JPRS ID: 9950 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

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• Sequence Number: 62
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9950
31 August 1981
_ Latin America Re ~rt
p
(FOUO 19/81)
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NOTE .
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~ mation was summarized or extracted.
Ur?familiar names rendered phonetiGally or transliterated are
enclosed ir parentheses. Words or ~ames preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
_ original but have been supplied as +ippropriate in context.
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~ JPRS L/9950
31 August 1981
LATIN ~MERICA REPORT
(FOUO 19/81)
CONTENTS
COUNTRY SECTION
CUBA ~
~BOH~IIA' Counters Yugoslav Commentaxies .
(V. Robles; BOHEMIA, 19 Jun, 10 Jul 81.) 1
Neutral Nonalignma~t Questioned
African Involvement Criticism Questioned
State Arbitration Agency Oversees Contract Compliance
(Raul Zazo; BOHEMIA, 26 Jun, 3 Jul 81) 5
Agency Qperations Described
Arbitration as a Law
Housing Construction on Rise in Las Tunas
(Gloria Marsan; BOHEI~IIA, 1 0 Jul 81) 12
Dengue Fever: How Started, How Combated ~
' (Frank Hechavarria; BOHENl~A, 26 Jun 81) 19
Borer Tnfestations in Sugar Cane Being Eradicated
(BOHEMIA, 26 Jun 81) 23
Ca.ne Rust Eradication, Susceptible Varieties Noted
(Andres Rodriguez; BOHEMIA, 10 Jul 81) ~5
- a - [III - LA - 144 FOUO]
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' COU::IRY SECTIOiV CUiSII
' BOHEMIA' COUNTERS YUGOSLAV C01'~i
IEIVTARIES
Neutral Nonalignment Questioned
Havana BOH~i lIA in Spanish 1 g Jun 81 p 65
[Article by V. Rc~les: "Tribulations of a iVeutralist"]
[Text] An Irldian professor named I~1. S. Rajan wrote one of the most curious articles
that we ha.ve read on the theory of the equidistance that the nonaligned countries
_ niust observe with regard to the world superpowers.
Rajan began by passionately defending the neutralism of these nations and ended by
stating that, for objective reasons, they tend to agree more with the positions of
the socialist community than with the developed capitalist countries.
In last April's edition of the Yugoslav journal MEDJUNARODNA POLITIKIs, the illustrious
Asian educator stated:
~ "In essence, noizalignment establishes limits to the closeness which a nonaligned
coun.try can approach in its relations with one of the superpowers."
Expandir~ on this topic, he indicated:
"The nature arid extent of the friendly relat,ions and close cooperation between the
nonaligned countries and one of the superpowers are, of course, not defined; that
is trusted to the wisdom and judbment of ea~h of the nonaligned countries."
The u~riter's contradictions begin here. On one hand, what he understands as non-
- ali~;nrnent "~stablishes limits" for the mentioned ties but then he admits ~hat those
relations are "not defined" for ttie nonali~ned nations.
~3ased on these conflictir~ arid superficial criteria, Rajan accused our country of
havin7 revived old criticisras--hatched in the United States--about the foreign re-
lations of the nonaligned countries due to our par~icipation in solidarity with
Africa and the affinity tha.~ this had with the support that the Soviet lii~a.on of-
fered those peoples.
He said: "Unfortunately, the role of some nonali~ned countries, particularly Cu-
ban work in African affairs, revived this controversial question, not only in the
;�lest but also amon~ the nonaligned countries."
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roit ~~rr[c;rni, usr c~rvi.Y
The significant concern of this political science professor about the opinions and
interests of U.S. governa~ent circles and other developed capi~alist coluztries aoes
:iot enci there. ReferrinF; to the 1979 su~rmiit m~etir~ of the nonaligned countries,
he stated:
"Sor~e critics, particularly the news media, feel that since tY~e Havana Declaration
incluaed exa~gerated ai~d immoderate criticisci~ of the West, the stu!miit conference
was slanted considerably toward the Cuban position."
After franr:ly confessir~--like the White House--his disagreement with the main de-
' cisions adopted alm~st 2 years ago by the top representatives af the hlovement of
I`or~aligned Countries, he plunged into a verbal labyrinth in which, as we noted
above, the alleged neutralism ended up in qu~stion due to objective realities that
Rajan himself listed.
He noted: "It is natural that some nonaligned countries view Soviet aid and influ-
ence as a counterpart to the U.S. aid and influence tha.t has domina.ted the interna-
_ tional scene for a long time in detriment to the nonaligned movement."
I~e added that "there is r~o doubt, however, that sin~e the majority of the nonaligned
countries represent forcrier colonies an;i r~any of them still suffer the consequences
of i~eocoloriialism or economic domination by the Western cotu~tries and since the
~rese?:t syJtem of unjust international political and economic relations is, in gen-
eral, their work, the nor,aligned coun~ries someti.mes give the irnpression of being
_ closer to the East. The East frequently supports their~ impnrtant national and in-
t~rnational ob.jectives: the right to self-determination, racial equality, the pro-
posed new eco:~omic order and the social transformation of their societies."
This professor at the idew Delhi Advanced School of Political Science ended his para-
doxical analysis of relations between the nonaligned countries and the socialist
comn:unity with the followin~ words:
"Of course, in reference to certair. questions (for example, self-determination of
tize i;olonial peoples), tne nonali~ned countries--due to the fact that many of them
a�re former colonies of Western c~untries--are almost always closer to the socialist
bloc and it~r~her from (or against) the Western bloc."
Let us try to understand this distinguished writer for the Belgrade magazine.
~~i.~~st, he censures Cuba because, by giving internationalist aid to the African
peoples--for ex~nple, fightitig next to the An~olans to defeat ~he invasion of the
South African racists--and agreeing with Soviet positions of support to those na-
t~.oii~, it made the West question the nonalignment of our country.
ilevertheless, he then wrote that no one should be surprise~ by the agreernent be-
tweer: the socialist countries and the nona].igned countries because the former sup-
port the latter in riany matters that are vital for their nationa,l interests, in-
cludin~ the fight for racial equality.
i-le also felt tkiat "the exag~erated and inu~oderate criticism of the west" at the
Havana sunLnit meetir~ led critics and the n~ass rnedia to feel that tha.ti 1979 con-
f'er~n~e "~ras slai~ted considerably toward the Cuban position."
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T'.o~:ev�er, a few lines later, the Indian intellectual ad~nitted that, due to the colo-
..ial ori~in of niany nonali~;ned countries, these are "almost always" closer to the
socialist corrununity ttlan the capitalist blx.
tlpparently, the anbi~uous and slippery language which ~ets twisted around iil ab-
stract co:~epts to avoid the objective realities of our time plays bad tricks on
writers.
This time these tribulations are the lot of an Indian professor, a disillusioned
~~autralist .
African Involvei~~erit GY~iticism Questioned
Eiavana BOHEi�'iIA in Spanish 10 Jul 81 p 61
[ Pr t ic le by V. Robles : "Fa~~~ous but Still Inf anious" ]
[Text] Barely 2 months aoo, the Yu~oslav jo~mnal MEDJUNARODNA POI,ITIKA generously wel-
cor~ed an article uy Indian professor M. S. Rajan--which we answered--in which Cuba's
policy of solidarity with Africa was attacked. There was also a biased interpreta-
tion of the results of the Sixth ~ununit I~leetin~; of the 1~lovement of Nonaligned Coun-
tries in Havana in August 1979.
Our response to Rajan was the subject of a rejoinder by the assistant chief ~ditor
of that c~~agazine who chose the pages of another Yu~;oslav magazine, NIiV, to answer.
'I'he assistant editor felt obliged to ponder the ir~tellectua.l values of tYie rnen-
tioned Asian educator, "known by the partica_pants of symposia on nonaligcunent in
r.~any countries and by the readers of the distinguished n�wspaper DELHI INDIA QUARTER."
Similar persor_al attributes paled when he stated that Rajan "is ~mown, iil one word,
riot only by the Indian public but by the world public."
Ther_ he explained that what the Indian professor r~ad written re~resenteC his per-
sorlal opir~ion only since, ir. the jo~mnai MEDJUNARODNA POLITIKA "ti~e signed articles re-
present the positions of the authors."
Ariy :~~oderately intelli~ent reader could ask why an international authority of such
caliber has to have others noL so well endowed answer for him. If tlzat same reader
wailted to look for the strin~;s tha.t pull certain parts, he could ask why two Yugo-
slav roa,.~~zines are ~mitir~; to ~OHEMIA because of a reply that a Cuban journalist
wroLe to an Indian professor.
Accordir~ to the article that these magazines decided to publish, Rajan is not
~uilty sirice BOH~~IIA, "being a~ainst equidistance, erases all distance between the
bloc:~ . "
They try to concl ~~ie sayi ~f: "Tha.t, even in the slightest forrn, means being op-
pose~l to the oribi.nal criteria and principles of nonalignment and the vital inter-
ests of the nonali~;ned countries."
ThiU state:nent--which we ar2 used to reading in official doc~unents of the U.S.
State Department--will be answered in time by history. It will uneqv.iv~cally
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reveal who was really faithful to the cause of the independence and soverei~nty
of the peoples, the vital interests of nonalignrnent, atid who was devoted to other
tasks TlOt in accord with such ger~erous objectives.
Without having to wait for the ju~ments of the future, simple observation reveals
the role assumed by those professional journalists who carry out the comnionplace
and base task of tryir~ to equate the revolutionary, progressive and pa~ifist
forces of the world with the forces of imperialists, reactionaries and militarists.
i~leutralism, arnbiouity and the poses of those who pretend to be above good and evil
are condemned to die with this century, to drown in decadence.
The assistant editor asked what spirits cnoved BOHEt~iIA. He can go on with his ques-
tions; we Know the motives of NIi1.
COPYi~IGHT: BOH~~IIA 1981
7717
CSO: 3010/1663
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
STATE ARBITRATION AGENCY OVERSEES CONTRACT COMPLIANCE
Agency Operations Described
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 26 Jun 81 pp 28--31
[Article by Raul Lazo: "Internal Operations of State Arbitration"]
[TextJ Recently this reporter was invited to participate in an act of con-
ciliation convoked by the National State Arbitration Agency; the reason:
economic contracts planned for 1981 had not been agreed upon. The detinition
of the official process which follows will not only help the reader who is not
specialized on this subject to understand its conceptual meaning, but will also
provide him with the key for a better understanding of a chain of motivations
which have a bearing on the violation of contractual discipline.
The National State Arbitration Agency can by itself, without the need for.
any of the parties to request it, initiate the official arbitration process when
it learns, through information obtained from institutions, agencies or
organizations, about matters which are within the purview of any arbitration
~.gency and which because of their seriousness may hinder complianc~ with the
Economic-Social Development Master Plan or with contractual law, so that it may
_ reestablish the economic and legal order which has been violated.
When we asked the.National State Arbitration Agency for a list of the basic
reasons why economic contracts are not agreed upon, they summarized them with
the following points:
l. Nonattendance at the signing despite the actions of the offering enterprises.
2. Lack of knowledge of guideline figures.
3. The supplying enterprise does not guarantee delivery of products to consumers.
4. Problems of quality.
5. Lack of knowledge of specifications of products.
6. Discrepancies in the clauses of contracts.
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The simple reading of the causes previously listed explains by itself the
reasons for nonpreparation of economic contracts for 1981 and, therefore we be-
lieve it is superfluous to comment on them.
Moreover, if we profoundly analyze each and all of them we can arrive at the
conclusion that more than reasons for the violation of contractual discipline,
_ they may be descrihed as effects of other greater evils which do not show
so obviously on the surface but which generate a chain reaction of noncompliance
which may present its~lf in one way or another.
A Not Very Desirable "Function"
Let us remember that the official process is begun by the arbitration agency
when neither of the parties, the supplier nor the buyer, makes a claim to the
' pertinent State Arbitration Agency, even when there is a violation of contractual
discipline which affects them.
Simply speaking, tfie official process can acquire the appearance of a mere bureau-
cratic or administrative action or procedure, or whatever you want to call it,
that is, when neither of the parties complains ahout anything, the Arbitration
Agency takes it upon itself in the name of all society to convoke bot~ legal
individuals to "come to an agr~~ement," or if applicable to decide on the drawing
up of a contract. However, if we draw away from the "epidemic" surface of the
"legal process," we will note that we are not only in the preser.ce of this or that
violation of contractual law here but of something much more, a violation of
the principle of business management and of the role the socialist state and
society have given to the enterprise as the basic economic, organizational,
political and social cell of the socialist economy responsible for watching over
and making the most rational use of the goods placed at its disposal.
Making a momentary abstraction of the seriousness implied by the violation of a
clause of the contract, it is even more serious "that the harmed party does not
make a complaint and remains indifferent before the harm caused to him by the
other." Who of us, for exam~ple, would not hasten, impetuously and swiftly to
make a complaint to a store which has sold us a defective article? A popular
- saying states: ~"Who is it that does not yell when his corn is stamped on?"
It seems to be that some enterprise managers have become so "calloused" that their
"business sense" has become so numbed that they do not feel the harm that others
cause their enterprise and all of society by noncompliance w~th contracts. If
we may use a somewhat "biblical" simile, we can say that "two mortal sins" appear
in the official process convoked: the one who does not comply and the one who
does not complain.
We would not dare to declare that managerial efficiency can be measured by the
number of complaints the enterprises place before the State Arbitration Agencies,
since every violation of contracts has a serious effect on the economy and it
would be preferrable that the enterprises agree between themselves without the
need for resorting to arbitration. Nevertheless, in some measure, ttee fact that
the parties who feel harmed channel their complaints through the State
Arbitration Agency System denotes an understanding of the use of the ~egal ma-
chinery which the socialist state has placed at the disposal of the enterprises
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so that they may exercise their rights and guarantee compliance with the part of
the technical-economic plans per~taining to them. Someth~ng 4n which it seems to
me there can be doubt is that among the causes which lead to official arbitration
(let us make it clear that we do not mean official arbitration in itself) there
is one which can he descrihed as the worst and which can lead to many other
evils: indifference. There is also that which we could describe as the lowest
. scale of managerial inef~iciency, even when other aspects may have an influence
here, such as lack of knowledge of the arhitration system, and so forth, but
which cannot be used as a justification. .
"Paternalism," Another Evil to be Fought
"We have not signed the contracts because that is what we were instructed by
- our higher organization."
"We are waiting for the higher organization to 'indicate' to us under what
conditions we can effect a contract."
We have heard thPSe jiistifications and others of the same "paternalistic" type,
used by some enterprises to justify not entering into contracts within ttie
period established by law.
However, if we review the General Regulations of the Socialist Enterprise from
top to bottom, we do not find a single provision anywhere which says that the
enterprises must wait for instructions or orders from their higher organizations
before signing economic contracts. Very much to the contrary, it is stated clearly
there that the enterprises have a methodological subordination to the central
organizations to which they belong but that they are fully responsible for the
execution of their own technical-economic plans.
Socialist enterprises work under an aconomic estimate, which is nothing more than
a basic principle of planned economic guidance of the socialist society. The
very content of the economic estimate is based on the socialist ownership of
the means of production and is expressed through the creation of the economic
laws of socialism, particularly the law of value and monetary-mercantile relation-
ships and of centralized planning.
As an expression of the principle of economic estimate, it reflects not only a
way of operation of the enterprises but also, and much more so, their position
in the socialist economy, the field of economic relationships among themselves
and caith society as a whole.
These principles are based on the interest of its workers in the result of
enterprise activity, for which purpose the enterprises have a legal system which
establishes their duties and rigfits Lefore the law.
Monetary-mercantile relationships are the basis of enterprise relations and it
is precisely the economic contracts, which according to the basic norms for
economic contracts, Article 3, "have as a cause and express legally the economic,
monetary-mercantile relationships between the indtviduals mentioned (it refers
to the legal and natural persons who are bound by the economic contract) in the
previous article and it establishes the obligations deriving from them in order
to insure organized cooperation for the execution of the Economic-Social
Development Master Plan cf the Nation."
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We can say that economic contracts are an element which help to establish in
- t~me and form the content of the monetary--mercantile relationships between the
er~terprises because it is in them tfiat not only are the physical volume and value
of the prod~cts contracted specified, but also their as~ortment, standards of
quality, type of container, conditions of delivery and so forth, are established.
Because of the foregoing, it is ine.xplicahle why some enterprises delay in
ente~ing into economic contracts or they make them depend on third parties, since
contracting is an invaluable instrument of guidance whicfi helps the enterprise
to establish its objectives and is a"certificate of guarantee" to insure supplies
and establish its obligations.
However, the violation of the principle of management autonomy, whether it be
because or shortcomings, lack of knowledge, or in the worst case, because of
cronyism, not only harms the enterprise economic act~vity but works against the
political-social principle of democratic centralism.
It appears that in some enterprises the signing of contracts is a purely formal
act during which a signature is affixed to a document. This is so much so that
on occasions, fortunately not very generalized, some directors have sent their
s~~bordinates without any rank in management to sign contracts of which they are
entirely ignorant. However, only a few weeks after State Arbitration went into
operation, there are already signs that some of these vices which liave been
dragging along for a long time and which show the weakness in relations and in
knowledge and preciseness of the content of monetary-mercantile relationships
between the enterprises, not among those which do not have a stable commercial
relationship, but among those which are joined by stable contacts, are beginning
to show up.
What Brought Arbitration About?
We said at the beginning that in order to write this article we based ourselves
on experience obtained by the reporter during his participation as a guest
"without voice or vote" in two official procedures convoked by the National State
Arbitration Agency. The parties who appeared were a foreign trade enterprise
and another two from the Ministry of the Food Industry. The latter provide the
former with their production for sale abroad; reason for the official arbitration
process was that the pertinent economic contracts had not been entered into a
long time after the deadline for their signing had passed.
We do not believe that it is naive to show a puerile unease or "surprise." How
was it possible up to now to comply with plans without the existence of economic
contracts and State Arbitration? We say this because one of the first aspects
which leapt to view, or was made obvious in the act of conciliation, was that
~ the supplying and buying enterprises did not speak a common language.. There
were aspects of the monetary-mercantile relationship which were objects of the
contract and on which each had a different concept than the otfier with respect
to the assortment of a certain product. It was not a matter in this case of a
disagreement on a point of the contract and one on which the act of conciliation
was precisely required but rather a matter of different interpretations which
had not been detected previously and which came out in the arbitration process.
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It is not our main purpose to point out or to riake a criticism of those who wrote
the conditions of the contract. Contractual activity is still very young and
there is not much experience in it, that is why, although these errors are not
justif iable, their reasons can be understood. More than that, however, we are
interested in pointing out the advantages to b.e derived from economic contracting,
which requires a high degree of preciseness in the content of monetary-mercantile
relationships between the enterprises and which mak~ ohvious these sfiortcomings,
which if economic contracts and state arhitration did not exist, could cause
noncompliance with plans.
If it had not been for the signing of the contract and the role played by arbi-
tration, perhaps the exporting enterprise would ~have committed itself to some
foreign customer to supply him with a certain assortment in a quantity which the
national producing enterprise was not in a condition to produce.
But even in the cases in which the points of difference between the enterprises
were clearly marked, the activity of the arbiters, the decisions made by them,
which must be complied with mandatorily hy both parties, were decisive because
they prevented the enterprises from taecoming involved in a round of endless dis-
_ cussions which could endanger compliance with the mercantile activities of both.
However, in our understanding, the importance of state arbitration does not reside
only in its functions for resolving differences in contracts, but in the fact that
it also helps to bring out a number of shortcomings of prior management and
enterprise relationsfiips, which otherwise would not show up so quickly and
obviously, even though many of these shortcomings do not have an immediate
solution.
It was obvious in the act of conciliation we attended, far example, that there
was weakness in the links and relations between the national producing enter-
prises and those which sell their products abroad. In the first place, we have
the impression that these national enterprises still have a scant knowledge, or
at least lack enough of the knowledge required, of the demanding conditions of
the foreign market.
The pre~aration of economic contracts should become an element which helps not
only to establish requirements and conditions which products must meet to be
sold in world markets, but must also becom~ an element which helps to stabilize
the relationships of exchange of information.
Moreover, in the acts of conciliation to which we refer, it was made clear that
these relationships between national economy and foreign trade are not limited
to a simply bilateral relationship hetween two enterprises, on e a producer and
the other the exporter, but it showed also the chain of relations which is
established and extends to other enterprises which are unly in appearance not
involved in the contract signed at that moment.
For example, during the act of conciliation, one of the enterprises whi.ch produces
for export and from which the foreign trade enterprise required a certain
standard of quality, argued that it could not merat that standard as long as a
supplying enterprise of one of the components of the product it manufactures did
not provide it with the quality required. Incidentally, we must say that this
situation had already been the object of another act of conciliation which had
resolved this situation, linking these enterprises with another that did produce
with those standards.
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Other problems related to standards of quality arose in the act of conciliation.
'Che national prodiicing enterprise estaUlis.hed some standards of quality in the
terms of the contract which are the standards existing officially. However, in
- the discussions of the contract, the exporting enterprise stated that although
that was the standard established officially, it did not meet the demands of the
international market. Ob.viously the conclusion can he drawn here of the need
to adjust that national standard to that of the in*ernational market, at least
in that which refers to export products.
It would be impossihle to explain here alZ the rich variety of lessons derived
from our attendance at th~se acts of conciliation. Nevertheless, we believe that
what ;ae have said is an unobjectionable testimony of the importance of economic
contracts and state arbitration as elements for improvement and perfecting *_he
content of monetary-mercantile rel..tionships between enterprises. To all the
foregoing could be added the discussions on the conditions of delivery, trans-
portation and storage of products.
As a final aspect, we would like to add that all tfiis variety of situations,
wich characterize some shortcomings in the monetary-mercantile relationships
between enterprises and other positive lessons which do not enter directly
into the act of conciliation, should not be allowed to remain as purely anecdotal
- incidents, a byproduct which is lost once the arbitration activity is ended. Ways
should be found to collect them and spstematize them since they are valuable
elements with which to analyze enterprise activity. It seems to us, at least
during the acts of conciliation which we had tfie opportunity to attend, that
this has not yet been instrumented. For our part~we expect to repeat the
experience.
Arbitration As A Law
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 3 Jul 81 p 34
[Article by Raul Lazo: "Socialist Legality and State Arbitration"] ~
[Text] Recently an agreement of cooperation was signed between the National
State Arbitration Agency and the off ice of the Attorney General of the Republic,
an important document in the process for strengthening socialist legality and
particularly for the development of economic discipline in the�field of
contractual relationships and the activity of state arbitration.
Decree 23, which created state arbitration, specifies that among. its objectives
it is aimed at contributing to the strengthening of socialist legality.
Arbitration is not a repressive agency despite the fact that its decisions,
provisions and findings must be complied with mandatorily. In this respect,
the agreement signed between the two fiigh state agencies guarantees suitable
- mechanisms and means of mandatory nature which guarantee and monitors socialist
legality.
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Article 144 of the penal code says: "The judicial or administrative official
who refuses to comply with a sentence, resolut~on or order of the higher ranking
authority issued within the limits of its jurisdiction and wfiich complies with .
legal formalities, is subject to a jail se~ntence of from 3 to 9 months or a fine
of up to 270 payments or liotfi."
The signing of the afcrementioned agreement facilitates the ways and means
for remanding to the office of the Attorney General of the Republic any violator
of the resolutions issued by the State Arb.itration Agencies, as well as af any
other type of crime detected by an official arliitration action. The document
also considers a liroad f~eld of cooperation in the training of the personnel
of both institutions.
The creation and maintenance of the principle of socialist legality is an
essential method of state leadership of society, which has as an objective the
continuous perfectioning of all the economic, political, social, cultural and
moral life of the socialist society and its citizens. Socialist law represents
the foundation of socialist legalitq and serves for clearly establishing the
duties and r~ghts of the state itself, those of the higher economic leadership
institutions, the enterprises and social organizations.
Once Lenin said that as ~~netary-mercantile relationships develop ~n socialism,
the need to place the importance of the creation of revolutionary legality in
first place becomes more obvious.
In this respect, socialist legality in the state and economic leadership, as
well as in enterprise activity, acquires a fundamental relevance since any vio-
lation of the principles of socialist legality not only implies or carries with it
an economic harm but also affects the trust of the people in the state and the
agencies of economic leadership negatively.
It is undeniable that in order to fully guarantee the maintenance of socialist
legality it becomes necessary that there be an agency that effects surveillance
over strict compliance with it. That is why the document signed between state
arbitration and the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic is a very
valuable document in this respect.
However, compulsory compliance required by the pertinent agencies, even when it
~is an important instrument for safeguarding socialist legality, cannot be con-
sidered as the only and most important means for the maintenance of that
legality, which rests on the confluence of interests among the individual
entities and citizens and those of all of society. In this respect, contractual
activity and state arbitration and the development of both is a valuable means
for education and for the strengthening of the awareness of socialist legality.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
H~U5ING CONSTRUCTION ON RISE IN I,AS TUNAS
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanisli 10. Jul 81 pp 28-31
[Article by Gloria Marsan: "Mambises Yesterday, Builders Today, Winners Always"]
_ [Text] Las Tunas burns once more. Although it is a little-known passage in our
history, in the hook on this province there is puhlished that in 1876 Vicente
Garcia managed to take the city after a violent hattle. However, since he
could not hold it, he ordered it burned on 26 September. When the 10-year war
ended in 1897, Maj Gen Calixto Garcia showed the enemy how far the self-
sacrifice of the Tunas people went when the brave fighters once more burned ~
their family homes, which burned for a week.
Once more the heirs of those Mambises thrill at the thought of combat. But now
the revolutionary enthusiasm is because their province has been declared the
site of the main ceremony commemorating the 28th anniversary of the attack on
Moncada Barracks. The people of Tunas, in a spirited endeavor, are making
extraordinary efforts to offer their guests a reception worthy of 26 July.
Among the men and women who give the best of themselves to fulfill the ambitious
plans the province has set for itself are the worthy "men of the white helmets."
They produced 135 million pesos in industrial, agricultural-livestock, social
and educational projects during the past 5-year period and by doing so they
contributed to mak'ing a reality of the words of Commander in Chief Fidel Castro at
the inauguration of the Health Complex of this city, when he said: "We would
like that with that enthusiasm, that spirit of work of the people of Tunas,
with their effort and their efficiency, they would win the right to commemorate a
26 July."
Las Tunas on the 26th
BOHEMIA ECONOMICA is visiting some of the projects which the people of Tunas are
proposing to finish or advance to commemorate the glorious date of the Cuban
revolutionaries. We initiate our tour at the glass container factory. Ths is a
plant of Belgian technology whose value is on the order of 16 million pesos. When
it is warking at full capacity, it wi11 reach an annual production of 300 million
containers ~rith an assortment of more than 20 types, which will satisfy the
- demand posed by the development of the food industry as well as some items for
pharmaceuticals and perfumes. Fifty percent of its production will be from
recycled glass.
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In April 1978 it was visited b.y the supreme leader of the revolution, who
pointed out the need for advancing its construction timetable so that it would
be finished a year early. Actually, difficulties with some materials prevented
the compliance with that co~itment by the builders., However, once these were
overcome, they managed to deliver it 6 months atiead of schedule, tfiere remaining
at this time only some details on the outside of the plant to be completed.
Technical tests are already underway without majar difficulties. Tliese
accomplishments are due to the efforts of thousands of builders of the entire
country. This project truly marks a point of take-off for the people of Tunas.
It has become a great school which made its contingent of construction workers
specialists in tlie construction of industrial projects.
Several times we have written on "Metallic Structures," and invariably we called
it a"factory factory," because when it goes into full operation, it will produce
some 20,000 tons of structures per year for the construction of industries of
: various types. It is worth mentioning that its expansion during the next 5-year
- period, increasing its possiliilities to 40,OQQ tons per year,~ is already under
study.
The construction timetable scheduled its completion for the end of last year.
It was visited liy Fidel twice and the workers pledged to beat that deadli,ne. A
proof of the effort made was the presentation of the reci "Ho Chi Minh" f:.ag,
the highest award of the National Union of Construction Workers (SNTC), in the
special emulation on industrial projects.
Despite the rate of work achieved, it could not be maintained. Weather difficul-
ties and, bas~cally, problems in supplies prevented it. However it is now in the
completion phase and is partially in use, producing not only elements of its main
production line but also some additional items.
Therefore, as July ends, practically only a minimum force of construction
workers will remain there to make small adjustments in the final phase of placing
it in operation. With this plant Cuba resolves great problems for its development,
primarily in metal-working because a large quantity of the parts for the industrial
installation of the projects in the country will lie made here, among them for the
projects in the northern part of the eastern region.
A plan for bagasse panels is being built at the Jesus Menendez sugar mill complex.
This project has characteristics which differentiate it from the other two
ehisting on the island. The plant of the Camilo Cienfuegos sugar mil.l complex
in La Habana Province is already in production and that of the Primero de Enero
in Ciego de Avila is in the construction phase. Both will be able to produce
thick panels.
The Las Tunas plant has a more advanced technologys although it will also produce
thick panels from bagasse to replace lumber, it will also produce thin panels.
The plan assigned.this year is for 2 million pesos and it.is expected ~hat
it will be greatly exceeded. According to the timetahle � it should be completed
next year. However, it is possible that it will be completed ahead of time
because as other projects of greater scope are f3:nished in the province, this one
will be reinforced.
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~
At this time, some partial completions are heing ordered to guarantee the.he-
~inning of operational tests during the next sugarcane harves.t. Among the
equipment to he completed is the conveyor that will take hagasse from the
sugarmill to the plant. The shredder, the predrying area and storage area should
also be completed.
The Infrastructure for an r,xplosion
Las Tunas is traditionally an essentially agricultural province. Tt:~at is why.
when projects of purely industrial characteristics are planned, there immediately
begins to appear the need for creating an infrastructure capable of responding
to that industrial explosion, which is reflected logically in the development of
housing and other social programs basically within the field of architecture.
This has generated the need for developing projects in the field of industrial
production of housing, asphalt, prefabricated carpentry, production of dry mixes,
and so forth. This province fiad great limitation in the area of tfie materials
industry inherited from capitalism. To overcome them, the installation of a
sand washer and the movement o~ anotfier to a zone rich in this material is being
accomplished. .
Work is also going on in the installation of a rock crusher in the municipality
of Majibacoa, whose capacity will be 20.O,Q0.0 cubic meters per year. ~ao "large
panel 6" technology plants are being built, one in Puerto Padre and the other
in the city of Las Tunas, each with a capacity of 650 housing units each. Within
the framework of the plan for commemorating the 26th of July, is the conclusion
of the first one and physical advancement, is making it possible. Its production
will be dependent on whether the metalworking industry wi11 be able to provide it
with the molds required for its operation.
The province has an asphalt plant, but its capacity cannot supply the growing needs
which are coming. Therefore, the initiation of a new plant in the city of Las
Tunas is scheduled, as well as the transfer of the present plant to the zone of
Amancio and Colombia, since the acids required are available there and its pro-
duction will satisfy the demand.
A carpentry plant will also be built in the city of Las Tunas. This project
is experiencing problems in the earth-moving phase for fulfilling the scheduled
plan. Nevertheless, with the increased activities in commemoration of 26 July,
it is expected that the situation will be resolved, thus beginning its construction
within this period.
Among the prospects of agricultural development is the conclusion of three sugar-
cane collection and processing centers, of which two are in the earth-moving
phase. That of the municipality of Colombia is having difficulties because of a
lack of plans. However, it is expected th~t these will be delivered during this
phase and the special crews will soon hegin construction, which will allow its
completion pursuant to the foreseen timetable.
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In the Field of Health
The program of ari:hitectural pro,jects has always heen among the stror.gest in the
province, great e~:perience being acyuired in recant years in constructions for
health. Recently tt-~e health complex, wfiose main canstruction is the Ernesto
Gue~;ara Hospital, was completed. It also has a home for senior citizens, one
for the physically handicapped, a polyclinic and so forth. The School of Medical
Sciences, is now under construction. At first it had some delays in the movement
of earth because it is located on extremely hard ground and to this were added
some indecisions in the plan because it~was necessary to modify it to integrate
it into tfie master plan of the city.
Due to the priority given to the foregoing projects, there was a delay in the
construction of the Puerto Padre hospital, which.is now being greatly intensified,
since in addition to having Brigade No 8315 of Integral Enterprise No 2 of this
province working on it, there are also 145 members of tfie high productivity
special contingent working here. They were sent tiy the National Union of
Construction Workers.
Constructions workers are working on the initial phase of the area of the poly-
clinic. This means tfiat '~y 26 July tfiere will be a large part providing service
to the population. However, there will still be various aspects of the hospital
to be completed. Of course, as the builders say, tliis will depend on the steady
flow of materials continuing in this final pfiase.
The polyclinic of the Amancio Rodriguez municipality should have been completed,
- but delays in its plan delayed it. Now there is an intensive struggle going
on to complete it in commemoration of 26 July, although interruptions in the supply
of water and sewage installations and some other materials are jeopardizing its
conclusion. Another polyclinic is being built in the city of Las Tunas but it
was delayed when the health complex was given a higher priority. It is now said
that it will be inaugurated among the projects for 26 July.
'l~ao children's nurseries are being built in the province. Between them they
can hold 360 children. Of the Giron technology, one is being built in the zone
_ of Manati and the other in the city of Las Tunas. Neither one is having trouble
with its timetable, which means they will be completed by 26 July.
Among the school projects, there are two which are expected to be completed on
the anniversary of the attack on Moncada Barracks. One is the semi-boarding
- school of the city of Las Tunas with a capacity of 60Q students. The cunclusion
of this project is a serious commitment of the people of Tunas, since it is
scheduled to b.e used as a villa for the housing of visitors to the main event
of the commemoration of the 28th anniversary of the attack on Moncada Barracks.
When we were ttiere, it was still in the installation phase but we are sure that
when supply problems are resolved, tfie construction workers will meet the
challenge imposed.
The other school is the urban junior high school of the Jesus Menendez
municipality, which was delayed because of nondelivery of plans at the scheduled
time. Its completion will require an extraordinary effort. But as always, the
worthy men of the white helmets will meet the target date proposed as a
commemoration of 26 July. A large expansion of the sugarcane agriculture
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polytechnical school is also taking place in this municipality. It consists of
shops and lab.oratories for the practice o~ the suhjects studied there.
Housing
Undouhtedly Las Tunas should not be an exception tiut there was a historical
momer.t described as a demographic explosion. Nevertheless, recent years have
been characterized by a relatively moderate rate of growth. Due to limitations,
primarily a result oL the setting of priorities for the development of other
areas, housing coiistructions programs, as in the rest of the country, fell
behind. That is why, as of the moment in which a proportional level in con-
structions for health and education was reached and the province begins its
industrial take~off, residential projects are heginning, althougfi still modestly.
As of last year tliere has been an increase in the investment of some resources
allocated for the construction of housing. At this time the results of all this
effort can begin to be seen. In this respect, the major builders of the'province
are busy working: Ministry of Construction [MICONS.], Ministry of Agriculture
jMINAGRIJ, Ministry of the Sugar Industry jMINAZ], People's Government, and the
private sector. The plan is to complete 5,317 houses in commemoration of 26 July.
The MICONS works basically with traditional t~chnologies: large panel 4:
system E-14; SPT-72, and so forth, although the first endeavor in the system of
tall buildings has also tieen initiated. The foundations for a 12-story tiuilding
are being built and another of 18 stories is being '
At this time the province intends to complete 529 houses through MICONS in
commemoration of 26 July. Of them the largest percentage will be in the city of
Las Tunas and will be used as villas for housing some of those invited to the
celebration of the great date.
Plan for Completion of Housing in Couunemoration of 26 July
Municipality MICONS MINAGRI MINAZ People's Government Private Total
Manati 16 S 181 10 164 376
' Puerto Padre 28 26 285 202 339 880
Jesus Menendez - 5 126 60 224 415
Majibacoa - 5 65 15 64 149
Las Tunas 340 13 6 156 1193 2508
Tobabo 10. 5 63 10 80 168
Colombia 10 5 95 26 280 416
Amancio Rodriguez 24 1 65 50 345 485
TOTAL 428 65 886 529 3489 5397
It is in His Blood
Las Tunas is a province which is practically without tourist accommodation
installations and that is why the builders of the new hotel say that tliis is a
building of vital importance. Since they are aware of this aspect, they have
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decided to build it as quickly as possible but without under any circumstances
allowing such a factor to cause t6em to neglect quality. To ~ell the truth,
~ahat we saw ther~ impressed us.
Julito Rodriguez is the assistant project chief and fiis father, Julio Rodriguez,
is his immediate superior. Julito saqs: "The old man is tremendously fussy,
with great experience and demanding habits to match. When prefabricated or other
materials do not meet required standards, he will not accept them. This, of
course favors the quality of the project."
They work with enthusiasm and they have the support of a part of the specialized
contingent of high productivity of the SNTC. There is the decision to use it as
a villa fot the housing of visitors during the 26 July celebrat3:on. However the
construction workers prefer, in order to maintain quality, to make a partial
completion of the 136 rooms and the caliins, going on to finisfi it completely at
a subsequent date.
But since we are obstinately incredulous, we issued our challenge: Seeing is
believing. With the eyes of a careful customer we shall visit them wfien enough
time has passed. We shall analyze the experience of the builder and we shall
meet with the brigade of construction workers again. We promise to inform the
readers on this meeting.
In E1 Cornito there is an expansion wfiich covers new access roads~ parking lots,
a bridge, 50 double cabins and so forth. All the effort of the builders of
Ciego de Avila is focused here because this like many other projects is the
result of interprovincial solidarity. Construction workers from all provinces
with their resources are arriving to help Las Tunas in its endeavor to offer a
pleasant and warm reception to those who come to celehrate 26 July with them.
In E1 Mirador del Cerro de Caisimu there is also an expansion, increasing the
number of cabins and refurbishing those already existing. This work is being
done by construction workers of Pinar del Rio who work with great enthusiasm,
certain of ineeting their goal.
Roads
A great effort is being made in the repair and construction of communications
roads in the province. Among these most important projects are those of the
Tunas to Manati highway, which is 42 kilometers long. It will also have a branch
road which will allow access to Cobarrubia Beach, a zone of extraordinary natural
beauty and a great attraction for future tourist development.
The 17-kilometer road which joins the capital of Las Tunas with Cerro de Caisimu
is being improved. A part of it is already finished and work is going on in
the construction of the 60-meter bridge across the Almendron River.
The highway from Puerto Padre to Velasco is also being rebuilt. It runs along
the nortaern coast to La Lianita B.each, wliich is now heing used. As far as
- sugarcane roads are' concerned, work is being done in the zone of the Amancio
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Rodriguez municipality to facilitate the hauling o~ cane out of these areas,
which are extremely law. Since this is a densely populated zone, a highway from
Amancio to Jobafio is being built. Witfi in the program of work.to commemorate 26 ~
July, undoufitedly this road wi11 be given a hoost. However, in order to finish
it, it is necessary tfiat the MICONS project of sending the required equipment
to the construction brigade be accomplished. ~
The Construction Workers will Win
These and otiier projects to b.e initiated represent in large measure the
victorious take-off of the people of Tunas toward the developmeYit of their young
province. Undeniably ttie battle has just hegun hut we know that not a single man
will take a step backward. Just as yesterday their Mamliises spiritedly won a
victory, today the construction workers will keep high that banner symbolically
placed in their hands by the cotmnander in chief when he called them "the worthy
men of the white helmets." There is no doubt: The construction workers together
with the people will win in Las Tunas.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
DENGUE FEVER: HOW STARTED, HOW COMBATED
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 26 Jun 81 pp 44-45
[Article by Frank HechavarriaJ
[Text] The Ministry of Public Health recently revealed the outbreak of an epidemic
producing very high fevers (40� to 41�), severe headaches, abdominal pain and pain
throughout the body, vomiting and diarrhea. The appearance of the uncomfortable
illness caused alarm among the people living in districts and municipalities of
Havana City and Havana provinces. ~he rapid mobilization of the health organization
made it possible to determine that the epidemic is caused by a virus of the disease
known as "dengue," as well as its carrier, the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
In order to provide the people with more information, BOHEMIA interviewed Dr Rodolfo
Rodriguez, director of epidemiology of the Vice Ministry of Hygiene and Epidemiology
of the Ministry of Public.Health.
"This is a viral-type disease. As you know, there is no vaccine to prevent it. It
is a disease that takes.several days to develop. In our case, we are dealing with
a variety different from the one that circulated in the 1977-1978 epidemic, although
the measures of treatment and control are similar in both cases," Dr Rodriguez said.
"In the beginning, we doubted whether it was the same type of dengue, but our lab-
oratories and the Institute of Tropical Medicine have already confirmed it."
"Doctor, where in Havana did the outbreak begin?" we asked. ~
"The situation began in the municipalities on the periphery of Havana City Province,
near Rancho Boyeros, Wajay, Guanabacoa, Abel Santamaria and other areas. Cases
- ttien began to appear in Santiago de las Vegas, Guines and Melena, but with fewer
victims. There have been isolated cases in other municipalities, but they have
almost always been related to persons from the areas where the outbreak began."
~ "Then the symptoms are the same as in the previous dengue outbreak?" we asked.
"Well, this is an illness characterized by a strong fever that begins suddenly,
severe headache (especially behind the eyes), in the joints, muscles and bonese
In many cases, there may be diarrhea and vomiting. Three or four days aiter the
onset of fever, there may be a rash similar to rubiola, and it may therefore be
confused with that disease. When these symptoms have ended, the victims recover
satisfactorily, although they remain depressed and fatigued.
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"it is ~;o~d to i~c,int out that ttie entire populatlon is susceptible to this tyPe ot
~len~~e and the clinical manifestations may vary. Some patients do not seek medical
care, but any person with symptoms similar to those of this illness should go to
the doctor immediately, for he will give them the proper instructions and above all,
help us to have true control of the epidemic and prevent complications," he added.
"In this way, we know where we have to make the greatest efforts from the epidemio-
logical standpoint, for elimination of the carrier: the Aedes aegypti mosquito."
"And what can you.tell us about the measures that have been taken to eradicate the
outbreak?"
"There are many measures that have been taken. Although in the beginning, it was
concentrated in Havana City and Havana provinces, there are national control activi-
ties in which all government and mass organizations participate under the supervi-
sion and technical orientation of the Ministry of Public Health.
"In order to fight the outbreak directly, meaning eliminating the mosquito, we are
working to fumigate and 'abaticize' homes one by one. In add.ition, we have made
recommendations about how to avoid and eliminate possible breeding grounds. The
Eight is against the mosquito.and larvae. We emphasize that the most important
thing is the cooperation of the people in order to manage to break the chain of
transmission within the shortest possible time."
~lld Havana
:1Eter hearing the words of Dr Rodolfo Rodriguez, we decided to make a tour of the
iaunicipality of Old Havana in order to observe how the work of eradicating the
Aedes aegypti mosquito is progressing.
At the municipal health organization, we were greeted~by Dr Sonia Nordet Cardona
and Dr Rodrigo Perez Carrillo, municipal director and epidemiologist respectively. '
We ~aere also met by comrade Jose A. Betancourt Negrin, specialized health workErs
and head of the Old Havana V~ctors Control Unit.
They explained that first of all, the fight is aimed at eliminating all possible
l~reeding grounds for mosquitos. For this purpose, they have the cooperation of
the People's Covernment, the Federation of Cuban Women and the CDR [Committees for
ttie Detense of the Revolution]. All coordination has been achieved through meetings
lield to ensure that the campaign would be effective.
Interested in learning how the campaign is now going, we were told that it was
through sanitary workers brigades. Some abaticize house by house, while others
fumigate using portable sprayers, bazookas and tractor sprayers.
W~ tolci Dr Nordet that we know that there are enterprises and organizations not
complying with provisions that tiave been ordered for eradication of the Aedes
aegypti. She answered:
"Yes, that is true, and many have not even reported the number of places to be
treated and the measures that must be taken. The plan is to be carried out in a
~aeek. If they do not do so, immediate legal meausres will be taken."
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"You should know," comrade Betancourt, head of the Vector Control Unit, then said,
"that in only 2 days of inspection, we presented 35 notifications ~f Decree Law 27
to enterprises that had not yet complied with the guidelines that the government
set f~rth two weeks ago. There are some units: the Nationsl Transport Base, for
example, that began work immediately, and when the sanitary workers arrived, they
~aere cleaning out the entire side of Castillo de Atares, because it was a tremen-
dous breeding ground for mosquitos."
Dr Nordet added that it is good to point out organizations that have complied:
Domestic Trade, for example, whose central office and all its establishments in the
municipality have reported and even gone so f ar as to request the abate in order to
launch its measures.
"And yet," she said, "we have several that have not done so, but the most critical
at the present time are two units: Aguirre Ironworks and a Mambisas warehouse lo-
_ cated in San Ignacio 408, which has large mosquito breeding grounds. At the
Aguirre Ironworks, measures have been taken and there are not so many mosquitos,
but that is a place where tons of scrap are dumped and when it rains, water collects
and forms breeding grounds. We are going there to inspect again today."
We asked the director of the public health sector in Old Havana how many centers
have already reported their plan of ineasures to eradicate mosquitos, and she said:
"At the present time, we have about 400 centers, but the problem is that in this
municipality, there are about a thousand and we have to verify them. It is pre-
cisely for that purpose that we are meeting today."
Aguirre Ironworks
We had decided to visit the Mambisas warehouses first, but the comrade who was to
bring the keys did not come. We then chose the Aguirre.Ironworks and the MINAZ
[Ministry of the Sugar Industry] warehouses.
At the Aguirre Ironworks, we were able to verify that indeed, the mountains of old
iron and scrap could become veritable mosquito breeding ground~ and this alarmed us.
We asked the physical protection comrade accompanying us if there were many mos-
quitos in the area and he told us:
"We did have mosquitos, but a few days ago, the public health comrades came and
fumigated completely. They did a thorough job and from that time on, we have not
had mosquitos. Naturally, we followed the instructions given us and we have kept
up the work, avoiding the formation of any more breeding grounds." ~
ide followed the health sector comrades in the Old Havana municipality in their
inspection of the Aguirre Ironworks and observed that there were no breeding grounds
f~or mosquitos. The work had been done well. Places where water might collect if
it stiould rain now contain oil to prevent the formation of breeding grounds.
r1INAZ Warehouses
At tlie central MINAZ warehouses, an inspection visit was also made. We were accom-~~
panied by our comrade �rom physical protection, who explained that there are quite
a few mosquitos in the area. We asked what was being done to prevent them.
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040062-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040062-5
- FOR OM'I~I('IAL USE ONI.Y
"At the present time, we have a sanitation campaign to wipe out the mosquito as we
were directed to do," he said. "We are covering all crates with plastic that~were
previously uncovered. Since this is a warehouse that receives a great deal of
~;uods for the n