JPRS ID: 9665 USSR REPORT TRANSPORTATION

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JPRS L/9665
. 15 April 19a1
I~SSR Re ort
p
TRANSPORTATION
(FOUO 2/81)
~
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JPRS L./9665
- 15 April 1981
USSR REPORT ~
, .
~ TRANSPORTATION .
(FOUO 2/81) ~
. ~
CONTENTS
- OCEAN AND RIVER
Organization, Planning and Technology af Cargo Handling
at Seaports
(A. S. Frolo~r, ~~t al.; ORGANIZATSIY~, PLANIROVANIYE
= I~KHNOLOGIYA PE~tEGRUZOCHNYKH RABOT V MORSKIKY
PORTAKH, 1979) 1
Efficient Use of Fixed Capital of Maritime TrAnsportation
Discussed
(0. A. Novikav; EFFEKTIVNOST' ISPOL'ZaVANIYA :;SNOVNYKH
FONDOV i~tORSKOGO rRANSPORTA, 1980) 7
_ New Book Reviews Technical Advancea, Prospects in
Maritime Transportation
(M. A, ~Gnatkov, V. Kh. Dubchan; NAUCHNO-TEKHIdICHESKIY
- PROGRESS NA MORSKOM TRANSPORTE, 1980) 10
- a - [III - USSR - 38d FOUO~
cieo nc~irr~r ,i 1 r rc~ n*rT v
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OCF~N AND RIVER
ORGANIZATION, PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGY OF CARGO HANDLING AT SEAPORTS
Moscow ORGANIZATSIYA, P,,ANIROVANIYE I TEKHNOLOGIYA PEREGRUZOCHNYRH RABOT V
MORSKIKY PORTAKH in Russian 1979, title page pp 1~0~-1~08
[Table of contents of book "Organizatsiya, Planirovaniye i Tekhnologiya
Peregruzochnykh Rabot v Morskikh Portakh" (Organization, Planning and Tech-
nology of Cargo-Handling at Seaports) by A. S. Frolov, P. V. Ruztmin, and
A. V. Stepanets, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Transport, 1979]
[Text] ~able of Contents Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . 3
Part One. The Organization of Cargo Work at Seaports
1 Chapter I. Production and Administrative-Legal Functions of Ports 5
� 1. Classification of Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- ~ 2. The Port as a Socialist Enterprise of Maritime Transportation 8
- ~ 3. The Production Activity of a Port . . . . . . . . : . . . . 9
_ � 4. Fundamentals of Scie:~tific Management of Production 11
4 5. Organizational Structsr~ of Por~ Management. 15
� 6. Customs, Borders, and Medical-Sanitary Supervision 25
4 7. The Functions of Ports in Preventing and Combatting
Water Polution . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
, � 8. The Production Relationshipa of a Port with Associated
Transportation Enterpris~s and Cargo Owners . . . . . . . 28
ChapterII. Standards that ReguZate the Organization of Cargo-
Handling Work in Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
� 9. Variations of Cargo-Handling Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
- � 10. Methods of Performing Ca~go-Handling Work . . . . . . . . . 31
- � 11. Technological Diagrums of the Cargo-Handling Process ....~33
� 12. Com~rehensive Output and Time Norms for Cargo-Handling Jobs. 35
~ 13. Labor Productivity in Cargo-Handling Work . . . . . . . . . 38
- � 14. Ship-Hour Norms of Cargo Work and Subsidia~y Operations 41
. � 15. Layover and Moored Time of a ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
� 16. Norms of Simultaneous Ship Processing in Ports o.... 47
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Chapter III. Technical Operating Indicators of the Production
Activities of Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
� 17. Cargo Turnover of a Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ag
- g 18. Traffic Capacity of a Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
� 19. Qualitative Indicators of Cargo-Handling Work 58
� 20. Indicators of the lise of Cargo-Handling Equipment 61
' � 21. Indicators of the Work and Use of Vehicle Transportation 61
~ 22. Indicators of the Wosk and Use of the Port Fleet 67
Chapter IV. The Prime Cost of Cargo-Handling Work in Port 68
� 23. The Prime ~ost of Eandling a Ton of Cargo as the Key
Indicator of Primary Port Activity . . . . . . . . . 68
,
� 24. The Structure and Classification of Expenditures
Included in the Prime Coat of Cargo-Handling Work 69
� 25. The Calculation of Prime Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
� 26. Ways To Reduce the Prime Cost of Cargo-Handling Work 75
Part Ttao. The Organization of Processia~g of Means of Trans-
portation in Seaports
Chapter V. Processing and Servicing Seagoing Ships 78
� 27. The Primary Characteristics of Contemporary Classes
of Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
� 28. Port Preparations for Ship Processing . . . . . . . . . 81
� 29. Determining the Number of Cranes and Order of thEir
Use in Ship Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
� 30. The Organization of Sfiip Processing in Roadsteads 92
� 31. The Organization of CQmprehensive ~hip Servicing
in Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
_ Chapter VI. Organizing the Processing of Railroad Cars 101
� 32. The Primary Types of Broad-Gage Freight Cars 101
~ 33. The Use of Through (Route) 9hipping in Railroad
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
� 34. The Primary Indicators of the Production Activity
of Railroad Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
� 35. The Network Agreement Between the Port and the Railroad 107
� 36. The Jnified Technological Process nf Work of the
Port and thP Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
� 37. Classification of Outsized Cargoes and Te..hnical Norms
of Loading Railroad Cars . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . 110
� 38. O~st Accasa~ting (Khozraschet) Relations and Mutual Accounta-
bility of Ports a.r.d Railroad Stations 112
Part Three. The Organization of the Work of Seaports in
~ an Optimal Regime .
~ Chapter VII. 1'heoretical Foundations of Port Work in an Optimal
Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
- � 39. Work Regime of a Production Enterprise . . . . . . . . . 114
~ 40. Special Characteristics of Formulating the Work
Regime of Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
s
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� 41. Optimal Regime of Port Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1
~ 42. The Importance of Specializing the Dock Areas
for Port Work in an Optimal Regime ~~0
~ 43. The Approximate Method of Determining Optimal
Boundaries of the Direct Variation in Ship
Pro~cessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
� 44. Optfmal Distribution of Ship Processing Resources
in a Specialized Port Section . . . . . . . . . . . 126
- � 45. Rational Placement of Ships at Docks . . . . . . , . . 129
Chapter VIII. Continuous Planning and Control of Cargo Work in Ports. 133
_ � 46. Continuous Flanning as a Prerequisite for Further
Improvement of Port~Work in an Optimal Regime 133
� 47. The Ship Prccessing Plan . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . 134
= ~ 48. Procedures for Developing a Continuous Schedule-
Plan of Port Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
� 49. Shift-Daily Plan and Procedure for Calculating Ship
~ Layover Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
50. The Essential Features and Ob~ectives of Controlling
Cargo Work in Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
� 5i. The Structure and Functional Duties of the Port
Control Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
� 52. Procedure for Developing and Ratifying Quarterly
~ Plans of Cargo-Handling Work in Ports 150
� 53. Analysis of the Production-Financial Activity of a
Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Part Four. Technology of Cargo Work in Seaports
Chapter IX. Ways To 7mprove the Technology of Cargo Work 155
� 54. The Role of Technology in Performing the Basic Job
- of the Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
- � 55. Factors That Influence the Nature of the Technology 156
� 56. The Importance of Hoisting and Transportation Equipment
in the Tecfinological Process of Cargo Handling 158
� 57. The Importance of Cargo-Grappling Devices in
Improving Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
~ 58. The Organ~zation of Technological Work in Ports 160
g 59. Working out Technology Plans . . . . . . . . . . . � . 161
� 60.. Improving the Technology of Cargo Work in Ports 163
Chapter X. The Technology of Handling Yackaged-Unit Cargoes 163
� 61. Brief-Description of Cargoes . . . . � � . � � � . . . 163
� 62. Means and I~iethods of Stacking . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
� 63. Hoisting and Transportation Equipment and Cargo-
Grappli.ng Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
y 64. Technoa.ogy of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
.
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Chapter XI. Technology of Handling Me tals, Heavy Cargoes, and
Large-Sized Cargoes
~ 65. . Brief Description of Cargoes . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 11~
� 66. Hoisting and Transportation Equipment and Cargo- .
Grappling Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
- ~ 67. 'Technology of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
- Chapter XII. Technology of Handling Containers . . . . . . . . . . . 188
. . � 68. Brief Description of ContainErs . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
� 6g. Placing, Securing, and St acking Containers 191
� 70. Hoisting and Transportat~on Equipment and
Cargo-Grappling Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
� 71. Handling Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
� 72. Requirements for Container Terminals . . . . . . . . . . 201 .
� 73. Ship Processing by the Ho rizontal Method 204
� 74. Rpquirements of Terminals for Processing Ro-Ro Ships 208
~ 75. Use of Lighter-Carrier Shipa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chapter XIII. Technology of Handling Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
� 76. Brief Description of Cargoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
~ 77. Stackir.g Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
� 78. Hauling and Stacking Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2i7
� 79. Hoisting and Transportation Equipment and Cargo-
Grappling Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
� 80. Technology of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chapter XIV. Technology of Handling Bulk Cargoes . . . . . . . . . . 231
� 81. Means of Full Mechanization and Procedures for
Processing Ships with Bulk Cargoes . . . . . . . . . 23Z
�$2. Means of Full Mechanization and Methods of
, Processing Railroad Cars with Bulk Cargo 237
Chapter XV. Technology of Handling Grain Cargoes . . . . . . . . . 240 ~
� 83. Meaiis of Full Mechanization in Handling Grain Cargoes . 240
� 84. Storehouse Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
� 85. Technology of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247,~
Chapter XVI. Technology of Handling Liquid Cargoes 258
� 86. Equipment tor Handling Liquid Cargo . . . . . . . . . . 258
� 87. Teehnology of Handling Liquid Cargoes . . . . . . . . . 262
- � 88. Handling Liquid Cargoes at Dry-Cargo Docks 264
Chapter XVII. Technology of Handling Dangerous and Perishable Cargoes 265
~ 89. Brief Description of Dangerous Cargoes . . . . . . . . . 265
� 90. Brief Deacription of Perishable Cargoea . . . . . . . . 267
~ � 91. Technology of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
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Part Five. Progressive Technology of Cargo Work and
the Future Development of Ports _
Chapter XVIII. Designing Progressive Technology . . . . . . . . . . . 275
~�'92. Conditions of the Cargo-Handling Process that
- ~ Affect Technology nesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
~ � 93. Future Development of the Port and th2 Technology
- of Cargo Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 .
~ � 94. Selecting the Method of Cargo Shipping . . . . . . . . 279
� 95. Selecting the Cal~ulated Parameters of Means
of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
� 96. Selecting Hoisting and Transportation Equipment 281
' ' � 97. Selecting Cargo-Grappling Devices . . . . . . . . . . 287
~ 98. Developing Plans for Mechanization . . . . . . . . . . 288 -
� 99. Determining the Productivity and Number of _
Hoisting and Transportation Machines . . . . . . . 290 -
Chapter XIX. Selecting the Optimal Alternative for Technological
Planning In Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
~ ~ 100. Criteria for Selecting the Optimal Alternative 293 -
~ 101. General Conditions of Selecting the Optimal
Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
� 102. Determining the Pro~ected Prime Cost of Cargo-
Han~liag Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
_ � 103. Determining Fleet Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Chapter XX. Technological Design of the Operating Elements of _
the Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 _
~ 104. Determining the Pro3ected Ship-Hour Norm of Cargo _
' Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
� 105. Planning the Stock of Hoisting and Transportation
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
~ 106. Detez,.~:ining the Number of Dock Workers-Machine
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
� 107. Determining the Optimal Number of Technological -
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
� 108. Determining the Traffic Capacity and Number of Docks . 319 -
~ 109. Determining the Traffic Capacity and Required -
Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
~ 110. Determining the Traffic Capacity and Number of
Port Railroad Tracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 _
~ 111. Basic Calculations Related to the Use of -
Motor V hicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Part Six. The Organization of Port Work with an Automated
Control System
Chapter XX~. The Automated Control System of a SeaporC 333 -
� 112. The Seaport as a Cybernetic System . . . . . . . . . . 333
� 113. The Purpose and Composition of an Automated -
Control System for a Seaport . . . . . . . . . . . 335
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114. Software and Hardware of the Po rt Automated Control
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
115. Basic Stages in the Development and Introduction of
- the Port Automated Control System . . . . . . . . . 343
Chapter XXII. Mathematical Econo~ic Models of Handling Means of
Transportation in a Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
116. The Seaport as a Mass Service System 345
117. Determining Expenditurea for the Fleet 349
118. Determitiing Expenditures for Railroad Cars 353 ~
119. Determining Expenditures for the Port . . . . . . . . . 355
120. Working Capital Tied Up in Cargo . . . . . . . . . . 360 .
121. Optimizatian of Port Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter XXIII. The Use of Mathematical Techniques To Solve Port
Control Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
122. Comprehensive Ship Servicing in Port Using
Critical Path Planning and Control . . . . . . . . . 367
_ 123. Use of the Statistical Testing Method To Make
Up Models of the Functioning of Subdivisions of the
System for Comprehensive ServiCe to Ships in Port . 373
124. Fundamentals of Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . 376
125. The Use of Linear Pregramming to Solve Port
Control Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Chapter XXIV. Continuous Planning of the Work of a Port with an
Operating Port Automated Control System 383
126. The Automated Control System as an Essential
Condition for Continuous Planning . . . . . . . . 383
1?7. The Set of Jobs for a Continuous Port Work Schedule-
Plan with an Automated Control System 387'
128. Description of the Algorithm of the Ship Processing
Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
129. Description of the Algorithm of the Continuous
Schedule-Plan for Port Work . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Sub j ec t Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tranaport", 1979
= 11,176
cso:8144/0667
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OCEAN AND RIVER
~
EFFICIENT USE OF FIXED CAPITAL OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION DISCUSSED
' Moscow EFFEKTIVNOST� ISPOL'ZOVANIYA OSNOVNYKH FONDOV MORSKOGO TRANSPORTA
in Russ~an 1980, pp 3-4, 173
[Foreword and table of contents of book "Effektivnost' Ispol'zovaniya
Osnovnykh Fondov Morskogo Transporta" (The Efficiancy of Use of the Fixed
Capital of Maritime Transportation) by 0. A. Novikov, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo
Transport, 1980]
[Text] "The only way to resolve the many economic and social problems
~ facing the country," Comrade L. I. Brezhnev said at the 25th CPSU Congress,
"is rapid growth in labor productivity and a sharp increase in the effi-
ciency of all public production. The stress on efficiency is a crucial
~ part of all our economic strategy."* Solving this problem depends
largely on skillful, economical use of fixed productive capital. The in- ~
dicators of use of fixed capital provide a mirror reflection of all the
multifaceted work done by enterprise collectives to r3ise the e~ficiency
and quality of production. Steadily increasing the economic efficiency
of fixed productive capital and the returu on capital is an important ~
way to further intensification of production, especially in such capital-
intensive sectors as transportation.
Maritime transportation is doing a great deal of purposeful work to im-
prove the use of fixed capital and raise its economic efficiency. At the
same time, further intensification of the use of fixEd productive capital,
increasing its efficiency, and optimal control of the complex processes
of reproduction of fixed capital demand a thorough understanding of the .
_ ec~nomics of fixed capital. It is becoming very important to work out the
questions of a correct classification of the structure, initial balance
cost and replacement cost of fixed capital, and methods of identifying the
economic consequences of obsolescence and physical wear, methods of estab-
lishing and analyzing the level and efficiency of their use, and factors
that determine these indicators.
In the present book the author has attempted to show how the economic indi-
cators of enterprises of maritime transportation are greatly influenced by _
- *"Materialy XXV S"yezda KPSS" [Mat~rials of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow,
Politizdat, 1976, p 43.
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the state of fixed capital, methods of planning and setting wholesale prices
- for new technical means, the correctness of the balance appraisal and depre-
ciation of existing aquipment, the degree of its physical wear. and obsoles- .
cence, and its service life. He has also attempted to formulate the most �
significant way to raise the level of use and efficiency of fixed productiVe
capital. These matters are dealt with chipfly as applicable to fixed capital
that is specific in maritime ~ransportaticn (ships, docks, protective struc-
~ tures, and the like) in such a way that readers will be ab le to apply the
propused methods of calculation and solutions directly in practice.
Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of the book were written jointly with N. I.
Starovoytov. ~
' The author expresses his gratitude to I. G. Levin, who offered valuable com- ~
m2nts during his review of the manuscript of the ~ook and also to A. A.
Pantin, T. A. Andreyeva, I. B. Verbova, G. M. Demina, Ye. M. Yefimova,
S. R. Kovaleva, Zh. G. Koroleva, T. A. Maksimova, T. A. Mamontova, L. A.
~ Smirnova, and A. P. Filatova, who helped in writing the book.
The author will welcome critic~l remarks and comments by readers.
Table of Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter I. Ec~nomic Description of the Fixed Capital of Maritime
Transportati,on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. The Economic Essen~e, Composition, and Structure of
Fixed Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. The Fixed Capital of the Fleet - the Principal
Element of the Material-Technical Base of
Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter II. Physical Wear and Obsolescence of Fixed Capital
in Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- 2.1. Piiysical Wear of Fixed Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2. Obsolescence of Fixed Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter III. Formulating the Appraisal of the Fixed Capital of
Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1. Types of Appraisals of Fixed Capital . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2. Price Formation for the Technical Equipment of
Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3. Determining the Replacement Cost of the Fixed
Capital of Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter IV. Service Lives oY the Fixed Capital ~f Maritime
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.1. Types of Service Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2. Actual Service Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3. Service Lives by Physica]. Wear and Obsolescence 93
4.4. Economically Expedient Service Lives . . . . . . . . . . 107
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_ Chapter V. Depreciation of the Fixed Capital.of Maritime
Tra~sportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.1. The Economic Nature and National Economic Signifi-
cance of Depreciation of Fixed Capital 115 -
_ 5.2. Developffient of the System of Depreciation of
= Fixed Capital of Maritime Transportation 118 -
5.3. ~'ypes of Norms-for Depreciation Deductions and
_ Principles of Constructing Them . . . . . . . . . 122
= 5.4. Norms of Dapreciat3on'Deductions for Full
_ Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
_ 5.5. Norms of Depreciation Deductions for Capital Repair 139 _
Chapter VI. Efficiency of Use of the Fixed Capital of Maritime
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 -
6.1. Indicators of the Efficiency of Use of Fixed Capital
and Change in Them over Time . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2. Analysis of the Efficiency of Use of Fixed Capital . 158
6.3. Ways to Raise the Efficiency of U'se of Fixed .
= Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
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. rvi~ V1C11,1t1L UJ~ V1VLY
OCEAN AND RIVER
NEW BOOK REVIEWS TECHNICAL ADVANCES, PROSPECTS IN MARITIME TRAN3PORTt~~'lON
Mos~ow NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKIY PROGRESS NA MORSKOM TRANSPORTE in Rus~ian 1980,
pp 9-13, 160
[Excerpt and taule of contents of book "Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiy Progress :~a
Mor~cskom Transporte" (Scientific-Technical Progress in Maritime Transpor-
tation) by M. A. Gnatkov and V. Kh. Dubchan, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Trans:oort,
1980 ]
[Excerpt] The document "Basic Directions of Developmez~t of the USSR Natianal
Econ_omy for 1976-1980," which was ratified by the 25th CPSU Congress, envi-
sions further development of maritime transportation. The challenge is posed
~ of more fully meeting the growing needs of the nat:ional economy for foreign
trade and coastwise shipping, improving the delivery of cargo to the regions
of the Far North and Far East, and increasing the volume and efficiency of
shipment of export cargoes.
To meet this chall~n;~e the fo ~owing steps are envisioned:
1. Continued replacement of the fleet with highly produc-
tive dry-cargo, tanker, and combined ships with a total
deadweight of roughly 5 millfon tons;
2. A slight increase in the proportion of the specialized
dry-cargo fleet {timber, container, lighter, and trailer
~ carriers, bulk cargo ships, and the like);
- 3. Adding poweYful icebreakers to the fleet.
The shore facilities of maritime transportation will be developed chiefly by
= cunstruction of specialized cargo-handling complexes. Plans call for con-
tinuation of construction of the new port in Grigor'yevsk estuary on the
' Black Sea and for the development of ship repair facilities.
Soviet specialists in all periods of development of the material-technical
- base and technical equipment for maritime transportation have concentrated
attention on technical improvements and observing ali the requirements of
productive labor and safe working conditions for service personnel. Obser-
vance of these conditions has enabled maritime transportation to develop
,
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a material base that is ~n the level of the best achievements of world
_ science and techr~ology.
_ According to the figures of ~~e USSR Register, on 1 July 1979 the Soviet mari-
time fleet had 7,546 ships of various classes with a total gross tonnage of
- 21,785,000 registered tons. This figure includes gelf-propelled~~~~hips with
_ a tonnage of 100 registered tons or more (see Table 2 below).*
Table 2 .
Number of Gross Tonnage,
Ships Ships registered tons
Passenger and Cargo-Passenger 227 667,200
Dry-Cargo 2,307 10,203,600
Tankers 467 4,861,800
- Service-Auxiliary 814 470,000
Fishing 2,959 4,700,700
Technical 406 353,400
Other 366 528,800
. 1.3 Maritime Transportation in the Unified Transportation System of the USSR
The high rate of development of all sectors of the country 's economy demands
_ that transportation meet the needs for conveying cargo and passengers with
- minimum expenditures. Transportation costs today constitute about one-
fifth of all expenditures in the national economy.
Transportation accounts for one-fifth of the fixed productive capital of the
country, about 14 percent of the total number of persons employed in the na-
tional economy, and more than 10 percent of the energy resources used in the
country.
The USSR transportation system consists of different types of transportation:
rail, maritime, river, motor vehicle, air, and pipeline. The sphere of appli-
cation, scale of development, and role of each type of transportation are de-
termined by state plans. This creates favorable condition for developing
them within a unified national transportation system.
In all stages of development of the USSR economy the Communist Party aad
Soviet Government have given proper attention to the development of all types
- of transportation at a level that insures that the needs of the national
economy for conveyance of cargo and passengers will be met.
Within the country maritime transportation meets national needs for sfiipping
in all regions and sectors where it is the only or the most efficient form of
transportation. On the international level maritime transportation ships
foreign trade cargo and promotes the further development of Soviet foreign
trade.
_ * SUDOSTROYENIYE L979, No 12, p 50
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_ In addition, the USSR maritime fleet affords a savings of toreign currency
that would be needed to charter foreign tonnage, increases the efficiency
= of Soviet export and import, and increases foreign currency receipts through
export of transportation services by the Soviet maritime fleet.
The seagorts of our country are a cannecting link among rail, river, motor
vehicle, and pipeline transpurtation and sea routes. Foreign trade cargoes
are moved along these routes, maintaining communication with those regions
~ of the country where practically any other type of transportation is inef-
ficient. In certain regions o� the country (the Far East and Far North)
- maritime transportation is in fact the primary, and sometimes the only,
means of large-scaYe shipping. ~
The work of maritime transportation is closely interrelated to success in
the development of the timber, mining, coal, gold, diamond, fish, and other
sectors of industry and construction and agricultural producti~n in -
- Primorskiy Kray, Sakhalin and the Kur~l islands, the coast of the Sea of
Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Chukotka and other polar regions of Magadan~kaya Oblast,
the Yakut ASSR, Krasnoyarskiy Kray, and Arkhangelskaya and Murmanskaya
oblasts.
Maritime transportation has a significant role in Caspian Sea shipments of -
petroleum and petroleum products, salt, timber, chemicals, building _
mar~rials, cotton, and a broad assortment'of equipment and general cargo in
the trade exchange between the Central Asian and Transcaucasian republi~s,
as well as the southern rayons of the RSFSR and the Ukraine bordering on
' them.
The fact that maritime transportation has modern, highly productive tech-
- nical equipment and highly qualified specialists, together with steps
toward efficient use of the material-technical base, has made it possible
to solve the following problems.
1. Insure the independence of USSR foreign trade from the capitalist char-
tering market. Soviet maritime transportation today meets the needs of
foreign trade for maritime shipping in full.
The steadily growing s~hipping traffic between the USSR and Cuba, Vietnam,
Bulgaria, East Germany, and other countries is fully supported by our fleet.
~ Shipping between ports of the USSR and the ports of the developed capitalist
and developing countries is growing. ~
2. Maritime transportation meets the needs of the country's economy for
maritime shipping of cargo between Soviet ports. Shipping plans for coast-
wise navigation are being successfully fulfilled. About 160 million tons .
" of national economic cargo was shippec~ by this form of navigation in the
first two years of the lOth Five-Ye~.r Plan.
Maritime transportation has met thc, shipping needs of the Far North and Far
East. The scientific-practical trip of the atomic icebreaker Arktika to tive
North Pole and the experimental trip of the atomic icebreaker Sibir' with
the transport ship Kapitan Mysh.evskiy demonstrated the practical possibility
of sailing in the Arctic year-round. Soviet seamen demonstrated in practice
- 12 -
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t~hat with skillful haadling of contemporary equipment it is poi3sible to solve
complex maritime shipping problems, in particular co maintain y~aar-round
= shipping in the swiftly developing regions of the Yamal peninsula and to the .
port of Dudiuka.
3. Maritime transportation mee~s the country`s needs for maritime passenger
conveyance. The fleet has received modern passenger ships of several classes
such as Pushkin, Mariya Yermolova, Belorussiya, and Gruziya. These ships af-
ford passengers comfortable conditions. Hydrofoil vessels bui~t by Soviet
specialists are working successfully in coastal sectors. In 1976 and 1977
the passenger fleet carried a total of more than 400 ~nillion passengers.
Soviet passenger ships have given a good account of themselves on both do-
mestic and international lines. Cruises for Soviet and foreign tourists
are developing broadly.
4. Maritime transportation carries the cargo of foreign charterers (cross-
_ trade). Ships built by Soviet specialists have proved to be competitive
in the world chartering market. The Soviet Union is developing its mer-
chant fleet primarily to meet the needs of Soviet foreign trade and domes-
tic coastwise shipping.
Soviet maritime organizations, participating in international navigation,
are guided by an aspiration toward equal and mutually advantageous cooper-
ation with all who have an interest in such cooperation.
- Table 3 below gives general figures that characterize the work of maritime
transportation by sectors.*
Table 3
Shipping Indicators, millions of tons
Type of Shipping 1976 1977 1978
Total Volume of Shipping by the
Soviet Fleet 214.5 219.3(+2.2X) 226.9(+3.5X)
Included in above:
USSR Foreign Trade Cargo 104.1 111.4(+7.2X) 117.3(+5.3X)
Coastwise 80.0 74.7(-2.8z) 79.6(+2.4X)
Crosstrade 30.4 30.2(-0.77) 30.0(-0.7X)
The volume of world mariti~ae shipping in 1976 increased 1.9 percent�ove~
1973, reaching a figure of 3,277,000,000 tons. In the same time the cargo
capacity of the world merchant fleet increased 34.3 percent to 608 million
tons of deadweight. The cargo capacity of the Soviet transportation fleet
increased 17.5 percent during this time. .
* MORSROY SBORNIK 1978, pp 10-11
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These figures show that the surplus ca}~acity of the world transportation
fleet was a result of accelerated growth during an economic decline in the
capitalist countries. This i3 the true reason for the heightened competition
in world shipping.
Soviet maritime transportation is developing with due regard for satisfying _
the needs of the natiox~al economy for maritime shipping.
The main direction of sci~ntific-technical progress in maritime transpor-
= tation is intensive development on the basis of new machinery, progressive
technology and organization of production to sharply increase efficiency of
the shipping process, productivity, and labor sophistication, and an im-
provement in everyday conditions for employees.
_ This will be accomplished by the following steps: devising transportatiun--
technological systems that are coordinated with other types of transpor-
tation; building a complex of technical means for maritime transportation;
astablishing consolidated cargo points that specialize in shipping and
processing; building highly productive cargo-handling complexes to trans--
ship large-scale bulk and liquid cargoes; formulating highly efficient s;?s-
tems for control of maritime transportation; improving working conditians;
broad introduction of ineans of inechanization and automation of production
_ pracesses; and, improving the qualifications of employees in all element~
of maritime transportation.
, Table of Contents Page
Chapter I. T:ie USSR - a Great Sea Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- � 1. From the History of Development of Maritime Trans-
- portation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
~ 2. Basic Stages in the Development of Maritime Trans-
portation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
� 3. Maritime Transportation in the Unified Transpor-
, tation System of the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter II. Development of th~e Maritime Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . 14
~ 4. The Economic Eff iciency of Transport Vessels 14
� 5. International Maritime Shipping of Large Cargoes
and Trends in Development of the Ships of the
World Merchant Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
� 6. The Development of Tankers, Bulkers, and Comb3.ned
~ Ships in the Domestic Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
� 7. General-Purpose Dry-Cargo Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
_ ~ 8 . Container Sl~ lps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
� 9. Run-Up Type 5hips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
� 10. Multipurpose Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
� 11. Lighter Carrier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
~ 12. Maritime Railroad Ferries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
� 13. Specialized Dry-Cargo Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
� 14. Tug-Driven Barge Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
g 15. Timber Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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Page
. � 16. Refrigerator Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
� l7. Specialized Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
~ 18. Passenger and Cargo-Passenger Ships . . . . . . . . . . 63
- � 19. Icebreakers and Hydrographic Ships . . . . . . . . . . . 72
~ 20. Service-Auxiliary Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ~
� 21. Vessels of the Dredging Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter III. Improving Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
~ 22. The Hull of the Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
~ 23. Ship Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
� 24. Automation of Production Processes on Ships 99
� 25. Iacreasing the Re~iability of Ships . . . . . . . . . . 103
g 26. Technical Servicing of Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
� 27. The Impact of Scientific-Technical Progress on the
Work of the Transportation Fleet . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter IV. The Development of Seaports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
� 28. The Development of the Ports of the World 114
� 29. Improvements in the Technology and Mechanization ~
of Shipping General Cargoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
~ � 30. The Development of USSR Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
= � 31. Technical-Economics Substantiation of the
Development of Seaports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter V. Incorporation of Projected Capacities . . . . . . . . . 136
~ 32. Ways to Increase the Efficiency of Use of
Technical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
� 33. Continuous Schedule of the Work of the Fleet and
Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . 139
� 34. Dissemination of Progressive Know-How . . . . . . . . . 142
� 35. Scientific Organization of Labor in Maritime
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
� 36. Improving the Technology of Shipping Cargo by Sea 147
� 37. The Development of Line Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 148
� 38. Invention and Efficiency Work in the Maritime Fleet 148
� 39. Technical Progress and Preventing Environmental
Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . � . � � � � � . . 149
~ 40. Methodological Foundations of Determining the Economic
Efficiency of New Machinery, Inventions, and
Efficiency Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
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