JPRS ID: 9901 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040013-9
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 68
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 13
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9901
10 August 1981
Ja an Re ort
p p
(FOUO 46/81)
~BIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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' NOTE .
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sources are translate~?; those from English-language sources
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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackats
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Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
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JPitS L/9901
10 August 1981
JAPAN REPORT
(r'OUO 46/81)
CONTENTS
~ MILITARY
Basic Concepts of Japan's Sea Defetiae Aaalyz~d
(Motomi Hori; KOKUBO; Jul 81) s ...............v.....,..,... 1
- S CIII+I CE AND TECHNOIA GY
Sales Competition Over MTX, Badge X, SAI~C Int~asifies
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN; 8, 9y ~.0 Jul 81) 3
MiTI Plans Spending Billions for Next Ge~aera~tion Technolo~ies
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 8l.) ...e 11
Themes I,isted for Extensive Study
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) .o.e..,, 12
MITI R&D Project Results Seen Not Fully Utilizad
(Ko ji Sasaki; NIIQtEI SANGYO SHII~ZIN, 12 ~un 8].) 13
Patents on Government-Private Joint R&D Projects Questioned
(Editorial; NIHON KEIZAZ SHII~UN, 22 Jun 81) 16
Semiconductor Manufacturera Compete for 64 K RAM Maxket
- (NIKKEI BUSINESS, 1 Jua E1) 20
Hitachi, Toshiba and Mitsubishi Will Boost R&D Out3,ay 1ay
14.8 Percent
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) .............o......... 26
West German Companies Starting To Rush After Japanese Techmology,
Capital
(JAPADI ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) .....................s., 27
Growth of Japanese Word Processor Industry Described
(COMPUTOPIA, Jul 81) 29
- a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUO]
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rva vrri~.~est, u~~ vivt,I
Computer Makers See Bigger Busin.ess With Office Automation
Popularization
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) 40
Denitrating Plant for Spent N-Fuel Will Be Constructed
(JAP~AN ECONOMIC JOURNA.L, 14 Jul 81) 42
Government~ Plans Taking Overall Measures for Relief of Oil
- Industry
(JAPAN ECQNOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) 43
Exports of Plants Recover Rapidly
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) 44
More Plants of Unmanned Type Being Operated
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 14 Jul 81) 45
Current Status, Future of Ma.chine Tool Industry Discussed
(1~TIHON KOGYO SHIMBITN, 18 Jun 81) ..................n....... 47
- b -
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MILITARY
~ BASIC CONCEPTS OF JAPAN'S SEA DE~ENSE ANALYZED
Tokyo KOKUBO in Japanese Jul S1 pp 39-40
[Article by Motomi Hori: "Defense of Seas Around Japaa"]
[Excerpt] The observations made on the environment surrounding Japan have digressed
somewhat, but if the basic concepts of Japan's sea defenses were formulated from t}~e
above observations (with the logic of thoughts somFa~hat abbreviatad), the writer's
opinions are roughly as follows:
(1) The USSR's decision to invade Japan ie contingent on its decision to confrsnt
the United States. Of paramouat importance is the exertion of efforta to preveat
any Soviet decision to invade because to fight d~efensively after invasion operations
- have commenced is not in the best interest.
(2) In order to prevent the Soviets from engaging in confrontation, all available
means must be exhausted to cope with the :~ituation. On one hand the Western aou3triea
must strive for peaceful coexistence by paving the way for diplomatic dialogue so
that the Soviets will not decide they have "exhausted their patieace,"~while on the
other hand the West must constantly maintain a 3oint military power that will se;rve
as a reminder that the attainment of an ob~ective through military action i$ folly.
(3) The excuse given by a segment of the Japanese o,.f their inability to ~o~rx in the
collective defense organization deemed by various Western countries as nec~essary
to maintain peace is only an adherence to the trivial matter of ~onstitutional in-
terpretation which totally disregards the great spirft ~f the Constitution as a
bulwark; and although the Japanese "trust the faii�ness and fidelity of th~e peoples
of the world," their refusal to cooperate is nothing but olain cowardice.
(4) Although Japan's sea defense etrength can he effective for a short period and
over a limited range, alone it does not poss,ess the atrength to defend against a
Soviet invasic~~i. Since the Soviet attack inevitably would be executed as a phase cf
a grand design, unless this phase is considei:ed ~o be a support c~mpaign e~uivalent
to a part of the gra~nd strategy of the U.S.-Japar~ alliance, Japan does not have the
strength to check th~ Soviet military.
(5) Thus, unless conceivable conditions~, such as confronting the wide range activ-
ities of the Soviet Pacific fleet and neutralizing (counteracting and nullify~.ng)
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its effectiveness with the presence of the U.S.-Japan joint Pacific flePt, or
minimizing the possibility of a successful offensive operation or any subsequent
strategic advantages, are not mapped out, then an effective war deterrent cannot be
realized.
(6) Planners of a war hope that as a result of war, all the situations existing
before the war will def.initely be "improved." 7'herefore, there is the need to clearly
state that waging a war may not result necessarily in "improvement" and the way must
be paved to show that "improvement" can be gained even without waging a war.
- (7) This may sound somewhat like an idealistic theory, but by possessing a sizeable
medium-scale military force, Japan would be in a gosition to reinforce the military
pc:~er of the ~Jestern n~tions (United States et al), and serve to suppress Soviet war
intentions. With this sizeable strength, it would be welcomed if Japan could make
a stipulation that "unless Japan agrees to it," the Western camp cannot embark on a
~ positively high-powered policy.
(8) In view of the above enumerated reasons, i.t is felt that the matter requiring
inunediate attention is the promotion without delay of some reinforcement of Japan's
defense strength. However, on reLiewing the present state of affairs in Japan, where
formerly the military, with a complete lack af understanding of politics and economics,
' ruled rumpantly, today, it is jus~; the opposite, statesmen who should have a good
understanding of and the ability to readily acr on military power lack this awareness,
and one can only say that a totally befogged politics is in force.
During the entire month of May, the confused stance of Prime rlinister Suzuki's cabinet
exposed its vacillation on military matters which do~sn't even rate a commentary, and
from the ruckus af the nuclear weapons problem utter confusion reigned as to what
happened in what mann~r, I wonder what would happen if a state of emergericy should
arise during this sort of confusion?
As for developments hereafter, in all likelihood the United States will probably push
forward, even by devious means, any military policy it deems necessary, regardless
~ of what Japan might say, and the end result will probably be that Japan follows thP
American action in it~ wake, The Maritin~e Selr Defense Force has no other course
but to develop into a fully purpuseful entity oF the Japanese zone element within
the Pacific combined fleet whose purpose is to deter war, by entering inta complete
mutual understanding with the U.S. Navy. As for advocating independent defer_se by
one nation, there is none in the world, not even with the superpowers, the United
States and USSR. The "divine country of Grea~ Japan," the isolationist principle
- which is only a change of the same ideas, etc., of 100 years ago are ~otally irrele-
vant. The thought that Japan alone through~ut the ~tiorld is something special is in-
deed unw~arranted .
The year 2,000 will ;,ery shortly be a reality.
COPYRIGHT: Asagumo Shimbunsha 1981
9 510.
CSO: 4105/201
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SALES COMPE~ITION OVER MTX, BADGE X, ~aAMX INTENSIFIES
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHII~UN in Japanese 8, 9, 10 Jul 81
LS Jul 81 p 77
~Text] MTX, N~xt Generation Mid-Level Training Plane--~'hree Companies Compete with
Respect to Their OvexaTl Capabilities
Our defe�nse budget is ~nc~reasing in size at the request of the United States for a
stronger self-defense. The defense-relatec7 industry is chuckling to itself at this
"fair wind" trend. This being also the t.ime to change the type of crafts, many large-
:,cale projects are in the works. Major representativ~s di them are the three X's
which are to patrol the skies of our country. The selection prxess for the MTX
~ (Next Generation Mid-Level Trainer), Badge X(Base Air De~ense Ground Enviro~ment)
and SAMX (Surface-to-Air Missile) is in fu11 stride. Let now follow the movements
of the Defense Agency and manufacturers in the indu~try that are seeking orders.
Total 250 Billion Yen
"We tried hard. We did all we could," says Iwao Shibuya of Fuji Heavy Indt~stries,
who is still a little excited. The MTX selection prxess is the farthest along of
the three X's and is now right in the middle. Three aircraft makers, Fuji Heavy ,
Industries, Mitsubish:. Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Inaustries are competing
for the position of a major contractor.
At the request of the Defense Agency, each manufacturer submitted a proposal at the
end of May, indicating their prices and the type of mid-level training airplane they
~ can develop. Mr Shibuya, who spearheacled th~ preparation of the proposal can only
�wait for the "announcement of pass or fail."
The MTX is an airplane to be used to train Air Defense ForcP pilots. Since the T 33
now in use has to be replaced soon, the MTX will be developed by 1987. The total
development cost amounts to 37 billion in 1980 yen. The DeFense Agency is planning
to place an order for 200 aircraft after 1988.
Each aircraft costs about 1 to 1.5 billion yen. Actually, specific p~ices are indi-
cated in each manufacturer's proposal but that is kept top secret. In aRy event, a
total of approximately 250 billion yen in procurement costs is expected.
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- It has been a long 14 years since our industry last developed, on its own, aircraft
for the Defense Agency, i.e., since the time of the development of the high level
training plane T 2(development started in 1967 and the production in 1973). The
aircraft industry has a large workload owing to khe on-going of F 15 (Next Generation
Principal Fighter Plane) and YX (Boeing 767) projects, but they are either domestic
licensing or subcontracting arra-igements. Since a manufacturer has to design and
develop on its own in order to train its in-house aircraft engineers, it is under-
standable why the tr~ree airpl~ne manufacturers are extremely eager.
Fuji Heavy Industries has been preparing for this the longest. In the training ~
aircraft field, their credentials include the development of the nation's first jet
training plane T 1 at the start of the decade beginning with 1955. They are also
ma~ufacturing the first level training plane T 3 which pilots ride first in their
training. As Fuji Heavy Industries is basically confident that small training planes
belong to ti~em, they are absolutely d~termined to get the MTX ~rders.
_ Kawasaki, which manufactures under license P3C, antisubmarine patrol aircraft, has
~ had a large workload, but has never developed any aircraft on its own for the Defens~~
Agency. As the ~xecutive Managing Director Tomoaki Yamada puts it, they would like
~ to "show that they can do well by manufacturing the MTX." Additional orders for the
~ P3C are expec~ed, but the MTX order will help them with their plans to increase the
I types of their production.
No Trespassing at "Gihon" (Gijutsu Kenkyu Honbu--Technical Research and Development
Institute)
In the peginning it was expectPCi that Fuji and Kawasa;.i would be the contenders for
the MTX orders. However, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries did not keep quiet. Executive
Managing Director Kenji Ikeda explains as follows. "If the MTX were strictly a
training plane, we would not necessarily have to get involved, but actually it is a
light fighter plai~e." This comment shows his obvious c~nfidence coming from the
Mitsubishi's development of high level training planes T 2 and the support fighter
plane F 1, which is based on T 2. He stands absolutely firm that "at this rate,
, (unless Mitsubishi gets the order) the engineers for the fighter planes which we
took the trouble to train will be lost."
- The 3 airnlane manufacturers with 3 different backgrounds compiled proposals that
were about 400 pages long. All information, such as the specifications for aircraft
body, the companies' developmental structures and production costs, is included.
~ The Defense Agency has brought together 30 tc 40 senior people from the Technical
Research and Development Institute, wh~ch handles development and the Air Defense
Force~ which is the user, i~1 order to evaluate these pr~posals. They are divided up
into groups of different areas of responsibility and are meeting almost everyday.
The leader of this technical evaluation team, General Tomoo Komata, engineer from
Technical Research and Development :[nstitute, was curt in describing.the progress of
the selection process and said, "We are right in the middle of 'grading.' We cannot
say anything." Security around the Institute is extraordinarily tight, and, as one
industry official says, "The Institute now is an area off-limits to us. Even in the
case of personnel changes, we cannot go pay a visit."
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Atsuhiko Bansho, Defense Agency Counsellar, has announced officially that the Defense
- Agency will "select a major contractdr by fall for the MTX." ~t has been expected
that the decision will be made by around the end of August or September, but
actually it might come sooner. The Equipment Bureau of the Defense Agency says that
the preliminary evaluation process, mainly carried by Technical Research and Development
Institute, is almost finished.
From this point, the Equipment Bureau principally will undertake the final round of
talks with the Air Defense Force and other dep~rtments within the Agency. Since~the
domestic development of airplanes has not taken place for ~ome time, it also will be
necessary to ~ake MITI's (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) aircraft
policy into consideration.
Now the dea3line is drawing near, any slight comment by the Defense Agency bears much
weight with the three manufacturers. An official from Air Defense Force lowers his
voice and says, "Based on technical capabilities alone, Mitsubishi will be the one."
However, the MTX does not require the sophisticated technology that is called for in
the case of most advanced fighter planes. Winning and losing will be determined not
only by the technological aspect but also by overall capabilities, including cost
management. Information from a Defense Agency source indicates that all three have
_ surp~ssed the basic requirements. Therefor~, the decisive factor will be what they
can offer a~ a"plus alpha" in their programs.
Will the Last Decision Be Made by MITI?
Another focal point of the battle f.or the MTX is that if Fuji Heavy Industries fails
to get the order, they will not be a major contractor of any aircraft for the Defense
Ag2ncy after the termination of the production of T 3. (As a result of this,) Fuji
will f~ll far behind Mitsubishi: and Kawasaki and the aircraft industry, which has been
suppof.ted by the three manu�acturers, might in the future be supported by only two.
"How much of a part will the Defense Agency have in the final say? After all, will
they leave much of it up to MITI?" ask people related to the aircraft industries, as
they watch the conferences between the Defense Agency and MITI, wlaich are coming to
the decisive stage.
An exofficial from the Defense Agency who is informed on this aspect says frankly,
"A m~cker hac t~~ be s~ler.ted for a simple reason, such as the highest quality or the
lowest cost." There is nothing the manufacturers can do now. They only can wait
quietly for tlne day of the announcement e~ "pass or fail."
Insete Japan's Major Aircraft Development for Defense Agency
Start of Production Type Use Developed by:
19f0 T 1 Mid-level training plane Fuji Heavy Industries
1971 C 1 Transport plane Japan Aircraft Manufacturing
1973 T 2 High-level traininq plane Mitsut~ishi Heavy Industries
1975 F 1 Supporting fighter plane Mitsubishi Iieavy Industries
Note: The F 1 is a T 2 improved and developed as a support fighter plane.
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~ Jul 81 p 87
LText7 Badge X, Base Air Defense Ground Environment--Does Nippon Electric Company
Have the Advantage of "Experience?" The Key Is to Employ Foreign Manuf.acturers.
"Badge X? It is just that people are making a fuss about it," said Tomio Tanatsugu,
executive vice president of Toshiba Corp. Until a month or two ago, comments from
the officials of electronics and ele~tric equipment makers which are seekin~3 Badge
X orders have showed a sense of relaxation, but now the situation has changed. That
is because the De~ense ~gency is expected to indicate t~~ each manufacturer, the
functior.al reqairements for the Badge X. Each manu~a.;turer, in response to this,
will submit a proposal in 6 months. A major contractor will be selected by the
tir:le rough estimate for the 1983 budget is requested. The marketing war over th~
Badge X has started.
3Q0 Billion Yen ?ncluding Related Costs
_ Five manufacturers that are seekiny Badge X orders are Nippon Electric Co, Mitsubishi
Electric Corp, Toshiba Corp, Hitachi Ltd and Fujitsu Ltd. It is not definite that
the Defense Agency will contart those five manufacturers on this matter, but judging
from their capabilities to work on Badge, which is atotal system of electronics and
communications technology, "those five seem to be the can~idates," as an official
from the Air Defense Force indicates.
Badge is a system by which an invading aircraft detected by various radar sites in
the country can be identified as to whether it is an enemy aircraft or not, and whose
computers can automatical?y guide fiyhter planes and surface-to-air missiles to
~
enemy aircraft in order to destroy them.
The present Badge system waa developed by Nippon Electric after importing the tech-
nology from Hughes of the United States. (A major contractor in their joint venture
is Japan Avionics.) The Defense Agency started its operation in 1968. However, as
the introduction of F 15, next generation principal fighter plar~e and early warning
aircraft E2C progress, the present system will ;~ot be able to handle it. Upgrading
of Badge is the most imminent question for our a,ir defense system.
The construction fee f~r the present Badge system was about 25 billion yen inclt~di.ng
related costs. That was more than 10 years ago. Today it will be 200 or 300 billion
yen. It is natural that the business people in charge of defense at electronics and
electric equipment manufacturers have ber.ome extremely interested.
Osamu Ikutame, chief of st�f� at the Air Defense Force says, "We would like to place
an order in 1983 and would like t~ start operations around 1987." Only the broa~est
schedule is available from the Defense Agency. People in charge of defense at each
manufactuzer are becoming impatient to collect information as to "what the Defense
Agency's requirements would be."
"Many companies are raising their hands but I wonder how much they know about the
Badge system," says Kiyoshi Murofuse, the president of Japan Avionics showing much
confidence. Although they depended on Hughes' technology, Nippon Electric Co/Japan
Avionics is the only one with experience in the Badge system. Badge is something
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that requires more thaa just strength in comp~ters and telecomQaunications. As it is
basically a system that directly controls fighter planes and missiles, it is a big
advantage that they are handling the maintenance and the repairs of the present
Badge system and therefore are very~knowledgeable about. the system as a whole.
Late Starter Group Trying to Join In
It is a common view in the industry that "the more the new Badge is similar to the
present one, the more advantageous it is for Nippon Ele.^-tric Co." Their relation
with their affiliate Hughes is close. And because they might be thinking they are
ahead of the game, they have been extremely aautious about what they say.
Mitsubishi Electric, ~ike Nippon Electric, is trying to win with their overall capa-
- bilities. They are advertising that ~hey are strong in weapon control systems since
- ttiey have handled not only various hardware but also radar, fire-control systems of
fighter planes and ground-to-air missiles such as the Hawk. Last November, they
opened a new "defense system project room" in order to c~mbine the relevant tech-
nologies within the company and there are about 20 senior people pre~aring to answer
any requirement the Defense Agency may come up with.
Also, Toshiba Corp is planning to get into the Badge race, as they ride the crest of
the increased demand from the Defense Agency, such as in the developmznt of a short-
SAM (Short Distance Ground-to-Air Missile). However, it is reported that late starters,
Hitachi and Fujitsu, are more active in their contact with the Defense Agency than the
other three. "Defense field is the onl~+ door to high technology electronics," Susumi
Isa, executive managing director says. For Hitachi, this Badge marketing battle will
- become a"test" of their plans to increase defense apparatus orders.
Fujitsu also has engaged in restructuring, such as sepa~rating their defense tech-
nology development dQpartment. They are now developing nigh speed computers to be
used for calculations in science and technology. Other manufacturers argue that
, computers in Badge are only a tcol for the system and ~that Badge does not need
- computers with extremely short processing time. Thus it has come to the point ~where
_ the internal struggle in the industry 62comes evident.
Manufacturers Gropin~ for ldeas
At the moment, however, they are only preparing as they draw their imaginary Badge
system. The Defense Agency is sure to cover 28 radar sites in the next system,
including the 4 radar sites in Okinawa that are excluded under theL~resent system.
Also they will be sure to include mobile radar units. However xt is not known how
much of an upgrading they will undertake 9.n computers and signal apparatu5. The si2e
, of the market will change depending on this.
Utilization of the strength of foreign makers is also a key to winning a Badge order.
- Japan is so strong in communicatians and electronics equipment technology that the
U.S. military is ~,rocuring from Japan but when it cbmes to software in the air defense
system, Japan is still a developing natiQn. One marketing official says, "Using :
- foreign makers is�also one of the ideas of the manufacturers," ir.dicating the possibility
of gome unrevealed plan. Once the Defense Agency dec3des on its requirements, vre
might see some "ultra C" ideas pop up.
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L10 Jul 81 p ~
_ LText7 SAMX, Next Generation Surface-to-Air Missile--Contention Wi.thin Mitsubishi
Group--Past ~,ivision of Fields No Longez Possible
The surface-to-air missile, Hawk (Ground Sel~ Uefense Force) and Nike J(Air Self
Defense Force), which have been defending our skies, are approaching the time for
replacement. Both Defense rorces are proceeding with the selection process of the
following craft (SAMX--next generation of surface-t~�-air missiZe) and the most likely
candidate is the Pa~riat by Raytheon of the United States. Mitsubishi Electric,
which handled the Hawk and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries which handled the Nike J will
- be competing for the position oE major contractor for domestic manufacturing under
license.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is also proposing the independent development of a Nike
Phoenix (an improved Nike based on the technology imported fr.om Huyhes of United
States) cahich is anather candidate far the n=xt generation of missiles for the Ai.r
~ Defense Force. The ba;.tle between the two brother corporations for the SAMX order
will last for a while, because of a delay in the Def_ense Agency's selecti.on process
among ather reasons.
Our air defense on the foremost front is carried out by fighter planes: The Nike J
(range about 130 km) provides high altitude defense and the Hawk (range about 35 km)
- low altitude.
Delay in Selection
~oth missiles were fir~t installed at the end of the dec;ade of 1955 and are ot~viously
obsolete.
The Hawk is beinq gradually replaced by an improved Hawk with upgraded capabilities.
But in the case of the Nike J, the selection of a replacement is imminent because of
its limited capabiliti~s, which makes it unable to cope with fighters invading at a
low altitude, and also because of the anticipated termination of parts supply from
' the United States.
~he befense Agency will decide on its future equipment plans ~uring the period of the
"Mid-term Operations Estimate" (1980-84) whicr is a plan for equipment and force
organizaEion. Originally, they were planned to make ~he selection before 198Z but
this will be delayed. This is because the most likely candidate, "Patriot" is still
at the stage of limited productior~. Also the fact that West Germany has been dalaying
its planned purchase has had some influence.
The official position of the Defense Agency is to "decide af~er studyiry the capa-
bilit�ies of both the Patriot and Nike Phoenix." The estimated budget request for
1982 includes research expei~ses for the ~::~rchase of the Patriot and indicates that
the Technical Research and Development Institute is planning its own study on the
independent develo~ment of the Nike Phoenix.
"The selection of missiles is the job of tre Defense Agen~~y. Our job is simply to
atrange the conditions to make that decision-making easy," says Kenji Ikeda, executive
managing director at Mitsubishi H~avy Industries, emphasizing that this is no time for
the industry to interf~re.
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Total 1 Trillion Yen
However the total purchases for the next generation of Hawk and Nike J amount to as
much ~.s a trillion yen. The industry involved cannot remain quiet. Also in the case
of t;le Hawk, in addition to Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba Corp is also a major con-
tractor in terms of its ground equipment. For the Nike J, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
is the major contractor but Nippon Electric Co was in charge of its guiding equipment.
Should the Ground and Air Defense Forces decide to purchase the Patriot to replace
those two missiles, which manufacturer will be chosen as the major cont.ractor for
domestic manufacturing under license? There is the danger for these companies that
not only will they not be chosen the major contractar but they also may lose other
work that now belongs t~ them.
Mitsubishi Electric has manufactured under license, the Hawk and other missiles.
Takeshi Abe, chief of the Electronics First Operations Divis~.on, showing ambition,
says, We have workeu with Raytheon for 16 or 17 years, If the Patriot is selected,
we would like to work on it," and emphasizes their strong ties with Raytheon.
This June, the Defense Agency selected Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to be the major
contractor for the licensed domestic manufacturing of the "Sidewinder," Air-to-Air
Missile AIM9L, which is to be mounted on the next generation mainstay fighter plane,
the F 15. They fought a bitter war for this account with Mitsubishi Electric and
Tosl~iba Corp. There was the possibility of Mitsubishi Electric receiving the order
since its developer was Raytheon but since the system by which it chases the enemy
plane was identical to that of air-to-air missile developed independently by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, they won this battle.
Riqht after that decision concerning "Sidewinder" was made, the Defense Agency
official in charge of missiles commented, "It is good for Raytheon to work with
other Japanese missiles manufacturers, too." Of course he added, "In the case of
the SAMX, the impact is large so we will treat manufacturer selection very carefully."
But even with their close ties with Raytheon, Mitsubishi Electric might not e~sily
be selected the licensed manufacturer.
Problems Still Exist for pomestic Development
Introduction of the Patriot is still at the stage of discussion between the U.S. and
Japanese governments. Its actual introduction will not start until around 1984. On
the other hand, it is predicted that the Defense Agency will request researr.h.funds
for 1982 budget for the domestic development of the Nike Phoenix.
However, even the official in charge at the Technical Research and Development
-
Institute is fairly indecisive and cautious and says, We are not trying to upset
those who support the Patriot." It does not szem that they will go right ahead with
this development instead of Patriot.
It will still be a long time before this battle, centered around Mitsubishi Electric
- and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, will come to an end. There existed a system by
- which Mitsubishi Electric handled licensed manufacturing, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
handled air-to-air and air-to-sea missiles launched from a plane and Toshiba, who
developed short-SAM, handled short range ground-to-air missiles. However as far as
this SAMX order is concerned, the past division of field will not apply.
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Through this year and into next year, the long battle for o~+.ders, for success as a
missile maker, will continue to be fought by the manufacturers.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
9782
CSO: 4105/203
a
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SCIENCE AND TEC~INOLOGY
MITI PLANS S~ENDING BILLIONS ~OR NEgT GENERATTON TEC@TO~OGIES
" Toky~o JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol. 19~ No 963~ 14 Jul 81 p 13
~
[Text]
The Ministry of International 4) HIghly-crystalline high-poly-- bringextensiveilerivative-bene=-
Trade 8 Industry's ambitious mer materials, in 10 years for ~ts to many industrial areas In
long-range project to develop, ~ 6 billion; 5) High-efficiency addition to their direct efficacy.
with Japanese industry, in- crystallization-contrnlled Intro~tio~
o~f
the~iew ~
novational technology for the alloys, in eight years for ~ 8 ~ B 8
next generation was recently billion; 6) Compound next March, as scheduled, wIll
finalized as MITI's basic policy materials, in eight years for complete MITI's current
' line concerned was approved ~ il billion; 7) Bioreactors, in general prografn of nationally
by the Next Generation Tech- 10 years for ~ 11 billion; 8) important major technology
nology Develop~nent Divisien of Massive (biotechnical) ce11 cul- development projects, of which
the Industrial Technology tut'es, in nine years for 5 there are two outstanding since
Council. The latt~r is an official billion; 9> Gene recombination 1974 and 1978 respectively -
consultative body for MITI's application technolog~, in 10 the "Sunshine ProjecY' to
Minister. years for ~ 10 billion; 30) develop all sorts of nomoil
The policy line, subject to the Super-lattice (exceptional energy sources, and the
national budget, calls for up to atomic structure) (electronic) "Moonlight Project" to create
10 years of official drives and a elements, in 10 years for ~8 all kinds of epergy-saving
total of ~ 104 billion to develop billion; 11) 'Three-dimensional methods.
technology under three celectronic) circuit elements, M~TI has also decided to
categories - New (Industrial) in 10 years for ~9 billion; and create at its central office. a
Matcrials, Biotechnology, and 12l cElectronic) elements in- promotion headquarters to
New~ Function (Electronic) tensified in anti-environment propel the 12 ldnds of research
Elements csemiconductors~. resistance,.in eight years for and de~elopment chiefly in the
Under the three cate ories ~ 8 billion. form of entrusting study jobs
g The new l~c line okayed with different industrial enter-
are 12 themes to develop p� Y prises. Such jobs will be placed
pioneering technology. by the council division, which in the latter care on competi-
The dozen themes are: 1) was created recently and flrst ' ~~ve basis, . and an evaluation
Fine ceramics, to be developed met for its clearance, is es- ~mmittee to be also created in
in 10 ears at ~ 13 billion in sentiall~~ intended for develo~r
Y MITI's central office will
official cost; 2) Hi -efficienc ment of industrially applicable
Bh Y~ screen the industrial par-
~substance-separating mem- neu~ industrial material, bio-_ ticipants in three to five-yeaz
brane materials, in l0 ears, technological and new semi-
y checks by record of achieve-
for ~ 10 billion; 3) Electrically conductor element producing m~~
conductive high-pol~mer mate- technology. Efforts to develop
rials, in 10 years for ~5 billion; ~such technology is expected to
COPYRIGHT: 1981~ the Nihnn Reizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/284
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THEMES LISTED FOR EXTENSIVE STUDY
Tokyo JAP.AN ECONOMIC .~OURNAL in English Vol 19~ No 963~ 14 ~ul 81 p 13
~ jText]
Kesearch and development for the Science and Technology 3) Studies on c.ontrolling the
efforts to improve Japan's Promotion Control Expen- surfaces and interfaces of
abilit~� to predict earthquakes diture. substances for the purpose of
and also find out new~ values of The total of the budgeted ex- development of innovational
deoxyribonucleic acid cDNA), penditures for this fiscal 1981 high-efficiency industrial
- ha~�e been officialiy chosen as divided into 1,350 million for materials.
part ot seven nationally im- entirely nea~ study projects 4) Studies on utilization and
portant scientific and tech- under the seven themes; demonstrative proving of
nological study themes. ~ i,U00 million for 10 study pro- remote-sensing types of tech-
The selection ~aas made by jects of other t}~pes already~ in nology, especially for oceana
the Japanese Government's progress as prujects covered by ~aphic, agricultu*2!, :a:~:.try,
Council for Science and Tech- a past special promotional con- fishery and land ~eveloping-
nology in [he presence of Prime trol expenditure system cunder purpose utilization ot ar!ificial
Nlinister Zenko Suzuki, Science the council's control and satellite observations.
8: Technology Agency Director- ~ 1.000 million for a research
General Ichiro Nakagawa and system and other drives to find Studies on production
five other ministers. out and foster embyros of in- capacities of marine biological
- Scheduled to be implement- novational kinds of technology. resources and on marine en-
ed as it is, the recom- vironments.
The seven study themes are:
mendation established Japan's I~ Studies on prediction of 6~ Studies or. more
nea� basic national plan to t violer.t ) earthquakes of sophisticated utilization of
promote research and develop- directly underfoot type possible chemical compounds through
ment efforts to minimize the in the Tokyo Metropolitan w�ider joint use of scientific and
impacts ot acts o[ God, and to Sphere, and a general (urban) technological information
name seven basic scientific and disaster prevention system: circulating networks.
technological study themes. There have been long-standing 7) Studies on general types of
also of national significance. calls for such studies, but they ~;evelopment and utilization
- Chosen, for immediate have been technologically diffi- technology concernning
launching during this fiscal cult to answer. tropical and subtropical micra
1981, the seven kinds of study 2~ studies on extraction, organisms and plants.
efforts, to be expected from not analysis and synthetization of
just governmental but DNA, the key to the develop-
academic and private circles ment of the modern gene
w�ith a time limit of three years recombination technology, for
set for quick efficacy, will be
financially helped by partial their medical, agricu~tural,
allocation of a~F 3,350 million industrial and many other
the Government has budgeted potentials.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Lnc.
CSO: 4120/284
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITI R&D PROJECT RESULTS SEEN NOT FULLY UTILIZED
Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SflIl~iBUN in Japanese 12 Jun 81 p 14
[Article hy editorial staff inember Ko~i Sasaki]
[Text] The MITI Agency for Industrial Science and Technology has been carrying
out large-scale pro~ects (the large-scale industrial technology research and devel-
opment system) ~;ince 1966; 1980 was the 15th anniversary of the start of the large
projects. The agency took this year as the occasion to investigat~ seven pro~ects
which had been completed to find out how well the results were b~ing utilized in
the aational economy and industry. The only result of the "na~ional pro3ects" be-
ing carried out under government guidance was being able to say: "We have devel-
oped such and such technology." There are few examples where it has actually been
applied in industry. The same trend was seen in the results of the large-scale
pro~ects. The report on the investigation stated: "Strengthening of the system
to promote the introduction of the first plant is very important in applying the
next large-scale project system. As indicated in this example, the time has come
for taking strong measures to disseminate ~esearch results.
Long Term Research and Development
The large-scale p~o~ect system is a system for res~arch and development, under
government leadership and with the cooperation of industry and educational insti-
tutions, for large-scale industrial technology which is urgeutly needed for the
national economy and requires large amounts of money or time for development or
entails a great deal of risk. Private industry cannot handle this kind of re-
search, so the government foots the bill for research and development expenses.
When the large-scale pro3ect system was started, a budget of 100 million yen was
set up for three pro3ects. By the 15th year, the budget had grown to 16.7 billion
yen for eight projects. During this time, 16 pro3ects had been undertaken, and
120 billion in government money had been spent. The "manganese nodule mining sys-
~ tem" and the "scientific and technical high-speed computer system" are new pro3-
ects which will begin in 1981.
The projects based on this system are evaluated by the evaluation subco~ittee of
the Industrial Technology Council~s Large-Scale Technology Dev~lopment Committee,
when research and development are completed, as to whether the technolo~ical de-
velopment has been accoffiplished in accordance with the original goals. However,
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there is no followup investigation of hcw this technology is applied afterward in
the national economy. In other words, what happens to the technology developed at
such great cost to the government is not clearly known. Therefore, the Agency for
Industrial Science and Technology, on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the
large-scale project system, investigated what direct or indirect effect seven com
pleted projects had had in industry and the national economy.
The seven pro,;ects investigated were 1) superhigh-performance electronic computer
(1966 to 1971, approximately 10 billion yen); 2) desulfurization technolugy (1966
to 1971, approximately 2.6 billion yen);; 3) new production techniques for olefins,
etc (1967 to 1972, approximately l.l billion yen); 4) deep-water offshore remote-
control oil drilling apparatus (1970 to 1975, approximately 4.5 billion yen); 5)
sea-water desalinization and byproduct utilization (1969 to 1977, approximately
, 6.7 billion yen); 6) electric car (1971 to 1977, approximately 5.7 billion yen);
and 7) automotive total control system technology (1973 to 1979, approximately 7.3
billion yen).
Practicai Plants Lagging
Among these projects, the only one Ueing fully utilized is the sea-water desalini-
zation technology. In both Japan and overseas, 11 plants have been completed
us:Lng the research results. The superhigh-performance computer research was help-
ful in building large-scale computers. The development of a high-speed computer
for scientific and technical use is an extension of this project.
'The development of new production techniques for olefins was suspended because of
changes in the availability of raw materials. However, it has been continued in
a large-scale project for production of oZefins from heavy petroleum. The remote
control apparatus for deep-water offshore oil drilling was found to be realizable
with conventional technology so the project was ended after the initial period.
The results of the smoke emission desulfurization research were utilized in the
desulfurization plants of Tokyo Electric and Chubu Electric. However, no direct
desulfurization plant has been built. Practical application of the electric car
is not making progress because of problems in econflmy. Also, there has been no
practical application ot the total control system for auromobiles, just research
on experimental systems.
Looking at only these seven projects, we see that while the technology was devel-
oped, the results generally have not been utilized. With respect to this, the
investigative report suggests that it is important to promote the introduction of
prac~ical plants at the earliest opportunity after the research and development
is complete in order to disseminate the research results. Even in the case of the
electric car it was understood that it could not compete with the gasoline-powered
automobile. The purpose of development was to prevent pollution. In such a case,
drastic action may be necessary to introduce the research results, such as con-
~ verting half of the cars used by the government officials in Kasumigaseki to elec-
tricity.
Another problem is that while the t~chnology of the concrete kantai [phonetic] de-
veloped for desalinization of sea-water was the best in the world, the lack of
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long-term operation experience causad hesitation in introducing the first plant.
This is another reason for the slowness in disseminating research results and is
something that deserves coasideration.
Situation Changed by Technological Innovation
The themes chosen for large-scale pro3ects were all responses to the needs of
society at the time. flowever, there have been drastic changes in the domestic and
foreign situation during long research and development periods, and some projects
are no longer of use when the reaearch and development is finished. Therefore,
an interim evaluation becomes important. Pro~ect selection is an important issue
for the future of the large-scale pr~oject system, but appropriate interim evalua-
tion of the pro3ects has also become important. Today, as the time necessary for
development and the tempo of technological progress increase, it is important to
evaluate the pro~ect at an intermediate stage with appropriate ~iming, and if
necessary take strong action to change or suspend it. A flexible approach is
called for.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
9651
CSO: 4105/192
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PATENTS ON GOVERNMENT-PRIVATE JOINT R&D PROJECTS QUESTIONED
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 22 Jun 81 p 2
[Editorial Article]
[Text] Recently, there have been a growing number of public and private large-
scale technology development projects. The technology under study includes
atomic energy, space, nuclear fusion, coal liquefaction, VLSI, light, and fifth-
generation computers. There are also some international ~oint development
projects such as the SRC II and YXX pro~ects. The patent rights derived from
such development have become a matter af serious concern for the participating
industries. The present system of national pro~ects us~ng government funds
needs a thorough reevaluation, including a review of the principle that patents
should be totally government owr?ed.
Even though the government pronides the funds in either case, there is a great
difference in the handling of development results when funded through a subsidy
as opposed to consignment expenses. For a subsidy, where the assistance amounts
to 50 percent of the total costs, the participating enterprise is free to apply
for a patent and take possession of the know-how. In the case of "comsignment
expenses," where the entire amount is borne by the national treasury, all
patents for results are taken away by the government. Large-scale, long-term
national pro~ects involve a lot of risk, so they usually take the form of
consignment pro~ects. There has been an undercurrent of dissatisfaction on the
part of companies that cooperate with national policy and commit talented manpower
to these long-term pro~ects, because of the lack of the benefits in comparison
with their contribution.
The VLSI technology cooperative research group required a concentrated public
and private investment of 70 billion yen and achieved a rare degree of success.
Since the project was funded by a subsidy, the group was able to apply for and
obtain over 1,000 patents. The subsidy of 28.5 billion yen wi11 be returned in
full to MITI after a 3-year deferment. The incentive of being able to retain
the results of research undoubtedly spurred the participating industries to
develop technoJ.ogy that would pay even if the subsidy were returned.
In the next 10 years, 2 trillion yen in government funds will be invested in the
development of alternative energy sources such as coal liquefaction, geothermal,
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and solar energy under the direction of the Alternative Energy Suurce Comprehensive
Development Association. Another trillion yen wili be spent in the next 10 years
for the establishment of a mtclear fuel cycle, fncluding uranium enrichment and
plutonium recycling, in connection with the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel
Development Corporation. For nuclear fusion, 200 billion yen will be spent in
construction expen~es for the JT 60 now being built by the Japan Nuclear Power
Research Institute. An experimental reactor scheduled for completion in early
1996 will require 600 billion yen in development expenses and 6,700 man-years.
There are a large number of these large-scale, long-term national pro~ecte. If
the goals are to be achieved successfully w~thin the given time frame, it will
not be enough to simply guarantee total financial backing from the government. New
methods and systems must be found to fullq mobilize the creativity and vitality of
the private companies participating in development.
Measures To Stimulate Private Vitality
The Agency for Industrial Science and Technology started the Large-Scale Industrial
Technology Research and Development System, commonly called the "large-scale
pro~ects," in 1966, so it already has a 15-year history. The budget for 1981 is
13.4 billion yen. Already 509 domestic patents have been obtained and applica-
tions for 766 more are pending. Under the Sunshine Plan for development of new
energy, which was started recently, 717 new domestic patents were obtained and 303
are pending. The Moonlight Plan, for development of energy-saving technology,
has led to 37 new patents and 52 pending. If the am~unt going to subsidiary
research institutes and laboratories is included, the Agency for Industrial
Science and Technology alone holds 3,822 patents and has 3,732 applicationa pending.
When the share of the other ministr ies, agencies, public corporations, and special
corporations is included, the number of patents held by government or semigovern-
ment institutions is certainly much larger.
There are certain reasons behind this growing national holding of patents. One
is the pretext of fairness, that since the projects are carried out with the
people's tax money, the results should not be used by private enterprise but
should revert to the country, even when the research and development is
consigned to the private sector. Also, if an attempt is made to reward the
enterprises participating in and contributing to the success of development,
it is limited by the Natianal Asset Law and Finance Law which prohibit the granting
of licenses without compensation.
Although in principle there is no fixed form, this is handled under nat~.onal
f inances and controlled and managed by the heads of the various ministries and
agencies. Patent rights can be released through payment of a fee. The Power
Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation is carrying out a natio.nal
project for uranium enrichment and plutonium recycling using an advanced thermal
converter reactor, a fast breeder reactor, and a centrifugal separation process
with a budget of 125.9 billion yen in 1981. It already has ownership of more
than 200 patents. The Japan Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation is being
approached by IBM for a mutual opening up of their patents and know-how.
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Utilizing Nationally Held Patents
In recent years, the idea has been advanced of building the country on the basis ~
of technology and new systems for this purpose were instituted in 1981. These
are the "flexible research system" of the Science and Technology Agency and
MITI's "research and development system for next-generation basic industri~l
technolgoy. The former is using 500 million yen, out of the 3.35 billion yen in
Science and Technology Development Coordination Expenses entrusted to the Science
and Technology Counc~l for distribution, for the advancement of creative science
and technology. Its objective is to find the seeds of new technology. The latter
has a budget of 2.7 billion yen for 1981. It is a system for cultivating next-
gFneration industrial technology which will form the nucleus of Japanese
technology in the 1990's. In creating these new vehicles for research, it is
necessary to plan with sufficient foresight concerning the rights to patents and
know-how.
The industrial sector wants a system under which the participating private
enterprises could have joint ownership or make ~oint application for patent rights
depending on the amount of their contributioti to national projects. The government
is proposing preferential licensing rights, a step short of what the private
sector wants. It is imperative that the Science and Technology Council and the
Industrial Technology Council deliberate this question seriously and make a
decision as soon as possible. This decision should be designed to serve as a
" general guideline for the government ministries and agencies and the public
r.orporations as well.
The most important condition is that a stimulus be provided to scientists and
technicians to roake these projects successful. For this purpose, Article 35
of the Patent Law should be strictly observed. The inventor himself should have
a preferential right to apply for a patent, and institutions should obtain a
license to use it. Also, when private enterprises are asked to participate in
projects, specifications of performance and time should be fixed in detail and a
flexible contract could be made by which the private organization would be able
to retain the technology and know-how developed in return for doing its best
to make the pro~ect succeed. The type of research contracts used by NASA and
the Department of Defense in the United States should be studied in this respect.
Also, it is hoped that the patents already held and managed by the government will..
be r.eleased to the private sector and that active efforts will be made to make
good use of them. In addition to the public-private joint technological develop-
ment pro~ects, the on-the-~ob inventions of personnel in the national universities,
national research institutions, and special corporations are another rich source
of nationally held patents. Stimulation of the desire for original discoveries
in public research personnel would increase the efficiency of the 27.7 percent
spent by the government in the total annual research expenditures of 4 trillion
yen and expand the potential of cooperation between government, academia, and
industry.
'Ifaenty years have passed since new technological development organizations began
to function in order to promote the development and industrialization of nationally
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held patents; 36.6 billion yen have been spent on 1.92 projects, including
ion-implantation, geothermal power generation, interferon, and amorphous metals.
The rate of success in making the technology practical has been 90 percent. The
p].an for 1981 inw lves 15 pro~ects with a total budget of 4.7 billion yen. However,
compared to the British public corporation for research and development and
France's new organization for the purpose, this is small scale. The results of
investing government funds must be more effectively utilized and returned to
society.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
9651
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURERS COMPETE FOR 64 K RAM MARKET
Tokyo NIKKEI BUSINESS in Japanese 1 Jun 81 pp 118-121
[Text] "We are in a very difficult period for steering through the semiconductor
market right now. Ordinarily, when the product price falls and profits are off,
we hold back on plant and equipment investment. We cut costs and wait for the
market to turn around. However, this will not work in today's semiconductor in-
dustry. We have to tighten our belts, build up the very latest equipment and in-
crease our market s,~are with a new product full of technological innovations.
This is the only way to survive in this crucial period" (semiconductor company
executive).
Companies Weak in 16 K Products May Recover
The semiconductor industry is entering a major technological revolution. An exam-
ple is the dynamic RAM (random access memory), which is a representative semicon-
ductor device widely used in computer memories. The main product was the 16 kilo
bit RAM (memory capacity of 16,000 bits; a bit is a unit of information) but it
is about to shift to 64 K bits. This 64 K bit product will have approximately
100,000 transistors packed into a single silicon chip just a few millimeters
square. It is known as the entry product for VLSI (very large-scale integration).
The industry is moving frantically to produce and ship this 64 bit semiconductor.
Let us look at Table 1. All the companies are conducting vigorous, bold invest-
ment in plant and equipment for the 64 K products. For example, the world's
second largest semiconductor manufacturer, Nihon Electric Company, is planning
to spend 35 billlon yen, as an entire group, for plant and equipment (on a project
base) in 1981. This is an increase of 20 percent over last year.
In addition, the plant and equipment investment of semiconductor manufacturers
such as Mitsubishi Electric and Oki Electric, which did not perform well at the
16 K stage, is drawing attention. This year Mitsubishi is planning to invest
13 billion yen in its semiconductor division (a 30-percent increase over last
year) and Oki is planning to invest 14.1 billion yen (an increase of 5 percent
over last year). Oki will use this money to build a new manufacturing plant for
64 K products in a wholly owned subsidiary, Miyazaki Oki Electric. Right now,
a test run is being conducted on an LSI production line with a capacity of 3 mil-
11.on units per month. Beginning in August of this year, it plans to ship approx-
imately 300,000 64 K RAM's per month.
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Table 2. World Trends in the Production and Price of 16 K RAM~s
Production 1978 21 million units
1979 72 million units
1980 179 million units
1981 (estima.te) 250 mil?ion units
Price 1978 (average) $10.30
1979 $6.35
1980 $4.00
1981 (estimate) $2.00
Note: Taken from the data of Data Quest, a U.S, company (except for the 1981 price
estimate). The price given is the unit price.
Mitsubishi Electric is building a second plant at its Kumamoto works to manufacture
64 K products. It will go into operation in July. It will begin ma.nufacturing
100,000 64 K RAM's per month, and by the end of the year it is scheduled to in-
crease this to 200,000 per month.
There are three reasons why these late-developing semiconductor manufacturers are
focusing the entire company's efforts on investment in plant and equipment for
64 K products. First, even the sen~iccr�.d~sctor companies wh~ch did not do much with
16 K products could get a share of t:iis market with more effort. Yoshic Masuda,
executive managing director of Oki Electric, says: "The potential users are the
all-purpose computer firms in the United States." Computer companies went through
a period of grief due to a shortage of 16 K parts. It is possible that a shortage
of 64 K parts will occur in the future, so the computer companies want to diversify
their sources of supply. Therefore, they are gathering samples from many different
semiconductor manufacturers and conducting an independent evaluation of performance.
"The computer firms are basically giving emphasis to past performance with 4 K and
~6 K products in deciding on their semiconductor suppliers. However, if there are
semiconductor manufacturers who can provide superior products at low cost, they
are prepared to enter into neca business relationships," says Mr Masuda. The
readiness of computer companies to diversify their suppliers r.as given the late-
developing semiconductor. companies a criance to work their way into the market.
Demand Expanded for Sma11 Machines Used in OA
The second reason is that new expar..sion of the semiconductor market has given the
late-developing manufacturer new motivation. Hiroo Sato, Semiconductor Division
manager at Mitsubishi Electric, says: "We cannot overlook the increased demand
for 64 K products in OA (office automation) market." Due partially to innovations
in software, the production and sales of personal computers, word processors, and
terminal equipment has grown at a rapid pace the world over. The 64 K RAM is be-
ginning to be actively used in mem.ory parts of small computers as well as in multi-
purpose large computers.
Indeed, the shift from 16 K to 64 K memory devices is most influential for the
small computer. The 64 K device density is four times that of the 16 K product.
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Therefore, in making a small computer with the same memory capacity, the area re-
quired for memory with 64 K RAM's will be one-fourth that required with 16 R RAM's.
The office computer that was once the size of a desk will become a desk-top unit,
and the personal computer that once took up half a desk will become small and
light enough to carry. So the demand for these products should expand tremendously.
An ambitious manufacturer of small hardware cannot ignore the attractiv~ness of the
64 K RAM. Among Japanese firms, Sord Computer Systems has announced a personal
computer, the M20/23, which is advertised as "totally equipped with 64 K RAM's."
Although the volume of semiconductors used in one unit is small, the overall vol-
ume will increase quite a bit. NEC, for example, is selling more than 10,000
PC-8001's a month.
Furthermore, since small hardware is a new field, the connections between semi-
conductor users (small hardware companies) and suppliers (semiconductor manufac-
turers) are still weak. So even the latecomers have plenty of opportunity to grab
attractive sales prospects. Oki ElectriG Executive Managing Director Masuda says:
"We are making special efforts to sell 64 K RAM's in the small hardware market.
Our objective is to find new users."
The third reason for increased investment is that those who do not get a share of
the 64 K market will have no more opportunities until the 256 K RAM appears in 5
or 6 years. "We must get a 15-percent share of the 64 R RAM market one way or
another. Our shar~ of the 16 K ma.rket is only 6-7 percent, so we want to double
it" (Mr Sato). The late~-developing manufacturers are making a terrific burst of
speed to catch up.
On the other hand, the leading semiconductor manufacturers are not sitting by idly
while latecomers like Mitsubishi and Oki make their attack. Fu~itsu has been
tackling the 64 K RAM even more vigorously than the latecomers. This company's
semiconductor business is almost entirely specialized in RAM's for computer mem-~
ory applications. However, they have begun shipping samples of 64 K RAM's ahead
of other companies. Right now, they are producing 150,000 units a month, the
largest volume of any company in Japan.
Reemergence of Friction in Semiconductors
Hitachi, Ltd is building a system to produce 64 K RAM's on the same level as
Fujitsu: about 150,000 per month. Toshiba was producing 50,000 to 70,000 units
per month at the end of April, but according to Hiroo Yoshie, Semiconductor Divi-
sion deputy manager: "If we just decide to push the button, we have the facili-
ties to produce over 100,000 units per month." The static RAM is easier to use
and faster than the dynamic RAM. While increasing the range of these products
along with ROM's (read only memory), these companies are making firm.moves in the
fight for the 64 K RAM market.
However, the battle between the Japanese semiconductor firms over the 64 K market
is causing some waves. The biggest problem is that it ia likely to cause renewed
friction bet~een the semiconductor industries of the United States and Japan:
= The U.S. semiconductor industry has been hard hit by a sluggish market. Following
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the price of a main product, the 16 K RAM, we find that they uzere $6.00 apiece
last summer but dropped to $2.00 as of the end of April this year. This is a drop
to one-third the formzr price in 1 year.
The Japanese semiconductor Lndustry is not directly connected to this deteriora-
tion of the market. IBM suddenly suspended its external procurement or semicon-
ductors. This prompted the large-scale users of semiconductors to anticipate a
future softening of the market and they rushed to adjust their inventories.
~
Problems in the relationship of supply and demand have made things worse. For
example, at the end of the first quarter of 1981, Intel reported a 91-percent drop
ir. income. Mostek, cahich had been the world leader in production of the 16 K RAM
and the 4 K RAM, says that because of poor sales, it cannot squeeze out the funds
needed for development and equipment investment for the 64 K RAM. Japanese manu-
facturers, on the other hand, incurred little damage in comparison with the U.S.
semiconductor industry. Their productivity is higher than that of the United
States and all of the companies involved have other business in addition to semi-
conductors.
In these circumstances, Fortune reports, "Japan will conquer 70 to 80 gercent of
the 64 K RAM ma.rket." The Japanese, according to Sadao Inoue, deputy general
manager of Fujitsu's Semiconductor Division, "will not make contracts for exports
of 16 K RAM's to the United States under $2.00." NEC Vice Presiden~ Jungi Ouchi
says: "We will avoid low-price spot sales and keep the production of 16 K RAM's
under 60 percent of peak production." By such policies, Japanese companies are
attempting to give support to the market and avert charges of dumping from the
United States. Huwever, because the 64 K RAM is a strategic product, a renewed
flareup of trouble between Japan and the United States over semiconductors is
feared if the Japanese products capture a large share of the market.
A second problem is that design standards for the 64 K RAM are not fixed yet. In
the semiconductor industry, the company with the second largest share of the mar-
ket routine~y matches its pin configuration to that of the leading company. The
r:ostek company obtained the largest market share for the 4 K and I6 K RAM's, so
its pin conf iguration became the standard. In the case of the 64 K RAM, Texas
Instruments took the lead at first. However, Motorola attempted to overtake TI
and appears to have come out on top. Mostek, as mentioned above, may be late
getting into the 64 K market because of the rapid falling off of the 16 K RAM.
Furthermore, Intel has announced that it will use standby cir.cuits and redundancy
circuits to improve production yield. As a result of all this, the 64 K RAM
- specitications still have room for change. '
Jumping Into Mass Production After Standardization
- The most advanced company in Japan's semiconductor industry, NEC, is taking a
posture of caution in shipping 64 K RAM's. NEC's monthly production of 64 K RAM's
is about 100,000, a little less than Fujitsu or Hitachi, Ltd. On~ rumor has it
that "They are having serious problems with improving yield at the mass-production
stage."
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However, Vice President Ouchi says: "The main reason for our production volume
is that we are waiting for a rise in demand. Tlie problem of specifications is
also involved." If 64 K products were shipped in large volume now, customers
would use them in designing their products. Afterward, if the 64 R design was
modified, it would cause problems for the customer. "It is not necessarily desir-
able to be first in the initial shipping stage. We are purposely delaying produc-
tion of 64 K RAM's. The time for mass production is after the design specifica-
tions are standardized. We will still have plenty of time to catch up," says Mr
Ouchi. Each company has its own strategy for commercializing strategic products
incorporating new technology and obtaining a larger maxket share.
So then, when will the 64 K RAM take over from the 16 K RAM as the main semicon-
ductor product? Mr Ouchi reflects the opinion of most observers when he estimates
"between the end of 1982 and 1983." Others feel that if the price alone is con-
- sidered, the attention of users will shift from the 16 K to the 64 K praduct some-
what earlier. The basis for this view is the leveling off of th~ slump and a
slight rally in the 16 K RAM market. The unit price for the 16 K RAM went below
$2.00 at the beginning of the year but leveled off in the first quarter and has
gone back to $2.00. .
_ The price of the 64 K RAM dropped rapidly between last year and this, along with
the falling price of the 16 K RAM. Because of the intense competition, companies
in the U.S. market are reported to Ue battling each other by distributing free
samples and selling cheap. The view ha.s gained ground that, by the end of this
year at the earliest or the beginning of next year, the per-bit prices of the
16 K and 64 K RAM wi11 be about the same.
The price of the 64 K RAM at that time will be from ~8.00 to $10,00 apiece. As
one semiconductor manufacturer put it: "The companies which began first to mass
produce the 16 K RAM were able to obtain founder's profits at a relatively stable
price. However, because of the sudden drop in p~ice and excessive competition,
we may no~ be able to expect profits from the 64 K RAM comparable to those ob-
tained with the 16 K RAM." The manufacturers are very concerned about renewed
trouble between the U.S. and Japanese semiconductor industries as well as the
market for technology-intensive semiconductors such as the 64 K RAM, which has
required a huge investment.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkei-McGraw-Hill Inc 1981
9651
CSO: 4105/180
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SCIFNCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HITACHI~ TOSHI~A AN~J MITSUBISIiI WILL $OOST R&D OUTLAY BY 1~+.8 PERCENT
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC ~OURNAL in English Vol 19~ No 963~ 14 .~ul 81 p 9
[Text]
Research and ,development research and development. The
- expenditures by lhe three R&D value was the highest
Japanese general electric ma- among Japanese electrical ma-
chinery makers - Hitachi, chinery makers. The R&D
Ltd., Toshiba Corp. and Mitsu- expend~tures accounted for 5.9
bishi Electric Corp. - in-. per cent of Hitachi's sales, up
creased an average of 14.8 per 0.1 percentage point from the
cent in the fiscal 1980 term, preceding year.
ended hlarch 3I, 1981. Toshiba's R&D outlays in
R&D outlays accounted for 4 fiscal 1980 stood ~ at ~74.3
- to 6 per cent oi their sales. billion, up 7.7 per cent. The
- 'I7~ese three companies are share of R&D outlays in sales
expected further to increase rQached 4.8 per cent.
R&D expenditures as high Mitsubishi raised R&D
technology is expected to deter- spending 20.9 per cent to ~ 52
mine their growth in the fut~e. billion. 'I'he R&D-tasales ratio
Hitacni spent ~ 115.6 billion came up to 4.3 per cent from
in fiscal 1980, up 17.1 per cent fiscal 1979's 4.0 per cent.
from the preceding year, for
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon K,eizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/284
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY �
~ WEST GERMAN COI~ANIES STARTING ~0 RUSA AFTER JAPANESE TECHI~TOLOGY~.CAPITAL
~okyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 963, 14 Jul 81 p 3
[Text]
West German industries, from business reasons but has concluded ~three-way
which in the past had tended for skirting trade frictions. contract on forming a
to regard Japan simply as The Germans are said to joint firm for producing and
an export market or ~ re- have begun seriously sizing selling electronic auto parts
cipient of their technologies, up thP "capability" of Japa- W~~ ~arl F~eudenberg ~of
lately have begun to seek nese companies from about West Germany and Rogers
Japanese capital and tech- a year ago. It was said khat Corp. of the U.S.
nologies. the visits of West German An out-of-ordinary case is
Informants, citing sach a industrialist to inspect in- the negotiations now be-
"reverse" trend, ascribed dustries in Japan started be� tween Nissin Food Products
this to the mounting rivalry coming brisk from this year, Co. and Birkcl GmbH of
between Japan and West with sort of a"rush of mis- Stuttgart on forming a joint
Germany in the electronics sions" setting in from this venture rco produce and sell
and electromechanics fields, spring to early summer. instant cup noodles.
especially concerning autos, The informants noted that There are instances of
and ~owing instances of the while the rising caution of ~;~t ~rman firms re-
Japanese wresting away the West Ge.rmans against ~gnizing the uniqueness of
past German dominance. the Japanese had led to some Japanese products and
This was said to have ~~~~gify~ ~mpetition be- trying to secure OEM
prompted West German t~n Japanese and West rights tor them over a long
companies to consider, ~'m~ firms in overseas term.
among other things, acquir- m~'~ets, cases �f thei~ Nixdorf Computer is now
ing knowledge from the oP~'8tion as to capital, tech- =eported seeking some
nology and pcoducts also Ja aneae frnm whom to
Japanese on management }~ve increased. p
and quaf;ty control. secure parts and peripheral
~Specifically, the West For instance, Victor Com- devices on an OEM basis.
Germans have begun to seek PanY of Japan Ltd. (JVC) Asidg from them, Fuptsu
setting up of joint ventures W~ll shortly start joint pro- Limited is going to sapply
in their countries, acquisi- duction of video tape record- its latest general-purpose
tion of Japanese tech- e~inWestBerlinwithAEG computers to Siemens on
nologies, and supply of Telefunken. Matsushita an OEM basis.
Japanese products on an E1~tric Industrial Co. also Toshiba Corp. also is said
original equipment manu- ~s reached an understand- to have rece4ved bids, such
facturer t OEM ~ basis. ?~B With West Germany's as from Standard Elektrik
The informants said the Robert Bosch GmbH on VTR Lorenz AG of Stuttgart, for
Japanese were actively Pr~uction based on a joint OEM supply of its high-
com 1 in with the West venture formula. speed plain paper copies. .
p Y g In the field of auto parts, As for technologies, there
German overtures not only
Nippon Oil Seal Industry Co. are instances of Japanese
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firms offering technologies Misawa Homes Co. is re-
to those from which they or- ported intending mutually
iginally received aid. to exchange technologies on
Recently. Matsushita building prefab nomes, sales
Electric Works, Ltd. has practices and management
concluded a blanket con- know-how with OKAL.
tract on offering Brown, Siemens is said to have re-
Boveri & Cie. of West Ger- cently expressed wish to
many its technologies on Fuji Electric Co. of its de-
controllin~ electric facili- sire to learn from it ways to
ties. Sumitomo Metal Indus- boosts productivity and
tries, Lid. also has given its elevate quality control.
technoloBS~ on making its Fuji up to this time yearly
aluminum extruder to had been sending its tech-
Schloemann-Siemag AG of nicians to Siemens to
Duesseldrof. receive technical iraining.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Kei~ai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/284
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SCIENCE AND TECI~NOLOGY
GROWTH OF JAPAI~iESE WORD PROCESSOR INDUSTRY DESCRIBED
Tokyo COMPUTOPIA in Japanese Jul 81 pp 97-101
LTex) Japanese Word Processor Coming Into Popular Use
The Japanese language word processor rWl~, a heaven-sent product for the field of OA
(office automation), is finally moving into a period of popular use. Since it was
first commercialized by Toshiba in September, 1978, some 20 companies have entered the
market.
Especially in the last few months, the number of manufacturers has almost doubled.
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation and Hitachi, Ltd, announced their products, and new
entrants such as Nippon Digital Laboratories and Yokogawa Electric Works continue to
appear.
The Japanese word processor is a relatively new product, but sales in 1980 had already
reached several hundred billion yen and more than 2,000 machines had been delivered.
The market is likely to grow by several times in 1981. Attention is focused on how
the marketing competition will develop in this promising market which can be called the
nucleus of OA.
- This is because sales performance in the next year or two is seen as the key to
leadership in this market and, ultimately, in the OA market.
Therefore, in this article I would like to take a look at the Japanese word processor,
which is building this "hot" market, examining the more unique r~ew products from the
various manufacturers as well as functions and features to be sought in future word
processors and the future development of the market.
Editing and Recording Are the Life of the WP
So what is the word processor? In brief, it is a machine that edits, prepares,
stores, and prints documents. It is a document preparation machine with memory and
editing functions added to a typewriting function. These three functions can be
broken down as follows.
(1) Text Input Function
This is the input part of the machine. There are two main types of input system in
today's Japanese word processors--the pen-touch all-character array system and the
- kana-ka~nji (from kana syllabary to Chinese character) conversion system.
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(2) Text Editing ~nd Correction Function
This function includes character correction insertion,. and deletion; specification of
line spacing; and display of ruled lines and graphs. Even if the original is imperfect,
certain corrections can be made quickly.
(3) Text Printing and Transfer Function
This function includes printout of documents and transmissiun through conr.ection with
a facsimile machine. Document input is done by keyboard. The input document is then
displayed and corrections and deletions are made through the correction and editing
f~anction. There is also a file function in which the input text is recorded on a
~loppy disk or other form of storage medium. Afterwards texts and standard documents
can be callPd up from the file any number of times, speeding up the work of preparing
documents. Printout of the documents is also a basic function.
Diversified Input Systems
The Japanese word processor can be thought of as a specialized computer for production
of documents. A final Eeature is diversified input. As mentioned previously, this
includes the pen-touch and kana kanji conversion systems. The former is the major ~
system in use today.
The all-character array system is based on the same concept as the Japanese typewriter.
Approximately 3,000 characters (including Chinese characters, the hiragana and
katakana syllabaries, the Roman alphabet, and Arabic numerals) are arranged on one
paneland Lhe appropriate character is inputted by the touch of a pen or finger. With
this system, an important factor is the arrangement of the characters on the board.
Both Sharp and Oki Electric use the order of the 50-sound Japanese syllabary even for
homonyms. NEC LNippon Electric C~ has four systems in addition to the regular
syllabary order: The "iroha" order, the Tokyo Kanji limited system, and the NEC
system. A special feature is the new mechanism whereby the "iroha" system can be con-
verted to the 50-sound sylla~~ry system by simply changing a sheet on the control
panel.
The basic concept of the kana-kanji conversion system, on the other hand, is to input
the phonetic reading of Chinese characters with kana syllabary keys. The machine then
converts the kana back to Chinese characters. The attraction of this system is the
reduction in the number of keys achieved by using the kana syllabary. A touch-type
method similar to that used with an English typewriter then becomes feasible.
However, because of the homonyms found in words represented by Chinese characters, the
machine is provided with a lexicon. There are a number of systems used for this
purpose but we will just mention two here: the "dialogue system" (Fujitsu) and the
"au~omatic conversion system" (Toshiba). In the dialogue system, the previously used
lexical item appears first. If not appropriate, thP operator pushes the cor~version
button until the correct character appears.
In the automatic cor~version system, a"grammatical analysis function" is given to
the machine. For example, if the input is "yoi suru" the characters "f~~-~ 3~
(prepare) will be selected. If the input is "yoi ni suru," the chata~~ers "f~~,t~~-3~"
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(make simple) will be selected. In short, the machine will decide which is appropriate
on the basis of the auxiliary word "ni." Homonyms which cannot be determined by this
means are selectec3 by a learning function called "use frequency control." In other
words, the vocabulary item recordec3 as having the lowest initial frequency.of use
increases in order of frequency each time it is used. If it reaches the position of
greatest frequency, it will appear first the next time.
In addition, there is the Romaji (Romanization of Japanese alphabet) input system
(Canon) which is operated much the same as the kana-kanji conversion system. In this
system, keys marked with the Roman alphabet are punched for input and the Romaji is
automatically converted to a text composed partially of Chinese characters. It is as
easy to use as the kana-kanji conversion and easier for operators skilled at English
typing. In addition, there is an "association system" (Hitachi) where two characters
from the kana syllabary are assigned to each Chinese character. For example, the
character (kan) is associated with China so the two kana syllabary characters
"chi" and "na" are pushed for input. The manufacturer emphasizes the speed of this
system but it is a difficult task to learn the associated characters. This means that
a special operator is necessary. It wou18 be difficult for just anyone in the office
to use it.
Broken down by type of input system, the all-character array system is used by NEC,
Oki Electric, Sharp, Tokyo Juki Industrial Company, Matsushita Communication Indus-
trial Company, ito Chu Data Systems, and Pentel. The kana-kanji conversion system is
used by Toshiba Corporation, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi Electric, Nippon Univac, and Canon.
As mentioned previously, the system used most at present is the all-character array.
However, all the manufacturers say that the user should determine which system is best.
_ To back up this position, the manufacturers who have recently entered the market are
using a combination of both systems on producing two clifferent systems at the same
time to allow the user a selection (Hitachi, Ricoh).
How Much Will the Processing Functions of the Japanese WP Expand?
Since clerical work in Japan involves handwriting of documents using both Chinese
characters and the kana syllabary, the production of documents takes much more time
than in the United States. If this function could be mechanized to make document pre-
paration more efficient, it would mean dramatic progress in the streamlining of
clerical work. The leading product for accomplishing this mechanization is the
Japanese word processor.
Standard texts such as greetings or polite phrases can be inp�tted in advance and
called up whenever necessary. Proper nouns can be inserted in the necessary places.
Correction and deletions can be made and the ends of lines can be lined up. In this
way, the Japanese word processor is just the machine for processing repetitive
business documents.
However, if we examine the form of information inside business organizations, we find
that 70 percentis.text or graphs, nonnumerical information. Numerical data is con-
centrated in line functions such as sales, inventory control, purchasing, and manu-
facturing. In contrast, nonnumerical, linguistic information is concentrated in per-
sonnel, general affairs, documents, research, and secretarial functions. Previous
computerization has not covered these sufficiently.
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An important part of the work in these sections is the preparation of documents such
as directories, plar?s, reports, and reference materials for conferences. Also, items
like specifications, contracts, and manuals with lengthy texts, which have been sent
out to a printer in the past, can be prepared nicely with the word processor.
Will Late-Developing Manufacturers Lead the Market?
The wide assortment of companies which make Japar?ese language word processors are
shown in an accompanying table.
The central price range is from 2.5 million to 3 million yen. Nine of the 17 machines
_ are in this range. Since most of the processors are in the 2-million-yen range, the
next step, if the projected trend of market expansion continues, will be to get under
the 2;~~illion yen mark. At present, Oki Electric's "Lettermate 80" and Nippon
Digital Laboratories' "Bunsaku" are in this category.
In the area of performance, we should consider the existence or lack of a display
function, differences in printing technique, and existence or lack of a data transmission
function in addition to the differences in input method. However, these differences
will not lead to great divergence in sales competition. From the user's point of view
there are many different models suited to different requirements and it is a matter of
selecting the right machine for the job. In this respect, the market is expanded more
by having many different machines with special features.
The 56th Business Show was held recently (13-16 May) at the Harumi International Trade
::~nter in Tokyo. Word proce:sors were displayed by 15 companies which had developed
the products themselves. There were 22 companies represented altogether, if sales
outlets are included, displaying a total of 25 machines. All the Japanese word pro-
cessors on the market today seemed to be represented. The features of each are given
in the accompanying table. Let us examine the features of four particular machines.
The Bunsaku (made by Nippon Digital Laboratories) is inexpensive and equipped with
a computer function. This is the first Japanese language word processor equipped with
display capability and a computer function that can handle arithmetic operations and
costs less than 2 million yen. In addition to documents, it can also prepare numerical
charts and estimates. Therefore, it can prepare sales reports containing statistical
graphs as well as ordinary office documents. This machine has attracted the attention
of competitors and, especially with respect to the computer function, is bound to have
a great effect on products which will appear on the market from now on.
The RIPORT 600 (made by Ricoh) is equipped with facsimile in the printer. Ar? "elec-
tronic mailing system" whereby documents are prepared and sent to distant desti-
nations via connections with communications lines Y~as already been tried with the
word processor, but the RIPORT 600 carries this one step further. The word pro-
cessor machine itself can transmit documents directly and there is no need to take the
printout and place it in a facsimile machine.
The Wordix (made by Yokogawa Electric Works) can do finished light printing. The
main feature of this machine is an automatic typewriter for WP use which is off-line
but connectible. The documents prepared with the Wordix machine are stored on a small
floppy disk which can be placed in the controller of the Chinese character typewriter
and a large volume of documents can be typed automatically. The documents printed by
this automatic typewriter can be used as finished copies for ].ight printing so the
machine has attracted the inter2st ~f the printing industry.
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The "Panaword 1000" (made by Matsushita Communication Industrial Company) is equipped
with a zooming function. The special feature of this machine is the zooming function
which displays the layout of an entire page. Therefore, it is especially suited to
greetings, invitations, and other documents where the layout is an important~con~i-
deration.
There is a strong demand for efforts to improve functions as well as to lower the
price of future Japanese language word processors.
- Trend Toward Diversified Functions in Japanese Language WP
We can indentify five major characteristics of the present market for Japanese
language word processors.
(1) Less than 3 years hav~ passed since the first product appeared (Toshiba JW-10,
- September 1978) and the market has actually been formed only in the last year. The
market itself is very young.
(2) of the 15 percent manufacturers who developed products themselves, l0,or more
than half, announced their first product and entered the market during the last year.
As is common during the formative period of a market, most of the manufactuxers entered
the market at the same time.
(3) As if to forecast the great potential of the OA market, there has been active
participation by companies which until now had had little experience with computers or
business machines. There is a marked interest among companies which had only handled
sales, for example, OEM ~riginal Equipment Manufacturing7 suppliers, to expand into
the computer field on the basis of that experience. In other words, they see WP as
the key to the OA market (Suganuma Typewriter, Brother Industries, Plus).
(4) Since the product has just appeared, there is.a great variation in price between
manufacturers. This extends from 4.95 million yen for NEC's high-speed laser printer
to 1.85 million yen for a model without display made by Oki Electric Industrial
Company.
(5) In terms of function, more effort is being made by late-developing manufacturers
than early manufacturers to add new features and create distinctions.
From these facts and the size of demand, we can conclude that the Japanese language
word processor market will continue an overall expansion. According to the Japan
_ Business Machine Makers Association, the market amounted to 200 million yen on a
monetary basis in 1979. Sales of 500 million yen and l billion yen are expected for
1980 and 1981, and this fig~re is expected to reach 100 billion yen by 1985. Until
now there was a great difference between the Japanese and the English word processor
in both technology and dissemination because of the special problems of inechanizing
the Japanese language. However, as electronics technology, such as LSI, was developed,
it became possible to prepare beautiful Japanese texts with little difference in
operation from the English word processor (especially using the kana-kanji conversion
system). Although we cannot say which machine or manufacturer will rise to the top
in the market, we can say with certainty that there is a large demand for the Japanese
word processor as such.
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On the other hand, what direction will the Japanese word processor take in terms of
function? The market is new and many manufacturers of varying experience are coming
out with a variety of products. Furthermore, there is plenty of overall market demand.
In s~~ch a situation progress will take the direction of diversification of proclucts
to meet diverse needs.
In other words, there is a move toward more sophisticated machines with diverse
functions (suited to continual processing of large volumes of work in the document
sections of large inductries) and miniaturized machines aimed at a wider, more personal
demand. One example of the latter is the handy Japanese language word processor
prototype exhibited by Sharp at the recent business show.
In addition to changes in separate word processor units, there will be a tendeney
to add word processing functions to office computers, personal computers, and other
types of specialized computers {Nippon Digital Laboratories' JDL 208 model 9 and Nippon
Business Computer's JBC 100).
Also, if we take a somewhat long-range view, we can expect that voice input, color
printing, and color display will be built into word processors as improvements are
- made in peripheral equipment. In any case, the Japanese language word processor will
undoubtedly secure an influential position for itself in the OA market along with
- facsimile and personal computers.
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Table Representative Japanese Language Word Processors
Company Name Ito Chu Data Oki ELectric Casio
S stem InduStr Calculator
Machine Name Wan OIS Lettermate 80 WP-1
Input Input System all-character all-eharacter all-character array
Func- arra tablet arra n touch a e tablet
tion Keyboard Arrangement 50-sound SU-sound 50-sound.syllabary
s llabar s llabar
Output Dis- Screen 12 12
Func- play Size (in)
tion No of Display . 40 x 25
Characters (Char-
acters x Lines)
Character Pattern 24 x 24
(Dots
Prin- Printing System dot wire dot wire dot
- -
ter
Character Pattern 24 x 24 Ming Dynasty style Ming Dynasty style
24 x 24 24 x 24
Character Size ordinary standard, variable standard, variable
(capital and small (full size, half size)
~ letters
Printing Speed 25 15
Characters sec
Type of Paper ordinary, roll ordinary, roll, ordinary
rice a r
Pa er Size B4 B5 A4 B4 B5 A4 max. 364cm
Max. Characters 80 90
er Line
No of Co ies 3
Charac- No of Chasacters 6 802 3 320
teristics No of Foreign 375
Characters
Stora e Medium mini-flo disk flo disk
Memory Capacity A4, 2,000- A4, 75 pages A4, 250 pages
24 000 a es
Data Transmission Function none none
Date Sales Be an 5 7 80 5 I. 81
Price 10 000 en) 1 000 185 295
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Table - continued
Canon Sales Sharp Toshiba Tokyo Juki Industrial
Canoword 55 WD-300 (Shoin) JW-5 Juki Japanese Language
WP 3100
Romaji, all-character kana-kanji all-character array,
kana-kanji array, pen touch conversion pen touch
conversion
JIS combined 50-sound JIS array, 50-sound syllabary
English & kana syllabary 50-sound
s llabar
12 12 12 12
46 x 16 41 x 10 41 x 14 40 x 10
heat transfer, ink jet wire dot ink jet
ordinary paper
rinter
Ming Dynasty style Ming Dynasty style Ming Dynasty style
24 x 24
standard, variable ordinary ordinary, variable standard, variable
- (full size, half (double size, half siz~) (capital and small
size, double size) letters
15 79 35 74
ordinary cut paper ordinary, roll, ordinary, roll ordinary, roll
rice a er
- A3 B4, B5, A4 B4, B5, A4
79 79
= 3,500 3,581 6,802 3 644
- 376 63 128 63
mini flo disk mini flo disk flo disk mini flo disk
A4, 110 pages A4, 24 pages A4, 120 pages A4, 29 pages
available none none none
11/1/80 9/20/79 September 80
260 295 260 295
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Table - continued
Nippon Digital Nippon Univac NEC Hitachi
Laboratories
Bt.insaku UW 10 NWP-20N Bun o) BW-20
all-character array kana-kanji all-character all-character
code in ut conversion arra en touch arra en touch
50-sound JIS array, 50-sound syllabary 50-sound syllabary
s llabar 50-sound s llabar iroha arra etc.
12 14 14 12
40 x 17 41 x 25 40 x 25 46 x 11
24 x 24
dot wire dot laser system wire dot
Ming Dynasty style 24 x 24 Ming Dynasty style Ming Dynasty style
24 x 24 24 x 24 24 x 24
standard, variable standard, variable standard, variable standard, variable
(half size, double size (double size, full
size half size
35 60 60 35
ordinary, roll, ordinary paper ordinary, roll ordinary�paper
- rice a er
B4, B5, A4 B4, B5, A4 B4, B5, A4, A5
90
2 3
6,000 6,800 7,739 6,802
3,500 200 1,500
floppy disk floppy disk mini floppy disk
~ A4, 150 pages A4, 150 pages A4, 250 pages A4, 80 pages
available available available
4/10/81 1981 5/6/80 5/10/81.
198 293 495 250
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Table - continued
Fujitsu Pentel Matsushita Mitsubishi
OASYS 100 PW-802 Lettercon Panaword 1000 M8510
kana-kanji all-character arra all-character arra kana-kanji :
conversion en touch conversion
thumb shift 50-sound syllabary 50-sound syllabary JIS array, 50-sound
ke board s llabar arran ement
14 12 12 14
48 x 32 42 x 16 32 x 12 41 x 25
16 x l0 24 x 24 24 x 24
- wire dot wire dot ink jet wire dot
24 x 24 24 x 24 Meichotai 24 x 24 24 x 24
standard, variable standard, variable standard, variable
(half size, double size)
40 40 74 60
ordinary, roll ordinary paper ordinary, roll
~ B4 max. width 364 mm B4, B5, A4
90 82 90
max. 5 pages 5
7,300 3,200 6,820 3,800
94 4,361 188
floppy disk floppy disk floppy disk floppy disk
A4, 80 pages A4, 216 pages A4, 400 pages A4, 150 pages
none none available
5/7/80 5/6/81
Z~~ 350 'l93
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Table - continued
Yokogawa Electric Works Ricoh
Wordix RIPORT 600
kanji stroke 2-stroke system,
cordless n-touch s stem
50-sound syllabary kana A/N keyboard
all-character arra
12 14
40x9 40x24
24 x 24 24 x 24
heat transfer, type dot dry statoelectric
recordin s stem
Meichotai 24 x 24 Meichotai, Gothia 32 x 32
standard, variable standard ,
(double size half size
15 84
ordinary, roll statoelectric recording
a er
A3, A4, B4, B5 A4
40
7,212 5,000
72 204
mini floppy disk floppy disk
A4, 100 pages A4, 400 pages
none available
June 1981 September 1981
236 448
Copyright: 1981 Computer Age Co., Ltd.
965~1
CSO: 4105/197
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER MAKERS SEE BIGGER BUSINESS WITH OF~'ICE El.UTOMATTON POPULARIZATION
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19~ Ne 963~ 14 Jul 81 p 9
- [Text]
w'ith Japanese businesses These computer makers puters is strong
getting more enthusiastic are p:nning a big hope on the at big banks and
about so-called "office expanding office automation governmental
automation," computer equipment market. They are agencies, says
makers are optimistic about ready to introduce a variety Fujitsu President Taiyu
their performances in the of OA equipment, ranging Kobayashi.
current fiscal year. from personal computers to NEC recently revealed
Sales of computers and Japanese-language word that orders for its very large-
other information process- processors. In an attempt to scale computer ACOS1000
ing equipment by the eight capitalize on the "OA already have reached 15
major computer builders boom," these computer sets. Negotiations with
are estimated to rise 12 per makers are hurriedly con- customers on 30 more sets
cent to a total of ~ 1,700 solidating their marketing are now under way. NEC will
billion in fiscal 1981 from the channels. start deliv~ry of the super
~ 1,510 billion in the preced- In the field of general-pur- high-capacity computer in
ing year. The Big 8 are pose computers, the core of October.
fi~jitsu Limited, IBM Japan the computer industry, BM Japan, a wholly-
Ltd., Hitachi, Ltd., Nippon NEC, IBM Japan, Hitachi owned subsidiary of Inter-
Electric Co. cNEC), Toshiba and Fujitsu have introduced national Business Machines
Corp., Oki Electric Industry large-size moaels in succes- Corp., recently announced
Co., Nippon Univac Kaisha sion since last autumn. They that it would introduce the
Ltd. and ltitsubishi Electric will carry out marketing "3081" large-size computers
Corp., in the order of es- campaigns for such large- in September, or one month
timated sales for 6sca1 1981. size mainframe earlier than the scheduled
Seven out of the eight computers this date. IBM Japan already
companies expect that their year. has received orders for
sales will record double- more than 100 units of
Fujitsu, which
digit gains in the current announced the "3081." U;~der the situation,
fiscal year, thou~~.h the es- M_3gp and M-382 possibility is strong thak IBM
timated rate of growth models in late Japan will record a double-
ranges from 10 per cent to 18 ;Hay, plans to digit increase in sales,
per cent. Nippon Univac, an sell t50 systems� thouBh in the past few
affiliate of Sperry-Univac of during the com- years its sales growth was
the U.S., is the sole excep- ing four - year confined to the single-digit
tion, with an outlook of an period. Demand level.
8.1 per cent gain in fiscal for such very Hitachi, which introduced
1981 sales. larg~size com- the M-280H madel in
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Planned Computer Sales
For Fisca11981 ,
un mutons a vK+?
FY1N1 FY1910
Fuiiriu L70.0 (+17.5) 312.0 (t1~.9)
Hifathi 2~5.0(+11.0) ~50.0(t1S.7)
NEC 71~.0 (+1~.0) 410.~ t+l~.ll
Tolhib~ 95.0 (+1~.~) 10.3 (+1~.0)
Oki l1.7 (+14.6) fl.~ (+10.0)
Mifwplshf . . . . 77.0 I t 17.7) 64.0 t+17.0)
(MOr~
thm
18M Jsp~n - +101 771.3 ~.3)
Nlp9on Univ~t ~5.0 ~.1) 7~.6 6.~1
Not~s: f l I PRCMt~qe th~rq~ from 1M p?lc~tlinq
hrm In pannth~s~s. - un~v~tl~bl~. (41
Tht t~rm MW W O~t~nbe? for 18lN J~pM.
TM aaountinq hrm ends tn AAarcl~ far
otMr comD~iM.
~
plans to market and Ni
Febtuary, is pleased with '~oshiba . PP~ ~nivac started
' favorable responses frnm 6,300 ~its of ofCice com- marketing peraonal oom-
potential customers. It ex- putecs in fiscal 1981 (up 43 putera this year, and Hitachi
pects over a score of M- per cent from the pceceding astd Nippon Uaivac has in-
28pHs will be sold in the year> and 2,100 ~nita of h'oduced Japanese word
coming four-year period. . Japaneae word processors p'ocesaors.
Computer builders are (up 102 per cent). 'Ihe com- NEC and Hltachi have in-
more interested in the OA pany expects sales of per� hroduced low-priced desk top
equipment market beca~se sonai computera end dis� business coriputers to
_ the new market is expected tributed proce3sing system further popularize com-
to expand at an annual rate units will iacreaae sharply. puters at Japanese offices.
of 40~0 per cent in the com- ' Oki plans to market in
' bing several years and be- fiscal 1~81 ~f ZO billion wath
rnme a"several triliion yen of if-800 personal computers
business" in 10 years. In an that it introduced last year.
attempt to take the initiative Mitsubishl hopes to boost
in marketing of OA eqvi~ sales of office computers 30
me~t, compnter makas are per ce.nt this year.
strengthening~ their market- Among general-purpose
ing capabilities. computer mak~s, Fujitsu
- COPYRIGHT: 1Q81~ the Nihon R,eizai Shitabun~ Inc.
CSO: 4120/284
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGX
DENITRATING PLANT FOR SPENT N--~UEL WILL BE CONSTRUCTED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL 3n English Vol 19~ No 963~ 14 Jul 81 p 5
[Text]
~ llitsubishi :1~etal Corp., of It is a second job of the kind nitrate solution wiIl be the first
Tokyo, has landed a nearly ~ 3 ;1+Iitsubishi Metal has won from of its kind in the world for its
billion order of Japan's govern- the public corporation. b'[itsu- mechanism to blow such solu-
mental Pow�er Reactor and bishi l~Ietal is now building a tion into a denitrating tower of
_ Nuclear Fuel Development plant to denitrate plutonium fluidized stratum type to
- Corp. to produce and build a nitrate at the public corpora- produce uranium oxide
pl