JPRS ID: 9634 EAST EUROPE REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090056-8
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9634
- Z7 Niarch 1981
E a st E u ro e R e o rt
p p
POLITICAL, SOCIOLOC~ICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
CFOUO 4/81)
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' NOTE
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' other characteristics retained.
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JPRS L/9634 _
27 March 1981
EAST EUROPE REPORT
POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MI~ITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4%81)
CONTENTS
- GERMAN DENA CRATIC REPUBLIC
Threat of U.N. H~,unan Rights Hearing Frees Fein?ily
(Tyll Schoenemann; STERN, 27 Nov 80) 1
SED Dialogue With Dissi dent Writers Dema.nded
( SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITTJNG, 13 Feb 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . ~ . . ~ . . . . . . 3
. Lesser Spies Face Problems After Escape to GDR
(Peter Pragal, Uwe Zimmer; STERN, 31 Dec 80) 1~
POLAND
Chairman of 'Rura1 Solida,rity' Interviewed
= (Zdzislaw Ostatek~Interview; PARIS MATCH, 6 Feb 81) 7
Photographs of Soviet Presence in Poland Noted
(PARIS MATCH, 13 Feb ~1) 11
ROMANIA
Data on Traffic Accidents 'Alarming'
- {Victor Beda; PENTRU PATRTE, Oct 80) 13
- a - [III - EE - 63 FOUO]
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
THREAT OF II.N. AUMAN RIGHTS HEARING FREES FAMILY
Hamburg STERN in German Vol 33 No 49, 27 Nov 80 pp 271-273
[Article by Ty11 Schoenemann: "Human Rights:. With 1503 into the West--Because East
, Berlin Feare a U.N. Investigation, a Young Man Is Permitted Ta Emigrate to the FRG"]
[Text] Brigitte Klump from Rohrbach, Ingolstadt, wrote to Federal Minister for
Foreign Affairs Hans-Dietrich Genescher in Bonn. She was concerned about human
rights violations in the GDR. She wrote. "It should be possible to set up a U.N.
court to cite and evaluate human rights crim~s." The minister asked her ~to be
patient. "The FRG will continue to pursue the strengthening of human rights insti-
~ tutions, also on U.N. levels." Brigitte Klump was not eatisfied with such empty
phrases.
- Eight months after this correspondence, the lone fighter succeeded in something
where the Federal Government had failed: The United Nations de~ided to conduct a .
debate on human rights violations in the GDR in the spring of 1981. If this plar.
materializes, it would be the firet time that an East bloc country would be censured
by this U.N. tribunal, which so far has censured South American and African dicta-
_ torships or~ly. �
- Brigitte Klump's crusade against the GDR started 1 year ago, the reason be3.r~g her
nephew Klaus Klump, who was detained for 14 months because of an attempt to flea
from the republic. In November of 1979s the young man was pardoned in celebration
of the 30th anniversary of the GDR. He was not permitted to leave for the West, ~
however. Brigitte Klump: "To me, this was a clearcut case of 'vendetta."' '
In the 1950s, she abandoned her studies in ~ournalism at the Leipzig Karl-Marx
University ("The Red Cloister" according to the GDR ~argon) and fled to the FRG.
, Here she published a book in 1978 (entitled "The Red Cloister--A German Education"~,
_ in which she gets even with the investigative procedures o.f. the GDR Secret Service.
.This is the main reason why the efforts of the minister for inner-German relations
to get Klaus Klump out of the GDR and reunited with his family had been futile. _
The determined writer did not give up. When Bonn could not help her any further,
she fought tfie~ungle of U.N. authorities in New York and Geneva. In the course of
her research it became clear that individual grievances are unsuccessful there.
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Says a high-ranking official of the Foreign Ministry, "Unfortungtely, the possi-
bility of dealing with human rights violatiors in the itnitecl Nations are limited."
Presenting her case only resulted in thE Geneva li.N. Comrsission submitting ~ copy
of the file to the GDlt. Brigitte Klump: "After that, there was no word at a11."
J The trips to New York and Geneva, however, gave the writer a clue: She had been
discretely advised by the U.N,. officials of the possibility of taking the GDR to
court in spite of all problems. This possibility was ''Resolution 1503," adopted b~?
the U.N. Economic and Social ~our.cil. Under this resolution the U.N. Human Rights ~
Couunission must deal with the activities of a country if a a~inimum of 20 accusations ~
from this country have been submitted "at one time and referring to ind ividual
casts." Then ~here will be a vote on whether the situation warrants debate or not.
If during the debate the majority of the members satisfy themselves tha t"systematic -
and proven human rights violations have taken place in that country," the com-
mission is entitled to use its instruments: to send an investigation commission
- or to adnpt a public reprimand.
So Brigitte K~.ump collected additional cases of human rights violations in the GDR.
- Shortly after she started her work, a U.N. official informed her that "we have
sufficient cases at hand now. The commission has already resolved to d ebate the -
situation in the GDR in late February of 1981."
- Hardly had the GDR authorities received word of the impending U.N. debate, than
they attempted to get the pending cases off the table. Klump'~ nephew ~Claus was
ordered to see the personnel department of his plant. His parents were already
- waiting there. The h~ad of the Internal Affairs Department of the Kreis Admin- "
istration said, "We do not wish to separate any families. You may leave the GDR
- together."
On1y 9 days later, on 15 November, the family joined Brigitte Klump. A Foreign
Office representative extended his congratulations, saying, "You certainly know
how to handle the 1503 method."
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Gruner + Jahr & Co~
9544 =
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
SED DIALOGUE WITH DISSIDENT 'WRITERS ~,EMANDED
Munich SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG in German 13 Feb 81 p 11
[REUTER Report: "Leipzig Author Attacks GDR Authorities." A translation of a
Hamburg DER SPIEGEL article on Frank-Wolf Matthies, referred to below, is published
under the headin~, "Writer Matthies` Emigration, Crackdown on Literary Circles
_ Reported," in JPRS 77564, 11 March 1981, No 1856 of this series, pp 48-49]
[Text] Gert Neumann, a writer from Leipzig, has sharply attacked the SED leader-
ship, accusing it of "censorship and ignorance of [extantJ problems." In an open
letter ta K~irt Hager, SED Politburo member responsible for cultural policy, the
_ 39-year-old author challenged the party leadership to .an "open dialogue" with the
dissident intellectuals. It will be increasingly difficult "in the f~`~ire," he
.noted, "to force~negative obligations on the positive elements of this society."
Should the SED lea3ership be unwillir.g to enter into the dialogue, this would be
tantamount to "the beginning of a catastrophe...of a despairing society."
According to friends of his in West Berlin, Neumann was briefly kept under arrest -
' by the state security service in November. The purpose of the arrest was to coerce
Neumann into making statements against his East Berlin fellow writer Frank-Wolf
Matthies. As in the case of Matthies, Neumann too has been offered by the state
security service permission to emigrate to the West. Neumann, however, Y~as
= refused this offer. He has not been permitted ta publish his books in the GDR.
- His firsr work, "Die Schu13 der Worte" (The Fault of Words), was published in the
FRG in 1979. His novel, "Elf Uhr" (11 0'Clock), will also be published there
soon, At the time of Neumann's arrest, the state security service cozfiscated a
copy of the manuscript whose original, however, had alread;~ reached the West. -
Right after his and Matthies' arrest, Neumann wrote Hager a letter of protest
which, however, re~ained unanswered. Shortly thereafter Neumann composed the
open letter.
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" GEk1~iAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
LESSER SPIES FACE PROBLEMS AFTER ESCAPE TO GDR
Hamburg STERN in German Vol 34 No 2, 31 Dec 80 pp 110, 114, 115
[Article by Peter Pragal and Uwe Zimmer: "Espionage: The.Ungrateful Fatherland--
Wtiat Agents Can Expect After Their Escape into the GDR and Wtiy Many of Them Want To
Be Back in the West"]
[Text] Nothing was lacking West German physicist Werner Mettner (the name has been
changed by the editors) when he came to the GDR. He moved into a house on East
Berlin's Mueggle Lake. He did not have to pinch pennies; he did not even have to
work. Mettner had been recruited as a"scout on the invisible front" (SED jargon--
i.e., as an agent in tfie FRG--and was drawing his reward in the worker and peasant
state. .
The sweet life came to a sudden end when he had nothing new to report to the supervisors
in the N,inistry for State Security (MFS). From the villa with frontage on the lake
he had to mave to an apartment in a row house. He was assigned a job in a scientific
institute where he was constantly spied upon by agents. The former West German citi-
zen expressed the wish to return to the West. Thereupon the comrades from security
summoned him to a medical examination. And when he did not arrive punctually, an -
ambulance pulled up in front of Mittner's rented apartment and drove him to a closed~
neurological sanitarium. Diagnosis: acute paranoia. ~
The FRG security agencies are increasingly examining the fact that ever more discovered
spies want to return to the West soon after their escape to their East German employer.
The spy hunters have during recent months concentrated on the fate of escaped spies.
A confidential paper by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
[BFV] ~has this to say about the deserters: "Used to the free way of life in the West,
they are forced to discover that they are treated like normal GDR citizens."
Only those who have rendered services to the socialist fatlierland as top spies can
count on permament special treatment. For example, the former CDU Bundestag deputy
from Hamburg, Karlfranz Schmitt-Wittmack, became vice-president of the Chamber for
Foreign Trade a year after his escape in 1954, He was allowed to keep that post
until his retirement. Heinz Felfe, the former top GDR agent at the Federal Intelli-
gence Service (3ND) in Pullach has also landed a good job--professor of criminology
at Humboldt Untversity in Ea~t Berltn. And once Willy Brandt's former chancellery
aide Guenter Guillaume has served his sentence at Rheinbach penitentiary, he too can
expect life-long gratitude for the SED powers back home.
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For the small-fry escaping the West German counterintelligence net, however, daily
life in the GDR is more likely to be dismal. An excerpt from the RFV study notes:
"They receive an apartment that corresponds to conditions ir. the GllR, usually repre-
senting a step down; they do not continue to receive their previous salary but only
. a sum equivalent to the GDR norm. Transition payments--made in some individual cases--
- are stopped as soon as possible."
While GDR citizens who were sent to the West with forged passports are integrated
without problems upon their return, the recruited personnel from the West must count
oa the mistrust of their employers for the rest of their lives. One who spies for
money, like Karlsruhe accountant Rainer Fuelle or Stockach physicist Juergen Sanden,
need :iot be convinced communist by any means. And the BFV men in Cologne doubt whether
Christel Broszey, former secretary of CDU politician Kurt Biedenkopf, is any better
off in the East than was the former chief secretary in the FRG Ministry for Science,
Irene Schultz. "Financially and humanly, I only paid in," ex-agent Schultz admitted
to STERN after her return from the GDR. The BFV comments: "As soon as the informa-
tional interest disappears and the agent becomes uninteresting for the MFS, the
outward lifestyle changes: life within a community under constant surveillance,
suspension of contact with fiormer MFS sponsors, employment that does not correspond
- to the achieved level of education."
F.migre problems become even more intense for those who have gone East with their whole
families--like Hanau chemist Werner Unseld, Erich Ziegenhain, a government ~xecutive
in the Hesse Social Ministry, or Erich Spiegel, a sociologist from Heppenheim. The
BFV study has this to say about what awaits the wife and children: "The agent's
family members are often unsuspecting, since the purpose of traveling to the GDR is
of ten represented as an unexpectedly necessary visit to relatives. Only there do
they become aware of the entire significance. While wives reconcile themselves in
most cases, the growing or even adult children are especially hard hit by the
consequenc~s of the escape."
Children who have lost their friends, who miss the customary liberal lifestyle an,d
who do not reconcile themsc~lves to the constraints of the communist system are thus
especially willing to return. The understandable wish to leave the GDR again is,
however, faced by difficulties. East German authorities take the West German
identity documents from the new arrivals. As replacements they receive temporary
GDR identification documents unless they are immediately granted GDR citizenship.
The result is that if a former FRG citizen applies for permission to leave, he is no
better off than a GDR citizen who would like to move to the West. Quite the contrary--
authorities of the SED republic sometimes let the escaped West German wait longer,
- wanting to keep the details of espionage from becoming known in the West.
Often the wish of the children of the spies to return to the old homeland i~~ rejected
out offear that this might create a legal basis for a later family reunion with
the parents. Wolfgang Grahl, now 34 yea~s old, had to wait 19 years before he could
again move to the western.part of his hometown of Berlin. His parents, both MFS
agents, escaped arrest in 1960 by fleeing to East Berlin. They did not live badly
- there--the family lived in a one-family house in the affluent Biesdorf suburb--but
the san suffered. In school he had to serve as an example for the alleged decadence
in the West. He reported: "My teacher told horror stories, and I was supposed to
confirm them. That I could not do. I had seen something quite different." Wolfgang
Grah1 became an opponent of the regime over the years and in 1974 protested publicly ~
against the violation of human rights. He was arrested, sentenced to 5 years in
prison for "agitation against the state" and was ransomed last year.
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- It is no wonder then that GDR agents whose cover. has been blown in the West, but who
have received adequate warning of impending arrest, think more than twice before
fleeing to the~~r masters in the East. While in 1976, 37 spies for the East escaped
the grasp of the West German authorities, only 15 chose the Eastern path of esCape -
- last year. The BFV comments: "According to current in~ormation, exposed agents have
refused to escape to the GDR despite warning and urging. This indicates that they
would rather face prosecution and sentencing in the FRG than an uncertain future for
themselves and their families in the GDR."
Indeed, punishment for traitors in the West bothers them less than life under real
socialism. The example of Helge Berger, a diplomatic secretary, shows this. Whi1e
working in the German embassy in Warsaw, she betrayed background negotiation matterial
to the Poles, causing the FRG "immeasurable damage," to quote a counterintelligence -
agent in Bonn. The spy encountered lenient judges and today--after having served
two-thirds of her 5-year prison sentence--again sits behind a desk iil a West German
industrial plant.
Quite different has been the case of physicist Mettner. The SED regime has meanwhile ~
released him from the mental institutxon and sent him to the West, but he can no
longer be happy in his freedom. Driven by the fear that the long arm of the East
Berlin MFS could also reach him in the West, he is avoiding contacts and is screening
off his private life. The trauma of the GDR has captured him.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Gruner + Jahr AG & G.
9240
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POLAND
CHAIRMAN OF 'RURAL SOLIDARITY' INT~RVIEWED
Paris PAR,IS MATCH in French 6 Feb 81 pp 76-77
~
[Interview with Zdzislaw Ostatek, chairman of R~r~lSolidarity, in Rzeszow, by Willy
Golberine; date not given]
[Text] Zdzislaw Ostatek, 45, is the "Walesa" of the Polish
farmers. On 27 September 1980, he was elected chairman of
"Solidarnosc Wiejska" (Rural Solidarity), a grouping of
s~everal farmers movements. Since zhen, he has been campaign-
ing to have Polish authorities legal ize his 1 mt?Zion-member
union. Father of three childrQa, Ostatek hag a 10-hectare
orchard in Gropec, near Warsaw. "Back in the Stalin era, my
father already had problems," said Ostatek who has been arrested
several times.
Our special correspondent inter.viewed him in the c{ty of
Rzeszow, not far from the Soviet border, where he had gone to
support strikers.
jQuestion] How Xarge is private agriculture in Poland?
- [Answer] There are approximately 3 million pr ivate farms employing 7 million persons.
They produce 80 to 90 percent of all Polish grown food. T'he average size of the
farms is 3 and 1/2 hectares. This is just enougr to support the farmer's family.
Farmers are obliged to work an average of 14 hours per day. In Poland, there is no
land for sale. Officially, there is. In any event, government propaganda says
there is. But actually such purchase is impos sible. There are too many administra-
tive barriers. When there is a farm for sale, the state-run cooperatives have
priority. The only land purchasable by private farmers is wasteland.
~Question] How many members does Rural Solidarity have?
[Answer] More than a million.
[Question) How long ago was Rural Solidarity formed?
[Answer] Some 2 years ago, we established a f armers self-defense movement near
- Lublin in the eastern part of the countLry. We did this because we realized the
Gierek government posed a serious threat to farmers. Some 3 years after its
assumption of power, it had initiated a plan to destroy private agriculture, an
expropriatiun plan.. ~
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[Question] What form did this attack take?
[Answer] In an effort to force farmers to sell their land, everything was done
' t0 impoverish them. For example, they were allowed only limited access to fertiliser
and modern farm machinery.
a [Questionj What was the government's reaction to creation of your movement.
[An~wer] From the very beginning, severe repressive measures were taken against
our members, many of whom were arrested and held in confinement for 2 to 3 days.
- Even the children were harassed. At school, their book bags were searched for docu-
ments. I personally was arrested se~~eral times, once when I was on my way to church
in a neighboring village, our church having been closed to us because it had been
used for meetings.
[Question] Wttat are Polish agriculture's current problems?
[Answer] The government controls prices and keeps them too low. Con~:equently there
is no incentive to produce more. .
~ [Question] If farm prices are decontrolled, will this not have an impact on the
cost of living?
[Answer] No, because producti.on wili. increase. .We need only obtain fertilizer and
modern machinery. This requirement to decontrol prices and make our labor profitable
is what prompted formatio:i of our un~on so as to consolidate our forces and oblfge
~ the government to listen to us.
[Question] Wl~?at are your reiations with the government?
[AnswerJ We have met several times with Deputy Premie.r Jagielski, the one who
negotiated at Gdan~k, and the minis~er of.agricul.ture, both of whom told us we were
not entitled to a union. We want to meet ~rith Premier Pinkowski. We have called
upon Americar~ and C~anadian parliamenta�ians of Polish origin to exert pressure on
_ the gpvernment .
[Question] What are your relations with Solidarity, the trade union federation?
[Answer] Excellent. We were invited to attend their most recent national meeting
~ in Gdansk.
~Question] In the long run, isn't there liable to be a conflict of 3.nterest between
farmers and workers?
[Answer] Our system's specificity compels us to promote worker-farmer cooperation
because wages and prices are controlleZ by the state which is our couunon opponent.
This worker-farmer unity is the greatest danger for the state.
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[Question] What is your assesament of the crisis?
[Answer] It's a loss of conTidence between government and people. We need a
goVernment that creates that confidence, so that society regains confidence in
w~Yk, in the authorities.
[Question] What authorities?
[Answer] The new unions.
[Question] Are you prepared to make saerifices to e~ctricate Poland from this crisis?
[Answer] Yes. The farmers are prepared to wait for the price decontrol they demand,
- but~ tt~ey want ~to be sure they will not be aheated~ once again. We want to be con-
sulted in a11 discussions that concern us. ~overnment officials are bureaucrats
- who know nothing about farming.
[Question] What weapons do you have?
[Answer] We have a strategic weapon. It only looks as if farmers are not on
strike. The truth is they are boycotting production~in the absence of outlets and
~ because of the maintenance of absurdly low price ceilings. At the present time, for
example neither butter nor pr~cessed meats are available. Fa.rmers are somewhat
like steelworkers who would 13.mit their work to keeping the blast furnace lighted.
Farmers are producing on]:y enough to survive.
[QuestionJ Don't you thi.nk it is a eontradietion to have independent farmers in a
socialist country? And what do you think of socialism?
[AnswerJ If it is contradictory, that means this ~ideology is foolish. tTp to now,
' there has been no ideal socialism. only the Russian, Polish, Chinese, etc. models.
They are stupid~. We support socialism in industry but not for farmers.
[QuestionJ Is socialist agriculture possible?
[Answer] Not in Poland. Various forms of socialist agricu]:ture have been tried in
_ Poland. The ~esults have been disastrous. There is the GDR example. It only
appears to be working there because the government decided to pay farmers double
or triple the wages paid factory workers. In the long run, that kind of socialism
must inevitably collapse. Since the end of the war, all farmers have rejected~that
socialism and entered the ranks of the opposition to the government. We want to
use the movement to create a state wit:~in a state. The unique possibility is the
- private farm which must be the foundation of agriculture.
[Question] Isn't that a rejection of socialism?
[Answer] If you wish. The only possib3,lity f~r us in a new socialism in which
nationalized industry would coexist with private agriculture.
[Question] Aren't you afraid the government will turn the workers against you?
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[Answer] I3o. The government has tried to nationalize agrieulture several times
since World War II. Each attempt ended in famine. Workers know that the state-
- ruti farms cannot manage to produce eff iciently. ff private agriculture were to
digappear, there would be nothing left.
[Question] Why does ~the gove?~r?ment repeatedly want to collectivize agriculture?
[Answer] The farm~r i:s the fcundation of the Polish nation. The government wants
to destroy our Polish c~ulture~ uproot it. The government wants to achieve social-
_ ism by destroyi~g the farcner. In the ~eaderahip's view~ socialism means the worker,
and the farmer means capitalism. Tf we obta:~n'what we want, our organization can
then make it poss ible to increase production, thus raiaing the standard of living,
and ra3sing it to higher level than in other social.ist countries. This will then
become a political problem.
Photo caption: Zdzislaw Ostatek assumed leadership of the militant farmers movement. -
- Hie main problem is getting his union officially recognized.
COPYRIGHT: 1J81 par Cogedipresse S.�A. .
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POLAND
; _
PHOTOGRAPHS OF SOVIET PRESENCE IN POLAND NOTED
~
Paris PARIS MATCH in French 13 Feb 81 pp 62-65
[Photographic reportage: "Poland: They Are Here"]
[Text] Their presence is both menacing and discreet. Red Army soldiers stationed
in Poland, and ready to reinforce the action of Warsaw Pact troops in the event of
_ intervention, want to keep an extremely low profile, for the moment. They leave
their bases and compounds only on very�rare occasions. Romano Cagnoni, the photo-
grapher who took the f'irst pictures of the Russians in Afghanistan--PARIS MATCH,
20 June 19~80--had been almost sure that the Russian New Year holiday season would
bring the wolf out~of the woods, or rather the Russian bear out of the Poliah
forests. He was not mistaken. Taking advantage of a relaxation of discipline,
_ officers and enlisted mer_ mingled with the population to do their shopping. Cagnone,
_ who had obtai.ned a tourist visa--his passport describes him as an antique dealer--
was able to photograph the Russians, often at very elose range, with.a camera hidden
under his coat. Nevertheless, he was eventually detected and the Polish police
confiscated all his film. Too late, however. Cognoni had already turned his best
rolls of film over to a staunch friend. His extraordinary clandestine photographic
reportage confir~s the presence in Poland of these Russian troops who are becoming -
more and more numerous ac�ording to Western diplomaL-ic personnel stationed in Warsaw.
Only last week, a train ful? of Soviet troops was seen arriving in Bialystok.
The Poles themselves do not know how many there are. It is estimated, however, that
there are at least three divisions, ~n other words, 30,000-40,000 Soviet soldiers
in Poland. They had reportedly been ready to intervene on the night of 7-8 December
wheit--as recently revealed by Zbigniew Brzezinski, Carter's national security advi-
ser--the Soviets wanted to invade Poland, before c~ropping the idea because of the
U. S. President's warnings. Since then despite the Polish people`s hostility, rein-
forcements of weapons and men have been sent to Russian bases inside Poland. The
three main bases are at: Legnica, the largest base, close to the East Gera?an bor-
der; Bialystok, northeast of Warsa~e; and Novy Dor~ norttcwest of thp capital. But
th ere are also other smaller bases, Yike ~the one in Rembertow on the ~utskirts of
Warsaw. For greater secrecy, Soviet camps are often located out of public view, in
forests, for example. In the event of a Soviet off~ensive, these troops would serve
as the advance guard and supporting elements for Warsaw Pact forces poised near the
GDR border, and in Czechoslovakia and the USSR. Ever since Reagan's charges against
the USSR, Moscow's attacks against Polish "antiso~iali~t" elements have been extremely
_ harsh.
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Photo Captions
L. pp 63-63 Photographed without his knowledge in the streets of Legnica, sduth-
_ west of Warsaw, this Red Army officer furnishes further proof of the Soviet threats
hanging over the Poles. ~
Z, pp 64-65 Polish passers-by do not care much for the presence of the Soviet
soldiere window-shopping in t~ie center~ of Legnica.
_ 3. pp 64 Other Russiala:~ soldiers in front nf a lciosk in .Legnica
- 4. p 64 A Russian officer talks with a civilian on the railroad platform.
S. p 65 A cigarette-smoking Russian soldier strolling through the market place in '
Legnica.
6. p 65 Soldiers came into town by truck from their base which they are rarely
authorized to leave.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 par Cogedipresse S.A.
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ROMANIA
DATA ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 'ALAitMING'
Bucharest PENTRU PATRIE in Romanian Oct 80 p 23
[Article by Colonel Victor Beda]
[Text] The analysis of the data on the evolution of traffic accidents which
occurred during the 1 January-31 August 1980 period results in interesting
conclusions. The first and major statement is that in spite ~f the 5 percent
increase in the number of motor vehicles and the 12 percent rise in the num- -
ber of professional and amateur drivers, the number of accidents went down
10 percent, of persons who died in traffic accidents 12 percent, and of
in~ured people 10 percent.
We note, and this is a gladdening fact, an. 2r;:~anced responsibility of drivers -
in driving the motor vehicle, which mainly results from the fact that more
and more drivers understand and apply the rules of defensive driving. The
number of serious violations: dangerous speeding, hazardous passing, failure
to yield, driving under the influence has declined, and this actually pro-
vided the ground for the reduction in the number of accidents and the alle-
viation of their consequences. However, we still have many problems to solve.
_ A recent spotcheck conducted in all counties indicated that out of 300,000
motor vehicles checked 214,000 were provided with safety belts. This was
fairly good, but what was the use of it, as only 20 percent of the persons ~
in the motor~vehicles involved were using the "life belt." The studies con-
ducted in this country concluded that the number of people who die in acci-
- dents would be by 200-300 smaller if all the people in the front seats of
the cars used safety belts. -
A naramount problems involves the behavior of pedestrians in traffic. The _
survey "D~tnamics of Traff3c Accidents During the 1970-1979 Period" carries
the conclusions drawn in. this area. It poin~s out that during the
- period under review no notable progress was achieved in terms of reducing
the number of accidents caused by pedestrians. Compared to 1978, when the
level of this kind of traffic accidenta accounted for 39.5 percent of all
_ accidents, in 1979 this level is 39 percent. In the first half of this year,
- pedestrians caused 38.~ percent of all accidents. Of course, the situation
would be incomparably better if also the tuAto~~et~ uysec~, de�ensive driving
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in relation to pedestrians. Often, the situation is as follows: the driver
notices an old man on the roadway, crossing carelessly. He continues to
move forward toward the old man, at the same apeed, limiting himself to honk
_ his horn, a signal which in the end does not provF to work miracles and the
accident occurs. In other casea, the driver notic.es a group of children
- playing in the immediate proximity of the road. ~~ny time one of them may rush
toward the roadway. However, the driver ignores this possibility, by no means
reduces his speed, and the accident takes place.
This year also, failure to correlate the motor vehicles' speed with the traf-
fic conditions represents the primary cause of traffic accidents for which
drivers are to blame. Many of the drivers continue to drive carelessly in tlie
- rain and fog, when driving through rural communities, or when crossing thor-
oughfares. A great proportion of traffic accidents results from the sh~'re~i fault
of pedestrians and drivers: careless crossing of pasaengers who became pedes-
trians, in front or in the back of buaes stopped at bus atops and failure to
- reduce the speed of motor vehicles when they are nearing these "trap" loca-
tions.
Drivers of public transportation facilities play a great role in preventing
these accidents. The advice "Dear passengers, after getting off the bus, make
sure that traffic permits you to. cross" would help to save many lives.
The survey which I mentioned above carries an fnteresting conclusion with
respect to the share of various transportation facilities in the commission
- of accidents. The automobiles are the most dangerous vehicles. They account
for 42.40 percent of all facilities but they cause 53.82 percent of a11 ac-
cidents. (The slim driving experience of the drivers who have been driving
for less than 5 years is a factor involved). The trucks, which account for
a proportion of 11.21 percent, cause 10.06 percent of all traffic accidents.
The bus drivers hold an uncoveted record. Even though they account for 2.43
- percent, they cause 7.54 percent of all traffic accidents. The motorcycles
and mopeds are the most prudent transportation facilities. Although they ac-
count for more than one-fifth (20.65 percent) mf all motor vehicles, they
only cause 4.67 of a11 traffic accidents.
This year saw many accidents caused by bicycle riders. Left turns without
signaling and especially without making sure that traffic permi*s the turns
and use of the bicycle after the owners, because of drinking an alcoholic
beverage, could not stand on their feet, much less on a device on two wheels,
were the ma~or causes of traffic accidents triggered by bicycle riders. How-
- ever, I must point out, in this area also, that many of traffic accidents
- could have been avoided if motarisis used defensive driving. The driver notices
a drunk bicycle rider and yet he does not increase the lateral distance, he
does not reduce his speed. The driver has noticed the bicycle rider in the
middle of the road and it almost certain that he will make a left turn
to enter the yard of the house, but the driver of the motor:.vehic3.~ starts arer-
taking the cyclist, without even honking his horn. It is easy to guess_the
outcome.
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_ The program to prevent ard combat drunk drf.ving has assumed new facets in
recent years. Whereas 1970 only saw 174,600 tests of alcohol in the body,
1978 saw 437,000 tests, and 1979, 548,000. In the total tests made.in 1978,
_ the test tubes became green in 43,296 cases, and in 1979, in 39,988 cases.
The:firat-half of 1980 saw 30 percent more tests than 1979 and the number
_ of persons found to have driven while under the influence of intoxicating
liquor was smaller than that in the first 6 months of the previous year. Now-
ever, there is the ne~d for greater firmness in fighting drunk ariving becau~e
this year also, intoxicating liquor has beer. the cause of a great number of
very serious accidents. It must be pointed out that in the 8 months of 1980,
very many pedestrians and bicycle riders lost their lives or were disabled
because, while moving on the road under the influence of alcoholic beverages,
they became the victims of traffic accidents.
A striking phenomenon this year has been the recrudescence of cases involving
driving vehicles without a licenae.:, In June these infractions rose.l0 per-
- cent versus 1979, in July, 19 percent, and in August, 34 percent: In most
cases, the "urge" to drive cars, motorcycles, mopeds and even trucks, without
having tYfis privilege, appeared after the ingestion of a large amount of in-
toxicating liquor, a fact which certainly considerably augmented the hazard
involved in these actions, specifically because in such cases the "drivers"
were e�ager~. to ~ display their aptitudes and talents of genuine motorists
before their relatives and friends, and drove at speeds that are dangerous
- even for experienced drivers.
This year also saw the highlighting of an aspect that is dangerous to traffic:
right-of-way yielded not ac.cording to the law but on the basis of horsepower
and size. The trailer ignores the truck, the truck looks down on the auto-
mobile, the light motor vehicle does not yield the right-of-way to the motor-
~ cylce and moped, and all of them ignore the pedestrian. It is not at all a
general situation, but such cases occur fairly frequently and this is not
good. In Brasov Municipality, alone, during one month, five pedestrians, in-
cluding two 70-year old men and a mother wi~th a several-month old infant in
her arms, were fatally hit on the crosswalk by 20-ton ma~s~odons:
The reduction in the number of accidents must not lead to complacency. We do
not have preset percentages and leve]s for decreasing the number of tra�fic
accidents. Their number and consequences must be diminished to a minimum.
Consequently, the highway patrols and the workers at the militia centers,
with the broad assistance of the masses of citizens, will display greater
firmness and combativeness in relation to any violation of traffic rules
that might cause an accident. Of course, our efforts must be effectively
- supported by the exemplary behavior of all participants in road traffic.
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