev pointed out at the congress, must fos~late practical tas'ks tl~at
require maximum attention from scientists. "At the sam~ time," L. I. Brezhnev con-
- tinued, "seience itself must be the constant 'disrupter of tranquility,' pointing out
what sectors have become stagnant and backmard and where the present level of k~ow-
ledge provides the opportunity to move forward rapidly and successfully. We must
- think ~baut how to turn this work into an inseparable part of the management
mechanism,*
~e assigrunent by the congress to the Ac~demy of Sciences, the State Commait~tee for
Science and Technology, and the ministries to conduct work on'the evaluation of the
scientific a~d design base~ of variou~ economic bsaaches and to make proposals for
certain regrouping ~f scientific efforts must be considered exceptionally important.
As is known, the USSR Academy of Scienees and the republic academies give a large
amount of attention to the search for new ways and forms for introducing scientific
research results iato the economy. In the course of the work, new fornas of coopera-
tion are arising between academy ecientific institutions, on the one hand, and
ministerial institutes and industrial enterprises and organizations, on the other
hand. Significant successes in uniting science a~d production have been achieved by
the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy~of Sciences. Valuable experience has
been accumulated at the Ukrainian Academy of Seiences, the scienti�ic institutions ,
of which are concentra~ing their efforts on the purposeful development of those
~ fundamental and applied research projects that can be the basis for cr~ating
conceptually new technology leading to fundamental traneformations of productive ,
proceases. The experience of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy~ of Sciences
and the�Ukrainian Academy hae been approved by the CPSU Central Com~nittee.
Improvement in the forms of relations between acience arid production must be given
constant attention:by the Academy of Sciences and its departments and xnstitutions.
= Experieflce shows that difficulties in implementing scientific achievements can be
overcome by improving organiaation and management of scientific rescarch and of the
system and mechanics of intesrelations between science, technology, and
production.
~ Durir~g the past two decades, much hae been donP for the solution of these problems,
and effective forms have been found for the integration of science and production.
. First, the transition to conti~uous apecial-purpose progsam planning has been
brought about, with the aim of unifying science and production. The development of
special purpose complex programa, se was streased ~t the congre~s, provides tb.~
opportunity to unite the eftorte of scientiat~ with the producers and workers of the
ministries for the solution ot the most importanC sci~ntific-tQahnical problems
and to reduce the time-lengths required for crea~ing and ~ssimilating new technology.
During the last five-year plan, the Academy of Scier~cea actively partici}~a~ed in
work on 111 scientific-technical programs of 200 euch programs.approved by the State
Committee for 5cience and Technology for 1976 to 1980. ^or such important programs
*"Materialy XRVI s"yezda RPSS," p 43. 4
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as "World Oceans," Molecular Biology," "Scie~tific and Technical Information," and
"Seismology and Earthquake-Proof Construction,"_the USSR Academy of Sciences was the
head agency responsible for program fulfillment as a whole. A large amounC of work
is being conducted by the USSR Academy of Sciences on the power program. The llth
Five-Year Plan, now beginning, plans for the implementation of 160 ecientific-
technical programs.
Scientific institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences is now conducting work on
joint programs and plans witt~ a large number of ministries and agencies. The
president of our academy gave a good account of this at the congress.
~ Research on special-purpose programs must be given constant attention by our scienti-
fic institutions, department~, presidiums of scientific centers, and affiliates of
the Academy of Sciences.
One effective form for integrating science and production consists of scientific-
production associations. Experience by the best of those operating in the large
industrial centers of the country shows that they permit more rapid introduction of
scientific achievements and engineering developments and more successful solution of
problems within and ~mong economic sectors. This was discussed at the congress.by
representatives of Leni.ngrad, Sverdlovak, Belorussia, aYid by a number of others.'
However, the situation is not always the same in other places. Evidently, there is
still some need for.adjustment in the economic aspects and in questions concerning
interaction between the scientific, planxiing-design, and production units that enter
into scientific-production asaociations. There are often cases where ministrie$
obligate enterprises entering into associations to fulfill their usual production
program that is unrelated to tasks of introducing scientific achievements into produc-
_ tion. The congress callwd f~�- an end to such policies. According to Comrade
N. A. Tikhonov, chairman of the U~SR Gouncil of Ministers, in his spee�h at the
_ congress, each scientific-production association must become a great center for
creating and manufacturing new, high-quality products and for the improvement of
technology and the organization of production.
- The USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology
together with the economic ministries must examine and decide questions on the
organization of the work of scientific-production a~eoci~tions and to define the
mechanism for utilizing the results of fundamental research. And our institutes of
the Department of Economics and the Institute of the State and Law must give effec-
tive scientific-methodological aid to the State Commi.ttee for Science and Te�hnology,
the Ministry of Finance, and the economic ministries re?ating to improvement zn the
legal and economic mechanisms for the functioning of a scientific-production associ-
ation.
Improvement in.the ox~ganiz~tion of scienti�ic research largely depends on its
rational and effective coordination.
As is known, the 25th CPSU Congreas gave a responsible assignment to the Academy of
Sciences the coordinat:an of all scientific work in the country. Such an assign-
ment to the USSR Academq of Sciences as the center of theoretical and fundamental
research was tied, first ~nf all, with the increased signi�icance of fundamental
sciences as the basis for a~cientific-technical progress and, ~econdly, witl~ the
incre3sed role of special-purpose program planning. A�ter the 25th CPSU Congress,
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the coordination of scientific research Was strengthened and relations ~c,ere im-
proved with the ministerial academies, higher schoolQ3 and ministeriaIl scientific-
research institutions.
Much work has been done in coordinating the scientific research of hi,~1~~-~ education-
al institutions. In a joint decision by the pre~idium of the Academ~y of Sciences and
the board of the USSR Ministry of Higher ,and Secondary Specialized 'Edu~cation "On
Strengthening Relatioas Between Higher Schools and the Scientif ic Instntutions of the
USSR Academy of Sciences," measures were taken for the further deve~.p~~ment of
scientific research in higher educational institutions and for broade~,nng th~ prac-
tice of joint scientific research by academy institutes and higher educational~.insti-
tutions. The 26th CPSU Congress proposed more e��ective use of tlne s;cientific
potential of higher schools aad a reduction of tt~e gap in material support to
academy and higher-school science. At the same zime, it is nece~sgry to improve .the
training, qualifications, and certification of scientific and scientifi~-~ducational
personnel, providing all assistance possible to ~~e development o,f mass scient.ific-
technical creativity.
The transiti~n to an intensive mode of development .is related not pnly to production
but also to science. The intensification of research activity-has become a vital
neceasity. Calculations and verifications conducted w~th the ~rafting of the
Complex Program for Scientific-Technical Progress to the Years 1990 and 2000 show
that there will be an unavoidable slowing of the growth in numbers of scientific
workers and generally of all people engaged in the sciv~~ce sph~re. Materi~l and
financial resourcea for science are also limited. Therefa~ee, two mutually related
prcblems stand out the intensification of scientifia r~s~arch and giving priority
to the development of the~deciaive areas of science.
The intensifica~tion of scientific res~arch offers improv~me~t in the technical sup-
port of science and a wider use of computers. Decisio,n~ by the congress provide for
strengthening the experimental and experimental-production base of scientific-
research and planning-design organizations. Significant ~~creases are planned for
the production of instrumentsr equipment, means for autom.ation, reagents, and
preparations for the conduct of scientific research.
Putting the priority principle into practice acquiares d~cisive significance. This
means that we muet concentrate scientific efforts an,d reaources on the main areas
on which depends progress in science and in the solu~ion af the key problems of
social-economic development. In the future ws must strive to specialize the activ-
ties of republic academies and scientific cen~~;~~ on the areas that have the best
prospects for scientific developm~nt. The concentration of scientific resources is
also necessary for achieving world levelsb especially in those areas where our
backwardness is eapecially intolerable. 3z~ other words, the whole system of
scientific reaearch muat be, ae L. I. 8rezhnev pointed out at rhe 26th CPSU Congress,
"significax~tly more flexible and mobile, :.nGolerant o� unproductive laboratories and
institutes."*
The CPSU Central Committee, as etated in ita Report to the congress, favors further
expansion in the role and respo~eibilities of the U3SR Aca~emg of Sciences and
improvement in the organization of t~e whole system for sc~:entific research. Improve-
ment is required in tha networl~ and structure of scientific institu~tions to corre-
spond to the need~ of scienti~i.a--tech~ical progress and itt the timely determination
and change of direction in rese-g,rch and development.
*"Materialy XXVI s"yezda Tu'S�S, p 42.
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In view of the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress, it is necessary to make
reaearch programs and plan tasks for acienti�ic developments more specific and to
implement the priority principle in practice. In thie connection, the Academy of
Sciences must keep the whole front of science within its purview, not permitting
backwardness in any area and not aeglecting opportun~.ties for crcative break-
through in any sector which, at a given time, may nat seem hopeful bult could have
good results at some time in the future.
As experience shows, the dra~~ing of the Complex Program for Scientific-Technical
Progress and the verification of praspects for the large economic probleans are
possible only if their social-economic and sciantific-technical aspects are in agree-
ment. On the one hand, the existing build-up in scientific-technical development
largely predetermines the possibilities �or solving social and economic problems
and, on the other hand, the progress of science and technology themselves,
especially in the long run, must be subordinated to the needs of the social :nd
economic development of the country and muat aid in the solution o� great economic
problems.
Documents of the congresa, with due completenees and specificity, defined the chief
areas of fundamental sciences and also.tasks for the solution of the urgent problems
of scientific-technical and social.progreas on which scientific workers' efforts
should be concentrated. This means, above all, supporting the dev~lopment and
implementation of sp~c~al-purpoae complex progra~s for the solution of the most
important scientific-technical problems, substantially reducing the time-l~ngtha
for creating and assmilating new technology, and~strengthening mutual relations
between science and productioa.
Amorig the basic scientific areas are envisaged the development of mathematics and
the increase of effectiveneae in its use for applied purposes. One of the central
p.roblems of present scientific-technical progress is the development and improve-
. ment of computer technology, which is related to a mhole complex of problems in
autamation and coatrol. The understanding of the microstructure of matter has been
_ ' ~and remains one of the chie� fundamental problema of science. A deeper understanding
_ of'the structure and natare of interaction among elementary particles, undoubtedly
~ has been a very great step in conquering the forces of nature, like the one achi.evcd
with the discovery of atomic atructure. Broad experimental and.theoretical
- research on the physies of the atomic nucleut and nuclear reaction have also been
provided for. A large amount of a~tention will be allotted to the development of
accelerator techn~logy, research facilities, and the automation of experimentation
in nuclear physics. To increase the effectiveness.in the utilization of large
experimental facilities such as research reactors and accelerat~rs, it is necessary
first of a11 to provide the maximum pogsible reduction of time-lengths necessary for
equipping thean. Delays in construction often aharply lewer the scientific value
of the experimental data obtained at auch faciliti~s.
Deciaiona of the congress plan for further development of the Puel and energy com-
plex. They provide for improvement in the structure of the fuel-energy balance and
the rapid development o� nuc.lear energy, including the~creation of fast-neutron-
reactor atomic power stations that permit a more ef�active utilization of nuclear
fuel. As Comrade L. I. Brezhnev ssid in the Su~aary Report to the CPSU Congress,*.
* Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS, p 38.
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"Reality demands continuation of the search for conceptually new enusces ~of energy,
including the creation of the bases for thermonuclear energy." T;~e~~efia?re, in the
five-year plan that is now beginning, there must be intensive dev~el~opment ~of r~esearch
on high-temperature plasma and the problem of controlled thernoonuelear syn-thesae.
Work will also be continued on laser and electron thermonuclear syntl~~sis ~nd also
on the solution of the moQt important engineering problems in ther~a~nuclear p~wer.
Scienee, including furidamental science, is called upon to play an im.~art'ant, role in
improving methods �o~c trans�orming energy and al'so bn improvin~ exi~t.b~?g pnethods and
developing new methods for energy transmission.
' Introducing a proposal for the development of research in th~e iEieYd of solid-state
physics, quantum electronics, optics, ~nd radio physics, the Academ~r of Scie~aces
must increase its attention to these problems and successfully i.~n~lemeat its own
proposal. Research in the physics o� semiconductors must.provx.de �~or the develop-
ment of physical and technological foundations fos microelec~r~o~i~cs for the improve-
ment in existing semi.conductor instruments, and the~crea~cion a~ ne~a bnes. A large
~ amount of attention will have to be given to research an th~e coample~c of problema in '
solid state physics, which is opening up even newer pz~~asp~r~~s ~'mr xaany aciences and .
production. . '
In the report by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the congs~~s, i~ was stressed that �
machine building, most of all, opens the door f'ar what ia n~w and advanced and ~
creates ecientific and engineering thought and embo,~ying it in highly effective ,
_ reliable machines, instruments, and technological ~ines. In the first place, ' ,
machine building~is the basis.for implementing scientif.ic amd technical achievements.
At the same time, machine building is the field ir~ whic~:h i~ large measure in one way '
or~another the techaical base and productive ap~parat+~s of the future will be created. ~
Therefore, in the fivs-year and ten-year periods b~~~tg p~~anned~for, a large complex
of problems will be d~veloped that are related Co a~mpro~ring quality,.reliability,
and productivity of machines and to reducing tl~~ir metal content and energy consump-
tion. Great hopes in this regard have been placed on scientific.institutions of the
Acadeu~y of Sciences. Iri the general th~ory of machines, there will be developments
in the creation of su~omatic manipulators, including industrial robots. There must
also be a wider development of work on the theory of systems for automatically
operated machines. Research will receive intensive development in the field of~
control problems. Significant attention muat be given to the development of the
scientific bases for the automation of ecientific research and experimentation.
In the five-year plan that is beginning, chemical science must accomplish important
tasks. A large amount of attention will be given to the development of the theory
of chemical structures, reactive capabilities, and chemical kinetics. First prior-
ity will remain on the problem of producing new polymers, phyaiologically active
compounds, composite materials, and oth~r products with predetermined complexes of~
properties. Special significance ia being acquired by the development of the
technological processes that provide for complex and�maximum full use o� raw mate-
- rials and that elimingte anvironmental polution, by the cseation o� effective
preparations for increasing yield from petroleum depoaits, and by the development
of inethods for producing liquid fuel from hard fuels. Increasingly important signi-
ficance is being acquired also by inc:reasing the lengt~.of service of various mate-
rials and manufactured ite~s and the protection of inetals from corroaion and
polymera from aging.
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Successas in fundamental research in biologica]. science, especially its physical-
chemical areas, have beeu provided by intensive development of traditional applied .
areas such as technical biochemietry, technical microbiology, and the synthesis of
biologically active compouads, and conceptually n~w possibilities have been opened
up for the accompli~hment of a larg~ number o� important practical tasks. ~enetic
engineering has come about and ie already producing its first res~lts. An impor-
tant area of long-range significance has been formulated bioengineering which
is oriented toward the use of biological agents and processes for practical purposes.
The "Basic Directions provide for the coucentration of efforts on ttse
development of bioengineering processes for producing the products used in medicine,
agriculture, and industry.
In the five-year plan now beginniag, work w?ill be developed on introducing highly
productive varieties of plants and strainc of livestock and useful microorganism
cultures and on creati.ng nQ~v physiologically active substances for agriculture and
medicine.
Development is foreseen in research on the rational use and conservation of the land
and water resourcas of the country and on the chemicalization, mechanizatian,
electrification, and automation of agriculture. Long-range programs have been put
together fox research on these important areae. New academy scientific institutions
have been created: so, in Saratov, the Institute for Social-Economic Problems in
the Development of the Agrar~.aa-Induetrial Complex of the USSR and the Institute for
the Biochemistry and Physa,ology of Plants and Microorganisms are beginning their
operation.
_ Scientists of the USSR Acade~y of S~ienees are participating in the development of
the food program of the USS& for 1981 to 1985 and for the period to 1990, which is
being implemented according to the'decision of the October (1980) Plenum of the CPSU
Central Committee and the 26th CPSU Congress. The accomplishment of the research
relating to the implementation of this program is the most important task of
academy scientific instit~tions.
Research is to be developed in the field of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and
mining sciences. This res~arch is directed toward explainzng the geolegical struc-
ture and history of the development of the Earth and Earth's crust, and also toward
evaluating the conditions of the origin, the pattern of distribution, and rational
means of atilization in the economy of the most important groups of useful minerals.
In the new five-year plan, there will be a continuation of the study and mastery of.
outer space in the interests of the davelopment of science, technology, and the
economy. With the aid of space aysteme, research will be conducted on a broader
scale with respect to naturai. reeourcea and the processes o� the Earth's atmosphere
and surface. ~
A characteristic f~ature of matur~ socialism, as Comrade L. I. Brezhnev has pointed
out, consists of increasingly clorer interrelations between the development of the
econ~my and the social-political progress of society. And this requires �urther
, intensive development in the social sciences and significant strangthening of
effectiveness in re~earch in the humanities.
Guided by the decisions of ~he 25th CPSTJ Congress, Soviet social sczentists in the
past five-year plan concentrated their efforts on pur~uiMg urgent problems of
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~
FUR Urh'1C:lAL U~r: UIVLY
Marxist-Leninist theorq, xeaea~ch on the patterna and tz~ends in the dQVelopment o~
our society, the con~tructior? of tha supply and 9quipment base for communism,
problems in the improvement of production relations9 changes in the social structure
of sdciety, and strengthening oiE the aocialist form of li�e. A.large amount of
attention was given to the p~~sui~~o.f~~ur.gent problems in t~e furthes development of
Soviet democracy, improvement in national relations, and bro~herly cooperation of
peoples under the conditions of mature sccialism. Social scientiets of the USSR
Academy of Sciences took an aative part in analyxing theoretical problams relating
to the :~ew constitution and in working on the developmer?ti of legislation based on
the new constitution.
With their research, social scientists mtide a d~�inite contribu~ion to the develop-
ment of the concept of developed eocialism. Du~ing the past five-year plan, they
' created serious scienti�ic works that were devozQd to the hi~tory and theory of
socialist society that zhrew ~.ight on the experiencg of world so�ialism, and that
revealed the pattern o� the worldwide ravmlutionary pro�ess. As L. I. B~ezhnev notes
in his report, there is good rese~rch�on the hiatory of th.e international workers'
. movement, the present stage in the crisie of capitalism, and tlae.development of �
state-monopoly capitalism, and serious etepc have been made in tbe.st~dy of present
international relations. In a word, as L. I. Brezhnev eaid, much h~s been done and
it deserves recognition. How~ver, not ev~rything ie eat~isfactory i~? the field of
_ social sciencae. Unfortun~tely, the tend~ncy of c~r~ain acientists toward scholas- �
tic theorization, noted by the 25th.CPSU Congress, has~not been overcome with
complete success. Philosophical works of~en repeat and prove well-known truths
- instead of analyzing new phenomena ot life. Often, research by social scientists is.
replaced by arti.ficial theoretieal "innovations" and~by the conatruction of
different variants of category systems that~differ only in the sequenee in which
they follow one another. Much time and effort are w~eted on fru~itless diseussions
~ of various concepts and definitions in the fields of philosopl~y,.so~iology, and
political economy, and in some othQr field4 as well.
At the same time, new phenomena and tr~nds iu economice and i.n the po.litical life
of society are being aaalysed ias~�fieiently; the task bequeathed by Lenin to
develop a theory of materialist dialectics as a wholA world view and methodological ,
system is being accomplished too slowly; and publi~; opinion studies are poor. A
large ~mount of attention is required by problema of the social conaeq~ences of the
scientific-technical revolution, to cemmunigt edueation tied closely to the social-
- economic policiea of the state, and many others.
On the basis of generalizing on the experience in developing the social-class
structure of our society dur;ing the last decade~, the Summ~ry Report by the CPSU
Central Committee to ~he 26th CPSU Congreas points to real possibilities that "the �
establishment of a classless eocial atru~ture will :,ome about easentially within the
historical framework o� mature socialism."* There~by, a subst~ntial con~ribuCion is
_ being made to Marxist-Leniniat te$chings on the relationship between the two phases
of communism formation fsoffi the poinC of.view ot the development of their social
structures. Concidering these proapects, larg~ly new analysis must be done on such
problema a~ tha convergence of the two form~ of propertq, the elimin~tion of
di�fereaces between urban a~d rural la.fe, and between i~tellec~ual and physical
labor, prospects for the developmar?t�,,ot a political sqstam~for socialism, and so
forth. ~
*"Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS," p. 53. .
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In our multinational atate, aaiea~e mu~t carefully conaider questions of nationality
relationships and the strengtl~ening o� friendsbip amot~g peoples. The dialectics of
nationality relations d~ring the ~tage o� dav~loped aocialism co~sists of movement
toward the �ull uuity of nationc and nationa�lities not through ignoring or
eliminating their national-cultural distinctions, but by gradual conve~rgence and by
the development of each of them on the basie of �raternai cooperatior~ and mutual
understanding.
The congress stressed with new fo~ce the interna~i~nal na.ture of socialism and gave
- attention to the necessity for countries of the socia~lict �raternity to "learn from
one another." Characterizing the dynamice�and bas.ic trends in the world socialist
fraternity and having pointed out that both in the internal devalopment of each
socialist country and in their dev~lopment of cooperation with or~e another, new tasks
and problems const~ntly appear. L. I. Breahnev noted tha~t it would be incorrect to
paint a picture of ~h~ coMtempvsary s.o.c.ialist world in bright holiday colors. There
are also complications in the development of our countries. The reasons for these
complications and the ways to overcome them constitute the profound and scientifi-
cally based answer to this question given by the 26th CPSU Congress.
In the report by L. I. Brezhnev and in the materials of the 26th CPSU Congress, a
- scientific analysis was given of new phenomena in the world of capitalism, the
distinctive features of the present etage in the overall erisis in capitalism,
the political role of developing states that has developed in the world arena, and
urgent problems of the international communist and workers moveme~t.
At the center of theoretical activity, there must be the development of dialectical ~
and historical materialism, scientific communism, and politi.cal economy. It is
necessary to Bpeed up the long-drawn-out work on fundamental studies of these
problems. The work o� institutes in the humanities must be raised to a new level,
- especially in philosophy, sociological researeh, and a number of c~thers as well.
~ The needed scientific level must be represented�in April of this year by the third
All-Union Conference on Philosophical Questions in Present-Day Science, which must
~ gen~~raLize and further the development of basic world-view and methodological
pr~~blems in present-day science. We ~scribe great meaning to the work of philo-
sophical and methodological semin~rs, which innolve hundreds of thou~ands of
scientists and fulfill important research and education func~ions.
~ One of the urgent areas of scientific investigation in the coming years will
~-emain the development of ways to raise further the management level of the economy,
the introduction of advanced methods.of socialist administration, a fuller consider-
ation of centralized control with administrative independence and ~nterprise
initiative,~and a more effective mutual interaction between planning and control by
economic sector ~nd planning and control by~re~gion. It is nece~sary to speed up
work on creating an organizationally well-coordiMated meehanism for complex special-
- purpose planning that eliminates agency b~rriers and gu~rantees the need~d level of
responsibility �or fulfillment of outlined measures~by the appropriate ministries
and -,~gencies and timely provision o� programe~for effec~tiv~ man~gement and resources
of supplies and equipment. ~
Among the basic areas, rese~rch is b~ing pushed forward on the patterns of the world
socialist system and problems of socialiet economic integration and ext~rnal
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FUIt Ur'M~IC:IAL U'C: UNLY
relations. In accord with statemants by the congrese, it is necesaary to activate
seriously the study of the experienc~ and important tendencies of the internal
political life o� the brother countries of socialiem,'pYOSpecta �or atrengthening
socialist integration, and the deve~lopment o�~inte~na~tional socialist divieion of
labor.
, The complication of the world economic eiCustion, growing interrelationa and mutual
influences o� economic and political processes~in wor�ld development, persistent 3
attempts by aggressive impsrialist ciYCles to poison the international atmosphere and
to heighten con�rontation and mi].itary threats in international relations give
paramount importance in social eciantists' reaearch to deep and specific study of
various aspects of world economic devel~opnent, the ~~onomics of capitalist and
developing countries, further development of the methodology and nethods of fore-
casting social-economic and political tendencies. Analysis muat be done on changes
in class structure and iaternal political contrad~.ctimns in the citadels of imperial-
ism and specific explanations of the reasone for~ite growing aggressiv~ness. A
significant growth in the role of dev~loping count~-i~s in international life requirea
the unification of efforts o~ specialists in various areas of internatio~al affairs
for the complex treatment of problems relating to the social-eeonomic development of
the "third world" countrie~, questions relating to~the democsatization of the inter-
national economic order, and to the countering of neocolo~ial practices by multi-
national corporations.
In L. I. Brezhnev's report, attention ie given to the noticeable ag~ravation of the
ideological struggle in the present world. "For the West," says~.the ~ummary Report
of the CPSU Central Committee to the CPSU Congres~, "it is no~ just a m~atter of the
conflict of ideas. They are setting in motion a whole system of ineans calculated
to underiaine the socialist world and break it up.
"The imgerialiste and their accompl~icev are conducting a~systema.tic hostile campaign �
against the socialist countries. They are blackening~and distorting~everything
that happens in these countries. For them, the mo~t important thing is to turn
people against eocialiam."* ~
Scientific analysis and publicizing of the adnantages of socialism, the socialist
form of life, and eocialist culture, the inculcation of Sovi~t patriotism and dedi-
cation to communism, the development of the bases for world outlook and methods
for ideological work and struggle these are a first-priority obligation for
scientists, especially fmr our institutes of ~he humanities. We cannot permit and
must persistently overeome underes~ima~ion of this work and paasivi~y in carrying it
- out.
_ Scientific cooperation with foreign ~cientific institutions and, first of all, with
scientists of aocialist couni~ries~,:�~a~.be a~subatantiai reserve for ful�illing the
taska placQd before Soviet science. The deciaions of.the 26th CPSU Congresa provide
for a1l-out developmeat of scientific-technical relations with soeialist countries.
UCiiization of the advantagas o� intsrnational diviQion of labor and of the
combined ecientific-~e~hnittal potantial�of the countri~es of~the s~cialiet fraternity,
the organizatrion o~ joir~t research on urgsat prebleme~has important meaning both for
our country and for other aocia],iet cou~?~x~i~s. t~ this connection, valuable
experience haa bean accumulated. Zt is neceasary, henceforth, to develop and
*"Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS, p. 9.
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improve forms for cooperation,.to dra�t and iinplement joint programs in natural
and social sciences, and to increas8 research e�factivaness.
Proceeding from the principles of peace�ul coexiet~nce among ctates with differing
social systems, the decisior?~ of the congre~s~provide �or establishing ecientific-
technical relations with capitaliat countries. We~wa,ll continue to implement
existing agreements for scizntitic cooper,ati.on and to develop cooperation in
working out global scientific problems ~uch ar~environmental protection, reseazch
_ in the peaceful conquest of space, +the etudy of world oceans, and others.
All groups of Soviet scientists unanimously assure the CPSU Central.Committee and
~ the General Secretary of the CPSU Central~Committea, T~. I. Brezhnev, personally,
that they wil.l put maximum effort~ into the ful�illm~nt�of the historic decisions
of the 26th CPSU Congrese and will always whole~ieart6d'ly serve our socialist
Motherland, the consolidation of hes power and euthority, and the strengthening of
peace throughout the world.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'etvo TsK RPSS "Pravd~". "Voprosy filoso�ii", 1981.
9645
CSO: 1814/38
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PROBLEMS EN INTRODUCING COMPUTER TECSNOLOGY INTO NATIONAL ECONOMY
~ Kiev VITCHYZNA in Uk~a.inian No 3, Max 81 pp 160-166
~Article by V. M. Glushkov, academician, hero of socialist labor~
[Text] Time ha.s suggested the theme of this issue. The time of the 26th CPSU
Congress, the events and scales of which ha.ve already entered history in an author-
itative manner. The time of the Eleventh Five Year Plan, which we, the scientists~
and also all the 5oviet people~ connect~ with a great many cherished events anci
� plans~ to the successfl~l accomplishment of which we gener.~sly� give our forces,
faculties and abilities.
For the firs~.~,time our cybernetic~.demands for a flill voice resounded at the end of
. This resulted
the 1970's~in the draft of directives of ~he 26th Party Congresson the one hand~
from the growing difficulties in mar~agi~ ~he national econany~
and certain experience in overcoming them by means of.automation, on the other.
was a computer center in the
- What does this experience consist:of? There alreadY jt was decid,ed to create
USSR AcademY of Sciences before the mid-1950's. In 1955 ~ .
similar centers in a numbar of republic academies so that a wide circle of insti-
tutions could utilize their services. In 2 years a computer center was formed in
Kiev on the ba,sis of the computer technology laboratory of the Institute of Ma.the-
' ma.tics of the U3cSSR AcademY of Sciences. A year later the compu~er center began
serious work on the organization of technological processes on the basis of elec-
tronic computers. From the time of issuance in 1961 in Kiev of our country's first
control machine~ the "Dnepr-1~" dig~~ automated systems for cantrol of techno-
logical processes date their faanily tree.
And the idea of ereatin8 Shared mu]-ticomputer centers forNemc BOOVtand afgr psof
economic planning, advan~ed in 1962 by Academician V. Setus to
use electronic com-
his pupils, served, in~aA'Y ~Pi~on, as the firat rea,l imP
puters in the control of sconomic facilities'and in economic simulation.
In the same year I was asked to prepaxe a national program of the Soviet Union in
the axea of use o~ computers for the automation of max~agement in the economy. A
special commission then.reviewed the pro~posed rough draft. Proposals were then
prepaxed regardin8 the creation, of sutomated systems for the maxiagement of large
enterprises and the organization of multiple-user computing and data processing
centers for small facilities. The coneept also axose of sta.te networks of communi-
ca,tion channels to connect computer centers. These ideas and proposals were later
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included in real plans and projects. In 1.963-1964 computer centers began to be
formed in the USSR Gosplan and union republic gosplans and in a number of minis- ~
tries.
In 1967 we started the first unit of an integrated enterprise ma,nagement syste~r-(in
which all the documentation of the facility where the ASU ha.s been installed passes
through the computer). It was developed at the L'vov Television Plant, rapidly
receiued recognition and wa~ "mass-produced" in the group of the ma.chinery-building
brance. The same syste ms were organized at the Moscow "Frezer" Plant and the I,en-
ingrad Optico-Mechanics Association, and preparatory work was started at the Minsk
Tractor Plant, etc.
These were separa.te and sma.ll islets in an ocean of manual ("paper") technology for
the formation of information connections, centers of automa,tion of organizationa,l
and economic control in our country. Tha.t is~ they gave initiative to successflil
practice in the use of computer hardware in the matter of planning and management
on the enterprise leve].. Also of use was experience in the methods of planning and.
management in construction and some other sectors. All this also suggested the
certainty tha.t in the correct development of this directiai and in the presence of
a perfected structure of the economic mechaxiism as a whole the ASU becomes that
very basic link, thanks to which the entire cha.in of effective management of the
y economy is successflilly obtained.
And the technology~ it.self impels sea~ches for ma.nagement systems corresponding to
its possibilities. This wa,s felt even before the 24th Party Congress, and the
historic statement appeared in its directives: "Create a general state system of
information gathering and processing for the computa.tion, planning and management
of the na.tional economy on the ba,sis of a state network of computer centers and a
unified automa.ted communica,tirn s netwoa:~ of the country. In tha.t ca.se assure from.
~ the very start implementation of the principles of organizational, methodologica.l
and technica.l unity of this system~"
In the development of decisions of the congress new and rather considerable con-
tributions were made. Tnus the ta.sk of developing and introducing ASU into pro-
duction has grown cro sidera.bly. 5erious disruptions have also occurred in the
training of personnel. A number of facul~ies and specialties in applied computa,-
tiona.l ma.thematics and cybernetics have been opened in vuz's of the country. Such
faculties ha.ve alrea.dy been ~netioning at Kiev and Novosibirsk universi-ties. An
offensive began to be d~eveloped over the entire front. Such an offensive ha,s grown
considerably, althou~h the inertia of the old period still makes itself felt. On
the one hand, a grea,t hunger for personnel was experienced, but the essence of
the ma.tter and its iarportance were not understood by ma.ny traditional ecrnomists,
the practical ones in parti~cular~ and on the other,~a rather curious phenomenon
developed. Since the.. A�SU problem was raised to a fairly high level, for many ma,n-
agers it became fashiona.ble to ha.ve computer ha.rdware at their enterprises or in-
stitutes. -Often instea.d of thinking deeply and creating a rea,lly effec~ive system
they hurried to purcha.se computers and otlier devices and put them into production.
And when it turned out tha.t even the computer did not solve difficult production
problems, compla,ints were heard an~ some even began to reflzse them.
Strange, but a fact. Although we anticipated complexity ~n the organiza,tion and
opera,tion of new technology. To change a computer into an ASU it is necessary to
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�create and build in a da.ta bank or an informa.tional mod.el of the enterprise, sec-
tor or other object it is desired to control or mas~age. This model (da,ta system)
ha.s to be reconstructed and renewed constantly and in time. When, for example,
some units, parts or tools'ha.ve been found at a plant warehouse or, on the con-
trary, they are no longer there, the computer ought to investigate tha.t at once
~.nd not when a deficiency for some reason starts to haxm the shops. It will not
be able to save time in the calculation of wages~ when appropriate information bas
not been.obta.ined promptly regarding the closing of each unit. Without a data
bank, without a memory, an electron3c computer is just a gold adding-machine, no
more. To provide such a memory for the "L'vov" system of the L'vov "Elektron"
Association we were forced to re-write the entire system of that clock enterprise
and put it in the computer. Even during abridged coding this established over a
billion positions~ Many more than control of a space vehicle requires.
And this is far from a11. It is necessaxy to breathe life into informa.tion gather-
ing or with our language organiz e automated form flow. This means tha,t various '
publishing houses~ units, etc, should be repla,ced so that the ma,chine receives them
withaut t=anslator-programmers because, as a rule~ they lead to considerable expen-
ditures of time and additional errors. Our Institute of Cybernetics ha.s studied
the use of form flow for computers for over 4 yeaxs with a11 its forces.
It must be noted that t3iis process is complicated by the fact tha,t some documents
ha,ve been approved by the USSR Ministry of Finances and it not a simple ma.tter to
chaxige them completely. Some of them we also have not successflilly modified.
In the year the 'Z'vov" ASU was started the increase of production in the associa-
ti on was 12 percent~ whereas earlier it ha.d not exceeded 4-5 percent. The addi-
tional 7 percent of increase, the L'vov workers themselves think~ was obt~,ined
- through internal resources, and primaxily through the elimination of working time.
This occurred because data were continuously fed into the computer from five waxe-
houses, 4~0 conveyors and other sensors ~om each working place.
Quality control was arranged so that in the absence of an automa.tic sensor the
worker has before him a television screen and a special metal writing-pad with 16
apertures and a special card. Setting up the card~ he looks at the television set
and strikes one of the openings with a punch. Nothing has to be recorded, the sig-
na.7, ha,s alreac~y 'been put in the computer. Theworker has a small panel and tum-
blers. He knows tha.t during interruptions in the supply of electric power it is '
necessary to switch the eighth tumbler, and when the instrument fails, another.
And he does not run, he does not seek it~ does not dispute it. Thanks to synchron-
iza.tion of the activity of various services arid the efficiency of individual work-
ers, downtime also was reduced. � . ~
Unfortunately~ the main part of expenditures of working time, on account of inter-
ruptions in supplies, remained the same. We encountered a paradoxs the informa-
tion conveyor in the ASU is designed for precision in minutes, but deliveries~of
ma.terials and equipment, as earlier~ are planned with a precision of 3-~ months.
Though the~maxi.y plusses which electronics gives the enterprise, mobilizing its
reserves, are lost through inferior external couplings.
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I would like to empha.size still another complication in ASU introduction. We suc-
ceeded ratY~er well in automa.ting the control activity of the Kiev transport offices.
Electronics took upon itself the solution of planning tasks~ the idle running of
machines was sharply curtailed and other indica,tors were improved. Eut we did not
succeed in achieving the effeet~ for the introduction of unified form flow proved
- to be beyond our ~:apabilities. Strictly speaking, it was devel~ped~ but informa-
t~ional problems stood in the way of introduction.
The fact is tY:at the Kiev ~ransport worker s deliver freight of enterprises of all
the ministries of four republics--Russia, the Ukraine, Belorussia and Moldavia.
For the successf~l work of the ASU of the transport office it is necessaxy to ha,ve
a single computation form with all the freight receipts and dispatches, but to
reduce it to computer series on the scales of a single transport enterprise is im-
possible. A loca.l problem grows at once into a na.tionwide problem, and therefore
- ha,s to be solved on a corresponding level.
There also were complica.ting factors in the ASU distribution. Firstly., because of
a short e of personnel. During the course of the Five-Year Plan, with very great
efforts~we ca.lculated this together with the USS~t Ministry of Higher and Secondary
_ Specialized Educa.tion~ the number of qualified ASU workers only doubled. Why not
more? We could ha,ve expanded this institute and faculty~ but there have not been
er..ough qualified instructors. And it would take yeaxs to train them. �
The party orgaxiiza.tions helped. us~ especially the CPSU Central Committee.. Retrai~-
ing of personnel wa,s widely organized.and the Institute of Mana.gement of the
National ~conomy, at which mana.gers have begun to be retrained, wa.s founded. And
- tha.t is how it is at all other institutions. However, the shorta.ge of qualified
instructors has grea.tly stimulated the training of personnel in ASU operation.
Another complica.ting factor wa.s that decisions were not made in time regarding the
~ transition to third-genera.tion hardware and the introduction of new technology wa,s
delayed. For example~ we obta,ined YeS computers only after the end of the Ninth
Five-Yeax Plan, whereas they were to be obta.ined earlier according to the plan.
A third complica,ting factor is the organiza,tional. The fact is tha,t the expanded
- program of ASU introduction can be successflilly controlled by means of a transition
to a new technical policy, namely a policy of standa.rd planning solutions. Thus,
~ for exa,mple, these ha,ve been introduced into construction. For the first time~
standard designs of buildings axe made, then are rapidly linked with a specific
loca.lity and. coristru~ted.
In .the group of sectors in which we work the transition to standa,rd ASU was already
accomplished in ~967-1968, and this gave an exceptional. effect. In particulax,
in the USSR Ministry of Ma.chine Building the labor productivity of planners was
3.5-4 times as laxge.~ This was a result>of standaxrl.ization of ASU pla.ns.
Unfortunately, such an effect was successflilly achieved only in individual aectors.
In most ca.ses~ instead of ASU, pseudo-ASU were created which, except perha.ps the
name~ provided nothing automating the national economy. And then in the course of
the Ninth Five-Yeax Plan certain improvements in the organization of control in a
new way were successflil.ly achieved~ and initial experience accumula.ted, which is
the main thing. Fax from all ~of it was positive~ but in science negative experi-
ence is also experience, for it wa,rns which path should not be pursued.
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Tha.t's how it was~ and the first assault position. was taken. With more efforts
than were conteinpla.ted and with considerable expenditures, but the products were
perceptible and promising. ~
The ASU's had t~ ~;ke a second assault position in the Tenth Five-Yeax Plan. It
was alrea.dy on a qualitative, and not a quantitative level (although the number of
control systems ha.d to more t,2~an double). "Assure the flirther development and
increase of effectiveness of automa.tic control systems and computer centers..," it
was empha.sized in "Ma.in Directions~" And there were all the grounds for tha.t.
Then~ as in the previous Five-Year Plan, institutes and computer centers were only
being created, the just assembled ca.dres had no real experience and at the start of
the Tenth there already were the necessa.ry skills and fairly fruitfl~l systems
appeared w'hich began to sa.ve the sta.te many hundreds of millions of rubles. In
particular, these are the ASU's of the Ministry of Instrument-Making and Mcans of
Automa.tion and a number of ma,chine-building ministries.
In general this ma.de it possible to cope with the task in the Tenth Five-Yeax Plan
. as regards repayment of the costs invested in automa.tion, but we could not be com-
pletely sa.tisf`led with that result. The ma.in fault ~here lies in the fact tha,t the
ASU's axe developed to a considerable dcgree in a different variety of improvement
of the economic mechanism, and tha,t this ha.s to be accomplished in a close inter-
action and according to a single plan. And it is important~for them to come to
understand the order of precedence. Ea.ch installs its own ASU and haxdware. All
as it were, is well, I go in the first line of the NTR [expansion unknown]. And
they do too. .
5uppnse I am a minister or director and you axe in an ana.logous rank, I am your '
supplier and you axe my consumer. You want me for.some rea,son to write to you, b~t
I do not aL all want to complicate life for myself and I limit myself to a formal
answer or expressively shrug my shoulders~ as if to say, one would be glad, but
unfortunately... And when I would 1,3~:p, without the gossibility of making inde-
pendent decisions, to ha.ve my computer center compute a13 the pros and cons regard-
ing your proposa.ls and present those data to me. And you ha.ve the same exhausti~re
da,ta before you. Wauldn't that help us to more quickly come to underst~.nd and
arrive at a solution mutually advantageous for our sectors or enterprises (and for
the state itself)? -
Tha.t someone could become the Minister of.Information. He could not only provide ,
the solution of numerous interdepartmental problems, but also contribute consider-
ably to the flirther growth of the technology and economic potential of the country.
Therefore talay the main task consists in~ to~ether with the ~rther development.of
ASU's in breadth, the improvement of ineans of infarmation~ the automation of pro-
ductive processes and the nonproductive sphere~ the planning of science and other
important aspects assigned. unprecedented importance in "Main directions of economic
and social development of the USSR in 1981-1985 and in the period up to 19~90,"
without losing the basic reference point--the creation in the f~ture of a statewide
automated system far collection and processing of information for the computation~
planning and control of the national economy.
In the Eleventh Five-Year Plan we must fi,ake perhaps the most complicated third
assault position. In the first place, this means tha.t we should work with full
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- force on the further improvement of computer hardware~ its elementary ba.se and the
soft~rare, methods and systems. This is accomplished in two directions. The first
is the development of traditional lines which had their beginning in the Ninth and
Tenth five-year plans. The second is the appearance of completely new tasks. ~
As regards tra~litional lines~ this is mainly the development of Ye5 computers.
Such ma.chines of the first series were introduced in the Ninth Five-Year Plan~ of.
the second series in the last and of the third in the present period. This is evolu-
tionary development with continual improvement of the quality indicators, improve-
ment of the technical and economic cha.ra.cteristics, etc, the fina,l goa.l of which is
optimum solution of tasks of ASU's and automation in the broadest sense of the word.
T he second direction is the small computer system [SM], or minicomputer system.
Work is now being done on the second generation of those ma,chines.
In addition, ver.y large computers, new in principle, are being designed, machines
necessary for automa,tion of the planning and solution of especially complica,ted
tasks in the management of the economy on the ma.crolevel~ the levels of the USSR
G osplan and the union republic gosplans. They are in part also a contribution of
the Tenth Five-Year Plan. This includes our development of the "Yel'brus-1" and
"Yel'brus-2." The latter computer performs up to 120 million operations per
second. It is produced by the Moscow Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer
Technology imeni Lebedev. We are making for tha.t system a so-ca.lled collECtive
intelligent _.terminal which will serve as a unique tra,nslator from languages used
by programmers of various cla.sses into the languages of tha.t very high-speed com-
puter. ~
In the la.st year of the Tenth Five-Yeax Plan we also are developing our� own line.
By the end of 1982 the first macroconveyer computer, with a ca,pacity of over 100
million operations per second is to consolidate its pasition. It will open up the
possibilities of emerging at the end of the Eleventh Five-Yeax Plan in experimental
sectors beyond a billion operations per second.
Another new direction is microelectronics, microcomputers. A child of the last
Five-Yea.r Plan, it also will find wide applica,tion in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan.
Wha.t does it consist of? In "Main directions" there are references to the need
to improve the elementaxy base. This means that the technology of large integrated
circuit production created during the last two five-year plans, which ma.de it pos-
sible to change to the construction of fourth-generation computers and microcomput-
ers, requires improvement and above all automation. Jointly with the Ministry of
the Electronics Industry we axe also automating tha.t old, traditiona,l technology,
bringing it to the contemporary level. Tha.nks to this the rejection percenta,ge is
reduced and the quality indica.tors of the systems are increased. Along with tha,t
a technology new in principle is being prepaxecl, electronic lithography. Our in-
stitute is developing~ the' automa.tion for~this. This novelty will serve to put
microelectronics on a level new in principle in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Thus,
shall we sa,y, if tz:~ :.nicrocanputer is formed at once of several (up to 10 circuits)
according to the new technology, it will be possible to contain the entire computer
in a single circuit Frith a volume of 1 cm2. This i~ achieved because the circuit
is not produced photographica.lly but applied. on a plate by electron exchange.
Tha.nks to this new direction energy cansumption will be reduced in the future and
com~uter costs w111 be reduced, which is very important. The mass production cost
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of microcomputers made with the new technology is not more than severa.l hundred
rubles, which makes the automation of relatively small processes ad.vantageous. If
the cost of a minicomputer rea.ches 100,000 rubles and an average computer 500,000
to a million rubles, then it is understanda.ble tha.t they can be used only for the
automation of especially valuable objec~s--ro3.ling mills, slab mills, etc. And if
their price drops to the expected several hundred rubles, it' becomes.possible to
automate even motor-vehicle engines and many other things.
Provisions are also made for the wide use of microcmAputers built into automated
systems for the control of technological pracesses. They will also appeax in tele-
vision sets, telephones, wa.shing ma.chines and other housenold equipment.
In "Ma.i.n directions" the ta.sk is set of "expanding the automa.tion ~ of planning and
designing and seientific research wark with the use of electronic computer techno-
logy." For the first time in our cauntry planning and.design tasks were solved by
means of automation on the first S'oviet computer~ the '~{iev~" in 19j1. Today no
~ important aircraft, ship or engine building design o~fice can dispense with the
computer. And now questions ar~e being raised not only regarding the expansion of
automation but also regarding pu~ting it ~on a new qualitative ba.sis. Today people
make sketches for a purpose. But i.M ~ automa.ted design system only suggestions
remain for it; this arrangement i~ no~t suitable, tha.t is transferred here, that �
there~ rooms axe laid out better here... But the computer makes all the computa.-
tions and drawings and prints all tk~e necessary documents. After such complex
automation the labor productivity, d~pending on the type of design work, increases
by several times, and in one case I know of it achieved a 25-fold growth. In that
ca.se the quality of pla,ns impraved considerably and the possibility of errors was
completely elimina.ted. That.acceleration of p].axwing is simultaneously accelera,-
tion of scientific and technological progress~ it seems, is self-evident.
Thus the task of increasing the la,bor productivity of scientists is the most serious
task facing us. But it did not come upon us suddenly. In December of la,st yeax
an act was signed relating to the acceptance of a new automa,ted laboratory in the
Institute of Power Problems of the Uk35R Academy of Sciences. Machines make a11
the measurements in it. Depending on the experiment the labor productivity of a
scientific worker increases by from 2 to 3 times in simple ca,ses to several thou-
sand times in compZicated cases. During the time of a few investigations it grew
by 5000-6000 times.
This is the first but not �the last aspect in the matter of the autom~,tian of re-
sea.rch. ~
Automated control systems uaing micraprocessors and microcompu~ers~�enviaa,ged by
"Ma,in directions" axe obtaining fl~rther use in medicine. If~ shall we say, a blood
luminescence analyzer c~.n make from two to four mea.surements per day (and this is
a very important diagnostic mea.ns in the early stages of oncological diseases~,
then in a pair with the microcomputer it gives an analysis in one or two minutes.
This device alone costs ~om 10,000 to 15,000 rubles. How many would be needed to
' provide for all the polyclinics? And with the new method in a single tandem with
a computer and a spectrometer, diagnostic measurements can be made for an entire
city.
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Alread.y today by means of a coircputer combined with an ultra.sonic loca.tor it is pos-
sible to observe on a display screen palpitation of the heart much better than on
an X-ray photograph, and even determine its volume, rhythm, etc. If one has X-ray
apparatus with a mobile head and separates the effects of X-raying ori a computer,
_ ~ one can obtain contrast images of internal organs, which is very important fo2 the
diagnosis of diseases.
The development of manipulators and the creation of automated shops and plants also
~�represent special ta.sks of the present Five-Year Plan. In this direction~ firstly,
the production and use of first-generation robots will be expanded--robots having
no sensory organs but only working organs of the type of a simplified humaxi hand.
They can replace parts and accomplish transport loading~ elementary warehousing and
other operations. Secondly~ the volume of their use is increasing sharply.
The la.tter, like the development of all computer technology in general~ depends to
a great degree on the programming. It has become a critica.l aspect of this de~el-
. opment, it can be sa.3.d. Thus, whereas eaxlier in first-genera.tion computers the
hardware cost 95 percent and the programs 5 percent, now the cost of programs
exceeds 50, and at times reaches 70 percent of the cost of the system. In order
to transfer programming for a broa.d. class of ta.sks from the rails of the.art and
set it on industrial rails, new subscribers to this technology axe needed. We axe
developing the so-called R-technology.of.programming~ which makes it possible to
increa.se progra.mmer labor productivity by 10-15 times. It is alrea.dy starting to
be introduced. Consequently, it is again a ma.tter of maximum use of ma,chines and
generally industrial organiza.tion of Nork,.of its distribution among individual
� pro~ranuners, the crea.tion of production liries for the manufacture of program pro-
duct~ where on the input axe the tasks and on the output is the finished documen-
tatinn, debugged programs~ etc.
Those are unusually important.for robots. More precisely, for their opera.tion. If
it is possible to rapidly and ea.sily repro~n them, then it is effectively re-
arranged. for the output of neK production.
Also especially important is the devel~pment of periphera.ls. In particular, vari-
i ous sensors for ASU's for techno]:ogical processes~ speci.al cash registers for
'tra.de~ the automation of sa,vings banks, etc. Almost no scientific problems remain
in this sector; they were completely solved in the last Five-Yeax Plan. It remains
to turn attention to this ma,tter.
Some may sa.y that the dash register is also a problem for them. And there is such
a problem, not a small one, one of statewide importance. Our ca,sh registers now
used in commerce record only the sum of money paid for goods and do not record wha,t
was purchased. Therefore there actually is no.material record o~ sa,].es. Certain
da,ta on supply and demand become known only after inventories are taken at the end
of the year. In prac~ice, Masch of the ~ollowing yeax is more likely. At tha.t
time the annual ta,sks have alreac~y been turned in and it is too la,te to introduce
corrections. That is, in the system of observation of supply there is a two-yeax
delay built into the technological informatiori cycle itself.
Modern automated cash registers can "rea.d" the register number of a sold commodity
by means of a photoelement, and its cost is also recorded in the ma.chine. Thus
the financial computation system is not ba,sic for them, but auxiliary. The ma.in
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thing is the registration of wha.t and how many are sold. This makes it possible to
- take inventory with lightning speed at any hour~ without awaiting the end of the
year. And, self-evidently~ to watch the competition and the dema.nd, to react in
time t~ the fluctuations of the arrow of a maxket ba,rometer. Enterprises als~
acquire the possibility of being reconstructed with the output of goods sooner than
old goods began to be created. Well~ perha.ps it is not worth while to especially
record what is an important distinct bilateral connection of trade with production.
I will only say tha.t both the state and each one of us will end up a winner in this.
- In the Eleventh Five-Year P~an fl~rther development of s~a.red multicomputer center
networks and further increase of the effectiveness of the ASU for the organization-
' al plan axe also provided for. Wha.t resources do we ha.ve there? First for all
ASU's is automa.tion of the form flow~ that is, the transition to peperless forms of
control. Organiza.tional control is now accomplished as follows: a computer center
with some auxiliary personnel is separated from production. Data on slips of paper
arrive from production (norms, information about receipts, computations, etc), and
ha,ve to be translated by people into the machine langua,~e. This increa.ses the cost
of operations, the possibility of errors and the delay or reaction time of the sys-
tem. Therefore methods ha.ve been developed which make it possi.ble to monitor the
activity of the technologist~ the waxehousema.n, etc~ with lightning speed,note
bottlenecks at the place of production and, using the entire po~er of the machine~
"undo" them. In this way the effectiveness of production control and of the ASU
increase shaxply, and expenditures are reduced.
A no less important ta.sk is integration of automated control systems. Whereas
eaxlier ASU's for technological processes were developed separately, and organiza.-
tional control separa,tely, and it was the same with systems of ineasurement and
planning, then the process of their combina,tion, integra,tion and horizontal and
vertical integration is constructed at once. Vertica,l integration~ where bilateral
connections are undertaken with associations, the sector and the Gosp3an for auto-
�ma.tic data transmission and interactions in computer networks. Horizontal integra- �
tion is conne~tion along the line of movement of ma.terial~flows. This means tha.t
the director of an enterprise or a manager of something of a different rank ca,n
effectively through his computer center make contact with the computer center of
his supplier or the user and aaquaint them with all the nuances of their inter- .
relations without sending "reminders~" telegra,ms, etc. ~ �
To wha.t extent is this important? Only for computa,tions putting the delivery
~ schedules in order in sectors of the national economy is it possible to double the
ultimate la.bor productivity. Only the elimination of expenditures on the boundar-
ies between the administrative and technologicaa. links is ~ ca,pable of assuring a
tenfold increase of tlie output of end product (expressed in costs) from a cubic-
meter of wood, and also without a fina.l boundary.
There is no doubt that "intelligent ma,cH~.nes" ~rhich ha.ve ca.used a revolution in
science ha.ve led to ra.dic~.l ch~nges in the economy and production and i.n total
ca.paci.ty to exert oneself also on implementa,tion of immense plans of the Eleventh
Five-Yeax Plan and will help the Soviet people to take a new assa.ult position on
the way to construction of a communist society in our country.
COPYRIGHT: "VitcY~yzna", 1981
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CURRENT PROBLEMS IN COORDINATING RESEARCH IN THE BELORUSSIAN REPUBLIC
Minsk VESTSI AKADEMII NAVUK BELARUSKAY SSR: SERYYA HRAMADSKIKH NAViTK in Belorussian
No 1, Jan-Feb 81 pp 60-70
[Article by V. P. Iirybkoyski: "Current Problems of Coordination of Research in the
Republic"]
+ [Text] Thanks to the constant concern of the Communist Party and Soviet state, a
powerful scientific and techaological complex has been established in Belorussia.
Achievements by Beloruss3an scientists in development of the social, zatural, tech-
nical, agricultural, medical, pedagogic and psychological sciences have been widely
publicized and acknowledged, have been honored with Lenin prizes, USSR and BSSR
state prizes, Lenin Komsomol prizes, medals and certificates awarded by interna-
tional exhibits, the Exhibit of Ach~evements of the National Economy of the USSR
and the BSSR, are recorded in many thousands of certificates of invention and in
- documents attesting to the economic effectiveness of incorporation of the results of
scientific pro~ects in the economy. Discoveries of new natural phenomena made by
Belorussian scientists serve as convincing evidence of the flouxishing of science in
this republic and the high scientific level of investigation.
A profound and comprehensive analysis of the state of science and scientific-tech-
nological advances in this republic was presented in a report by P.~M..
Masherov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
Belorussia, and in the decree of the 19th Plenum of the Central Committee o� the
Communist Party of Belorussia,,which was held in September 1979.
Noting achievements in the development of basic and applied research and in solving
scientific-technical and socioeconomic problems connected with strengthening the
bond between science and production, P. M. Masherov emphasized at the same time that
"only the first steps have been taken in a,job of great scope and complexity, a job
connected with increasing this republic's contribution toward accomplishing a party-
~ designated task of histor~c importance linking the achievements of the scientific
and technological revolution with the advantages of socialism. We still have many
bottlenecks in planning and organization of research, and especially in the practi-
cal adoption of scientific research results in the economy."*
* ZVYAZDA, 13 September 1979
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The necessity of speeding up scientif~,c and technological advance is plac~ng on
the agenda increasingly large and complex tasks, accomplishment of which is pos-
sible only through the joint efforts of scientiats and specialists of varioua
ministerial subordinat~.on. This predetermines the increasing significanc.e of im-
proving the forms and methods of ~organization of scientific research work.
In this article we sha11 ext~mine some of the most pressing problems of improvl.ng
planning and coordination n~ re~~~x,~~ ~.n this rapublic.
The system of plan~ning and coordinating research was formed in this republic over
the course of five decades, together with the development of science itself. Less
- th~n 3 years aftier establ.ishment of the BSSR Academy of Sciences, on 13 May 1931,
the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree stating that the Belorussian
- Academy of Sciences was to becom~ the supervising ceater of all scientific research
activities in this repu~lic.
A~Council for Coordination of Scientific Activities was eatablished uader the
_ Presidium of the BSSR Academy of Sciences in February 1953, at the initiative of
Academician AS BSSR V. F. Kuprevich, president of the Beloruasian SSR Academy of
SciencesA Timetables were~des3gnated for drawing up acientific reaearch project
pians, as well as the procedure of their examination and ratification, and council
administrative machinery ~vas set up, with full-time staff personnel. Special
- commissions were established to coordinate research being conducted outaide the
- BSSR Academy of Sciences. Coordination Council aessione are held at least once
_ a year, with the participation of repreaentatives of interest~d ministries and ~
agencies, scient3fic establiahments aad higher educational iastitutions of this
republic. A broad range of queetiona is diacusaed at these aesaions, questions con-
- nected with the development of science in this republic. ~
" Establishment by the Presidium of the BSSR Academy of Sciences of 38 scientific
councils on the most important scientific areas withia the natural and social sci-
ences was a further step along the road toward impraving coordination of reaearch.
The scientific councils~, the msmbership of which includes prominent experts from
various agencies, became the central element of coordination aervice of the BSSR
Academy of Sciences. Tt was determined in 1961 that coordination of acientific
research activities in thia republic would be handled ia the social and natural sci-
ences by the BSSR Academy of Sciencea, in the agricultural eciences by the BSSR
- Ministry of Agriculture, in the medical acienc~e by the Ministry of Health, in the
Pedagogic Sciences by the BSSR Minia~ry of Education, and research on izi.story af
the CPSU and CPB by the CPB Central Committee Institute of History of the Party.
In September 1968 the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Couacil of Minieters issued
a decree entitled "Measures to Tmprove the Effectiveness of Scientifir. Organizations
and Accelerate Adoption of Scientific and Technalagical Advances in the Economy."
This decree noted the high level of development of Soviet scieace and industry
achieved in a short histor~cal period, and at ~he same time revealed deficiencies
in the work of scientific research organizations and scientific aubdivisions of
higher educational ~.nstitutions. Their activities were nnt concentrated in full
measure on solving ma~or~acieatif3c and technical problems and on resolving problems
connected with accelerating the rate of labor producti~ritq growth in the various
sectors of the economy. Conaiderable time was required for practical adoption of
scientific advances. Scientific fac~litieg at enterprises and the technical
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r equipping of the lattex as well as higher educat~.4nal inst~,tutions were growing
~ to an insufficient degree:~
Considerable attention was devoted to the deve~opment of science and acceleration
of scientific and technological advance in this country at the 2l?th CPSU Congress,
after which a new stage in the development of science and technology began, a
period of intensive search for new forms of organization of basic and appl~ed
research, increasing the effectiveness of science and strengthen3ng its link with
. the economy. The basic po~nts expres~ed at the congress were further developed
and strengthened in the resolut3.ons of the 25th CPSU Congress, the 27th and 28th
congresses of .the Commun3.st Party.of Beloruss3.a.
Enhancement of the role of the USSR Council of Ministers State Committee for Sci-
ence and Technology became a ma3or factor in the development of science in this
_ country. Tnthe N3nth Five-Year P1an it di.rected elaboration of coordination plans
for solving combined scient~.ftc and technical problems. At the same time the 27th
Congress of the CPB instructed BSSR Gosplan and the BSSR ~cademy of Sciences, this
republic's ministries and agencies to dxaw up effect3.ve measures to ~mprove co-
ordination and planning of scientific research, for concentration of manpower and
resources on solving ma~or scientific-technical and socioeconomic problems. In 1971
monitoring of execution of coordination plans pertaining to solving major republic
scientific and technical problems was assigned to BSSR Gosplan, which became the
center for coordination of applied research in this republic.
Coordination activity of the ~SSR Academy of Sciences was improved in parallel.
The Presidium of the BSSR Acadenry of Sciences drafted and :Lmplemented an extensive
program of development and reorganization of the Belorusstan SSR Academy of Sci-
ences, aimed at increasing effectiveness of research and adopting scientific re-
search results into produ~tion. The network and composition of scientific problem
councils were broadened, and the powers and duties of the Council for Coordination
of Scientifi.c Activities were refined. It has been headed since 1969 by Academician
AS BSSR M. A. Borisevich, President of the BSSR Academy of Sciences. Council mem-
_ bership presently includes the minieters of health, higher and secondary special-
ized education, education, agr~culture, land reclamation and water resources, mem-
bers of the pres3.dium of the BSSR Academy of ~ciences, the cha3.rmen of scientific
problem councils, as well as prominent scientists and experts of this republic.
In the lOth Five-Year Plan, pursuant to the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress,
- radical reorganization of planning, financing and coordination of basic and applied
= research began throughout the country. There began a changeover to extensive em-
ployment of specific-program methods of planning. Drafting and elaboration of
- programs pertaining to all-union scientific and technical problems was headed by
the USSR Council of Ministers State Committee for Science and Technology (sub- .
- sequently redesignated the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology), while
BSSR Gosplan handles republic scientific and techni,cal problems.
On 3 December 1976 the Central Coimnittee of the CPB and the BSSR Council of
- Ministers issued a decree entitled "Measures to Achieve Further Improvement in
- Planning of Scientific Research and Acceleration of Practical Adoption of Research
Results into Production." Tt introduced new and important elements into the system
of direction of applied science in this republic. Tn particular, it specified that
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BSSR Gosplan, togethex wi:th pxo~ect execution targeta, woul~i specify amounts of ;
requisite expenditures to the executing agencies. This financing cannot be used by
scientific establishments at their own discret~.on far any other purposes. Gosplan
is also empowered to make decisions to halt ~c~.entif~c research pro~ects which are i
no longer important or are being carried out on an insuffic~ently high 1eve1.
The BSSR Academy of Sciences displayed initiative in dissemination of the specific- i
program method of planning rese~arch pro~ecfis on ma~or combined problems in the field .
of the natural, technical and soc3.a1 sciences. Commiasions establ3shed by the
Council for Coordination of Scientific Activi~, the members of which were prominent ,
academy and higher educational institution scientists, studied the state of research . ,
at higher educational inst3tutions, and the Presid~.um of the BSSR Academy of Sci- j
ences, acting on their recommeadations, specified fox the f~rst time the most im-
- portant areas of research at higher educational institutions. Methods instructions ;
were drawn up for setting up research programs, and a statute on lead organizations ~
was drafted. A list of the most important problem.e was xatified, on the basis of ,
which combined research programs were specified fox the lOth Five-Year P1an. Lead
organizations and program coord~.nators were named. A total of 36 combined basic
research programs are scheduled in the llth Five-Year P1an. T'nis republic's sci-
entific establishments are also participating in putting together new research
programs pertaining to union and republic combined scientific-technical problems.
There is occurriag the process of rapid dissemination of program methods of planning
scientific research, experimeatal design, and engineering pro~ects. Adoption
programs are being drafted. At the same time there is the danger of adoption of the
new method where conditions do not exist for ite effective utilization, and there-
fore one of the important problems in the area of organizat3on of science is con-
nected with the necessity of ~.mpxoving and deepening the new method of research
planning.
The specific-program method of planning was first used in our country. Lenin's
GOELRO plan was essentially the first combined program. It is a well known fact.
that the enormous successes achieved over a~hort period of time in nuclear energy
utilization and space exploration were due to a substantial degree to combined
programs worked out in detail.
At the present time this republic's acientific establishments and higher educational
institutions are taking paxt ia elaboration of: a)~all-union scientific-technical
programs; b) republic scientific-technical and socioecono~i.c programs; c) programs
for solving the ma~or re~ublic combined problems in the area of the natural and
social sciences; d) programs put together by branch academies, ministries and
agencies. .
The fundamental differences between a combined program and conventional sc:tentif~c
research and experimeatal~design coordination plan boil dawn to the followi.ng:
1. The 13.st of major problems for which combined programs are to be drawn up
shall be approved by higher agencies in relation to the e.cecut~tng entities. All-
union scientific-technieal programs are ratified by a joint resolut~on of the USSR
State Committee for Science and Technology and USSR Academy of Sciences, republic
scientific-technical programs by the SSSR Council of Ministers, and republic
programs in the area of the natural, technical and social sciences by the
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Presidium of the BSSR Academy of Sciences. Thus gxass-xopts init:tat~.ve by sci-
entists and special~sts ~,s supplement~d by sc~,ent~fic strategy from above.
2. Tf the parfii.cipants in the pro~ects specif~.ed by a coordination plan are
more or .less equal i,n author~ty, ~.n comb~.ned pxograms a lead organizat~.on is
designated, which has more extensive rights and obllgat~ons than the other par-
ticipating ent3.ties. The Belorussian Academy, in add~tion, based on the experience
of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, designateS one of the
republic's lead:tng ~cienti.sts as pxogram coordinator.
3. Coordination plans are usually drawn up according to an ascending line,
from the individual executing entity through a number of echelons, up to the
republic or union level. It has frequently happened that executing entities which
would seem to be ~ointly working on one and the same topic would go for years with-
out getting together and would have little knowledge about how things were
proceeding as a whole. At the same time the entire draft combined program should be
elaborated by the lead organization. It should also submit reports on work per-
formed and results obtained. Numerous contacts between experts are ensured in the
process of drafting programs, experts working in organizations of various
ministerial subordination, research topics are consolidated, their content detailed
and refined, and possibilities are determined for joint execution of various parts
of the program.
4. A combined program specifies not only the conduct of scientific research,
experimental design and engineering activities. It should encompass the entire .
range of questions which must be resolved in order to achieve the stated goal. Tn
particular, combined programs set up under the BSSR Academy of Sciences on fun-
damental problems, in addition to scientif3.c subject matter, Include substantiated
programs and plans for prepariag candidates and doctors of sciences, a probationary
training plan, requests for ordering ma3or needed Soviet and imported scientific
instruments, measures pertaining to the manufacture and 3oint utilization of equip-
ment, a plan for holding conferences and seminars, and plans for publication of
monographs and other studies.
The s~ecific-program method of p~anning gives lead organizations and sci.ent~fic
councils enormous opportunit~es for uniting the efforts of the academy, higher
educational institutions and republic branch scientific research institutes for
solving major scient~.fic, scientific-technical and socioeconomic problems. Initial
success has already been achi.eved in this area.
However, as was stated at the 19th Plenum of the CPB Central Committee, the ad-
vantages of specific-program planning of research are not yet being fully utilized.
Frequently combined programs differ little from previously existing coordination
� plans. To this one can also add that the mechanism of coordination and coopera-
tive efforts by scientific establishments of different ministries and agencies as
well as the procedure of specific-purpose allocation of funds for the program part
of pro~ects have not been elaborated in sufficient detail, while the advantages of
joint acquisition, manufacture and employment of expensive scientific equipment are
being poorly utilized. Lead 3nstitutes of some ministries are participating little
in the elaboration of specific-purpose programs. There is not always effective
coordination between the lead organization, BSSR Academy of Sciences sc3.entific
councils, and co-participants.
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Today, at the beginning of the 11th Five-Year P1an, ~,t is essential to secure not
oniy extensive utilization of the advanced specific-pxogram method of planning but
also its improvement and deepening, taking account of the specific features of each
concretely stated task. ~
It became obvious early in the industrial revolution that i.f the production process
is broken down into simple operations, speciallz~.ng the labor of individual warkers
and cooperatfng their efforts, this alone ~,s sufficient 3n order substantially to
increase labor productivity. The subsequent course of development of ~.ndustry con-
vinces one that boost3,ng labor productivity is connected in one way or another with
specialization and co-production. There are two poles in the area of labox
productivity. At the one pol.e is assembly-line production, where apecialization and
cooperation of labor are manifested in the highest farm; the highest productivity
occurs here._ At the other pole is pritaitive, cottage-industry product3.on and cor-
respondingly the lowest labor productiv~.ty. ~
One must bear this ~.n mind because, although science as a sphere of human activity
proceeds ahead of production,'organization of labor :~n science as a whole lags
behind orga.nization of labor in the sphere of material production. There are still
many scientific teams and individuals working on the'principle of "an economy in
kind": they do everqthing themselves from fabxicating standard parts fox equ~.p-
ment to publishing reports.
One way to increase the effectiveness of science involves detailed specialization
of scientific establishments, with labor specialization and cooperation. Specializa- .
tion in a narrow field of science is even more important than in production. While
a good product possesses use valu~ and can serve people regardless of the process
or technology used to produce it and regardleas of how long the process of ~ts
manufacture was, in science value is possessed only by those results which were~ob-
tained for the first time. Heace the neceseity of unswervingly moving forward,
_ while this is possible only under the condition of concentration af substantial
resources in a comparatively narrow scientific field.
It is significant that the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers
' decree issued in Septemher 1968 and dealing with measures pertaining to increasing
the effectiveness of the work of sci,entific organizations specifies detailed
delineation of obligations between academic scienti�ic establiahmeats and higher
~ educational institutions on the one hand and branch scientific research inatitutes
on the other. The formar should bear responsibility for the area and level of
development of "the field of scieace assigned to them, fox the scientific-technical
level of xesearch conducted by them, and the effectiveness of ut3lization of re-
search results in the economy," while scientific research., design, and engineeri.ng
organizations of braach specialization "should bear respoasibility for accelerating
technological advance in correaponding branchea of production in this country, for
the level and effectiveaess of scientif3c reaearch, desiga and engineering
pro~ects conducted by them, and for their utilization in the economy."
That same decree states the necessity of evaluatiag, at least once every thxee
years, the performance of all the above-enumerated oxganizations, and "to spec~.fy,
in order to eliminate unnecessary prolifexation of research top~.cs, that pxo~ects
performed by institutea and organizaticas 3n areas not assigned to them can be
taken into considerati.on in evaluating their performance only if the reaulta of
these pro~ects conatitute especially effecCive achievements."
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These fundamentally important points specified by the CPSU Central Coum~.ttee and
USSR Counci~ of Ministers received further development in the "General Statute on
Scientific Research, Desiga and Engineering Organ~zations," ratified by a decree of
the USSR Council of Ministers State Committee for Science and Technology dated
13 November 1970.
~Such a delineation of roles between branch and non-branch scientific establishments
is profoundly substantiated; it proceeds from the necessity of harmonious develop-
ment of basic and applied research aad from the very nature of the different sci-
entific establishments and the place they occupy in relation to material production.
Any branch or sector of the economy is to a significant degree a closed system,
which en~oys full autonomy. A ministry which is responsible for the development of
a branch not only creates ti~e material and technological foundation for product3.on
- but also organizes training of worker cadres, technicians and specialists with
higher education, as well as ac3entific personnel. It establishes a system of its
own scientific research, design and engineering organizations. If one does not con-
sider suppliers of raw materials and component product items, a branch has or
should have everythiag it needs to grow and develop and to perform its tasks. All
establishments both scientific and production have long-range and current
.operation plans.
Of all the interministexial barriers which impede acceleration of sc3entif3.c and
technological advance, the branch barrier is without question the principal one.
- If a branch institute does not maintain close working ties with an academic in-
stitute, for example, a fundamentally new pro~ect proposed by the Academy of Sci-
ences is perceived by a branch scientif~c reaearch institute as unexpected, alien
and unplanned. Such an ainstitute lacks a scientific backlog and has neither the
moral nor material 3ncentive to take up a pro~ect and carry 3t through to practical
adoption. Without a branch institute of appropriate specialization, pract3cal
adoption 3n a branch of the economy ~s impossible,.and not only because the in-
stitute has the power to veto aay new innovation, but also for purely technical
reasons.
Experimer.~al yiouuctiun, regardless of scai~ and negree of devEl~pment, ar.u
~ branch production of one and the same product item differ from one~another in tech-
nology, equipment, and component product items and materials. Therefore a branch
scientific researeh instltute, in order to adopt an innovation in its branch, must
restudy and rework it, "tying it in" to specific production conditions. A sub-
stantial part of the labor expended on experimental design work outside the branch
goes for naught thereby. The weaker the ties between branch- and non-branch
scientific establistmnents, the larger this portion is. Th3s conclusion proceeds
from the working experience of the Belorussian Academy. Its valid3ty can also be
- demonstrated with the experience of cooperat~.on between this republic~s higher
educational institutions and enterprises. The 5 April 1980 issue of the newspaper
SOVETSKAYA BELORUSSZYA contains an article by V. Uryvskiy entitled "Return on
Creative Search." At first the author writes about the high technological 1eve1 of
the products built at the Minsk Tractor Plant, about the international presfiige of
the Soviet tractor industry, and about the fact that some of the credit for the
_ successes of the tractor builders must go to the wheeled tractor bxanch laboratory
at the Belorussian Polytechnic Institute. He then confesses the following.
"Higher educational institution pro~ects carried out without such a tie-in," writes
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the author of the article, meaning tie-in to specific conditions of production,
"are frequently subsequently 'reworked' by branch and enterprise design and en-
gineering establishments. Unfortunately in such a case those who conduct research,
including the authors of inventions, lose the right to material and moral incentive
reward. In such cases the certificate of adoption states in an indefinite manner ~
that the resilts of a scientific research project were only 'taken into account' or
'utilized' in developing the new equipment. The economic effect from such a project, .
- like it or not, is not of an actual but rather of a conditional nature. In addition,
'completion' of research, if essentially little remains from a previous research
project, would appear to be an obvious waste of resources."
It sometimes happens that when an establishment which is outside a certain branch
undertakes a project which falls within the sphere.of activity of that branch, it
achieves nothing for its efforts. And this pro~ect should not be taken into con-
sideration when evaluating the performance of an institute or organization, in con-
formity with a CPSU Ceatral Committee and USSR Council of Ministers decree (Sep-
tember 1968). Not only the institute is wasting its efforts, but also experimental
production when it is verify~ng the effectiveness of pro3e cts which cannot be ~
" adopted.
From this proceeds one of the most important if not the most important problem in
the area of research planning and coordiaation. Tt is essential more closely to ~
coordinate the research project plans of branch and general scientific establish-
ments which determ3ne scientific and technological advance.
Branch scientific research ~.natitutes should in fact become a central link in the
chain which ties together basic research and production. But in order to achieve
this, they should be sufficiently strong organizations, staffed with highly
qualified personnel, possessing scientific equipment�and experimental-industrial
facilities, and their scientific specialization should correspond to that of those
branches of industry and~agriculture which have received the greatest development in
this republic.
In Belorussia there are good examples of the alliance between science and produc-
tion. In his report at the 19th Plenum of the CPB Cenfiral Committee, P. M. Masherov
named "The BelavtoMAZ Association, the Minsk Tractor Plant imeni V. T. Lenin,
Integral, Azot, and Gidroavtomatika, where academy, higher educational institution,
branch and plant science are working shoulder to shoulder, having taken firm root
in the shops, laboratories, and design offices."*
The positive operating experience of the above-named associations merits study and
broad dissemination. The BSSR Academy of Sciences, in conformity wi~h measures by
the BSSR Council af Ministera pertaining to implementing the decisions of the
19th Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPB, was iastructed to draft proposals
for the Commission on P roblems of Scientific and.Technological Advance of the
Presidium of the BSSR Council of Mi.nisters on further improving the structure of
the scientific-technological potential of this republic and ways to achieve fullest
- utilization of its potential in accomplishing the tasks of economic and social
development of the Belorussian SSR. In executing the above measures, approximately
* ZVYAZDA, 13 Sept 1979.
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80 commissions were formed, containing scientists and experts from scientif3c
councils of the BSSR Academy of Sciences to study the state of scientific research
work at branch scientific research institutes. The Academy of Sciences seeks to
strengthen and broaden productive ties with branch scientific establishments,
determines the possibilities of 3oint utilization of the facilities of all this
republic's scientific establishments, offers its assistance in training scientific
cadres, etc. The ma~ority of branch scientific research institutes are sympathetic
to the work being done by the councils and fully cooperate with them. At the same
time responses have been received from some institutes which cannot be interpreted
other than as a disinclination to strengthen ties with the Academy of Sciences.
As regards direct ties between non-branch scientific establishments and enterprises,
in general they are mutually advantageous. Scientific est~blishments receive con-
siderable funds on the basis of commercial contracts. Enterprises are assisted in
solving pressing problems. Non-branch scientific research institutes, just as
branch institutes, are inevitably forced to engage, to u~e the apt expression by
P. M. Masherov at the 14th Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPB in December
1978, "in patching holes and achieving partial eff~.ciency in individual elements of
production."* However, the general direction of scientific and technological ad-
vance does not lie in solving current, even important problems for production. Only
with well-coordinated act3vities of eatablishments of general scientific and branch
specializations and considerable incentive for enterprises to put new innovations
into production can there occur a significant acceleration of scientific and tech-
nological advance.
The 12 July 1979 decree of the CPSU Central Cammittee and USSR Council of Ministers
entitled "Improving.Planning and Strengthening the Effect of the Economic Mechanism
on Improving Production Efficiency and Job Quality" created favorable conditions
for successful activities in this direction.
In science, as in no other sphere of human activity, success depends on the level
of skills, abilities, professional and moral-political qualities of personnel. We
know from the experience of development of science in this republic that prominent
scientists can establish an entire area of science in a new location i.n a span of
two or three five-year periods, their own school, organ~:zing the aperations of a
large scientific subdivision or an entire institute. While research work forces
without prominent scientists work through the course of many years fruitlessl~~.
Although we usually use the term "coordination of resea~ch," the subject in question
is always essentailly coordination of the activitiea of scientists and specialists.
Therefore the effectiveness of all measures aimed at improving coord3.nation of
research depends entirely on whom we endeavor to coordinate and with whom. One
can list the qualities of a sc3entist which create favorable conditions for improving
coordination activity: a high 1eve1 of sc3entific and professional qualifications,
common scientific interests on the part of those ~ho~e work is to be coordinated,
an understanding of the necessity of accelerating scienti~ic and technological ad-
vance in this country, and the ability to link one's personal interests with the
interests of the common cause. Directors of scientific astablishments and their
major subdivisions should possess first and foremost precisely such qualities.
* SOVETSKAYA BELORUSS~Y~,, 6 December 1978.
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The presence or absence of common scientific and professional interests in a certain
group of individuals must be considered an ob~ective factor in respect to each
specific worker. These factors can be controlled by means of correct training and
placement of personnel, and 3n particular by means of their interministerial move-
- ment.
Today a scientific worker is as a rule a narrow specialist. It takes years for a per-
son to attain knowledge at the state of the art in a given field of science, after
which he can produce scientific results. Therefore, when a scientific worker
leaves his research team, in his new position he frequently will endeavor to link
his work in the new and previous area of investigation. fle maintains contact with
his former colleagues. From this standpoint it would be extremely beneficial to
make e:very effort ta promote mixing of personnel among the Academy of Sciences,
higher educational institutions, and republic braach scientific research institutes.
Personnel of branch scientific research institutes could serve a probationary
period with the Academy of Sciences in considerably greater numbers than is occur-
ring at the present time, and greater numbers could enroll in specific graduate
study programs. On the other hand, it would be expedient to hand over to branches
not only individual academy personnel but also entire scientific teams or even
laboratories, if they could~accomplish on the spot extensive adoption of their
scientific research results. This practice, followed by the Siberian Department of
the USSR Academy�of Sciences, has fully proven itself.
The science of Soviet Belorussia arose and is successfully developing as an in-
separable component part of our nation's science. The establishment of many of
this republic's scientific facilities and the successes they have achieved are in
part due to the assistance they have received from other scientific centers. It is
natural that Belorussian scientists maintain cloae, productive ties with ~he people
at the USSR Academy of Sciences, the academies of the union republics, branch
scientific research institutes and maay creative oxganizations. The enlistment of
Belorussian scientists to work on ma~or all-union problems or groblems being worked
on jointly with the aations of the sociali~t community is aa honor. But recently
the Coordination Council has more and more frequently been encountering a complex
s3.tuation whereby some scientific problem is advanced which is of exceptional im-
= portance either for the nation's economy or for environmental pxotect3.on, and yet
there is nobody to whom it caa be assigaed. A powexful scientific-technological
complex has been established i.n this republic, and everybody understands that the
problem must be solved, but nobody has been trained for performing this work.
One of the reasons for this situation liea in the fact that our industry, agricul-
_ ture, construction industry, transportatioa, and the natural environment require
more and more attention on the part of scientists. The demands which are being
placed on science are increasing with each passing day.. There is also another
reason apparent, however. Ia it gosaible that some of this republic's acientific
establishments are exces~ively iavolved in performiag the tasks of non-republic
establiahments? And are external tasks always more important than our regional
_ problems? Is it possible that. the problem lies in ties which were eatablished on
a traditional basis, or in more generous financing? In any case it ~.s essential
that the volume of research performed by republic scientific eatablishments for the
republic increase year by year. There are sufficient majox and interesti.ng prob-
lems in our economy for scientists aad epecialists of the most diversified
specializations to be able to find useful application of their knowledge.
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Concentration of scientific manpower on solving regional problems significantly
facilitates labor specialization and cooperation and increases the effectiveness
of science as a whole. At the same t~.me the participation of 8elorussian sci-
entists and specialists in working on numerous separate problems arising in vari.ous
parts of the country makes coordination of research difficult on a republic scale.
In coming years one must expect of the BSSR Academy of Sciences an increase in the
percentage share of scientific research projects conducted for the republ3c within
the overall volume of research. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences has
decided to establish within the SSSR Academy of Sci~nces system an Institute of
Social and Economic Problems of Urban Development and Architecture. The activities
of the new institute will evidently iavolve primarily republic problems. The
Presidium of the BSSR Academy of Sciences is discussing the possibilit,y of es-
- tabl.ishing during the coming five-year plan several establishments which will work
on development of the earth sc~.ences, with priority focus on the Belorussian region.
Those scieatific work forces which have long since been established are also begin-
ning to deal with republic research topics to a steadily increasing degree.
In order to achieve more rapid deVelopment of combined research in individual
oblasts in Belorussia, it is expedient to establish interministerial scientific
research stations, such as at Soligorsk, in the Polesie, in the Belovezhskaya and
Nalibotskaya forests, on Naroch' Lake, aad elsewhere. First steps in th~s direction
have already been taken. Glavpoles'yevodstroy of the USSR Ministxy of Land
Reclamation and Water Resources has established an experimental facility in
Gantsevichskiy Rayon of Brestskaya Oblast to work out the scientific principles of
commercial growing of Vaccinium macrocarpum, the large cranberry. A laboratory and
~ greenhouse have been built at that site. The requisite conditions have been es-
tablished for organization of an interagency research station of the BSSR Academy
of Sciences and BSSR Ministry of Forest Industry, which.will work on growing this
valuable plant as a commercial crop. A research facilitq of the Institute of Land
Reclamation nad Water Resources and the BSSR Academy of Sciences is to be estab-
lished in Sennenskiy Rayon, Vitebskaya Oblast, to study problems connected with
putting into agricultural use sandy soils in an axea reclaimed by draining.
One fourth of all the world's'scientists are working in our couatry, with in-
venting activity quite prol3fic; averq year thousands of new machines, mechanisms
and proees9es are adopted in the nation's economy. In 1979 workers of the BSSR
Academy of Sciences alone, who comprise less than 0.5 percent of the total number
of scientific-teaching per~onnel in thia couatry, received 974 certificates of in-
vention and affirmative decisions oa submitted proposals. Unfortunately, the nu~
ber of licenses sold correspond in no measure to the level of development of sci-
ence and technologq in this country. This means that we have not yet mastered in
full measure the skills of internatioaal commercial relations, have not yet suc-
ceeded in establishing the requisite pateat-licensing service in this country, and
have not yet subordinated to the necessary degree planning of basic and applied
research and other aspects of activity to the necesaity of selling scientific in-
novations.
- There has long been a discuesion of the fact that it is easential to take im-
mediate steps in the area of trade in scientif3.c innovations. Tt would be benefi-
cial to set up a curriculum to train patent specialists at higher educational
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institutions, to engage in scientific research in the area of patent and licensing
activities and international trade, to beef up the patent departments at sci-
entific establishments and enterprises with the addition of highly-skilled special-
ist~, and to bring order to the business of publication. At the present time there
is not a single higher educational institution in the country which is training
patent specialists. The specialty of "patent expert" is not to be found in the
current list of occupational specializations for persons with higher education.
Patent specialist training is offered only at the Central I.nstitute for Advanced
Training in P atent Work (TsIPK). It enrolls pers~ns with a higher education, and
only on ministry assignment. Where do its graduates, these double-qualified
specialists, work? Responding to th~.s question, G. Pankovich, TsIPK department
head, stated in the 3 March 1980 issue of the newspaper PRAVDA: "Only a certain
. . percentage of those who graduate from the institute are em~ployed as organizers of
inventing and patent-licensing act~.vities, and they are under the constant threat
of personnel cutbacks. The remainder, who have increased their knowledge in the
area of patent work and who have been awarded a diploma, return to their previous
jobs, which in most cases have nothiag to do with their new area of specialization."
Selling licenses is an opportunity to earn foreign exchange and acquire imported
equipment, as well as savings in raw material resources and short-supply goods
which our country must export; it also involves the prestige of our science and
technology and our sociopolitical system. There is everything here science,
ec~nomics, and politics. The importance of this matter is obvious. In all
areas of scientific activity, including in research planning and coordinatioa, it
is essential to take account of the interests of international trade in licenses.
The difficulties and problems dlscussed in this article apply for the most part to
growing pains. They must be examined taking into account the great successes
~achieved by our science and technology. If one compares this republic's scientific
and technological potential in 1980 with that eante potential 10 years ago, one
cannot help but note considerable changes. A large number of highly qualified sci-~
entific personnel have been trained, new scientific subdivisions have been
established in areas of.current importance at the Academ~y of Sciences, at higher
educational institutions and braach scientific research institutes, research
pro~ecte conducted on a commercisl-contract basis have become quite widespread, in-
vention activity has been stepp~d up, scientific-production associationa and dual-
subordination laboratories have been eatablished, aad scientific resea~rch results
are being adopted in the economy to an increasing degree.
Questions pertaintng to speeding up scientific and technological advance occupy the
attention focus of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government. For this reason
there is no doubt~that the new and conaiderably more complex problems.of sc3.entific
and technological advance'will be successfully resolved and that in comt,ng years we
shall witness even greater successes on the part of our Soviet science and tech-
nology.
COPYRIGHT: Vydavetstva "NaVuka i tekhnika", Veatsi AN BSSR, sexyya hramadskikh
_ navuk, 1981
3024
CSO: 1814/24
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FOR fi~'FICIAL USE ONLY
UDC: 001.83
UKRAINIAN INTERDEPARTMENTAL SCIENTIFIC-PRODUCTION COMPLEXES DESCRIBED
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Ruasian No 12, Dec 80 pp 17-27 ~
[Summary of reports to the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences by Academician
B. Ye. Paton, president of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, and by V. V. Panasyuk,
~ an academician of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and deputy chairman of the Western ~
Scientific Center of the IjkSSR Academy cf Sciences, followed by summaries of
questions and answers and resulti~ag actione taken by the presidium of the USSR
Academy of Sciences: "On the Practice of Organizing Interagency Scientific-
Production Complexes"]
[Text] Guided by the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences is concentrating the efforts of scientific collectives on the main lines
of scientific-technical progresa. Significant attention in this is allotted to the
search for and utilization of new means and methods for raising the effectiveness of
scientific research and for hastening the introduction of its resulta into practice
in the national economy. The experience in the work of this academy received
approval from the CPSU Central Committee and from the general secretary of the CPSU
Central Committee, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, in his speeches at the October (1976)
Central Committee Plenum and at a meeting of presidenta of academies of sciences of
the socialist countries in 1977.
The UkSSR Academy of Sciences is constantly broadening and deepening fundamental
research, which can be the basis for creating conceptually new technology leading
to radical transformation of production. Technological processes developed by its
scientists have a substantial influence on the development of inetallurgy, machine
building, power, chemical industry, and agriculture. The activities of the academy
in these fields was approved by the CPSU Central Committee in 1979.
Applying this experience under regional conditions, the Western Scientific Center
of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences is doing much to concentrate scientific efforts on
the solution of important research and economic problems. On the initiative of and
with direct participation by the L'vovskaya Oblast Commi.ttee of the Ukrainian
Communist Party in the Western Scientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, a
system for regional control over scientific-technical progress was created on the
basis of interagency scientific-production associations and complexes, the activi-
ties of which are built on special-purpose programs.
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Since the significance of the work done goes far beyond that of the republic
academy, the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences at its meeting discussed the
practice of organizing interagency scientific-production complexes after hearing a
report by the president of the UkSSR A�ademy of Sciences, B. Ye. Patons on some of
the chief principles of organization�of academy science in the Ukraine and its role
in the scientific-technical progress of the country, and a report by the deputy
chairman of the Western Scientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of Scienees and
academician of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, V. V. Panasyuk.
B. Ye. Paton said that the transformation of science into a direct productive force
is made possible by ever increasing close ties between science and production. A
qualitatively new stage has begun in the d~velopment of science.and technology,
which is characterized by a sharp rise in the speed of realizing various innovations
and in the shortening of time from the birth of an idea to its practical embodiment.
A most important factor in hastening scientific-technical and social progress is
fundamental research; B. Ye. Paton stressed that its results lead to sharp
qualitative changes in technology and production and that, without this research,
it is not possible to count on che appearance of new scientific discoveries and
applications of them on really aignifiCant scales. ,
The development of fundamental research is the chief task of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, as of all the other academies. In this, fundamental research closely
relates to applied developments which, as a rule, are found to be based on theoreti-
cal achievements. Soviet science is unified and, therefore, the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences does not try to develop all trends without exception, but concentrates
atitention on those problems, the solution of which ~an make the most contribution
- and be of the most use to the country. Following this path, an intensive search is
being conducted for new forms and methods for organizing scientific reaea~ch,
experimental and design developments, and the introduction of their results into
production. The realization of the program principle in planning scientifi� work '
opens up new opportunities to increase its effectiveness and for the combination
of the efforts of Academy of Science workers, associates of higher educational
institutions, and producers; it helps overcome the administrative barriers related
to the ministerial principle of managing industry and it makes serious scientific
achievements th~ property of practice. B. Ye. Paton, in this connection, congratu-
lated the decision by the USSR State Planning Committee, the USSR State Committee
~ for Science and Technology, and the USSR Academy of Sciences concerning the forma-
tion of a number of the most important scientific-technical programs and their
inclusion in the five-year plan for the economic and social development of the
country.
On the initiative of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the association of the auto-~
mobile builders of the ZIL plant in 1976, auch a form of organization for applied
research and introduction aroae in complex scientific-technical and social-economic
programs of academy institutions, miniaterial scientific-research institutes, and
production collectives. At present, in the interests of the large scientific-
production associa~tions and enterprises of the country, work is being canducted on ~
20 such programs with particip~tion by over 50 institutes of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences. One cannot say that this path is strewn with roses, according to B..Ye.
Paton; all points in the programs are not always completely fuLfilled and, in a
number of instances, enterprises transfer their own duties on to scie~tific
institutions but, nevertheless, this arrangement is undoubtedly useful.
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One of the new forms of relationship between science and production on the basis of
~ the program principle has been the joint work by the UkSSR Academy of Science~ and
various.ministries, according to complex plans for scientific research and intro-
duction into practice. Such plans ~,ermit not oniy improving the qualit}� of scienti-
fic developments in their final stages but also to prepare productian for the intro~
duction of technical innovations. The academy is now working on 16 such complex
plans.
An important instrument for strengthening ties between science and practice is the
presence within the composition of scientific institutions of the UkSSR. Academy of
Sciences of experimental-design, technological, and production organizations. They
play an important and constantly increasing role in the development, first of all,
of fundamental research, because conduct of the latter r~quires the development and
manufacture of unique facilities, stands, and instrumenta. Such a base permits a
considerable shortening of the time needed to accomplish extremely serious and
complicated tasks. It helps increase the effectiveneas of the institutes, providing
- a high rate of completion of applied developments. About 160 million rubles' worth
_ is the volume of work done by 66 such organizations in 1979. Al~st hzlf the workers
of the academy work in them.
B. Ye. Paton reported that, in a number of leading academy institutes of the Ukraine,
a number of complexes have been formed and are successfully functioning that com-
bine an institute with a design buresu and experimental ahop or plant. Some insti-
tutes even work with two experimental plants. Such links permit the completion of a
cycle of work from idea to practical introduction in minimum time.
Scientific-research problem laboratories oriented toward economic sectors are being
created by the academy in its institutes and at enterprises of various ministries,
where the academy provides ideas or developers that are lacking in the ministry,
even though the ministries may have sufficiently capable institutes of their own.
Such laboratories are especially effective in the case of th~e need for massive
introduction of scienti�ic developments.
Agreements for creative cooperation between academy institutes and miniaterial
enterprises have also rer_eived wide application.
Speaking about ti:~ substance and forms of relations between science and practice,
B. Ye. Paton went into the question of creating and widely using conceptually new
technology that ~auses revolutionary transformation of whale sectors of industry and
that serve as chief factors in hastening scientific-technical progress. Strengthen-
ing and deepening fundamental research, the UkSSR Academy of Sciences allots first-
priority attention to the creation of progressive technology. He is talking not
~ about petty technological procesaes and methods but about great technological
solutions which would raise labor productivity, lower the materiala content, and so
forth.
The next aspect of Ukrainian scientific development wae characterized by B. Ye.
Paton as "geographical." Five scientific centers have been formed within the re-
public with the task of developing scientific problems that have important signifi-
cance for the development of individual economic regions and of organizing
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complex research through the efforts of academy in3titutes, higher educational
~ institutions, and ministerial scientific research inatituti.ons. The significance of
. these centers as regional bodies for the coordination and unification of the efforts
o� scientists and producers in the accompliahment of the tasks of scientific-
= technical progress is steadily increasing.
A large amount of interesting experience in relations between science and production
~ has been accumulated in various cities and oblasts of the Utcraine. An agreement was
signed in Donetsk for scientific-technical cooperation between t~e academy and
~ enterprises of Donetskaya and Voroshilovgradskaya Oblasts; the leadership in this
work, which is very important, included participation by first secretaries of
oblast committees of the party, who had organized the familiarization af local
workers with the results of the research of the Academy of Sciences. Development ef
the.agreement included concrete programs of work by scientists with enterpriaes,
and construction projects, and organizations of the Donbass which are now being
fulfilled.
In Kiev, u~tder the management of the city committee of the party, worka the Council
for the Promotion of Scientific-Technical Prog:ess; thie council rests on a syatem
~f scientific-technical commissiona for economic sectora. Directing the efforts of
scientists and producers into a aingle channel, the coammiasions help hasten the
introduction of scientific achievea~ents into practice. As a result, it is at Kiev
- enterprises that one of tt~e highest rates of growth in labor productivity has been

~M achieved. ~
, And finally, in the western oblasts of the republic, ori the ~nitiative of the
~ L`vovskaya Oblast committee of the Ukrainian Communiat Party anti its firat secretary,
V. F. Dobrik, scientific-proiiuation associations have been created with interagency
goals. Oblast party organizations allot a very large amount of attention to this
work, from putting together plana of work for the comple:.es to its implementation
and introduction; their mobilizing role helpa overcome the sluggishneas of individ-
ual managers of enterprises, provides equipment and aupply support to undertakings
~ by workers in science, and 2~elpa overeome administrativ~ barriera that until now
- have seemed insurmountable.
v The experience in cooperation between institutiona of the Western Scientific Cent~r
and enterprises has received high praiae by the public. The preaident of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, A. P. Aleksandrov, viaited L'vov and bacame familiar with the
experience of the work by the associations and complexes that exiat there and he
approved it. B. Ye. Paton finiahed hia speech with the conaidtration that there
are many forms of relations between science snd production and that he hsd examined
only a few of them.
V. V. Panasyuk devot~d his report to the results of the activities of the Western
Scientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences in th~ formation of lasting ties
between science and production and to problems of regional management of scientific-
= technical progress. At the beginning of the report, the scientific and technical
- potential of the western oblasts of the Ukraine was characterized. During the four
decades since all of the Ukrainian lands became a part of the Soviet stat~, the
~ western oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR, owing to the continuous concern of the CP5U
~ Central Committee and the Soviet governmenC and with unaelfish assistance from all
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the peoples of our country, have been turned into an important economic region with
highly developed industry and agriculture. Such bran~hes of industry as petroleum
and gas, mining chemistry, coal, machine building, instrument making, and light
industry have become decisive in its economy. Only in the last ten y~ars, more
than 250 industrial enterprises have been built or reconstructed. A significant
scientific potential has been created also in the region, including that of large
institutes of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences: physico-mechanics, applied problems of
mechanics and mathematics, the geology and geochemistry of combustible minerals,
social sciences, divisions of institutes of theoretical physics, nuclear rese~rch,
biochemistry, botany, economics, and so forth. In all, 18 institutes of the UkS~R
Academy of Sciences, more than 30 scientific re~earch institutes of ministries and
agencies, and 25 higher educational institutions function in the western oblasts of
~ the republic; in them, work more than 12 thousand scientifie and seientific-educa-
tional workers, including more than 500 doctors of science and 4.5 thousand candi-
~ dates of sciences. Many developments by the center's scientists have served as the
basis for the solution of serious scientific and technical problems. This pertains
- to research in the fields of inechanics, phy~ics, measurement technology, medicine,
chemistry, biology, and other areas of contemporary science.
Interesting and fruitful forms of relations between science and production are being
applied in various regions of our country in the Russian Federation (particularly
- Moscow, Leningrad, and Novosibirsk), in Belorussia, and in Moldavia. Creatively
apprehending and developing this experience and also the experience of the UkSSR
Academy of Sciences in creating scientific-technical programs and i~ organizing
scientific-technical associations and in establishing long-term relations between
academy institutions and ministries for increasing the effectiveness of scientific
research, the Western Scientific Center, with participation by the L'vovskaya
Oblast Committee of the Ukrainian Communiet Party, created, as has been said, a
regional system of managing scientific-technical progress on the basis of inter-
_ agency scientific-technical associations and complexes.
What are the basic components of this system?
First,'~omplex plan~'for the development of scientific research and assistance to
scientific-technical progress in the oblasts of the region for the five-year plan.
These plans are being developed jointly with scientific research institutions,
higher educational institutions, Soviet and nongovernmental organiz~tions in
connectian with the coordination role of the Western Scientific Center and zone
councils of rectors of higher educational institutions. General management of
plan preparation is accomplished by oblast committees of the Ukrainian Communist

, Party.
Second, "problems of a fundamental character," provided for by the complex plan
as, for example, the physical and chemical mechanics of brittle fracture, the
- physics of phase transition and creation of materials with predetermined properties,
problems of petroleum reserves in the Volynsko-Podolskaya plate, the scientific
bases for reviving and increasing the protective functions of the Carpathian eco-
system and surrounding areas, and other problems the development of which will be
done under the observation~and control o� methodological coordination councils and
sections of the Western Scientific Center.
Third, "special purpose programs" for the fulfillment of the scientific-technical
and applied tasks provided for by the plans.
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Fourth, "special purpose interagency scientific-production associations," being
created contractually for the implementation of these programs through rhe efforts
of workers in science and production independent of their administrative subordina-
tion. The contract determines the aims of the association and the head organizationa
for scientific research, experiment~l-design developments, and introduction into
production. .
The contract, policy, and special purpose program of the association are approved
by the ministries or agencies of the head organizations. The association is
managed by a scientific-technical council, which decides questions of scientific-
technical and financial support to program work and of continuous planning of the
whole process from scientific research to the introduction into production, which
creates interagency laboratories for accomplishing central tasks, a~d which organizes
_ scientific-technical seminars and meetings, and so forth.
In the lOth Five-Year Plan in L'vovskaya Oblast, 15 special-purpose programs�were
prepared, in the fulfillment of which are involved over 60 scientific-research,
higher educational, design-development, and production organizations. For example,
for fulfillment of the program "The Quality of Electron Beam Instruments," the
interagency special-purpose scientific-production association "Ekran" was created;
it is headed by the bureau chairman of the Western Scientific Center, Ya. S.
Postrigach, an academician of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences. Within the association,
_ projec ts in the program are supported by the conclusion of economic agreements and
the organization of joint laboratories at the expense of special-purpose financing
and allocations according to the policy of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the
State Committee for Science and Teehnology. Socialist obligations, accepted jointly
by as~ociation participants, are an important mobilizing factor in its activity.
Thus, the interagency special purpose scientific-producEion association made its aim
the integration of efforts of various agencies in solving urgent and complex
scientific-technical problems in the interests of one or several enterprises under
the jurisdiction, as a rule, of a single ministry.
In our economic region, there are ente~prises of various ministries that have
similar scientific-technical problems. Proceeding from the general tasl~ of scienti-
fic-technical progress, according to the types of economic activities of the region
and on the basis of related problems of the association, "interagency scientific-
production complexes" are being created. Each one is managed by a board, the
composition of which is approved by the bureau of the party oblast committee upon
presentation by the bureau of the Western Scientific Center. The board of a com-
plex contains representatives of scientific institutions, higher educational insti-
tutions, managers and chief specialists of enterprises, and representatives of
party bodies and civil organizations. Each board is headed by a leading scientist,
~ a member of the bureau of the scientific center, but one of his deputies is the
chief of a corresponding department of the oblast committee of the Ukrainian
Communist Party.
The board of a complex develops strategy for hastening scientific-technical progress
in a given economic sector, determines apecial-purpose programs for individual
groups of enterprises, creates interagency associations for fulfilling these pro-
grams, coordinates the work of associations, controls the course of implementation
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~ for these programs, and so forth. The board is subordinate to the bureau of the
scientific center. The center also accomplishes general coordination of the activi-
ties of interagency scientific-production complexes and associations. This is the
fifth component of the system.
Further in his report, V. V. Panasyuk talked about several of the achievements of
the system he described.
Among the most important developments completed and introduced according to the `
program for the interagency machine building complex within the framework of the
association "Nedra" (The Physico-Mechanical Institute of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, other academy and ministerial instutes and, in a direct relationship,
the Drogobych Bit Plant) is the manuf~cture of a highly effective rock-breaking
drilli.ng tool. Another example is the creation of new technology for strengthening
pipe foz the USSR Ministry of the G~s Industry. T1ie introduction of such technology
~ has already provided an economic effect of over 30 million rubles. A development
at the Physico-Mechanical Institute of new cooling and lubricating liquids for
metal cutting has received broad introduction at enterprises across the country,
thanks to the machine-building complex .
_ ~ In interagency associations of the inatrument-making complex, technological process-
es for producing electron-beam instruments have been designed and optimized. Bases
for automation in systems for designing and quality control of instruments have
been created. The economic effect at the L'vov production association "Kineskop"
alone is 20 million rubles.
Recommendations f4r conducting exploration and geological survey work for petroleum
and gas have been developed and are being implemented in the region; they were the
work of institutes of the UkSSR Ministry of Geology and the Coal Industry, the
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the UkS~R Academy
of Sciences, and geological expeditions of the "L'vovneftegazrazvedka" trust.
The creation of a shop-flow system for milk production and improvement in technology
for livestock feed production are characteristic examples of cooperation between
scientific-research institutes and agricultural enterprises.
Just within the framework of activities of the machine-building, instrumcnt-making,
and geological-geophysical complexes in 1979, a total economic effect of over
41 million rubles was achieved. As a whole, over three years of activity by all the
associations and complexes, 120 scientific developments were introduced into produc-
tion with an economic effect of over 80 million rubles.
The growth in effectiveness of scientific research accomplished by interagency
associations and complexes and the hastening of the introduction of the results into
production are being aided by the following factors.
The boards of complexes have the opportunity to bring pressing scientific-technical
problems to industrial enterprises and to mobilize effoxts for their solution.
Since the principle of continuous planning acquires a real basis under the opera-
tional conditions of complexes and associations, the time is reduced between the
appearance of an idea and its utilization in practice. This is aided also by the
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work of interagency laboratories, operational solution of financial questions, the
organization of stage-by-stage testing of research results in production, and the
enlargement of the science sector in industry.
An important virtue of complexes and associations is the stability and durability
of relations between science and production.
What are the tasks that need to be accomplished in this field in the future? We
must improve the mechanism for man~ging fundamental and applied research. We must
develop a unified method for establishing sc ientific-technical programs and also
methods for controlling and analyzing their fulfillment. We must broaden the
~ functions of complexes and associations and, in particular, involve them in the
formulation of long-range plans for the development of the corresponding economic
sectors of the region. We must improve the furnishing of supplies and equipment,
financing, and personnel for work on complex scientific-technical special programs.
We must broaden socialist competition among asaociations and complexes for the best
final results.
V. V. ~anasyuk stressed that the effectiveness of the new form of cooperation be-
tween science and production as a form of civic leadership by scientists and
engineering-technical workers is determined to a significant degree by the measure
of support and attention to them on the part of party organizations from
primary organizations to oblast organizations. .
The speaker was given questions. The first two of them were from Academicians
V. A. Kotel'nikov and A. P. Aleksandrov and pertained to problems of assimilating
new t}rpes of products and technologies needed by the state but from one or another
economic point of view are undeairable for enterprises. V. V. Panasyuk answered
that this is a national problem. However, with sid from party organizations and
within the framework of interagency complexes in accord with the plan, everything
necessary is being done to ease the introduction of a new scientific-technical
development at a given enterprise and to create the conditions neceasary to keep
the economic indicators of the enterprise from falling.
Academic*an G. I. Marchuk asked if the interesting experience being discussed was
accompanied by.interagency cooperation at a level of agreement among agencies or
whether cooperation is strengthened by the atate plan. The speaker said that at
the present time there is agreement at this level.
In the course of the diacussion, the first secretary of the L'vovskaya Oblast
Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party, V. F. Dohrik, characterized L'vovskaya
Oblast as highly developed economically and the source of products worth bi.llions
of rubles. He reported that 70 percent of the products here are manufactured by
production associations and scientific-production aesociations and that the
creation of such associations in L'vov has been going on for some time and, in
fact, the first Soviet asaociation, called a"firm" at that time~ appeared in that
city. At first they were simply ministerial associations but, later, their frame-
work expanded so that, in the firat place, th~ introduction of scienee and techno-
logy into economic practice would be strengthened. In the L'vov area there is a
large scientific-technical potential. Within the oblast are six aeademy inatitutes
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and four divisions of instituzes of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences in Kiev, 12 higher
educational institutions, 37 scientific-research institutions associated with ~
different economic sectors, and 19 design bureaus. Because of the need to eliminate
parallelism in the work of scientific institutions and to arrange longlasting tiea
between science and production, interagen�y complexes have also arisen. Thus, the
idea to organize them was prompted by life itself.
In summing up the three years of work on the creation of the complexes, stable
science-production collectives have been put together that are able to accomplish
serious, long-range tasks. Duplication of researeh has been eliminated. A systematic
exchange of information is taking place among agencies. There has been significant
improvement also in the utilization of the supply and equipment base of scientific-
research organizations. A large detachment of scienti~ts from higher~educational
institutions who did not have access to this base have now received it. The re-
sources put into science are now better utilized. The possibility for rapid imple-
mentation of ideas and developments has now opened up before scientific-research
institutes and design bureaus. This pertains al~o to academy institutes; it is not
accidental that academy scientists are heads of complexes; it is they who provide
the basic lines of development for the work. But industrial enterprises receive
advantages from hastening the assimilation of conceptually new technology and from
improving, on this basis, the quality and reliability of product$ being manufactured.
The chief result of the work of one complex that for instrument making has been
the ability every three or four years to make changes in instruments which have be-
come old or obsolescent. In the "Sistema" association, a broad array of electrical
measuring instruments have been created, the parameters of which are very much better
than of those being purchased abroad. 'Now, we must arrange their serial manufacture ,
~ at enterprises of the ministry.
A result of activity by the agricultural complex has been the shop-flow system of
milk production and the reproduction of large-horned cattle, providing a substantial
. addition to animal products. ~
A television completely based on domestic elements has been developed and is begin-
ning to be produced; it is able to compete with the best foreign apparatus.
By applying the late~t methods of automatic welding developed in the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, the problem of sharply increasing the production of buses with the L'vov
trademark has been solved (without an inerease in production area or large construc-
tion expenses).
The western areas always receive a large amount of aid from the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, according to V. F. Dobrik. The Central Committee of the Ukrainian Commu-
nist Party systema.tically involves itself in questions of the organization and
functioning of interagency scientific-production complexes. A number of ministries
and agencies work closely with the oblast committee in this matter: about ten
national ministries, in response to our appeal, have boldly released funds for the
creation of interagency laboratories. ~
Now, two new complexes are being formed around L'vov: a chemical technology complex
and a socio-economic complex. They must aid in the solution af still another series
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of problems in the region. New scientific-production associations are also being
created. V. F. Dobrik stressed the significance of including projects being done
by complexes in the five-year plan because it is easier to accomplish the assimila-
tion of new technology within the framework of the plan.
- In conclusion, he expressed the hope that the new system of ties between science and
production that have been developed and put into practice by the Western Scientific .
Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences will become one of the elements of a system
which will permit improvement in the economy of the country as a whole and to raise
it to a new, higher level to correspond to the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress
and subsequent plenums of the CPSU Central Committee.
Belorussia is well informed about the experience of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences
and is using roughly the same routes to hasten the introduction of scientific devel-
opments into production, according to N. A. Borisevich, president of the Belorussian
Academy of Sciences and academician of the Belorussian Academy of Sciences.
The Belorussian Academy of Sciences has also developed complex programs which pro-
~ vide for participation in their fulfillment by a number of ministries and agencies,
and there are l~aboratories with dual subordination and scientific-production
associations formed outside the governmental structure. Nevertheless, the L'vov
experience is also valuable for Belorussian scientists. The UkSSR Academy of
Sciences is very right in creating, in its Western Scientific Center, large '
specialized institutes that are able to head whole scientific-production associa- .
tions. A large role is played also by the attention given to relations between
science and practice by the oblast committee of the party. As a result, really
serious steps forward are noted in the introduction of scientific-technical develop-
ments. ~
Further, N. A. Borisevich told about the work c~f scientific-production associations,
organized outside the governmental structure, composed of Belorussian Academy of
Sciences institutes and industrial enterprises. Five such associations have
operated for four years: with organizations of the USSR Ministry of Light Industry,
"Len," with the production~association "Minsk Tractor Plant imeni V. I. Lenin," with
industrial enterprises of Gomel', with the production association "Belavtomaz," and
also with "Biryuza." When academy institutes and any large production enterprise
participate together in a scientific-production association, the operation is
successful. But, for example, when the "Biryuza" association was formed consisting
of academy institutes and the scientific-research institute for construction
materials, a mistake was made: not a single enterprise was included in it, and
all scientific developments sink as before in the ministerial research institute
and the way to practice is not hastened. Now, the question is being examined whether
to include industrial enterprises in the association or to abolish it. This year,
in the republic, a scientific-production association for powder metallurgy has been
organized on the basis of the Scientific-Research Insti.tute of Powder Metallurgy of
the Belorussian Polytechnical Institute, an experimental facility, and a production
plant. Recently, a Republic Scientific-Technical Center for Hardening Technology
was created, which includes four institutes of the Belorussian Academy of Sciences,
the Republic Scientific-Production Association for Powder Metallurgy, the Minsk
Design, Development, and Technological Institute of the USSR Ministry of Tractor and
Agricultural Machine Building, the production associations "Belavtomaz" and "Minsk
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_ Tractor Plant imeni V. I. Lenin," and the Dasign-Technological Institute and Plant,
"Remdetal'," of the State Committee for Supply of Production Equipment for Agricul-
ture. After the development of an appropriate program, the managers of the center
inCend to ask the Central Committee of the Belorussian Communist Party and the
, republic Council af Ministers to approve this program so that it will acquire
the force of law for aiZ organizations included in the center.
In Belorussia in September 1979, 13. A. Borisevich reported, a plenum of the Central
Co~nittee of the Belorussian Communist Party took place that was especially devoted
ta questions of science and the hastening of scientific-technical progress. A
decree adopted by the plenum should aid the strengthening of ti.es between science
and production and the hastened introduction of scientific achievements i*~to
practice.
Activities of the Commission of the Presidium of the Belorussian Supreme Soviet on
Questions of Scientific-Technical Progress, which was formed in 1979, are directed
toward the solution of these problems.
The creation of scientific-production associations and complexes outside the govern-
mental structure should receive ~aide application on a national scale, according to
N. A. Borisevich. For many academy institutes, especially those that do not have
their own experimental plants, such associations offer an experimental and produc-
tion base. Therefore, the discussion of this topic by the presidium of the USSR
Academy of Sciences is timely and correct.
The director of the L'vov bus plant, A. F. Sled', said that for many years it has
cooperated with 27 scientific-research, design-development, and technological
institutes and also with scientific-production associations of the country. This
cooperation, in many instances, has been regenerated in stable contractual relations:
The new forms of ties between science and production in the Western Ukrainian Region
must be examined as more contemporary, progressive, and necessary for producers.
At the present time, the plant collective together with scientists is solving prob-
lems of scientific-technical programs that are important for the enterprise, includ-
ing those of long-range significance; it is canducting scientific-technical ~
seminars and meetings of scientific-technical councils with scientists on site at
the enterprise. Producers are trying to learn what is new in the laboratories of
science and are trying to assimilate this in their own enterprises. A complex
program for the technical re-equipping production at the plant has been developed
in which spec~al attention has been given to improving the quality of buses; in the
fulfillment of this program, there is participation by the physics-mathematics and
electric welding institutes of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, by the L'vov and
Kiev Polytechnical Institutes, and by ministerial scientific-research institutes.
Praising highly the work of scientific-production associations and complexes,
A. F. Sled' believes that it is necessary to provide a definite legal statute for
them. ~
G. I. Gorbunov, the chairman of the presidium of t~e Kola Affiliate of the USSR
Academy of Sciences and a corresponding-member of thP USSR Academy of.Sciences,
noted in his speech that on the Kola Peninsula, to which nature has given great and
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varied mineral and raw material resources, administrative and inter-sector barriers
are holding back the development of the economy. As an example, he introduced the
irrational use of the Khibinskiye apatite ores, where many valuable components of
the ore that accompanies the apatite are not being extracted. The same applies to
Che complex titaniam-magnetite ores of Kovdor, where thousands of tons of raw mate-
rial badly needed for the production of phosphate fertilizers are dumped.
Scientists of the Kola Affiliate of the USSR Academy of Sciences are~actively en-
gaged with problems relating to the complex utilization of raw materials but, in
introducing their developments, they come up against the narrow agency interests of
business managers. In this connection, G. I. Gorbunov suggested the examination of ~
the question of creating on the Kola Peninsula an interagency mining-industry
complex, the chief aim of which would be the introduction of scientific developments
for the complex utilization of raw materials.
N. N. Vashchenyuk, chief engineer of the "Kineskop" production association, told
about how important tasks in improving the~quality of electron-beam instruments had
become accomplishable under the conditions of interagency scientific-production
associations and complexes. Much has been done in developing automated systems for
. product quality control. Because of this, all L'vov kinescopes have been recommend-
ed for the state Mark of Quality, their technical characteristics have been
approved, the brightness has improved by 25 percent, and their durability has ,
improved by 25 percent. Among the basic trends in further work are the creation of
color kinescopes with a 110� angle of beaas deflection, a slotted mask, and a shaded
screen. Contemplated is the creation of flat, solid-bodied analogs of present
black-and-white and coior kinescopes. All this is work that determines progress
in domestiG instrument making.
In his concluding remarks, Academician A. P. Aleksandrov characterized the work of
the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and its Western Scientific Center in creating inter-
agency scientific-production complexes as a very valuable example that ought to be ~
followed. The president said that the direct participation of oblast party organi-
zations is the moving force behind these complexes. He supported the speech of ~
G. I. Gorbunov, which put forth the idea of forming an interagency mining-industry
complex on thE Kola Peninsula Peninsula, and he expressed the hope that in preparing
the appropriate proposals, there would be participation by the Department of
Economics and the Permanent Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces
of the USSR Academy of Sciences and also by the Institute of Metallurgy of the USSR
- Academy of Sciences.
The presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to approve the experience of
the Western Scientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences in the regional '
- management of scientific-technical progress as the basis of interagency scientific-
production associations and complexes. It was recommended that the scientific
centers and affiliates of the USSR Academy of Science and the academies of sciences
of the union republics study the experience of the Western Scientific Center in
regional management of scientific-technical progress, with the goal of further
deepening tlie regional relationships between science and production and raising the
effectiveness o� scientific research.
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It was noted that the UkSSR Academy of Sciences had done a large amount of work
~ in the development of new highly effective technology on the basis of fundamental
research. It was decided to recommend to union republic academies that they study
the experience of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences in developing highly effective
technology and to use it in creating and introducing new technology into the nation-
al economy and also in putting together the next five-year plans.
It was recognized as useful to ask the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the L'vovskaya
_ Oblast Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party in the fourth quarter of 1980
to hold, at the Western Scientific Center in L'vov, a national seminar on "The
_ Integration of Science and Production Under Conditions of Developed Socialism (Forms,
Methods, and Paths of Developrnent)." It was recommended that the Western Scientific
Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences prepare, and th~t the publishing house
"Nauka" provide in the plan for 1982 for the publication of a monograph, "Problems
in Regional Management of Scientific-Technical Progress (Theory, Methodology, and
Practice)," 20 printed pages in volume.
The USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Economics, the Central Economics and
Mathematics Institute, and the Institute of State and Law were given an assignment
jointly with the UkSSR Academy of Sciences of providing in 1980 and 1981 a develop- ~
ment of inethodological materials and a revision of existing normative documents on
the organization of the activities of interagency special-purpose scientific-
production associations and complexes by the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and of
publishing these materials.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1980
9645
CSO: 1814/16
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f~va~ vcraa.ant, v.~c. vi~a.a
D~SSII~INA~~QN QF SCI,~~1"~TF~C AND T~C~INI~AI, ~NFOR~ATZON TO ~NST~TUT~ONS OF T~
. USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMIZ NAUK SSSR in Russian No 5, May 81 pp 12-16
[Report by Academician B. B. Kadomtsev, head of coIInnission that examined the ~
dissemination of information to Academy scientists, delivered at a meeting of
the Presidium of the USSR Acadeffiy of Sciences] ~
[Text] The commission, which included scientists representing institutes of
information and libraries, examined the situatior ~ertaining to supply of scientific
and technical information to institutions of the ~sSR Academy of Sciences.
The general trend of the commission's~work was to take~a look~at the status of
supply of information from the standpoint of scientists, i.e., the producers and
consumers of information. On this basis, we should begin by describing the
information situation in which the modern scientiat works.
The end product of a scientific investigation, an experiment, discovery, is a
report put down in writing, in which the results of the investigation are submitt~ed,
its place in science is defined and the means of obtaining these results are
described. Since the 17th century, when the modern form of communication between
~;cientists was established, the main element of such communication became a ~
~primary publication in one of the scientific periodicals. To this day, primary
publications are the main source of new information for scientists. As a rule,
- primary publications are fragmentary, i.e., they describe only a specific phase o�
the studies. .Moreover, they are often related to other analogous studies and,
consequently, serve~as a means of co~unication in the collective creativity of
scientists. ~
In the last 3 centuries, the number of scientific periodicals has been growing
exponentially, the number of ~ournals doubling every 10-15 yeara. At the present
time there are more than 100,000 such ~ournals. The enormous flow of primary
publications makea it necessary to develop a mechanism for condensing the infor-
mation they contain.
Publication of survey articles and books is the traditional means of condensation
[compression], which has been and cc~ntinues at the present time to be quite
effect~ve. Surveys are usually written on the basis of primary publications
covering several years (a period comparable to the time that primary information
becomes obsolete, constituting 5-10 years). A survey the size of several original
articles contains material from 100-200 primary publications in systematized
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and evaluated form (i.e., the compression factor constitutes several tens). Z~ao to
four years after survey articles, monographs are written which sum up information
in different branches of the natural sciences in even more condensed and criti-
cally evaluated form. (The situation is somewhat different in the social sciences:
by virtue of traditions and need for comprehensive argumentation, books dealing
with social disciplines continue to play the role of primary publications.)
Surveys and books, which perform the role of secondary information, do not satisfy
all the needs for information, particularly that concerning findings in an area
of concern to a given scientist or in related areas. This is why, already in
the 19th century, abstract journals began to be published, the number of which
is growing proportionately to the number of main 3ournals, so that there is one
abstract journal for about every thousand main ones.
But even with abstract journals, the modern scientist cannot obtain all of the
information referable to the subject of his endeavors. For example, about 100,000
articles per year are published in the area of physics alone, and it is impossible
to read all of them. Nevertheless, lack of concern typifies the modern scientist
more than does concern about the existing situation. To what can we attribute this?
The fact of the matter .Is that information is distributed in the journals very
unevenly. S. K. Bradford demonstrated that if all journals were ranked in order
of decrease in number of articles published on a specific subject, we would
obtain a distribution of the nx~no/x type, where x is the j.ournal number, n is
the number of articles in it on the topic in question. We see that the overall
number of such articles increases on a logarithmic scale with increase in x. In
other words, if we take as the unit the number of specialized journals in ahich
one-third of the articles deal with the relevant topic, the number of semispecialized
journals would equal a, and the number of peripheral journals would be ~a2 (for
physics, for example, a~5, so that 20% of the ~ournals yields over 70% uf the
information). Thus, one can be rather well-informed by keeping up to date on
articles contained only in the "core" of the journals. An even more drastic.
correlation is obtained if the articles are ranked in order of being cited.
Quotability, i.e., the value of an article (ar ~ournal), declines even faster w~,th
each issue, at the rate of 1/x~, where a= 2.5-3. Consequently in order to keep up
with the most valuable information one does not have to read all of the articies
and journals, merely some relatively small number thereof. It must also be borne
in mind that the editorial boards of scientific journals evaluate articles,
and intereditorial "football" [soccer] leads to additional ranking thereof in
different journals.
Much heterogeneity is also observed in productivity of scientists. According to
a. Lotki, the number of scientists N(x) who have written x number of articles
decreases from x as N= N1/x2, i.e., the number of productively working scientists
is very small, and more than half the scientists have time to write only 2-3
articles in their lifetime. In view of all this, we can see why the modern
scientist, who reads only a small number of articles in the most reputable and
specialized journals is rather well-informed about virtually all news in science.
Nevertheless, both the abstract ~ournals and bibliographic listings, as well as
exchange of preprints and participation in conferences, alleviate substantially the
work of a scientist and increase his productivity.
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Let us now consider the current status of dissemination of information among
scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The library network of the USSR AS [Academy of Sciences] and academies of sciences
of Union republics currently numbers 617 libraries servicing about half a million
readers; 250 libraries of the USSR AS are combined in three centra2ized systems
headed by the Library of the Academy of Sciences (Leningrad area), Library of
Natural Sciences (Moscow area and branches of the Academy of Sciences) and State
Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the USSR AS
(with its own network). The Institute of Scientific Information on Social
Sciences (INION). Each republic's academy of sciences has its own central library.
The total stock of librar;,? books constitutes 89.3 million units, 42.5% or which
- are foreign publicatior~s. The academy libraries add 3.7 million books and journals
to their stock each year.
Quite valuable and informative publications are acquired by currency subscription
implemented by the Information Organizing Office for Foreign Scientific Literature
- of the USSR AS. They constitute 50X of all acquisitions (the other half is acquired
on the basis of international exchange of books). Currency allocations for foreign
~ literature of the Academy of Sciences constitute 33%.
In recent years, there has been a constant reduction in volume of acquired scienti-
fic literature. Because of the rise in book prices on the international market
(10-12~ per year), there has been a 36% reduction in subscriptions to foreign
publications in the last 6 years (22~6 reduction for journals and 50% for books).
Such a drastic reduction in influx of scientific literature of first and foremost
importance is causing alarm among scientists and cannot fail to affect the pace
of scientific research.
When the USSR ~oined the Geneva Convention in 1973, reproduction of 800 titles
of scientific ~ournals was stopped. In 1975, the USSR AS allocated additional
funds for the purchase of reproducing equipment to compensate for the loss of
information received. This improved substantially the servicing of readers. For
example, in the Natural Sciences Library (BEN), a service was organized for �
making copies of articles ordered by representatives of scientific research
institutes. �
The information institutes of the USSR AS--All-Union Institute of Scientific and
Technical Information (VINITI) and INION--perform much work to develop the
system of scientific information at the USSR AS.
INION is involved in three types of work: scientific information, publication
[editorial] and library work, which permits optimum use of publications received
at the institute. The information publications of INION include bibliographic
lists of current literature and retrospective bibliographic guides, abstract
journals and collections, collections of surveys, analytical surveys and special-
ized information in three series. In 1979, about 1000 publications were put out
totally 5000 printed sheets.
The scientific stock of the INION library constitutes 11 million units, and there
~ are more than 40,000 readers. INION sends copies of articles from foreign journals
- to our country's scientists.
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An automated information s~stem for social sciences has been set up at the INION,
= and the International Information System of Academieis of Sciences of Socialist
_ Nations (MISON} was organized and is being refined.
VINITI is the chief institute in the area of scientific and technical information.
Theres scientific research is c~r~ducted and plans worked out, which affect the
work of the entire State system of scientific and technical information.
~e
VINITI prepares and publishes scientific and technical informacion in the form of
abstract journals, bibliographic guides and collections entitled "Itogi nauki"
[Advances in Science]. In 1979, 1.2 million articles (0.7 million of which in the
form of tapes) from 38,000 ~ournals were abstracted.
VINITI has funds for acquisition of foreign publications constituting about 10% of
a11 currency allocations of the Academy of Sciences for foreign literature. Pre-
paration and publication of abstracts require about 4 months. After processing
- for information publications, the books are forwarded to a branch agency (PIK
[publication production combi~e] of VINITI). They are stored far 3-4 years,
during which copies are made, then transmitted to BEN and other libraries.
The PIK (.VINITI) is a cost accounting organization that publishes about 70,000
author~s sheets [equivalent of 40,000 ems of prjnted material] (of which 10,000
by phototypesetting) per year. In addition to journals and boeks, the PIK VINITI
prepares xerox copies and microfiches of documents filed at the PIK at the request
of different organizations. About 20X of its production is receivQd b~ institutions
of the Academy of Sciences.
Prototypes of domestic copying equipment--xerox machines (ER-210 K2), machines for
making copies of microfilm (ER-11-M2) and microfiches (ChKP-12-2) have been
- developed at the SKB [Central Design Office] of VINI~I. The SKB ~IINITI produces
12 xerox copiers per year (SO have already been produced). The microfilm copiers
(ER-11-M2) are produced at the rate of 10-15 per year, while the more sophisticated
- electrographic microfiche copiers (ChKP-12-2) are still very expensive and only
- eight have been produced thus far. If a small series (10-15 items per year} is
produced, the cost could be reduced significantly. To meet the needs of ltbraries
of the USSR AS and academies of sciences of Union republics, 12-15 xerox machines
and the same number of electrographic machines ro make copies from microfilm and
= microfiches are needed per year. Thus, by organizing the production of a small
series of xerox copiers and eZectrographic machines, the needs of the central
libraries of the academies of sciences would be met.
In the last few years, the VINITI has been changing to an automate~ information
system whereby documents are taped, and this must definitely be ev~luated as a
progressive step. However, the institute must avoid transferring the flaws
existing in ~ts work ta the automated system. In the printed editions of abstract
journals, all articles are abstracted in succession, i.e., the journals are
- filled with unevaluated i~nformation. The VINITI has recently stopped publishing
flagged ~"signal"] information, i.e., ~he practice of rapidly reporting on new
articles in specialized j,ournals with detailed itemization in sections, which
had the purpose of rapid'ly informing scientists about the most timely problems.
VINITI has not undertaken publication of cumulative indexes for retrospective
~ retrieval of information in physics and other branches of the natural sciences. On
the whole, the information of VINITI requires optimization from the standpoint of
convenience of use thereof by the scientific researcii institutes of the 'JSSR AS.
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Departments, laboratories or groups of s~ientific and tecnnical information have
- been organized at many of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences. The~ are
= m3nned at the academies of s~ienc~s by almost twice the staff of librarics, }{~w_
- ever, while the results of their w~~:~: are definiCely beneficlal, they are stlll
modest. This is related primarily to the fact that the departments are scattered,
they have very little copying,, reproducing and computer equipment, and scientists
do not have free access to them. Neither the ONTI jdepartments of scientific and
technical information] nor iibraries of scientific research institutes have ade-
quate facilities tQ make xerox copies of microfiches and microfilm. In addition
to bibliagraphic information, statisi~.cal [digital] and reference infcrmation,
which is beyond the field of work of the ^NTI, is begining to play an increasing
role for scientific research institutes.
Suggestions for Improving the System of Scientific and Tachnical Information
^the situation pertaining to supplying information to scientists of i?~ USSR AS
cannot be deemed satisfactory. Of greatest alarm is the reduction in volittu. of
foreign scientific publications reaching Academy libraries. It i~ imperative t~
augment the currence allocations for 1981 by 50%, with subsequent 10~ increment
per year, for new purchases t~ fill the existing gaps and restore the 1975 level.
A substantial rift has occurred between scientific research institutes and
information institutes: at the present time, the ra:~k and file scientific worker
~ cannot use modern and progressive information equipment.
One.should combine the efforts of libraries, institutes of scientific information
and ONTI of scientific research institutes, as well as the Internal Center for
_ Scientiric and Technical Information (contact with CEMA nations) to develop an
optimum system of disseminating information, for the purpose of creating a broad
enough infrastructure in the information system, within which the scientific
research institutes could make use of the publications, existing not only on
paper, but on tape, so that they can participate more actively in evaluating infor-
mation, forming information banks (both bibliographic and digital). Of course,
when creating the information system in the Academy of Sciences, it bases itself
on collaboration with CEMA member nations.
It is considered expedient to organize a unified information and library council
under the Presidium of the USSR AS, consisting of library councils for social and
natural sciences, in order to coordinate the work of libraries, VINITI, INION,
departments of scientific and technical information at scientific research insti-
tutes, as well as to implement methodological guidance for the creation of the
information system.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSK", 1981
10,657
CSO: 1814/36
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PROBLEMS [aITH ACADEMY LISRARY-?NFORMATION SERVICES
. Moscow VESTTIIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 5, May 81 pp 35-36
[Article by Academician V. V. Menner]
[Text) A complex situation is developing with regard to information and libr3t~,~
- servicing of scientific institutions that are severed from central libraries and
information agencies. The local libraries of scientific institutions ~are unable
to replenish their shelves with the needed stock at the present time. The
scientific libraries, in which scientists obtain most information, are experiencing
ma3or difficulties. In particular, under conditions where the prices for foreign
publications are rising, international book exchange is acquiring much importance.
But making such book exchanges has become substantially more difficult because of
the more complicated procedures for writing up and keeping records of orders. This
~ has been particularly troublesome for libraries. Since they are manned by
considerably fewer personnel than the staffs of information services, they cannot
as~ign several employees to work solely on international book exchanges. As a
resulL, several libraries of republic academies have already been compelled to
- discontinue internal book exchanges, a situation that is by no means admissible
when there is a shortage of foreign literature.
As for problems of scientific information services, of course it is very important
to discuss the prospects of development of automated data banks and other elements of
- automated systems of scie~tific and technical information. But this is the future
of information and one should not overlook today's problems by worrying about it.
In the 1950's, we started well with the abstract journal. But today its value has
diminished significantly. It is not nnly a matter of constant reduction in volume
of abstracts with increase in number of pu~l~cations, and that their contents are
emasculated. This is not so terrible. The worst is referable to the flaws in the
reference retrieval system of journals, and mainly in classifying articles, which
- was already mentioned in the report of B. B. Kadomtsev. We are constantly asked why
libraries insist on acquiring CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS and certain other foreign abstract
journals. Perhaps, these ~ournals are not better per se than ours, but they have
an excellent reference system, which is what compels the consumer to refer to them
constantly. In-depth indexing jclassification] is also needed when inputting
information in a computer; without it the system may be deficient and all the
expenses on equipment will be useless.
Diamicrocards may indeed be quite beneficial, particularly for outlying institutes
that are cut off from central libraries and experience the most difficulties in replen-
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. rvn w ~�~wna, v.aa, vi~a.a
ishing their stacks. But the use of such cards is quite limited as yet. The
consumer is still unwilling to use them, not only in our country, but abroad,
where they were introduced much earlier. Today, it is impossible to systematically
replace journals with diamicrocards.
V. V. Menner then mentioned some of the specific difficulties in the work of
academy librar.ies. One of these difficulties is the absence of a central depositary
to which obso.':_ete publications could be sent. Another is the long time spent on
repairs. Many libraries are closed for repairs [or redecorating] for several years.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
10,657
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~
UDC: 002
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RESOLUTION ON LIBRARY-INFORMATION SERVICES
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No S, May 81 pp 41-43
[Resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences]
[TextJ In the resolution adopted by the Presidium o~ the USSR AS jAcademy of
Sciences], it ~:s noted that information and library services to scientists of the
USSR AS are lagging behind the current requirements of Soviet science. A parti-
cularly poor situation has developed in recent years in the area of supplying
librartes and institutes with foreign periodfcals and books. There has been a
substantial reduction in recent years in subscriptions to foreign scientific ~
publications because of the rise in prices thereof.
The existing system of scientiflc and technical information at the USSR AS, and
its material and technical support also require improvement. It is imperative to
define a clearcut distribution of dut~es and procedure ~or interaction between
chief institutes of information, departments o~ scientific information at academy
� institutes and libraries o~ the USSR ~S.
The Pres~dum of the USSR Academy of Sciences hereby resolves:
To fnstruct the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Informatiom jVINITI],
State Committee for Science and Technology [GKNT] and USSR_AS to prepare and,
in coordination with the GKNT, to submit suggestions on organizing the system of
scientific information at the USSIt AS in order to meet more fully the in�ormation
requirements of scienttsts at institutions of the USSR AS; to implement development
of an automated reference and information system to service institutions of the
USSR AS, with provisions for preparatfon and broad use of data bases jbanks?] on tape
and copies of primary sources on microfiches; i.t is deemed a first and foremost.
task to publish sources of secondary informatian, abstract 3ournals and cumulative
indexes for retrospective retrieval. Publication of bulletins with notable
~jsignal] information should be resumed in 1981; the scientific workers at institutes
must be called upon extensively for proper evaluation of scientific information and
~ competent indexing; the time required to process and publish scientific information
- mainly abstract journals and index for them, must be reduced substantially; sugges-
tions ~hould be submitted for expanding production by the Central Design Office of
VINITI of xerographic equipment and machines for copying on paper from mir_roforms.
The Institute of Scientific Information on Social Scienc:es of the USSR AS was in-
- structed to implement further development of the social sciences information system
with due consideration of new directions dealing with timely problems of economic .
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and sociopolitical development of real socialism, current international relations,
worldwide economic development and the id~ological struggle; steps must be taken to
expedite development of an automated reference and information system to service
scientific and state institutions, and the higher school of bibliographic and facto-
graphic information; development of the automated information system within the
framework of the Internal Information System for Social Sciences must be deemed to
be one of the first and foremost tasks, with special attention being given to use
- of promising forms of reciprocal access to data bases via telecommunication channels.
The Presidium of the USSR AS also resolved that development and introduction of
automated information systems and work on upgrading information technology are
deemed to be the most important directions of improving information support of
scientific research conducted at institutions under the USSR AS.
The VINITI was instructed to develop libraries of the USSR AS and all concerned
organizations under the USSR AS suggestions on fulfilling the task of creating the
automated system of scientific and technical information of the USSR AS in 1981-1985
together with INION (Institute of Scientific Information for Social Science], with
organization and appropriate technology for the information network and distribution
of centers ["bases"] for bibliographic and factograplltc (;digital~ data.
It was suggested to the Coordination Committee for Computer ~e~hz~ology~ jAardwar~]
that it provide computers, data processing equipme~t, storage discs~ w~ith l00 or more
megabyte capacity and telecommunication equipment in 1981-1985 for the purpose of
disseminating scientific and technological information to information and scientific
research institutes of the USSR AS.
To expedite organization of the network of computer centers for information, the
Council for Automation of Scientific Research was instructed to consider the question
. of special-purpose financing of work to develop equipment for coding, displaying
and providing graphic and alphanumeric information, starting in 1981.
The directors of VINITI and INION were asked to implement priority input into
the automated data banks of information referable to the most important natural and
soclal sciences (physics, biology, astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, control pro-
cesses, economics, philosophy, scientific communism and others), while the directors
of scientific research institutes under the USSR AS were asked to pay attention to
organizing departments of scientific information and to offer comprehensive
assistance in the use of computer and copying equipment available at the institutes
for purposes of dissemination of information.
The Presidium requested that the International Center for Scientific and Technical
Information take steps with regard to adding special-topic subsystems dealing
with the most important natural sciences to the International System of Scientif ic
and Technical In�ormation in order to furnish information to libraries and scien-
tific research institutes of the USSR AS.
The deputy president of the USSR AS for ma~or construction was instructed to take
steps to implement construction of the building for the Natural Sciences Library
(BEN) and depository an the basis of the funds of BEN and VINITI in Troitsk, as
well as to expedite construction of buildings for VINITI in Moscow and for the
SKB [Special Design Office] of VINITI in Lyubertsy and implement construction of
the second section of INION.
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It was resolved to organize the Unified Information and Library Council of the
USSR AS under the Presidium of the USSR AS, having included in this unified council
a library council for natural sciences and library council for social sciences
with the standing of independent councils.
Methodological guidance and coordination of the work of VINITI, INION, central
scientlfic libraries of the USSR AS and Union republic academies of sciences, pre-
pa ration of recommendations for optimum development of the system of scientific
information of the USSR AS were listed as the main tasks for the Unified Informa-
tion and Library Council of the USSR AS.
Academician Yu. A. Ovchinnikov, vice-president of the USSR AS, was appointed
chairman of the Unified Information and Library Council of the USSR AS.
This council was instructed to prepare a status concerning the system of scientific
and technical information of the USSR AS, to examine the plans and reports dealing
with scientific research and experimental design projects of institutes of informa-
tion of the USSR AS, determine the needs of scientific institutions under the
USSR AS with regard to information and copier equipment and distribution thereof
among scientific institutions and departments of the Presidium of the USSR AS, as .
we~,], as to devel,op measures to upgrade the re~erence system of information
pub~~~atipns, org~ntze~unification of information documentation, particularly that
pertaining to computerized manipulation of structural formulas of chemical compounds,
to approve prototypes of designs and software for bibliographic [documents] and fac-
tographic systems, deploy measures to improve working conditions and assign personnel
in libraries of the USSR AS, de~elop recommendations on forma of contact with
foreign and international centers of scientific and technical information for the
purpose of reciprocal exchange of information.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
10,657 ~
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r~x vr r L~icu~ u~~ v~vLi
I:illL'STP.Y, CUV~ttiJJ~lE'r~iT ~1~GL.~.'CT SZic'1' IPiFUF~MATIUN SI~RVICES
Minsk SOVETSi:AYH ~IsLUF.USSIYA in Russian 22 Jul 31 p 2 ~
[Article by :�i. :.ibintov, chief of Department of Scientific-Technical Information of
republic's iselorgvodstroy Planning-Technolo~ical Trust: "How lloes Information
Work?] ~
[Text] The 26t11 CPSU Congress set the task of completinR the transition of the na-
tional economy to a~rimarily intensive course of development. In this bi~ endeavor,
an important role is assigned to acientific-technical information. Analysis shows
that these services still lag behind the demands of the times; their workers �re-
quently play the role of a"boy turini~ng erraads."
Let us take, for example, two of the capital's enterprises, standing, as it were,
face to face: the Minsk plants for gears and electrical equipment imeni Kralov.
At the rormer seven persona make up a aubdivision that has for its purpose the ~en-
eralization and dissemination of the achievemente of science and tectinolo~}?. The
number of engineers aad technical personnel here exceeds 800. Moreover, the USSP.
State Committee fox Science and Technology? recotmmended that not less than~one-two
percent of the tvtal number of eagineering and tectinical peraonnel be information
workera. It is underataadable that with.such a disparity the scientific-technical ~
information service is not in a position to eacompass the unencompasaible: ensuring
of quality dissemination of advanced experience.
A similar department, poesessing for some reason or other an entirely diffexent
naatie, has been created at the electrical equipment plant. Sixty-four coworkers
work there. It would aeem that the situation here.would be radically different.
Actually, everytuiag is different. Some of them are engapted in information work.
In the worda of V.V. Chernukhi, the cliief of the department, no more than sim-seven
people. But it turns out that they are working by no ~rteaaa in accordance with the
requiremenCs of the contemporary level. This, of course, cou~d not help but affect
the results of management. Over the course of a number of years, the plant has
failed to meet state targets.
The liat of such enterprises could be continued. The fact that, plant information
workers find themselvea ia a positioa that is rather undeterminate ia shown by the
department names. Thus, at the electrical equipinent plant it is called the depart-
meat of scientific-technical and ecomomic information and documentation, at the
gear plant--the bureau of rationalization, inventian and technical information, at
pl. M .
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the plant for automatic lines--the department of scientific-teclinical information
and rationalization. The mixiag of functiona of aubdivisions of essentially differ-
ent functions, of co~:rse, cannot result in anything worthwhile. The fact is that
information is a very complex affair; here one has�to be purposeful and not alloo~
oneself to scatter oneself in the solution of other problems.
The inadequate attention paid by heada of enterprises, ministries and departments to
scientific-technical information services is also expressed in the fact that they
frequently do not participate in socialist competition and that raeasures have not
been worked out everywhere for ttie moral and material reward of the best engineers.
Staff personnel of information services frequently receive a bonus from sources of
material incentives, regardless of the results of their caork. Haw does one evalua.~e
_ the quality of labor of information workera when there has not been worked out so
far a unified method for determining the result of use of scientific-technical in-
formation sources. For this reason enterprisea, sometimee belonging to the same
ministry, are obliged to look for and develops methods of evaluating effectivenesa.
Not all these searches result ia succesa. The reason for this is that not all our
heads are distinguished by initiative and a practical approach to the matter. HQre
there can only one recommendation: interested organs have to make controls
stricter and to ensure nore rigid planning of realization of innovations.
It ahould be said that certain experience already exiats in this work. At the plant
for automatic lines, for example, there has been in operation for a number of years
a regulation on time periods of examination and introduction of innovations borrowed
from scientific-technical information sources. For their violation~ shops and sec-
- tions, where innovations were to be introduced according to plan, pay a forfeit from
their funds in tY~e amaunt of 12-20 percent of the economic gains that the innov~ition
was to have produced. The making of such a cost-accounting claim impels a collective
to make rational use of each such proposal.
Scientific-technical information departments are working with good results at the
- following plant~: Minsk Motor-Vehicle Plant, Vitebsk Radio Parts Pla~nt, also at the
Gomsel'mash Production Association. liere measures are being taken to st~mulate an
improvement in information activity and the introduction of technical innovations.
The size of the bonus fund depends, for exam~le, on the number and quality of com-
pleted developments. In a word, experience does exist. It is important for it to
receive all-round development so that the effectiveness of information comes to be
considered as a basic factor that accelerates scientific-technical progress.
7697
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PROBLEMS IN INTRODUCING NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
Khar'kov RUKOVODSTVO KOMPARTII UKRAINY RAZVITIYEM PROIZVODITEL'NYRH SIL SEL'SKOGO
~ KHOZYAYSTVA RESPUBLIKI in Russian 1980 (signed to press 17 Sep 80) pp 84-101
[Excerpts from Chapter 4 of book by~Ye. A. Bondarev "Ukrainian Co~unist Party
Management of the Development of the Agricultural Productive Forces of Republic,"
Izdatel'skoye ob"yedineniye "Vyshcha shkola," 1000 copies] ~ .
[ExcerptsJ CHAPTER IV. THE MANAGEI~NT ROLE OF PARTY OR6ANIZATIONS IN ACCELERATING
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS AND INTRODUCING THEM INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.
The 25th CPSU Congress pointed to the necessity for a sharp rise in the effectiveness
and an improvement in qualitative indicator~ of agricultural production that are
directly dependent on the level of agricultural acience. In this connection, the
party has increased its attention to t~e activities of scientific-.research institu-
tions and higher educational institutions that specialize in agriculture.
The paz~ty has always attached great meaning to increasing the effectiveness of
scientific developments and their introduction into agricultural production. This
~ was manifested with special force after the 23d CPSU Congress. Fulfilliug the de-
cisions of the congress, the CPSU Central Com~ittee and the USSR Council of Ministers
on 2 October 1968 adopted the decree, "On Measures for the Further Improvement of
Scientific-Research Work in the Fie13 of Agriculture (152, 1968, 11 Oct). On 20
December 1968, an analogous decree was adopted by the Ukrainian Communist Party ~
Central Committee and the Uk3SR Council of Ministers (127, No. 12, 1986, art. 165).
The decrees provided for measures for improving the work of agricultural scientific-
research institutions and higher educational institutions.
In accordance~witk these decrees, the UkSSR Ministry of Agriculture issued a series
of orders, particularly one on 9 January 1969, "On Measures for Further Improvement
of Scientific-Research Work in the Agricultural Sector," and one on 21 April 1969,
"On Measures for Increasing the Effect~.veness of Work of Sci~ntific-Research Insti-
tutions." (161, list 262, storage unit 127, aheet 20). They designated 18 head
institutes, on which waa put resporisibility for planning and methodological manage-
ment of research on basic agricultural problems and the development of programs for
- the activities of experimental stations. Expansion af the network of research farms
was provided for by transferring a number of kolkhozes r~~d sovkhozes to scientific-
~ research institutions. Work plana of the problem laboratories of agriculturai WZes
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were examined and approved (161, list 262, storage unit 127, sheets 21-25).* As a
result, the scientific-research institutions of the republic as early a~ October to
December 1969 submitted materials to the UkSSR Ministry of Agriculture on the status
and Courses for further development of all branch~s of IJkrainian agriculture and
developed programs of activity for 1971-1980 for each sci~ntific area and also five-
- year plans for the technical re-equipping and construction of scientific.-research
institutions and experimental bases. To improve the coordination of scientific
research and methodological management of such research in the republic, the
Southern Department of the All-Union Acade~ny of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I.
Lenin was created. Scientific-technical information sections were strengthened in
oblast and rayon agricultural administr~tions. The Ukrainian Scientific-Research
Institute for Agriculture publishes the bulletin "Sil's'kogospodars'ka informatsiya"
(161, list 262, storage unit 85, sheets 50-53). Measures were adopted for raising
' the effectiveness of agricultural projects. At the Al1-Union Selection and Genetics
Institute (Odessa) in 1968, construction was begun on the first artificial-elin~~te
station** in the USSR, and in 19~72, the phytotron at the Mironovka Scientific-
Research Institute (161, list 262, storage unit 324, sheets 59-62). Conditions are
being created that reduce the selection process aluwst by half (152, 1976, 4 Apr).
Increase in the effectiveness of research is helped by the concentration an~l speciali-
zation of scientific institutions. The CPSU Central Co~ittee and the USSR Council of
Ministers, in the May 1972 decreQ, "On Measures for the Further Improvement of
Scientific-Research Work in the Field of Agriculture," recognized the us,~fulness of
creating 27 large selection centers with all the necessary laboratories in the basic
agricultural zones of the country (149, 1972, 14 Msy),~* with the aim of accelera-
ting the development and introduction of highly productive varieties and hybrids of
grain, leguminous, semolina, and feed crops, and also the scientifie-~methodological
management of seed selective cultivation work in the zones. This has aided in the
achievement of substantial progress in the fields of selection and seed cultivation.
A high mark was given tothi.s work in the COSU Central Committee and USSR Council of
Ministers decree, "On Measures for the Further Improvement in the Selection and Seed
Cultivation of Grain and Oil-Bearing Crops and Grasses" (Navemb$r 1976) (149, 1976,
21 November).
The "Basic Directions fnr the Development of the USSR Economy for 1976 to 1980,"
adopted by the 25th CPSU Congress, indicated the necessity for "providing for the
further development of the theory and methods of genetics for the creation of valu-
able new varieties of plants, breeds of livestock, and cultures of microorganisms,
* Under the UkSSR Ministry of Agriculture at the beginning of 1968 were 79 scienti-
fic-research institutions (17 institutes, 6 republic research stations, 20 oblast
state agricultural research stations) and 36 experimental �ields of scientific-
research institutes. In them there were 3100 scientific associates, including 65
doctors of sciences and 1140 candidates of sciences (161, list 257, sto;.age unit 96,
sheet 1).
In January 1978, construction was eompleted here of the largest phytotron in the
world, with eight hothouses with 240 m2 in area (149, 1978, 29 Jan).
The country now has 42 selection centers for plant cultivation, including 32
for grain and feed crops (142, 1977, No. 10, p. 26). ~
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t'UK UHr1LlAL U,~: UNLY
~
and also means for producing physiologically active substances for agriculture ~
...(7, p. 215) Succassful implementation of the decreed tasks requires improve-
ment in party management of the activiti~s of scientific-research institutions, the i
strengthening of control of these important work ~ectors on the part of party organi- ~ i
zations, and the increase of responsibility of the administrative and social orga~ii~
zations for creating, in each scienti�ic collective, a normal psychological atmosphEre ~
and the creative businesslike conditions that make highly ef�ective work po~sible. ;
~
At the same time that it implements measures for accelerating scientific research, the ;
party gives incre~a~ng attention to the work of introducing research results into
agricultural production. The 5ummary Report of the CPSU Centr~l Committee to the
25th CPSU Congress stressed that the practical introduction of scientific ideas is i
no less important than their dev~lopment (7, p. 48). According to assessments by '
specialists around the world, the averagQ expenditure of time for applied research is
about two years, and the time between the completion of thie research and industrial ~
introduction is about six ears (92 115). Thus there is substantial '
y , p. , pmtential
for increasing the effectiveness of scientific developmente. i
The introduction of scientific achievements into agricultural production depends on
many factors, particularly on the interrel~tions between scientific institutions and ~
farms, on the preparedness of the latter for practical use of the ~dcvelopments and ~
reco~endations of scientists, on the organizational system tor introducing research ,
and the level of party management of this process, and others.
An attempt to hasten the introduction o� scientific devslopments into production
during the period being examined was the reorganization of the management of sCi~nti- ~
fic-research institutions. A CPSU Central Co~ittee and USSR Council of Ministera ~
decree of 20 February 1961, "On the Reorganization of the USSR Ministry of Agricul- ;
ture," pointed to the necessity of changing the ministerial apparatus "from an ;
apparatus for the administrative management of agriculture, as it was for many years,
to an organizational center for the introduction of scientific achievements and '
advanced experience into production (126, 1961, No. 3, art. 17). j
Experimental-demonstration farms (one or two) have been created in each region and '
highly qualified~ specialists have been sent to work on them. In the Ukraine, 604
farms have been organized (154, 1961, 16 May). ~ ;
However, the reorganization did not yield the hoped-for results, insofar as it was '
not reinforced by economic measures. In 1963, the means allott.ed for laboratory ,
equipment were 60 percent less than in 1962. At this time, for one scientific
worker in agricultural research there was an allocation of 1100 rublea, while in ~
other sectors it was 1800 rubles (161, list 218, atorage unit 138, sh,eets 46, 49). ~
On 28 Auguat 1961, the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers adopted i
the decree "On'the Transfer of Agricultursl Higher Educational Institutions and
- Scientific-Research Inatitutions from Cities to Sovkhozes and to Educational-
Research and Experimental Farms." (127, No. 7, 1965, art. 85). The locations and
time-frames were determined for the transfer of acienti�ic-reaearch inatitutiona and
educational institutions to agricultural enterprises. Thu~, the ~cianCiti~-Research '
Institute o� Animal Husbandry in the Foraet-Steppe and Foreats of the UkS~R was '
moved to the "Ukrainka" experimental farm; the Khar'kov Agricultural InstituCe imeni
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Dokuchayev was moved to the "Kommuniot" educational-experimantal farm; and the
Ukrainian Scientific-Research Institute for Vegetable Raieing and Potatoes was moved
to the "Merefa" experimental farm (170, holding 2, list 108, storage unit 50,
sheets 10-11). This measure, to a recognizable degree, he~lped strengthen the re-
lations of scientific-resea~ch and higher-educational institutions with agricultiural
production and helped accelera~e the introduction of ccientific developments into
gractice.
Governed by general party decisions, the Ukrainian Party eentral Committee and the
UkSSR Council of Ministers adopted, during the period being examined, a nu~abar of
decrees directed toward improving publicity and accelerating the introduction of~
scientific achievements into agricultural production, particularly one in November
1959 on the further development of the Exhibit of Adnanced Experien�e in the Economy
of the Ukrainian SSR (127, No. 11, 1959, art. 150), and one in December 1963 on the
reorganization of the Exhibit of Advanced Experience in the Economy of the ~1lcrainian
SSR (127, No. 12, 1963, art. 134). gor their p~rt, obla~t and rayon party committees
adopted decisions in which they indicated shortcomings and outlined measures for
activating the tran~fer of agricultural production to a s~ientific basis. Thus, the
Khar'kov party obkom bureau on 24 May 1961, examining the question "On Measures for
Publicizing and Introducing Advanced Experience into Agriculture," noted that
scientific-research and educational institutes in the field of agriaulture still
failed to generalize and distribute the experience of innovatore sufficiently and
that they made few scientific reco~endationa to kolkhozes and sovkhozes. The bureau
obligated the oblast agricultural admini~trat3on to put together by 5 Juae 1961 a
concrete plan for publicizing and introducing scientific achievements and advanced
experience into oblast agricultural production (170, holding 2, list 1U8, starage
unit 33, sheet 38). On 21 March 1964, the Khar'kov party rural obkom bureau defined
new tasks for agricultural produc~ion administrators in the intro~uction of scienti-
fic achievements and advanced experi~~ce into oblast agricul~ture..The party~com~ittees
of production administrations were obligated to dcvelop and approve, by 25 March 1964,
_ concrete measures for each farm (170, holding 10923, list 4, storage unit 12, sheet
63). With the aim of strengthening control over the fulfillment of the adopted de-
cisions, the party obkom conducted a heari~g at the obkom bureau with reports from
party co~ittees, managers of economic-admini~trative organizations, production
administrations, and even primary party organizations of individual farms. Thus,
on 28 August 1964, the party rural obkom bureau heard the question "On the Work of
the Party Organization and Hanagement of the Rolkhoz imeni Gor'kiy of the Sakhnov-
~ shchinskiy Rayon on the Introduction into Production of Scientific Achievements and
the Experience of Innovators." (170, holding 1U923, list 4, storage unit 24, sheet
14). ~'he adopted decree made an analysis of activities of the party organization
and kolkhoz management at this level and gave an evaluation of the work done. On
18 February 1966, in examining the question "On Progsess in Implementing the De-
cision of the March (1965) P1Qnum of ~he CP3U Central Committee on the Introduction
of Scientific Achievements and Advanced Experience into Agricultural.Production" the
obkom bureau recognized the work of the oblast agricultural administration at this
level to be unsatisfactory ~nd decaanded a pro�ound improvement in it (170, holding 2,
list 133, storage unit Z1, sheet 15). Analogous meaeur~s were adopted~by.the L'vov
(167, holding 3, list 3, storage unit 1514, sheets 40-44), NikolayQV (168, holding
5163, list 2, storage unit 11, she~t 66), Kherson (171, holding 46, list 1, storage
unit 3437, sheeC 28) and other party obkoma.
The system for introducing agricultural scienti�ic a�hievements into production,
however, remained insufficiently effective for a long time. The Summary by the CPSU
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Central Committee to the 24th C7SU C~ngress stressed: ".If one thoroughly analyzes ;
- all the links in the complex chain that unites science and production, it is not
difficult to see that the weakest links are those relating to the practical impl~?men-
tation of scientific achievements and their introduction into mass production" (6,
p. 56). Analysis of the introduction of completed subjects conducted at the ~
Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences shows that, wherEas at the
beginning of the 1960's the proportion of developments not introduced for one reason i
or another was 25 to 30 percent, the proportion had ri~en by the end of the 1970's to
35 to 40 percent (92, p. 23). !
The problem of the relationships between science and production has been discussed i
very actively in recent times. Increasingly o�ten, questions are r~i~ed as to who ~
should implement the proposals of scientists (152, 1975, 30 Dec). "It is our deep
conviction," wrote F. Polupanov, director of the Ukrainian Scientific-Researah Insti-
tute for the Mechanization and El~ctrification of Agriculture, "that research scien- ~
tists should not engage in the ineffective activity of "hawking" their ideas, search- ~
ing for enterprises that could fabricate models and so forth" (15~, 1971, 8 Jan).
The process of implementing scientific achievements in agricultural production is '
inseparably tied to improvement of t~e whole technologic~l process on the basis of ~ ~
developing and introducing scientifically based systems for conducting agriculture. ~
Broad approval has been received by the activity of cost-accounting centers as inter- ~
mediate ("third") links between research and practice. In 1967, an efficiency i
center was created at the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Agricultural ~
Economics (146, 1970, 4 Aug), which began to conclude agreements with agricultural
enterprises for the introduction o� scientific developments that provided an econom- !
ic effect. During a three-year period, it fulfilled work worth more than 3.5 ~
million rubles. The director of one sovkhoz near Moscow recalled the fol.lowing ~
concerning relations between the farm and the efficiency ce~ter: "Cost-accounting j
relations with the institute bring us more, if you please, than the free scientific ~
aid of a patron. We, of course, bear expenses, but then we also receive something !
in return. And we can question scientists �ully ...(146, 1970, 4 Aug).
i
A strong impetus to the dissemination of labor and production efficiency in UkSSR
agriculture was the republic conference �or the best plan for introducing efficiency i
into production for 1967-1968 (76, list 1, storage unit 162, aheet 3). By 1963, ~
kolkhozes and sovkhozes had 243 efficiency councils that united~3729 persona. In a ;
majority of regional agricultural production administrations, inter-kolkhoz cost-
accounting efficiency groups were created, Efficiency councila and groups that same '
year took 1703 measures for labor and production efficiency, which had an economic ~
effect of 1271.4 thousand rublec (1.~6; list 1, storage unit 162, sheet 6). Organiza- ~
tion work~for introducing scientific developments into agricultural production was
especially enlivened after the adoption in September 1968 of the CPSU Central Com-
mit~ee and USSR Coundil of Minietars decree "On Measures to Increase the Ef~fective-
ness of the Work of Scientifi.c Organiaations and Aecelerating the Utilization of
~Scientific and Technical Achievementa in the Economy" (128, issue 9, 1969, pp 257- '
283). The CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers oblig~ted minis- ~
tries and agencies to take immediate measures to provide significant reductions in ;
time-lengths between the completion ot theoretical research and the practical appli- '
cation of its results in production. In turn, on 29 November 1968, the tJkrainian
Communist Party Central Committee and the UkSSR Council of Miniaters adopted an
analogous decree (127, No. 12, 1968, art. 164).
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The party decisions became a guide to action for party, economic administrative
organizations, and scientific-research inetitutions for th~ introduction ol scien-
tific developments in agricultural production. Thus, in August 1969, examining the
question of the status and measures for increasing labor productivity in kolkhozes
and sovkhozes, the UkSSP. Council of Ministers authorized the U'kSSR Mi~istry of
Sovkhozes to creat~ inter-sovkhoz production-technology labor~tories in 20 various
administrative zones and the UkSSR Ministry of Agriculture to create 6 zonal
technical-production laboratories and technical-production centers (under cost-
accounting). The task of these organizations was the implementation of ~easures for
efficiency and management of production under the condition of agreements*(161, hold-
ing 1, list 262, storage unit 115, sheet 131). Tn February 1969, the UkSSR Ministry
of Agriculture and the Scientifi.c-Tachnical Society for AgriGUlture conducted a
republic seminar on questions of labor znd production afficiency, znd on 18 to 20
November 1969 at Vinnitsa, a republic scientific-technical conference took place
on the subject "Efficiency in the Field of Mechanizing Agricultural Production."
As a result of the measures taken, transition of agricultural production to a
scientific basis was noticeably accelerated. In 1970, organizations of the
Scientific-Technical Society for Agriculture introduced about 8 thuusand proposals
and recommendations into practice, with an economic effect of over 20 million rubles
. (176, list 1, storage unit 187, sheet 2).
Thus, with the aims of hastening the introduction of scientific developments into
agricultural production, during the period being examined, party organizations began
wide utilization of councils and cost-accounting efficiency groups at scientific-
research institutions and WZes, at oblast administrations, and at rayon agricultural
production administrations, and ~lso of efficiency groups at farms. Zonal standards-
research stations and ~tandards centers were enlisted to participate in this opera-
tion. However, a harmonious system of organizati~ns znd institutions with a center
that directed and controlled the activities of all the Iinks in the introduction of
scientific developments into agricultural production did not come about during the
period being examined. Evidently, the proposal of certain researchers to create
all-union and republic coordinating bodies with cost-accounting subunits for labor
and production efficiency was the right proposal.
- The development of the "third" link also inhibits the lack of attenti~n to local
scientific-production organization~. Useful recomnendations by scientists often do
- not receive the support of agricultural organs. There ar~ instances when specializa-
' tions of enterprises or the dimensions of cultivated land are changed contrary to the
proposals of scientific centers without sufficient basis. It seems necessary to
establish an order in which pl~ns for implementing scientific achievements and
advanced experience would pertain to every farm and would be included in production
and financial plans equally with production programs for plant growing and animal
husbandry. It would also be useful to tie measures for material and psychological
incentives more closely to the results of fulfillment not only o� production plans
but also of plans for introducing labor and production efficiency. There still
remain a number of unsolved problems in the practice of i~nplementing scientif.ic de-
velopments in agriculture. In particular, labor and production efficiency centers
consider that the introduction of reco~endations should be enQaged in, first of all,
by farms them.selves, and that spacialists from cost-accounting units should be only
consultants (43, p 164). Managers and specialists of kolkhozes and sovkhozes adhere
to the opposite opinion. We think that, in the solution of such problems, from the
position of national interests, xt is necessary to have authoritativ~ intervention
by party organizations.
* It was proposed to provide these organizations with a staff of 409 workers.
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The acceleration of the transition of agricultural production to a scientific basis
is aided by the development and introduction of scientifically substantiated systems
. for farm management. In the UkSSR, work on their development began soon after the
20th CPSU Congress (47, p. 45). All the work was accomplished under the direction of
and with direct participation by party organizztions. Thus, being guided by instruc-
- tions from the Ukrainian Communi~t Party Central Commitree of i3 January 1959 on
_ questions of introducing scientifically substantiated systems of management ineo
kolkhoz and sovkhoz production, the Kherson party obkom adopted measures that pro-
vide for fulfilling this large and important task. Under the oblast planning commis-
sion of the oblispolkom, a commission was created that developed crop rotation plans
corresponding to the soil and climate co~ditions of oblsst zones and to farm speciali-
_ za+tion. By authorization of the party obkom, the Scienti~ic-Technical Society for
Agriculture, together with specizlists �rom the oblast administration, prepared and
published in the oblast newspaper NADDNIPRYANS'KA PRAVDA, models of seientifically
substantiated systems of farm management for two kollchozes in the Kh�rsonskiy and
Novo-Troits~ciy Rayons. For practical aid in the development of scientifica'ily sub-
stantiated systems, 24 scientific workers and 232 students from senior courses of
agricultural institutes weresent to farms. As a result, at the end of 1959, scienti-
fically substantiated systems were developed at each kolkhoz and sovkhoz and were
approved by the rayispolkoms (171, holding 46, list 1, storage e:nit 3425, sheet 83).
A large amount of work was done at this lsvel by the pzrty organizaCion of the Khar'-
kovskaya Oblast. On 23 February 1959, the party obkom bureau adopted the decree
. "On the Intxoduction of a Scientific~lly Substantiatad ~ystem of Farm Mana6c~�~nt
into Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Production" (170, holding 2, list 99, storage unit 29, sheet
59), which obligated.the oblast agricultural administration, the administration and
party organizations of scientific-research and educational institutions to provide
methodological and organizational aid to kolkhozes and sovkhozes of rayons under
their jurisdiction, in the development and introduction of scientifically sutistanti-
ated farm managenent systems (170, holding 2, list 99, storage unit 29, shQets 59-71).
Scientific-Technical Societies for Agriculture were enlisted in this work. The
Khar'kovskaya Oblast management of the society and its primary organizations created
teams (in which there were about 200 acientific workers and agzicultural specialists),
who took active part in developing scientifically substantiated systems of farm
management in all 660 kolkhozes of the oblast (176, list 1, storage unit 63, sheet 4).
Scientifically based systems of farm managem~nt for a number of kolkhozes were devel-
oped by the Dnepropetrovskaya Ofilast Scientific-Techni~al Society far Agriculture.
On the basis of the the kolkhoz~ imeni Lenin of the Sinel`nikovskiy Rayon and the
"Svitlo ~hovtnya" kolkhoz of the Pyatikhatskiy Rayon, the oblast administration of
the Scientific-Technical Society for ~,vriculture prepared and published in mass
circulation the appropri.ate recommendations which served as a basis for development
and introduction of the systems in other oblast farms (176, list 1, s.torage unit 114,
sheet 4).
- Party, economic-administrative, and so~ial organizations of other JkSSR oblasts have
also operated actively. As a result, scientifically substantiated farm management
was developed universally withi.n the republic and in 1964 was published as a col-
lection of recommend~tions for conducting agriculture and livestock breeding in the
consolidated zones of the Forest Region and the western regions of the Forest-
Steppe and Steppe (55, p. 20).
Despite the successes achieved, however, work on introduci.ng scientifically based
systems of farm management had substantial shortcomings. Many recommendations had a
general character and were little suited for practical utilization; the question of
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means and methods for org~nizing the introduction of scientific developments was
not fully answered; ~nd too few spaciaiists and farm managers were enlisted in this
work. The systems developed, in an overwhelming majority, were not well-founded
= economically (95, p 47). In addition, in tnis period, at time~ there was found to
be interference in the technology of production by incompetent persons.
In accord with the decisions of the March (1965) Plenum o� the CPSU Central Committee
and the Directives of the 23d CPSU Congress, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture ta-
gether with scientific-research institutions renewed the development and improvement,
under new conditions, of scienti.fically substantiated farm management in 35 economic-
v~getation zones of the country. This could be considered the second stage of work
in introducing scientifically substantiated tarm managcment to kolkhozes and sov-
khozes. In it, several thousand ~cientific workers and ag~icultu~al specialists
participated. Zonal commissions studied the possibilities for more rational distri-
bution and specialization of agriculture within zonal boundaries, having mazked out
- about 260 agricultural regions or subzones within whieh there were about 350 produc-
tion types of specialized farms. In the materials o� the zonal commissions, the
opinion was fixed that in the Ukraine the development of livestock breeding should
not restrain further increase in non-feed grain farming. The necessity was revealed
for more accurate definition of segions for growing s~gar beets, oil-bEaring crops,
~ potatoes, vegetables, and so forth (79, p. 123).
The complex program outlined at the 24th CPSU Congress for the development of the
country's economy was the basis �or expansion in a qualitatively new direction (the
third stage) of development of scientific~lly substantiated syst~ms for agriculture
management. Work began according to complex plans of development adopte4 by fa~ms
and regions that provided for improvement o� a11 fe~tures of production and improve-
ment of the social-economic conditions of rusal li�e. The jour~al PARTIYNAYA ZHIZN'
acquainted its readers with the complex plan develop~d in Niklinovskiy Rayon of
Rostovskaya Oblast (141, 1970, No. 21, pp 34-35). This publication, along with other
materials, helped expand work on putting together complex plans for development in
other farms of the country, including a number of rayons of the UkSSR. In Khar'kav-
skaya Oblast the beginning of this work was in Krasnokutskiy Rayon. On instructions
from the party obkom, the first secretary of the i~Yasnokutskiy party raykom, P. A.
Chaban', visited Niklinovskiy Rayon. On his return, he acquainted the rayon party
_ leaders, secretaries of party organizations, and kolkhoz and sovkhoz managers with
the practice of putting together complex plans for farm development. The party
raykom and the rayispolkom developed measures �or introducing complex scientific
planning into farm practice. The model plan for the complex development of Krasno-
kutskiy Rayon, developed by Khar'kov scientists in accord with measures of the party
raykvm and rayispolkom, provided for the following: in the economic sphere the
development of all possible specislization and concentration of production; in the
social sphere personnel training and ass~gnment and improvement in the cultural
and technical level and social-political awareness and improvement in welfare and
living conditions.(110, p. 10). ~
In December 1971, the Republic Council of Kolkhozes approved and recommended for
introduction at all UkSSR farms, the experience in social-economic planning of three
_ advanced kolkhozes of the republic: the "Radyans'ka Ukraina" in Chernobayev~kiy
Rayon of Cherkasskaya Oblast, the "Gruziya" of Genicheskiy R~yon of Khersonskaya
Oblast, and the imeni Lenin of Krasnokutskiy Rayon o� Khar'kovskay~ Oblast.
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Active support by party organizations in the practice o� social-economic planning
and broad publicity for advanced experience in the press (56; 69) contributed to ,
it$ rapid and widespread dissemination. According to data of the U3SR Ministry of '
Agriculture, as early as 1974, of 8.5 thousand kolkhozes, 6 thousand had developed ~
complex plans for social-economic development (110, p. 12). ~ ~
At the present time, all rayons, kolkhozes, and sovkhozes of the republic have j
complex plans for social-economic deveLopment (143, 1979, No. 12, p. 24), each of
which, covering all aspects of rural work and life, is a scientifically substantiated '
guide for the work of party, Soviet, and administrative bodies. '
The party organizations of Gusyatinskiy Rayon of Ternopal'skaya Oblast is skillfully ~
solving problems of the economic and social devQlopment of farms. As the result of '
continuous and purposeful work to improve agricultu~e and t~e specialization and '
concentration of agricultural production, the gross revenue of the kolkhozes here
grew significantly, equalling 26 to 27 million rublas a year. Successful production
activity has permitted kolkhozes and sovkhozes to allot 15 to 16 million rubles a
year to the construction o� farm ~nd social-cultu~al sites. It was one of the �irst
rayons of the republic to acquire the title "Rayon of Highly~-Developed A.griculture"
(143, 1979, No. 12, p..25).
The Volnovakhskiy Rayon of Donetskaya Oblast can serve as an example of positive
work in the practical implementation of long-range complex plans for social-economic
development. From 1965 to 1978, it built 37 administrative-cultural centers, 62
clubs and Houses of Culture, 51 nurseries, 136 stores, and so forth. All villages of
the rayon were tied together with hard-surfaced roads,~the total length of which
was 836 km, that is, 40 km for each 100 square kilometers of territory. Much was
done for the construction of road networks within �arms. The experience of the
Volnovakhskiy Rayon party organization in the complex solutian of social-economic
problems was approved by the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee and is
widely used in the work of many party organizations of the republic. As a result of
the All-Union Review and Competition in 1978 fos the Best Construction and Best- .
ordered Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Settlements, two rayons (Volnovakhskiy of Donetskaya
Oblast and Striyskiy of L'vovskaya Oblast) and 39 population centars of the republic
received awarZs at the Exhibit of the Achievements of the USSR Economy (143, 1979,
No. 12, p. 25).
In the well-known document "Dra�t Plan for Scientific-Technical Projects," V. I.
Lenin pointed.out the necessity~for close ties between scientific research and farm
construction (2, vol. 36, pp. 278-281). Fulfilling Lenin's legacy, the party has
developed and implemented organizational measures directed toward increasing the
effectiveness of scientific research and accelerating the introduction of its
results into agricultural production. A large amount of work has been conducted by
the Ukrainian Communist Party: Measures have been taken to strengthen the supply
and equipment bases for scientific ~nd educ~tional institutions, to ~trengthen their
relations with agricultural enterprises, and to introduce a general system of seed
cultivation (developed by the Mironovka Scienti�ic-Research Institute and approved
by the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee), and to increase the productiv-
ity of livestock breeding.
The planning of ineasures in the field of scientific research in accordance with
directive instructions by the party began at meetings of party groups and primary
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party organizations; then the plans were examined and revised by superior party
bodies. A large amount of ~ttention was given to the organiz~tion of control over
implementation o~ these plans. Partq organizatit~n~ helped as much as possible to
support a creative climate within collectives and arranged �or the exchange of
scientific-research experience by conducting semi~zars,.theoretical and practical-
scientific conferences with participation by representatives of scientific insti-
tutions, party, Soviet, and agricultural bodies, and agricultural enterpiises; they
solved problems relating to the preparation of agricu2tural enterprises for the
output of new products and tfie organiza~ion of scienti�ic planning �or the develop-
ment of production and rural life.
Collectives of scienti�ic institutions and scienti�ic institutions and scientific-
- technical societies were enlisted for direct assistar?ce to managers and s.pecialists
in composing current and long-range plans for introducing scientific achievements
into practice, for the creation of labor and production efficiency centers and
groups at agricultural enterprises, for the preparation of scientific systems of farm
management, and for the organization of complex soci.al-economic planning far the
� development of kolkhozes, sovkhozes, and rayons. The October (1976) Plenum of the
CPSU Central Committee gave a high mark to the work of the Ukrainian Communist Party
Central Committee and of the party organizations of Kiyevskaya, L'vovskaya,
- Dnepropetrovskaya, and other oblasts for strengthening relatior~s between science and
production (146, 1976, 26 Oct). Owing to the tireless activity of party.organiza-
tions in the development of agricultural science and in the organization of the
introduction of its results into agriculture, substantial progress has been achieved.
T~day, science in agricultural production has become, in a genuine sense, a direct
productive force a leading �eature. "In industry and in agriculture," said
L. I. Brezhnev in his speech on the 50th Anniversary of the USSR, "we cannot now
take one step forward without help from the latest achievements of s.cience
(19, p. 96). The communist party, highly valuing the work of scientists, constantly
makes new demands on them with the aim of further increasing the volume of agricul-
- tural production and satisfying the growing demands o� the Soviet people.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'skoye ob"yedineniye "Vyshcha shkola", 1980
9645
CSO: 1814/31 ~
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MARCHUK ON ROLE OF SCIENCE IN SOCIETY
Moscow MOLODYM 0 NAUKE in Russian 1980 pp 9-12, 302-303
[Table of contents, annotation and excerpts from chapter 1 of book "To the Young on
the Sub~ect of Science", by Guri4 Ivanovich Marchuk, Izdatel'stvo "Molodaya gvardiya",
75,000 copies., 305 pages]
~TextJ Contents PaS+~
F'Z'ODl the Author � � � � � � � ~ � � � � � � � � ~ � 3
Fo=eword � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4'
Science azid Progress ~
A Matter of Importance to the State . . . . . . . . . . ?
A Few Woztils about Mathe~atics . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Going into a Field of Knotirledge . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Certain Global Proble~a
Energy and the Role of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . ?6
The Atmosphere and the Ocean, the Weather and the Cli~nate 104
Protection of the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . � . . � 118
A Yiex of the Earth from Outar Space 143
Something about Mathen~atics a~d Immwzity . � � � � � � � � 153 .
The Developaent of Siberia arid Science �
- The Effectiveness of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
The Scientific Potential of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . 1?? .
Program "Siberia" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 .
The Strategy for Developing Siberia--The TF~K (Territorial
~ . Production Complex) . 196
Hox Much Science the BAM (Baykal-Amur Railroad Mainline) Needs . 207 �
The Technology of the Far North . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 .
Problems of Agriculture . . � . � � � � � � � � � � 219
Components of Scientific and Technical Progress
The Increased Role of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Concentration and Speciali~ation . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Automated Contzol Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Scientific and Technical Progress and Staffs . . . . . . . �261
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Science and Youth
An Active and Vital Point of Viefr . . . . . . . . . . . 265
The Siberian Scientific Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
A Word to Scientific Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Not by Science Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Some Concluding iiords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29?
A.nnotation
Acad~nician G. I. Marchuk's book, addressed to youth~ talks about the role of sci-
ence in the life of society~ about certain global problems confroating mankind, as
Kell as about regional pmble~ms cor~nected~with the development of Siberia. A great
deal of attention is paid to the principles of scientific and technical progress,
the place of youth in science, and the inter-relationships betxeen schoolteachers
and pupils. For a number of year,s the author headed up the Siberian Section of
the USSR Academy of Sciences. It xas precisely during this period that he xrote
the book. It is intended for a xida circle of young people--those in the senior
grades in school~ college students, gzaduate studeats, scientifi.c staff inembers,
teachers, and specialists in the national economy.
Chapter 1. A Matter of Importance to the State ~
~ExcerptsJ Our Party's 25th Congress specified the role of the USSR Academy of
Sciences as a center for theoretical research, a coordinator of all science on a
nationxide scale. This position received nes~ development after the issuance of a
decree of the CPSU CC and the USSR Council of Ministers concerning the improvement
of planning and perfecting the economic mechanism, one of the principal goals of
Khich is speeding up the imple~aentation of scientific and technical discoveries
and developments~ aimed at increasing the groxth rates in the productivity of so-
cial labor and the quality of output. In order to take into account the achieve-
ments of science and technology in the plans for the country's economic and so-
cial development~ the Academy of Sciences, in con~unction with the state organs
(the Sta.te Committee on Science and Technology and USSR Gosstroy), must work out
programs on solving the most impoz~tarit scientific and technical problems as well
as pxvblems of the comprehensive utilisation of natural resources, taking into
consideration the applications of the results of basic and applied research. Aa~ong
the top-priorities for the immediate future. provisions have been made for devel-
oping programs kith regard to effecting savings in fuel aad metal., building the
_ BAM and developing industry in regions Where this mainline passes through, and re-
ducing the application of maaual labor, etc.
The Academy of Sciences ascribes great importance to working in conjunction with
the State Committee on Science on Technology on a comprehensive program of scien-
tific and technical progress and its socioeconomic conseg,uences looking on ahead
to the year 2000.
On the surface the theoretical quest at times seems remote from the demands of
practical work. As a rule~ the enozmous importance of basic research to the na-
~ional economy does not manifest itself immediately but only after the passage of
quite a lengthy period of time. It forms a stockpile for solving problems in the
more or less distant future. It is precisely on the basis of such research that
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new scientific and technical trends emerge which revolutionize production. "We
well know, said General Secretary of the CP5U CC L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th Fas-
ty Congress~"that the full flood of scientific and technical progress Kould dry
up if it were not constantly being fed by basic research."
Basic research has the goal of getting to k.now the underlying principles of na-
ture and society~ the foundations of its logical constructs and hypotheses. In
this continuous process of cognition some trends of research are deepened and
broadened, xhile others die ayray, leaving after themselves bits of experience
which are importar~t for foimin.g n~.wr scientific trends. Byr, discovering nex facts,
summarizing data on the World around us~ utilizing the ideas and methods of con-
tiguous fields of science~ and sometimes those which are very remote fram each
other, scientists fix objective data in new concepts, as well as the principled
connections betxeen ob~ects and phenomena.
Basic research is directed at getting to knoW the underlying principles of the ma-
' terial xorld and the development of scientific methoda xhict~ open up t,he paths to
study new principles. Some of it. in finding an ever-increasing methodological
_ basis and improving the internal logic of development~ leads,a.s a rule~ to the
cr~ation of new concepts and theories~ marking a definite stage ia ~iowledge. And
other research, coming up against internal contradictions in the theoretical con-
structs or entering into conYlict with practical experience, does not give rise to
nesr methods and theories. But even such research turns out to be importa.nt for
science, inasmuch as it facilitates the dete~aination of possible paths for the
development of further rasearch.
Applied research is based on the results of basic researchi it utilizes the gene-
ral theories and methods of the latter a~nd is directed at carrying out specific
plans and programs for developing praduction. .
Of cou~se, it is impossible to drax a precise boundazy between basic and applied.
research. In its development and generalization applied research frequently makes
the transition to basic research. At the same time, enriched by the new results
of applied research~ ba.sic research natural.ly stimulates the posing and solution
of major prnblems xhich are very important to the national economy~ achieving
their own culmination and final proof.
Of course, it is not at once and not all basic ideas achieve. their own applied.
culmination. Sometimes years or even decades pass before the practical impor-
tance of this or that basic scientitic trend manifests itself. That's the way it '
happened~ for example, with the theory of n~bers, the theory of probabilities,
mathematical logic~ and the abstract theory of automata~ which only after a leng-
thy developaent in accordance Kith the laxs of internal logic found a xide field
for practical application, enriching science and practical work with methods which
subsequently exert an influence on many scientific trends and applications.
It is impossible to over-estimate the importa,nce of basic research~ inasonuch as it
exerts an increasingly active influence on radical changes in the economy~ equip-
ment, and technology. Thus, modern physics has led to the understanding of the
- atomic nucleus and, in the final analysis, to the creation of an e~ntire industrial �
sector~ connected with the building of high-capacity nuclear eleetric-poKer
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sta.tions, the importance of Khich in the t~ta1 energy balance is constantly grow-
ing. The study of heredity served as an impetus t~o the development of genetics.
Based on its achievements in our oxn times we have alre~y created nex varieties
of grain crops by means of purpdsefully targeted changes in the ~enetic charac-
teristics of plants. Ahead lies the solution of an even more import~.?:t problems
breeding plants xith the desira.ble pmperties based. on directed mutational
genetics.
As a rule~ substantial results of basic research stimulate the develop�aent of com-
- prehensive pro~rams of an applied aature, aimed directly at carrying out major
plans of the national economy, a,s well as at creating new models of equi~?ent and
technology xhich change the nature of pmduction in certain secters of the
economy.
During ~~he postNar period our scientists, designers~ and xorkers~ upon assignment
from the Party and the government, developed several major pro~ects. One of t~hem
which is very important for our country is space exploration, the pioneer in xhich
is the Soviet Union. In order to solve the pmblems connected with this, we need
to have an enormous complex of extremely complicated reseaxch in the field of ae-
rodynamics, the theory of optimum control~ radio-electronics, material science,
chemistry, the physics of inner space~ biophysics~ and medicine. In short, the
ideas of practically all the natural sciences Kill be focussed on this program.
The outstanding Soviet scienti.st and engineer, Academician Sergey Pavlovich Ko-
rolev~ has become the director of this program. The goal xhich has been set for
larae groups has stimulated the development of many new trends of basic research--
ranging from problems of flight dynamics to the theory of ineteors hitting against
obstacles. In the achievement of this goal there have clearly t~een manifested the
chara.cteristic traits of the socialist social system~ capable xithin a brief ti~e
of mobilizing to solve very 3mpoztant scientific and pra~tical tasks large groups
- of persons and ensuring their successful execution--from the initial explora.tory
research to the implementation of the engineering plans. It is appropriate to em-
phasize that major national economic plans of such scope set forth pmblems not
only for the ~^ientists but also for the Workers in a number of economic sectors.
Within the process of ca.zTying out such plans they must strengthen their own ~ua--
teri.al base~ raise the level of develop~ents and production facilities, intensive-
ly sesk out nex scientiflc an~d technical possibilities~ and master up-to-date
eqvipanent. Our science and industry have coped brilliantly with these tasks.
An analogous situation a.z'ose in our country Kith the creation of nucleax power en-
' gineering; its foundations xere Za.id by theoretical research in the field of nu-
clear physics. At a certain stage in this research its exceptional practical im-
portance for future poKer englneering became clear. During the ear~y 195a~s an~-
portant trend axose in equipment technology--nuclear reactor construction, xhich
relied on the achievements of nuclear physics~ thermal physics~ material science,
radio-chemistry~ and many other scientific trends. In turn~ r~actor construction
facilitated the appearance of ne~ basic research~ Khich enriched science itself
and crea~~ the b~isfor technical developments. The construction in our country
of the world's first nucleas electric-poKer station marked the onset of the age of
nuclear power engineering. At the present time nuclear poxer engineering is be-
coming an extremely important sector in the national economy, arui its influence on
the country's energy balanee is constantly growing.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mo.lodaya gvardiya", 1980
238~+ 73
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