JPRS ID: 9709 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010005-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 186
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 5
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS LI9709
4 May 1981
_ Japan Report
- (FOUO 28/81)
- FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
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are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
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_ mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
 tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
~ criginal bct have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
- item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
c ies, views or at.t itudes of the 'J. S. Government.
A
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_ JPRS L/9709 _
4 May 1981
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 28/81)
CONTENTS
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Political Impact of U.S.-Japan Auto Issue Analyzed
.
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, 28 Mar 81)...0.,,..........oo
1
Young Faction Members Contend for LDP Leadership
(YOMIURI SHIMBUN, Z Mar 81)
4
SCIENCE AND TE(HNOLOGY
~ Coal Liquefaction Pilot Plant Using Direct Hydrogenation
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81).................................
High Energy Physics Research Center's Tristan Project
- (NIKK.4N KOGYO SHIMBUN, 23 Jan 81)................................
8
_ Super Fine Pawder Te;;hnology Offers Great Potential
-
(NIg.ON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, 19 Jan 81)...0......o
11
Technical Cooperation, JICA's Contribution Discussed
( Jtmpei Kato; TECEiNOCRAT, Ma r 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Recent Research, Development of Electronic Parts, Devices
-
Reported
( Taij i Tsuruoka; TECHNOCitAT, Mar 81) . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Sensor for Automation
(Koicliiro Shinohara; TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Use of Optical Sensors Described
(Suguru Kumagaya, el al. ; TECEINOCRAT, Idar 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~
50
Operating Principles, Applications of Air Sensors
(Tasuku Osada; TECE?NOCRAT, Mar 81)...0..........o...........o,..
58
a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUOj
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~ Introduction to Mechanical Fingers
(Tatsuo Takahisa; TEQiNOCRAT, Mar 81) 68
Homologation of Methanol Catalyzed by Mixed Transition Metal
Clus ters Con taining Cob al t
- (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .....................o.........~a.......... 75
Increasing Demand Noticed for Variable Speed Motors
- (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .................o.....o................... 80
Test Enzyme Reactor Completed
-
~ (TECHNO::�.AT, Mar 81)...........................................
83
Semiplanar Josephson Juriction Described
(TE QiNOCRAT, Mar 81)
86 ~
New Audio Syntheais Method Desc-rihed
(TECEINOCRAT, Mar 81) ..................o...........
91
. Production of ' Ciean Coal`
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)..0 ...............a........................
96
Toshib-a Accepts Informal Order for Mexican 440IrW Geothermal
Plant
(TEC3iNOCRAT, Mar. 81)
97
- World's Level Water Turbine Casing
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)......................... ......o.o.........
58
M'tisub ishi To Develop Coal Liquefaction
_
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .........9.........~o............o.....
100
Vitrified HLM for Unrierground Disposal

' ( TE (HNO CRAT, Mar 81) .
lOL
'
' Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Unites With Bechtel in PWR
Technology
- (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ..o....,...o...........
103
Radiation Treatment of KP-Rich Drain
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81).....o
104 -
~
Void Swelling of Aus tenitic Alloys for FBR
=
_ (TE QHNOCRAT, Mar 81)......... ..............o...,,...............
105
Hi.gh Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Stainless
~
Steels With High Silican CQntent
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ........................................o.. 107
Siaiulation or ..:izontal 2-Stand Rolling by Plasticine
(TE uvJCRAT, Mar 81) ........................a.........~....oo.. 1.08
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A New Iron Manufacturing Process
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)............a.....o..

lOJ

.
A Step FoYward Towards Atomically Pawered Iron Manufacture
_ (TF CiNOCRAT, Mar 81) .......................e....,..............
111
Effect of Cooling Rate on Morphology of Lath Martensite in
- Fe-Ni Allc s
(TE Qi;.OCRAT, Mar 81) .....o...........oo....oo......o.......a~.
112
- Influence of High Hyd-ostatic Pressure on Recrystallization of
Copper, Aging of Cu-Be Alloy
(TE(HYOCRAT, Mar 81)........:o~.o
113
Reactian Between Molybdenum, Various Nitrides
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)..0
114
..........o...o......
High-Purity Alumina Powder Technology
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)...0 ...............................o......
115
~I Equipment Ttiat by Using Steam as a Heat Soucce Can Recover
Organic Solvents in Wasts Cleaning Oils for Recycling
- (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)....a.......................
117
.......oo..e...
Processing Technique fox Punching Holes in Metalic Sheets
: (50 /c. $xick) by Press
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
118
15-Year Dispute Over Patent for Synthetic Diamond Manufacturing
?rocess
(TE QHNGCRAT, Mar ~il)...,..........o.....0.....o
120
- Manufacturing Techniques for Airc::aft, Space Industries
' (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)............o
121
- Super Precision Lathe
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 8i;,.o .................o............~.........
122
_ Export of Sintered Carbide Tools
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .......o.......
123
Contribution To Composite Positional Tolerancing
- (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
124
Coat Treatment Technique Ra.ising Fuel Consumption Efficiency of
- Actual Working Jet Engine
- (TE QiKOCRAT, Mar 81)
126
Traveling Distance IndiCator Savir.g 10 Percent of Fuel Cost
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
127
Light-Weigtit Stainless Steel Cars
(TE QiNOCRAT, Mar 81)..0...........o ...............o............
128
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Drive Computer Developed by Nissan
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .................o.................a...... 129
New-Built Ship Completed
' (TECHNOCRAT, Tiar 81) ...............................ov.......o. 130
New Techn3.c}ue for Integration of GaAs
(1E QiNOCRAT, Mar 81)........ ...............o.................. 131
Voice Synthesis Board
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) 132
Superconductive Diode
_
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81).....o
133
Power Transistor for Switching Regulators
(TECIiNOCRAT, Mar 81)
134
NvN/Pb Josephson Device
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
135
Broad-Wavelength Variable Dye Laser
(TE Q3NOCRAT, Mar 81)
137
= Portable Conversation Aid Device
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
138
- Offset Parabolic Antenna
( TECEiNOCRA.T, Mar 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
Optical-Electrical Composite Connector .
(TE QiNOCRAT, Mar 81)........o ....................o............
140
- New Electronic Postal Service
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) .............o...................
141
Submarine Cable Highly RESistant to Externa?. Damage
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)........o.................................
142
Computers Used in 1979
(TE Q-INOCRAT, Mar 81) ...............,....o..
143
New-Type Trouble Monitor System
(TECHNO CRAT, Mar 81)
144
Unification of Chinese Charater Information Processing I/0
System
- ( TE (:E[N 0 CRAT, Ma r 81) . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
- Magnetic Bubble Database Machine EDC
- (TECHNOCRAT, N1ar 81)
147
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Industrial Fluorescent Fiberscope Using Ultraviolet Light
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ....................o.......,............
150
Automatic Positioning Device for an Unbalanced Point
(TECHNOCRAT, Max 81~
151
Highest-5peed P'olling Mndems in the World
(TEfHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
152
Development of Semiconductar Hy drogen Gas Sensor
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81).......o.................................
153
Single Loop Distributed Control System
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ......o............
154
Electric Puwer Generation by Burning Plastic Wastes
- (TECFL'VOCRAT, iAar 81)......e ..........................o.......
155
Trial production oi Inteferan
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81)
15F)
Carbon Fiber Development Described
(TE QiNOCRAT, Mar 81)............o
157
Strong Sludge Precipitating Agency Developed
(TE(HNOCRAT, Mar 81) . . . . . . . o . . . . . .
158
Technology for Denitration of Exhaust Gats
- (TECHIVOCRAT, Ma.r 81)
159
_ Smaller-Sized and Energy-Saving Desu?furization of Exhaust Gas
(TE(RrlOCdtAT. Mar 81) .............o............................
160
Survey of Exhaust Gas From Alcohol-Fueled Vehicles
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) 161
Composting of Sewage Sludge
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ..............o................o.......... 162
Completion of Sliper-Deep Layer Aeration Equipment
(TE QiNOCRELT, Mar 81) ...............o.........................0 164
Simulator for Submergible OFerations in 2000m Depth Class
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) 165
Maki_ng Continuous Marine Measurements
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81) ...........................o.............. 167
SSC ltipe YI&�ine Research Ship
- (TECINOCRAT, Mar 81) 168
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7
Science and Technology Agency's Project for Studying Processes
fQr Microbic Convertion of Wood Biomass
(TE(HNOCRAT, Mar 81) .......................a..............~... 169
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Qrganizing Genetic
Engineering Research
(TEGiNOCRAT, MaY 81) . . . . . . o . 170
MAFF Waste Liquid Treati.ng Facility for Joint Use
(TECHNOCRAT, Mar 81).0 171
Briefs
World's Largest 6000kw LNG Cold Pawer Plant
Reactor Export Planned
Dry-Clean Plant Workerts Clothes
Development of Automatic Control System for PWR Plants
Manganese Oxidatiou in Molten Iron
Change in Solidification of Iron Alloys
Cas ting Conditi,ons on Solidification of Steel
Ite crystallization of Cu-Al Alloy
Mixed Car Production Line
Tri31 Manufacture
Mailline Tool Export Cartel
General Purpose Pressure Sensor
Single-Package Multichannel Photo-Coupler
Radio-Waves Absorber
Completing Nation-kiide Network in 5 Yeai�s
,iaw Type Polling rfodem
Solid Shape Measuring Instrument
Ca.rbonic Acid Gas Laser Processing Unit
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173
174
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176
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
POLITICAL IMPACT OF U.S.-JAPAN AUTO ISSUE ANALYZED
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 28 Mar 81 p 3
[Text] The Japan-U.S. discussions on the automobile problem will begin in
earnest next month. As the content af the American Government's demands to
Japan becomes clear, it is gradually becoming obvious that this is a political
problem. The scenario seems to be for "Japan, as an ally of the United States,
to show a cooperative attitude in helping to build a strong America by
voluntary cutbacks on automobile exports for a while." The upshot is that auto
- export cutbacks will be traded for defense assistancc:, Japan's biggest concern.
According to the estimate of the Industrial Bank of .,apan, if automobile
exports are held to 1979 levels, our total industrial production will fall by
650 billion yen and employment will drop by 45,000. Is this political price
paid by Japan as an American ally high or low?
Many people point to Japan's defense problem as the greatest political issue
between Japan and the Uniteu States. However, the Unitsd States has focused on
cars. Foreign Minister Ito's first statement on returiing from the United
_ States was, "No matter where I went in America the only thing they talked about
was cars." Certatnly there were plenty of episodes behind this statement.
_ On 21 March, just before Foreign Minister Ito's visit to the United States,
Ambassador Mansfield made this request of Mr Ito. "This is an instruction from
Secretary of State Haig. Cou1.d you reduce automobile exports to the level of
several years prior to 1980?"
At a conference between Fo reign Minister Ito and Secretary of State Haig,
Secretary Haig said, "In o rder to resCore military balance with the. Soviet
;~nion, a strong America is necessary and we must give priority to passing the
- ne�a budget in Congress to reduce the eize of governmerLt."
At a conference between Fo reign Minister Ito and President Reagan, the President
explained the troubles of the U.S. auto industry and said, "It would be terrible
if a protectionist law were passed in the U.S. Congress."
At a conference between Foreign Minister Ito and Treasury Secretary Re the
secretary sa�;d, "A parent wants to see his ugly daughter (meariing Chrysler)
married off toa, even if it means providing a dowry."
~
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On 27 March, in a meeting between Foreign Mi.nister Ito, Minister of
International Trade and Industry Tanaka, Chief Cab3net Secretary Miyazawa,
and Mr Okita, a government representative, the foreign minister pointed out
that, "This time, there will be no negotiated agreement. The heads of both
countries want to settle this matter quickly."
When these statements are put together, a certain scenario takes form.
- First, there is a pretense that Japan will unilaterally cooperate on automobiles.
The cantrol of auto exports to the United States is left up to the independent
- decision of Japan. Even when important officials of the American Government
come to Japan, they say that th.eir purpose is not negotiatfons. Ambassador
Mansfield's cutback volume request was "not to be leaked to the outs ide under
any circumstances." Mr Ito said, "The American Government is :naking no specific
_ requests." This was to be a feature of any "discussions."
However, when Japan and the United States discuss cutting auto expo rts by 200,000
to 300,000 vehicles compared to last year, this does not differ in any way
from negotiations. A Foreign Ministry source says the reason for making a point
of expressing something this clear as "discussions" rather than "negotiations"
is because "it will benefit both countries." This means that the new Reagan
government can get by without pulling down its banner of "free tracle." If the
congressional majority who desire restraints on Japanese autos are appeased, it
will be easier to carry out the new administration's meassres for economic
renewal. At that point,even though it is impossible right nowy Japan can
cooperate with a"strong America." This is the plot.
However, there is no guarantee that this devotion to the Reagan government wil]_
' buy off pressure on Japau to share more of the defense burden. Our government
leaders must actually feel even more conscious of the defense issue when we
are told that the official American view is that defense is not involved.
Even if cars and defense are separate issues, a MITI source says, "When the auto
issue is settled, the next problem may be defense." Some point to "one more
scenario" on the American side.
Unilateral auto import cutbacks by Japan will result in a number of cost burdens.
If the matter is to be largely settled in one blow during April, the government
will have to take forceful measures against the industry. The most effective
method would be to establish a quota for each manufacturer by invoking an export
_ trade restraining order. However, MITI is not enthtisiastic. It says, "It would
be a suicidal act for trade administration."
Especially if the coming measures for the United States are based on autonomous
decisions with no American demands, the United States will not acknowledge any
- part in a trade control ordpr. The Japanese Government will have to take full
responsibility. Both Canada and Europe will say, "Do the same for us." If
there is a great impact on the auto industry it will probably put the blame on
MITI. Therefore, a trade control order is a two-edged sword and MITI is
desperately trying to find some other way out.
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The government needs to consider carefully whether the pzi.ce that must be paid
to the United States balances out with our own country's welfare.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbun 1981
- 9651
CSO: 4105/148
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
YOUNG FACTION MEMBERS CONTEND FOR LDP LEADERSHIP
Tokyo YOMIURI 5HIMRUN in Japanese 2 Mar 81 p 2
[Text] The activities of "new leaders" in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), _
once suppressed by the faction leaders ia the interfactional strife, are siarting
up again. The "early starter group," represented by Noboru Takeshita (former -
finance minister), is being aggressively pursued by the "late starter groiip,"
, among them Rokusuke Tanaka (minister for interna�ional trade and industry) and _
- Michio Watanabe (finance ministex). 3oining in the fray is Ganri Yamashita
(chairman of the Diet Steering Commicteej, who may be backed by former Pr.ime -
Minister Tanaka. This makes the new leadership contest a confusing battle.
Former Prime Ministers Fukuda and Tanaka, who still control the LDP factions
remain uncoucerned, noting, "competition is good." However, along with the two
candidates for party president, Nakasone (Directox General, Administrative
Management Agency) and Komoto (Director General, Economic Planning Agency), who
are being closely pressed for the post-Suzuki position, they will never know when
tre wave of generational change may come upon them.
Pattern of the Confusing Battle
The so-called "early starter group1 for the new leadership is made up of the
Fukuda faction),
- following six: Shintaro Abe (LDPPolicy Planning Committee,
Noboru Takeshita (Tanaka faction), Kiichi Miyazawa (Chief Cabinet Secretary,
Suzuki factiun), T.chiro Nakagawa (director general of t'he Science and Technology
Agency, Nakagawa faction), Toshiki Kaibu (forr.ier minister of education, Komoto =
faction). As the candidates for Prime Minister in the 1980's, they are competing
J with each other to demonstra*e their prime ministerial caliber.
However, recently, Finance Minister Watanabe (no faction) and Minister for -
International Trade and Industry (MITI) Tanaka (Suzuki faction) have shown -
remarkable ability. Furthermore, even Yamashita, on the 21st, the day of h;s
office opening, took the occasion to announce his candidacy for the new leadership.
"They have no knowledge nor powsr as politicians. They are merely blowing the
horn, beating the drums and dancing," says an official from the Suzuki faction.
Despite this frosty view, the situation appears as if all sorts of flowers have
bloomed at once.
~
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Impatienca of the Old Guard
A leading f.igure of the middle of thP road opposition commented on the "new _
leaders": "Abe and Takeshita do not look good. Watanabe, Naka,-,awa and Tanaka
will be making rapid progress." Abe and Takeshita, during last year's intra-
a party struggle, were involved in the "GenerEition Change Debate" which sought to
remove the existing leadership. It is rumored that they thus provoked Fukuda
- and Tanaka's anger and are not on good terms with them. However, to this day,
_ this has not shown any outward si.gns. It seems thL?t Abe has finally quelled
= the anger of Fukuda and the senior members of the faction. But this is nat
sufficient reason to call him the "Fukuda faction's Crown Prince."
Oc the other hand, even though Takeshita appears to be one of the toD officials
= in the "Thursday Club" of the Tanaka faction, a mid-level Diet member from that
faction has it tnat, "unfortunately, he is still hard at work 'mopping the floor' _
- (still has to take order5)." Moreover, Takeshita is under attack from two sides. -
- Kosaka has changed from his independent position and joined the Tanaka faction, -
while Yamashita has also started his move towards the future.
_ Miyazawa also is in a difficult position as his ground has been shaken by Tanaka's
entry into the Lattle. Thus, each of the three has much to wor.ry about: Should
- they plan for the boss handing over power voluntarily or should they aim one day
to take power for themselves?
A Separate Troop
= Among the early starters, Nagagawa is moving about freely. Though it is small,
he has a base of his own, "Jiyu Kakushin Doyu-Kai" ["The Liberal Progressives
- Gr.oupJ and is preparing for the battle against the Suzuki-Tanaka coalition as a
, separate troop trom the Fukuda faction. He is planning a publication ceremony
in Tokyo on May 15 and is aiming ro sell himself as a ractiori boss. He has the
- ambition to split off from the Fukuda fac�tion in the future.
Kaibu from the Komoto faction established an office near the Diet at the be.ginning
of this month and is holding seminars with young members of the faction as the
main participants. Although this group has not been designated publicly as a
policy studiES group, it is certain that it aspires to succeed the Komoto faction.
"As a separate tr.oop from the Komoto faction, it will devote itself to attacking.
We will split the Tanaka faction and unify all the 'new leadership' behind
~ Komoto," ;ays Kaibu in a manner full of fighting spirit that pays no attention
_ to the possihility o f accomplishing this.
Endorsement
4
- MITI minister Tanaka explained his organization of thP 'Shin-sedai Kenkyu-kai.' ~
- ('New Generation Study Gr.oup'] in this way, "I have Prime Minister Suzuki's
- approval." Similariy, Yamashita, another of the "].ate starters" said, "My _ old man (former Prime Minister Tanaka) encouraged me." Yamashita will be
_ attending rallies in Tokyo April 10 and Osaka April 27, sponsored by head of
- the Japan Chamber of Commerce Nagano an3 other business leaders. It is said on -
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- both occasions former Pri.me Minister Tanaka will be present and will endorse him
. publicly. This news is upsetti.zg to Takeshita and others.
An Aging, Bureaucratic Society
Nakasone, a strong candidate to succeed Suzuki, comments on the movements of =
the various candidates for the new leadership as follows. "Policy proposals '
- backed by young leadership gives vitalit,y to the party and is thus good." On the -
- other hand, Komoto, maybe because he holds a monttily "golf ineeting" with Abe,
' Nakagawa, and Tanaka, has made no comment. However, it seems iieither of them are `
e
- calm inside.
Former Prime Minister Fukuda says, "I would like to see young people who are
proud to be the champion of pure, right and strong conservative power aggressively -
take leadership." Former Prime Minister Tanaka says, "I, too, used to run around
stPalthily trying not to be noticed by Mr Sato's (late former Prime Minister -
- Eisaku Sato) 'fish eyes.' Tanaka faction is the virtual ruling party. It is a
matter of course that people with aspirations like Takeshita, Kosaka and Yamashita
cornpete with each other."
Both of them sound very confident. But what would they do if the movement that
_ seeks the change of generation develops into a big surge? "In short, the LDP is I.
about to face an aging generation, where former nrime ministers who normally _
should retire, still refuse to yield their power. Even the new leaders ar.e only
walking around dragging their chains in a cage, ti.-e cage of factions existing in -
a bureaucratic society." This comment by a seniur non-faction Diet member is
beginning to sound reasonable. -
COPYRIGHT: Yomiuri Shimbun 1981
9782
CSO: 4105/143
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COAL LIQUEFACTION 1?ILOT PlAl1T USING DIRECT HYDROGENATION
_ Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 56
- ITexJ
' Ntitsui Engineenng & Shipbuildiniz Cu., Ltd., l
" in cuoperation with Nippon Kokan K. f:..
Electric Power Development Cu.. As:ilii Cliem-
. ical fnSustry Cu., and Hitachi Ltd. hasdecidcd
to consttuc[ a coal liyucfaction pilot {)lant oC
2.4 tons/Jay scalr. Thc liyucfaction techniquc
to be empluyrd cunsists uf ditect hydrogcna-
tion, a mcthuJ takcn trom thc Sun Shinr
Nroject uf the Ministry of Intrrnatiunal Tradc
and lnduslry. 1Vithin thc year thc construcUon
aill be cumplctrd for a year-lunp uperation.
starting e:uty 1982 followed in sprint! 1983
by an evaluation tasK betbre any subscyucnt
step is taken. If the current plan goes without
any operational trouble, a large-scale demon-
stratiun plant uf 250 tons daily capacity wou1S -
bc built for cornpletiun in 1985 aiming at
launching in thc nut tuu distant (uture a com-
mrrcial cuul liyurlaction plant with a throueh-
put uf 25,000 tons/day.
Cual liqueCaction by Sirect hydrugenation
is the process whereby coai and Uydrogen arc
~ hyJroucnatcd inL1 liyuc(icd in une etaEc at hi!_h
tcmperature anJ prrssure. tu prrducr rual
_ liquids, ranging from iight to hcavy, undrr
= v;,rqin_ hydro_cnation procedures. The reac-
' tion cundiUons:,rr 40)1)-500�C. 100�-300 atms. _
.ind Ihc rcactiun umes %.ir}' frum tirveral tu tenc
~ uf minutcs, with all cuals but inthracitc bcing _
suit:ible. I'echncally. aIthough the methoS
rcyuurs high trmpcraturc and pressurc. it
fcoturr, :i unr-+taEC npcRlUOfI. dfld hoaxts
_ eC(icicnt hydruecnauun as woll as prud:icts
,uitable for solid-liyuid scparatiun.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 P'uji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
- CSO: 4120
7
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SCIFNCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH CENTER'S TRISTAN PRt,,;LCT
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 23 Jan 81 p 4
[Text] The next generation is said to be the Age of Elsmentary
Particle Science. In 1981 the High Energy Physics Research
Center, located in Tsukuba Research Center City (Director:
Tetsuji Nishikawa) will begin implementing a plan for construc- -
tion of a beam-collision format, high energy particle accelera-
- tor--the so-called Tristan Project--with a view to start
testing in 1985. The aim of the project is to construct the
world's foremost, super-large particle accelerator--960 meters
in diameter--and to discover quark--the ultimate elementary -
particle--by smashing electrons and positrons with the highest
beam energy of 25 to 30 billion electron volts; and otherwise
explore the various vanguard topics in physics today. Since
- accelerator science itself is a collection of advanced tech-
nologies--super-conduction, electro-magnet, super-high vacuum
technology, measurement technology and so on--the industrial
world is expecting positive results from the Tristan Project. ~
Many high energy physicists are hoping for an early realization of the Tristan Project since it is a way to ascertain the intrinsic nature of a material's ultimate structure. The construction for the said project is to be pursued in two stages-- -
first and second. Tlie first project is a 5-year plan beginning in 1981 at the -
total cost of 75 billion yen under which an injection [nyusha] accumulator ring
(approximately 120 meters in diameter) and a Tristan ring (about 960 meters
diameter) will be constructed in order to perform elementary particle tests
involving collision of:' electrons and positrons with maximum energy of 25 to 30
billion electron volts.
It is said that if super-conduction, high frequency cavern--currently under develop-
ment--is used, the above noted energy level may be maximized to 35 to 40 billion
electron vo'lts.
, According to the plaiz, an electron is accelerated up to 3 bilZion volts by means of
a linear accelerator (scheduled completion date: 1981) 400 meters in length belonging
to the radiation ray testing facility. Then it is kept in the injection accumu-
- lator ring and accelerated to 6 billion electron volts, and then put into the
Tristan ring. In the meantime, as the positron does not exist in an ordinary
substance, the electron is accelerated to 200 million electron volts using a
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small linear accelerator and struck into a metal. Positrons tl-ius generated are
gathered; and relying on the same procedure used in the case of electrons. It is -
, proces~3ed into the injection accumulator ring and then shot ~"to the Tristan ring.
Within the ring the electrons and positrons run i.n opposite directions at the rate
of ,p 000 seconds per revolution. In the beginning, their orbits are staggere3 =
so ~h~y cannot collide. When the line up of electrons and positrons is completed,
- they are accelerated ro the mnximum 30 billion electron volts and made to collide
- head-on.
Since each is accelerated to 30 billion electron volts, when they collide, trcy do ~
so with the force if 60 billion electron volts. Both electron and positron particl.es
are obliterated and they are separated into minutest constitv.ent parts. Physicists _
- the world over are intensely searching for the quark of the future from among them.
The elementary particle re:search is said to be the ultimate field iz physics. It -
_ is expected to have a great ripple effect. But it requires tremendous capital
- and vast grounds; the size of accelerators range from 2 to 3 kilometers in diameter. -
At the European International Nuclear Research Laborai.ory (Geneva, Switzerland)
a gigantic monster of an accelerator--10 kilometers in diameter--is bei-ng planned.
_ Tn order to resolve this question, a collision type accelerator was developed.
- There are two collision energy research projects--involving maximum of about 40
, billion electron volts accelerator--currently in progress. One is in Tdest Germany--
"PETRA" and the other is in the United States "PEP." With Tristan, the range can
' be expanded further to 60 billion electron volts.
- The major feature of the Tristan Proj ect is that new technologies and ideas are
used everywhere--for example, development of super-conduction, dipolar electro-
_ magnet used in super-large positron synchrotron which will be necessary for _
electron-positron collision experiments in the future. _
~ 'i'his particular developmental research is organized by the prufessorial staff
from various research fields. Already, a test conducted toward the end of last
year revealed that the super-conduction, dipolar electromagnet for the Number 2
- Machine has a capability vastly sunerior to the world standard. It is said that a
_ 14 centimeters inside diameter coil, 1.2 meters length, niobic titanium super-
conduction, dipolar electromagnet lias generated 5.25 Tesla highly refinad magnetic
field at 4.2�K. This is the first time anywhere in the world that a positron
synchrotron super-ronduction electromagnet with a large coil bore has been able to
generate a magnetic field greater than S Tesla.
Using tllis kind of dc.velopmental research as a base, the High Energy Research Center
- is looking toward the development of the "step"--a 13 Tesla class unit--to be
made as a U.S.-Japan joint project in 2 to 3 years. With that goal in mind, the
Center is prusuing basic researc.h or: a new super-conduct.ion line and super-flowage
cooling method.
An :impartant key to a sur.cessful accelerator system is a superior detector that
can measure the direction, speed, energy, momentum, mass and amount of electricity
_ and so on of particles. Development of a new measuring device will be emphasized
in tile collision type Tristan Project. Development of jet fli.ght pattern
~
9
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measuremen.t dPVice cind research concerning positron's destruction belang in thi.s
classification. These will be developed under a 3-year plan which will begin i.n
1981.
Upon completion of tlie super-conduction elecl-.romagnet development scheduled for
- around 1985,, the Hi;,h Energy Research Center will launch its Second Project aimed
at a construction of a super-conduction positron ring inside the same tunnel as
electrons and positrons and beam collision testing of maximum energy 25 billion
electron volts electrons and 300 billion electron volts positrons.
Compared to the currently on-going experiments of this nature, the said test's
collision energy wi11 be several tens to htindred fold greater. Translated into
precise terms used in analyzing and observing particle structure, it would mean
10-16 cm. It is hoped that this experiment will yield detailed information regarding
the nature of quark within an elementary particle and even the internal structure
of the quark itself.
Tristan Placement Diagram
~
\1 r ~
>A ~
~1lIpilMfdM 2
s i
6
d SpQm
,
F ~J t9
I. ItOeVqi-i i9 o h o i
2. t SOeV;fV=T i9
7. 200 MeV 1C if 2 S'F'1=T i 4
4. :.5001+1WRI) . y
S. 6GeV=+ � FfIt+A11112
6. h~lz9% 7
Key; 1. 120GeV positron synchrotron
2. 2.5GeV electron lineac
3. 200MeV. high intensity electron lineac
4. 2.5GeV electron storage ring
5. 6GeV electron/positron injection accumulator ring
6. Tristan ring
A. Experimental Lse tangent
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
11460
CSO: 4105/134
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- SUPER FINE POWDER TECHNOLOGY OFFERS GREAT POTENTIAL
_ 'rokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 19 Jan 81 p 11
- [Text] Metal powders called super fine particles have become the center of
great attention recently. The collections of super fine particles ranging in
diameter from 1/1,000 to 1/10 micron display magnetic properties, internal
_ stresses, l'i-ght absorption, thermal resistance, and melting point which are so
_ uifferent from those of bulk �netals of the same elemental coniposition as to defy
imagination, and there is grF;at potential for some very innovative applications
= in the areas of electronics, catalytic chemistry, metallurgy, and medicine.
At the present time, research in this area in Japan is leading the world, and
- preparations are under way for this technology to becom e the nucleus in forth-
_ coming internatiunal technological struggles.
It Looks Ju$t Like Soot
"The soot inside a smokestack. That is just what this material laoks like." So
said a member of the National Research Institute for Metals of the Science and
Technology Agency. He opened up a pharmaceutical package of apparently valuable
material in the palm of his hand. It was orclinary looking material, `ust as
he had described. There is no metallic luster. It appears black because light
- is completely absorbed. The individual particles which make up the fine powder
are no larger than 1/100 the size af a cholera bacterium and these particles only
= appear black when seen under an optieal microscope. An electron microscope
~ has to be used to differentiate the particles. Some of the smaller particles
contain only a dozen or so elementary particles, whil e the largPr members may
contain several tens of thousands.
These super fine particles came into the limelight unly very recently. While
they are simple metals reduced to very fine state, this great reduction in size
has been found to be associated with some remarkable properties. Let us list
some of the properties which have been discovered thus far.
These particles have very large surface area. When one gram of powder is
spr.ead out aver a plane, its surface area will be as much as 70 square met`r::.
_ A particle has large surface tension, as a result of which there is very large
internal pressure. This pressure is of the order of several hundred thousand
atmospheres, civaling that within the earth's interior.
11
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Fine powder of the iron alleq family di.splay much greater magnetic properties
than larger masses of the same material,
_ Fine powder of the chrome fam.i.ly alloys absorb J_ight very well.
" The melting point (temperature at which a material melcs) is very low compared
to bulk metal. For example, the meltinP point of silver is 960 degrees Celsius,
but that of fine silvQr ?owder is less than 100 degrees Celsius. In other
words, fine silver powder will meit in hot water.
The activity of fine powder is high, and it enters into various types of
reactions.
- It has almost no thermal resistance at low temperature, and it conducts heat very
efficiently.
Many Applications Appear
These properties should give rise to a variety of applications. The area which
has been researched most thoroughly at present is in the area of magnetic
applicatians. Use in test development of magnetic tapes is already being
researched by Fuji Photo Fi1m,Matsushita Electric Industrial, Hitachi, and
Titanium Kogyo and some universities are developing magnetfc tapes. There are
_ hopes that tapes with 10 times the recording density of the present tapes may be
developed.
_ Mitsu Toatsu Chemicals has zeroed in on the light-absorbing property to engage
in research on infrared-absorbing materials, and applications in the area of
solar heat utilization devices are being explored. The enormous surface area
and the very high activity are expected to lead to the development of some
revolutionary catalysts, and researches are under way at Daido Special Stsel and
Sagami Central Laboratory.
In addition, fine nickel is used as catalyst for the prope113nt of a solid
fuel rocket, and there have been suggestions that the use of super fine powder
- might enable the production of rocket fuel with 100 times the combustion
- efficiency of the present fuels. There is also possibility of great changes
taking place in the area of powder metal technology. Materials presently being
_ hot pressed at a temperature of about 1,000 degrees Celsius mav be press formed
at 100 degrees Celsius or thereabout, enabling a high level of energy
conservation.
Some foreign results include thF use of fine powder in low thermal resistance
heat exchangers and heat transfer materials for very low temperature units, to
- er.ab?e the first atta3nment in the world of a temperature very close to absolute
- zero. Super fine particulate magnets have been discovered in the cilia of
bacteria, and this presence is being exploited to separate microorganisms
with magnets in research now under way.
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_ In the scientific area, attention has been directed at these super fine particles =
being almost identical with space dust, and these super fine particles may
serve to explain some of the states in space,
Now, how does one prepare t::ese supPr fine particles? Some Japanese researchers
pred!.cted some of the singula:- behavior of these super fine particles about 20 
years ago, and basic studies have been cor.tinued in the ur..iversities. ~
~ The. New Technology Develcpment 14ork Group (director, Yoshimitsu Takeyasu) tcok
up the resul*_s of tiiese researches and ccntracted development of production
technology to V3cuum Metallurgy (managerr Shuzei Hayashi) in 1971. At present, -
_nearly all the super fine powder used in researches throughUUt the world was -
- prepared by the equipment developed by Vacuum Metallurgy. At the same time, it is
said that Vacuum 24etallurgy is the only business enterprise in the world which
presently has any equipment for pr.eparing this very fine powder. .
The method is called vaporization, in which a container placed within a vacuum -
has inert gas sealed in beforehand, and metal is heated to high temperature -
within this container, causing it to vaporize. Metal vaporized in the form
_ of smoke-like metal vapor is recovered as super fine particles.
- The problem is the price. The monthly production of the unit which has been `
,
developec' is only a few kilograms, and the cost of the super fine metal product
- is about 300,000 yen per kilogram. This is a tremendous barrier to practicali- _
- zar_ion. It is said that this company is aiming at lowering the cost to a
few tens of thousands of yen per kilogram.
I New Production Method
- In the meantime, the Nati.onal Research Institute for Metals has developed a new
pro3uction method which might effect a large reduction in cost, and this method
= is attracting considerable attention.
Hints were obtained from the dispersion of fine particles from molten metal of ~
= an arc-melting process, and a technology embellishing this behavior was
- developed. The arc is dispersed by directing a stream of argon gas containing
more than 30 percent hydrogen. The hydrogen which is dissolved to a super-
saturated state in the molten metal is said to disperse super fine particles as
it escapes from the melt. "The production capacity is between 100 and 10,000 =
times greater than the vaporization method," said ilirector Uda of the First
_ Laboratory, which developed this method. -
In any event, Japan is presently leading the world in the two areas of production
and applicatien of super fine powder, with its amazing potential capabilities.
Japan holds the basic patents, and ttiere is a consensus among the people _
concerned that this technology should be developed as a solely Japanese
technology,
The Science and Technology Agency has taken up tnis subject as one of the "eyebal'l
_ pxojects" for the Creative Science Promotion System it plans to establish in
- 1981, and it hopes to enlist the aid of ind.ustry, goverriment, and academia in -
establisliing the basic technology.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
2267 4105/120 13
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F'OR UFFI('IAI. USH: ONI.Y
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL COOPERATION, JICA'S CONTRIBUTION DISCUSSED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Ma.r 81 pp 11-16
[Article by Junpei Ka.to, Direc*or of Planning Department, Japan Internationa.l
Cooperation Agency (JICA)l
[Text]
1. Entire Picture of Japan's Technical Cooperation
Japar's technical cooperation in 1979 iri terms of money,
amounted to S242 million, which corresponds to 9% of Japan's -
official development assistance (ODA-52,637 million), 13`'I~ of "
bilateral ODA ($I.921 miliion) on 43i'o of bilateral grant ($560
million).
Technical cooperation from some donor countries accounts
for a large part of bilateral ODA (e.g., 57% for France). For
Japan, :echnical cooperation accounts for a relatively small
percentage of die total ODA. However. Japan's technical
cooperation has for some years been showing high growdi, and =
now is nearly three times the amount of 5 years ago.
Technica.l cooperation is divided into three sections: 1) students and trainees, 2) experts and volunteers, and �3) '
equipment, material, and other items. Here, I am geing to
explain, more in detail, the performance in 1979 of Japan's
technical cooperation of the first two sections.
For section 1), in 1979 students numbered 1270, and
trainees 7927, the latter far surpassing the former. For the
students, those of secondary and undergraduate levels numbered
450 and postgraduate students, 820, the latter surpassing the
lormer. .
For section 2), in 1979 experts numbered 5759 and
volunteers, 914. These experts included only 342 teachers (6%)
arid volunteers included only 87 teachers (10%).
In the same category as technical cooperation, Japan greatly
differs irom other major donor countries (such as France) which
sends uut teachers extensively, particularly langtiage teachers. -
and also accepts foreign students.
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'fhus, unlike other dunor countries, lapan's technical co-
- upcration is (1I' little cultural and educational nature. but
literally. is cooperation in technical tields. Mure specitic;ally,
Japan's technical cooperatior lays emphasis on the following
sectors:
- Experts and volunteers: lndustry (30%), agriculture (2670),
" and public utilities (1 S"'r).
~ Trainees: lndustry (471), agriculture ( 12",).
and public utilitics ( l On )
Students: Engineering (26%), agriculture
,
( I 5~0, and natural sciences ( 1 1 f~).
(though emphasis here is spreading
somewhat).
Now, let us turn to countries to which Japan's cooperation is
directed. Because of Japan's geographical positiun. emphasis
naturally, is directed toward Asian ruuntries. In particular, the
Fast Asian countries are important. M11ore than SOn ut' the
- students and trainees are from these cuuntries, and 40'-; ot the
experts and vulunteprs are sent tu these countries.
Friority countries in diis region. namely Kurea and tite
ASEA?V countries: Indonesia. Malaysia, Philippities, Sineapore
- and Thailand are particularly important as main recipient
countries of Japan's entire techniCal cooperation cund. in
addition tu those six countries, China's weiolt is going to
inr.rease.
Next to the East Asian areas, Japan's efforts for technical
cooperation are directed toward Central and South American
area (nearly 20% for both students and trainees, and experts and
_ volunteers). Brazil is equally as impurtant as the East Asian
countries because of impressive size of the Japanese colony in
that country. Other Latin-American countries to which rela-
- tively la: ge amount of technical cooperation is extended are
- Paraguay and Bolivia.
in other areas. Japan's technical cooperation is provided in
At'rica (10'% for students and trainees. and 2017,. fur experts and
volunteers, with greater emphasis toward the latter), South Asia
_ (ahout 10'.", ior both activities), and West Asia (5-7" for !)oth
_ activitieE. Technicsl cooperation is also, increasingly being
eztendecl to the Pacitir area. thuugli in total amount this is not
large hecause the countries in ihis :irea are rcl:itivcly small.
_ COuntries tu wliich Japan Llirerts relatively large amuunts of
terhnical cooperation are: Egypt. Kenya and T:1f17.3I113 in the
.lfrir;in arej: I?ang,ladesh, Snlanka. \epal and I3urma in Centr2l
- .ind tiouth :1,ij: ind Iray in West Asi,i.
Jap.in's Technical Cuoperation and JICA's
l'oiitribution
.la1,;in'; technic:il roo>perLition cimsists uf mu tvpes: unc is
' piucl~ un a~~wcrnmenwl hasis. and thc uther through private
hoclir.:, inont ut the t'ormer being carriecl out by Japan
International ('uoperation AQency (JIC'A).
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_ 11(',1's contribution in 197() accuunted tur 66n~ of all Japan's
tcchnical cuoperation and as ;i general trend in recent years, this
percentage is increasin� thuugh rather sIieJitly. .
Among the budies engageJ in terhniral cooperatiun uther
- tlian JICA, the 1'irst is the %iinisrrv m( Education which takes
_ care uf foreigii stuclents invited with sCIlUl1fSI1lpJ being ex-
tended tu them. 1'here are also a number of private bodies
rendering technical cooperatirm, but her- i will mention only
two of them.
One is the .Jap811 Overseas Development Corpuration. This
Corporation is participating in Japan's technical cooperation in
addition to other activities: it sends uut experts from Japanese
companies to give iechniral guidance at Lhe request of private
cumpanies ot the develuping countries.
Experts sent out by the Curporation are mostly engineers in
manutacturing Felds. They include many of these who after
years' service in partical jobE in private companies in Japan, have
- liad erperience in giving tecllnical guidance in companies
= overseas. They give advice in many different fields from
methuds of productiun tu management. for companies in the
developing countries.
Tlie uther group is the Association for Overseas Technical
Scliolarship (AOTS). Tlle Association was established in 1959
_ for the purpose ot helping Japanese companies in opening
' branclies in otlier countries. by training local employees from
those ruuntries working in the companies' branches. The
;lssori:itiom. which has been uperative for 20 years. has warked
Out a uniyue and very successful method for educating local
workers in techniqties tising the Japanese language.
Althoxigh tl?ese two associatiuns are private organizatiuns.
they are ainply suhsidiied hy the Japanese ;ovcrnment.
TLe cuoperatiun renJered by the tilinistry of Education and
tliz ahuvc two o.*ganizatiuns is far smaller than that provided hy
JICA. By percentage. the R1inistn: of Eduration accounts for 7%
- uf a!I the technical raoperatiun provided by Japan. the Japan
Oversras Develupment Corporatian Ir, and the Associatiun for
Uverseas Technical Scholarship 4',7(. From this, it is clear iiow
large JICA's wcight lias been in Japan's providing techiiical
cuoperation and JICA is truly playing a leading role in the
programme.
For students and trainees, primarily, the Ministry of Educa-
tian lias taken care of students. while JICA has loohed after
3743 (471%) out of the 7927 trainees (in 1971)). Other than
JIC.A. AOTS has macle a rclativcly large contribution, taking
:arcc,t 2791 lrjllltt~, l?0''%1.
I'01' C),{,cris :111d vulwitOrs. which tutalled 667; in 1979,
.II(':\ >cni uut ?602 expcrts ind 914 volunteers. wtalling
tngcllirr 4~?b or 61)'; oI' 311.
_ The Japan Overseas Development Corporation's technical
cooperation, whic;h started only recently, made a rather modest
_ contributicm in 1979, sending out 124 experts
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3. Structure and Services of JICA
- JICA is an organization established in 1974, run and financed
totally by the Government. its structure and services are
provided for under the (nternational Coopecation Agency Law
- and performs its services under strict governmental control.
J[CA is managed by its President, Mr. Keisuke Arita. 2
vice-presidents and 11 executive directors. lt has 17 depart-
ments and a serretariat of Japan Overseas Coeperation Volun-
teers whicli takes care of volunteers being dispatched.
- Alsu. JIC.4 has 7 training centers and affiliated organs which
accept trainees from abroad, as well as oiher affiliated organs,
and 1) branch offices within the country. It also has a number
of overseas (iffices abroad, mostly in the developing countries.
JI('A's servic,es are not confined to technical coopeiation. It
; also provides emigration services, supp!y of funds and other
related services, yet, its main duty is techtiical cooperation. So I
will limit the explanation of its services here to technical
- cooperation, which largely includes the following: a) sending of
.lapanese field service personnel to developing countries (dis�
- patch of experts, survey missions and volunteers); b) training: c)
_ supply of equipment and d) project-type technical cooperation.
aISending of Japanese tield service persoinel to developing
countries (dispatcli of experts, survey missions and voluntears):
- This includes three types of services. First, sendingof experts
Imostly technical experts as men(ioned earlier) such asadvisers
to the government or as technical trainers in governmental
~
- trainine organs. 'I'hese experts stay in the developing countries
_ and work to transfer ajid transplant techniques in those
_ ruuntries.
_ Secemdly, senftg of survey missions. JICA dispatches
missiun~ consisting of technical experts to make sur~eys useful
far econor?;ic development in developing countries.
Thirdly, the dispatch of Japanese overseas field service
- vulunteers. These volunteers are youths having some technical
knowledge and who work hard to pass on their knowledge in
- the severe environment of the developing coimtries.
Japancse ficld service personnel are usually sent to develop-
_ ine ruuntries uPI,n reyucst made by the governments of those
- t:ountrie;. Tlicy are sent in order to fill the techniral vacuum in
ilie field niust needed h\ recipient countries.
h)Tiaininv inrludes Froup training and individual training: -
Fui the turmei, nearly standard training courses are prepared
cvery \eai aiid trainees are invited to attend t}iem from the
Jevrlopinc countries. For the latter, special training courses are
organizrcl at the request of the governments of particular
developing cuuntries. Because it is expensive and requires a lot
of eftort, this latter service is rendered only in special cases,
inostly in those where particular training is needed for counter-
p;irts wurking widi Japanese experts in the framework of
.I:ipan's technical cooperation.
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c) Supply 01 equipment consists cf donating necessary equip-
ment when experts are seni out to countries for technical
cooperatiun. and after trainees have finished training
in .I:ip:in ,I1CI return home. ThrougJi this materials and
cquipment are provided to enable the transfer of particular
techniques efficiently, at the request of the cuuntries con-
cerned.
Tlie provision of services a), b) and c) above combined,
- comes under the so-called project�type technical (:ooperation.
In practice, this service consists of a rather complex form of
cooperation beginning viith the sending of a survey mission to
the site at the request of a developing country, to find out what
cooperation can be rendered effectively and when details cr
cooperation are determined, se;iding out experts generally for
?--S years, supplying materials, and training counterparts in
Japan.
- At present, JICA maintains 109 prcjects over a wide range of
tields including agric!.ilture, stockbreeding, fisheries, forestry.
, niining. small industries, telecommunications, vocational train-
in;a, medical services, public hygiene, family planning, etc. The
_ developing cour 'ries to which project-type cooperation is being
rendered. include many of the Asian countries. and some
countries in the Middle East. Africa, and Central and Suuth
- Amerira.
This project-type technical cooperation is provided upon
request made by governments of developing countries arid thus
is directed to the field in which systematic input of Lhe
techniques is most needed. J[CA is endeavering to implement
technical cooperation project; efficiently and to make tfiem fit
for loral conditions and needs of the recipient countries.
4. Features of J[CA's Technical Cvoperation
= The first feature of JICA's technical cooperation :s the fact
lll:ll it has no element of continuation from lapan's colonial
- paS t.
Japan had an unhappy experience ut colonial rule in somc
AS1JI7 8fE'aS. SUC}1 as in the peninsula of Korea and the isl.ind c;f
- Formusa. But J1CA does not have any stlff' whu have been
previously involved in Japan's colonial administration, and
_ Japan's post-war technicai cooperation is enUrelv free fram any
such past colunial experience.
- This is in sh3rp contrast to other donor countries previously
- having colonies. wiiicli started dieir "assistance", particularly
technical cooperation after the Secund World War as an
extention of their colonial administration.
- Examples of this, are shown by France and Britain. Tlley
transformed their former offices of colonial administration into
"assistance" rendering agencies, which largely include ufticials
I'ormcrly experienced in colonial administratiun, who in turn are
sent as experts in technical cooperation to developiilg countries
or are engaged in tlle planning of technical cooperation.
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Thc same aIso applies to international organs. It is a
wcll-kno~wn f'act that the staff of the World Bank which took
the lead in creating "development assistance policies" in :he
post-war world, largely included officials of earlier colonial
administrative services.
As a result of definite isolation from the colonial past in
performing its services, JICA is at a handicap. Teclinical
c:ooperation rendered by France and Britain is based on a Iluge
- amount of knowledge and experience accumulated in colonial
times a.bout the economy, society, environmrn: and prodtice of
_ their previous colonies. A number of research agencies estab-
lished to facilitate colonial administration, are still performing
their functions and are directly or indirectly related to technical
_ cooperation.
In contrast, Japan has no sucli accumulation of information
from the past. Japan's technical cooperation has had to start
from scratch. Ttlus, JICA's knowledge and experience about
develuping cuuntries is very liunited, c;ompared widi the corre-
sponding organizations of the once culonial powers. Instead,
JICA tends to consider problem of developing countries, with
_ ttie eyes totally free from prejudices often held by former
coioiiial administrators, to be the problems facing newly
' independent states.
_ Another teature of JICA's technical cooperation is its laying
emphasis on the transfer of techniques, as is explained in
- relation to the entire picture of Japan's technical cooperation.
Rs I mentioned earlier, in the domestic section of Japan's
technical cooperation. trainees (mostly in technical fields) far
surpass students in number (botli were at t}ie ratio of 6:1 in
1979). For other dunor countries, t)iis ratio was 1:1.4 (1977)
for France or 1:2.1 (1978) for Britain, with students out-
numbering trainees, except for Cermany 5:1 (1978).
- Alsu, in respect of the sending of experts, the percentage of
- educational experts including teachers has been very low - 6%
in 1979 - for Japan. This pec�entage was f'ar higher for other
donur countries: 63'% (1978) tor Gcmlany. 801,"o (1Q77) for
Franc;e and 45% (1978) for Britain.
_ As inclicated. Japan's technical cooperation lays emphasis

Q 1M 7M
0
- U
256K
100 K
84K
18K
70K
7972 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 Year
Fig. 12. Increase in Capacity of Bubble Memory
i
; of vapor, and a slow rate (0.1 to 1.0 microns per hour) of
- ~ crystal growth is possible in a high vacuum chamber.
i Both methods are now under development, but the im-
, portant roles of the semiconductor laser have recently been
~ pointed out by the Council for Aeronautic and Electronic
i Techriologies, an advisory board to the Science and Technology
~ Agency. The report by the Committee, entitled "Promotion of
TotaliZed Research and Development for Laser Engineering",
; states that it is important to promote the establishment of
' manufacturing techniques for large crystals for solid laser,
, development of mass production techniques for semiconductor
laser by the MOCVD method, and the development of longer
' lived and more stable lasers for optical fiber communicatiori.
7. Canclusion
In addition to the electronic devices already mentioned,
many other devices, such as solar batteries, optical dist-
_ memories, and so forth, are now being researched and are going
to be developed in the future. Japan will continue to make
greater efforts to develop and commercialize new technologies
for these devices. The competition between Japan and the
U.S.A. in the semiconductor industry will increase drastically in
light of the new industrial revolution initiated by VLSIs, Japan
will continue to play an important role in the manufacturing
and development of VLSIs, because she is ttlie present favorite in
the field.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO : 4120
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FCR OE'F[C'IAL USF. ON1.Y
SCIENCE AND TECEIlNOLOGY
SENSOR FOR AUTOMATION
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Ma.r 81 pp 26-29
[Article by Koichiro Shinohara, Omron Tateisi Electronics Co.]
[Text]
Sensors for automation seem a simple enough topic but they
include a wide variety of types that have been developed such
as those for checking temperature, mechanical quantities.
humidity and gases. Commercial sensors available include
hundreds of different kinds 'and ;ue contributing to the
developement of automation today.
This article concentrates on non-contact electronic inspection
devices which represent the results of especially significant
technoligical innovation among the numerous kinds of sensors
- available today and their applications are increasing.
1. Non-Contact Electronic Inspection Switches
Control systems for automation of production equipment
have recently become of tlie electronic, complicated type
, incorporating computers, and of smaller-sca(e type often using
standardized electronic sequencers. Consequently, as control
_ systems are required to be higher-speed. to have longer-life, and
to be of mOre intricate structure, sensors, which correspond to
the eyes and tentacles of a control system, are becoming in-
creasingly of t}ie electronic non-contact type instead of the con-
ventioral mechanical type. Their purpose is for checking work
for existence, position and dislocation. As typical sensors, one
may mention proximity switches and photoelectric switches.
1-1. Peoximity Switches
The proximity switch is designed to open or close electric
circuits when it detects objects (primarily metallic) which
approch to its detection face or which are present nearby, by
- making use of electromagnetic energy without needing mechani-
cal contact. Such a switch has the foilowing features:
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1) The entire switch is contained in a rigid case. Thus, as it
can be sealed completely, i: is far more resistant to an
unfavorable environment involving w,-.ter, oil or dust than other
- types of switches.
- 2) Because it uses electromagnetic energy for detection, dust in
- the environment hardly affects it. On the other hand, because
magnetic energy as emitted or received, such a switch's
performance will vary with distance and it is effective within a
distance of up to 100 mm at the most.
3) [t is available in a variety of designs intended for different
- purposes, from a miniature type, like a microswitch, to a slab
- inspection type usel in manufacturing steel plants.
1-2 Photcelectric Switches
The photcelectric switch is designed to open or close an
electric circuit when it detects a variation in the quantity of
light emitted from a light source directed at the switch, when
~ the light is interrupted or reflected by passing objects. This
' switch has following features:
i 1 Because it makes use of beams of light for inspection, it is
I capable of inspection over some distance, some types having a
ranga of up to 10 m. However, it is prone to cause erroneous
~ operation if dust, ctc. interrupt the beam, through causing
variations in the light's intensity.
~ 2 Those types which use light emitting diodes as light sources
I have a much longer life than those using conventional incandes-
i cent lamps.
3 Most types are rapidly being made very compact and are so
- designed as to be easily mounted on high-density systems with
little mounting space, such as in automatic vending machines,
j copying machines and packing machines.
2. Recent Trends
2-I . Efforts to Appiy and Certify Eoreign Standards
The influence of the world's economy, with tiie rycinR value
of the yen against the falling value of the dollar, is wiC_,
inviting, in the market of inspection serisors, signs of inter-
natiunalization in addition to increasing importation of inexpen-
sive types oF seilsor, stimulacing domestic makers to dc:elop
producib cu compete with imports. Efforts to apply and certify
safety standards, such as UL and CSA or developments into
modeis in compliance with such standards as DIN and
CENELEC, promote increasing intPrchangeability and unifica-
tion of functions and perfarmance, are being welcomed as
trends toward models common internationally and reliable in
use.
43.
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2-2. Qualitative Improvement of Functions and Performance
Trends commonly observed today once technological devel-
opment has been established, are increased competion to create
new functions and higher performance, extension of such
technology in contrast to a decreased number of new products
based on new principles. Major examples observed in the field of
inspection switches are as follows:
1 Addition of an Operation Indicator Light
Operation indicator lights which indicate the execution of
detection are beginning to be fitted on nearly all varieties.
Photcelectric switches additionally are being provided with the
function of "stable- operation range indication" which illu-
minates the indicator light when a detection signal at a level
with aclequate allowance. This has reduced trouble due to
- improper setting for optical axis alignemnt, etc. and has made
inspection switches more easy to use.
2 Short-Circuit Protection Function
Inspection switches using semiconductors, which quite often
become damaged, are being provided with functions for detect-
ing short-circuit currents and so protect load switching elements
tSefore they cause other losses.
3 Simplification of Wiring
For proximity switches, the twawire type is increasing
besides the conventional 3-wire type (two wires for power
supply and one wire for signals). Twawire proximity switches
are provided with SCR and triode AC switches in their inner
circuits to switch line currents dirECtly. These can be used just
like microswitches lnd limit switches, enabling the number of
manhours for wiring work and materials for wiring to be
reduced and thus, to prove more economical when used in
quantity (see Fig. 1).
2-3. Trends Toward Compactness
- Since it is the duty of inspection switches to perform
functions equivalent to the eyes and tentaches of control
systems, it is very important have them as small us possible. This
makes them easior to mount and to perform such processes as
amplificatxon of signals from inspection circuits, trimming of
- waveforms in the switches, in order to provide definite digital
~ output in the form of "1" and "0". In order words, the
-i incorporation of amplifier functions, which will ensure signal
transmission and will eliminate the use of special cables such as
shield wires for leads. Figs. 2 and 3 show earlies and the latest
proximity switches and photcelectric switches for comparison
of size. The greatest factors which have made such compactness
possible are the techniques for modifying circuits :nto IC types
and HIC technology which has achieved high integration of
varic�js semiconductor caps.
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Prpximity switch Switchinp element
Sipnal ~
Cireuit Power supply
Load
(e) 3�Wire Oroxlmity switch
= Switehinp aioment (such as SCR
Proximity switch or triode AC switeh)
AC power supply
t-j--,O,-,Load
Circuit (b) 2-Wire praximity switch
- Fig. 1. Wiring of Proximity Switches
' eo.in
- -
Operation display light
j smittinp diode
_ g~
1
cnI
L'
(e) Convsntional (b) Utsst (DC type)
Fig. 2. Comparison in Size between Conventional and
' Latest Proximity Switches
- 3. Typical Applications
3-1. Checking on Presence of Steel Plates
Fig. 4 shows an application of a proximity switch in checking
to see whether punched steel plates are on the line or not. The
use of a cylindrical shield type switch will permit correct
inspection nearly free from the effects of operational distance,
' even if it is buried in the same mold, as in this example, and will
enable the press, which is about to run out of materials, to be
stopped.
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J
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. ~
.aZ'~~  ~
_ I / .
\ . I (b) letast (emplifiar�in corporated)
(a) ; onvsntional
Fig. 3. Comparison in Size between Conventional
and Latest Photoelectric Switches
f)
U ~
Cylindricel shleld type
proximity switeh
Fig. 4. Checking for Existence of Iron Plates by
Proximity Switch
~ /Photaelectric switch
I ~
--Register merk
~
Seeler
~
.y ,
Fig. 5. Detection of Register Mark by
Photoelectric Switch
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Fig. 6. Electrostatic�Capacity Proximity Switch
PIestlc pellets
Gla:c window
l 'ty `�,p
~rQh ~~~rY
.
Fig. 7. Electrostatic�Capacity Proximity Switch Used
for Controllir,g Level of Plastic Pellets in
Hopper
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Dittence adjustfnp kni
Fig. 8. Lim6ted Reflective Photoelectric Switch
~
3-2 Detection of Packing Register Mark
Fig. 5 shows an application of a reflective photoelectric switch
which ensurPs objects are in the proper position on an
automatic packing line. On the packing paper, register marks are
printed to be read by a phatcelectric switch. This system is
applicable to various types of packing materials including
thick opaque boards and transparent paper.
4. Latest New Commercial Products
Out of those inspection switches recently appearing nn the
_ market, two models using new principles or designs and which
are developing applications previousiy left unexploited are
- described below.
- 41. Electrostatic-Capacity Proximity Switch (See Fig. 6)
Objects which proximity switches currently available inspect
' have been limited to metals, as it has been difficult for such
proximity switches to inspect non-metallic objects and liquids.
The electrostatic- capacity proximity switch is designed to give
output by detecting the electrostatic capacity of the object as it
approaches the detection face. It responds to glass, plastics,
~ ceramics, wood, etc., though it more readily responds to
- substances with large relative permitivity such as metals and
water. The switch is quite able to check the presence of liquid in
paper packs and is most adept in checking liquid levels in milk
_ packs. Fig. 7 shows an application in which an electrostatic-
' capacity proximity switch is set on the window on the side of
the hopper of an injection molding machine to automatically
control the level of plastic pellets in the hopper.
~ 48
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,
, .
.Projection-reception Object
inteprstsd typs
(s) Besm from diftu4ive reflectivs photoNectric switch
�
~ a
Fig. 9. Difference in Baam between Diffusive
Reflective Photoeiectric Switch and Limited
Reflective Photoelectric Switch
0
c
i objeet o
~ . Y
u
Projection-rec~ption m
intepreted typ~
(b) Beam tor limit~d rsfl~ctiv~ photoelectrie ~witch
42. Limited Reflective Photcelectric Switch (See Fig. 8)
In diffusion-reflecdve photcelectric switches currently used,
the projection axis and the reception axis are fixed in parallel.
Thus, they have had the drawback of having difficu..y in
discriminating between the object under inspection and f"oreig'i
objects in the background (such as wells and conveyor surfaces),
though it is handily able to receive diffused retlections irom the
front face of the object under inspection. The limited reflective
photcelectric switch has the reception axis at an angle with the
projection axis and incdrporates an adjusting system which is
able to vary the intersection of the two axis. Thus, the switch is
able to receive sclectively only the reflections from the objects
under inspection. Fig. 9 shows its principles. The switch is
applicable for cantinuously coundng passing solid objects, that
is, chocolate bars, tiles, pipes and pencils that are fed success-
ively on to a line or for the stable inspection of transparent
objects.
.
COPYRIGHT; 19$1 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
USE OF OPTICAL SENSORS DESCRIBED
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 pp 30-33
[Article by Suguru Kumagaya, Shinko Giken Co., Hisashi Tamura, Shinko Giken Coo,
and Hiroshi Mizuno, Shinko Giken Co.]
[Text]
1. Using Permeable Photoelectric Units
Needing no physical contact, in automation, photcelectric
_ inspection is often more convenient than other methods to
= control work operations.
Photoelectric check systems, hcwever, will not work satis-
factorily if the light necessary is not arranged carefully. For~
small workpieces, as shown in Fig. 1, the use of a usual
commercial photoelectric check unit will involve erroneous
. operation because the sensitivity required calls for adjustment
that is two -fine to be practical. Here, the detection sensitivity is
low because the light beam is relatively large as compared with
the workpiece which obstructs only a small portion of the total
- light reaching the reception element. And, since the same
amount of light reaches the photcelectric element irrespective
of the position of the workpiece in the light beam, it is not
- possible to use this system for work positioning.
The above problem with small workpieces can then be solved
by adequate restricting of the light beam as shown in Fig. 2.
Photo 1 shows an example of this system, which detects the
location of a workpiece about 3mm in diameter, with an error
_ of about 0.5 mm. The photoelectric detection unit in the Photo
is positioned as shown in Fig. 3.
On the other hand, there are cases in which the (ight beam
- has to be enlarged.In a process feeding E shape core parts one
by one as shown in Fig. 4, suppose two of them were entangled
as shown in Fig.b, one of the methods of detecting such is by
enlarging the full light beam as shown in Fig. 6. Here,
appropriate selection uf the shape and the dimensions of the
projection frame will enable workpieces consisting of two a
more entangled parts and facing in any direction to be detected.
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_ Next, let us c.,,,,:3er a detection unit, which gives a signal the
moment any obstacle enters a certain plane and which can be
~T
used as a safety unit for presses.
It is usual to think that this can be done by enlarging the light
beam as stiown in Fig. 7. However, if the thickness D of the
object under detection is too small for the beam width W as
with small work shawn in Fig,], sensitivity will decrease. If
the sensitivity is sufficiently raised to detect such small
thicknesses, this will cause erroneous operations becauce small
variations are ready to generate signals. _
On the other hand, small objects can be detected efficiently
. `iy applying the method of covering the entire monitor surface,
by allowing a long-distance photcelectric unit to reflect the light
beam onto mirrors, as shown in Fig. 8. Here, the light oeam
from the light source runs with a nearly constant width , fter it
nasses through condenser Li and, successively being re1ected
y mirrors MI, M. Mi I to reach the reception element after -
' i)eing condensed by condenser L2. Since the size of the beam
j :an be considered to be equal to the diameter of condenser I.2 ~
i variation in the quantity of light is expressed by D/WL in
~ ;untrast to D/W in Fig. 7, where D denotes the diameter of the =
_ j ihject under inspection. This indicates a relatively high sensi-
; :ivity and suggests the advantage oi covering a considerably large
irea.
I
i Light source unit Workpiece Receiver
I - � -
~
~ Fig. 1. Ordinary Pass-Through Photoelectric Unit Is
~ Difficult to Use for Inspection of Small Workpieces
Lenf WOrkpiece lens
- Light source / Photoelectrie
element
- Fig. 2. PhotoeleGtric Inspection of Small Workpieces -
Reception element
~ LFIJ~
r'-~ Fig. 4. Feeding of E�Type Cores
V u.
iFig. 3. Setting of Photoelectric Inspection
Unit in Photo 1
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Ag ~
Fig. 5. E�Type Cores Entangled
Trantparant
Projector portion Condsntar
Reception elsm.nt
Condenser
Lipht source
c
Fig. 6. Inspection for E�type Cores Entangled
Reception eIement
iphtsource
Fig. 7. Light Beam Enlarged
iction
WL
/ L~ MIt
Reception element M~~
8
Mq
M~
M6
MS
4
M
M3
Light tource
_ ~MI
Fig. 8. Long�Distance Photoelectric Unit
Protruaion (1)
. Protrusion (2)
D ---=aD= d
- C c
8 b
a
Light source Work piece Reception element
Fig. 9. Multipoint Checking Using Photoelectric
Inspection Unit
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Picture Detection Photoelectric Unit (1)
' It is often desired to inspect the overall conditions of
products instead of their presence. In such cases, the use of a
' group of photcelectric elements and a group of light sources
arranged appropriately around the work, as shown in Fig.9,
seemingly will serve the purpose. The -!xample given in Fig. 9
shows that if C-c is on and D�d is off when A-a and B-b are off,
! the work is positioned properly and vice versa.
In practice, however, this presents a number of difficulties,
~ such as it is not always easy to arrange these beams in this way
i primarily, because of spatial limitations, it is difficult with small
_ work to set a light reflection unit as shown in the Figure and it
is necessary to devise a fixture every time a new type of product
is put on die line. ln order to solve these difficulties, a
' simplified picture detection unit has been developed. It is a
simplified pattern check unit shown in Photo 2.
[t is somewhat slightly lArger tl:an an 8mm camera and is
accompanied by a control box, about a step smaller. It is used as
follows. First, i: is set as shown in Fig. 10. With the back lid
opened, the picture of the work is seen on the SOmm x SOmm
print glass. What remains to be done here, is to set and clamp 4
photoelectric elements of 4 locations in the picture and adjust
tlle output levels of the individual pliotcelectric elements to the
ON or OFF position by turning the level adjusting knobs.
Let us take, for example, the picture of the workpiece as
_ shown in Fig. 1 l(a). If the workpiece sliows clearly againt a
dark background, suppose that the 4 photoelectric elements are
set as shown in Fig. 1 1(b). [n Chis setting, the beams to elements
A, B, C and D are dark, bright, bright and bright wich
outputs. OFF, ON, ON and ON respectively, which is expressed
as 0111 under the binary system, and the decoder output of the
control box appears as a signal at location No. 14. Then,
suppose this is the output of "normal" work conditions. If the
top proirusion of the subsequent work which comes to position
as the index table turns is inclined as shown in Fig. 11(c), the
code of the photcelectric signal is 0101 and the signal for state
output appears at No. 10. This results in no output at No. 14
and,thus, the work is judged to be "abnormal". Likewise, if the
work is wrongly positioned leftward or rightward as shown in
(d) and (e) of Fig. 11, signal codes are 1100 and 0001
respectively and signals appear at state output Nos. 3 and 8,
; wi.n no signal appearing at No. 14. Thus, both cases are judged
to be "abnormal". Hown-er, by monitoring Nos. 10, 3 and 8, it
can be made clear how they are abnormal.
Where there are several kinds of work on the line such as on
painting lines, the unit can be used for discriminating between
different kinds of work. Suppose the unit is installed in
painting line, as shown in Fig.12, and the photoelectric elements
are set in the print glass, as shown in Fig. 13. Because element C
is always off when the work is in position, state output takes
only 8 forms:
53
FOR OFFICIAL USE (DNLY
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- FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONI,Y
0000; 1000; 0100; 1100; 0001; 1001; 0101; 1101 or No. 0;
No. 1; No. 2; No. 3; No. 8; No. 9; No. 10; No. 11
Listing of the kinds of workpiece given in Fig. 13 will show
state output as follows:
0000-No.0 workpiece (1)
- 0001-No.8 workpiece (2)
1000-No.1 workpiece (3)
0100-No.2 workpiece (4)
1101-No.1 l no workpiece
= This suggests that it is very easy to discriminatz between
kinds of wakpieces.
The unit has the following features; it takes only a few
minutes to set the system because th� photcelectric elements
can be set while observing the point glass. For the smallest
workpiece, the photoelectric elements can be set at the desired
locations in the picture because the picture can be enlarged up
to about 10 times. Also, in terms of price; the unit is handy as a
- check unit for or3�nary automatic assemblers. It also has the
merit of easily being used with other assemblers if the original
automatic assembler is scrapped because of a change of
products.
3. Picture Dekecrion Photoelectric Unit (II)
Another type of picture detection photoelectric unit is
shown in Photo 3. It is similar to the unit described earlier in
that it detects deviations from the "normal" state of tne work-
piece. At the same time, it can be considered as an advanced
type which does not require rearrangement of photoelectric
elements. Like a television set, this unit consistently scans the
screen. Ttus, after setting as in Fig.9, the "normal state" can be
recorded in 2 sec. by placing "normal" work and simply pressing
the "record" pushbutton switch.
Only giving a"detection operation command" is required in
order to allow the unit to check the workpiece against a
"normal" workpiece and if it is different, to give a signal. The
unit operates as follows: it scans, by using a rotating drum with
pinholes, the picture of the work produced by the objective lens
as shown Fig. 14,0 detects and amplifies variations in its
quantity of light by using photoelectric elements and records
them as analog signals on a magn,.tic tape would on the rotating
drum. Two channels are provided for recording and they can be
reproduced simultaneously.
The rotating drLm has 24 pinholes sc that the entire screen is
- scanned by 24 lines during a single rotation of the drum. The
unit is operated as follows:
(1) With a normal workpiece set in position, the picture is
checked on the single-lens-reflex type print glass to bring the
- work into the focus.
_ (2) The "Record" push button switch is pressed (or an
external signal is given) to record a normal state on channel A.
54
FOIt OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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HOR OFFI('IAL USE ONLY
00
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010005-1

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Condenter
Slit photoelectric elemnt
mplifier
Rotery eylinder
F'OR OFFICIAL iJSH, ONLY
Motor
Mapnetic head
Magnetic tape
Fig. 14. Optical�Sweep Pattern Comparison
Inspection Unit (Made by Shinko
Technology Laboratory)
Table 1. Specifications of Opticel-Sweep Pattern
Comparison Unit
!tsm Specifications
Objective lens ti0mm F1:1.9
Screen size 19mm x 24mm
Number of seenninp lines 24
Width of scanniny slit 0.8mm
Scenninp opeed Full screan/sec
Resolvinq power �0.3mm
Finder Single lens reflex type
Number oi recording channesl 2
Gate signal Scanning start position signel and
external gate signal
Illumination OC illumination
Dimensions of main unit 370L x 170W x 180H
Weight of main unit 8.5k.p
Powersupply 100V 5,-60Hz
(3) A1lowing channel B to oFerate by pressing the "Inspect"
pushbutton switch (or giving an external signal) causes channel
A to reproduce its records, while causing channel B to record
and reproduce the picture of the current workpiece repeatedly
so that the unit compares reprodLCed waveforms between both
- ehannels.
(4) Highest sensitivity is obtained by adjusting the sensitivity
to the highest possible level just before a fault signal is received.
Where some tolerance is required as to location, sensitivity can
be adjusted to a level just before a fault signal is received with
the workpiece moved to the limit of location. Also, adjustments
can be made against limited samples such as "work deforma-
tions."
(5) After this cycle, the unit successively inspects workpieces
automatically and gives appropriate signals.

56
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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The main specifications of the unit are shown in Table 2. The
advantage of this unit over the 4-element type described ealier is
that it is abie to detect abnormalities at any locations in the
_ picture and thus, it is suited to applications where workpieces
- involve unexpected variations. Also, it is very helpful 9n
multi-line small-lot production because it is able to change
product kind in 2 seconds by ~simF;y using external signals.
_ Although it is slightly more expensive than the 4�element type,
it can be used as a handy instrumeni for pattern recognition at
rather low cost.
' COPYRIGHT: 1.981 Fuji Marke*_tng Research Co., Ltd,
i CSO: 4120
57
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SCIENCE AND TEMIN0LOGY
OPERATING PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS OF AIR SENSQRS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 pp 34 38
[Article by Tasuku Osada, Yamanashi University]
[Text] -
Recently, much progress has been made in measuring and
detecting techniques using industrial robots and various types of
labor saving instruments. The control systerri used for this
depends on the features of the overall system and uses either air
pressure, oil Uressure, electronic, or mechanical sensors.
Air pressure systems have the advantages of being easy to
_ operate, hziving few adverse environmental characterstics, and
being able to operate for long periods of time without
generating a lot of heat. These characteristics contribute to the
promotion of air pressure systems in the tield of ineasuring and
detecting techniques to enhance automation and save labor.
General air sensors can be divided intu the following: back
_ pressure type, eddy type, retlecting type, collision type,
deflecting type,.laminar flow- turbulent tlow type, velocity-
of-flow type, supersonic type, and composite type. They are
se(ected depending on the characteristics of the object to be
controli:,:;.
1. Back pressure sensors
Air micrometers and nozzle f7appers are detecturs that use
_ air pressure. A micrometer is a device by which a change in back
pressure or a cliange in Elow rate is measured by ports in a
manometer. A back pressure sensor is a detecror based on this
principle (refer to Fig. l), in which air pressure is suppGed from
purt Ps and an air jet is emitted froiTi nozzle D. The change in
hack pressure produced at this time is taken uut by port Po. The
_ simple construction oi this sensor makes it dust-free and
compact. Fig. ' sliows the relationsliip between sensitive space
H and output Po. E3ach pressure sensors have a[arge tan0 as
stiown and make excellent dimension discriminating sensors.
Further, the construction of the detecting end nuzzle is simple,
58,
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
IV
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as shown in Fig. 3. This makes the back pressure sensur smaller.
'I'he back pressure producing section is to the rear to give a wide
- scope of application.
Features
(1) The relation between nozzle diameter D and sensitive
space H is such that the maximum sensitive space is about II4
the nozale diameter. For exampie, when the nozzle diameter is
?mm, Hmax is 0.51nm.
The most economical quantiry of flow consumed is when
nozzle diameter D is about 2mm.
(3) When the seiisor output is connected to a t7uidics circuit,
pressure Ps supplied to the sensor will be 0.5 kg/cm' G. High
~ ;,ressure of 1.5 to 3.0 kg/cm2G as is required for conventional
. jir pressure circuits is not r,ecessary.
+4) The response speeJ is about 400 Hz.
r S) Resolution is about 11l OQmm to 1/ l 000mm. There are
_ many cases where the back pressure sensor having precise
- resolution is used as a sensor for air micrometers.
Eddy type sensor
= See Fig. 4. When air pressure is supplied from port Ps, an
eddy chamber causes the air flow to swirl and be emitted from
detecting port S. This causes a negative pressure at output port
Pu. Fig. 5 shows the relationship between sensitive space H of
the sensor and output Po of the sensor.
As shown, as sensitive space H becomes smaUer and as a
detecting ob,ject approar.hes the sensor, the greater the negative
- pressure generated. Sensitive space Hmax is about 1?mm.
Features
0.5 M1
Ps `
Q Ps
~
r
" tan 0 Po
 I_ ~ Po
D a
~ . H H
O.

~
0~
: ~ � .5 -""7'_
Sensitive space H (mmi
_ Fia. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Po
Q 0
I
r's D-t=~ 1 ; Vortex
~ C chamber (9
~ ~ E -0.05 -
~ u
~
L / T- ~
S ~ H a -0.1 -
Fig. 4.
59
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
Sensitive space
5 10 15
Ps=1.Okg/cm2G I
p I
Fiy. 5.
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(1) Output Po is a r.egative pressure so that atmospheric gas
- cannot enter thc sensor, and thus is very suitable for use in
adverse atmospheric conditions.
(2) As shown in Fig. 5, tan4 is small as compared with the
back pressure and reflecting sensors.
(3) Resolution is abuut 1110mm and is particularly suited for
ON�OFF control.
(4) Response speed is not greater than about 30 Hz - making
the eddy current senser tlie slowest air sensor. However, eddy
current sensors have good stability.
3. Reflecting type sensor
See Fig. 6. When air pressure is supplied from port Ps, an air
_ .jet is output from detecting nozzle S, and the tlow reflected
from the surface of the detecting object is output from output
port Po of the sensor. Fig. 7 shows the relationship between
_ sensitive space H and Po/Ps where Po-output pressure and
- Ps=supplied pressure. As shown.the output characteristics of the
- reflecting type sensor are similar to thase of the back pressure
type sensor. Placing Ho shown in Fig. 7 at the center of the
: sensitive space, gives the outpiit better linearity in relation to
the displacement of the detecting objert.
Features
(1) Large tano as shown in Fig. 7 and better liaearity enable
- set sensitive space H to be relatively large.
(2) The minimum area required for the detecting object must
_ be greater than diameter p of the detecting nozzle that reflects
the air jet.
Pg
,

~ -�r Ps 12�
8.
N
T a
H
S. p H a
_ o
~ a-
0
2 Ho 4
Sensitive space
H (mm)
- Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
PsD--- �'~--rp Po
- Ps
(a) x
Ps~--..__.._~V///.1 ~_-0 Po P.
~Object
(b) Fig. 9.
Fig. B.
r---- H Ps
~ P5
6 _ Colliding ~
PcD-+~------- ' ~~--4Po
tlows~
~ I
pr, ~ I
~
Fig. 10. Fig. 11.
60,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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(3) It is best suited to flat ob}ects since irregular objects will
deflect the airflow and not give a true reflection.
(4) Resolution is about 1/ l Omm to S/ l OCmm.
(5) Response speed is about 400 Hz,
_ 4� Confronting type sensor
Fig. 8(a) shows t-,e operating principle of the confronting
type sensor. When no object is between supply nozzle Ps and
flow receiving nozzle Po, the air jet from supply nozzle Ps
beromes the output of tlow receiving nozzle Po. Fig. 8(b) shows
_ the case where on object is between P, and Po. An air jet from
supply nozzle Ps is blocked by the object and cannot be
received at tlciw receiving nozzle Po. In actual use, air pressure
supply port Ps and output port Po are on the same axis and are
arranged in aI shape as shown in Fig. 9. If the object is larger
than the distance indicated by X in the Figure, a turbulent flow
type shown in Fig. 10 is used. As is shown in the Figure, when
~ there is no object, the air flow from con trol nozzle Pc impinges
on the air jet from supply nozzle Ps so as to cause a hubuleni
flow. As a result, the output at port Po becomes very small.
When the object shown intercepts tlie air jet from Ps, Ps is
output at port Po as is. Hmax obtained by this system is about
- 400mm.
Features
(1) It is used in laminar-ilow regions where the supply
pressure of thc air jet is 0.5 kg/cmZ G or less, and it is best suited
for detecting thin objects.
- Confronting distance X is normally l Omm to 30mm.
(3) The output signal is a NOT (negative) signal.
(4) Response speed is about 300 Hz.
_ (S) For tfie turbulent flow type sllown in Fig.10, high
~ prESSUre of about 2.0 kg/cm2G or more is required at Ps and Pc
when N is 400mm.
(6) Respunse speed cit' :he turhulent flow type is about 50 Hz.
J 61
F'f)R (1FFdClAi., I,sE OraLY
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s
- i aos~ a
~
~ ry aa~} ~ aa ~ rr PS
E ~
~ I U ~
~ a�� Q3 ~
Y pN'C1 I
_ Q3
O
a
Diameter of 02 0.2 a
nozzle
ot ial Fig.13.
Displacement
- Fig. 12.
5. Collision rype sensor
A collision type sensar is based on the confronting type
~ sensor, the difference being that the air jet is emitted from flow
receiving port Po, and that the air jet f'rom Po collides with the
air jet from supply port Ps. Ps is adjusted to a higher pressure
than Po. This generates a radial-jet type impact flow in the
~ vicinity of flow receiving port Po, so that a back pressure is
obtained at port Po. If an object is between the ports, there is
no colliding point and no back pressure output is obtained. Fig.
12 shews the relationship between the displacement of a
- film-like ob;ect and nozzle diameter.
Features .
(1) Detection even in polluted environments dces not cause
port blockage because air is exhausted from supply port Ps and
flow receiving port Pu.
(2) The detecting object should b;.� placed near tlie supply
port. The recommended position is 2/3Y (refer to Fig. 13).
(3) Has the best pressure sentivity.
(4) Resolution is about 1/ 100mm at the edge displacement of
an object.
(5) Response speed is 400 Hz.
6. Applications
6-1. Discrimination between dimensions of objects
- Fig. 14 shows how object dimPnsions are discriminated
= between while an object is conveyed. A back pressure type
sensor is used, but an eddy type or reflecting type could be used
- depending on the shape of the objects. As shown, one or two air
sensors are needed. In a simple system using only one sensor, a
- signal is cre.ated only when the object exceeds the normal
dimensions. If discrimination between the upper and lower
limit dimensions of an object is desired, two Schmidt fluidics
62 .
- FOR OFFICIAL USE 3NLY
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elements are used and the output of one air sensor is used as the
input of each Schmidt elemer, , so that output is ubtained when
it exceeds ihe upper or lower limit of the dimension determir.Pdi
by the Schmidt element and trigger levels. This method en:ibles
dimensions to be discriminated between by varying the selected
height of two air sensors.
6-2. Detection when objects contact each other
Fig. 15 siiows detection when objects are in contact with
each other. Back pressure type, eddy type, and reflecting type -
sensors are used. When using reflecting and confronting types
using photoelectric elements, the reflecting type will give
erroneous readings depending on the shape and color of the ;
objects: diffused retlection is caused by diffused light and dusty
environments. The confronting type cannot be used when
objects are in contact with each other. (n both cases, the
problem can be solved by using air sensors of the maximum
height of the objects as shown. -
6-3. Detection of part, standing in a row
Fig. 16 shows the detection of parts standir~g in a row Cor
automatic assemb(y or welding. Prevention oF poor assemblyin
assembling processes or of electrodes being broken in wefding ~
requires correct orientation of parts. Eddy type sensors can _
detect the difference between a flat surface and a curved surface
as shown. Eddy type sensors can also detect ebjects ev?n if they
have holes in their surfaces (for bolts, etc).
64. Recognition of objec*_s being passed ~
Fig. 17 shows how objects made of different materials are _
recognized when air-conveyed to the secor.dary process (when
back pressure type, reflecting type, and eddy type sensurs are
used). During conveyance by air pressure, the air pressure
influences the sensor. T1ie back pressure type and reflecting _
tyre are effective in this situation as sflown in Fig. 17. Each of
A
LLL
e -
_ Fig.14. Fig.15. Fig.16. Fig.17. Fig.18.
63
FOR t)FFIC1AI, USE ONI,Y
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the sensors outputs a signal for positive pressure. This means
that air pressure for canveyance must be limited to 2kg/cm2 G or
less. Cunsidering this. eddy type sensors should be used to give a
signal for negative pressure. The eddy type sensor outputs a
' signal oriented more to the negative pressure created when each
object passes and is not aff'ected by the air pressure used for
, cunveyance.
6-5. Detection using two sensors
Fig. 18 s}ows detection using two sensors (back pressure
type, eddy type, and reflecting type).
(a) Detection of inverted objects in automatic assembly
Inversion is judged from the signal obtained by the timing of
sensor T with the outputs of sensor A and sensor B connected
to an AND element.
(b) Detection ofy inclination of works
Tlie limit f'or the angle of inclination is output from a signal
obtained by the timing of sensor T with the outputs of sensor A
and sensor B connected to a comparator which is set to the
inclination limit.
(r) Detecting dirty sensors
The difference between the outputs of sensor A and sensor B
is output wlien there is no output from a timing sensor (in the
absence of an object). If any difference is detected, cleaning is
required. A warning is issiied, and detection is suspended.
However, the basic requirement for this system is that both
sensors observing the same process do not become equally
dirty.
~
~ 0 r,
- H
- ~ C* � ~
(e)
, Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21.
- e ~ - ^ o
o I
~ --iFF!^
(e) Q *-"JHJ Defect
ive (b)
Fiy. 23. Fig. 24.
64
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV
~
~ (b)
0
H
Fig. 22.
~
Fig. 25.
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6-6. Detectiou of inferior molded articles
Fig. 19 shows the detection of top f7ows and waves uf bottles
(back pressure type, eddy type, and reflecting type sensors are
= used). Detection of inferior molded articles by photo-electric
type and electr.omagnetic type sensors is limited by the material
used for the molded articles. However, detection by air sensors
' does not have this drawback. A sensor is adjusted so that the
space between the sensor and the object becomes H as shown,
and so that the circumference of the tip of a bottle can be
detected at the same time.
6-7. Recognition of striking the object
Fig. 20 shows the recognition of a position to be determined
by a striking board (a turbulent-flow type sensor is used). This
detects inferior producis that are too short, and so forth. In this
~ system, when the thickness of an object is more than 3 mm, air
pressure from Pc creates the wall adhesion phenomenon at the
side of the object, so that the output signal from a detector
becmmes unstable. Accordingly, film-like objects are suited for
; this system.
6-8. Detection a broken dtill
Fig. 21 shows the detection of a broken drill during a
' process. Fig. 21(a) shows the state where there is no breakage,
while Fig. 21(b) shows the state where a drill is broken. The
sensor used is the turbulent-flow type. Detection of a broken
- drill is judged by the existence of the tip of the drill. When
detecting a broken drill during a process, the process conditions
complicate thP location of the sensor. Accordingly, the sensor is
- located so t!:at it can detect when the drill arm is returned to its
= original position after drilling. Locating a sensor closer to the
drill permits observation of chipping of the edge of the drill.
A Torch
' /Y . ~ ~ - - - �-~--y ; B

Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig, 28.
65
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6�9. Detecting :he inner diameter of a throat
- Fig. 22 shows the detection of the inner diameter of the
throat of a bottle (back pressure type, edge type and reflecting
type sensors are used). The inner diameter of the throat of a
bottle is larger than the top of the throat. This prevents
_ overflow in automatic bottling. Thus, on air sensor detects what
- is larger than the entrance of an object. A striking board is used
to determine the position of the sensor so that the detecting
position is always set at a predetermined distance from the
throat tip.
6-10. fletecting width
Fig. 23 shows the detection of the width of rolled plates, for
- example a collision type sensor is used. When the width of a
' rolled plate reaches the upper and lower limits, a warning is
issued, or it is corrected by a correcting mechanism that
operates a cutting machine. With the collision type sensor,
outputs having the characteristics shown in Fig. 12 can be
obtained for a place thickness of 3 mm or less. They become
unstable, however. for a plate thickness of about 4 mm because
the fluw from supply part Ps is affected by the Koanda effert
causing repealed ON and OFF signals. Tiiick plates are
discriminated by gate elements using several confronting type
sensors.
6-11. Detecting punch failure
Fig. 24 shows the detection of defective products in
punching operations (back pressure type, retlecting type, eddy
- type, and confronting type sensors are used). Defective products
in press-punching operations must be visually inspected by an
operator or must be inspected by a measuring instrument.
Defective products are mostly caused by the feed of hoop
materials. Generally, grip feeders and pinch rollers are used and
defects are caused when regulated dimension feed is prevented
by shippaee ur backward movement. Whedier punched piec:es
are fed in regulated dimension F is detected synchronously with
the upper half of a press. V41en feed is-vF as sliown in Eig.
24(b). the upper lialf of the press is stopped.
6-12. Detecting a liquid surface
Fig. 25 shuws the detection of the upper and lower limits of
a liyuid surface (back pressure type, eddy rype, and reflecting
type sensurs are used.) Detectiun uf a liquid surface requires
selecting the detecting conditions and air sensors to match the
liquie. For example, when an air bubble is contained in a liyuid
66
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(air purge type), when an air bubble is not contained in a liquid,
when liquid adheres to air sensors, etc. For example, in the
detection of a low-viscosity liquid, positive pressure from a
sensor generates wave patterns ui tlie surfaces and markedly
lowers detecting precision. This requires that a negative pressure
- sensor be used to increase detection precision.
6�1 Detecting nozzle failure
Fig. 26 sliows the detection ot a clogged nozzle (confronting
- type and collision type sensors are used.) This method is used to
~ detect clegged spray gun nozzles, where it would be dangerous
for operators because of poisonous chemicals. Products dealing
with gases must be explosion-proof. As shown in Fig. 26,
presence of mist is detected by an air sensor with a timer that
causes an air cylinder to push a nozzle. This system can use full
, air pressure.
6-14. Detecting a web loop
Fig. 27 shuws the detection of a web loop in materials. The
figure shows a turbulent-tlow type air sensor, detecting loop
positions to keep the quantity of materials stored in a feed loop
of a web constant and to activate a driving well for increases or
decreases in the size uf tlie loop. One air sensor is enough if the
limit of the loop is described as a single value, while two sensors
are needed if both an upper and lower limit must be set.
6-15. Automatic torch chasing
Fig. _'R shows automatic torch chasing in welding (back
pressure type, eddy type, and reflecting type sensors are used.)
In welding. air pressure detectors are superioi to plioto-e!ectric
typca or electro-magnetic types. In the figure, the torch is
uutomatirally kept within the specit7ed range in which sens.,rs A
~ and B are located. Accordingly, automatic chasing is possible
_i even if a welded section forms a zigzag pattern. To raise the
responsc speed, a Schmidt element turns sensor outputs into
~ ON�OFF signals that control the system. Use of air pressure
; devices to correct thc torch positiun enables full air pressure
i control.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd,
CSO: 4120
67
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANI('AL FINGERS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 pp 39-42
[Article by Tatsuo Takahisa, Canon, Inc. ]
[Text]
1. Introduction
Scparate thought must be given to fingers used by industrial
, robots and to tingers used in artiticial hands for human beings.
_ It is not surprising that artificial hands receive much attention in
feature articles about industrial robots and that pick & place
units (p & p tmits) and tlieir fingers are described mostly in
terms of artificial hands. It is barely rolerable that fingers for
" hoth should be compared in feature articles on versatile
"robots" for industry. T'hey should be treated quite separately.
Both should discussed without discrimination when those
develop: i for medical use can also be used industrially and vice
- versa (refer to photographs I and
This caused us to consider that possibly those for industrial
use should not be called fingere. So, similar terms are described
here and unexpectedly many exist.
(1) Hand
(2) Finger
(3) Grip
(a) Clamp
(5) Chuck
(6) Nail
Of the above, 3, 4 and 5 are not names applied to parts
- of the }iuman body and thus may be used industrially, while 1,
and 6 being names used for the human body, are better
used for artificial hands, However, expressions using words
related to human beings are easily understood by everbody, and
it may cause no difference which words are used.
However, this article features fingers and once again let us
examine whether the word "finger" is most suitable or not, by
comparing oxprP;sions concerning motion, face to face with
those related to the body.
68
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Flck Grosp Clasp Hold Carry
Nail Finger --i* Hend -0 Arm Body
_ The above comparison shows that this feature concerns
"Grasp". However, small things must be picked up with nails or
tweezers, and large things must be clasped. Accordingly, this
feature article on "fingers" includes examples from "pick" for
watches to "clasp" for automobiles, which are written by con-
tributors in respective Fields.
a7e-:a--Ir-
I
r
1 1
.y Pulley for O ring
~ Claw
. . ~ - Piston Piston rod Lever
- ~ %synchro
belt $pring Link
: / i
Composite,,_ ~~Stroke ~ Io' ~J I~� v _ ~~J~ ^~l
RSA _ ' ' ~0.�i
~L~ � ~!`i ",lq
~'1 Control
r--_-i r------~'t Puls� '---1-`71
motor
, and Cylinder
---13 �5- I gear ' Robot side
- u: -
_ 66 - ~
Photo 1. Example of an Artificial Hand Photo 2. Example of a Mechanical Hand
(Waseda University) (Kawasaki Heavy Industrial Co.)
2. Needs for Fingers

There are various necds for tingers. They are divided into
four kinds.
(1) Reqtairement for fingers from the aspect of work handled
(a) Size (volume) of work
(b) Weight uf work
(c) Flaw threshold of work
(d) Deformation threshold of wurk
(e) Clamped section and precision of work
Requirements for fingers from the aspect of equipment
(a ) Fixing clirertion and shape equip-nuent
(h) Measures ag.iinst 4ratiun and monient fr:,m cyuipment
(aauracy in pc;sitiun)
(c) Kinds of power trom equipment (uperational characteris�
tics)
69
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(d) Existance and types oC sensors From equipment
(e) Responsive speed from equipment
(f) lndication of size a::d weigtt of fingers
- (g) Degree of maintenance of fingers
(3) Requirements of fingers from thc aspect of environment
(a) Temperature range
(b) Humidity range
(c) Measures against dust and foreign matter
(d) Cutting oil. Measures against oil
(e) Measures against harmful siibstances (acid and alkali)
(4) Requirements for fingers from the aspect of operation
~ (a) Cost (and scrap value)
(b) Time limit of delivery and marketability
(c) Life
- (d) Safety and reliability
What are the elements of fingers which will satisfy the above-
mentioned requirements?
- 3. Elements of Fiiigers
Fingers at present are leaders of automation techniques and
various typed have been developed to meet certain needs. No
doubt tlie requirements mentioned in the above four items will
stimulate er~gineers' desire fur development of inechanical types
of fingers which are most responsive to various needs. The rea-
sons are that they perform three functions of "pick", "grasp"
- and "clasp", according to workpieces from small to large, and are
adjustablc for positioning and deformation for obtaining ac-
curacy.
As contrasted to mecflanical fingers, there are absorbent
- fingers, which utilize eith,-r vacuum or magnetism. Improve-
ments in suitable techniques are widening their scope. Vacuum
= fingers produce more power than might be expected. However,
Legends for Figs. 1^13. j t I
0* : Moveble support
� �
Axiel support of rotation
- : Claw of e finger or work clamping point � ~
Coiled spring (tension type)
rl~M : Coiled spring (compression type)
Oriving powei (electricity, oil pressure, air pressure, and mechanical)
Rack (pinion is by a circle)
~ Shows movement direction when clamped Fig 1 Fi9. 2, Fig. 3.
; ]d,`,
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mechanical designers are reluctant to use them because of
anxicty about wh:rt may happen if the vacuum is suddenly
releasrd. fluwever, this is strange. If air pressure fails in a
merhanical linger, tlie same thine will Ilappen. Fingers utilizing
vacuum and magnetism will be introeluced in feature articles on
anottler accasion. More specialized fingers are clamped with
hands. utilize springs. ur clamp tingers or the like, which are
made of rubber or plastic. These will be atso taken up in other
~ feature articles.
Discussion here will be focused on mechanical fingers. They
depend on four kinds of motive power as mentioned below:
(a ) Electric type (motors a�d solenoids)
(b) Hydraulic type (oil pressure linear cylinders and rotary
cvlinders
(c) Pneumatic type (air pressure linear cylinders and rotary
cylinders)
(d) Mechanical type (combination of coiled springs, cams,
wires, etc.)
These are used in a single unit or in combinatiun. They may
he used depending on purpose or in accordance with power,
- requirements.
Other needs in using fingers include sensors. These are
various kinds based on tlie use ol electricity, air pressure and
light. Sensors may be divided into the following four types:
(a) Presence (sense of touch)
(b) Location (sense of location)
(c) Strength (sense of pressure)
Oiit of these. the need for sensing the presence of work in (a)
are the most in number for lingers used for industrial purposes
- af1CI are cuncentrated on clampine. Location becomes a major
point f'or mechanical t'ingers of' precision parts, and the finger
mechanisms beccmie compiicated. The sense ot presstire in (c) is
sensur useel for scratches and fur work which may ship down
or break when clamped forcedly. The senso- is very rare in
industrial use.
4. Mechanism of Mechanical Fingers
Mechanical fingers are used extensivety in industrial use
and probably occupy about 80% ot uiv:.~ used industrially.
However, the mechanisms vary with different manufacturers.
� fher2 are many disigned to suit specific purposes owing to the
preference of designers and Qatent probelms. Designs put on the
market by makers are mostly mechanical fingers, types of
which have increased recently. F. considerable number will be
used in future years and they will become standard items.
Figs. i to 10 show basic types of inechanical fingers and Figs.
- 11 and 12 show basic attachments. All the figures show closed
ciamp type.
Fig. 1 does not require so much expianation. Whcn a tapered
section moves downward by the action of motive power and
opens ihe movable suppores having a rotational body, claws are
closed around the axial support of rotation. This type is
71~
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relatively precise. However, if the tapered section fluctuates
with respect to the center axis, deviation is caused and precision
is not possible, as in a collet chuck. Another defect is that
motive power extending upwazds increases the total length and
becomes a bar which dces not allow other than lateral grasps.
Fig. 2 shuws a typical link system in which ciamping is by
drawing the power upwards. Deviation at the movable support
causes both claws to move seParately and worsens clamping
accuracy.
Fig. 3 also shows a link system as aFig. 2. In this case, a
downward force from above moves the cisws in a clamping
direction. The link systems change opening and closing freely
with a number of supports.
Fig. 4 shows a rack and pinion type which drives claws
_ simultaneously and with reliatility. The power also moves
upwards to ciamp and when opened the rack withdraws towards
the claws. This causes short claws to collide with the work. If
_ the rack dces not come between the claws, it should be
arranged as in Fig. 5.
In Fig. 5, when power moves downwards, claxnping takes
place, the gears mesh with each other and accuracy is assured.
However, backlash cannot be prevented in the case of gears and
- the force used is limited. The defect is also that dust and foreign
matter clogs the gears in a environment, making the motion
unfavourable.
Fig. 6 shows a type suited for compact fingers, which
requires a litde complicated working but is very convenient to
use. However, it has a tendenry to deviate to one side and thus
cannot be used without further measures being taken.
~
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Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
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Fig. 13
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Fig. 7 shows a type in which a claw on one side is fixed and
only that side is opened or closed. In this case, the work is
pressad to that side with high accuracy, att; i:ung about �O.Oi of
positioning. However, this is inconvenient in grasping the work
and opening on both sides in more desirabic in. this respect.
, Most of the above examples use me!:ve power to close and
clamp and have defects in that when the motive power fails for
some reason, the work is dropped. Accordingly, the type shown
_ in Fig. 8 is designed on the basis of reverse thinking in t,hat it is
clamped with a coiled spring and is opened when motive
power is applied. The defect is however that a work must be
such that it can be clamped witlt a coiled spring and that a
motive power must be strong enough to open the force of that
spring. Here is a contrivance with claws as in Figs.6 and 8 which
meet at the center. The contrivance is that a stopper is attached
to a claw ort one side as if when closed that sids is in a fixed state
as in Fig.7. For this purpose, power for the claw on the fixed
side is made greater and moves faster so that it arrives at the
stopper before the claw on the pressing side reaches the work.
Clamping force acts on one side only and does not cause errors.
Eig. 9 shows a rotational body used as motive power by
which fingers make a parallel movement for clamping. The
above-mentioned fingers have made an R9 movement for
clamping but this type causes Parallet movement and as a
natural consequence complies with a desire to grasp gently. This
is also a type in which claws are moved by rotational movement,
and has an advantage that it is compact as comoared with open
angles or open dimensions. However, the cost becomes a litUe
hiRher.
~~w w
f
- - i oo - _
- . . F... r, 1 .
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Photo 3. Example of a Linear Clarnp
1 73
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Photo 4. Finger for Precision Parts
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Fig. 10 shows what has been developed for the same Purpose
- as is Fig. 9, which uses motive power and a coiled spring instead
of a rack and pinion. lt has the same defect as in Figs. 6 and 8 in
that both claws do not meet. A way for solvinF this prnhlem is
the samc as in Figs. b and X.
Fig. 1 I is entirely different from the types mentioned ahuve.
This type is called a collet chuck tyi,e. In its simplest furm. the
chuck is provided with a spring and is held by frictiun only. The
collet chuck type rnust have a simple form such as a round bar
and rectangular bar and the precisiun is very high with a
deviation coming within �0.01. Tlie onty defect is that
the amoun'. of upening is small and a jamming phenomenon
causes the work to stick, preventing it to fall down and release.
It is accordingly desired diat an extruding pin should be
- provided extending from the center to eject the work.
Fig. 12 shows a contrivance uF a type in which the claws
make an RO rraotion to clamp. It is pruvided with an equalizer
at the end of a claw. When the center of a work deviates a little,
it never fails to be brouglit to the center at the clamp. Instead of
doing so, it has been devised to grasp softly or to register ot the
- center by psoviding a rubber pot or cantilever spring at the tip
of the claws.
Fig. 13 is a kind oF scnsor, whirh issues a signal at thc failure
to grasp wurk when clamped un in the work's abseiice.l'hat is. a
claw shitts more to the center at the absence of a work and
passes the position where the work usually exists. and thus
collides with a limit stopper. In this instance, it strikes a limit
switch to issue a signal. 1'llis is the most inexpensive detecting
methud. Other detecting methods are that a weak electric
current is usecl . m O
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H'0 R OFFt('IAI. ll";F N1,N'
RuC 13.3H,.U + excess Na [Co(CO)4 ) --~Na [RuCo3(CO)1: ] (3)
The addition of CsCI or [Et4 N]C1 to a water solution of the
cluster 3 precipitated a browii solid wliich contains Cs+U as
a cation.16> A similar mixed cluster [HRuCo-
.j(CO),Z ] was
previously prepared by the reaction of [Ru3(CO)12] with
[CoZ (CO)R ] in acetone followed by acidification wi;h hydro-
ctiloric acid, but the yield was only 7%.17 ) The infrared
sgectra of tliese clusters 3, 4, and 5 exhibit absorptions at
1990, 1960, and 1,800cm', characteristic of carbonyl ligands,
wliich are very similar to tliose af an iron-cobalt cluster
[Et4N] [FeC03(CO)12] .18) The cluster [HFeC03(CO)9 [P
(OCH3 )3J 3) has a closed metal tetrahedron with three bridging
carbonyl ligaiids between the each two cubalt atoms.19)
Based on the similarity of the infrared spectra (vide supra),
it may be reasonable to postuls,e the structure uf (RuC03
(CO)121' tu be similar to that of the above inon-cobalt mixed
cluster.
Cumpared with [C02(C0)8] ur [C0~4(CO)121, the mixed
clusters 3, 4, and 5 sliuwed remarkable catalytic activities fur
homolooatiun of inetlianol as shown in Table 1. It is to be
noted that the yield and the selectivity uf etlianof depend
upoii the counter�cation. The cluster 5 gave a liquici product
mainly compusecl of etha^ui ancl the selectivity of ethanol
was 51TO at ca. 40'7o conversiun. The uther cobalt -ruthenium
mixed cluster [(Ph3P)2N] [Ru3C0(C0)13] recently prepared
by Geoffruy et a1.,20> gave ethanol in over 9.1% yiel(l, but
tlte selectivity was rather luw. Work is now in progress ro
elucidate the reaction mechanism.
References and ;Voitcs:
1) al Vannicc. M..4.,Catal. Rcv.�Sci. F ngu.. 14. 153 119761. b) ti1axters,
C., Adv. nreanumet. Chem.. 17, 61 i 1979). cl Nen(ier. I.('atal.
_ Rev.�Sri. f n~.. 14. 9? ( 1976),
2) al Nhasin. N1A17. (Union Carbidc). J,ipan hokai. 51�80806. 51-
� 80i17 (1976). bl Arpc. H.J.. Lcupold. f:.. \Vundcr I.. and
Schmidt, Ii.1., (floechst), Ger. OI'I'en.. 2 825 598 ( 1979).
ri Ichikawa, M.. Bull. Chem. Suc. Jpn.. S l. 2273 (1978).
3) a1 Pruett, R.L.. IUnion ('arbidrl, l'.S Pat.. ? 833 634 (1976).
b) Rathke, J.W. and Fedcr. 11.M.. J. Am. Chem. Suc.. 100, 3623
(1978), cl Duyle. M11.J., Kouwenhoven. .4.P., Schaap. C.A. and
Van Oort. B., J. Organomet. Chem., 174, C55 (1979). d) Demit-
ras, G.C. :ind Muetterties, E.L.. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 2796
(1977).
41 WiIner, I.. Priedel. R.A., and Orchin. M., Science. 113. 206
(1951).

51 Nlizoroki. M. and Nakayama, M.. Bull. ('hem. Soc. Jpn.. 37, 206
(1964). b) N1`_ - oki, W. Matsumoto, T. and Ozaki. A Bull.
Chem. Soc. )pn.. 52, 479 (1979). cl Deluzarche, A.. Jenner, G.,
Kiennemann. A., and Auou ,~amra, r., rruuei Kunie, Erueas,
Petruchem.. 33. 436 11979). d) Koetmc. G.S. and Slinkard. W.@..
nd. Iine. Chem., �ro(i. Rcs. Dev.. 17, 231 (1978).
6) Slc,ugh. L.H., IShelll, Ger. Oifzn., 2 525 627 (1976).
- 7$
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
- 61 Slaueh. L.II.. (Shcll). l;cr. OI'fcn.. Z 625 627 (1976).
_ 7 a) Chini, P., Lon_oni. and Albano. V.(;.. Adv. Organomet.
Chem.. 14, 285 ( 1976). b) Muettcrtics, P.L.. Rhodin. T.N., f3and,
G, Brucker, Gl=.. and Pretzer, W.R., Chem. Rev., 79. 91 11979).
- c) Gladfelter, W.L., and Geoffroy. G.L.. Adv. Organomet. Chem..
18. 207 0980).
8) a) Yamazaki. H., and Yasufuku, K.. Shuku�bai (Catalysis), ll,
(1979). b1 Pittman. C.V., and Ryan. R.C.. Chemtech., p170
(1978). c) Smith. A.K.. and E3assct. J.\1.. J. htol. Catal.. 2. 207
(1977).
- 9) Hong, R., Yamazaki, H., Sonogashira, h., and Haeihara. N.. Chem.
Lett., 1978, 535.
10) Ruundhill, DA1., Dickson. 11.K.. Dizit, N.S. and Sudha-L`isit.
B.P..1. Am. Chem. Suc., 102. 5538 (1980).
11) Calcd. lor C33H14Co.07P2Pt (thc clustcr 1): C.48.41; F1.2.95.
Found: C',48.43: H.2.75. C�rlcd. (or C33HZaCoZO7PZPt (thc
clustcr 2): C',43.68; H?.67. Fuund: C.43.43: 11,2.46.
IZI Dchand, J., and Nennig. J.F., Inore. Nucl. Chcm. Iett.. IU. 875
(197,1).
13) The structure o( the cluster 2 has been determined by X-ray
- crystallography. It has a closed metal triad and one catbunyl
lieand is bridged between two robalt atoms. i'he details will be
described in a lollowing paper.
14) Martinengo, S.. Chini, P., Albano. V.G.. Catiati. F. and Salvatori.
T'.,1. Organumet. Chem., 59, 379 (1973).
- 15) Buttet, D., and Hautc, T.. ICommercial Solvent), U.S. Pat., 3 285'
948 (1966).
16) Calcd. tor C20H1201ZNCu3Ru (thc cluster 5: C.32.28: H,2.71:
N,1.88; Cu,23.76; Ru,13.58. Found: C.32.08: N,2.77; N,1.87:
Cu,23.53: Ru.13.82.
17) Mays, M.J., and Simpson, R.N.F., J. Chem. Soc., A, 1968, 1444.
18) Chini, P., Colli, L.. and Peraldo, M.. Gazz. Chim. Ital., 90. 1005
(1960).
19) Huie, B.T.. Knoblet, C.B., and Kaesz. H.D.. J.C.S. Chem. Comm.,
1975.684.
20) Steinhardt, 1'.C.. Gladfelter, 11'.L., llarlcy. A.D.. Fux, 1.R., ind
Geoffroy. G.L., Inure. Chem., 19, 332 (1980).
COPYRI(HT: 1..481 Fuji Ma.rketing Research Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INCREASING DEMAND NOTI(ID FOR VARIA3LE SPEED MOTORS
Tokyo TECfINOCRAT in English Vol 14, Na 3 Mar 81 pp 45-46
- [Text]
[t is not only in recent years that !he need for attaining
variable speeds of motor has been recognized. The fact that
- control of the primary voltage of an induction motor varies the
number of rotations was known in the days when the invention
had just been made. [n the production field, this knowledge has
been utilized for ever increasing productivity. For example, the
speed of conveyers is varied in accordance with the dextrity of
the employees on the assembly line of a factory. Variable speed
motors have found many such uses.
However, it is from the viewpoint of energy saving that
variable speed motors are now in the spotlight. It has been
ascertained that they unexpectedly effect energy saving and that
- they pay for themselves in a very short time. In the USA, the
Energy Department is promoting the high efficiency of three-
phase sauirrel-cage induction motors and has set a standard
(NEMA � MEGIO) as a guide for enforcing effective energy
saving by motors, and is taking a new look at the use of motors.
[iereafter, stress will be placed on software, as to its selection
and c-..:.�, such as what kinds of motors are best used far reducing
- electric power consumed. The way of thinking should also be
changed from considering the initial cost first to the total cost
Cirst, including running cost.
Industrial moto:s are used everywhere. Careful examination
of their uses has found that there are not a few cases where they
are continuously operated under a given load, and further that
there are quite many cases where the load varies with time and
season. The use of a constant speed motor for such variable
loads lowers efficiency with a decreased load and also does not
- serve to save energy because of the unvariable capacity of the
- motor. Contary to this, the use of a variable speed motor
permits the output of the motor to be lowered by lowering the
speed of the motor with a decrease in the load. Accordingly, a
decrease of motor efficiency at lower speeds is compensated for
+ by a comparable decrease in the output, whereby energy saving
is attained.
� 80
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Therefore, a user using a constant speed motor for a variable
load should change the motor itself for a more efficient one,
_ energy saving can be attained by the following methods: (1) it
- should be replaced by a variable speed motor, (2) an inverter
should be interposed between the conventiona( constant speed
motor and the commercial electric source for obtaining fre-
quencies corresponding to the load so as to change the rotation
number of the motor, etc.
_ There are many kinds of variable speed rnotors, including a
primary voltage control motor which controls the input voltage
of a conventional induction motor (Squirrel-cage AC motor). [t
is necessary to select the type most suitable for the user. The
- recent trend however highlights a system for controlling speed
with inverters, and it is frequently used for conventional
squirrel-cage induction motors. [t is also noticed that super-
precision rotational control is attained by combining it with
_ synchronous motors and that high-speed rotation is attained by
combining it with high-frequency motors.
This inverter is briefly a device by which the frequency of an
electric source can be varied. It is generally called a variable
frequency inverter. [ts mechanism is that commercial AC is full
wave rectified by an inverter (so-called rectifier) to obtain DC
with few pulsations, which is thereafter converted into AC of
variable voltage and variable frequency. When an induction
motor is controlled by this method, its own solid structure and
brushlessness do not require any maintenance. Moreover, the
low price makes it favorable with the need for energy saving and
maintenance-free equipment in industries centering around the
steel industry.
i ypes of inverter include voltage types, current types, and
pulse width modulation (PWM) types. What most companies are
now giving their attention to is a PWM variable frequency
inverter. It is reported that the recent start of quantity
productian of large-capacity GTO (Cate Turn-0ff) thyristers has
rapidly promoted its practical use and has made it possibls to
- effec;t control of high efficiency and wider range (about I to
109) by operating a knob (frequency control). Especially, the
use of the PWM control method has elevated the power factor
of the electric source so that noise and power factors have little
influence on Yhe electric source. Eurther, improvement in
output wave shapes at lower speed ranges and reduction of
higher harmonics have reduced the heat generated by the motor
itself. Most motor manufacturing companies have already
started production of these inverters, most of which can be used
not only for general induction motors but also for totally-
enclosed motors, exFlosion-proof motors and corrosion-proof
motors. The smaU size and light weight allow them to occupy
smaller space for installation.
Thanks to its numerous merits, it has already been intro-
duced for sheet metal cutter, winding machines, stret6ers, and
uther melalworking machines, conveying machines such as
conveyers and feeders, bandsaw milis, woodworking machines,
wood lamina:ing machines, machines for use in agriculture,
81
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forestry and itsheries, plastics working machines, etc. A system
by which a set of inverter units carries out speed control for
several motors has been put into practical use for spinning
machines by which a number ol small-capacity induction
motors is employed for wuiding and traversing.
There are many kinds of variable speed motors besides those
using inverters. Each company in the industry is doing its best
to strengthen its line-up of inverters. However, the inverter is
not everything.
From all the kinds of variable speed motors, the most handy
and that with the lowest cost is the primary voltage contrul
type. Its input dces not correspond to the reduction uf speed
and tfiis is why it is not called sn energy saving type. However,
it is still in big demand for pumps, fans etc. which liave square
reduced torque characteristics anc: require stepless speed change,
or for conveyers, hoists, twisring machines, etc. which have
constant torque characteristics at varied rotational numbers and
require stepless speed chai?ge. Recent!y, types exclusively used
for blowers and pumps, which havz the same fixing dimensions
as that of wide-use motors ha%e been manufactured and are
easily substituted for wide-use motors.
Ailother conventiunal system frequently used is th.e eddy
current coupling system, which is cunsidered to occupy more
than half the demand for variable speed mutors when joined
with the primary voltage control system. In this systen;, an
induction motor is directly connectPd witti an eddy current
coupling and PG (spced detecting AC generator), and thereby
_ transmissiun turque (rom the motor is controlled by controlling
the excited current )f the eddy current ruupling su as to
- maintain a set speed even when the load varies. Despite its luw
energy saving effect, it has a wide range (1 to 10) of speed
control and is inexpensive. it is theretore considered that there
will be a big demand for it for such loads as i:i pumps, fans,
cunveyers, winders, crushers. centritugal casting macnines, etc..
which have constant torque characteristics at varied rotational
number aiid require stepless speed changes.
- In the Field of DC motors, the thyrister Leonard system will
be used for work that requires a wide range of speed control,
because of its adventageous economic factor and its high
reliability. It is mainly used for NC machine tools. The demerits
inherant in DC motors, that is, the fact that the existance of a
brush makes titeir maintenar.ce difficult, have obliged a shift to
AC motors in some uses. Thyrister motors, in which thyristers
are substituted for the reotifying mechanism of a DC motor,
~ have been welcomed becaure of their good reliability and wide
control range in general i:idustries, for iron manufacture, etc.
" The secondary resistance control system obtaining a variable
spced fur wound-rotor type motor o has heen welcomed ior the
winding uf a rrane which involves a hig1i frequency uf starting
~ uperatiun. Its merit is the inexpensive initial cost, while its
demcrit is that it takes time from the start up the motor
simultaneously with a constant speed iriductiun motor to arrival
at cunstant speed ciperatiun. It therefore involves a little
difficulty when used 3s a high-degree variable speed motor.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co,, Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TE4INOLOGY
TEST ENZYME REACTOR COMPLETED
Tokyo TECHNOCRA.T in English Vol 14, No 3 Ma.r 81 pp 46-48
(Text]
The manufacture of a test enzyme reactor which was ordered
by the Institute of Pliysical and Chemical Research from Sagami
Chemical Research Center, Toyo Soda and Mitsui Information
Development, promoted under the leadership of Prof. Wada of
_ Science Dppartment of Tokyo University, has recently been
completed.
The test enryme reac;tor is intended to standardize, like
semiconOuctor, the characteristics of enzymes which are essen-
tial to reaction systems being the heart of an engineering
bio-reactor. It has sufficiently high functions to obtain ample
data with strikingly much higher speed and accuracy than by
manual studies. Thus, it is expected to serve as a laboratory
i automation method.
The Institute of P}lysical and Chemical Research has since
1977 been pursuing research of bio-reactors.* One of the pur-
poses of this project, af present, is the trial manufacture of a
polypeptide type tester which is able to automatically synthe-
size pulypeptides useful to human beings. The Institute intends
to manufacture test bio-reactor No. 1 by tlie end of 1983 to
syntliesize a peptide with about lU amino acids combined, and
in 1986, the last year of the project, to synthesize a peptide
with ?fl amino acicis combined.
. Tlie greatest technological aspect of bio--eactors is enzymes
which act as catalysts in the combination of amino acids. The
bio-reactor under study, in particular, is a type which has severa]
- reaction systesms placed under computer control and which is
designed to obtain peptides for industrial use in the future. The
least requirement for it is to stabilize the characteristics of
enzymes for live materials.
The ncw test enzymc reactor has been made to standardize
enzymes in order to understand the characteristics of enzymes
under individual conditions, ar.1 obtain stable enzymes.
Test enzyme reactor No. 1 just disclosed, is a computer
cemtrolled automatic meas~iring instrument which follows pep-
tide dissolution reactions using various types of protease, makes
clear the charactenstics of protease suc:h as reaction speeds and
requirements for solvents and retrieves optimal conditions Cor
peptide synthesizing reactions using inverse reactions.
83
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Control and data processing unit
r-
-
~
Control of valves
I 0ncl molOrS
~ ~ ..J.LL

(Material supplV unit)
c _L===-=- -l_ -
i ;
~ I
L - - - -j
~ Setting external conditions Control of valves UV suction
+ anci monitoring and motors ~ monitor
. . -7
Temtierature: UH

(EfizVme reaction tank) (Automa!ic sampler) (Separation and analysis unit)
Fig. 1. Structure of Test Enzyme Reactor System
_ The reactor consists of an enzyme react:cl tank, a.,.-'erial
supply unit, a separation analysis unit and a computer to
control the entire system and perform data processing.
Measurement will be under the following conditions. Tem-
- perature range: 0-50�C;pH: 1-14;controllable interval: 0.10C
and 0.1 pH; analysis frequency: once per 10 minutes, Manual
:xamination of enzyme reactions takes much time, does not
alloti, an increased number of conditiuns to he useei, and what is
:nore fatal, fails to ensure accuracy. In full operatioii, the new

c
w
Situation
estirr.ation
program
I
, I
Measurement system
I
~
Measurement
of tempera-
j ; ture I
~ Measurement
of 7H
I I I ~
i ~
I ~
Measurement
~ ot amino acid
concentretion
Meawrement
of ATP
concentration
i
Control variab!es
~
Measurement
and control level
of peptide
aetermination
proqram
concentration
Bioreactorfor
peptide synthesis
>
~

y V ry I
Substrate
A m 'o
0 C
~ m
N
0 ~
?
~ D
p c u
U w Q I
'll' O
I I
d
~
O
� .
.
O ~
~

~ O
a
E
~
N

- - 'Jf~1 J
I
V
Products: Removal of enzyme
activity control I
synthesized peptide agents
-T
' Control oi flow rates (substrates; products)
~ ~
~ Control of eoncentration of enzyme activitv control agents

~ inflow; removal) Material handling system
Control of pH and temperature
Fig. 2. Techniques for Measurement Control and Material Handliny in
Bio-Reactor
Tlie Institute intends to complete, by the end of 1983, a
bio-reactor wluch is able to synthesize peptides containing tip to
_ 10 amino acids and by the end of 1986, a bio-reactor which is
able to synthesize up to 20 amino acids.
' The bioreactor is an advanced chemical-reaction system with techniques
for allowing variou; materials to be synthesized and dissolved by
skillfully combining enzyme reactions after the fashion of chemical
reactions in biological entities integrated with techniques for measuring
and controlling such reactions uptinally.
Nioreactors rurrendy under study include peptide synthesis type which
synthesize peptides from amino cids by making use ol' enzy me reactions
and diagnosis types which are designed to serve in medical applications
_ such as measurement of components of blood, etc. witi, hig.i accuracy.
77ie test enzyme reactor described here is intended to develop
bioreactors for synthesizing peptides.
CCPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltdo
~ CSO : 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SEMIPLANAR JOSEPHSON JUNCTtON DESCRIBED
' Tokyo TECMOCRA.T in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 pp 49-52
[Text]
The (nstitute of Physical and Chemical Research has expcri-
mentally manufactured a junction of a new structure called a
semiptanar Josephson junction. Reportedly, the Instisute has
proved by examining its microwave response, that the new
junction has excellent electrical characteristics. While it shows
high performance and has a long life, the junction is easy to
mass-produce and this is expected to contribute greatly to
making Joseplison junctions practically usable. Apparantly. the
experimentally made junction has a weak tie only 0.07511 long
and has an electrostatic capacity of only ahout 0.04pF. Also. it
acliieves over 0.3mV for the production of critical current and
- resistance, is highly resistant to thermal cycles between room
temperature and the temperature of liquid helium and }ias a life
of more than 1 year in room temperature and in the
atmosphere.
1. Features of Semiplanary Junction
Fig. 1 shows a variety of Josephson junctions. They have a
structure consistiof 2 super-conductors (indicated by 1 and 2)
electrically weakly connected together witli a certain substance
(indicated by 3). Operable at the temperature of liquid llelium,
they act as non-linear inductances. A semiplanar junction is
shown in Fig. 1.(e). ln its structure, this is a]lybrid of tlie [3]
most typical conventional Josephson junctions (a) a super-
conductive microbridge (c) a thin�Cdm tunnel junction and (g) a
point contact junction. The semiplanar junction was bom as a
development of supPrconductive microbridge types.
The superconductive microbridge junction consists of a single
superconductor wluch is made by micro-maciiining a weak tie
less tlian l� long anci wide. This junction, liowever, Ilas a narrow
range of working temperatures and is Ilard to Iiandle because it
is easily broken by charges in the discharge from a human body.
An improved version of tlus is shown in (b). Because of its
structure, it is called a plana- Josephson junction. If the
thickness t of the weak tie (3) is made sufficiently smaller than
86
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~
-3
I 2
(e) Superconductive microbridpe (c) Thin�film junction
(b) Planar junction (d) Sandwich junction
3
2
I
- 4
(e) Semiplanar junctlon
Q-
. 2 _'3 2
I

i
4 3
~
( f
(f) (f') Point-coniact bridge
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I`~ _
I
(g) Point�contactjunctiun
1: Superconductor (electrcde)
2: Superconductor (electrode)
3: Weak tie (or barrier)
4' Insulator (spacer)
Fig. 1. Various Jasephson Junc'_ions

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the thickness T of the super-c:onductive electrodes ( I and the
pusition near the weak tie between thc electrodes I and 2 will
be little affected by the current; though tlie weak tie will not
lose its super-conductive characteristics, but vrill have electrical
junction characteristics greatly improved, and will have its range
of working temperatures widened.
Again, the planar Josephson junction permits the selection of
_ any material for the weak tie (3). If bismuth, w}uch has large
specitic resistance, is selected, the weak tie, even ah^ut 4011
wide, provides an electrical connection which is not too strong
and an element with high performance can be obtained. A weak
tie 40� wide is less kely to be broken by discharge from the
human body than a weak tie less tilan l� wide. A current flows
through the bismuth tie between the super-conductors 1 and 2
and the bismuch tie on the super-conductors will have not effect
_ upon anything.
In addition, the planar junction was alsc devised by the
Institute and was used as a basis for the semi-planar junction.
The key point in obtaining high-performance junctions is to
minimize the length L of the weak tie. It is impossible to make a
slit less than O.l� in a film of super-conductive niobium which is
0.2� thick and wluch has low mutual diffusion with bismuth,
even by making full use of electron beam lithography and the
most advanced techniques of micro-machining which have been
developed for ultra-LSI elements.
_ Flowever, this is not always true of the new structure shown
in (e) in Figure. The effective length of the bismuth weak tie
which connects the two niobium forks 1 and 2 depends on the
' thickness of the rock crystal film (a) which is used as a spacer
(insulating layer). [f the iock crystal is 0.075� t}ick, it is
equivalent to a 0.075� groove provided in a 0.2u niobium film,
and this is considered to have overcome the limitations of
- ;;ucromachining techniques.
- The film tunnel junction (c) is the element which I BM has
leen applying in computer circuits. Although it shows high
performance, it is not sufficiendy resistant to thermal cycles
between the temperature of liquid helium (working tempera-
cure) and room temperature. When left in the atmosphere at
room temperature, it will gradually lose its characteristics. These
drawbacks arise because the weak tie (3) consists of a very thin
~,lumbum oxixe layer about SOA (a stack oF 10 stoms).
If it is desired in the manufacture of computers t!iat
irregularities of characteristics of junction elements be restricted
to within 10%, it is necessary to cont,ol the thickness of the
plumbum oxide films w;thin an accuracy of 0.2A. O.:.A equals
1 /5 of the diameter of the smallest atom hydrogen.
Therefore, it is a natural outcome that a sajidwich-type
Josephson junction, made by using a semiconductor 9T a
metalloid, instead of by insulating plumbum oxide for ttie weal:
tie, has emerged. In the sandwich junction, iising a metalloid
teUunium as the material for the weak de, the tellurium film is
400A thick, or 10 �imes thicker than a plumbwn oxide tie, and
has static capacity several times smaller than the eqvivalent tie.
The 400A tellurium filrn (3) has a number of pinholes, as
shown in Fig. 2. If the surface of the tellurium film is oxidized
88
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- befoie vapor deposition on the superconductor in order to
prevent the superconductor from short-circuiting through the
pinholes, it will fill in the pinholes but will also simultaneously
oxidize the surface of the tellu*ium tie.
- Current flows from the superconductor (I) to the tellurium
tie (3), the oxidized tellurium and the superconductor (2), as
_ indicated by the anows in the Figure. The presence of tellurium
thes oxidized can cause irregularity of characteristics.
If, for the semiplanar junction, the rock crystal is oxidized to
fill in the pinholes, as shown in Fig. 3, current does not flow
from 1 to 4 and 2 but flows from 1 to 3 and 2, as indicated by
the arrows in the Figure. This will cause characteristics not to be
limited by the presence of ox:dized tellurium or oxidized
bismuth.
The reason for this is that in the semiplanar junction, the
functions of the sracer (4) which spaces out the 2 supercon-
ductors are comp;etely separated from those of the weak tie (3)
through whicr --urrent flows. This is in contrast to the
arrangement of the sandwich type.
_ Recently, tellurium and germanium films free of pirLholes
have been made available. For the sandwich structure, however,
the superconductor electrode (2) lias to be fitted on the very
thin tellurium or germanium fiLn without tearing it. For this
purpose, vapor deposition of a lead alloy with a lower melting
point is used.
_ In the semiplanar junction, the rock crystal spacer is
sufficiently strong to make it possible to use niobium, which has
- a long life, as a superconductor on it. Even if the rock crystal
spacer is torn while the niobium superco;iductor is fitted on it, a
liquid-heiium test can be effectively conducted to scrt out
short-circuited stiperconductors before the weak tie (3) is fitted.
Because of the difference in the level of mutual metallic
diffusion, the niobium-bismuth-niobium junction has a life
expectancy at room temperature more than 100 times that of
the lead-bismutlrlead junction. The point-contact junction (g) is unstable in mechanical
vibration, though it is very high-perfotmance element. ln order
~ to eliminate tius drawhack. a point-contact bridge (0 using a
Film has heen made. Imagining a structure m:iJe hy cutting off
- dotted-line portions in f, we have a structure P. This is similar
to the semiplanar type e. Like the point�contact bridge, the
semiplanar junction has a nearly ideal geometrical figure with W.
almost irfinite "thickness" in the direction vertical to he axis of
tlie weak tia of the superconductor electrode. Furthermore, the
~ semiplanar element nas t}ie advantages of being easier to make
than the puint-contact hridge :und of pennitting free selection of
weak tic matcrials.
A_,ain. the seminlanar junction has other Pmminent features
as follows. In the microbridgc and the point-rontact junction, a
- weak connection between superconductor electrodes is
attained by geometrically narrowing the portion of one super-
_ ;,onductor, while in the thin-film tunnel junctian an insulator is
used as tlle material fur the weak tie, and a weak connection is
_ attaineJ by making use of the properties uf this material. In
contrast. Nie semiplanar junction attains a weak connection not
89
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rnnly hy usiiig Iismuth far thc material uf thc weak tic, tu make
use of its properties, but also ny geometiically narrowing a
portion of the system. Thus, this type is expected to show the
best performance.
PUrthennore, the semiplanar junction can be made by
stacking films through use of resistarice masks, and it thus does
not recessarily require electron beam lithography.
2. Semiplanm- Junction ExperimentaUy Made
Photo l shows a practical junction directly before a weak tie
- (bismuth) is fitted. In the portion resembling a"fan", noibium
- film is overlapped on a 0.075 � thick rotk crystal fibn, At the
tip of the grip of the "fan", two niobium films meet with a rock
crystal film betw�een. The two niobium films are cunnected with
, a vapor deposited or spattered bismutti tie to form a junction.
The sinallest graduation in tlie Figure represents 10
- Voltage-current characteristics obtained by applying 10 GHz
microwaves to this trial junction are shown in Fig. 4. This
indicates considerably high performance.
Photo 2 shows a"multi-target spattering system provided
with analytic functions" which has been specially designed for
manufacturing Josephson junctions as described above. -
-
' - Z-~ ~ -
-
Fig 2. Cross Section of Sandwich
Josephson Junction

r----~
~
` u
~ - - -
.
Fig, 3. Cross Section of Semiplanar Josephson
Junction
COP'YRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Resea.rch Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNULOGY
F'OR OFFICIAI. USF: UNI.Y
NEW AUDIO SYNTHESIS METHOD DESCRIBED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 pp 53-55
[Text]
Musastiino Electrical Communication Laboratory of Nippon
: Telegraph and Telephone - Public Corp. invented PARCOR
method of audio systhesis by a characteristic parameter in
1969. However, it has recently devised a new method called
the LSP (Line Spectrum Pair) method which is sul,erior to
PARCOR. The laboratory has also succeeded in integrating an
_ LSP audio synthesver on a singie chip, which reduces size
- and price. 1. Vocalization Niechanisms of Man and L.SP Synthesizer
ln tlie vocalization mechanism of man, a pulse-]ike sound
wave is generated as a result of vibration of the vocal cords
in the throat, caused by air sent from the lungs and passing
! through the trachea. This pulse sound cannot produce a
' dislinguishable vowel or consonant. But, as the sound is going
. through from the throat to the nose, it changes into a speech
Sound recognized as a word. This is Uecause a resonance
freyuency of the ural cavity is changed by the vocai organs,
ctiin, tongue, and ]ips, to give plioneme a specific tone quality.
Th^ passage of a specch sound from the throat to the
lips can be compared to an acoustic pipe whose cross�sectional
area, cham_es with the position. The cross section is varied
in shape by motion of the vocal organs. While the outer end
of the pipc is upen, the end on the throat side opens and
closes as tlie vocal cords vibrate. Then. when this is simplified
- by rcplacin- thc throat-side ccmditions with two boundary
conditions of being completely open or blocked, a pair of
resonance frequencies ere determined hy the respective bound-
ary condiiiuns. This pair of frequencies is cailed a line spectrum
pair (LSP). It is known that the cross-sectional shape of an
acoustic pipe is uniquely determined by ISP.
Audio svnthesis based on LSP-parameters is as folluws:
Tfie synthesizer is composed of a pulse generation circuit
that initiates vocal cord vibratiori, a noise generation circuit
to initiate turbulent noise for a voiceless sound, and a filter
to initiate the resonance cliaracteristic of tlie acoustic pipe,
91
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In the LSP sytitlicsizer, infurmation a pulse sound sourcc
and a noise source, en amplitudc, a pulse per3od, and 8�10
_ LSP-parameters are input to the synthesizer.
2. Features of LSP �
When a sound is expressed in terms of PARCOR or LSP
parameters, the property of a parameter is determined by
ttie folluwing. The accuracy required in coding parameters,
and flic time intervals at which parameters must be updated.
Tliese are related to information content required for audio
syntiicsis and qualit; of a synthesized sound, which is an
important property of characteristic parameters.
Let us compare the new LSP method with the PARCOR
method heretofore widely used, in the two points mentioned
above. First, in the accuracy of parameter coding, 4-8 coding
bits corresponding to types of parameters are necessary for
PARCOR. In ISP, all parameters can be coded in abou14 bit;.
An experiment has revealed that the number of coding bits
required in LSP is only about 809'0 of that in PApCOR when
distortion ot synthesized sound due to parameter coding
is kept equal in both cases.
- Next is an explanation of the update freqvency of
parameters. As a man vocalizes, a sound parameter vares
all the iime corresponding to motions of the vocal organs.
While updating parameters at a high frequency of 200 cycles
per second, a synthesized sound, with good tone quality
Sound peasaqe
- ~
Throat a ea-sectional E I Sound weve
, Sound passage Blocked '
. ' lip ~
. ; ~ Lip
' I
, ~ ~ Open ~ .
Tongue
- Aetuai
' Chin ehsraeteristics Respeetive arros
iridicate LSP peremeters.
~
c (futl line: open
�
- ~ ~ A 1, A ~ � deshed Iine: biocketi)
p 4 I 1 1 ~
b 10 ~ q ~ ~ ~ ~
eq t Vocal cord ir
r u I
Q o
11-0 F' Froqueney
LSP paremeters a.e delined as resonance trequencies corre-
spondinp to two boundery eonditione in ths throet, beinp open
or blocked, in ths acoustic pipe model.
Fig. 1. Vocat Organs of Man and Acoustic Pipe PAodel
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and ref]ecting the organ motioijs can be obtained. ln this `
case, liowever, greater informationcontent must be given
to the syntliesizer each second, nrdinarily, the update frequency
is sei at about 50-1OOc.p.s. But, this results in an unnatural
_ sound.
Then, variations in the synthesized sounds are smoothed
by interpolating intermediate parameters into those sent to
the synthesizer sequencially. Errors in interpolation in LSP
parameters are almost equal to those in PARCOR, even when
the update fre luency of LSP is reduced to 75% of that in
PARCOR.
� It can be sPen from these facts that, in the LSP method,
only 60% of the information required in PARCOR, tvhich
_ was formerly considered excellent, is enough to get almost
_ the same tone-quality.
As stated previously, LSP�parameters are closely related
to the resonance frequency of the sound passage, which is an
' important cliaracteristic in view of hearing the correct sound.
~ Therefore, they are suitable pot only for parametric audio
synthesis, but also law synthesis of an arbitrary word.
- 3. One-C~ C-MOS ISI
Though the LSP audio synthesis method 'nas a number
of excetlent characteristics as described above, its utility
value will be lowered if it needs a large and expensive sy -sis
device.
The laboratorj has thoroughly examined a circuit system
_ to produce the LSP audio synthesizer on a singte ISI chip.
An CSI for LSP audio synthesis has just been trial manufac-
- tured, xnd the expected performance has been ascertained.
This LSI has a number of excellent characteristics, which
can be summarize3 with the following three points:
(1) A rynthesized sound of superior quantity can be generated
from a small amount of i.zformation. This is almost entirely
_ due to tlie excellent LSP synthesis method, however, there
various other devices must be considered. For example, the
parameter update frequency can be adjusted to be a variation
velocity of a sound parameter. The adjustment can decrease
- the update frequency by 2540% without deteriorating the
quality of the synthesized sound, and consequently even less
information is required for the synthesis.
(2) The amount of power consumed is small, and the permit-
ted range of power-souece voltage is wide.. This has been
achieved by using C-MOS technology. And all the operations
necessary for parameter interpolation or realization of a
sound-passage resanance filter are performed by the bit serial-
arithmetic method. The circuit is designed so as not to produce
any dead time, thus requires fewer gates and less power.
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(3) The [S[ 1as a fully flexible interface built�in to connect
it to external devices. There are various applications 'for an
audio synthesizer, and control using a microcomputer is
required in many cases. The I,SI has been designed, with the
aforesaid point considered, so as to be directly connected
with the bus of a general-purpose microcomputer. It alsu has
a specially designed digital-analog(DA) converter in the sound
output area so that a synthesized sound can be produced easily.
Table 1. Characteristics of LSI for LSP Audio Synthesis
� Msnufacturinp tachniQue C-MOS
, Scale of loyical eireuit About 4,000 L..es
Souree voltage 3-6V
Current contumptio. SmA (on) -
(at 5-V source voltsye) 0.8mA (off) _
Audio sYnthssis method LSP (octel)
_ Informetion content 7.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 kllobits/mcond
Internel arithmetie method Pipe-lina serial�arithmatic
Intsrfae� B-bitf Perellel bus method
SYnthssized sound output S-bits anelog output
16-bits digitel output
L
LSP.p~nm~nrt Control
Control rpiftw Sutuf rpi~tn
Deu
buNw n ~ -

rt~ek " ' -
n~m~ur P~nmeter Coetroll~r
nvenio Int~rPOl~liOn
~1 P~rt
SVnth�IxW
pund
oipie.i
" output
.
r:und. LSP .udlo .ynthrls KOA Analop
tllqital111tw orsion output
,sfte r LSP peremeters are deciphered irt the perameter conver
sion peit snd ers sdequetely approximated by pofygonel
� linss, thoy are supplied to che LSP audio synthesis digital
fllter. Pulses or noises generated in the sound-souree part
are eonverted into sounds by ths resonence function of the
dipitel filtar to produce e sound.
_ Fig. 2. Internal Structure of LSI for LSP Audio SYnthesis
94
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Control
switches. �
~ ~',i ~
�
~
L YV . ~
~
, ~
� ~ ,l
Addnu
eounter
ROM for
~
LSP�porematers
Crystal
~
oscillator
Miniature batteriaf
(X 3)
lSltor LSP
audio synthesis
Laboratory Audio Synthesizer Using LSI for LSP Audio Synthesis
(dimensions about ZOcm x 20cm)
-i
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Ma.rketing Research Cc., Ltd..
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� , Spsaker�drivinp
~ circuit
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SCIENCE J` ND TE CHNOLOGY
PRODUCTION OF 'CLEAN COAL'
Tokyo TEQiNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 56
[Text]
* Sanyo Chrmical Industries, Ltd., as its
research objcrtive in its uniyue study program.
is centering un thc development of resuurces.
and energy�related pruducts. Tlie cumpany has
recently established foc the fast time a"clean
coal" preparatiun technique to pre�trcat coal -
again brought in focus sincc the oil sliock - b}�
granuwtion, asli removal, and desull'urization.
This so-c:alled OA method (oil agglomera-
tion) has becn developed by the company
"pled with the Coal biining Research Ccntre,
,n. 'fhe process can contributc tu thc
�ing uf the environmental and transpurtLiiron
olcros that havc becn barrink thc propcr
'ication of coal Gke COM. ;ind it is attract-
ir, interest as a revolutionary technology
C1p:1bIC of boosting fucl eff'icicncy.
For cffcctivc coal stupment, vansport by
'slurry' is bein,_ highliuhted as in it wal is
ground up to turm slurry with watcr, enablinR
transferal by pipe, the same method as is used
with pctrolcum: thc U.S. is alrcady using the
tcchniquc in somc arcas. Whcn cualis burned
thc impuritics such as ash and sulfur which are
proi'use in it cause cnvironmental pollution und
othcr hazards. Conscqucntly, coal cleaning
tcchniyucs to rliminatc Ihosc impuritics effi-
ricntly :uc nuw undcr study in many cuuntrics.
Thc OA proccss that Sanyo Chemical and
Cual %tining Research Centre gcoup have devel-
oped can be utilized for the dehydration and
cleaning of coal slurry.
The principle is that heavy oil is added to
wal slurry and thcn stirred to help it to absorb
the coal and to form granules, facilitatinE coal-
water anJ coal-ash separation. In this unique
method, the application of an additivc while
mixing will @reatly impro~�c granulatiunlash
remeving effects. F.rperiments to date liave
revealed that the adding agent developed by
Sanyo Chemical succeeds even with extremety
small quantities: I 1) halved heavy oil use; (2)
strcamlincd granulation step with �ubstantially
quickencd granulation-initiating time ( liiglicr
slurry concentration / reduced impeller revulu-
tion: (3) greatly improved dehydration [ate.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd,
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHIdOLOGY
TOSHIBA ACCEPTS INFORMAL ORDER FOR MEXICAN 440MW GEOTHERMAL PLANT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 56
[Text]
� Toshiba Corporation recently ceceived via
M1fitsui & Co., Ltd. an unofficial order of
Mexico Electric Power Authority foi a
wotld level geothermal power plant with
a total capacity of 440,OOOkW. Geothermal
power generation is one of the major energies
which are alterantives to oil, and is under
development by volcanic countries throughout
the worid. Although th,: capaciry at the geo-
thermal plants used clirrently by 13 nations.
' such as Japan, the U.S., and [caly, so far totals
only apptox. 4.3 million kW, counting both
those which are running and thuse which have
been ordered, this single giant facility will be
rapable of generating 10% of this total output.
Thc ncgotiation are to build geothermal power
_ plant in Mexico, consisting of four 110,OOOkW
units. In Japan, thc ltfitsubishi group ied by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi
_ Metal Co. as well as 4he Fuyo group including
Hitachi Ltd. and Marubeni Corporauon are
beginnink to rcact in favour at another share
m the markct. Outpacing the others, the
Tostuba-Mitsui party has struck up the tenta-
tive deal fot a single, huge geothermal plant uf
unprecedented scale, thus demonstrating its
uvcrwhelming strpngth in this arcna.
COPYRIQiT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research 0., Ltd.
CSO : 4120
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n
3CIENCE AND TEQiNOLOGY
WORLD'S LEVEL WATER TURBINE CASING
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 57
[Text] .
Fu%t Electric Co., Ltd. fs now buridfng a 495MW Francts turbtne,
rogether wtrh jour 485,OOOkYA water wheel generators, jor the Revel-
stoke power ,ttatfon of BrlNah Columbla Nydroelectric Cenemdon Corp.
!n Canada and tt has rccentfy contpleted a casing jor the No.l unit The
castng hw an lnlet dfantter of 7.3m wr[h the rtmlght port of the (nlet i
measurtng as long ar /?m: !ts runnrr d(ameter ts about 7m, end eonsists
of two pordons This instal/atton not on(y providea u rccor+d Jarge
sfomge capaclty but !s ulso the lcadtng stnrcturc ojJts type tn the warid.
The Reveistoke power p(ant, located up the Cofumbin Rlver, ls capable
of hydroelectric generation of o world-beaHng 2 mi!llon kW, and !s ex-
pected jor compfeifon in 1984. �
Earlter, Fujt Electdc manujacturcd and deJivend two xts of 306,000
kW entts jor BCH's Peace Rlver power station, !n additfon to nvo
206,OOOkW units jor Seihe( pumped stornge hydroelecMc pfan[ ojKorea
Efectrlc Company. .
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~
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Watar Turbine Casing

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SCIENCE APID TECHNOLOGY
MITSUBISHI TO DEVELOP COAL LIQUEFACTION
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vo 14, No 3 Ma.r 81 p 57
[Text]
lcpan's largest bustncs,r jomily, MirsuDishr, haa jlrtaliy entered the coai
ltquejacNon J7eld. Lati Ocrober Mttsrebtah! Heavy Industries (H1Hl), tn
coopemdon with Mitsvbisht Corporntton, Mitsublshi Mtning & Cement
Co., and Mttsublsht Oi! Co., conciudtd tht "Four�member Agreemenr on
Jotntdevelopment of Coal Liquejactton" (provistonal name). The Mitsu-
bishl group wrli atterrrpr to cope wlth llquejacrlon by the proctss cailed
the "Soluborithfi method'; lapan's unlque coal-ltquejytng technlque
whfch lt onr of the hopea of the Sun Shlne Pro%ct being conducred by
_ MIT!'r Agency oJlndusrrial Sctence and Tcchnology.
The MJtsubishl Corporarion wlll be tn chorge of pocuring foreign cool
as wtU o,t coor+dlrtattng the acNvtNea of tht jour componies: bituminous
cool, lncJuding even sub-bituminous coal, !s to be surveyed to drnw o
' cfear vorld rnap of a!f coui rnines, (ncluding their ,tcales. Mltsubishl
Mfning & Cunent wtlf check them to verljy any devtlopmental plans,
and wt(f analyse the qualtty pj the coal. On the other hand, MN! i.r to
con:trtrct a liquejaction plant, ud(lztng the knowhow accumuafted
while working on the soluborlthls proceaa commissronad by the govern-
- mental ogency. Furthermon, the stomge and handltng of coaf, refared
powtr generattng jactiitfea, ond !n addlNon ontt-polJudon equipment, are
a!! in the rcope of the flrm. Mtanwhlle, Mft,tublshl Oll w!!l conduct the
property analysis of coalderlved llquidt, of the nfining of the I(quids,
and wtil pardclpote wlth rlie englneertng department !n o rcjorming of
equipment and of the hydrogen :�ton proceas-two of rhe vltal elements
ln rht !lquejcctton p/anf.
At prestnr, a smoll�sca[e ConNnuour coal ffque/ying jacifiry w(th a
proceuttig capaclty of SOkg ptr day Lt undrr construcrion by MHr ar the
requcst of MITl:t agency, ond !s using o new procesa corresponding to
the solubarlthra method phase
This procedun, wMen starrrd !n 1974, was in[ended to rnake ejjecrive
use of asphalt (the auDstance fong ngardrd as a nuJaance) jor coa!
- (lquejactton. Atthough thi.t led to tht compferlon of the syatem em�
pfoyrng asphalt tohent the ndoubfcd oli criset have entlrcly uprurned
Ihe rcfutlve vafut of the niattrial. The tma/( Jocll(ty betng bulft wl11
adopt o aystern whlch ptsmlts (t to abandon heuvygravlty perroleuais
auch as asphait.
fnttead, the heavy Ilquldt produced our of coaf by the Ilquejying
Eqalpment ltselj, aro to be put to un an .rolvenrr. The governmentaf
agsncy ond MHI wi!l chaffenge the w(der coa( varlety to be uxd in this
jac(f(ty. About 30 klndt of coaf havt afrcudy becn collected jrom coa(
fletds worfd wlde, to .telect tht aavrrul ru(rid ra flqtiejacHon. $ince
lanuary jour dljjerent coals, jront Chlnu und jrom Auttra/!a have bern
te.rted.
Knifting together extenslve pro/ectt, und maximl:(ng ejforts Jor
technlcol devefopmenr, the MfLwDlsh( gruup proceed.t .eteudlfy with !rs
flquejacrlon undcrraking.
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c..

r---1 L.onc
Cod Raw .p.r~t~on HYdrO� OifTfUation ProOUCt
Mester ReKtOr unk uack{np rowb
m.Mmq urot
Hemiry
CI.euUNnp wtwnt proAuct
RMiOu� Mytlro9en
~n Aah
Alr (oxvpK+1 HYtlroa
- p0nv&mr
Fig. l. Mitsubishi Group's Soluborithis Coal Liquefaction System
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- VITRIFIED HLM FOR UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in EngZish Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 58
[Text)
- ' The Japan Atomic Energy Commission has
formulated the treatmcnt and disposal policies
of high-level radioactive wastes (HLW) dis-
- charged from a reprocessing plant. as well as a
concrete future research & development project.
France, the U.K.. West Germany, the U.S.,
]apan and othcr nations processing such plants
are studying a variety of solidification tecli-
niques by means of glass, ceramics, and metals
etc; among them, a vitrification proce;s has
recently proved the most eC:'�ctive. 1Vith these
findings, in addition to other plans including
Japan'% projected reprocessing plan, the basic
- principle haa been worked out to treat and
dispose of high-level wastes.
it proposes utilizing borosilicate glass for
solidifiption, and starting construction in'fiscal
1984 of a vitrification pilot plant to conduct
rrliability icsts, in an effort to cstablish a
glass solidif'ication proccs,. Thc vulumc of a
solidificd body is 1001 wrth a radioactivity of
about 4x10s curies. The body may be further
encased in a stainless steel cannister to prevent
completely radiuactive materials from Icaking.
Those canncd wastcs are to bc placcd for ovcr
30 years in a strictly�protected storage taciliry
built in tfie reproczssing plant site, and to be
' buried in a suilablc gcological formation
after Ihc radioactivity has decreased to a half
or less. Consequcntly, a temporary .torage
- techniyue will be developed and established
along with the development though experimen-
tation of solidiCcation reliability. The long-
tcrm plan also shows that a pos>ible formation
tor disposal will be survcyed by around 1985:
- 'the site deterrnination in about 1995 is to be
followed for about two dreades by various
disposing tests. thus culminatine in 2015 with
a demonstration burial.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd,
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITSUBISHI rIFAVY
INDUSTRIES UNITES WITH BECHTEL TN PWR TECHNOLOGY
Tokyo TECHNOCRA,T
J
in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 58
CText]
Thc Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) will
shortly make a compreliensive technical con-
tract will the Bechtel ?ewer Corp. (U.S.), the
world-leading ptant engineering firm, in tlie
field ot PWR designing & engineeting. Witli the
;
introduction of Bechtel's top rank knowhow
i
MHI will ,'.tempt to complete a PWR model,
;
undergoing thoroughsafety design and quality
control, to obtain an advantageuus position in
the domestic market, which wiil be in favor of
~
BWR, contrary to the world trend. At the samc
time, by setting up a firm relationship with
-I
Bechtel that @ives laree effect on the nuclear
policies of the Reagan administration, Mitsu-
I
bishi speculates that it will enhance a nuclear
~
business strategy in political decision-making.
;
It hopes that this will favorably int7uence the
possible reactor export, as well as the nuclear
fuel cycle ete. involving uranium enrichment
!
and spent fucl reprocessing.
i
MH[ haJ been sporadically a.king fur
Bechtel's guidanre and cooperation conrerning
i
layout, piping and uthcr major components in
designing and enginecring. This time ho~~,~vcr
~
MHI will go hand in h;ind with Berlitcl wldch
will rcgularly provide tull desiRn and rngincer-
I
ing expertise, hiore concretely, Bechtel's ac-
cumulated technical iniurmation, such as rc-
;
actor hazard prevention, aseismic designing,
rore deeign techniques for aptimurn structure.
=
and construction work managcmcnt aill Uc
accessible at all times; in addition, Bechtel is to
assign enginecring experts specialized in Mitxu-
hishi's drxign tasks.
COP~RIGt1T: 1981
Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RA,DIATION TREATMENT OF KP-RICH DRAIN
Tokyo TECHNOCRA,T in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 59
[Text ]
Studies ro conssrve rhe environment are under way in some nottons
nn rhe txarrnenr o; waste by means oj a rad{atlon process, one example
_ of rhe peacejul use oj nuclear enegy.
= The Covernment lndusMo( Research lnsdrute, Nagnya, has taken
rhick wosre water, svch as afkcJt cnd chlortnt dischurge without dilurion,
kind oj krojt pulp (KP) drain that ts hard to tseat with only con-
ventional active sludge processes or coqqu/ah'on deeimcnt, and investi�
qared the eJrects oj the utilizadon oj the irmdiation proceSS when
. ombined with other processes. Beth samp/es are composed oj mal-
odorous wasre water in which organic matters dissolve or suspend in
_ rheljorm oj hydrophilic so(. Using rhe instltute's cobalt-60 inadiation
- equipment, the santples were subjected to Sx106 It, and then coagufating
ugents such as a/uminum sufjare and caJcium hydroxide werc added.
Decomposition by oxldarion oj pollured materials is considered to be
- due main(y to 0'y generated by mdiation under the oxygen !n the
atmosphere. lnadiated specimens showed good sedimentation u6ifity
with more removal abidty than those formeci by fhe coagufntfon
process. This rs probubly 6ecause radiadon to organic substvnces is
faci(itated by the jormatian ojorganocalcium compounds.
- From tesr jindings, tht resuits oj elkali weste are tabulated; chiorine
waste showed nearly the same jrgures. These indicate that the com6ined
efjects oj radiarion and coagulation corrcspond to the resufts jrom e
ntpie�stage. treatment: acttvated sJudge - coagulatton - absorprion.
Moreover, as a process whlch mighr serve as a parrn:r jor Irradiado;,
treatment, it ts suggtsted thar coagularton would 6e more ejjective
- than the ojten�-rejerrrd �to activated sludge method.
Table 1. Irradi
ation Effects of KP Drain
Chro-
COD Ramoval BOD Rsmovel
mati-
Removal
-
(ppm) rate (ppm) rate (96)
eity
(-I
rete (96)
Untreeted
1060 605
11200
Irredieted
436 58.9 267 48.3
1180
89.5
Coagulated
287 72.9 344 31.8
3570
68.1
Combinsd
28 97.4 54 89.3
90
99.2
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VOID SWELLING OF AUSTENITIC ALLOYS FOR FBR
Tokyo TECIiNOCRAT in English Vol. 14, No 8 Mar 81 p 59
[Text]
- Fast breeder rcactors thar a!!ow ihe ejficienf
" use oj umnium juels arc now being srudied and
developed for realisation in vorlous parts oj the
- world. In jasr 6reeders, hlgh�energy neutrons
cause numrrous iypes oj radiaHon damage wirh �
in the juel cladding and the wrapper tubes. One
oj fhe most hamfjui oj these !s void swcl(ing.
With a view to reltability and sajet}, during
optrarion, the developrrtenr oj materials with
minimited swelfrng is necessary.
.1 shorr�rerm simularion experimtnt by ion
' bombardment is being wrdely employed for
- developing materiafs. The Nationa( Research
/nsritute of Merals is uriiizing proton inadia-
tion wirh a Peletron�type accelerator ro conduct
- void swc![ing simuJaNon jor varying alloys, in
the search jor even more sweilinR-resistanr
metais.
The present candidates jor juel ctads or
- wrapper tubing arc austenitic alfoys. To make a
srart, rhe lnstitute surveyed rhe irradia tion
e.rposurt dependencp oj the basic Fe�Nr-Cr
ailoys after vord swelling. The photos taken
with a transmrssion-type electron microscope
showed vords oj borh Fe-25Ni�I5Cr oiloy and
Fe-45Ni-15Cr ailoy undrr rhe same irradiotion
conditions (6U0�C. IS dpa). The latter, nickrl-
- rich, afJoy clearly, hes voids far smaller in size
and partrculariy in number, than thr jormer
uflov. ;''hrs indicares thar the more the nickel
amount, the harder the voids jonned. The
_ plotted figure represents the irradiarion exposure
dependence ojboth afloys and 316 sreel on void
swe/linQ ut on irradiation remperarure oj600�C.
In Ihis ,qraph. Fe�45Ni-1 SCr aflov undoubredlv
needs more radiation c.eprr.nurc to initiatr swcl-
fing, und ha,r a smafler swelling incrrase rate rhun
that oj Fe�ZSNi-JSCr a(lor. dloreover, nce
rPVSOn why, 316 sreel with about 1217, less h'i
contcnt resu!ed in low sweffrnR ma.cs is attribut�
able ro the other afloying elemenrs that are
considered ro conrrol swefling.
mr.
105
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Voids (Transmission-Type Electron
Microscope)
Irrodiation condiiiont: 600�C, 15dpe
A: Fe-25Ni-15Cr alloy
(swellinp moss: 43.99i)
B: Fe-45Ni�15Cr slloY
(swelling mess: 0.996)
250
%~Fe-251`rI5Cr
~
200
~
N 150
A
E
c
%'SUS316
3 ioo
o.
Fig. 1.
Void Sweliing Dependence
of Various Austenitic Stainless
so
�
Steels on Irradiation Exposure
at 600�C
d
"Fe�I5.Nr15C'r
0
10 20 30
00 50 60 70 80 40 100
Irredie
tion sxposure Idpa)
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF AUSTENITIC STA.INLESS STEELS WITH
HIGH SILICON CJNTENT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 60
[Text]
` As high-tcmperaturc oxidation resistancc of
a 19Cr-13Ni�3.SSi stcel is usually inFerior to
th�rt of SUS 3105 stccl, yttrium. rarc earth
mrtals and uther active metals are ot'ten added
to steels to improve oxidation resistanre.
The authors have experienced that somc
19Cr-13Ni-3.5Si steels show ercellent resistance
to high-temperature oxidation. Thcrefore, the
high-tempetature oxidation behaviors of 19Cr-
13Ni-3.5Si steels containing 0.0001 to 0.012%
sulfur have been investigated by means of
isothermal and cyctic heating at temperatures
up to 1200�C. It has been found that sulfur
prevent as an impurity in steels shows very
harmful influence on high-temperature oxida-
tion resistance of 19Cr-13Ni-3.SSi steels. Steels
containing extremely low sulfur less than
0A01% show greater resistance to high�tem-
peraturc oridation than SUS 310S steels, and
morcovcr. thc addition of calcium to stecls
containing sulfur less than 0.001% is beneficial.
[t has also been found that nonmetallic com-
pounds containing suffur consisting of Ca-AI-
Mg-O-S are present in steels with a sulfur
contcnt less than 0.001%. and transform into
MnS on increasing the sulfur content. It is
suggested that MnS compounds have a harmful
influence on high-tempcrature oxidation re�
sistance of 19Cr-1?^li-3.5Si steels.
In addition, the high-tcmpcraturc oxidatiun
behavior of 19Cr�13Ni-3.5Si stccls containing
various amonnts of sulfur was clarified.
(H. Fujikawa, et al.: Tersu�To-Nagane, 67
(19pt) 1591
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~a
SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL 2-STAND ROLLING BY PLASTICINE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT
in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 60
_ [Text]
' Simulation of horizontal 2-stand rolling by
plasticine, for compressi%e rolling and tenzilc
rolE-;ig, h�rs been carried out. The following
items are clarified:
-
(i) Deformatiun of side face, upper face and
transverse section of workpiece and distribu-
tion of principal strain rate and slippage velo-
city against rolls.
(ii) Furcc and torque acting on rolls and
rolling energy.
(iii) Disttibution of pressure. circumferential
I'rictional stress and axial frictional stress actin�
~
on the roll surfaccs.
(iv) Dist-;bution of internal stress in the
workpiece.
Then, the above cxperimental, resultx wcre
analyzcd, and the following facts were cevealed:
(i) All stmss mc�rsurements could bc madc
with sufficient accuracy.
(ii) Distribution of principal strain rate and
othcrs itcros coincide well with measured stress
distributiuns.
,j
(iii) Compressive rolling is effcctive to elimi-
natc thc tcn.ile stress ncar the workpiece's
surface. Tensile rolling slightly reduces rolling
~
energy.
(K.Chijiiwa,et al.: Tersu-To-Hugane, 67 (1981).
1231
I
COPYRIGHT: 1981
Fuji Mttrketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIFNCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A NEW IRON MA,NIIFACTUFING PROCESS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 61
[Text]
Thc blasr furnace - convertor process,
whlch ts now the leading iron manujacnrring
process, requires a huge amount of equlpment
investment and auxieties have arisen about its
juture 6ecause of such jactors as the shorrage
of material coa[. In place of ir, rhe direct iron
making process has been readopted and rs
betng reviewed in vorious fields. However, it
is problemaNc tn thar its productiv,'ty is !ow �s
compared with the blasr lurnace, in that it is
high in irs original unir of energy- ond in that ir
is dijficult Jor ir to dispose of vein stones con�
tained in iron ore. AccordinglY rt has become
desirablc to estnblish a new iron making process
sulted to u new era.
The ,Natiunn! Rcsearch /nsriture jor Metafs
of fhe Sc�ienc�e und Technology, Agenc,v is pro�
mutFtig the development of a new consolidated
rontrnuou.r reso(urion reduction process wltich
is Aa.red un tNe direct reducrran process and
which c�orrsists of o preheuting reserve reducrion
jurnace, a conrinuous resolurion reductron
jurnace and a steef ineking furnace.
Reduced iron pellets produced by the direct
rron mukin,q process are conventionally resofvcd
bv on efe�ctrlc juraneP to make steeL Nowcver,
their resulviqg beltat-ior rs not cfear !n mam,
resperts. Busic reseurrh has been condurted nri
the cf!'ectc of varruu.r fact::rs such as the rem�
pereturc rntnltrn rrnri, !hr curbnn vofumr,
non�redured iroti und vcrri stones in he pel/cts,
.rnd slag on molren irun, a(l uJ" which ajfcrt thc
.ePeed c!i rcdured rrnn prlfrt.c' resolution inro
rnufren irnn Thr rr�scurch rs de.cigned rn obtain
nce nptunum- condrNons jnr rrsolution of re�
duced irnn pe(lets. The knowledge has o(so
been baincd wArrh is rPquired ro determine the
rnri.rrrrurinn nj rhr process. design nj each
Itariacc, aperutinX conditiuns, crc. .4 smal/ hYpc
c�ontinuou.c re.culurrrm rcducricm furnurc, sinRle
phasc 300k f'.4 und holding 60 tu 1 AOkg of
moltrn metal wus rnade on a tria( fiasis, and
nperationul fests ivere cnnducted fo gru.rp
109
operational krtow�how and ro review scale-up
jactors.
The relarron between a peliet jor each rest
and the origrnal value of electric power is shown
in Fig.l, where the maximum resolvrng capacrty
of high reduction-rale pellets (such as free
pe!!e!s) is 6.5 to 7.0kg1min and the originaJ
value of the elecrric powr rs O.Skwh/kg pepet.
Aithough ir was considered [hat dust pellets
including nearly 209e impurities consumed
electricty jor rhe producrion of slag, so thar
joamed slag would ajfecr the jurnace con-
ditrons, ir has 6een shown that their resolutiori
is possible with about the same efjiciency as
that ojhiAh reductron�rate peUets.
Fig.2 shows the refarion between rhe inlet
velocit}, of oxygen of iron oxide which pellets
bring in, and rhe originaf unit of electrrc power.
There is a rendencv thnt the n:ore the inlet
velocity of ozygen increases in rhe caseojJalse
and dust pellets, the slower rhe reduction of the
originaf unir of eleciric power. The Jimit jor
Fe20; is within the range of 1.0 to I.3kg
Fe2 03 /min.
The refarion between the ciectric power
ejficienc- v nnd the inlet velocity of oxygen is
shown in Fig.3, where the more rhe inlet
velvcity of oxygen increases, the better the
electric pnwer efjicienc}, becvmes. This will be
dar ro the facr thut the v,XOrous reaction of
reduction (CO boil) strengthens the churning o(
molten metai, assuring sajjicietir�transmission
of hear jrnm an arc to molten metal. Further,
hcut c�hurRe indreafes that more oxygen cnn
be brough r in rhe jorm of iron oxide, making ir
possible to operare with the use of pellets oJn
lower metalfic rutio or wrrh an increased
volume njsupplied pe(fets.
Hcre results nre playing an rmpnrtant role
in tite dr;errnination of nce opervtional cnn�
drriuns of n scalc�up plant of ISOOk."A with a
molren metal volume of about i.St. At
present ir is operared jor quantirarive proof
tesrs to accumuiate dnta.
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0
Oy
Co
um
�n
o�
Y
t
0~
- M~
C
~
4
C

.0
0
Pellet supplying spNd (kp/min)
Fig. 1. Relation between Pellet Supplying
Speed and the Original Unit of
Electric Power
d
;
8-
u~
u~
a Q
m Y
OL
3
C~
7
n
c
O
O
O
t
F
ae
t Intake veloeity of oxypen (kQ0/min)
F
Fig. 2. Relation between the lnlet Velocity
of Oxygen from Iron Oxide and the
Original Unit of Electric Power
~ o
c
~ 50 m O� o �
c- o
~ e o � �
m40 0 o , o False pellet
0 ~ o Dust pellet
a 30 � � bust pellet
o (hot)
w 200 0.10 0.20 010
Inlet veloeity of cxypen (kp0/min)
Fig. 3. Relation between the Inlet Velocity
Velocity of Oxygen from lron
Oxide and tlie Electric Power
L'fficiency
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A STF^ FORWARD TOWARDS ATOMICALLY POWERED IRON MANUFACTURE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vo1 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 61
`Text] The Arumic Pvwerlron Manujacruring Technology Research As.ro�
:vution, wh1ch has been mckling the deveiopment ojaromically pnN�cred
rruii mnnujactvring technologv, has decided to discontinue jor a whrlc
rr.cearch acrivities, just be(ore a test planr is built, even though Javorobie
technlca7 prospects have been obrained. The main reason is thar tire
Jrvelopment of a high temperature gas Jurnace (nuclto reactor),which is
t/ie Jteat .sourc�e jor rrvn manujacntre, comes later thon scheduled.
The principle vjatomicaily powered iron manujacnire is to uttlize the
chermol energy oj high remperarure gas furnaces to producr. Jrom
asphalt crc., reducrd gas conslsting malnly of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide by which iron core is reduced, to produce iron.
This high temperature gas jurnace is a nuclear reactor in whrch the
core is coo(ed with helium gas and nuclear thermal energy and is taken
out in the form oJhigh temperaruregas oji,000degrees arthe maximum.
Ir is characterized by tts heving a jar betrer thermai ejficrency thon
lr,elrt�water and heavvwater ieactors.
The a.csocianon considers that Nie erecrion oj a prooj jurnace wi!l
bc postponed until after 1995 and it lntends tn apply rcfared develnp�
rrrc�nt tnchnnlogr to other jic(ds than iron ntanujacturc.
~.r�t~��
I
p ~1
,
'vn t�mt~.r~~ur. n
�
n n~On
I
IIMU~~a 0~� m.n~ ~~~u ~rp
~r~~.m
o
~p
I
J
I
fi~
c..eon
nw~� developed a super prccision Iatlie
in w�hich are installed supct precision air
beatings. The new lathes are manufactured by
Rikcn Seiko Co., which is an allicd company
ofthe Toshiba Machinc Co.
Tlu muin spindlc of the lathe is supported
by air bearings and the machine has a super
mechininF accuracy of 0.02�m in 1latness, and
may be used with dirmond tools for the
machining of glass-fiber connectota for an
optical transmission and a lascr mirror.
Thc company has mainly manufactured
larFc size machine tools but it is now embark-
ing upon the supet precision lathe field as a
chain of hiFher, value added, machine develop-
ment. Thc air beatings in the lathe were devcl-
opcd by the company in alliance with T'okyo
Shibeura I:lectric Co., and the company has
succecdcd in pr~ctiwl manuiactunng of tlicm.
Applying the airbcarintis, the main spindlc
yenerates no hcat cvcn al the high specd of
20,000rpm., cunseyucntly the machinc has
no thcrmal deformaUons and can achicvc supcr
precixion machining. Then, the lathe ma}� also
be used for the macliininF of super precision
parts uf a sub�micro-mctcr, such as disc plates
of VTRs, plaxtic lenscs and laser mirrors.
'fhe Rikcn Sc&O Co., which manufactures the
lathes, is onc of the allicd companies of the
company and it has manufactured small
machinink centcrs. Lithcs and milling machines.
The Rikcn 5eiko Co. will manufacture the
suner precision lathe one set/month, with the
technical licensc of Toshiba Machine Co.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EXPORT OF SINTERED CARBIDE TOOLS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 66
[Text]
� Sumitomo Flecttic Industries, Ltd. has
establishcd an ovcrxas srles company in West
Germany to expand its exports to European
Countries.
Thc rnmpany's new Hokkaido plant has
slutcd full scale opcration, and the company
plans that (1) the buriness results wi11 have
reached Y30,000 millivn by 1985, (2) the
export ratio will, until 1988, be increased
trom 10 r, (noa�) tu 5070, and a half of the
exported products will be manufactured in
overseas plants.
'the company has clieady established in the
U.S. Sumidcn Carbidc America, a salef com-
pany, and it is now sellinF products of $200,000
per munth. and has a plan for actual productan
K�hen busincssrcachesS500.000.
Thc markel scalc of Europe is V10,000
million, a IiaU of thr U.S., and the majority
of shares 21e acwunted for by Sund Bick
(Sw�cdcn), Kcna Afctyl (U.S.) and G.E.
C�rrboloy (U.S.). Jup�rnesc makcrs have few�
shares in Europe nuw. The company has
cxportcd producls of ;200,000-250.000, via
its Bcsci aFont. 1?stablisliing the new sales
company in N'cst Grrmany, the company
mrrks export increases ol two umes, mcwang
Sumiboron (CBN tools) and Sumidia (sintered
diamand tools) as its startegic products.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Ma.rketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIEr?CE AND TEL'HNOLOGY
CONTRIBUTION TO COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING
Tokyo TECEiNOCRA.T in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 67
[Text] Introducrion
In dfacusslr+g toierancing thowing 1n tech-
nkrt/ draw(ngs, one of the moat tmportanr j.-,7-
Dlana !s composite po.rftiona! toterancing. In
thB paper two methods ojcombined postrional
tolervncfng, lncluding compostte posittonaf
to(ernnclnq, orc comparee from the viewpolnts
of toolJng and verttjtcaNo.n technrqurt, and
jurtht, stadstlcal consfdemtlons of the pro-
bfun ar rrported.
2 Compariaon ojTwo Methods ojCombtned
Po,dHona/ Toleroncing
Flt.l showa on example of composite
poslfionoi tolenncing in order to simplijy
eonslderodons, app(icarlon of rhe maxlmum
material princlple ra not taken lnto acennnr.
According ro ANS!�Y14.3 the tolerance sone
jor hok axea ln the care of FIg.J Lt as shown
!n Fls.2, On the other hand, an example of a
- cornbinatlon of positionof and coordtnare
- toleroncing !s shown !n Ftg.3, and FIg.I showi
the toferonce zone in thia case. !n the caae of
Ftg.2, the holt axes must f!e concurrcntly wtrhlrt
borh toferanct zonea of the clrcJes of dtarnerer
TI, and dlameter T2. In the cose of Flg.I, tt is
- only rtqalred that tht center of circles of
dlamtfsr T, (le wlthln the squarc of ttde
kngth T2: The above concepts are due to
ANSI�Y14.3. In !SO/TC10/SCS, it ls dlscussed
that then !s a contra0lctton benvetn fhe con-
�pt.r 1flutrrared in Flg.2 and Fig.4.
3. Frun+ thr V(ewpolnt ojTooling
Let ut tuppose that the pat, ahown in Fig. !
i.r set on c muchint toul by uf(ng datvms A und
B a.r setfing bena, ond that dr!!1ing of hofes Ls
rarrled out. In Fig.S, rhr broken linea .rhow the
muchine's x� and yoxea. Pos(tioning accuracv
of the Macliinr tovf !s expretsed by the circle
, with dfametrr t Ulamrter Ti !n Figs.2 ond 4
depends mainly on the above poslNoning ac�
curacy of rhe machfne, and dlameter T2 !n
Fls.: or rhe slde length T2' !n Ftg.4 depends
ma(n/y on thr occuracy of posldoning rhe part
on the machine tooJ.
124
d. From the Vlewpoint ojYerijfcation
Let ua suppose rhat darums A and B of the
part arr made coincident with the x- and y-
axes oja coordfnate measuring instniment, and
that the coordlnates of the hole axes are
meosured. The coordinutes of the base potnts
conesponding to the actuoi ho(e axes PjPq
In Ffg.6 arr shown in Table Tht primnry
base polnu correspond to the centr:s oj�ctrcfe
T= in Frg.2 or square Tq ' in Fig.4, and the
secondury base poinrs to centres of circle Tl
in Flg.2 or Fig.4.
Thr vafues of parameters t, n and B whlch
determfne the secondary bast points, ue ob-
tcfned using tht /east squarea method as joflows:
ftntly, the svm of squaros of devlaHons SS !s
expresxed by tht jollowing equat/on:
SS - E { (oxi - Ei)1 + (&Yi - ni)2~ (1)
where ~
aXj=!(j-ai, aYj=Yj - bj� (2)
The estimurra jor t, n and 8 can be obtained
to mfnimi:e the vafue ojSS as jofiows:
F- Eor;/4, n = Eny;/a.
B = {b (oxI + -Ix2 oX3 - %xa) -
a(AYI - A!'2 - -%Y) + AY4)}
~ (a t:1 + b=)1 (z)
For the case Ftg.2,
max (a i) T 1 /2, max (oi) S r2/2 l41
whert
b; = (b x;)' + (by;)' (oY;) .
bxj=Oxi -Ej. 6yj=AYj-1j. (S)
For the case Ftg.4,
max (Ei) STt/2, max (I E( 19T02
(6)
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whtx the va/ues uj Q and ni ur�r ohrained Oy
4u6sdiuMnS the values of Eq. (J) into Ei and
ni ojTa6le i.
5. StaNsNcal Conslderadons
From the viewpolnt of tooling. Oxi and
Ayi an g(ven by the joltowtng equaNon:
ox; -b x; + ti . ny; _ ilY; + n; (7)
wherc Ej and qj urcgivr.. !n tht "ncondury base
potnts" coJumn !n Tobfe 1.
Asauming rhar the dlstrtbuNans of dxi and
dyi an both N(0, o12) and that rhty arc tn-
dependtnt of each othe, the dtsMbuHon of
bi ia Raylelgh type, and the probabtlity denriry
is as jollows~
f(b) = (6/013) exp 62/(2612)~ (8)
Auumrng ncat the distributtons of t, +i and B
cre N(0, o=3) N/0, o81J, and that they
ore mutuo(Jy independrnt, the dlsMbutions
of E'i und fli are N/O, v21 + blae1l� 'IJ
the aljjercnce betwren a and b is not so lar=e,
the dLrMbutlonr oj Ej + qi2 cnd Ai , on botA
Raylcrgh type epprozlmotely.
From these conslderorlona and the property
oJRayJe(jh dlrrribuNon, the composUe posirlon-
ai toteenclnd /Flg./J B morr mtivnal rhan rhe
combinuriun of positionaJ und coordinare,
toleroncing (Fig.3). For the cases of Fig.1 and
Flg.Q. Equudont (4) and (6) arc app(ied re-
spectively. Therojorc, the ro(erance zone of
Flg.: stems to be severcr than ncat of Fig.4,
but !t is found jrom the following dfscussfon
rhat the tolerance zona of Fig.1 is not so
seven. Slnce the dlstr(butfons of d~ , W +1%2
and Ai an a// Ralei(qh rype, the jo(lowing
niation among the tole.rancea for rhem holds:
Ti , +r2..z = r22 (9)
wherc T= " represents the to(erances jor
ti2 +T7i2. !t is jound jrom Equa[ton (9) that
the nfation between T2"/T2 and T="/TZ
is at shown in Ffg.7. For exump(e, T2 "(T2=
0.97 ;I T21r1 =4.
6. Concfusions
(1) For two type.r nj combinrd pusitionui
to(erancing tht verrricaaon technique using
ltaxt squares method Is oresented.
(2) Accord(rqq to statisttcal consideradons.
composite posttionai ta:crancing ismore rotional
than the other pofltional tolesancing, and the
tolrrance zone jor thr jvrmer !s nor so severc
!n comperfton wlth that jur rhe forter.
~ 0 2
v~J 4xm,0 0.,i B 0L
4R~IO#oi
~
~c- a, ~ aL ~ t
1 - - ~ C,- -
I ; N I g. ~ ~ V'1 i
i ~ �o A~
- p ,~L_ ~ o
Fit. I. An Example of Composite Eig. 2. Tolerance Zone for Hote Fig. 3. An Example of a
Positional Tolerancing Axes of Fig. I Combination of Positional
and Coordinate Tolerancing
g Oo~_:r, g .~_.,=r .~-.0.4." yca,�s,,s.�1,)
P. v,tx,.y
0 0, p~.Tt~ o Y~t.�
9 ~ ~ ~ 0

So 00 0._. 5o.0
a I
T~ I P 4
~
0
P 4 I Q~A
N' 1s.o~` so.oo ~ A~; soo~ so 00 A
0 x
Fig. 4. 1'olerance Zone for Fig. 5. Positioning of Part on Fig. 6. Postioning of Part on
Hole Axes of Fig.3. Machine Tool Measuring Instrument
/0
H I
~ 0 9 - - -
0 r I
I L 3 4 S
T, / T,
Fig. 7. Rclation betwcen T=IT1
and T2'/T2
Table 1. Coordinatcs of Ba.c Points for Hole Axes
Pi Prfmary bess pointf Sscondary bass points
(xl, Yi) (al, bi) (el + ti, bi + 771)
PI Cl +e.e2tb a1+E-be.bl*0+ao
P2 CI -a,c2 b 82+E-be.b2 �n - ae
P3 ~1 -s.C2 -b 83 a E+ be,b3 *+i - ao
- P~ I c1'&.c2 -b I 84+E+ bQ,b4 �q+ aQ
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Ma.rketing Research Co., Ltd.
_ CSO: 4120 125
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
,
COAT TREATMENT TECHNIQUE RAISING FUEL CONSUMPZION EFFICIENCY OF ACTUAL WORKING
JET ENGINE
Tokyo TEQiNOCRA.T in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 68
[Text]
-l
COPYRIGHT:
CSO: 4120
' Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co.
has recently succeeded in the development of
a coat treatment technique which raises fuel
consumpnun eff'iciency by roating the stator
vanes (fixrd blades) of jet eneines.
It is said that an increase in the fuel
efficiency uf jet engines is difficult to obtain
even for nrwly-mode engines and that an
increase in the efficiency of actual working
engines is ever harder: a rise uf l7~ being
extremely difficult to attain.
T'he cumpany has succes%fully devcloped a
thermetal double coating technique wliich not
enly raises fuel efficiency but which is also
excellent in preventing the effects of corrosion.
ar.d which works bq coating statur vanes of
,�1T8D" carricd by f3orinL, 727 and 737. DC9.
etc, with cuating powJcr, the main inemdirnt
of which is aluminum. Thr (iata so t:u ubtaincd
shows that the rfficiency has been raised
0.8% by thc coatin.g. [t is considered that it
will comc ncar the Loal of l''f when combinrd
with the currosion prevcntinK effert. The
coating clfect works on the principle that a
vane at the inlet port of an engine is subjccted
to coat treatment to smooth the surface su
as to obt,,in a good flow of suction air. with
thc resnlt thnt the amount uF tucl used is
rcduced.
The cumpany has also been conductine
researches lor raisine efficienry by chan-ing
the shapc ui a cnml'ressor v::ne within the
engine. Ifowever, the coating tcchniyue has
first been put tu practiwl use.
Tlie amount of jet fuel consumptiun by
All Nippon AirwaYs and Toa Kokunai Koku,
which are entrusting overhauls to the company,
is said tu be rouFhly V100A00 million per
year. This means that energ}' amoiinting to
Vl.UUO million ran be saved if cuating is
applied to all engines, includin� the "]T8I)".
1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
126
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SCIENCE AND TECHNULOGY
TRAVELING DISTANCE INDICATOR SAVING 10 PERCENT OF FUEL COST
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in, English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 68
I TextI
' Hinu Mutors and ifino Jlotor Sales Cu. havr
dcvcluped a computcr-ronuullcd economic
Uavel distancc indicawr "l.R Munitur" as a
fucl savinE part fur trucks.
Thc Jcvice fccds the t'url charactcristics uf
an cnginc into a micro-cornputer to nceck
whether the wurking conditions of the engine
under operation meet the traveling conditions
or not. T'he mechanism is that a pair of red
and biue indication lamps attached to the
instruments pancl tcils a drivcn it' hc is in
optimum conditions. Such an ecunomic travcl
check devire runtrolled by a computer hus
been used for the fast time on trucks.
According ro the newly developed ER
(Electronic Running) monitor, the wotking
conditions of an engine under operation are
fed into a computer in which fuel characteris-
tics are stored, and the blue ir:dication lamp
comes on wlien the operating conditions meet
the traviline conditions anJ the red comes on
utherwise. so that the opcrating conditions uf
the engine can be easily known. When the
red indication lamp is on, shift-up ot shiftdown
is made, ur both are operated so that the blue
l�rmp is always on. i'liis cnables fuel costs to
be reduced by abuut 10"4, on usual roads.
Fur the time being applicable types are
large-sized trucks of the company's make. In
the near t'uture, the development will be put
tu prartical uk� for medium-sized trucks and
buses. rhe price is V39,000 (exclusive of
mounting cost).
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Ma.rketing Research Co., Ltd.
. CSO: 4120
, 127 -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LIGHT-WEIGHT STAINLESS STEEL CARS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Ma.r 81 p 68 -
[Text]
' Tokyu Sharyo Company has completed a
[emarkably light-weight stainless steel car
(8090 type) which reduces the amount of
opcrational power consumption by 5c. as
comparcJ with cunventional stainless-steel cars.
Railway cars are made of ordinary steel.
_ stainless titeel, and aluminum, uf which stainless
stccl was considered to auain light-weight hY
the absence of coatine and corrosion. However,
Tokyu Sharyo Co. has used stainless steel (SUS
301 type) of high strength to successfully
obtain small thickness. I'hin structute is also
attained through threcdimensional analysis by
a large-scale computer.
As a result, a trail car of 8090 typc is 23.9t
per car - veay light-weight when compared with
26,5t of a conventional stainless steel car and
� 30t of an ordinary steel car. it is equalto an
aluminum car.
This permits equivalent uperatinc charac-
teristics to be obtained if one trail rar is added
to a convention:I train of 4 motor cars and
2 trail cars. @lectric power consumption can
bc reduced by 5;",, in express uperation as
compared with conventional stainless stcel cats.
- COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Resea.rch Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
- 128
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DRIVE COMPUTER DEVELOPED BY NISSAN
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14,
No 3 Mar 81 p 69
[Text]
Nissan Motor Co. lios siccccded in com-
incrciolization oJ an adaptable drive coinputcr
��hich can easilv be equipped to ani� rar.
The drire compurer can be eqtiipped rn an
r
c�ar nterelr hl� p(acing v car speeJ.een.cor on the
vpred metrr. A[so, it c�an be p(uc�ed in any foca-
rion such us overhead, in the consn(e or instnt-
Pnenr secNon.
The junction is as jofloivs: /l/ u rrip meter
which indicates the distance jrom the srarting
potnt with a IOm unit, indicates the distnnce
remaiiiing to destlnatlon determined in advance,
und buz:ers when the di.ctance ro the desrination
reuches within O.Skm; (2l un afumi which J7ashe.t
:Cf
,r.-.
nnd rings when a sprcijied spPed is exceeded:

(3) Q navimerer which indicnresin seconds thei
gain and delu}� jrom a specified .rpeed /4) a 6-
digif cafculator rs 6uilt�in: (5) u memorv junc-
~
tinn which stores data jor 24 huurs ci-en ij
a~
tlic iRnldon key ic remot-eJ.
I
Drivc Computer
~
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW-B'UILT SHIP COMPLETED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 69
LTextJ Kawasaki flcak;v lndustries ha.c recenrlv com-
pleted "Juku h1uni nce .chip designed jor bulk
carrying of orc and rrude oil.
_ Thc marn partirufars oj the ship arc as
jollows:
Length (ovcrnll) 236.Om
Breadth 31.2m
Depth 20. 1 m
dluin enginc Aawasvki M.4N 12P 52155.4
rype Diesei engine (one ser)
Maximum 1193 hp. x 440 r/min
output
DWT 42652t
~
' . ~ Jl .~Y.
�
~ 'y'~la+v'*r x~+~�..~,~
.
�
x
'
}
~
.
_
'T" "~w.`
F
.~i
~
~
^
~ '
�
,
. . . ' '
- �
'
-
. J ^ . t~

'
y.

~

~_w�
~T~
' . .
. � :r .
4
L
~ ~ ~ ~v~.`
4P.9 .
Y
� , ~ . - _~M
"~i~.~ ~ ~ .~f - �'~iQ"i 'R~
-n ~ � ,,,i~

' "
. '
~~~-.~'w
s '
ti'?I~~~�w..r~~
.
ai~ w-
~

'
!ako~ Maru
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
130
FOR OFZrI CIAL USE ONLY
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SCIENCE AND TE CHNOLOGY
NEW TECHNIQUE FOR INTEGRATION OF GaAs
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT ir. English Vol 14, No 3 Mar 81 p 70
[Text]
* A new technique tor integration of GaAs
semiconductors has becn develolird by thc
I:lecttotechnical Laburatury ut' the Agency uf
[ndustrial Sricnre at,d rvcl,ntiiogY. rnc G:iAs
semirunductor is luukrd it ax a puseible
replacrment tur con~rntiunal silicun ,rmi-
conductors.
Thc E)BIUCUI7t I7igl`I 15 a pOtiIIIVC-IO,L'IC GaAs
xmirunductur Jevicr suitablc fir higli�spcrd
aritlimctic devicex. Thr kry puint is tu u,c
Shottk> junctions :it thc runnertions brtwrrn
all dcviccs nreJcd iur intci.,ratiun. fn other
words, thc Irvel shift cucuil tliat nurmally
cunsists ul' scvrral dic,Llcs an(l a pcwor
rl
C
0
x
0
~
Lts� eursiono.^urwoaursiL urion��[uereor[cMnteA<