JPRS ID: 9749 USSR REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9749
22 May 1981
U SSR Re ort
p
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CFOUO 6/81)
Fg~$ FOREI(iN B~OADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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~ ~ JPRS L/9749
22 May 1981
USSR REPORT
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERTNG
(FOUO 6/81)
CONTENTS
M1T::T iiIAS
Suppression of Radiation of a Parabolic Horr. Antenna on the
~dl ~Jave 1
Antennas of 'i2oskva' Stations 7
CO!1iUIdICATIONS, COI~`NNICATION EQUIPr~IENT, RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS,
:I~T~'TOFT~S~ ~.E1DI0 Pi1'SICS~ DATA T.RANSIIISSIOtt AND PROCESSING~ IPIFORMATION
TI:L OI:Y
Eoo;:. Discusses Construction of Lon~-Distance Communications
Cable Lines~ .........................o.......................... 12
I:1STi:UI~1EidTS ~ IIEASURING DEVICES AND TESiERS~ I:~ETHODS OF MEASURTNG~
GLrIE~.~'1L ~.~PERIZIETITAI, TECHPZIQUES
riodulation Superheterodyne ~tadiometer of the 2-mm Wave Band
With a Josephson Frequency Converter at the Input 21
MICROEL~CTRONICS ~
Instruments of Functional Semiconductor Electronics 29
PUBLICATIC~JS, INCLUDI~VG COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
Bool: Discusses Design and Optimization Criteria for
Semiconductor Devices 30
A Concise Dictionary of Radio-Electronics 32 -
Control of Terrestial Antennas and Radiotelescopes 33
Comnonent Str~ic~ure in Large-Scale Integrated Circuits............ 36
� - a- [III = USSR - 21E S&T FOJO]
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Current Stabilization Methods and Equipment 39
- Installation and Se~-Up of Industrial Electrical Communication _
and Alarm Systems 46 ,
New Collection Examines Electronics Materials and Equipment....... 51
Optimization and Control in Electronic Vacuum Production.......... 53
Photoelectronic Control Systems 55
Semi-Ma.rkov Processes With a Discrete Set of States 58
- b -
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ANTENNAS
UDC 621.317.088:621.317.342
SUPPRESSION OF RADIATION OF A PF~RABOLIC HORN ANTENNA ON THE Epl WAVE
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 1, Jan 81 pp 58-61
[Article by A. A. Metrikin and V. G. Petrova, manuscript recei.ved 26 March 1980]
[Text] Introduction. Parabolic horn antennas (RPA) are used widely on radio relay
lines (RRL) in the ranges of 4 and 6 GHz [1,2]. Circular waveguides with the dia-
meter 2a = 70 mm are used as feeders. The fundamental wave is H11. In the range of
4 GHz (2,85 ^ ka 2.49, k= 2~/1,), along with the fundamental wave H11, an
Epl having a different group velocity of propagati.on propagates in the waveguide.
In the range of 6 GHz (4.11 ~ ka L 4.55j, E01, E11~ H21~ HO1 Waves also propa-
gate in a 70 mm--diame:er waveguide.
The greatest influenc2 on the operatic~n of RRL within the range of 6 GHz is exerted
by E01 and E11 waves which have a lon~itudinal component of the electric field (EZ
~ 0) . The mechanism of the for.nation ~~f parallel flows due to parasitic waves is
examined in [2]. Let us only mention that during the formation of parallel flows
the main RRL parameter nonuniformity of the group delay time changes and, as a
result of this, there occurs a nonlinear transition noise in the telephone channels.
The excitation of parasitic waves Epl, E11 and others is caused both by nonuniformi-
ties of the waveguide channel (steps, ellipticity, bends of the channel), and by in-
accurate orientation of the RPA during the reception or transmission of energy, i.e.,
when the RPA i.s turned away from the main direction of energy reception.
Below are given the results of experimental .studies on the operation effectiveness
of an absorber of the parasitic wave Epl inscalled in a circular waveguide. The ef-
fectiveness of suppression is evaluleed by the decrease in the energy level of the
~O1 Wave in the RPA,
Experimental Conditions. Studies were conducted on an RPA-2P-2 antenna (Figure 1)
in the reception mode. The antenna was installed on a tower 20 meters high. The
transmitting antenna was excited on an H11 wave with hozizontal or vertical polar-
ization of the field. For receiving the Epl wave, a Epl-wave exciter (Figure 2)
was connected to the waveguide. The exciter is a coaxial transition with an oscil-
lator orienred along the axis of the waveguide where the field EZ of the Epl wave
is maximal. The connection of the exciter with the RPA is shown in Figure lb.
1
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a) b)
I � ~
~ I � .
II ,
, 1 I
~
I
Figure 1
A glass rod with an oxide film was used as an absorber of the Epl wave over the
range of 4 GHz. The length of the rod was 200 mm, its diameter was 2 mm, and the
direct-current resistance was 2000 ohms. The rod was installed along the axis of
the waveguide with a diameter of 70 mm in a foam plastic holdei� (Figure 3a). The
design of the absorber was somewhat different for the range of 6 GHz. We used four
glass rods (resistors) which were installed at the points where EZ was maximal for
the E11 wave. One pair was intended for suppressing the E11 wave with horizontal
polarization of the field, the other pair with vertical polarization. The two
pairs of glass rods absorb, although less effectively, ~lso ~he Epl wave. The
glass rods in this case were fastened with capron threads (Figure 3b).
Results obtained. Directional patterns of the RPA were obtained in two frequency
ranges (f = 3.68 and 5.86 GHz) in the horizontal plane on the Epl wave for the cases
with and without the absorber. The energy level of the Epl wave was read from the
er.ergy level of the H11 wave received from the principal direction.
The directional patterns of the RPA on the Epl wave at a frequency f= 3.68 GHz for
horizontal,and vertical polarizations of the field during transmission are shown in
Figures 4 and S, respectively (solid line without the absorber, broken line
with the absorber). As can be seen from Figure 4, the attenuation of the field in
t}~e main direction is 30 dB in relation to the H~~ wave. The maximum level of
the field on the Epl wave is minus 8 dB at Che angles of {.1.25 degrees. When the
absorber of the Epl wave is installed ~.n the wave guide, the field level of this
wave attenuates considerably (in this case by 36 dB).
In the case of the vertical polarization of the field (Figure S), due to the absence
of symmetry along the electric field, there is no dip on the E01 wave during the re-
ception from the main direction. The level of the field excited in the receiving
2
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~7!D,03 .
(1~ BuEpam_ op \ e
~2) ~~aHeu
~
h
~ 16+0,05 .
p ~ 25
~ b
�I
0 q
h
(3) luavbai
(4) ~q~mnponnacm)
yx~
M27r15 ~165
~f42
~ 104 .
72-0 f
$ ~B+OOS
Oti
,a
@~~ ~ p .
_ 6
oOO,Q~.
- \ ?o
. \ ~ (5>
' , .
yp `'o~
� o~ ~
FP s
3
Figure 2
Key: 1. Oscillator 3, Washers
2. Flange 4. (Fluoroplastic)
5. 2 Apertures along the Diameter
anten~la on the Epl wave is considerably lower thar,~ the level of the field in the
case of horizontal polarization. In this case, the absorber noticeably attenuates ~
tl~e level of the side lobes (of the order of 20 dB) of the Epl wave. ~
3
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m
Q~
m m
~
Eo~ /loznomumena (1)
m
b ) 6J .
m
1
(t(~))) ~ ~
E~~ /Intnomumenu (2)
Figure 3
Key: 1. Absorber
2. Absorbers
-20 -f0 0 ~0 B�
=~68~fq (1)
~ ~ E0/ Figure 4
Key: 1. GHz
-4
~1
. _
I
~ ~i~
-60
I
I~ ~N
~ ~ '
i~ ~
-BO ~ ~ ~
a6
4
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0 10 B �
-T5 cl~
(1). f=s,esrr~ _
, ,
Eoi
1
-45
I
1
I ~
-65
~ ~
_ ~
~ I ~
I ~
. -BS i ~
d6
Figure 5.
Key: 1. GHz
0 -20 -10 0 10 20 B� -
f =5,86rrq (1)
f01
~
II .
II -
^I I
-40 -
~
I
~ o~ ,
I Mi
-60
1~
1 ,
~ I 11 ~
v
-BO ~ ~ ~
d~ ~;;III~
Figure 6
Key: 1, GHz
5 -
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-f0 U 10 B�
-30 f =5,86!/'q 1~
-40 i Eal
-50 ~
I
-60 ~
~ ~ I
~ ~ ~
I
-70
~j A
^ ~ii tii ~ i
-80 1
~6 ~ i ~ 1
Figure 7
- Key: 1. GHz
Analogous directional patterns for the frequency f= 5.86 GHz are shown in Figures
6 and 7. It can be seen from them that the installation of the absorber of the ~pl
wave in the circular waveguide considerably lowers its level.
A good symmetry of the directional patterns of the antenna on the Epl wave with a
deep trough in the principal direction during horizontal polarization of the inci-
dent field can be used for accurate orientation of the antenna in the horizontal
plane at a minimal level of the parasitic wave Epl. Experience shows that with this
mett~od the RPA can be oriented accurate to +5'. In the case of the orientation in
the vertical plane, tlie incident field must have vertical polarization. Let us note
that the method of the orientation of a:a~annas on the principal wave H11 which was
used until recently does not make it possible to align the antenna in the principal
direction of radiation with such a high degree of accuracy.
Conclusions, 1. Absorbers lower the level of the Epl wave to minus 25 dB (maximum
value) instead of 7-8 dB (maximum value).
2. For accurate alignment of an RPA, it is recommended to use the method of orien-
tation by the Epl wave at its minimal level.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ayzenberg, G. Z.; Yampol'skiy, V. G.; and Tereshin, 0. N. "Antenny UKV" [U1tra-
short-Wave Antennas], Moscow, Svyaz', 1977.
2. Metrikin, A. A. "Antenny i volnovody RRL" [Antennas and Waveguides of Radio
Relay Lines], Moscow, Svyaz', 1977.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz ";?�81
10,233
CSO: 1860/225
6
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UDC 621.396.677:629.733
ANTENNAS OF 'MOSKVA' STATIONS
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 1, Jan 81 pp 61-64
[Article by A. G. Kv itko and A. M. Pokras: "Antennas of 'Moskva' Stations",
manuscript received 13 May 1980J
- [Text] The role and place of the satellite television broadcast system "Moskva"
were defined in [1,2]. The same works gave the basic characteristics of the equip-
ment of the receiving ground station (ZS). The purpose of this work is a more de-
tailed description of the antennas of the stationary and transportable stations
(Figure 1) .
The ZS an.tenna had the following requirements: gain coefficient (KU) in the sector
of angles �1 degree not lower than 35 dB, noise temperature during the direction of
the beam at an angular altitude of 5 degrees not over 70 K, level of the first side
lobe not over minus 20 dB, work at circular polarization with an ellipticity factor
(KE) of not less than 0.7, manual coarse adjustment of the antenna beam within the
limits of �90 degrees by the azimuth and 0-60 degrees by the angular altitude,
smootl~ manual adjustment by the azimuth and angular elevation �5 degrees, th~_ possi-
bility of adding a servo drive for operation in the tnode of automatic tracking with
smooth beam guidan.ce by two axes within the limits of �2.5 degrees, simplicity and
technological effect iveness of the design.
The antenna used a series produced mirror 2.5 metersin diameter with an angular aper-
ture of 160 degrees and a focal distance of 750 mm. With the above-mentioned diam-
eter, it is possible to fiilfill the requirement for a low level of side lobes, en-
surin~ the prescribed gain. The lowering of +:he level of side radiation is achieved
due to a rapid drop of the amplitude of the field toward the edges of the mirror aper-
ture at a low blockage of the aperture by the feed. Theref.ore, the irradiation of
tlte mirror is designed as a single-mirror circuit. The small dimensions o� the mir-
ror eliminated the p ossibility of using a two-mirror irradiation circuit, because in
, the range of 4 GHz the minimum size of the counter-reflector would exceed 0.5 m and~
the aperture blockage would become impermissibly great.
The requirement for operation with circular polarizarion made it p~,:actical to use a
simple spiral feed (Figure 2). It is a double-screw logarithmic spiral excited by
a coaxial balun. The latter is designed in the form of two half-wave diametrically
opposite longitudinal slits in the external conductor of the coaxial lin~e, One of
the sides of the slits in the middle is connected by a short-circuiting jumper with
7
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the central conductor. A circular short-circuiting jumper is installed at the end
of the balun.
0 30 60 6�
-i-- - ~
-S _'y I_ _ ~ ~
I ~
-l0 nn. f ~ ~ P7. E
--nn H ~ ~ P1.H
~ -7s i I- . ~
d$6 ' ~1~1~L~- \
-IRO -150 -110 B�.
~
i ~
-15
- ~ 1
1
a~� ~
d6 -
Figure 3
0 30 60 B.
-nn E p1.H ~
nn. N
"1 ~ f= 3675 M!'q I~1Hz
2805=1,7�
i
i~~
-40
r.~
i ,
~ ~ ~ . ,
-6D d6 6'' I 1 ~
- -180 -150 -120 ~ e~
- 40 ,
- ~ I ~
-50
-60
Figure 4 �
In order to match the effective resistance of the balun loaded with spirals and the
coaxial li.ne with a wave resistance of SO ohms, a transformer in the form of a quar-
ter-wave insert was introduced in the central conductor. The reactive components
are matched by means of adjustment screws passing through the external coaxial con-
ductor which further passes through the side waveguide-to-coaxial adapter to the _
waveguide with a cross section of 58X25 mm. The dimensions of the spirals are se-
lected in such a way that in the direction of the edges of the mirror (angles �80
degrees) the irradiation level along the directional pattern (DN) of the feed
, 8
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p ~ 2 ~ zpad Degrees
- na. E
` _5 --nn.N P~�~
f=9675M~i( MH2
_ -f0
-15
_ ~
-25 ~
dB d
Figure S
fell by 11,5 dB. With the consideration of the difference of the routes from the
phase center of the feed to the center and the edges of the mirror, the d rop in the
excitation tc Che edges of the aperture reached minus 16 dB. In this case, it was
possible to obCain the ellipticity of the coefficient of the antenna higher than w.as
prescribed,
The directional patterns of the feed and the antenna are given in Figures 3, 4, and
5(due to the symmetry, halves of the DN are given). The level of the f irst side
lobe does not exceed minus 20 dB. Measurements sl~owed ttiat the antenna had the fol-
lowiiig characteristics : KU at a frequency of 3675 MHz was 37 , 5 dB (KIP 0. 61) and in
the sector �1 degree not less than the prescribed 35 dB, KE did not exceed 0.85, KSV
[standiiig wave ratio] at the input of the feed in the working range was not over 1.2.
In order to reduce the power of the electric servo drive, the orientation of the beam
in the automatic-tracking variant of the�antenna (Figure 6) is done without turning
the mirror. As it follows from the DN shown in Figure 4, the prescribed limits of
guidance to �2.5 degrees are approximately one width of the DN with respect to the
level of half-power, Such a turn of the beam can be obtained by transverse shifting
of the feed by 40 mm with a gain loss of less than ~.5 dB [3]. In order to simplify
the design, the carrier pipe of the feed was secured on two hinges located in the
vicinity of the top of the mirror which made it possible to move the feed in two or-
thogonal planes by turning the carrier pipe. Since the distance from the hinges to
the phase center of the feed was about 0.8 m, the circular arc practically does not
differ froM the chord when the swing angle is small.
Ttie swinging device of the teed is equipped with an electric servo drive. The beam
is moved with a discreteness of 12' on commands from a two-coordinate extremal auto-
nuitic device which performs consecutive searching of the extremum along two axes.
Structurally, discreteness is achieved with the aid of the combination of reducers
and a"Maltese cross" which eliminates uncontrolled turns due to the "rund own" of '
~he mo!-or after de-energization.
The stand on which the antenna for ZS is installed is stationary (Figure 7) and is
a combination of welded frames connected with hinges and joined with rods whose
lengths can be regulated with the aid of turnbuckles 5, 6. The location points of
the hinges are selected on the basis of the prescribed angular coordinates of the
9
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~ '
1
~ ' B
. I 5~
, ~ . . . . -
.
~ ~
N 6
4 '
2
~ 7 3
2180
Figure 7
ISZ [artificial earth satellite]. For this purpose, holes 7 are drilled in the
walls of the frames. The bolts inserted into them connect the horizontal frame 3
witli frame 4. The horizontal frame is positioned approximately along the prescrib-
ed azimuth. On frame 4, also on hinges, is attached frame 1 to which the mirror is
bolt-ed. The mirror turns smoothly with the aid of turnbuckles along the azimuth at
+7.5 degrees and turns up and down at +5 degrees. The readings of the angles are
taken from scales 2 and 8. In this manner, the beam of the antenna is guided to the
ISZ. If an electric drive is installed on the antenna, further ISZ tracking, if
necessary, can be achieved by the swinging of the feed.
The stand for the antenna of a transportable station is shown in Figure 8. Its sub-
stantial differences from the stand for a stationary variant are explained by the
following circumstances; the antenna arrangement must be compact and a11ow for the
possibility of setting the mirror in the transportation position (zenith). Accord-
ingly, the limits of the angular elevation turns of the mirror are widened from 0
to 90 degrees, which is accomplished with the aid of sectional pull rods 1. Smooth _
manual angular elevation adjustment is done within the limits of �10 degrees with
the device 2(a motion screw and a nut) f ixed in the required part of the sectional
pull rods. The chassis of the trailer of the station is preset in the position
along the prescribed azimuth. Smooth adjustment is done manually with turnbuckle 3.
_ Since the antenna is rigidly fixed to the chassis on which the cabin is situated.,
10

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i
~
I \ f
i
~ � 2
~
. i i 3
~ a
1750
Figure 8
the limits of the movement of the mirror along the azimuth were increased to +10
degrees. -
The designs of the stands of both types allow for the possibility of installing an
electric dY�ive for swinging the feed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1, Kantor, L~ Ya., et al. "The System of Satellite Television Broadcasting "i~osk-
va F,LEKTROSVYAZ' , 1980, No 1
2. Kantor, L. Ya., et al. "The Receiving Station of the 'Moskva' System", EL~KTRO-
SVYAZ', 1980, No 1
3. Ayzenberg, G. Z., et al. "Antenny UKV" [Ultrashort-Wave Antennas], Part I,
Moscow, Svyaz', 1977
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1981
10,233
CSO: 1860/225
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- COMMUNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS
AND TRANSMITTERS, NETWORKS, RAI)IO PHYSICS, DATA
TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY
BOOK llISCUSSES CONSTRUCTION OF LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS CABLE LINES -
Moscow UKAZANIYA PO STROITEL'STVU MEZHDUGORODNYKH KABEL'NYKH LINIY
SVYAZI in Russian 1972 pp 3, 568-575
, LForeword and table of contents from book "Instructions for the Construction of
T,ong-Distance Communications Cable Lines", Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz
F OREW ORD
/TexC/ Existing statutes on rules, directions~ instructions, technical
conditions, state standards and so forth were used as the basis for
drawing up these Instructions for the construction of long-diatance com-
munications cable lines.
The content of these Instructions corresponds to the present-day level
of equipment, technology and organization of the construction of long-
distance communications cable lines. The Instructions incorporate ex-
perience that has been accumulated in designing, constructing and oper-
ating long-distance communications cable lines, the industrialization
and mechanization of construction and the use of leading labor methods.
These instructions must be observed by construction~ design, operation-
al and other organizations of the USSR Ministry of Communications. The
publication of these Instructions renders the "Rules for the construc-
tion of long-distance communications cable lines"~ published in 1958,
- null and void.
These Instructions were developed by the Giprosvyaz' /State Institute
for the Surveying and Designing of Communications Installations~ In-
stitute, reviewed by_an expert commission, revised and edited by the
Orgtekhsvyaz'stroy /communications construction7 Trust. The develop-
ment, delivering of an expert opinion and revision work involved lead-
ing specialists from construction, designing, operational, and scienti-
fic-research organizations of the USSR Ministry of Communications.
Chapters l, 2, and 3 were compiled by D.A. Baron, Chapter 4 by N.S.
Oreshkin and A.D. Isayevich, Chapter 5 by A.D. Isayevich, Chapter 6 by
Ye.A. Kozyreva and N.A. Osipov, Chapter 7 by D.A. Baron and B.I.
Gershman, Chapter 8 by A.Ye. Slavina, Chapter 9 by N.S. Oreshkin and
A.D. Isayevich, Chapter 10 by K.P. Fomin, A.D. Isayevich and N.K.
12
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C:orod~tskaya, chaptera il, 12 and 13 by V.N. Akulenk. Chapter 14 by
Yu.G. Fedorov, chapters 15 and 16 by V.A. Shipilov and D.M. Samorukov,
Chapter 17 by F.L. Letichevskiy, D.Yu. Brodskaya, A.Ye. Slavina and
I).I. Kifer, and the appendices were compiled by M.P. Solov'ev and D.A.
Baron.
The Instructions were reviewed by an expert commission of the USSR Mi-
nistry of Communications. The commission members were: N.S. Glagolev-
skiy (chairman), M.K. Titov (deputy chairman), G.S. Mizheritskiy, M.T.
Nefedov, A.N. Golubyatnikova, V.P. Skripnik. V.N. Alekseyev, A.Ye.
Yakovich, P.P. Dorozhko. M.D. Mel'nikova, V.I. Chesnokova. The expert
conclusion with specific recommendations was prepared by a working
group of the commission, comprised of: D.A. Baron, A.ll. Isayevich~ _
G.S. Mizheritskiy and V.P. Skripnik.
All comments and suggestions concerning the Instructions should be
sent to the SVYAZ' Publishing House (Moscow-Center, Chistoprudnyy Bou-
levard, 2) .
Main Administration of Capital Construction of the USSR Ministry of _
Communications, Giprosvyaz' and Orgtekhsvyaz'stroy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
_ F'oreword 3
Chapter 1. General Information on Long-Distance Communications Ca-
ble Lines 4
, Classification, composition and basic requirements for long-distance
communications cable lines 4
Types and designs of long-distance cables 5
~able markings 9
Purpose of cables 14
Basic theories on designing and the requirements for design docu-
mentation 16
Chapter 2. Basic Elements of the Technology and Organization of
the Construction of l.ong-Distance Communications Cable
Lines 19
- General information 19 _
Organization of performin~ of preparation work 20
The draft for organizing ~he construction 22
The PPR (draft for performing work) 26
Preparation of equipment 34
Preparation of motor transport 35
_ Material-technical support 37
Preparation of ineasuring equipment 38
Providing construction with non-standard structures 39
Determining need for work force 40
Organizing production subelements 41
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ftesponsibilities and composition of production subelements 42
Basic responsibilities of participants 48
Itesponsibilities of construction customers and contract organizations 50
Chapter 3. Work at the Cable Sites 53
Siting the cable locations on the route 53 `
Acceptance of cable drams, equipment and fittings at unloading points 54
Equipment of motor vehicles and transporting cable 56
Testing cable and equipment at cable sites 58
Repairing cable and equipment 60
Grouping cab.les and coil boxes in front of laying work 61
Chapter 4. Laying Underground Cables ........a..��.���������....... 65
Route layout 65
Cable laying with a cable-laying machine 66
Digging trenches and ditches 67
Laying pipelines at highway and railroad crossings 72
Unwinding cable and laying it in prepared trench 73
Back filling of trenches 75
Anti-erosion measures on route of mainline cables 75
Handing the laid cable over for installation 78
Eixing the route of the laid cable 79
Special features of laying cables in winter conditions 81
Chapter 5. Laying Cables in Permafrost Regions 82
General instructions 82
Conditions of laying cables in permafrost regions 83
Methods of laying cables in permafrost regions 84
Recommendations for organizing and mechanizing work 88
Chapter 6. Laying Cables Accross Water Barriers 90
GC'IlE?r81 instructions 9~
Preparation work 94
Ways to lay and deepen cable 96
Laying cable with a cutter cable-laying machine 96
Laying cable from a floating platform or manually into prepared
trenches and developing the trenches 99
Back filling underwater trenches ]07
Securing underwater cables at the shorelines
Protection of underwater cable crossings 108
Chapter 7. Installation Work 109
Estimating procedure on cable mainlines 109
- Assembling the installation-measuring column 112
Preparation measures 114
Cable installation 115
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Receiving laid cable for installation 115
Composition of work for installing sleeves 117
Preparing the work place 118
Checking the cables before installation 120
Preparing cable ends prior to installing the sleeves 122
Installing direct sleevas 128
Installing fork sleeves 141
Installing sy mmetrical sleeves 145
Installing candenser sleeves 149
Placement and installation of coil boxes 150
Placement and installation of extension pieces 154
Installation of joint sleeves of high frequency cables of a
symmetrical design 155
Protecting installed sleeve from mechanical damage, back filling
of trenches, and fixing of the location of the sleeve and cables . 158
Special featu res of installing screened pairs and units of
four 161
Installation of cables with coaxial pairs 163
General information 163
Installation of ty pe KBM (K,G)-4 cables with coaxial pairs 2,6/9,4 l66
Preparing cable ends and coaxial pairs for installation 166
Splicing coaxial pairs 168
Special features of splicing symmetrical units of four 171
Installing coils and signalizers for reducing pressure in ~
cable sleeves, type KM-4 172
Packing the splice and soldering the lead sleeve 172
Installation of the type 5/18 coaxial pair with disk insulation.... 173
Installation of th e type MKTS-4 small coaxial cable 175
Special tools, parts and materials used in installing type
MKTS-4 cable 175
Preparing cable ends for installation 179
_ Splicing coaxial pairs l81
Splicing duty pairs and the control core lg2
Installation of cables in an aluminum casing 183
General instructions 183
Preparing cable ends for installation 183
Installing sleeves using hot solder 185
Installing sleeves using VK-9 adhesive 186
Restoring insulation covers 187
Installing air-tight sleeves 192
Layout of lead-outs for the KIP on construction length of
cable 192
Soldering the cable ends 192
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Installation of cables in plastic casing 193
General instructions " " ' 193 ~
Materials used in installation using the cold method on ~
tYPe PIKPV cable 194
Installation of direct sleeves 196
Installation of symmetrical sleeves 2~~ ,
Installation of clad cable, type MKPVB 1X4X1.2 203
Installation of MKPV cable iX4Xl.2 using heating linings and
ribbon glass 203
Preparing cable for installation 203 -
Installation of direct sleeves 205
Installation of symmetrical sleevea 207
T.nstallation of MKTP-4 cable using heating linings and rib-
ban glass . 207
. . . .
Installation of switching sleeves on cable ends in a type
MKTP-4 plastic casing with cables in a lead casing~ type
MKTSB-4 213
.
General instructions 213
Splicing the end of a MKTP-4 (Drawing 7.126) cable 213 _
Splicing the end of a MKTSB-4 (Drawing 7.81) cable 214
Installation of sleeves 215 _
Installation of type MKPTSH 1X4X1.2 cable 216
Installation of special design cables 2l6
~ General information 21b
Installation of MKSEBv cable with a plastic hose 216
Installation of type MKSEBv cable with plastic ribbons 220
Installation of type MKBKMB cable 221
Installation of type MKPLMB cable 223
lnstallation of cables on river crosaings 224
General information 224
Sleeveless connection of wire casing on underwater cables 225
Installation of coupling protective sleeve with pear-shaped
linings 231
lnstallatirn of marine cables 233
General instructions 233 _
Installation of underwater coaxial cable type KPK-5/18 234
Splicing of cable ends 234
Splicing of internal wire 234
Restoration of polyethylene insulation 235
Splicing of exterior wire 238
Restoration of protective ccvers 239
Splicing the casing 240
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- Installation uf type KPEB-5/18 cable 241
Splicing an underwater KPK-5/18 cable to an underground KPEB-
5/18 cable 243 _
Installation of underwater symmetrical type SEPK-4 cable 244
Chapter 8. Checking the Hermetic Seal of Cable Casings a.nd Putting
Them Under Gas Pressure 24~
Systems for maintaining cables under gas pressure 247
Equipment used in systems for maintainir~g cables under pressure . 250
Gas-tight sleeves 250
AKOU (automatic control-drying cievice) 251
Compressor-signal device (KSU) 253
Air transfer shield (SHCHPV) 255
Control-drying device (KOU-1 and KOU-2) 255
- Control shield 257
Drying device 257
Humidity indicator 259
Compressed air tanks 259
Reducers 260
Compressors 260
Regeneration device (RU) 262
Complete set of equipment needed to determine precisely the
place where the hermetic seal of a cable casing has been
broken (KO) 263
Mobile compressor station (PKS) 264 -
Field charging carbonic acid station (PZUS) 264
Installation of AKOU 264
_ Installation of gas-tight symmetrical sleeves (GMS and MG).. 266
Installation of gas-tight terminal coaxial sleeve (OGKM) 270
General instructions on positioning cables under gas pres-
sure and checking their hermetical seal 274
Testing the hermetical seal of cable casing in construction
lengths 277
Testing the hermetical seal of connecting sleeves, coil boxes and
extenders 279
Testing the hermetical seal of cable casings in ateps~ sections
and on installed amplifier sectors 279
Testing the hermetical seal of input terminal devices 281
Filling out records on hermetical seal testing 283
Basic theories on the maintenance of equipment for keeping cable
under pressure. which is used in construction 289
Finding breaks in the hermetic seal of cable casings 290
~ Ctiapter 9. Equipment for Cable Inputs and the Installation of
Terminal Devices 295
General information 295
Unsoldering long distance cables on distributing cables and the
installation of branched sleeves 299
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Installation of boxes. Layout uf gas-tight and electrically insu-
lated sleeves 3G1
Special features of cable input with aluminum casing 3U6
Input of symmetrical cables into underground NUP /unattended am-
plication point7 309
Input of symmetrical cables into above-ground NUP 313 -
Layout of input of coaxial cables into underground NUP 319
I.ayout of input of cables MKP, MKV, KSPP, VTSP into NUP k-24p 325
- Input of symmetrical cables multiplexed by the K-60p equipment~
_ into an underground NUP 332
Chapter 10. Electrical Measurements and Cable Symmetry 335
General theories 335
Symmetry and electrical measurements of high-frequency symmetrical
cables 341
Flectrical measure~nents of coaxial mainline cables type KMP (G,K)
-4 358
Electrical measurements of small coaxial cables, MKTP (B)-4,
MKTS (B, BP)-4, MKTAP (B, BP)-4 368
Symmetry and electrical measurements of low-frequency'cables 373
Symmetry and electrical measurements of cables on branch lines
of mainlines 387
- Symmetry and electrical measurements of cable insertions into
aerial communications lines 387
Instruments for measuring long-distance cable lines 387
Chapter 11. Protecting Communications Cables from Corrosion..... 394
General instructions 394
Equipment for control-measuring points 400
Measuring potentials on cable casing 406
Non-polarized copper sulfate electrodes 410
Equipment for drainage protection of cables 411
Equipment for cathode protection of cables 415
Layout of insulating and electrical insulating sleeves 418
Equipment for the cathodic protection of cables 419
Layout and installation of packed cathodes, type PM10 U/2 422
Protecting metal NUP tanks from corrosion 423
Resoldering cable casings 424
Chapter 12. Protecting Communications Lines from Lightning 426
General instructions 426
Protective measures 428
Laying and splicing protective wires 430
Protecting cables using aerial communications lines 434
Chapter 13. Groundings 439
Grounding thunder storm protection devices 439
Grounding the NUP 442
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Grounding in soils with a high relative re~istance 447
Grounding in permafrost soils 449
Chapter 14. The Construction of Unattended Amplifier Points (NUP) 451
General information 451
Above-ground NUPs 451
NUP design 451
NUP for symmetrical cable 4X4 or 7X4 multiplexed by the K-60
equipment 452
NUP for the KMB-4 coaxial cable multiplexed by the K-1920
equipment 453
Underground NUPs 453
NUP design 453
NUP for symmetrical 4X4 or 7X4 multiplexed by the K-60 equip-
ment 453
NUP for coaxial cable, KMB-4, multiplexed by the K-1920 equip-
ment 458
NUP for symmetrical cable 4X4 multiplexed by the K-60P (SHTP)
equipment 460
NUP for small coaxial cable multiplexed by K-300 equipment 461
- NUP for symmetrical cable IX4X1.2 multiplexed by K-60p-3
equipment 462
NUP for symmetrical cable IX4X1.2 multiplexed by type K-24p-2
equipment 465
Chapter 15. Execution Documentation for Long-Distance Cable Line
Construction Sites 467
General instructions 467
Composition of the executive documentation 467
Procedure for filling out and formulating executive documentation 480
Chapter 16. Turning Long-Distance Communications Cable Lines
Over For Operation 482
Interim certification of work by representatives of the customer . 482
C e r t i f i c a t e s f o r concealed work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 3
Turning individuat construction projects over for operation 484
Chapter 17. Equipment Used in the Construction of Long-Distance
Communications Cable Lines 494
General instructions 494
Equipment for rigging cuts 494
Equipment for route layout and back filling trenches 498
Equipment for loading and~unloading work 498
Motor vehicles, tractors and prime mover equipment 498
Cable laying equipment of the cutter type 501
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Cutters for cutter-type cable-laying m achines 513
h:xcavators ...............................o...................... 523
Machine for arranging the contours for grounding the MSKZ-2 527
Equipment for non-trench laying of cable pipe lines 529
Stnall mechanization equipment and auxiliary equipment 531
' Nousing and production vans 536
Appendix l. Symmetrical low-frequency cables (GOST-5008-60) 541
Appendix 2. Low-frequency co~r.bined cables (GOST-5008-60) 544
Appendix 3. Symmetrical high-frequency cables 547
Appeiidix 4. Coaxial cables 549
Appendix 5. Sample list of tools, attachments and equipment used
by welding brigades in cable installation work 550
Appendix 6. Sample list of materials an1 fittings used in the
construction of long-distance communications cable
lines 553
Appendix 7. Characteristics of individual materia'_s 557
Appendix 8. Drums for cable and wire (llrawing P.7.4) 564
Appendix 9. Correlations between nepers and decibels 566
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 1972
8927
CSO : 1860/193
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~ INSTRUMENTS, MEASURING DEVICES AND TESTERS, METHODS
OF MEASURING, GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
UDC 621.396.621.53.029.65:537.312.62
MODULATION SUPERHETERODYNE RADIOMETER OE` THE 2-mm WAVE BAND WITH A JOSEPHSON FRE-
QUENCY CONVERTER AT THE INPITr
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEI~TRONIKA in Russian Vol 26, No 1, Jan 81 (ma.nuscript re-
ceived 4 Dec 79) pp 167-172
[Article by V. S. Ablyazov, S. A. Andreyev, A. N. Vystavkin, V. N. Gubankov, V. P.
D'yakov, A. P. Zhukov, A. G. Rislyakov, R. A. Rulev, M. A, Tarasov, S. Yu. Turygin,
V. I. Chernyshev]
[Text] This is a report on successful tests of a Josephson super-
heterodyne radiometer of the 2-mm wave band on the RT-25 X 2 radio
telescope of the IPF [Institute of Applied Physics] of the USSR
Academy of Sciences. The results obtained make it possible to re-
fine the determination of the brightness temperature of the sun in
this band,
Introduction ~
Although superheterodyne radiometers of the shortwave part of the mm-wavelength band
are inferior to crystal video radiometers with respect to the level of the threshold
signa~ p Tfl [1], they cannot be replaced by the latter in studying spectral char-
acteristics of radiation. At the present time they are actually the only receivers
of radiation in this band which preserve information on the phase of the signal. In
recent years, the problem of increasing the sensitivity of superheterodyne radiome-
ters has aroused great interest in Josephson's down converters of frequency [2,3,4].
These works presented a detailed study of the operation mechanism of such mixers and
demonstrated their high potential sensitivity. However, the laboratory models of
mixers used there could not be used in real radiometers due to imperfections in the
design.
This work reports on the design, parameters, and results of field tests of a super-
heterodyne radiometer of the 2-mm wavelength band with a Josephson frequency con-
verter at the input developed by the IRE [Institute of Radio Engineering and Elec-
tronics] of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Field tests of the radiometer were con-
ducted on the RT-25 X 2 radiotelescope of the IPF of the USSR Academy of Sciences
(Gor' kiy) .
1. Design of the Radiometer
The radiocneter has a modulation circuit with a pattern switch at the iriput [1]
(direct losses 0.5 dB). In order to reduce losses, the input channel is made of
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circular oversized waveguides 19.6 mm in diameter, Figure 1 shows a schematic of
t}~e mixing chamber, and Figure 2 shows its general appearance. The pressure-type
superconducting point contacts (STK) used in it have a resistance in the normal
state of R~ 15 80 ohms and characteristic voltage V~mI~R=300...600 microvolts;
I~ critical current of STK.
v
~ 1
l 1
3
/4 ~
i
/////i//,%
S b
ii ` ,i
i
7 8
% -
4 '
Figure 1. Schematic of the mixing chamber: 1-- signal wave-
- guide; 2-- heterodyne waveguide; 3-- differential screw; 4--
parallelogram springs; S-- target; 6-- needle holder; 7-- pis-
ton; 8-- V-shaped spring. The insert shows the volt-ampere
characteristic of a typical superconducting point contact used in
radio astronomy observations.
The needle was sharpened and the end of the target was cleaned on a special disc
covered with abrasive paper No 00, The disc was rotated 10 rpm) by a micromo-
t~r. After the treatment on the abrasive paper, the electrodes were washed in oxy-
gen-free water, The assembled mixing chamber was immediately placed in a thin-wal-
led stainless steel housing. The housing was filled with gaseous nelium, which pre-
vented the contamination of the electrodes. The exposure of the electrodes to at-
mospheric air did not exceed 15 minutes. The housing protected the mixing chamber
against shocks during its submerging into the Dewar vessel, and also made it possi-
ble to cool the chamber in a Dewar vessel with liquid nitrogen prior to its submerg-
_ ing into liquid helium.
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The contacting was done after the mixing chamber was placed in the Dewar vessel
Ci11F~ d with liquid 1lelium. The formation of the STK and the selection of its parame-
, ters were done with the aid of a pull rod extended to the cap of the Dewar vessel. -
The pull rod put in motion a pair of parallelogram springs rigidly connected with
the needle. The use of the parallelogram pair ensured both a smooth contacting of _
the electrodes and the protection of tYie STK against external mechanical influences
(shocks).
, r . Kcn-4 tl)
~ ~
0,5f2 1
ft
~ I
1 ~
' ~ I
ny y114 ~2~
D I f I
. ~ 4,2K~
L----~
Figure 3. Block diagram of the 2-mm band radio-
meter: 1-- circuit of prescribing the operating
point and joining with the low-frequency part of
the modulation radiometer.
Key: 1. KSP-4 recorder
2. UPCh [intermediate-frequency amplifier]
Figure 3 shows a bloclc diagram of the radiometer. A semiconductor frequency doubler
fed from a standard 4-mm generator G3-37 was used as a heterodyne. Heterodyne ra-
diation was delivered to the STK through a separate channel. The connection between
the signal channels and the heterodyne was accomplished only through the flow of
current through the STK, i.e., it was reduced to a minimum, The latter reduced the
depths of parasitic modulation of the heterodyne radiation at the input modulator
of the radiometer [4]. When the 10-liter transportation helium Dewar vessel con-
taining the mixing chamber was filled completely, it was possible to work continu-
ously in the course of 48 hours. This length of operation is not at all maximal and
later it will be increased by at least one order through the introduction of thin-
walled waveguides of stainless steel, instead of the copper ones, in the section of
the heterodyne channel, as well as by using a Dewar vessel which will make it possi-
ble to add liquid helium periodically in the process of operation.
The low-freruency part of the modulation radiometer was structurally connected with
tl~e circuit for prescribing the operating point (SZRT) . The SZRT ensured both the
- observation of the volt-ampere characteristics (VAKh) of the STK on the oscillograph
(sweep frequency 90 Hz), and their recording on a XY-recorder (sweep period from 10
seconds to 40 minutes), Moreover, the SZRT made ir possible to regulate indepen-
dently the amplitudes aE rhe variable and cons~ant components of the current flowing
through the STK. The insert in Figure 1 shows the VAKh of typical STK used in ra-
dio astronomy observations. In order to suppress the modulation-demodulation [4],
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rhe work was done in the mode of prescribing a constant voltage on the STK, which
was ensured by a circuit of low-frequency shunting of the STK 'uilt into the SZRT.
A transistor amplifier with a noise factor of 3 dB and a band of amplified fre-
quencies f n`~ =200...400 MHz was used as an UPCh. The low value of f n`~ made it ~
possible to perform all measurements only in a two-band mode. In order to reduce
the influence of the background and to suppress parasitic signals on frequencies
multiple to the frequency of the signal, a resonant diaphragm similar to the one
described in work [4] was installed directly before the mixer. Registration of sig-
nals ;aas done with the aid of a KSP-4 recorder connected at the output of the syn-
chronous detector.
The value of L~ Tfl was measured in the process of the laboratory tests of the ra-
diometer. Measurements were done with the aid of two matched loads applied to the
inputs of the pattern switch, One of the loads had a constant temperature of 290 K,
while the temperature of the other load was changed from 290 to 77 K, The value of
the signal/noise ratio measured at that time corresponded [1] to L~ Tf1 adjusted
to the input of the pattern switch, being equal to 0.2...0.3 K at a time constant of
1 sec for the overwhelming majority of the contacts. The best registered value of
A Tfl was 0.12 K, which is not any inferior than the sensitivity of the best mo-
dern superheterodyne radiometers of the 2-mm band [5] which, however, use UPCh hav-
ing a noise temperature which is 4.,.5 times lower.
Since the main contribution to the total noise of the receiver was that of the UPCh,
further improvement of the sensitivity of the radiometer must be connected primarily
with the use of transistor amplifiers with a lower value of the noise factor. It is
feasible to reduce the Q Tfl to approximately one half. It is also possible to in-
crease somewhat the conversion factor and, accordingly, to increase the sensitivity
by narrowing the band of the input filter (approximately by a factor of 1.5). A
more radical increase of sensitivity is possible through the use of cooled UPCh.
For example, by using a maser as an UPCh [6], it is possible to improve the L~ Tfl
approximately to 0.02 K, which is substantially better than the ~ Tfl which can
be obtained with mixers of other types.
2. l2esults of Radio Astronomy Observations
In March 1979, the radiometer was installed on a radio telescope of the millimeter
wavelength band RT-25X2 [7] of the IPF of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Gor'kiy).
- The matching of the radiometer with the antenna of the radiotelescope was accom-
plished with the aid of two parabolic-horn feeds of the 2-mm band [8] which had a
horizontal diversity of 4 angular minutes. The horns ensured cosinusoidal irradia-
- tion of the parabolic reflector and reception of radiation from a source of only one
polatization vertical. The losses in the feeds did not exceed 2 dB.
The antenna system of the RT-25X2 is periscopic with a flat reflector with whose aid
the elevation guidance to the source is accomplished and which ensures (at its ver-
tical position) the mode of monitoring and studying the directional characteristics
of the antenna by the autocollimation method [7,9]. The autocollimation method in
application to the RT-25X2 makes it possible to register the field distribution in
the focus of the antenna and thus to measure the directional pattern of the tele-
scape in its far zone. Figure 4 shows a horizontal section of the directional
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eo,s=27..
. ~Y
Figure 4. Horizontal section of the directional pattern
of the RT-25X2 on a 3-mm wave obtained by the autocolli- -
mation method,
pattern of the RT -25X2 on a 3.1-mm wave obtained by the autocollimation method with
�the aid of the radiometer described above. The direct~~nal pattern of the RT-25X2
is of the beavertail-type narrow in the horizontal ~l.ne and wide (wider by ap-
proximately one order) in the vertical plane. On a 3.1-mm wave, the width of the
principal lobe of the directional pattern at the half-power level was e0.5h - 2~~~ in
the horizontal plane and A0.5v ' S' in the vertical plane. On a 2.2-mm wave, we have
respectively Ap,5h=20" and AO.Sv~3.5'. The level of the side lobesin this case, ac-
cording to our evaluation, was of the order of 14% of the principal with respect to
the amplitude, the antenna surface utilization factor was about 30%, and the effec-
tive surface of the antenna was 15 m2. The threshold signal level on the antenna
was 0.3 K. Somewhat lower sensitivity in comparison to that measured under labora-
tory conditions can, possibly, be explained by the losses introduced by the feeds of
the antenna.
During the testing of the radiometer on the RT-25X2, radio emission of the sun, moon,
and the atmosphere was measured. It was impossible to fulfill the program of obser-
� vations of planets and discrete sources due to bad weather conditions.
Figures 5 and 6 show central scans recordings of the passing of the sources of
radio emission through the directional pattern of the telescope (the sun and the
moon, respectively). Observations of the moon and the sun were conducted on the 27,
28, and 29 of March 1979. On March 28th, the sun and the moon had almost equal
- heights at the moment of culminarion (difference in the heights 1.3 degrees), and
the moments of observation differed only by 16 minutes. The phase angle of the moon
was equal to 177.7 degrees; the illuminated part of the disk of the moon K~ new
moon.
In such a case, it is possible to assume that the absorption of radio emission in
the earth's atmosphere on the reception beams remained practically constant at the
25
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. ~Z~~ . ~r`S 110~
IzooK
~
Figure S. Central scan of the sun on a 2.2-c?mi wave obtained
on the RT-25X2 on 28 Mar 79, T~a=1424 K-- antenna tempera-
ture of the sun.
. ~
j JO T.~ J~ -
I6x ~
13'~j
1,~ Z9
Figure 6. Central scan of the moon on a 2.2-mm wave obtained
on the RT-25X2 on 29 Mar 79, T,na ~ 39 K-- antenna tempera-
ture of the moon,
moments of observation of the sun and the moon, and the directional characteristics
of the antenna did not change when it was retuned from the sun to the moon. With
these assumptions, let us evaluate the brightness temperature of the sun on a 2.2-mm
wave by the new moon which we shall use as a radiation standard [10].
Let us calculate the temperature of the moon on a 2.2-mm wave. Let us take into con-
sideration that the directional pattern of the RT-25X2 is of the beavertail-type and,
therefore, the effect of the averaging of the moon temperature by the directional
pattern [11] in our case can be conside red only in one plane vertical, taking
only the dependence of the moon temperature on the selenographic latitude. We shall
take the form of the directional pattern within the limits of the disk of the moon
on the basis of ineasurements by the aut ocollimation method, The brightness temper-
ature of the moon was calculated b the relation (13) from work [12] on the basis of
the available data of works [13,14]~ with consideration for the latitudinal changes
of tl~e reflection coefficient for vertical polarization. The Cable shows : values
of the phase angle of the moon , brightness temperatures of the center of the
moon T,~ (0), values of average bright ness temperatures of the moon T with con-~
sideration for the di.rectional paetern and brightness temperatures of~he sun T~=kT~~
where k= O~~/ p(~ ratio of the increment of the signal from the sun to the in-
crement of the signal from the moon at the input of the radiometer. It can be seen
that the brightness temperature of the sun on a 2.2-mm wave according to our data is
T~=5300�100 K. We did not take into consideration the possible errors due to inac-
curate orientation of the antenna, due to instrument fluctuations and changes of the
coefficients of absorption in the atmos phere, as well as due to changes in the char-
acteristics of the antenna during its retuning.
- 26
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Date . _ . I _ _.m~_ .I_.Tn~n)'. ~ _ I_.Tn� h I k ~I TC ~
--~_L--
'Li!Ill-79 r. 1fi~,5 15:i lifi $1i,7 ;~:~li(i
',',~~1111-70 r. 17i.i 1 i~~ 1/3 ~~(i,8 5"fS
2:1,~111-i:~ r. 1Gi,b f~2 146 :ifi,2 f~282
The result obtained by us differs from the accepted value of the brightness temper-
ature of the sun in the 2-mm wavelength band equal to 5600 K. It is impossible to
explain this difference, for example, by the absorption of radiation proceeding from
the lower layers of the chromosphere of the sun or by high and cold formations (spi-
cula), since the level of the sun in the scans was practically over the entire disk
(within the limits of 0.8 of the sun's diameter). It is evident that it is neces-
sary to se lect the parameters determining the brightness temperature of the moon
more correctly.
The authors are grateful to the members of the IPF of the USSR Academy of Sciences
who participated in the preparations and observations on the RT-25X2, to V. D. Kro-
tikov for the fruitful discussions of the results of observations, as well as to the
members of the Radio Engineering Institute-7.5/250 of the MVTU [Moscow Higher Tech-
nical School] imeni N. E. Bauman, where preliminary tests of the first variant of
the radiometer were conducted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1. Yesepkina, N. A.; Korol'kov, D. V.; and Pariyskiy, Yu. N. "Radioteleskopy i
Radiometry" [Radiotelescopes and Radiometers], Nauka Publishing House, 1973
_ 2. Claassen, J. Ho, and Richards, P. L. J. APPL. Phys 1978, 49, 7, 4130
3. Taur, Y~, and Kerr, A. R. APPL. PHYS. Letters, 1978, 32, 11, 775
4. Vystavk in, A. B.; Gubankov, V. N.; D'yakov, V. P,; and Tarasov, M. A. "Studies _
on a Josephson Mixer with a Superhigh Intermediate Frequency," preprint, IRE.
USSR Academy of Sciences, No 21 (277), 1979
5. Cong, H. I.; Kerr, A. R.; and Mattauch, R. J. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory and
Techn, , 1979, 27, 3, 245
6. Korniyenko, L. S., and Shteynshleyger, V. B. USPEKHI FIZICHESKIKH NAUK [Achieve-
ments of Physical Sciences], 1978, 126, 2, 289
7, Kislyakov, A. G., and Chernyshev, V. I. "Passage Radiotelescope of the Milli-
meter-Wave Band (RT-25X2)", in the Collection "Antenny" [Antennas], Svyaz' Pub-
lishing House, 1975, 21, 3
8. Kislyakov, A. G.; Listvin, V. N.; Chernyshev, V. I.; and Shvetsov, A. A, IZV
VUZOV [News of Vuzes], MVSSO [Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Edu-
cation] of the USSR (Radiophysics), 1973, 16, 5, 774
27
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9. Kislyakov, A. G.; Turchin, V. I.; Fogel', A. L.; and Chernyshev, V. I. IZV
VUZOV, MVSSO of the USSR (Radiophysics), 1973, 16, 9, 1418
10. Reber, E, E. SOLAR PHYSICS, 1971, 16, 1, 132
11. Krotikov, V. D. IZV VUZOV, MVSSO of the USSR (Radiophysics), 1965, 8, 3, 453 '
12. Krotikov, V. D., and Troitskiy, V. S. USPEKHI FIZICHESKIKH NAUK, 1963, 81, 4,
589
- 13. Naumov, A. I.; Kislyakov, A. G.; and Voronov, V. N., in Collection "Fizika
Zuny i planet" [Physics of the Moon and Planets], Nauka Publishing House, 1972,
106
14. Kislyakov, A. G., ASTRONOMICHESKIY VESTNIR [Astronomical Herald], 1974, 8, 3,
138
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Radiotekhnika i elektronika", 1981
10,233
= CSO: 1860/232
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MICROELECTRONICS
INSTRUMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Moscow NOVOYE V ZHIZNI, NAUKE, TEKHNIKE. SERIYA "RADIOELEKTROIVIKA I SVYAZ PRI-
BORY FUNI~TSIONAL'NOY POLUPROVODIVIKOVOY MIKROELEKTRONIY.I in Russian No 2, Feb 81
(s igned to press 13 Jan 81) pp 2-5
[Annotation, foreword by L. D. Bakhrakh, corresponding member of the USSR Academy
of S cien~es, and table of contents from book "News in Life, Science and Technologyo
Ser ies 'Radioelectronics and Cotmnunications': Instruments of Functional Semiconduc-
tor Electronics", by Dmitriy Vasil'yevich Igumnov, candidate o~ technical sciences,
and Galina Petrovna Kostyunina, candidate of ph sical and mathematical sciences,
Izdatel'stvo "Znaniye", 38,180 capi.es, 64 pages~
[Text] This pamphlet treats the most developed directions of modern functional
semiconductor microelectronics and the effects on which they are based. More atten-
tion is given to instruments with the M(1P [metal-oxide-semiconductor] structure.
Foreword
Microelectronic products greatly improve technical and economic indexes of electron-
ic e quipment and open up a number of new possibilities. Solid integrated circuits
whose main elements are designed as transistor structures of various properties and
t~~pe s have become the most popular. However, further development of transistor mi-
croe lectronics has a theoretical limit due to design complexity, decrease in the
reliability, power consumption, etc.
Thes e limitati.ons can be overcome only by changing over to the development of new
directions in microelectronics. The main tendency of such development amounts to
func tional consolidation of structur$1 devices, This consolidation is feasible with
the use of physical phenomena which make it possible, with the aid of simple unsep-
arab le structures, to perform the functions which are usually performed with the aid
of a complex multielement circuit or device. Implementation of this principle is
due to the appearance of new types of devices which are usually called functional
and, consequently, a new stage in the development of microelectronics: functional
microelectronics.
In functional microelectronics, the carrier of information is a multivariant signal
whose parameters are controlled by the d;ma_m~~ ;;~~i;;�iformities of the medium occur-
ing under the effect of the control signal. In functional devices, it is often im-
poss ible to isolate the areas performing definite specialized functions which are
29
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c~ip~il~lc of processing multivariant functions. The use of functional devices in-
creases considerably the productivity of information processing systems at pre-
scribed dimensions and power consumption, which is equivalent to a sharp increase
in the degree of integration in comparison with the classical integrated circuits.
In functional microelectronics, the element itself is sometimes multifunctional. In
addition to its main functions, it is capable of performing other functions.
An ideal functional device capaUle of performing the function of some device as a
_ whole.
Functional microelectronics is characterized by the use of a large number of differ-
ent phenomena, Apart from purely electrical circuits, it utilizes optical, acoustic,
magnetic, chemical and other phenomena in solids.
This pamphlet describes instruments of functional semiconductor microelectronics.
Along witli the instruments oF functional microelectronics which have been developed,
the authors discuss the ways of designing new instruments, as well as the tendencies
of the development of functional microelectronics. Therefore, various directions of
functional microelectronics are described in the pamphlet at different lengths.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Instruments Based on the Gunn Effect 5
Instruments with the MOP Structure 9
Other Instruments of Functional Microelectronics 29
Instruments of Acoustic Electronics 43
Instruments of Magnetoelectronics SS
Instruments of Cryoelectronics 58
Instruments of Chemotronics 60
- About Biotronics 62
Conclusion 63
Bibliography 64
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Znaniye", 1981
10,233
CSO: 1860/210
29a
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PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING
COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
UDC 621.314.214
BOOR DISCUSSES DESIGN AND OPTIr1IZATION CRITERIA FOR SEMICONDUCTOR D~VIC~S
Kiev OPTIMIZATSIYA POLUPROVODNIKOVYKH USTROYSTV ENERGETICHESKOY ELFKTROr1IKI
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 29 Sep 80) pp 2, 145 -
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Optimization of Semiconductor. Devices
for Power Electronics", edited by V. Ya. Pekurovskiy and L. D. Prokopenlco,
IZdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 800 copies, 145 pp~
[Text] The collection contains articles devoted t~ questions of the optimization
and design of semiconductor devices intended for transformation of the parameters
of electromagnetic energy: frequency converters, rectifiers, voltage regulators
and stabilizers and secondary power sources.
IL- is intended for scientific and engineering and technical personnel specializing
in the area of converter technology and automation equipment.
CONTENTS
Page
Chizhenko, I. P1., Kurilo, I. A., Yakimov, 0. S. Transient conditions
of a current inverter given abruptly changing capacitive load 3
Tonkal', V. Ye., Grechko, E. N., Alymov, 0. P. Synthesis of an automatic
control device for tlie digital control system of an au~onomous
transistorized inverter 10
Sen'ko, V. I., Rudenko, V. F., Skobchenko, V. M., Smirnov, V. S. '
On the optimum synthesizing of AM voltage Zp
Perkhach, V. S. Analysis and optimization of the conditions of
electric power systems with rectifier devices using digital
modeling methods 31
Lipkovskiy, K. A., Sidorenko, Yu. V. Improving the efficiency with
which switch elements are used in alternating voltage regulator
~ctuators 40
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Budennyy, A. V., Sen'ko, V. I. Ways of improving the weight-size
characteristics of converters with summation in the common circuit 46
Pirnyak, G. G. Pecularities of using d.c. thyristor drive for -
contactless electric locomotives 53
Bezgachin, N. I. Analysis of the frequency characteristics of the
- overall power of the reactive elements of converter resonance
circuits 60
Molodyko, B. K., Sinitsina, N. M. Selection of transistors and their
operating conditions in a synchronous rectifier 69
_ Mezenina, N. S. Ways to limit unidirectional saturation of a
transistorized converter transf ormer
- Alimov, 0. P. Control system for an autonomous transistorized
inverter with an output transformer 85
Verteletskiy, D. S. Device for tuning and control of vibration
machines with electromagnetic drive 93
Grechko, E. N., Adamishin, M. M. Regulation of the line voltage fed
to a synchronous motor on the basis of ShIM jpulse-duration
modulation] of alternating voltage curves 97
Mel'nichuk, L. P., Dykhnenko, Yu. I., Novosel'tsev, A. V., Griban', N. G.
A digital control system for a frequency converter with an intermediate
alternating current link 104
Anisimov, Ya. F., Petrov, V. M., Skorokhodov, V. A., Simonyan, S. T. _
Low-frequency f luctuations in the output voltage of static converters 111
Mogilevskiy, G. V., Dikan', S. V. Induced switching units of a
thyristor with current switch-over into a high-frequency thyristor 117
Shipillo, V. P., Chikotilo, I. I. Dynamics of a closed automatic _
control system with ShIPPT [expansion unknown] under intermittent
current conditions 124
Goncharov, Yu. P. rTethods for studying steady-state and transient
processes in rectifier-type switches 12~ _
P'yanykh, B. Ye., Chekhet, E. M. Some power characteristics of
transistorized frequency converters with one-time modulation 130
Liplcovskiy, K. A. Three-phase transformer-thyristor regulators and
discrete action stabilizers 139
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/216
31
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A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF RADIO-ELECTRONICS
- Moscow KRATKIY SLOVAR' PO RADIOELEKTRONIKE in Russian 1980 (signed to press
19 Feb 80) pp 2-3
[Annotation and foreword from book "A Concise Dictionary of Radio-Electronics",
by Anatoliy Pavlovich Verzhikovskiy (deceased), Nikolay Vladimirovich Gabis
(deceased), Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kitayev, Ivan Ignat'yevich Tynyankin and
Vladilen Grigor'yevich Grigor'yants, Voyenizdat, 25,000 copies 512 pagesJ
[Text] This edition of "A Concise Dictionary of Radio-Electronics" is a second
revised and enlarged edition of the dictionary published in 1964.
The dictionary includes about 4,000 terms relating to radar, radio communications,
radio navigation, television, remote-control, automation, radiometeorology, hydro-
acoustics, infrared technology, electronics, computer engineering, radiometrics, _
antenna systems, radio camouflage and electronic countermeasures; in addition, the
dictionary lists the names of certain foreign radio-electronic systems and explains
- their designations.
The terms explained in the dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order and are
set in bold-face capital letters. If a term explained in an entry is repeated,
the term is designated by the initial letters of each of the constituent words in
the term, each followed by a period. Certain of the terms explained are followed
by their accepted abbreviations and explanations in parentheses. Explanations
which are necessary for revealing the essence of the term and which are discussed
in other articles are set off in italics. A system of symbols and abbreviations
lias been extensively employed in the book in order to reduce the length of the
entries.
Open-source domestic as well as foreign (American, British, French and German)
books, technical and military ~ournals, reference books, official publications and
other types of literature were used in compiling the book.
This dictionary is intended for a broad circle of readers concerned with questions
of radio-electronics.
We request that all comments and wishes regarding the content and design of t.his -
dictionary be sent to: 103160, Moscow, K-160, Voyennoye izdatel'stvo.
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980
9512
CSO: 1860/195 32
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UDC 621.396:519.2-526
CONTROL OF TERRESTIAI. ANTENNAS AND RADIOTELESCOPES
- rioscow UPRAVI,~:NIYE NAZEt~'II~I7~'!I ANTENNAMI I RADIOTELFSKOPAMI in Russian 1980
(signed to press 16 Jul 80) pp 2, 27 8-279
[Annotation and table of contents from the book "The Control of Terrest~ial
Antennas and Radiotelescopes" by Pavel Vasil~yevich Belyanskiy and Boris
Georgiyevich Sergeyev, Izdatel~stvo ~~Sovetskoye radio'~, 5000 copies, 280
pages]
[Text] This work treats problems in the design of modern systems for the
automatic control of ground-based antennas within basic operating regimes '
taking into account control and disturbance effects, as well as the c~mamic y
characterisitics of an antenna employed as a control device. I
It is intended for engineers, scientific researchers~ and designers working ~
in the field of antenna design and application, radiotel~scope and optical i
telescope design, space cormm~nications, and radioastronoir~y~ as s~rell as for
graduate and post-graduate students. ~
Table of Contents
Introduction 3 I
Chapter 1
The Kinematics of Tracking Objects in Space Using Antenna Arrays 11
1.1. The celestial sphere and coordinate systems 12 ~
1.2. Variation in the coordinates of space objects 13 ~
1.3. Flinctional diagrams of support/steering devices and coorciinates 16 ~
for antenna arrays ,
1.Lt. Kinematics of tracking distant spa~ce objects 20 ~
1.5. Breaks in cor?ununication and the strategy of singular point 28 ~
pas s age
- 1.6. Kinematics of tracking nearby space objects 31
- Chapter 2
- The Principles of Design and Basic Features of the Automatic Control ~
System for Terrestrial Antenna Arrays
33
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2.1. Basic requirements for SAU[automatic control systems] for
ground-based antenna arrays . ~
2.2. Basic operating regimes o� SAU for ground-based arrays 5~
2.3. Design and mathematical description of an SAU for ground-
based antenna arrays 59
2.lt. Design principles and basic features of SAU for large
antennas and radiotelescopes
Chapter 3
Equipment for Programmed Guidance in Automatic Control Systems for
Ground-Based Antenna Arrays 87
3.1. Design of equipment for programmed control
3.2. Schematic implementation of digital linear anterpolators 9~t
3.3. Digital integrators in SAU for ground-based antenna arrays 100
3.L~. Use of digital computers in SAU for ground-based arrays 106
Chapter 4
Guidance Mechanisms and the Structural Design of Support/Steering
Devices for Terrestrial Antenna Arrays Used as Control Devices 116
1~.1. Development of inetallic designs and contours af ground-based 116
antenna arrays
1~.2. Mathematical models of ground-based antenna arrays as control 119
devices
L~.3. Methods for the construction of c~ynamic models of ground-based
antenna arrays as control devices 122
L~.1~. The effect of external factors on ground-based antenna arrays 136
1~.5. Dymamic characteristics of ground-based antenna arrays 1~3
Chapter 5
Power-Actuated Servo Drive of Ground-Based Antenna Arrays 7-51~
5.1. Basic requirements of SSP[powered s~rvo drive] in ground- 155
based antenna arrays
5.2. Design and characteristics of S5P in ground-based arrays 158
5.3. Selection of the primary elements and parameters of SSP in 170
ground-based antenna arrays
5.1~. Speciel factors in the design of SSP for ground-based arrays 180
Ch ap t er 6
Precise Guidance of Ground-Based Ante~a Arrays
6.1. Problems in achieving precise guidance and quality criteria
in the operation of SAU of ground-based antenna arrays 187
6.2. Error classification and total error in the guidance of
ground-based antenna arrays 189
6.3. Effect of deformation of the antenna reflecting system on
its electrical characteristics and methods of compensation
for such deformation 197
6.4. Dynamic error in the processing of useful input signal in
SAU of ground-based antenna arrays 205
34
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6.5. Random c~}mamic guidance errors in SAU of ground-based arrays 207
- 6.6. Distribution of gu~.dance errors i.n the passband and selection
of the optimal bandwidth for 5AU of ground-based arrays �213
6.7. Synthesis of SAU of ground-based antenna arrays 219
Chapter 7 .
Increasing the Dynamic Accuracy of SAU in Ground-Based Antenna Arrays 225
7.1. Application of invariance principles to SAU of ground-based ~~5
antenna arrays 2~
7,2. Optimal SAU of ground-based antenna arrays
7.3. Design problems in the optimal SAU of ground-based arrays 256
Bibliograpt~y 268
Subject index ~ ~75
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980
9L~81
_ Cso: 1860/191
I
~
I
_ i
~
i
35 i
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UDC :539 . 2+621.382
CQrIl'ONIIVT STRUCTURE IN LARG~SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Novosibirsk STRUKTURA KOMPONENTOV BIS i.n Russian 1980 (signed to press
= i o~t so ) pp 2~ 255-b -
[Annotation and table of contents from the book ~~Component Structure in
LIC", by Feliks Leonidovich Edel~man, Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1850 copies~
_ ~56 PageS~
[Text] This bnok exami.nes the structural features of components iii LIC
(large-scale integrated circuits )--the f~indamental building blocks of com- ~
puter techno~.ogy: silicon dioxide films, silicon nitride films, and poly-
= crystalline silicon films. Based in large r~leasure on original research of
the author, the book presents a picture of the close relationship of com-
ponent design improvement to LIC techriologies, of phase changes in films,
and of contact interactions of materials. Included is a special discussion
of the capabilities of current methods of structural analysis used for com-
ponent research and structural correlation to LIC technology, as well as
for description of semiconductor surfaces. Problems of LIC materials tech-
nology are examined ~I.th a view to current and fliture gener~.tions.
This monograph is intended for use by scientific and technical engineering
~ personnel specializing in the field of semiconductor materials, instruments,
and microcircuits.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Silicon Dioxide I~lms on Silicon 6
1.1. Use of silicon dioxide 6
1.2. Crystalline sil~con dioxide 8
1.3. F~lms of amorphous silica(short-range order) 12
l.~t. Oxidation of silicon. Silicon-oxide interface 18
1.5. Damage to silicon occurring during oxidation,--
-stacking faul.ts 2,5
1.6. Crystallization of silicon d.ioxide films on silicc~n 29
1.7. Phenamena associated with crystallization of silicon
dioxi.de films on silicon 51
36
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1.8. Effect of the implantation of ions on the structure
of thermic silicon dioxide 67
1.9. riechanical stresses in MOS and MNOS structures on silicon 69
1.10. Interaction of silicon dioxide saith metal films used
f or divi.ding current in LIC 75
1.17.. Structure of aluminum oxide and alunu.nosilicate films
used in ZIC 81i
1.12. Hillocks in LIC aluminum film conductors 95
Eibliography . 96
Chapter 2. Silicon Nitride ~`ilms 107
2.1. General properties. Synthesis 107
2.2. Stoichiometric silicon nitride 109 ;
2.3. Non-stoichiometric silicon ntride 120 '
2.lt. Oxidation of silicon nitride and technical defects 132
2.5. Silicon nitride films and broadband semiconductors ~
developed on the surface of monocrystalline silicon
by the ionic implantation method 1~t3 ,
Bibliography 1~t5 '
Chapter 3. PSF--Polycrystalline Silicon Films 149
3.1. General properties and application 1~t9
3.2. Pyrolysis of silane i56 ~
- 3.3. Nucleation of PSF. Textures. Recrystallization 164 ;
3.1~. Low-temperature amorphous silicon films(ASF) 177 ~
3.5� Electrical conductivity of PSF. Alloying 182 ;
3.6. Etching 187 I
3.7. Morphological defects 188 ;
Bibliography 190 ~
- i
Chapter 1t. Dynarnics of Defects in Seroiconductors and Some Problems '
of the Planar Technology of A B5 and Germanium 195
I~.1. Microhardness of semiconduc~ors and the process of
enscription 195
1~.2. The nature of dislocation in silicon at high temperature ;
and under constantly applied stress(creep) 196
- l~.3. Experiments related to internal friction in germanium
and silicon 198
1t.lt. E7.ectrophysical properties of semiconductors ~ri.th high ~
dislocation density(indium antimonide) 199 !
i~.5. An unsuccessful attempt to introduce a uniform system i
of dislocation into a semiconductor 200 ,
l~.6. Observation of polarized facets in A3B5 semiconductors �
and analysis of anodic oxide on indium antimonide 201
1~.7. Structure of oxide films on gallium arsenide and ;
germanium 218
Bibliography 219
37
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Chapter 5. Methods of Structural Analysis of LTC Components 222
5.1. Traditional methods 222
5.2. Newer methods 226
5�3. Advanced methods 232
Bibliography 235
Ghapter 6. Ten Interviews with the Inventors of LIC 236 v
Conclusion 251
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1980 ,
91~81
CsO: 1 860/206 ~
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CURRENT STABILIZATION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
Kiev METODY I TEKHNICHESKIYE SREDSTVA STABILIZATSII TOKA in Russian 1980 (signed
to press 8 Aug 80) pp 157-64
[Abstracts of articles from book "Current Stabilization Methods and Equipment",
edited by A. I. Kuz'm~nko, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 950 copies, 164 pages]
UDC 621.372.061
A METHOD OF REALIZING MULTIPHASE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS WITH GIVEN CHARACTERISTICS
[Abstract of article by Volkov, I. V. , Gubarevich, V. N. , Isakov, V. N. , and
Kaban , V . P . ]
[Text] A method of constructing multiphase electric circuits with given character-
istics is described on the basis of the utilization of simple active four-terminal
structures. The article presents the future prospects for the application of this
method in the construction and analysis of multipha.se circuits of various function-
al purposes. 2 illustrations, 2 tables, 2 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.311.6
A PASSIVE FOUR-TERMINAL TRANSFER NETWORK OPERATING WITH A CONSTANT INPUT CURRENT
[Abstract of article by Volkov, I. V., Zakrevskiy, S. I., and Basan'ko, Yu. V.]
[Text] This article examines the operation of a passive four-terminal transf er
network with a constant-value input current when the load impedence varies within
a broad range. It also examines the selection specificatians for the circuit ele-
ments of particular devices and cites the relative and external characteristics _
of these devices. 3 illustrations, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.314.2.015.4
A GRAPHIC METHOD OF DETERMINING CURRENTS CONSUI~D BY A THItEE-PHASE INDUCTIVE-
CAPACITIVE CONVERTER
[Abstract of article by Obukh, A. I. ] -
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[Text] The article describes two graphic methods of determjning linear currents
consumed by a three-phase inductive-capacitive converter (IEP) with any combination
of load impedences ZZ, Ttie first method is based upon the use of a topographic
diagram (nomograph) of voltages in the IEP, constructed beforehand using given
values of ZZ. The second met:?od--a method of current polar nomographs--makes it
posaible to determine quickly the current values directly from the parameters ZZ�
3 illustrations, 5 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.3 72.061
- ANALYSIS OF A THREE-PHASE BRIDGE-TYPE INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTER BASED ON THE
TRANSFORMATION RATIO
[Abstract of article by Zavarikhin, V. A., and Kosovskaya, L. V.]
[Text] This article examines a bridge-type inductive-capacitive converter with
a current shift angle of 240� in each rod of the choke and with opposing coils,
based on the transformation ratio of the choke. The basic relatior~ships between
currents and the installed capacities of the converter elements are obtained. It is
shown that the minimum of the specif ic reactive capacities shifts to the right with
an increase in the transformation ratio. 2 illustrations, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.372.161
A REFINED ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSES IN A CHARGING CIRCUIT WITH A SINGL~-PHASE L-
SECTION INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTER .
_ [Abstract of article by Pentegov, I. V.]
[TextJ This article examines the processes involved in charging a bank of capacitors
connected to a single-phase L-section inductive-capacitive converter through a recti-
fier bridge when it is assumed that an analysis of the processes in each of the
half-cycles can be accomplished by a method of calculating on the counterelectr.o- -
motive force.
It is shown that the charging current in this case is not constant and that it
decreases with respect to an increase in the voltage on the capacitors. Formulas
are presented which make it possible to calculate the parameters of the chargin g
process. 4 illustrations, 3 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.314.5
DETERMINING TRANSFORMATION RATIOS OF A RECTIFIER SUPPLIED BY A SOURCE OF STABILIZED
CURRENT WHEN CHARGING A CAPACITIVE STORAGE CIRCUIT
[Abstract of article by Spirin, V. M. , and Kur.ach, A. M. ]
[Text] The article gives a determination of the transformation ratios of a recti-
fier supplied by a source of stabilized current based on the inductive-capacitive
transf ormation of the voltage surge into a current source during the changing of
a capacitive storage circuit of a pulse current generator (GIT). ~
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The determination of the ratios is carried out with the use of the theory of experi-
mental design, in particular, the synthesis of a second-order orthogonal design.
The ratios are represented by polynomials for the encoded and natural values of
the selected factors. The information in the article makes it possible to determine
the transformation ratios of rectifiers for pulse current generators of a parametric
number of electrohydraulic installations. The data can also be used to design pulse
current generators. 2 illustrations, 2 tables, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.314.5
OPERATION OF A THREE-PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER FROM THE CURRENT SOURCE TO THE CAPACI-
TIVE STORAGE CIRCUIT
[Abstract of article by Spirin, V. M. ]
[Text] This article analytically determines the transformation ratios of a recti-
fier fed from a source of stabilized current and based on the inductive-capacitive
transformation of a voltage source to a current source when there is a slow charge
of a capacitive storage circuit of a pulse current generator (GIT). The article
compares the ratios obtained with analogous ratios when the rectifier is supplied
Erom a voltage source and a source of stabilized current for various types of loads.
The data obtained make it possible to determine the transformation ratios of recti-
fiers for GIT charging devices and can be used to design pulse current generators.
2 illustrations, 1 table, 7 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.3:621.791.75
A STATIC CONVERTER FOR CHARGING A RESERVOIR CAPACITOR WITH A MINIMAL EFFECT ON THE
SUPPLY CIRCUIT
[Abstract of article by Kofman, D. B. , Lomonosov, L. Ye., and Chorba, V. R. ]
[Text] This article examines a new structure for a static converter operating in
a constant power-consumption mode, used for charging a reservoir capaci.tor to a
voltage considerably in excess of the voltage in the supply circuit. The article
presents the relationships between the parameters of the converter and its analog, -
with the help of which one can determine the voltages and currents necessary for
the efficient selection of the circuit elements. 2 illustrations, 3 titles in bib-
liography.
UDC 6 21. 313 . 6 7. 001. 5
- AN ANALYSIS OF THE STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOR OF A CONVERTER-RECTIFIER-MOTOR SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by Il'i.nskiy, N. F.]
[Text] The physical processes in a system composed of a three-phase inductive- -
capacitive converter, a rectifier and a DC motor are examined. Relations are ob-
tained for determining the circuit's power factor and the distortion factor. Exper-
imental results confirming the theoretical conclusions are cited. 10 illustrations,
2 titles in bibliography.
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UDC 6 21. 314 . 56 2
DIRECT-CURRENT ELECTRIC DRIVE USED IN POLYMER rILM WINDING MACHINES SUPPLIED BY
THE ARMATURE CIRCUIT OF A RECTIFER-CAPACITIVE CURRENT SOURCE
[Abstract of article by Arkushin, V. P., and Osetskiy, Yu. M.)
[TextJ This article presents a description of an electric drive for winding ma-
chines. An equation is derived for the external characteristic of a si.ngle-phase
current source for uninterrupted current from the armature circuit. Expressions
- are also derived for selecting the power of the capacitor bank. The accuracy of
the calculated relations is checked by experiment. 3 illustrations, 3 titles in
bibliography.
UDC 621.314.572
STABILIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT FOUR-TERMINAL NETWORKS IN THE
CURRENT-STABILIZING MODE
[Abstract of article by Starodumov, Yu. I..]
[Text] This article examines the operation of current-stabilizing four-terminal
networks with frequency-dependent parameters in circuits with loads that vary in
value when the f requency of the supply line changes. An expression in a general
form is obtained for the stabilization factor with respect to the load of a four-
terminal network, based on the frequency variation. The article points out the
feasib ility of calculating the inf luence of a matching transformer upon the stab il- '
izing characteristics of a four-terminal network. 3 titles in b ibliography,
UDC 6 21. 3 72 . 061
THE RIT-1 REGULATED STABILIZED CURRENT SOURCE FOR POWER SUPPLY TO LASERS
[Abstract of article by Zalcrevskiy, S. I., and Gorbachev, M. N.]
[Text] The principle of circuit construction of an RIT-1 regulated stabilized
current source is presented. Its description is given and its basic specifications
are cited. 1 illustration, 4 titles in b ibliography.
UDC 621.372.54.2.001.24
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF CAPACITORS AND CHOKES IN CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
AND CURRENT
[Abstract of article by Nikitin, V. B., and Bezgachin, N. I.j
[Text] Several determinations of the installed capacity of reactive elements in
circuits with nonsinusoidal voltage and current are examined. It is shown that
the summation of reactive capacities of individual harmonics must of necessity be
carried out using factors inversely proportional to the frequency of these harmonics
when determining the in stalled capacity of ideal capacitors and chokes. A frequency-
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depe?ident factor is introduced in order to calculate the frequency dependence of
the sp~cific reserve power of real capacitors and chokes. This makes it possible
to utilize more reasonably the concept of installed capacity in calculating the
we ight and dimension indicators of reactive elements. 1 illustration, 1 table,
5 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.314.621
A STUDY OF CASCADING OF ACTIVE POWER FILTERS WITH SERIES COMPENSATION
[Abstract of article by Ryaben'kiy, V. M. ]
[Text] This article examines a f ilter device with a series-connected L-section
LC-filter and two active filters with series compensation. Studies are carried
out on the structure of the device and its eff iciency. Recommendations are develop-
ed for its design. 2 illustrations, 2 titles in b ib liography.
UDC 621.314.621
A HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF RECTIFIED VOLTAGE OF STABILIZERS WITH INVERTER REGULATION
[Abstract of article by Ryaben'kiy, V. M., Simonyan, S. T., and Shvets, E. A.]
[Text] This article examines a harmonic analysis of the rectif ied voltage of a
converter with voltage stabilization on the alternating-current side, achieved with
an inverter. An analysis of the level of harmonics is done for the instances of
symmetrical and nonsymmetrical voltages in the supply line. 3 illustrations, 3
titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.3:621.791.75
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTFRNATING-CURRENT SOURCES WITH
INDUCTIVE POWER-STORAGE CIRCUITS WHEN THERE IS PARAMETRIC STABILiZATION OF THE
WELDING PROCESS
[Abstract of article by Legostayev, V. A., Pentegov, I. V., Stemkovskiy, Ye. P.,
and Chayun, A. G.]
[Text] A comparison is made of two types of AC welding sources with inductive
power-storage circuits regarding the power parameters of their charging devices,
their efficiency and the power liberated in the arc interval. In order to facili-
- tate the development of technical recommendations, a system of dimensionless cri-
teria are proposed for the welding current. 4 illustrations, 5 titles in b iblio-
graphy.
UDC 621.372.061
THE RIT-300 WIDE-RANGE REGULATED STABILIZED-CURRENT SOURCE FOR SUPPLYING A SUPER-
CONDUCTING SOLENOID
[Abstract of article by Gorbachev, M. N., Stepanov, P. P., and NovobranPts, V. I.]
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(Tex1.~ Quet~tions are examined regarding the construction of a wide-range regulated
current source for superconducting magnetic systems. A description is provided
for the principal circuit of the source. Its features and basic specifications
are cited. 2 illustrations, 5 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.378.325;625.311.6
INSTALLATION OF THE 'KVANT-1GM' FOR HEAT-TREATING MATERIALS BY LASER
[Abstract of article by Chuchumayev, Ye. F., Filippov, V. K., and Bacan'ko, Yu. V.]
[Text) An industrial installation f or laser heat-treatin g materials is described.
The operational advantages of the "Kvant-16M" installation are shown in comparison
to existing units. 1 illustration.
UDC 631.371:621.311.24
OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF WIND-POWER INSTALLATIONS
[Abstract of article by Volkov, I. V., and Muzychenko, A. D.]
[Text] A block diagram is proposed f or a wind-power electric station. When the
wind velocity varies. the layout provides the maximum possible output of power cor-
responding to the velocity. 13 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.311.1+621.3.O15+b21.3.018.3
RESONANCE PHENOMENA IN THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS WITH NONSYMNIETRICAL REACTIVE
- ELEMENTS
_ [Abstract of article by Kuznetsov, V. G., and Danilyuk, V. B.J
[Text) The article deduces and analyzes expressions for resonance f requencies in
electric circuits when symmetrical devices are connected. It is shown that a device
with nonsymmetrical reactive elements can cause current resonance in the circuit
at two frequencies. 1 illustration, 1 table, 3 titles in b ibliography.
UDC 621.372.061
REGULATION OF OUTPUT CURRENT IN COMBINED SYSTEMS WITH INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVER-
TERS
[Abstract of article by Lipkovskiy, K. A., and Aleksandrov, M. M.]
[TextJ A comparison is made of various methods of regulating the current of a load
supplied by a combined system with an inductive-capacitive converter. Requirements
are determined for changing the parameters of additional electromotive force from
the standpoint of the criterion for the maximum installed capacity of the elements.
4 illustrations, 2 titles in bibliography.
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UDC 621.377.534.032.43
CIRCUITS rOR TRIGGERINC LOW-POWER GAS LASERS WITH A PARAMETRIC DEFLECTION
[Abstract of article by Dovgalevskiy, A. Yu., Sapon, 0. P., and Starodumov, Yu.
[Text] A comparison is made of various circuits for triggering low-power gas lasers
with a parametric deflection. A circuit is suggested f or separate f iring of dual-
mode lasers. This arrangement possesses high economy and reliability of triggering
both channels. S illustrations, 3 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.372.061
NONRESONANT TUNING OF REACTIVE ELEMENTS AS A MEANS OF REGULATING THE LOAD CURRENT
OF INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTERS
[Abstract of article by Gubarevich, V. N., and Aleksandrov, M. M.]
[Text] This article presents results of an investigation into the nonresonant oper-
ation of variously structured inductive-capacitive converters. It points out the
expedience of utilizing the nonresonant method of regulating the output current
of an inductive-capacitive converter. 8 illustrations, 3 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.372.54.061
DUALITY OF AC POWER ELECTRIC FILTERS
[Abstract of article by Nikitin, V.B.]
[Text~ A comparative analysis of two classes of f ilters is presented: f ilters de-
signed to attenuate the upper harmonic components of alternating voltage used at
the output of static voltage converters, and filters designed to protect an electric
circuit from the intrusion of upper harmonics of the current which appear when non-
linear loads are supplied from this circuit. It is shown that the use of the prin- _
ciple of duality makes it possible to apply methods developed for one class of fil-
ters in order to analyze and synthesize the other class of filters. 4 illustra- -
tions, 5 titles in bibliography.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
9512 -
CSO: 1860/198
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UDC 621.391.002.72:658.284(075)
INSTALLATION AND SET-UP OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
Moscow MONTAZH I NALADKA SISTEM PROIZVODSTVENNOY ELEKTRICHESKOY SVYAZI I
SIGNALIZATSII in Russian 1980 (signed to press 10 Jun 80) pp 2, 278-80
[Annotation and table of contents f rom book "Installation and Set-up of In dustrial
Electrical Communication and Alarm Systems", by Sergey Vladimirovich Koshelev, -
Grigoriy Abramovich Klauz and Viktor Vasil'yevich Gvozdevskiy, Izdatel'stvo _
"Svyaz 23,000 copies, 280 pages]
[Text] This book examines the installation and set-up of systems of elec trical
communication, alarms, industrial (closed-circuit) television and electric clocks
used at establishments and enterprises in various sectors of the economy. Questions
regarding the organization of and preparation for installation and adjustment
operations, safety methods, industrial hygiene as well as fire prevention are
covered.
This book is intended for students at technical schools. It can be usef ul for stu-
dents at vocational and technical schools as well as for skilled workers, team
foremen and riggers concerned with the installation and set-up of industr ial com-
munication systems.
Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1. Organization and Preparation of Production 6
1.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Preparatory work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3. Inspection of the premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4. Unpacking and inspecting equipment, materials and cables . . . 11
1.5. The manufacturing plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6. Organizing work at the installation site 16
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 2. Network Planning and Administration . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1. System of network planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2. Linear production schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3. Network schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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2.4. Wor.k and resources check-off card . . . . . . . . . � � 24
2.5. Principal respanaibilities of officials . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6. Reeponaibilities of custamzrs and contract organizations . . . ~'9
(teview questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 3. Safety Methods and Fire-Prevention . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- 3.2. Loading, transporting, unloading and hoisting of equipment 34
3.3. Working at heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4. Working with portable electric power tools and accessories . . . 36
3.5. Working in battery rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6. Motor transport of personn el . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.7. Fire-prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
_ Chapter 4. Installing Metalwork and Machinery in the Automatic-Equipment
and Terminal Rooms of an Automatic Telephone Exchange 42
4.1. Laying out the premises to accomodate the installation equipment . 42
4.2. Methods of securing metalwork and equipment 45
4.3. Assembling the metalwork in the automatic-equipment room 45
4.4. Assembling metalwork in the terminal room 69
4.5. Checking the accuracy of in stallation of inetalwork and equipment . 70
- 4.6. Installing the current-distribution network . . . . . . . . 71
4.7. Installing overhead row lights and work lights 78
4.8. Installin g grounding equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter 5. Cable-Installation Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2. Laying cables in open trunkli.ne and row conduits 84
5.3. Particular features of laying cables on individual segments of the
row conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 -
5.4 . Particular f eatures of lay i.ng cables when installing the
K-100/2000 automatic telephone exchange . . . . . . . . 88
5.5. Laying cables in floor and underground conduits 89
' S.6. Open laying of cables along walls . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 6. Installing Rack Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.2. Templates for fanning cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3. Fanning cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 -
6.4. Fanning shielded cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.5. Connecting the cable strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.6. Testing the cable strands f or continuity 110
6.7. Particular features of installing the cable at various types of
_ automatic telephone exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.8. Installing cable for auxiliary equipment and test sets 131
- 6.9. Testing installation qual ity . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
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(;t~ri~~~cr 7. fnKta111nR Power-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.1. ~;c:neral princLples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l34
7.2. Installing and checking rectifier anits ::nd switchbo:~rcls . . . 1~n
7.3. Installing acid storage batteries . . . . . . . . . . . 14~
7.4. Forming and screening storage batteries . . . . . . . . . 148
7.5. Particular features of installing alkaline cells . . . . . . 150
Test questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 -
Chapter 8. Adjusting Automatic Telephone Exchange Equipment 152
8.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2. Adjusting the main electromagnetic switching devices . . . . 153
8.3. Adjustment sequence for an automatic telephone exchange 164 -
8.4. Checking the quality of adjustment work . . . . . . . . . 176
8.5. Preparing equipment for commissionjng and accepting it for
- operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Chapter 9. Installing and Adjusting Central Control Communication and
Master Station Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.2. Accomodations for and installation of equipment 181
9.3. Laying cables and wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.4. Installation requirements in explosion and f ire-hazard areas . . 196
9.5. Setting up equipment and turning it over for operation . . . . 197
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Chapter 10. Installing and Setting Up Industrial Loudspeaker Communica-
tions Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.2. Setting up and securing equipment on various types of structura].
foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1U.3. Interconilecting equipment components . . . . . . . . . . 205 ~
_ 10.4. Setting up equipment and turning it over for operation 208 -
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chapter 11 . Installing and Setting Up Industr. ial Telev:ision Systems . . 210
11.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
11.2, Preparing and organizing work on installing industr.ial televisioci
equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
11.3. Installing coaxial cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
11.4. Setting up and securing industrial television equi~.:~nent . . . 219
11.5. Checking and adjusting industrial television installations . . 222
11.6. Accepting industrial television install.ations for operation . . 229
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Chapter 12. Installation and Set-Up of Electric Security and I'ire-Alarm
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 -
12.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
12.2. Installing sensors and detectors . . . . . . . . . . . 231
1'1.3. Installing receiving and monitoring devices and receiving -
stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
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12.4. Tnstalling trunk lines for certain sensors and detectors . . � ~37
. a
I 7.. 5. Al i~ment and adjustment of alarm systems . . . . . . . .
11.6. Mea~uring electricdl parameters of alarm systems . . � � � �
12.7. Final documentation and the turning-over of systems for operation 249
Review questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Cha.pter 13. Installing and Adjusting Electric Clock Systems . . . . 251
13.1. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
13.2. Installing station facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
13.3. Installing sympathetic clocks . . . . . . . . . . . 254
13.4. Installing pc~wer supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
13.5. Installing electric-clock lines . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.6. Checking electric-clock installations and putting them into
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
13.7. Acc~pting and turning over installation work . . . . . . . 263
Review questions . . . . . . � � � . . � � � � � 265
Appendix 1. List of Basic Tools Used in the In stallation of In dustrial
Communications Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Appendix 2. :~Ieasuring Instruments Used to Adjust Industrial Communica-
tion and Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b7
Appendix 3. Types of Electric Industrial Communication and Alarm
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Appendix 4. Norms for the Duratian of Automatic Telephone Exchange
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Appendix 5. List of Work ing Drawin gs f or the Installation of Automatic
Telephone Exchange K-100/2000 . . . . � � � � � � � � � � 270
Appendix 6. Approximate List of Communication Equipment for Various
Central Control Points at Construction and In stallation Organizations . L70
Appendix 7. Norms for Engineering Plans of Communication Buildings . . 271
Appendix 8. Norms for the Consumption of Additional Materials 271 _
Appendix 9. List of Tools, Accessories, Implements and Materials Used
in the Installation of Statioii Storage Batteries . . . . . . . . 272
- Appendix 10. Some Data on S and SK-Type Station Acid Storage Batteries . 273
Appendix 11. Additional Materials for the Installation of Electric-Clock
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 ~
.
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it Ih I (nYrn{~liy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
~;~~ti f~~c~t fnd~r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _'76
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel's~vo "Svyaz"', 1980
9512
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N~la COLLECTION EXAMIN~S ELECTRONICS NIATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
Moscow TRUDY MOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA, TEMATICHESKIY
SBORNIK: MATERIALY I PRIBORY ELEKTRONNOY TEKHNIKI in Russian No 456, 1980
pP 2, 76-77
' (Annotation and table of contents of book "Works of the Moscow Order of Lenin
Power Gngineering Institute, Collection Devoted to a Single Topic: Materials
and Devi~es of Electrical Engineering", edited by Candidate of Technical Sciences
and Docent V. A. Chizhov, Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 77 pages]
[Text] The present collection includes articles by associates and graduate students
in the Departmeat of Electronic Devices. The articles reflect a number of trends
in the scientific research conducted by the department: study of the vacuum and
emission properties of electronic engineering materials; physical processes in
electronic and semiconductor devices; the development of inethods and equipment
for ultrasonic flaw-detection and for optimization of information display systems.
Workers in industry who are associated with the department through their scienti-
fic interests participate in a number of the articles.
The materials in the collection may be beneficial to workers at enterprises and ~
NII [Scientific Research Institutes] of the electronics industry.
CONTENTS
Page
Aksenov, V. P., Pitolin, A. I., Kachanov, V. K., Popko, V. P.,
Godin, A. B. , Ryabov, G. Yu. , Sokolov, I. V. Electrical engineering
instruments and devices for generation, recording and conversion of 3
~ ultrasonic oscillations
Anisimov, N. S. , Lazarev, S. D. , I~terkulov, Ye. I. , Peresleni, A. A. 12
Electrical strength disturbance of vacuum microclearances
~JoroU'yev, NI. D., Smirnov, L. P., Grigor'yeva, T. P., Sliznev, S. M. 18
Slow current fluctuations in a metal-dielectric-metal system
Rench, Ye. I. Optimization of heating conditions of planar thermocathodes 23
si
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Zhigarev, A. A., Kamunin, A. A. Method for designing s}~stems formed
~ Uy tapered electron beams 27
Dzhevala, A. P., Chizhov, V. A. A fluxineter [potokomer] with
variable conductivity 35
Chizhov, V. A., Mel'nikov, G. S., Dzhevala, A. P. Device for
measuring the evacuation rate of small pumps 40
Smirnov, B. I. Apparatus for experimental research on the vacuum-tight
properties of prestressed foil materials under complex heating and
pulsed stressing conditions 43
Grigor'yev, V. N., Kravchenko, V. S., Obidin, G. I. Instrument for
objective quality evaluation of visual information display systems 48
Gonzhalov, N. N., Peresleni, A. A., Titushina, V. P. Apparatus for
studying the gas liberation kinetics of vacuum ma.terials 51
Sherstnev, L. G., Yegorov, A. M., Vagina, T. A. Effectiveness of
- titanium for suppression of secondary emissions in electronic devices 56
Valygina, K. V., Obidin, G. I. On the question of determini.ng opti.mal
parameters of contrastirg glasses for cathode-ray tub~ (CRT) screens 59
Stanotina, V. V. Electron microscopic study of latti~es ~.~ade `rom
high-density pyrographites which are used in certain types of
electronic devices 64
Chernyshev, V. A., Pantyukhov, S. T., Aleksenko, V. M. Dependence
of an ionization current in gasses on pressure and intensity of an
electric field 66
Sharikov, G. A., Degteva, V. Ye. Discharge of ZnS layers on an
al~sminum base by dark le~kage and stimulated conductivity currents 71
COPYRIGHT: Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/214
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UDC 539.3
OPTIP~[IZATIOPd AND CONTROL IN ELECTRONIC VACUUM PRODUCTION
Kiev OPTTMIZATSIYA I UPRAVL~NIYE V ELEKTROVAKUiJMNOM PROIZVODSTVE in Russian 1980
pp 2, 215
- [Annotation and tab le of contents from book "Optimization and Control in
- Electronic Vacuum P roduction", by Ya. S. Podstrigach, Ya. I. Burak, V. I. Shelepets, -
S. F. Budz and A. B. Piontkovskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 216 pages]
[Text] The scientif ic bases and methods of optimization and control in electronic
vacuum production are examined. These are based on systematic analysis, mathe-
matic modeling of p rocesses, formulation of agpropriate extreme problems and
formalization and algorithmization of control. The methodology which was developed
is illustrated with examples from the most characteristic production processes and
contrcl subsystems.
The book is intended for scientific worlcers and engineers studying aspects of
the optimization of systems with distributed parameters.
56 illustrations, 2 tables, bibliography--pp. 206-214 (183 title~).
CONTENTS
~ Page
Preface 3
Chapter 1
General principles of optimization and control ~
l. Operating pr inciple and design f eatures of receiver ELP
, [expansion unknown] ~ ~
2. Structure of the typical production process 1~
3. Production f actors and quality indicators for the devices 27
4. Systematic approach to optimization of the technology 33
5. Aspects of the systematic control of the production process 39
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Chapter 2
Manufacr_ure of the envelopes 44
- l. Control of the glass composition and properties 44
2. Control of glass making 54
3. Control of preparation of the glas s mzlt 67
4. Co.itrol of screen pressing 76
5. Studying the temperature field in the pressing process 79
6. An experimental-theoretical method for determining residual stresses 89
7. Optimization of screen annealing process 101
8. Optimization of the heat conditions for envelope fusing 116
Chapter 3
Applicatioa of coatings 121
l. Studying the process of luminophore precipitation 122
2. Control of the precipitation proce sses 134
3. Control of the application of mosa ic screens 136
4. Destruction of organic films and heat treatment of aluminized screens 138
Chapter 4
Thermal vacuum treatment 147
1. Optimization of thermal outgasing conditions 148
2. Studying optimum thermal condition s 167
3. Optimization and study of conditions for outgasing color picture
tubes 175
Appendix 181
List of literature 206
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9194 ~
CSO: 1860/215
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~)~t ~T~'F~ ].C ] AL USE ONI,Y
UDC:62-523.8
PHOTOELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEhi5
Aloscow FOTOELEKTRONNYYE SISTII~fY UPR.AVLENIYA in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 26 Aug 80) pp 2, 201t-5
[Annotation and table of contents from the book "Photoelectronic Control
Systems'~, by Shimon Abramovich Vayner and Saveliy Abramovich Vayner, Iz-
datel~stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 6000 copies, 208 pages]
(~ext] This book is an exami.nation of matters related to the theory and
application of photoelectronic control systems(FESU). Included are inves-
tigations of the principles of control, mechanical trajectories, and the
dynamic characterisitics of such systems. Methods are presented for com-
putation of the data which are represented by chart and graphi~ symbols.
Descriptions are given of highly accurate self-adjusting FFSU, high-speed
adaptive FFSU, systems which provide for equidi.stant correction during line
tracing, and FESU employing delayed pulse feedback--a11 of which permit the
optimal realization of detection and measurement of signal paz'an'?eters and
noise levels.
bcaminations are made of contemporary foreign and domestic photoelectronic ;
systems, vaxious types of technical equipment employing FFSU, the p ractical i
results of their use, and prospects for f~ture applications. !
The book is intended for use by techr..ical engineering personnel involved in i
the development and application of equipment employing FESU as well as in ~
- the automation of technical processes. ;
Table of Contents ~
� 3
Foreword ~
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Geometry of movement in FESU 8
1. Control of movement in FESU. Basic definitions 8
2. Laws of movement in FFSU 13
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3. Controlling movement by the tractrix method 1~
1~. Plotting straight lines by the tractrix method 19
5. Plotting ares and circles by the tractrix method 25
6. Controlling movement by the three point method 28
7. Plotting straight lines by the three point method 30
8. Plotting circles .by the three point method 32
9. Plotting angles by the three point method . 3L~
10. Combined method of control using information relating to
the displacement of the center of the field of view away
from the plot line 37
11. Plotting circles ~rith the combined control method 39
12. Plotting straight lines by the combined method ~11
13. Phasing and methods of automatically plotting equi-
distant trajectories in FFSU 1~3
Chapter 2. The Dynamics of FFSU ~tb
1. General nature of the c~ynamic characteristics of FESU 1~6
2. Dynamic features of two-dimensional FESU drive systems 1~6
3. Structural schemata of FESU using the tractrix method 53
1~. Stability of FESU using the tractrix method 58
5. Dynamic errors in FESU bl ~
6. Stability of FESU using the three point method 69
- 7. Self-adjusting FESU 73 ~
- 8. FESU with integrated autotuning ?5 '
9. Testing FESU drive systems.through the use of electronic
models ?7 ~
i
- Chapter 3. Signals and Information Processing in FESU 85 ~
1. The chart as information carrier 85
2. Computing graphic information in FESU 86 -
3. Mathematical models of signals in FESU 88 ~
Determining the direction of the controlling vector 98 i
5. Determi.ning the midline of the chart accorcling to
maximal signal value 105
6. Determining midline according to the position of the
signal front 107
7. Operative and long-term memory storage in FESU 109
- 8. Positioning in FESU 111
9. Special operating cenditions of pulsed FESU 112
10. Detecting si~als and measuring their parameters in
pulsed FESU 119
11. Optimizing signal detection in FESU 121
12. Optimizing measurement of signal parameters in pulsed
FESU 122
Chapter !t. The ~Lemer.ts of FFSU 128
1. Input devices used in FESU 128
2. Signal processing methads in FESU and theis implementation 135
3. Rate selectors for variable speed electric motors 1l~.].
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1~. Power amplifiers used in FESU 1~a
5. Control point setting and actuating mechanisms used 15~1
in FFSU
Chapter 5. Primary F~nctional Ljnits of Contemporary FESU 160
l. A photoelectronic control system for the FOS-SCfocusing 160
and deflecting system] equipment
2. Changing the direction of line plotting in FESU 163
3. Establishing vector-integrated correction of er:ors 168
1~. FESU with equiclistant correction 173
s. Three~coorciinate FESU
Chapter 6. Nodern Technical Equipment Dnploying FESU 175
1. Comparative analysis of equipment using ChPU[numerical 175
~ program control] and FFSU 180
2. Milling machines employing FESU 18?
3. Lathes using FESU 191
1~. FESU in high-temperature sheet cL.tting machinery 197
5. Die surfacing machinery 199
6. Graphoanalyt1cal converters
Conclusion 201 I
202 ~
Bibliography I
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980 ~
~
9481 ~
cso: i86o/192 ~
;
~
I
~
' ~ 57
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UDC 519.21
SF3~1I-MAR.KOV PROCESSES WIT.H A DISCRETE SET OF STATES
Moscow POLUMARKOVSKIYE PftOTSESSY S DISKRETN7~4 MNOZHESTVOM SOSTOYANIY in
Rus~ian 1980 (signed to press 19 Sep 80) pp 2, 270-1
' [Annotation and table of contents from the book "Semi-Markov Processes with ~
a Discrete Set of States", by Dmitriy Sergeyevich Sil~vestrov, Izdatel~stvo
~~Sovetskoye radio", 5000 copies, 272 pages]
[Text] This book is devoted to an exposition of the theory of semi-Markov
processes having a discrete(finite or denumerable) set of states. Various ;
methods of representing semi-Markov processes and associated Markov processes ;
are considered. The important class of functionals known as moments of initial ~
acquisition is examined 3n detail. Considerable attention is given to random
processes associated with semi-Markov processes: to r~generative processes i
with semi-Markav changeovers, as well as accumulation processes with semi- `
Markov changeotiers. Investigations of limit and ergodic theorums for these i
processes are carried out. The basic classes of queueing systems which can ;
be described within the framework of the theory of semi-Msrkov processes
are thoroughly analyzed. ~
The book is intended for use by engineers and mathematicians engaged in the ~
design and operation of complex stochastic systems. '
~
Table of Contents I
3 I
Foreword ~
Chapter 1. ;
Markov Chains 8 I
1.1. Introduction ~ 8
1.2. Definition of Markov chains 9
1.3. giscrete homogeneous Markov chains 15 '
1.l~. (J, x)-processes 22
1~5. Final remarks and conclusions 3p _
_ '
58 ~
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~ Chapter 2.
Description of a Queuei~g S~stem with the Use of bnbedded .
(J, x)-Processes 33 '
2.1. Introduction . 33
2.2. Queueing systems with unrestricted waiting line of the M/G/1 type 35
2.3. Closed renewable queueing systems of the N/G type 7~
2.l~. Semi-Markov queueing networks 87
2.5. Markov queueing systems
2.6. Final remarks and conclusions 92
Chapter 3.
Definition of Semi-Markov Processes 9~
3.1. Introduction 9'~
3.2. Definition of semi-Markov processes and the property of reg~u].arity 99
3.3. Associated Markov processes
3.l~. Transition probabilities of associated Markov processes 109
3.5� Relationship of semi-riarkov processes to t3me-homogenous 120
Maxkov chains 123 ~
- 3.6. Final remarks and conclusions
i
Chapter 1t. ~
Moments of Initial Acquisition of the Phase Space Aomain by 12~ I
Means of Semi-Markov Processes I
1~ 1. Introduction 12?~ ~
1~.2. Distribution of the moments of initial acquisition 127 i
_ l~.3. Mathematical expectations for moments of initial acquisition 136
1~.4. Sums of random variables and random vectors defined within a ;
Maxkov chain up to the moment of initial acquisition 157
4.5. Final remarks and conclusions 163
I
Chapter 5. 165 I
Processes with Semi-Markov Changeovers ~
5,1. Introduction 165 I
5.2. Regenerative processes 166 ,
5�3. Processes with semi-Markov changeovers 182 ;
5.l~. Markov processes with semi-Markov changeovers 196 ;
5.5. Structure of processes with semi-Markov changeovers, which 20~ ;
describe queueing sygtems of the M/G type . ;
5.6. Moments of initial acquisition for processes with semi-Markov 208 ~
changeovers ' 217 ~
5.7. F`inal remarks ar.d conclusions
Chapter 6.
Limit and Ergodic Theorems for Processes with Semi-Markov 218
, Ch~ngeovers
6.1. Introducticn 218
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6.2. Accumu].ation processes with semi-Markov changeovers 225
6.3� Limit theorems for accumulation processes with semi-Markov
changeovers ~ ~32
6.1~. E~godic theorems averaged for accumulation processes with
semi-Markov changeovers 21~6
6.5. Renewal theorem 252
6.6. Individual ergod.ic theorems for processes with semi-Markov
changeovers ~55
6.7. F~nal remarks and conclusions 262
Bibliography 265
Subject index 2b8
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo ~'Sovetskoye radio", 1980
9I~81
cso: 1860/205 - Er~ -
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