JPRS ID: 9595 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090017-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 192
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9595
10 March 1981
Japan Report
(FOUO 15/81)
FBI$ FOREIGN BROADCAST IIdFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9 59 5
10 March 1981
JAPAN REPORT
- (FOUO 15/81)
CONTENTS
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICA'L
Media on Party Presidential Election System
- (MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 4 Feb 81; 1HE DAILY YOI:IURI, 7 Feb 81)... 1
' Problem of Deciding on Party, by Takehiko Takahashi
= Refo rm of Election System, Editorial
S uzuki Plans Revamping of Cabinet
(Faisuke Honda; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 17 Feb 81)....... ...o..o.,,. 4
MITI Minister Tanaka's Political Strategy Discussed
(Takehiko Takahashi; MAINI(HI DAILY NEWS, 18 Feb 81).....o..... 6
- JSP Theorists Mbve To Avoid Factional Strife
(ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 12 Feb 81)................................. 8
First Major Test for Suzuki
(Mic.hisada Hirose; ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 5 Feb 81) 9
_ ColuIImist Disct;sses National Dray, Patriotism, Defense
{Hideo Ma tsuoka; MAINIQiI I]AILy NEWS, 10 Feb 81) 00 11
'.Fukuda S to ck' Con tinues To Ris e
(Takehiko Takahashi.; MAINIQiI DAILY NEWS, 11 Feb 81)... , .o . . . 14
PiILITARY
Majority Oppose Boost in Defense Budget
(1HE DAILY YONIIURI, 10 Feb �il) . 16
~ High-Speed Homing Torpedo To Be Manufactured
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 17
_ - a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUOj
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E CONOMI C
- Need for More Government Intervention in Industries Is Stressed
(THE JAPAN EGONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81) .....................o.. 18
Editorial on Axms Export Ban
(Editorial; ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 17 Feb 81) 20
U.S. Computer Industry: Next Target
- (Marshall Ingwerson; THE DAILY YOMIUBI, 11 Feb 81)............0 22
UoS., European Computer Firms Actively Seek Tie-up
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNALT 10 Feb 81) 24
JNR To Bid for U. S. High Speed Railway
(MAINICHI DAIY.Y NEWS, 13 Feb 81) ............................e.. 25
MITI Group Reports N-Energy Only Alternative To Using Oil
- (JAPAN TIMES, 4 Feb 81) 26
LPG Stockpiling Bill To Be Proposed
(JAPAN TIMES, 10 Feb 81) 27
- Securing Oil Products From Overseas Will Be Promoted
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81) 28
MITI Intends To Lift Embargo on Export of Fuel Oil
(JAPAN ECANOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81)........o 29
USSR Agrees on Liquefying Gas Developed in Sakh alin
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 3 Feb 81) 30
Tanaka Takes Hard Line on Coal Project
(MAINI QiI IlAILY NEWS, 13 Feb 81) 31
Steel CorPoration Submits Bid To Export Arms
_ (ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 7 Feb 81) 32
~ Steel Corporation Exported Arms Technology to U.K.
(ASAHI EVENING IvEWS, 17 Fec 81) 33
Domestic Plane Industry To Receive Stimulus
(MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 13 Feb 81)............................... 34
SCIENCE AND TE(HNOLOGY
Coordination of Science, Technology Will Be Stressed
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, viXioas dates) 35
� Government and Private Research, Development Spending Rose in
FY ' 79
(THE JAPt1N ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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- Reliability Designing of Automatons
(Yoshimitsu Ito; TECHIdOCRAT, Dec 80)......o .................0 40
Efforts To Increase Operational Efficiency of Automatic
Assemblers
(Masafumi Bito, Yoshikatsu Miyashita; TEQHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 47
Zhermal Spraying Technology Reported
(Motoj i Seki, Kazuo Ishikawa; TEQiNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . . . . 56
Electrolytic Multi-Coloring of Anodized Coatings on Aluminum
(Kenj i Uchida, Kenj i Wada; TEQHPTOCTtAT, Dec 80)........ . . . . . . . 78
Cooperation With England To Develan Synthesized Natural Gas
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ........................................0 92
Methacoal Plant Completed in 1480
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 93
Formation of New General Energy Development Organ.ization
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 94
Heat Recovery of Stack Gas Desulfurization Facility
. (TEQiNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Largest ING Cold Heat Dower Generation Plant Under Construction
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . 96
New F'lexible Amoiphous Solar Cell Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 97
Solar Cell Driven Circulation Pump for Solar Heat Collectors
Developed
( TE CEiNO CR4T, De c 80) . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . a . . . . . . . . 98
Sea Water Effects on Cracks in High Strength Steels
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) o.o....................... 99
- Effect of Subcritical Quenching Temperatures on Car Axles
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .....................................o... 100
Lowering Blast Furnace Fuel Requirements
(TECFSOCRAT, Dec 80) 101
Recovery of Iron and Phosphorus From BOF Slag Using FE-SI Alloys
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ...............o......................... 102
Effects of Strain-Aging, Welding Cold-Worked Structural Steel
Plates
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 103
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Steel Containing Mblybdenum Produces Industrial Saving
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)
104
Behavior of Nitrogen, Tin-Type Inclusions in Gray Cast Iron
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)...........................................
105
Influence of Nitrogen on Graphite Structure of Cast Iren
Containing Titanium
106
- ( TE (HNO CRAT, De c 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Covering Flux on Hydrogen Content in Irblten Aluminum Alloys
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . .
107
~ Cast Imr. Powder Sintering Using FE-SI-C iAixed Powders
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . .
108
' Studies on Dendrite Arm Spacing, Microsegregation of FFrCR-C
- Alloys
109
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . . o .
Development of Technique for Obtaining Porous Metals
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
New Build-up Welding Method Developed
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ....................o..................oo..
111
New Seaming Method for Aluminum Developed
( TE (HN OCRAT, De c 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 . . . . . o o . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Automatic Drainage Discharger for Air Compressors Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 113
Class 100 or Less Industrial Clean Rooms 114
( TE (RNO CRAT, De c 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- First 'Automatic Tire Equipping System' Developed
( TECHNOCRA'", De c 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Diaphragm Type Pulse Pump Using Crystal Oscillation Digital
Circuit
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Development of Large Output Carbon Dioxide Laser
( TE CHNO CRAT, De c 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
H-I RACket--Satellite Launching Enters New Phase of Development
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 118
Grab Bucket With Diesel Engine Drive Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 119
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Forklift for 40-Ton Container Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 120
Pollution Free Coal Supply System Promoted
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 121
Development of New Superexpress Train
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 122
All-Day High-Intensity Aeronautic3l Obstruction Light System
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 123
~ High-Temperature Zhermistor Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 124
_ 1M Bit M2.gnetic Bubble Memory Developed
(TIE(;EINOCRAT, Dec 80) ...,.................................o.... 125
Large-Capacity Liquid Crystal Displays Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .........................o................ 126
Re ticle Defect Inspection System Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec $0) 127
Automatic Ultra ISI Designing System
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .............o.,..............o........... 128
Photo Resist for Mass Productlon of Ultra LSI
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .............................o............ 130
High Speed One Megabit Data Communication
- (TE QiNOCRAT, Iaec 80)...........o�o ......................o...o. 131
Mutual Commimication Service Between DRESS, DEM05
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .......................o.................. 132
Survey Effects of Rain on Quasi-Millimeter Electric Wave
Commim ications
(TE Q?NOCRAT, Dec 80) .....................o..........o......... 133
- Qverall Evaluation Test Started for Submarine Photofiber Cable
- (TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)..............................o........... 134
Reliability Survey of Mechanical Filter for Channel Translating
Equipment
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80).............o 135
New Model Handwritten Character Input Equipment
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)....o .........................o........... 136
High-Performance 16-Bit Microcomputer Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 137
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Development of Hydroxy Apatite Reported
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 138
Development of New Technique for Meas uring Formi.c Acid
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) 139
Super Short Cracking Technique for Chemicals
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ....................o.........o............ 140
Industrialization of Humic Acid Sodium S alt
(TE QiNOCRAT, 1)ec 80) 141
- Polyethylene as Regenerative Material To Produce Energy Savings
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ..................o........................ 142 ~
New Manufa.:turing Technique for Super Fine Powder Developed
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9pple Rot Control (hemical Becomes TQp Pesticide
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)......o .........................o.o........ 144 -
= Development of New Antagonizer I7isclosed
- (TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ..................oo.........o.o.........o. 145
_ New Decomposing Reagent Developed
- (TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .................o.......................o. 146
Competition Heavy To Develop Water Absorption Ma.terials
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)........................................... 147
- Manufacturing Method for Potassium Titanate Fiber Announced
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) .......................o.....o............. 148
New Uranium Adsorbent Being Developed
: (TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80) ....................................o.o..... 149
Semisubmerged Catamaran Type Marine Surveyor Construction ~
_ '.teported
(TE(RNOCRAT, Dec 80) ......................o.......o...a......... 150
Earthquake Alert, Coun termeasures Outlined
- (TE(IiNOCRAT, Dec 80) .............o.........o.................... 151
Bacteria Able To Dissolve Organic Phosphoric Acid Discovered
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80).a...o...o .....................o............ 155
Enviranment Agency To Perform Inland Sea Survey
(JAPAN TIMES, 9 Feb 81) 159 -
Shimane Assembly Approves N-Plant
(ASA'rII EVENING NEWS, 10 Feb 81) 160 f -
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Development of Uranium From Seawater Urged
(Shunichi Takabe; ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 10 Feb 81)
Moves To Introduce CANDU Reactor Revive
(Mikio Kuwamori; DAILY YOMIURI, 13 Feb 81).,.....o.......o.......
Telecommunications Ministry To Permit 'Teletext'
(MAINIQiI DAILY NEWS, 6 Feb 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LDP Urged To Seek Support for Nuctear Plants
(MAINICEII DAILY. NEWS, 14 Feb 81) . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . .
Mitsubishi Unveils Tiny Turbocharger
(MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 17 Feb 81) ..................o..............
Asahi Chemical Gets Right To Use Government Nuclear Fuel
(THE JAPAN EOONOMIC JOLna2NAL, 3 Feb 81)o.a
Co al Ash Utilization Is Develope d
(JAPAN EOONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81) .....................o........
- Yar.mar Develops New Engine Operable on Gas of Sewer Sludge
(THE JAPAN EOONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81).......o....o.....o..o....
Automation Minimizes Chip Damage
(THE JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81)
- Compressed Air Studied in Electricity Generation
(THE JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81)..........o.0 ...oo........
Unique Gallium-Arsenide Linear IC
(TiE JAPAN E(JONOMIC JOURNAL, 10 Feb 81)...........o
- New Meter for Testing Photomask Glass
(THE JAPAN EOONOMLC JOURNAL, 10 Feb $1) .....v............
Briefs
Diversification of Blast Furnace Fuel
- Portable Gas-Leak Detector
Interactive Integration System
Program Development,Maintenance
Diameter Magnetic Storage Msk
High-Speed Coriputer Development Project
Microcomputer With MOS Structure
Facsimile as Computer Terminal
- New Kanji Display Equipment
New Magnetic Sensor
Gas Leakage Alarn:
Qiemical From Syiithetic Rubber By-Product
Transparent Nylon Resin
, High-Performance Flexible Container
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161 L
163 =
165
166
157
168
169
170
171

172
173
174
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176
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Linear Low Density Polyethylene
178
Energy-Saving Injectian Molding Machines
179
Special Phenol Resin
179
Polyethylene Technology Exgorted
179 ~
U PolymEr Technology Exported
179
Magnetic Plastic Material Developed
180
Polyethylene, Heat Retaining Lylinder
180
Magnetic-Field Injection Molding Machine
180
Red-Phosphorus Incombustible Agent
180
Innova tive Herbicide Developed
181
Fungicide for Rice Plants
181
Stepless Speed Change Inverter
181
Tire Maneuverability Test Equipment
182
Automatic Can Manufacturing Machines
182
Microwave Camera Picturization Information
182 -
Facsimile With Editing Capability
182
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POLITICAL AND SOC IOLOGICAL
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MEDIA ON PARTY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION SYSTEM
Problem of Deciding on Party
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 4 Feb 81 p 3
[Article by Takehiko Takahashi in "Nagatacho Doings" column: "Painful Problem
of Deciding on Party Presidential Election System"]
[Text] The biggest pmblem for the
Liberal-Democratic Party at
the present time is the party
presidential election system:
The DLP held its party
convention on Jan. 23. Although
it had intended to formulate the
policy on the party presidential
election system by then, there
were differing views within the
party and an agreement could
not be reached. For that reason,
only an interim report was
submitted. Approval was ob-
tained at the convention for a
definite conclusion to be
reached during March.
Becoming the president of the
Liberal-Democratic `Party
means to become the prime
minister. Therefore, ttie
method of selecting the party
president is important not only
for the LDP but also for
Japanese politics as a whole.
In the past. the Diet members
affiliated with the LDP and one
representative of each
prefecture cast votes for the
party president. In opposition to
this, the then Prime Nlinister
Takeo Miki proposed an elec-
tion method in which there
would be wic:e participation by
the party members. Since this
became the condiGon for Prime
Minister Miki's withdrawal, the
present system was adopted
during the administration ot his
successor, Takeo Fukuda.
According to this method, all
the party members participate
in a preliminary voting that
selects the two top candidates.
The Diet members affiliated
with the LDP would then vote to
decide which of the two can-
didates would become the paity
president.
Initial Trial
This method was carried out
for the first time in 1978. as the
result, !4iasayoshi Ohira and
Takeo Fukuda were chosen as
the top two candidates.
Nevertheless, because Fukuda
(then the prime minister)
placed second in the number of
votes, he withdrew as a can-
didate in the final voting. Ac-
cordingly Ohira Kas elected
and Fukuda resigned as prime
minister. The Ohira ad-
ministration was born.
During the election cam-
paign, hoicever, a large amount
of money is said to have
changed hands and factional
striFe was carried into the local
districts. The number of "party
merabers" also constituted a
problem. Children and non-
existing persons were listed
among the "party members."
The managers of enterprises
listed their employees as
"party members" and voted en
bloc.
Since then, Fukuda has been
strengly opposed to this
preliminary voting svstem. But
as long as the system exiscs,
those aiming to become the next
party president must malce
preparations. Becaiise of this.
the party membership at one
time reached 3 million.
Last year follow�ing the
sudden death of Ohira, the
.present Prime Minister Zenko
Suzuki was selected as party
president through talks cdn-
ducted amoag the part}lea'ders. 1Vith this as a turning
point, the membership
decreased drastically. It is now
estimated at being about
1.200,OIN).
It is said that Toshio Komoto
was the most active in
gathering party members in
preparation for the election.
Among lthe present 1,200,000
members. it is believed that
1
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50.000 are Komoto supporters.
For one thing, despite the
drastic decrease in mem-
bership, the party members in
Hyogo Prefecture, where
Komoto's constituency is
located, remain unchanged at
150.000, much more than in
other constituencies.
This problem is being
discussed by the party's reforzn
promotion headquarters cen-
tering on Ryutaro Nemoto. It
was decided at the last party
convention that ��maintenance
of the present system will be the
premise for carrying out
necessary reforms." Hence it
would be most difficult to reach
a conclusion that the
preliminary voting, par-
ticipated in by all the party
members. should be abolished.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. ParCy Dues
How to cope with this problem
is the problem that now exists.
Among the plans under study
are adoption of stricter
qualificatiops for party
members, more appropriate
voting system (by direct vote
instead of voting by mail), and
more suitable election cam-
paigning. Also under con-
sideration is a raise of party
dues i which have newly
become 3.000 yen
14faintenance of the
preliininary voting is being
strongly desired by the local
chapters ot the LDP. This is
mainly because of financial
reasons. Of the 3,000 yen in
dues. 1.000 yen is hand2d to
prefectural federations, 1,000
yen to city, town and village
chapters, and the remaining
1.000 yen gces to the LDP
headquarters. Thus this is a big
source of revenue for the Iceal
organizations.
If the final plan to be drawn
up during hiarch calls for a
continuation of the preliminary
voting system, the factions
within the LDP are likely to
commence brisk activities. In
such a case. Prime hiinister
Suzul+i will be placed in the
most painful position. L'nless he
clarifies his intention to become
a candidate in nest year's party
presidential election, the other
candidates will take over. If he
makes it known that he will not
become a candidate, his
leadership as prime minister
and party president will drop
from that moment.
In this sense too, this problem
of the party presidential
election system provides the
LDP with its biggest headache.
(The wTiter is an adviser to
the Alainichi Newspapers and
former chief editorial w�riter).
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News, 1981
Reform of Election System
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 7 Feb 81 p 2
[ Editorial ] A proposal for reform of the House of Councilors
election system has been compiled by a subcommit-
tee of the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party's Election
System Study Council.
The proposal calls for: (1) maintaining the exist-
ing local constituency syatem, but altering the cur-
rent local districts into electoral districts; (2) abolish-
ing the nationat constituency system and introducing
a proportional representative system 'to determine
winners in proportion to votes amassed by each party ;
and (3) asking the voter to name in one vote the
candidate he supports in the electoral district' and the
party he backs izi the proportional representative sys-
tem. '
Although,the proposed reform involves some prob-
lems, it is worth considering because it will heIp to
improve the current national constituency system
which costs an enormous amount of money and work.
A Question Of. Will
'!'he big question is whether the political parties
- have the will to 'reform the upper house election sys-
2
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tem. If they have the will, then the proposal worked
out by the LDP should be debated.
Although the subcommittee's proposql adopts a
modified one-vote systrm, it allows the voter to name
a candidate of one pacty in the electoral dietrict and
a different party in the proportional representation
system.
- In principle, under the one-vote system, the winning
candidates in the national constituency are determin-
ed in proportion to votes ama.gsed by each party
in the local district. But the problem with this system
is that it contravenes Article 43 of the constitution
which stipulates that both hn;:ses shall consist of
elected members, representatives of all the people.
Voters may be unhappy with this system, saying
- that there is no reason why they have to vote for
the sa.me party in both constituencies. The LDP's
subcommittee has therefore proposed a;3yatem which
allows the voter to name a candidate af one party
in the electora.l district, (currently local district) and
a different party in the proportional representation
- system (currently national constituency).
But the proposed new system stillhas a flaur be-
cause it does not reflect the will of voters who do not
wish to support any candidate in the electoral district
although they want to back a party in the propor-
tional representatior, system. LTnder the proposed re-
form, any ballot not carrying the name of a candidate
in the electoral district becomes invalid. No Foolproof System
There is no fuolproof election system. All the par-
ties are urged to make steady efforts to eliminate
- the evils of the current system by putting aside their
own political interests.
The reform bill should be submitted to the cur-
rent Diet session if the proposed new-system is to be
introduced frorn the neact upper house election to be
held in 1983. Although there are two y ears to go
before the next election, deliberations on the bill
should be carried out swiftly to allow time for the
_ parties to prepare for the revised election system
and to explain the new system properly to the voters.
COPYRIGHT: DAILY YOMIURI 1981
CSO : 4120
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POLITICAL AIVD SOCIOLOGICAL
SUZUKI PLANS REVAMPING OF CABINET
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 17 Feb 81 p 4
[Article by Raisuke Honda in "Political Beat" column: "Cabinet Reshuffle"]
[Text] While the Dlet 1s In the midst of deliber-
ations on the flscal 1981 budget, the Lib-
eral-Democratic Party (LDP ) has already
begun rippl!ng in anticipation of a cabinet
reshuffle and party lineups this summer.
At his New Year press conference, Prime
MiNster 8uzuki, when asked about hLs
plans !or a cabinet reshuSle, said: "I am
very poor at' handling personnel a8airs
and am riaturally aversed to dealing with
such matters, so that I now have no in-
tention at all to reshuffle the cabinet."
Judging by coaunon sense, however, his
having "no intention at all" about re-
shuSling the cabinet should be considered
a sort ot "political lie." Instead, the prem-
ier must have always been pondering over
when to carry out a reshu$le, the 'Srst one
since the inauguration oi the Suzuki ad-
ministration.
Except for the MIki administration,
which lacked a strong political base withln
the LDP, successive LDP cabinets in the
past have been coincidental in carrying
out their flrst reshu8les, respectively, af-
ter a period of about one year after the
inauguration.
This is largely because each administra-
tion at the time of its inauguration is
bound to allocate cabinet posts in the
lorm oi "rewards" to praise those who
did much 2or the birth of the administra-
tion.
For thls reason, the cabinet members ot
each administration at the tlme oi its
inauguration oPten include those "forcibly
impoaed" by influential intraparty fac-
tions.
Each prime minister, therefore, tends to
want tu reshuffle his cubinet as early as
posslble so as to become able tc wieid his
own leadershlp eSectively.
The LDP currently retrains outwardly
irom discussing a possible cabinet re-
shu8le.
&efiecting behind-the-scenes moves on
the matter, however, Yuko Kurihara, the
deputy secretary-general of the LDP, re-
pprtedly told Premier Suzuki early this
month that he had better carry out a
cabinet reshuffle at an early date, in Agril
or May, 11 possible.
But Suzuki then was reluctant to ac-
cept the proposal, saying it would be "very
difficult" to go ahead with Kurihara's sug-
gestion, according to the premier's ciose
aides.
It is unclear whether the expression
"very diPficult" meanc the diPficulty in con-
ducting an eariy cabinet reshuffle or that
in conducting any reshuffle lrrespective
of its timing.
biost political analpsts agree that if
Premier Suzuki is deterrruned to reshuffle
the cabinet, he would likely do so around
late July or August following such dip-
lomatic schedules as a North-South sum-
mit conference in June and industrial
democracies' summit in Ottawa in July.
Suzuki appears of a mind to flre, if
possible, such "trouble-making" cabinet
members as Justice Minister Seisuke Oku-
no, who has repeatedly caused corsmotions
ow r his remarks fn favor of amending the
constitution, and Science and Techr.ology
Agency Director-General Ichiro Nakagawa,
who is known for his "hawkish" remarks
on defense issues.
A reshuffle of the Suzuki cabinet. how-
ever, would be certain to bring a knotty
problem to the fore over how to treat Su-
2uki's two maior rivals now being "con-
tained" within the cabinet: Administrative
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Management Agency Director-Cienerai Ya-
suhiro Nakasone and Economic Planning
Agency Director-C3eneral Toshio Komoto.
Should Suauki oust Nakasone and Ko-
_ moto from the cabinet in a reshuSle, they
might intensify factional maneuvering to
antagoni:e Suzuki in next ' year's LDP
presidential election.
In the case of Suzuld trying to retain
the two within the cabinet, both Nakasone
and Komoto would ask for more important
posts, such as vice-prime minister or Lor-
eign minister.
_ In addltion. Susumu Nlkaido, one of the
_ so-called "gray ofiftcials" in the Lockheed
payoff scandal, Rhom Suzuki darec3 to
name the party's executive board chair-
man, is expected to demand a cabinet post
should there be a reshufile.
Meanwhile, International Trade and :n-
dustry Minister R.okusuke Tanaka, one ot
the senior members of the factlon led by
� the premler himseif, has declared: "I will
never give up my present post in the
event oE a cabinet reshuSle."
Ur.der the circumstances, the premier
may well have felt it extremely diPficult to
go ahead with a reshuSle.
Nevertheless, Suzuki will find the deci-
sion on carrying out a revamping of the
cabinet as well as party lineups unavoid-
able in response to increasing voices wtthin
the LDP calling for a reshaping of the
Suzuki government.
COPYRIGHT: THE DAILY YOMIURI 1981
r
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
MITI MINISTER TANAKA'S POLITICAL STRATEGY DISCUSSED
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 18 Feb 81 p 4
[Article by Takehiko Takahashi in "Nagatacho Doings" column]
[ Text ] The ban on the export of
munitions is being oppcsed by
INIITI Minister Rokusuke
Tanaka. He is going so far as to
declare that if the arms export
ban is legislated into law. he
will resign as.NIITI minister. It
is said that this is because he
belieces that it will be a big plus
for h(s career to go on record as
- having "staked his political
career to oppose the enactment
of a law prohibiting the export
of armaments."
MITI Minister Tanaka's
r?cent political activities have
been attracting the attention ot
the polittcal world. He busily
made a round of calls on in-
iluential figures in the political
and financial worlds in order to
create the- Suzuki ad-
ministration. When it was
established, he assumed the
important econamic cabinet
post of b1ITI minister.
Although he is a member of
the Suzuki faction. Tanaka has
organized a group called
�'Study Socie[y of the New
Generation." It is described as
_ a group to study policies, but a
secretary ger.eral has been
named, and regular meetings
are being held. Participating in
it are not only members of the
Suzuki faction but also from
other factions. It is looked upon
as "the start of a Rokusuke
Tanaka faction."
Tanaka is. inherently a
proponent of factions. It may be
that he is carrying on the late
Prime blinister Masayoshi
Ohira's w�ay of thinking. Ac-.
cording to Tanaka, Ohira
during his lifetime urged
Tanaka on three occasions W
torm his 'own'factioni. Tandita:'
who was most faithful to Ohira.
say s that he is only canying out
Ohira's thinking.
The understanding of Prime
Minister Suzuki was obtained
prior to the start of the "Study
S o c i e t y of t h e New
Genera[ion." Tanaka says that
the new group is intended to
strengthen support for the
Suzuki administration.
lVo matter what Tanaka says,
however. the other executives
of the Suzuki faction are critical
of Tanaka's activities. In,order
to counteract Tanaka's policr
study group. five other study
groups have been formed within
the Suzuki faction on
-security." "financ.ial
�rehabilitation," "development
oi human resources." "social
development" and "change ot
industrial structure." By
stepping up the activities of
these groups, theintention is to
isolate Tanaka's policy study
group.
`As A Politician'
A person who was close to
Rokusuke Tanaka at the time
when he was once chief cabinet
secretary spoke of --Tanaka as
a politician" as follows:
��Mr. Tanaka is a person who
never looks back on the past.
When he sets a certain target,
he engages in terrific activities
to attain that goal."
This description of M1IITI.
blinister Tanaka seems to be
correct. After the death of
Havato Ikeda, Shigesaburo
14laeo became the represent-
ative of the Kochikai (Ikeda
faction). Tanaka started action
to make this Ohira's faction and
he achieved this by carrying out
what was called a coup d'etat.
In the Fukuda�Ohira .
preliminary voting for the party
presidency, Tanaka engaged in
hectic efforts to assure Ohira's
victory. Tanaka's activities
might also be considered as
having been the fuse for the
creation of the Suauki ad-
ministration.
ln this way, as soon as one
target is set, Tanaka begins to
act furiously. What is he aiming
at now? As a politicianAe must
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~ undoubtedIy have the party
presidency and premiership as
the ultimate goal, and is
seeking to attain various
targets during the `stages
leading to the final aim.
The probable target in the
- first stage is to completely
overFow�ec� his rival ih the
Suzuki faction-Kiichi
Miyazawa. For that purpose. it
is necessary to expand the in-
fluence that is beiiig called the
��Rokusuke Tanaka faction"
and to w�in over the majority in
the Suzuki faction to his side.
This has taken the (orm of the
- establEshment of the "Study
Society of the New Generation"
and the providing of financial
assistance to younger Diet
members.
, The second stage is most
likely to obtain the post of chiei
- cabinet secretary again. This
post is most effective in aiming
for the premiership. The only
LDP president who has not
served once as chief cabinet
secretr,ry is the prPSent Prime
Minister Zenko Suzuki.
Among those aiming for the
post of chief cabinet secretary
right now are Shintaro Abe o[
the Fukuda faction (chairman,
Policy - Affairs Research
Council), and two who are
called "new leaders,". Noboru
Takeshita and Ganri
Yamashita. The latter two are
members of the Kakeui'fanaka
faction.
When Rokusuke Tanaka
. states that he will "stake his
post as 14IITI minister" ta op-
pose the legislation of the
prohibition of arms export into
law, his attitude is winning
support not only in the LDP but
also in the economic world.
Some persons are regarding
this as Rokusuke Tanaka's
strategy to approach becoming
the "chiefcabinetsecretatw."
COPYRIGHT: MANICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
~
JSP THEORISTS MOVE TO AVOID FACTIONAL STRIFE
Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 12 Feb 81 p 3
[ Text ] 'I'heses and discussions by
theorists both inside and out-
side the Japan Socialist Party
concerning the report on J5P
policy in the 1980s drafted
by the Socialist Theocy Canter
are being published in the
March issue of the "Gekkan
Shakaito" (Monthly Japan So-
cialist Party), which will ga
on salt on Feb. 14.
Opinions both for and
against the report are being
Dublished in the monthly
magazine. This is the first
time that a full-scale discus-
sion on ttie matter has been
published in the pam+ organ.
The leftist Shakai Shugi
Kyokai (Socialism Association)
headed by Itsuro Saicisaka is
very critical of the report, but
the association's theorists, in-
cluding the editor of the
"Shakai Shugi" (Socialism),
the associatiods magazine,
have shown themselves more
flexibie in the debate over
the repocL
The report of che Socialis!
Theory Center took a new
look at "The Road to Social-
ism in Japan," the party plat-
form drafted in the 1960s,
COPYRIGHT: ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
C50: 4120
and drafted a new basic policy
to cope with the changes in
domestic aad international
conditions in the 1980s.
The report is critical of
"The Road," which assumes
a Soviet type of socialist con-
struction. 'Che confrontation
between the Shakai Shugi
Kyokai, which supports "The
Road," and the rightists within
the party who basically support
the report, is grawing.
The fact that some people
in the associatiov are willing
to discuss the report seems to
be an attemp: on the part of
the association to reduce party
infighting.
Those within the party who
have published theses in tbe
March issue of "Gekkan Sha-
kaito" are Diet members Shi-
geru Ito, Torao Takazawa,
Ichiro Hino and Masao Hori.
Those outside the party are
professors and assistant pro-
fessors, including Hideaki
Ouchi (Tohoku University),
Takao Kamakura (Saitama
University), Yutaka Fukuda
(Hosei University and editor
of "Shakai Shugi") and lkuro'
Takagi (Yamagata University).
8
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
FIRST MAJOR TEST FOR SUZUKI
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Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 5 Feb 81 p 3
[Article by Michisada Hirose]
[Text] prime Minister Suzuki, who
has been spared fac-
tional strife within his ruling
Liberal-Democratic Party
since he was named party
president in July last year,
faces his first major test. As
the head of the Party Reform
Headquarters, he must make
a decision by the end of
March on the question whether
to maintain the primary elec-
tion system for selecting the
party chief or to abolish it,
an issue over which the in-
traparty factions differ. Work
to settle the matter got under
way Wednesday.
Although the LDP is the
most mature party in Japan,
its recourse to expediency m
handling party affairs is often
surprising. The presidential
electioa rules, which were re-
vised in 1977, call for the se-
lection of the party chief by
means of two elections every
two years. All the LDP
members are entitled to vote
in the primary elections,
which are designed to select
two candidates for the presi-
dency. The caadidates then
face a vote by the LDP mem-
bers of the Diet. But the
two-stage formula has never
operated as prescribed.
Primary elections were
held in 1978, but as incum-
bent Prime Minister Takeo
Fukuda bowed out of the race
after coming in second in the
primaries, Masayoshi Ohira
won the presidency without
having to face a vote by the
LDP Diet members. Primaries
were canceled in 1980 since
no one but Prime Minister
Suzuki registered himself as a
candidate.
The LDP is more often run
on the basis of the factional
balance of power at a given
time than according to the
official rules. (The late LDP
Vice President Etsusaburo
Shiina valued the flexibility re-
sulting from this pracdce, say-
ing that it served to avoid a
breakup of the party.)
The five major LDP fac,-
tions' views on the primary
election system are as follows:
Fukuda faction: Fukuda,
leader of this group, believes
that the system should be abo-
lished on the basis of a de-
cision by Suzul:i. Citing his
experience in 1978, he con-
tends that too many of the
rank and file LDP party mem-
ben, who are entided to vote
in the primaries, are "tem-
porary members" whom the
intraparty factions have re-
cruited by paying party mem-
bership fees on their behalf.
Thus, he says, the system
merely spreads factional woes
nationwide.
Shintaro Abe, No. 2 man
in the Fukuda faction and
c:hairman of the LDP's Policy
board, ar�ues in the same
vein, but what he really wants
is aa immediate and definite
decision whether the system
is to be kept in existence or
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abolished.
Fur the past two years, the
Fukuda faction has not been
recruiting party members. But
if Suzuki decides to retain the
system, Abe will have a free
hand and will launch a nation-
wide recruitment drive to rise
to the top when Suzuki steps
down.
Komoto faction: Toshio Ko-
moto, director-general of the
Economic Planning Agency
and leader of this faction, and
his predecessor, former Prime
Nlinister Takeo Miki, assert
that to abolish the primary
election system would be a be-
trayal to tho'se who have join-
ed the party for the chance to
participate in the selection of
the LDP president. The sys-
tem was created by Miki to
"make the LDP a party open
to the outside and to end the
factional chiefs' back r:;om
talks to chouse the party
leader."
After his disastrous defeat
in the 1978 presidential con-
test, Komoto, working through
the alumni organi2ations of his
alma mater, Nihon University,
has been the most energetic
rnruiters of oarty members
ameng the presidential aspir-
ants. Of the 1,400,000 LDP
members, 600,000 are said to
be Komoto supporters. The
cancellation of primary elec-
tions in 1980 was in a part
a tactical move by the other
factions to contain him. De-
spite his strength at the rank
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and file level, he has yet to
ning presidential contests than
find ways of winning in the
former Finance biinister
second election by the LDP
Noboru Takeshita, a ranking
Diet members.
member of the faction. since.
- Nakasona faction: At a re-
as chairman oi the National
cent generai meetine, this
Orgaaization Cummittee, he
. group decided that the pri-
took charge of practical mat-
mary electiorr system should
ters connected with the hold-
be abolished in vicw of its
ing of the primary elections in
serious demerits, but the fac-
. 1978, such as bolstering local
. tion may support its continua-
party organizations and mak-
tion if a way of removing
mg lists of purty members.
these demerits is found. Yasu-
Suzuki faction: Th6s fac-
hiro Nakasone, director - gen-
tion's principai concern is not
eral of the Administrative
to let the process of intraparty
Management Agency and lead-
debate on the primary electiun
er oF the fac[ion, proposed the
system erude the present all-
public election of the Prime
party cooperation and faction-
Minister when he was young
al harmony. It believes that
and, together with Miki, work-
there a�ill be iess intraparty
ed to make the LDP a party
trouble if the system is kept
open to the outside. But be-
in being, with devicss made to
cause his recruitment efforts
lessen its demerits, than if it
have not been so successfui
is abolished.
since his 1978 presidential de-
The fucal question is wheth-
feat, he has come to seek his
er Suzuki will be able to get
path to the presidency in talks
Fukuda to agree to the reten-
among the factional leaders.
tion of the system. Fukuda's
Tanaka faction: This group
adamant position is stronely
has yet to decide its position
supported in the par[y. Fuku-
on the primary election sys-
da mav be preparng for the
tem. For one thing, the fac-
day when former Prime Minis-
tion has yet to decide on the
ter Kakuei Tanaka returns to
man to suppon for the post-
the party. Despite the expan-
Suzuki party presidency. A
sion of the Tanaka factiun.
belief in the strength of the
the other L'ac[ions are certain
101-member faction is an-
to oppose Tanaka's makins a
other factor. The group is
comeback to oower. But wha:
confident that it can recruit a
if he ran in the primary elec-
sufficient number of party
tions" Would the rank and file
members any time if it should
oarr.y members turn him
be necessary. No other man
down? Fukuda may be worri-
has more know-how about win-
ed about their reaction.
COPYRIGHT: ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
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COLUMTIIST DISCUSSES NATIONAL DAY, PATRIOTISM, DEFENSE
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 10 Feb 81 p 2
[Article by Hideo Matsuoka in "Zooming-In" column]
[ Text ] The Education iMinistry is one
of the supporting organizations
behind the celebration ac-
tivities on National Foundation
Day on Feb. 11. The ministry's
participation will no doubt do
much to stir up the spirit of the
sponsors of celebration
programs. With the ministry
sanction, they will try to put
extra zing into the day's
festivities, and will be content
more than on other National
Foundation Days that they have
contributed significantly to
implanting patriotism in the
nation.
There is criticism that it is
improper for the Education
Ministty, which is in charge of
educational matters, to be
supporting celebration ac-
tivities of National Foundation
Day. Three years ago, the
Prime Minister's Office a�as
among the supporting
organizations of National
Foundation Day programs. [f
the government office directly
under the prime minister could
be a supporter, why could not
the Education Nlinistry'
Hational Foundation Day is a
legally designated holiday, and
thus it would not be particularly
surprising iF somebody argued
that the dav's celebrations
should be publicly supported by
the government as "affairs ot
the state." When this type of
argument wins general sup-
port, the advocates will call for
direct government sponsorship
of festivities, as it was with the
old Kigensetsu (the prewar and
wartime National Foundation
Day), also observed on Feb. 11,
the day we now observe
Kenkoku Kinenbi. translatable
also as National Eoundation
Day.
As it is, it is too late to oppose
governmental support. be it by
the Prime Minister's Office or
the Education Kinistry, of
National Foundation Day
celebrations once the day,
scrapped right atter the war,
has been restored. Once reinter-
caiated, it has been a foregone
conclusion that the day would
acquire official status, and its
obsen�ance would be un9er
government sponsorship. If
such government involvement
is uncondonable, we should not
have allowed the legislation of
tiational Foundation Dav. That
we could not prevent the
legislation means we lost.
Losers must pay for the con-
sequence. Ruing about the
defeat dces not help.
Still, we are concerned about
11
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the purpose of the National
Foundation Day celebrations.
Enhancement of patriotism
seems to be the foremost
purpose. Is patriotism such a
fragile state of mind that people
need to get together once every
year in ritualistic gatherings tu
make sure they still have it'
Such gatherings are the proof of
degeneration of patriotism.
Those who attend National
Foundation Day ceremonial
gatherings are the people who's
minds are losing grip on
patriotism. People who are not
sure- they , have patriotism
gather together once a year to
collectivelv confirm the
presence of patriotism in their
minds. Such are the National
Foundation Day meetings.
We do not need National
Foundation Day to enhance our
patriotism. Dces Britain have a
National Foundation Day? Does
West Germany have iC' France
has Bastille Day to mark the
French Revolution, but no
National Foundation Day.
America has Independence
Day. It will be grossly
outrageous and impolite to say
the peoples of these countries
are low in patriotism because
their countries have no National
Foundation Day.
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Dubious Anniv.
Bastille Day on July 14 and
America's Independence Day
on Julv 4 are based on facts of
modern history. What about
Feb. il for Japan's National
Foundation Day? It is
putatively the day of the
coronation of Emperor Jimmu.
the first in Japan's Imperial
Dynasty. If we concQde that
Emperor Jtmmu did exist, he
lived in the Jomon Period
(several thousand years from
7000 or 8000 B.C. There was no
established calendar in those
prehistoric years. and hence no
Feb. 11 - unless future
archaeology proves otherwise.
The plain fact is that ihe prewar
Kigensetsu was set for Feb. 11
in the Meiji Era. It was
established, moreover, as early
as the fifth year of Meiji, no
doubt taking advantage of the
chaos in which Japan's first
modern government was still
struggling in its shakedown
efforts. How come we still
solemnly uphold the historically
dubious anniversary set up with
apparentlack ot prudence and
reason'
Anything that becomes an
existence through official
decision will actively assart its
right to exist and. through such
assertion, enlarges its
existence. Such examples in-
clude National Foundation Day
and the Self-Defense Forces. To
be frank, National Foundation
Day is not a serious
phenomenon that, as some
people fear, would substantially
precipitate a national swing to
the right.
Most people take it as just
another holiday, and rarely
regard it as a special occasion
for getting patriotically keyed
up. At most, they have only
fleeting regard for those who
are actively maneuvering to
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
solemnize the day. Even then
they think the pro-National
Foundation Day activists
devote their time to the :ause
because they have little else to
do.
Of course you can argue that
setting up an official National
Foundation Day is one of the
major moves to set the clock
back, along with the campaign
to give state patronage to
Yasukuni Shrine and the
legislation of the Imperial era
name. But these moves stop
short of directly threatening the
daily living and lives of the
people. Those who do not agree
with these moves can opt to
stand on the sideline, refusing
to be involved.
They do not have the same
option with the Self-Defense
Forces. That is, they are not
allowed to stand on the sideline
to watch how it develops,
withouC themselves being in-
volved. 1Vlerely by existing, the
SDF eats up an enormous
amount of taxes. Every move it
makes requires additional
funding with tax revenues. The
SDF is organized in anticipation
of a war which necessarily
imperils the lives of the
Japanese.
The SDF, true to its
organizational purpose, should
be structured to suit wartime
needs. It is only natural that
SDF higher-ups demand that
the SDF be allowed to possess
capabilities to serve such
needs. Creating the SDF is
meaningless if it is to be
restricted in the esecution of
war. In this sense, the con-
troversial statement of Goro
Takeda, chairman of the SDF
Joint Staff Council, is very�
reasonable.
For instance, the "defensive
warfare" to which the govern-
ment binds the SDF is the
height of strategic or tactical
folly. It is n3 strategy or tactic
at all. A purely defensive war
means Fighling on Japanese
territory. The ahole of Japan
will be turned into a battle-
ground. Bombs will rain down
on us. Takeda, in the Hoseki
magazine interview, asked if
the nation approves such a
strategic choice. It was a very
apt question to ask.
Defense requires offense.
Positively attacking enemy
bases, warships and others is an
effective defense. In this sense.
the SDF should be equipped
with offensive weapons.
Strategy should also be switch-
ed to an offensive one from the
present defensive one, if the
SDF is to effectively defend the
nation. Tzkeda must have had
these considerations in his mind
when he was answering the
Hoseki interviewer.
A Joke
He also said: "A defense cost
limited to the equivalent of t
percent of GNP is meaningless.
At least we should have >
percent..." Takeda later ex-
plained he made the remark as
a joke. I think he was showing
his true color when he made the
remark, and later tried to hide
it as a joke. In critic Ikutaro
Shimizu's book Nippon vo.
Kokka tare (Japan, Be a State
the Military Science Research
Council concludes expressly
that Japan must spare the
equivalent of 3 percent of GNP
for defense. Taheda's 3-percent
advocacy cannot be an
unrelated coincidence.
Although Takeda did not say
so, the biilitary Science
Research Council in Shimizu's
book exhorts: "To have a really
worthwhile defense power,
Japan must do away with its
three nonnuclear principles and
possess nuclear arms." For the
SDF to be really capable of
i
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r
safeguarding Japan, it will
ultimately have to go nuclear in
its armament. Any attempt to
preserve national security by
armed force is insufficient
without nuclear armament.
Liberal-Democrats and
Democratic Socialists say they
do not want Japan to become a
major military power, but they
do want Japan to possess a
certain amount of military
power. But how much is "a
certain amount"? For ad-
vocates of defense efforts, there
is no limit to "a certain
amount" of armament. They
envision a major military
- power when they talk of their
own country as having a certain
amount of armament.
Chairman Takeda of the Joint
Staff Council has taught us of
the above facts. t almost feel
thankful to him for awakening
the nation to the danger that
lurks in the thinkings of the men
, of his ilk. The Japanese have
the wisdom to know the type of
message they should read from
Takeda's scare statement.
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
13
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'FUKUDA STOCK' CONTINUES TO RISE
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 11 Feb 81 p 4
[Article by Takehiko Takahashi in "Nagatacho Doings" column]
[Text] Three former prime
ministers have seats in the
National Diet. They are Kakuei
Tanaka, Takeo Miki and Takeo
Fukuda..
In Miki's case. his faction has
now become the Komoto faction
and Miki's voice in political
aftairs has been declining.
Both Tanaka and Fukuda`
have continued to maintain
their position as boss of a large
faction. But Tanaka is a
defendant in a crimiaal case
involving the Lockheed scan-
dal. Therefore, no :natter what
strength he may display within
his own taction or what fuss the
mass media may make over
him, Tanaka is unable to stand
formally and openly on the
political stage for the time
being.
Fukuda remains unscathed.
When the Liberal-Democratic
Party carried out its first
presidential election with the
participation ot all party
members. Fukuda lost to
Masayoshi Ohira in the
preliminary voting. Thereupon
Fukuda flatly withdrew his
candidacy in the main voting by
LDP Diet members and
resigned from the premiership.
At present the LDP is
restudying the presidential
election system. This has
resulted partly from voices
asking if an electioa system in
wfiich the incumbent prime
minister (Fukuda) could lose to
another candidate (Ohira) is
appropriate.
Following the sudden death ot
Prime Minister Ohira, the
Suzuki administration was
born. It was Fulcuda who gave
the O.K. sign for Suzuki's
selection as LDP president.
Kiichi Miyazawa was chosen
as the chief cabinet secretary,
the cfiief clerk of the Suzuki
cabinet. Miyazawa was not on
good ternas with Ohira. Nor did
Tanaka have goodwill toward
Miyazawa. Under these cir-
cumstances, it can be surmised
that Miyazawa's selection as
chief cabinet secretary must
have had the support of
Fukuda.
It is said that Prime hiinister
Suzuki is in close contact with
Fukuda in the policy phase,
particularly ia the phase of
diplomacy. i'anaka is
displeased by thls. The Tanaka
faction (which goes by the
name of the "Thursday Club")
has swollen to 101 members but
in the background of fhis is
Tanaka's veIled threat that "if
you listen only to Fukuda, we'll
shake the Suzuki ad-
minlstration with the force of
numbers."
Suzuki's Supporter
Fukuda, who was in severe
canfrontation with Ohira, is now
a supporter of the Suzuki ad-
ministration. Fukuda says
jokingly that this is because "I
now feel a dislike of war." Tha
meaning is that he has become
weary of intraparty teuds.
Fukuda looks with favor on
Prime Minister Suzuki. If
criticism of Suzuki's attitude
arises-for exampie, regarding
his replies to Diet in-
terpellations, Fukuda defends
Suzuki by saying, "he is still in
the process of study." This may
be because Prime Minister
Suzuki respects Fukuda as the
supreme adviser of the Suzuki
cabinet.
If Foreign Minister
hlasayoshi Ito cannot attend the
inauguration ceremony of
President Chun Doo Hwan of
the Republic of Korea, it seems
that maneuvering is taking
place for Fulcuda to go. There is
also a move under way to have
Fukuda go to Washington as
Suzuki's special envoy and hold
talks with President Reagan
before Prime hlinister Suzuki
makes his visit to the United
States.
Fukuda's going to the
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Republic of Korea is still a
tentative plan but his going to
the United States seems
practicrlly decided. ~
Fukuda is saying that"Prime
biinister Suzuki made a wise
move in visiting the ASEAN
member countries first. Ohira
did not do this." It is surmised
that it was probably Fukuda
himself who urged Prime
Minister Suzuki to make this
ASEAN visit.
At a gathering held at 2 Tokyo
hotel the other day. Fukuda
lectured on the subject, "Japan
in the World." In his speech.
Fukuda said, "This must be a
year in which 30 percent of
attention is given to domestic
affairs and 70 percent to
diplomacy." He exhorted his
listeners, wha are regarded as
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
15
the "new leaders," to be
'iequipped with a world outlook
and long-range viewpoint."
At the end of last year Fukuda
played golf at biiyazaki and
successfully achieved a long 13-
meter putt. It seems to have
made him very happy because
he boasts about it to everyone
who will listen.
Fukuda seems to be in-
terpreting this as a happy
augury that although he has
stepped down from the
premiership, a bright future
still lies ahead. This is in
reference to estabtishing a firm
position as Prime Minister
Suzuki's mentor.
That the "Fukuda stock" has
been rising of late is an un-
deniable tact.
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MILITARY
MAJORITY OPPOSE BOOST IN DEFENSE BUDGET
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 10 Feb 81 p 3
[ Text ] More thcn half the people oppose the considerable
increase in defense expenditure in the Ascol 1981 budg-
et, although public opinion is split coacerning whether
or not to comply with the US dernand for an increase in
Japan's defenss spending, according to n survey by The
Yomiuri Sbimbun.
The survey, conducted on
3,000 people for three days
from January 23, shows that
53.1 percent do not support
the increase oi 7.61 percent
in the flscal 1981 defense
expenditure over the previ-
ous Sscal year, while 305
percent support it.
As a result oi the in-
crease, the defense appro-
priation has reached more
than V2.4 trillion, or 0.9064
percent of Japan's gross
national product (GNP).
The increase rate has ex-
ceeded that for the welfare
appropriation (7.6 percent)
for the flrst time, though
only slightly (0.01 percent),
prompting opposition par-
ties to criticize the govern-
ment for giving pdnrity to
defense over weilare.
A total of 41.4 percent
are in favor of the U9 de-
mand Por an increase in Ja-
pan's defense expenditure,
saying Japan should comply
(8.7 percent) or that com-
pllance to some extent will
be unavoidable (32.7 per-
cent).
But sllghtly more people
(44.6 percent) oppose Ja-
pan's compliance, saying
Japan should refrain from
doing so as much as possl-
ble (22.5 percent or that it
should not do -so (22.1 per-
cent).
The percentage oi people
who favor compliance with
the US demand, however,
has increased markedly
since last Febsuary when
only 25 percent answered
in the afnrmative compa,red
with 55.4 percent who re-
plied in the negative.
An overwhelming majorl-
ty (74.9 percent) oppose Ja-
pan's exports of weapons,
while 10.7 percent support
such exports.
The recent disclosure that
Hotta Hagane, an Osaka
steel trader, exported semi-
flnished weapons to South
Korea, has become contro-
versial in the Diet.
Also a grQat ma.jority (71.2
percent) oppose revision of
Article 9 of the constitu-
tion so as to allow Japan
to possess a 1u11-Sedged
milltary force, while 13.5
percent favor revision of
the article.
Renouncing war, Article 9
stipulates that Japan will
never maintain land, sea or
air forces or other war
potential.
To the question whether
or not the capacity of de-
fense Porces (SDF) has ex-
ceeded that needed for self-
defense, 10.4 percent replied
that the 2orces have passed
the need, 32.5 percent that
they ar� about to exceed
it and 38.6 percent that
they have not exceeded it.
Answers to another ques-
tion show that 38.3 perceni
are content with the SDF
as they are now.
COPYRIGHT: THE DAILY YOMIURI 1981
CSO: 4120
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MILITARY
A
HIGH-SPEED HOMING TORPEDO TO BE MANUFACTiJRED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 78
[Text] � the Defense Agency will shortly place an
order with Mitsubishi Heavy Indusuies foc a
homing tocpedo "G-RXZ". 1'he homing
torpedo is designed to receive sonic wave
signais from tuget ships and identify them as
- moving vessels, while the torpedo ic cunning.
This enables the attacking vessel to steer the
torpedo by remote control, ensuring a high
percentage of successful strikes.
'fhe Defense Agency has had vatious parts
of the device under manufacture since fiscal
1975, and intends to begin the manufacture
of the entire system within fiscal 1980.
According to the Agency's schedule, a test
- model will be completed by fiscat 1983, tests
- will be arried out from fiscal 1984, and the
torpedo should be available to the fleet between
1983 and 1986.
The "G�RXZ" is longer than the conven-
tional torpedo, and the optimum performance
includea a spced of 60 knots (about 1.5 times
that of conventional types), ranges about 1.2
or 1.3 times those of conventional types, and
the distance before homiag of more than two
times the conventiooal level. The Agency
explains that these levels are higher than
those of the "Mark 48", a torpedo the U.S.
Navy has recently been equipped with.
Details of the performance of torpedoes
aze rarely disclosed. i'hus, the recent disclosure
; by the Agency of this numerical data on target
performance is thought to be exceptional.
Development work will statt with the propul-
sion syetem and expiosive section, and carry
on to the homing head (a follower) in Gscal
' 1981.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuj i Marketing Research Co. , Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
NEED FOR MORE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN INDUSTRIES IS STRESSED
Tokyo THE JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English
10 Feb $Z p 3
[Text ]
The Ministry of Inter-
As to how such govern-
national Trade & Industry
mental intervention will be
has come around to the
carried out, MITI, as one
thitiking f}iat in'an era.of Ipw
way, oontQmplates having
economic growth, "Iftie
some, specified industries
degree of administrative
submit tc, it information on
interventivn in certain in-
adjusting their facilities as
dustries associated with
well as their outlooks on
basic mater;als cr energy
supply and demand.
should be strengthened.
The Ministry intends to
This idea is the essence of
present its latest concept to
its latest concept as to hc,w
the Industrial Structure
competition should fare in a
Council, governmental ad-
period of low economic
visory body, this autumn for
growth.
study and approvai, and
In this thinking, the
then to implement it as
Ministry holds that the very
quickly as possiMe.
basis of er-onemic grovutfi is
As for the Fair Trade
maintaining the viability of
C,onunission, it already is
enterprises. From this
wary of 1VIITI's latest views
standpoint, it recognizes the
on -policies on competition
"
urgency of stringently ap-
in a period of low growth,
plying the Mti-Monopoly
"Strengthening admini-
Act.
strative intervention, even
On the other hattd, it feels
though aimed at a given
that there is need to step up
field, has strong danger of
governmental invervention
restricting competition," it
in certain areas of industries
cautions.
having a vital bearing on
The areas against which
economic security, soch as
MI3'I wants to tighten
s t e e], p e t r o c h e m i c a 1
guidance are steel, petro-
products and eneagy.
chemieal, synthetic textiles,
The Ministry also oon-
and paper-pulp, for in-
siders that seeking self-re-
stance.
straint of exports for aver-
Its reason is that this is
ting friction in international
needed not simply from th3
trading falls within the pro-
aspect of ensuring economic
vince of the needed admini-
security but for realizing
strative intervention.
their smooth product supply
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for benefiting people's living
as a whole.
. From this thinldng, it feels
that the Government should
be empuwered to inform
these industries on the
supply-demand outlook and
instruct them in such a way
as to see that there will be
no overproduction.
The Ministry now informs
the steel industry of a
supply-demand guidepost on
a quarterly basis, and the
steelmakers t~se this as re-
ference to draw up iheir own
production plans.
MITI, in other worcls,
wishes to isroaden this prac_
tice to cover the basic ma-
terials industties.
Along with this, it cites th 'e
necessity o[ adjusting plant
and equipment invesqnents
with government guidance.
This is because if the
management of basic
materials companies should
become precariotu owin&,,t,r
overproduction, this,.*Ancis
to endanger, supply of basic
materials, it holds.
It judges that intervention
or p,uidance is vital as to
stockpiliag of raw materials
also from tAe standpoint of
en'susing eco6omic security.
' As to trade frictions, the
Ministry feels that offering
of informatton by the
Government can helo pre-
venting them.
For instance, it figures
that as to the auto problem,
the G9vernment could offer
its supply-demand estimates
on varions countries to the
automakers, and offer them
assistance to see that their
niarket shares will not in-
crease too sharply in draw-
ing up production and export
plans.
Some of the nations of the
Organizatian for Economic
Cooperation and Develop-
ment already are advocat-
ing that every nation should
draw up an outlook on its
auto demand. .
MITI's idea thus can be
said to be close to such
OECD fhinking.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO : 4120
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ECONOMIC;
EDITORIAL ON ARMS EXPORT BAN
Tokyo ASAHI EVET?ING NEWS in English 17 Feb 81 p 9
[Editorial]
[Text] Agreement wu reached between the Government and Op-
position parties on the problems of restricting arms exports,
which is one of the focal poincs of the current Diet session,
after the Government promised to study a revision of the system
and new, effective measures. The Government should outline
concreie policies as quickly as possible.
It is the duty of the Diet and the Government to more
clearly define both inside and outside the country Japan's stand
of severely restriccing the export of arms and of pursuing
peace. A settlement on the.atms ezport issue should not be
made through ambiguous compromises by the various parties..
In particular, they must refrain from using the issue as a bar-
gaining tool between the Government and Opposition parties
'in the final stages of budget deliberations in the Lower House.
The agreemeut reached between the Govemment and Op-
position parties on this ptoblem in the Lower House Budgct
Committee consists of three points: (1) revision of the system
and new, effective measures to restrict arms exports; (2) con-
'tinuation of negotiations becween the Government and Op-
position parties on a bill to ban arms ezports; and (3) an investi-
gation on the arms exports which have been exposed. The
actual problem, hower�er, of how to draft effective methods to
ban arms exports has been lett untouched.
In discussing this issue, the Government should use the
unified Government policy worked out by the Miki Cabinet
p its basis. That policy Further strengthened the three prin-
ciples on arms eaports of the Sato Cabinet; after saying that
the Government would not approve arms exports to couneries
;engaged in disputes, it called for the placement of restraints
On arms exports to other areas as well in line with the prin-
eiples of the Consticution and rhe Foreign Exchange Control
Law. The Government should strengthen these contenu to
malce the restrictions more ser�ere.
To go a step further and pass a law bannin; arms exports,
as demanded !,y the Opposition parties, would have great si�nifi-
cance. The promulgation of a law banning arms exports would
be a proclamation to the world that Japan, as a peaceful nation,
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will not export arms. If laws to punish industrial circles en-
gaging in arms exports were strengthened, these circles would
exert grcater self-restraint. A ban on arms ezports wauld
firmly establish Japan's reputation in the international com-
muniry as a peaceful nation.
- Legislative steps to strengthen the contents of the "unified
'policy" are probably a desirabfe method to resetict arms exports.
jlut the passage of a law is not the objective. The core of the
problem is the steps that should be taken to guarantee restric-
tions on arms exports.
, In the Budget Committee, which is the stage for negotia-
Pons between the Government and Opposition parties, there
$re many other problems under discussion, including the Op-
position's demand for tax reductions.
But the Government must not let chese other problems
become a distraction, nor should R take only a halfway measure
on the arms export problem. A clear policy must be drafted.
jFeb. 15)
COPYRIGHT: ASANI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
U.S. COMPUTEk INDUSTRY: NEXT TARGET
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 11 Feb 81 p 5
[Article by Marshall Ingwerson]
[ Text ] ,Made in Japan."
It's written between the
lines oi the American econ-
omy, as increasingly keen
competition tor US indust-
ries comes from the Far
East.
The next challenge from
Japan to America's most
dynamic economic hand:
the computer industry.
A newcomer to the "high-
tech belt" of the Boston
suburbs, expected early this
year, will be Nlppon Electric
Company. Japan's largest
maker of microcomputers-
small, personal computers
for home and oPAce use.
Other Japanese compa-
nies such as Canon, Cassio
and Sharp also are expect-
ed to enter the US micro-
computer market !n 1981.
"There w-ill certainiy be
a maJor wave of Japanese
products in the next few
years, says 8andy Garrett,
an analyst oi the electron-
ics industry with the in-
vestment flrms oi Palne,
Webber, Jackson Curtis in
New York.
But he echoes other ex-
perts when he says the
Japanese are not likely to
taice over the US micro-
computer market-at least
as it exists now.
"I thtnk we'll see a
strong Japanese impact on
a home computer market
that hasn'S yet developed,"
says Michael McConnell,
vice-president of the Com-
puterland Corporation retail
chaln. Thls market would
be for a home computer
that could be bought like
a stereo irnm a depart-
ment or specialty store. It
would be easy to use, well
under $1,000 in price, and
easq to repair, upgrade or
exchange.
If there is a computer in
every home by the year
2000, or even 1990, as some
in the computer business
envision, that computer is
likely to be Japanese. It is
:;i mass proauccion on t'tus
scale that the efflcient
Japanese manufacturers ex-
cel, glving them a pricing
edge, U8 analysfs say.
As yet, large-scale demand
for home uiicrocomputers
is sLll hypothetical. Pro-
gra.ms have not been deve-
loped to. make them simple
and useful enough to win
a place in Amerlcan bud-
gets or family rooms on a
massive scale.
Although some limited-
capacity models sell for
less, the "action" in the
personal computer c,arket
now is in selling E1,000-
$5,000 models to small busi-
nesses and professional peo-
ple.
At thls level of the micro-
computer business, Amerl-
can flrms like Tandy
22
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(Radio Shack), Commodore
International and Apple
Computer still hold an ad-
vuntage: an edge .i tech-
nology.
"The state - of - the - art
equlpment is usually Ameri-
can," McConnell notes.
Fuiure innovation is ex-
pected to keep the Ameri-
. cans at the forefront of
the industry, at least
through the decade of the
1980s.
But McConnell, whose
own stores are "very inter-
ested in Japanese products."
predicts the Japanese will
tske aroL.... '0 percen" o:
the personal computer
market in u few years, but
not the 70 percent that
some analysts envision.
Eventually, computers that
sell for less than $1,000
generally may be made in
Asia while the more ex-
pensive computers continue
to be made in the US, ac-
cording to Robert F. Wick-
ham, president of Vantage
Research, a flrm specializ-
ing in market research for
the microcomputer industry.
Already American Srms
are manufacturing their
own least-expensive models
in the Far East. Commodore
introduced its flrst model
built in Japan, the VIC-20,
last week in Las Vegas.
Radio Shack's TRS-80 Color
also is made in Japan.
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Japanese companies have
"They'll trade on thelr
some obstacles to overcome
quality image."
in selling computers to
But some US analysts
Americans. They must
sgy thls lactor ip being
adapt their hardware to
overpiayed. Adam Osborne
-American applicatlons. Ja-
,
an author, industry critic
panese programming needs
and entrepreneur, says
are dl8erent, so the ma-
,
the computer business,
chines themselves tend to
what everybody has long
diSer slightly. The Japa-
lorgotten !s that adequacy
nese may sidestep this by
is all that counts."
making American - style
Aesthetics, Wickham says,
computers to suit the
also could heip the Japa-
American market.
nese. Wickham expects that,
Another obstacle Ls Snd-
under European influence,
ing Us retailers ta sell and
the Japan_se may produce
service their computers.
a better-looking "whole,
Japanese manufacturers are
human-engineering pack-
li'sely to try to tie into ex-
age" than U3 companies.
isting retail networ?s. For
T2ais, he says, could b^ what
example, offlce supoly stores
sells one computer over an-
are expected to start sell-
other.
ing personal computers
America s big computer
this year. Many buy sup-
companies are readying for
plies lrom Japanese distri-
the challenge irom the East
butors, who may begin to
.
Thi.y year US manuiacturers
add Japanese computers to
plan to �make strong moves
their offerings.
inbo the personal computer
An :mage of quality
Seld. IBM, Hewlett-Pack-
workmanship may play a
ard, %erox and other power-
mle in selling JS con-
houses oi the US computer
sumers on Japanese com-
industry have reputations
puters. To the general buq-
for quality themselves and
ing public, choosing be-
have formidable networks
tween otherwise similar
alreadq established for mar-
computers, the Japanese re-
keting, distribution, and
putation for quaiity work
service.
ulay win them Sa12s. Ac-
The Chrtstian Science Montcor
cording to Wickham,
.rews Service
COPYRIGHT : TI?E DAI'LY YOMIURI 1981
CSO: 4120
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A
ECONOMIC
U. S., EUROPEA,N CO?IPiJTER FIRMS ACTIVELY SEEK TIE-UP
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNA,L in English 10 Feb 81 p 9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
[Text]
American and European
computer makers and vendors
are aggressively approaching
Japanese computer builders.
seeking the latter's help in the
fields of capital and technology.
YIitsubishi Electric Corp.
recently revealed it was app-
roached in August, 1980 by
Acsys Ltd., a S-an Jase-based
computer comrany established
by Gene M. Amdahl, founder of
Amdahl Corp. The California
company sought Mitsubishi's
capital participation in the new
company.
Mitsubishi flatly. rejected the
offer, said a spokesman of the
Tokyo firm. However, Gene
Amdahl is expected to visit
Japan again this month to meet
Mitsubishi officials. He will
meet top officials ot other
Japanese computer builders to
sound out whether they are in-
terested in his company's offer.
Burroughs Corp., the world's
second largesi computer maker
onlv after International
Business Machines Corp., has
been soliciting Japanese
computer makers to join the
company's project to produce
computer mainframes in
Japan. Chairman W. Michael
Blumenthal met top executives
of Fujitsu Limited. Hitachi,
Ltd., Nippon Electric Co.
(NEC) and other major
Japanese computer makers
and proposed the offer late last
year, when the former U.S.
Treasury secretary made a 10-
day visit to Japaa Japanese
businessmen reportedly replied
that thev would make a con-
sideration on the proposal.
These Japanese companies
will give their specific answer
to the Burroughs' plan this
spring when Blumenthal is to
, call on Tokyo again.
ICL, Britain's largest
computer company, reportedly
is souding out some Japanese
computer makers on their
eeadiness to make a capital
participation in it. The British
company last year suffered a
nearly 50 per cent profit decline
and asked British Petroleum
and Royal Dutch/Shell to invest
in it. However, the two giant oil
companies refused the otfer.
These American and
European computer makers
are greatly attracted by their
Japanese counterparts' ample
Eunds and high technological
standard.
Gene Amdahl knows well
Fujitsu's fund-raising capacity
and the high quality of Fujitsu
computers as Amdahl has been
selling Fujitsu models in the
U.S. ICL also is well versed in
Hitachi's computer technology
through its present technology
exchange arrangement.
In the case of Burroughs, it
has been approaching Japanese
computer makers in an attempt
to offset its belated start in de-
velopment of computers w�hich
work on Chinese character pro-
gramming for which demand is
expected to snow�ball in Japan
ind China.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
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ECONOMIC
JNR TO BID FOR U.S. HIGH SPEED RAILWAY
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 13
Feb 81 p 5
[Text ] Japanese National Railways
California has called on over
(JNR) will take part in an in-
100 railway and consulting
ternational bidding for a high
firms in the G.S., Japan,
speed rail line that California
France and West Germany to
plans between Los Angeles and
take part in the international
San Diego.
bidding due Friday for Phase I
The 205-kilorneter route is
research.
_ expected to be given the highest
JNR, banking on its alread}�
priority among 13 routes that
well-known 4'bullet train"
the U.S. Department of Trans-
technology, has decided to take
_ portation plans to construct or
part in the bidding from Japan.
imptove under the passenger
The results of the biddIng ��ill
railroad rebuilding act of 1980.
be made known in late March
Future plans call for the
and at present, French and
- railway to be extended over a
West German counterpazts are
total of 1,074 kilometers.
- If the JNR bid is successful
expected to be tough com-
the program is espected to
�
petitors for JNR.
National Railroad Passenger
develop into the largest plan in
Corp. (Amtrak) is operating
which Japan has been involved
in U.S. high speed railway
five or six trains a day between
Los Angeles and San Diego now.
.
programs
C'nder the circumstances,
Rail
use has come up for
Industrial BaN: of Japan, a
review in the t;nited States
following the energy crisis and
main bank for JNR, is expe+cted
the U.S. federal government
to give all-out financial help and
call on Bechtel Corp., a majar
enacted the passenger railroad
U.S. consulting firm, to tie up
rebuilding act last 1~Iay to
promote e.Yisting railroads in
writh JNR.
various parts of the L'nited
States.
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News, 1981
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
a'vn VrA�Aa.arfi. uJG VI14LI
MITI GROUP REPORTS N-ENERGY ONLY ALTERNATIVE TO USING OIL
Tokyo JAPAN TIMES in English 4 Feb 81 p 5
[ Text pn internal oU study group of
the Mlnistry o[ International
Trade andlindustry cMiT11 has
prepared an interim report
whfch says that atomic energy
'lIs the only alternative energy
source capable ot competing
wlth oll in terms ot price tor the
time being.
The report also stresses the
need (or Japan -to develop
technology to crack residue oil
. because It will have to import
. more residue. oil, such as
naphtha and heavy oil, in the,
tut::re. -
;]t was prepared by the Ofl
Problem Study Group which
has bQen studying ways W cope
with problems concetning
demand for and 'supply of oil in
the 198os.- ' .
The group is expected to
present a ftnal report on the
study by the end of April. 'fhe
final report will serve as a
baSis for formulatfng Japan's
baSlc policy on oil.
The tnterim report notes that
Japan's ability to obtain sup-
plies . of. cr!!de oil has
remarkably increased slnce the
`1973 0ll crisis dueto increased
Japanese economic asslstance
and vigorpus business activitles
ot Japanese trading houses. ,
However, it point� out risks
involved in spot-market oil and
Iimtted Japanese participation
in development'of ofl resources
abroad. -
In this connection, it says that
Japanese trading houses
dealing in crude oil 5hould act
.,with.prudence.
I �As for'possible capila) par-
$iclpatloq ' ot �oll�producing
,countrles iq the. downstream
*tor such 'as retining of crude:
Ail, the interim report dces not
iule out thel possibility ot
:Japanese oil companies being
controlled by oil praiucers and
,says that tinancf'a113 weak
businesses would be par-
`tlcularly_ susceptfble to such
:attempts at capital attiliation.
` But it says that. oi!-producing
countrfes are uNikely to seek
capital parttcipatton in
p apanese firms or entrust them-
with retining crude oil in the
immediate tuture.
: Chinese Requests
Japan will accept Chinese
requests for a drastic cul in
crude oil exports to this country
and a small increase in coal
shlpments, the Minfstry ot
llnternatlonal Trade and In-
dustry (MiTl) said'Itiestlay. .
Formal agreement wi11 be
made in March or Aprll when
,representative's ot lhe Long-
Term Japan�China` Trade
'Councfl meet with thelr Chinese
~cpuliterparts.
New oll Import quotaswlll be
~set at, 8.3 mllllon'tons a year.for
r1981 and 1982.. down from 9.5.
millioq tons fn 1981 accorded
under. the long-term Japan-
:China trade agreement and 15
` million tons fn 1982..
.
New quotas tor coking and
='steaming coal have not yet qeen
decided by the two countrfes,
but M1TI ofticials said ~ the.,
tquotas will be increased. �
f The present agreement set
: the lmport quota of coking coal
' at 1.5 miUton tons. in 1981 and 2
lmilllon, tons !n 1982 an4 that ot
-steaming coal at 1-1.2 million
tons and 1.5�1.7 million tons in
:correspondingyearS..
COPYRIGHT: THE JAPAN TIMES , 1981
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
FUR UN'N'It'IAL USE UNLY
LPG STOCKPILING BILL TO BE PROPOSED
Tokyo JAPAN TIMES in English 10 Feb 81 p 10
I TextI
The government wfll shortly
propose to the Diet legislation
that would require the nation's
importers of liquefied
petroleum gas iLNG) to build
up stockpiles of this energy
source starting this year, it was
iearned,NIonday.
According to the bill, the I.PG
stockpile target tor [iscal 1981,
starting in :lpril, ��ould be
460.000 tons, and the volume
would be increased gradually
up to 3 million tons in fiscat
1988.
The proposed 1981 target ls
equivalent to some 15 da}�s o[
supply o( I.PG from abroad in
terms of 1980 imports, which
totaled about 9.67 million tons.
The dra[t bill to revise the
Petroleum Stockpile Law is
scheduled to be approved at
f&iaV% `�L"abTeT'"irieeting and
submitted to the current Diet
session.
According to government
enerp,,y oCtfcials. LPG stock-
piling is needed because o[ the
growing consumption of this
type of energy, which was once
supplied at low prices as a
worthless associate gas
produced at oil ftelds at home
and abroad.
LPG is now in wide use both
for household and indus[rial
purposes. For instance, some 18
million househoids in Japan use
LPG for cooking or heating,
compared w�ith 14 million
houscholds using city gas. Also,
about 230,000 taxi cabs, or 90
percent o[ the nation's total, use
I,PG as fuel. -
Along with the growing
consumption of LPG, the
aation's dependency on toreign
COPYRIGHT: 'T'SE JAPAN TIMES 1981
CSO: 4120
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
LPG suppliers, mostiv 3liddle
Eastern oil" producers, in-
creased trom ;2 percent in 1973
to 67 percent last year. The
degree of reliance on foreign
suppliers is projected to reach
close to 90 percent in a decade.
Therefore, any abrupt supply
disruptions from foreign
sources would critically atfect
the users of LPG who cannot
easil,y substitute other sources
o[ energv. energy otticials said.
The government intends to
require the nation's L'; 1.PG
importers to build up stockpiles
and plans to ot[er divcrsc
[inancial and lax incentives.
O[ some 9.671 miltion tons o[
LPG imports, the private im-
porterS had voluntarily stock-
piled 278.000 tons by the end of
last ycar. or a volume
equivalent to 10 days' imports.
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FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
SECURING OIL PRODUCTS FROM OVERSEAS WILL BE PROMOTED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 10 Feb 81 p 5
[Text]
The Ministry of International
Trade & Industry is changing
its long-observed policy of
giving weight to refining oil in
places near consumer areas to
one of not only offering refining-
marketing cooperation to the�
oil-producing nations but
eventually liberalizing import
of oil products from them.
In other words, this mearis
that Japan is moving out
gradually to liberalize its
"closed" oil policy along with
;the growing desire of these
nations ta shift the stress -of
their oil exporta from crude oil
to petroleum products having
higher value added.
From around 1879, the oil-
producing nations, centering
the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Couni:ries, suc-
cesively have drafted plans for
establishing refineries for
turning out - petroleum
products.
crude oii-'supply and demand
globally will become tight.
Another trotlblesorqe point is
that the petroleucn products
which -the olt-prodttcing
countries will export wilt
iargely' compi`ise fuel oi:. This
is because fuel oil is not needed
by nations ' whose in-
dustrialization still lags..
On the other tiand, with the
swift pace of moderaization in
living in these countries,
demand for such products as
kerosene and liqht oiLs sharply
is increasirg. 'I itis means that
these items virtually will not
become available for export,
with , danger of the oil-
consuming nations en-
oountering a supply shortage as
a result.
For preventing such a
situation to azise, M1TI feels
that t}xre is no other way than
for the oil-consumfng naGons to
cooperate in matching and
enlarging the oil refining and
export situation d the oit-pro-
ducing catim with the global
oil demand structure.
As a start, MITI intends to
begin. offering oil ref'ming-
marketing cooperation to the
oil-producing countries through
the so-called "oilmen center"
to be set up from fisca11981.
Under this plan, about 60
officials in charge of oil mat-
ters or oil technicians will lie
invited to Japan from the oil-
producing countries, and about
30 Japanese oil technicians wi11
be sent to the oil-producing
nations, for undertaking
practicalstudies.
The key point of, the study-
technical cooperation plan will
be heavy oil cracking tech-
nology. In the case of Japan, it
has been undertaking studies
for preventing a shortage of
kerosene and light oils from fis-
cal 1979 and hopes to prac-
ticalize such research by fiscal
1983.
MiTI wishes to introduce this
advanced technology also to the
oil-producing countries, and
have them, with Japanese tech-
nological cooperation, install
such cracking. facilities in
building new oil refining plants.
When such techno!ogical co-
operation produces anticipated
results, Japan then intends to
liberalize its restrictions on
import of petroleum products.
� The oil-producing nations
hope -to reduce crude oil ex-
- ports in direct proportion to
_ the increased amounb of their
_ exports of petroteum products.
- It such a situation arises,
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
MITI INTENDS TO LIFT EMBARGO ON EXPORT OF FUEL OIL
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 10 Feb 81 p 5
[Text] .
The Ministry of International
Trade & Industry is allowing
exports of C-type fuel oil fbr the
first time in two years in an at-
tempt to help refiners clear
their inventories.
Without inventory reductioa
by, among exports, petroletcn
Campanies will have a poesible
problem with production of
other fuds, such as kerosene.
'lTie MITI policy prompted
Mobil Sekiyu K.K. to arrange a
ckal to export 50,000 Idloliters
of ttie product oil to Singapore.
Indastry sources said that two
other export deals have been
arranged to export at least. 60,-
000 kiloliters.
MITI said that it will issue ex-
port licenses upon their formal
applicationa. 'Ihe ministry
aims at exporting only to
alleviate the domestic prob-
lems, which made it unclear if
Japanese exparts of C fuel oil
will continue in a long term.
'Ihe C4ype tuel's inventory
rose to 5,070,000 kiloliters as of
December, 19M, reflecting
cement and steel makcss' in-
creasing cunsumption of coal
instead of the product o11 and
the general industrial slump.
The product's exports were
allowed before the second oil
supply crisis, with some
voZunmes sold to the Republic
of Korea and others. The
crisis, however, forced MI'I'I
to ban its exports in the past
two years.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
USSR AGREE3 ON LIQUEFYING GA,S DEVELOPED Iiv SAKIiALIN
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 3 Feb 81 p 6
1 TextI
Sakhalin Oil Development
Co. has agreed with the Soviet
Union to liquefy natural gas off
Sakhalin Island for importing
an annual volume of 3 million
tons, starting in or after 1986.
The partner country accepted
the Tokyabased consortium's
proposal that the island's gas
be liquefied despite huge costs.
For cost reasons, the Soviet
Union originally envisaged the
gas transport by pipeline fr;,in
Sakhalin to Hokkaido lsiand via
Soya Strait. But Japanese
studies indicated potential
users in Hokkaido cannot
consume 5 billion cubic meters
of natural gas (equivalent to 3.5
million tons of liquefied natural
gas ) annaally, as proposed by
the Soviet.
The LNG plant construction
alone will cost an estimated
'-E 100 billion. The total cost is
expected to rise to about y 1
trillion, including the lique-
faction facilities, pipeline span-
ning 700 ldlometers from north-
east section of Sakhalin (which
is close to the offshore gas re-
serve) to the island's southwest
section), LNG tankers and the
fuel receiving facilities.
Following the basic lique-
faction agreement, the two
sides will start a working
committee to develop detail
plans, such as plant site selec-
tion and transport route. The
LNG supply will start in or
after 1986, compared to the
original Soviet proposal to start
natural gas supply in 1985.
The consartium's liquefaction
announcement followed two
parallel meetings in Tokyo of
both top level executives and
expert groups.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NtHAN KEIZAI SHINBUI3, Inc.
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ECONOMIC
TANAKA TAKES HARD LINE ON CQt1L PROJECT
Tokyo M&INICHI DAILY NEWS in English 13 Feb 81 p 5
[Text] Rokusuke Tanaka, minister
of international trade and in�
dustry, said Thursday that if
the United States government
decides to cancel all of a
planned appropriation for a
li.S.-Japan-West Germany coal
liquefaction project, a strong
protest would be filed with
Washington. '
Tanaka was replying to a
question asked by a Japan
Socialist Party member at the
House of Councillors' Budget
Committee meeting about
reports that the U.S. govern-
ment would cancel a planned
appropriation for the project to
build an SRC (Solvent Re[ined
Coal) demonstration plant in
the U.S. jointly with the
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News, 1981
CSO: 4120
31
Japanese and West German
governments.
The minister said if
Washington actually cancels al:
of the planned appropriation for
the project as re?orted, it would
cause a hitch in Japan's overall
energy supply-demand plan.
The U.S. government had
promised to bear half the cost of
constructing a S1.4 billion SRC
II demonstration plant, with the
baiance divided equally by the
Japanese and German
governments,
Foreign Minister biasayoshi
Ito said the U.S. State. Depart-
ment has not yet decided to
reduce its appropriation for the
project to nil.
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ECONOMIC
F'UK OFFICIAL USE UNLY
STEEL CORPORATION SUBMITS BID TO EXPORT ARMS
Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 7 Feb 81 p 1
~ [ Tex t] I'be Japan Steel Works,
Ltd., the sole supplier of heavy
fireatcns for the Self-Defense
Forces, submitted cost esti-
mates on semi-finished how-
itzes barrels for export to
- South Korea tu an Osaka firm
ia 1976, the Asahi Shimbun
has learnad.
JSW and the Ministry of
Int:rnational Trade and Indus-
try have admitted that the
estimates were submitted.
JSW had earlier denied it
- after Junya Yano, secretary-
geaeral of the Clean Govern-
ment Party (Komeito), haci
brought up the matter in the
Lower House Budget Commit-
tee on Feb. 4.
The semi-finished howirzer
barrels were to be part of the
arms parts which Hotta Ha-
gaae Co., a specialty stPel ex-
port firm of Osaka, exported
to Daihan Heavy Industries, a
South Korean machinery and
arms manufacturer, from 1976
to 1979. '
As JSW's cost estimates
were 50-60 percent hi�her than
the priccs other Japanese spe-
cial steel makers offered, no
deal was made. But the
Opposition parties contend that
the very fact thar cost estimates
were made on arms parts for
export convavened the spirit
of the three principles bannin;
arms exports. Thus, a heated
debate was oxpected in the
Lower House Budget Commit-
tee Friday.
The Asahi Shimbun found
out that JSW received an in-
quiry from Hotta Ha�ane on
Jan. 9. 1976, and submitted
the cost estimates on Jan. 16.
The inquiry concerned semi-
finished barrels for 105-mm
and 155-mm howitzers.
The inquiry was accom-
panied by a request that the
arms parLc in question were to
be produced in accordance
with the U.S. military specifi-
cations.
Finding the JSW cost esti-
mates too high, Hotta Hagane
secured thc goods from two
orher manufaccurers, Sanyo
Specialty Steel of Himeji City,
Hyogo Prefecture, and Kanto
' COPYRIGHT: ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Specialty Steel of Fujisawa
City, Kanagawa Prefecture.
The Asahi Shimbun also
learned that Daihan Heavy
Industries made a direct in-
quiry to JSW in 1977 about
comprehensive technical aid on
the production of specialty
stesl, presumably inciuaing
marerial for arms, and JSW
may have submitted cost esti-
mates.
The value of a contract on
such aid would have amount-
ed to several hundred millions
of yen. But Daihan reportedly
found the JSW cost estimates
too high, and no deal was
made again.
JSW says the direct inquiry
followed repeated Daihan re-
quests for the company to ex-
port semi-finished gun barrels,
which JSW consistently turned
down by citing the constitu-
tional consttaints.
JSW says a wholesale inter-
nal inquiry has turncd up the
draft of the cost estimates on
semi-finished howitzer barrels
in the firm's Muroran plant in
Hokkaido. 
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ECONOMIC,
STEEL CORPORATION EXPORTED ARMS TECHNOLOGY TO LT K.
Tokyv ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 17 Feb 81 p 1
[Text] ne Japan Steel Works,
Ltd., the only licensed can-
non manufacturer in Japan,
exporced technology on the
production of parts for the
nation's most advanced tank
under a technical tie-up form-
ed with Vickers, a British arms
maker, in 1975, a Clea Gov-
emmenc Parry (Komeito) Diet-
rRan alleged Nionday.
Koichi Sakai told a session
of the Lower Hoiise Budgzt
Committee that the technolo-
gy in question is still used for
manufacturing British tanks.
The legislator charged that
the technology was exported
before the Government im-
posed legal controls on arms
produccion technology in
1973, but that its export still
contravenes the thrce princi-
ples banning arms exports.
.4ccording to Sakai's allega-
Lion. JSW entered into a
technical tie-up with Vickers
on thc ]OS-mm rifle gun for
the 7-4 tank, Japan's most ad-
vanced tank, in August. 1975.
On the basis of the partner-
ship, it exported production
technolo�y on such parts as
COPYRIGHT: ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
the gun barrel support and
the device for absorbing firing
shocks, he said. '
Responding to the law-
maker's questions, officials of
the Ministry r�f International
Trade and Industry and the
Defense Agency disclosed that
JSW si�ned a license produc-
tion contract with the British
Defense Ministry in May,
1975, with governmental ap-
proval. But they added that
they had not been informed
of the alleged technical tie-up
with Vickers and erport of
production technology on tank
parts.
Prime Minister Zeako Su-
zuki told Sakai that the Gov-
ernment would decide what
to do after an inquiry into his
allegation.
Minister of International
T'rade and Industry Rokusiike
Tanaka made it clear that -Ja-
pan would not enter into the
joint development of arms
with any foreign countr}�.
The 105-mm rifle giin is
widely used for the tanks of
NATO countries, such as the
British Centurion tank and
the American N160 tank.
33
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DOMESTIC PLANE INDUSTRY TO RECEIVE STIMULUS
Tolcyo MAI1vICHI DAILY NEWS in English 13 Feb 81 p 5
[Text]
Japan's efforts to develop its
own military airplanes Kill
speed up the independence of
the nation's aircraft industry,
which is now in an infant stage,
industrial planners say.
Sources at the iViinistry of
International Trade and In-
dustry (MITT) said the industry
should aim to stand on its owm
feet during the 1990s, taking on
more domestic plahning and
building of military planes.
Technological spillovers from
such businesses are significant,
and will help the industry to
become competitive on the
globa] rnarket. the sources
added.
It is expected that the
domestic production of a new
jet trainer, dubbed iM'fY, w�ill
be the first step towards NIITI's
goal.
In addition, the ministry ��ill
ask the Defense Agency to
entrust the development of a
jumbo military transport
aircraft to the domestic in-
dustry. _
Under the DA's medium-term
defense buildup program en-
ding in 1984, the government
last year decided to buy a total
of 12 iI.S.-made wide-body
transportaircraft,the C130s.
On the ather hand, MITI
liinister Rokusuke Tanaka has
proposed that Japan launch
efforts for a domestically
designed transport plane to
cope with the projected rising
need in the years ahead.
The 141TX project will be the
first domestic aircraft in the
military field in 10 years. The
DA has also opted to build a
support combat fighter, the Fl,
with Japan's own technology.
Up to now. the Japanese
aircraft makers have contented
themselves with undertaking
assemblv of Japan's mainstav
fighters under license contract
with the U.S. manufacturers.
The- are to construct the F15
La~le, a next-generation jet
fighter.
They have never come across
a business chance to use their
own technology for commercial
aircraf'L since marketing the
`IS11 in 1963.
3ecause of business risks tar
be}ond the capacity of a
company or country, they are
now teaming up with foreign
makers to develop next-
generation passenger aircraft,
the Y X and the XX.
The planned blTl, with
Japan-made twin engines and a
sonic speed of 0.9, wiil succeed
current models, the T1 and T;;.
The DA hopes the research
stage for the new trainer will
start this year, and its
deployment will finally total 200
eight years from now.
It is estirriated that the 31T1
project will cost 230 to 290
billion yen.
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Da.ily News, 1981
CSO: 4120
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~ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COORDINA.TION OF SCIENCE, TECIiTTOLOGY WILL BE STRESSED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 20, 27 3an- 3 Feb 81
(20 Jan 81 p 131
[Text] Japan is heavily pinch�g its
budget, but liberally spending
on scientific and technological
studies, from april 1.
The Government of Prime
Minister Zenko Sukuki w�ill
start a long-range national
budget retrenchment drive of
almost unprecedented severity.
For all that, the Government,
in compiling the fiscal 1981
national budget, gave excep-
tional priority treatment to the
scientific and technological
expenditures, chiefly to five
branches - the Prime
Minister's Office's Science &
Technology Agency, the
Ministry of International Trade
& Industry's Agency of
Industrial Science &
Technology, the iNIinistry of
Education, the Ministry of
AgricWture, Forestry and
Fisheries, and the Ministry of
Health and Welfare.
Obviously, a "sense of crisis"
of sort had spread over the
political, administrative and
academic communities that
Japan could hardly attain an
adequate economic aiid in-
dustrial redevelopment in this
difficult decade without its best
possible scientific and tech-
nological development exer-
tions.
That is why the Government
has decided such an unLLSUaliy
liberal permission on scientific
and technological expenditures.
Here is a general picture of
such liberal scientific and tech-
nological appropriations.
5cience & Technology .-lgency
The agency's estimate items
given special appropriations on
top of the regular ones ate:
1) Creation of a"Science and
Technology Promotion Co-
ordination Expenditure." for
which V3 billion-plus was per-
mitted. Intended for effec-
tively coordinating and pro-
pelling science and technology
promotion activities bureau-
cratically scattered among
many governmental branches,
the special item was recognized
on condition that the appro-
priation concerned be used only
after consultations with the
Council for Science & Tech-
nology.
Granting of the special ap-
propriation, to be continued for
many years, will redeve(op the
council's role from its past
overall policy consultant
service aloof from details into a
more closely and carefully con-
cerned screening type of func-
tions, besides intensifying the
agency's power.
Prime Minister Suzuki seems
to have taken notice of an inter-
im study report saying
"Science and technology will be
the supporting pillars of
Japan's future" that was Filed
with him last year-end by a
liaison council among eiglit
cabinet ministers admini-
stratively concerned with
science and technology.
Under this special appro-
priation, a "Creative Science
Promotion System." also
known as a "Flowing Research
System" w�ill be created to en-
courage the interchange of
knowledge and information
among rescarchers of different
governmental branches, and
also industrial and academic
researchers, chiefly to reform
the traditional bureaucratic ills
of vertical sectionalism against
inter-ministerial or agency
cooperation and of efficiency-
disregarding, no retirement
age service practice for
governmental scientists an(i re-
searchers. The basic idea is to
intensively promote, within a
given time limit of three to five
years, "budding" (inceptionall
studies really promising to be
the main supports of Japan's
ftature industrial technology.
2) Development of Japan's
own H-1 series of rockets fueled
by liquid hydrogen and oxidized
in fuel combustion by liquid
uxygen as the carrier of
Japan's major application
satellites to be orbited during a
10-year period starting in 1985;
3i Development of Japan's
own earth resources survey
satellite series; and
4) Building of a P4 Facility.
a high-degree safety gene
engineering research center.
35
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127 Jaa 81 p 161
[Text] agency of [ndustrial
Science & Technology
Similar special appro-
priations were given for such
estimate items as:
1) Institution of a "Next
Generation Industrial Founda-
tion (Building) Technological
Development System" applica-
ble to all industries.
The system, requiring Y 120
billion of governmental invest-
ments over a 10-year period
and allow�ed a first year appra
priation of Y 2,714 million,
divided into:
A) Development of four new
innovational kinds of industrial
materials: i) Fine ceramics
made of abundant natural
earthen and other materials of
silicon, nitrogen, carbon and
bau:cite types to supersede
metals, alloys and hard plastics
as extremely heat, pressure
and abrasion resistant new
materials; iit High-function,
high-polymer materials to
innovate industrial processes
and save energy, like high-
efficiency substance-separation
membranes, electrically con-
ductive highlyrrystalline, and
highly-reactive high polymers ~
iii) vew� metallic materials like
a high-efficiency crystalli-
zation-controlled type of alloy
featuring great heat resistance
and workability, and a high-
efficiency titanium alloy of
extremely light weight but
great strength: iv) new com-
pound materials combining
some plastic and some inten-
sifier to meet pioneering tech-
nological needs.
B) Development of new kinds
of biotechnology, such as by
new challenges to break
through difficulties in in-
dustrial attempts to utilize bio-
logical reactions, massively
culture cells, recombine genes,
and fuse cells, for application
of the results to the chemical,
food, pharmaceutical and fer-
mentation industries.
36
C) Development of new func-
tion electronic elements, such
as a biological detector element
to probe into the mysteries of
living things; a super-atomic
grid element with an ultra-fine
structure of the angrstrom
class; and a three-dimensional
circuit element as a new en-
vironmental effect-resistant
element usable against intense
radiation, cosmic rays and
other special envlronmental
factors by piling up con-
ventional horizontal types of
circuits.
2) '1`w�o new annual large-
scale nationally important
technological development pro-
jects, instead of anly one usual-
ly allowed per year, to be sub-
sidized by the agency (or to be
specially financed by the
agency in the form of a govern-
mental project). One of the new
projects is to develop a new
ocean bottom manganese
nodule resources exploration
softwaze-hardware system ~for
which V 50 million was appro-
priated in the first year of the
seven�year V 22 billion project).
The other project, to which Y 30
million was allocated, is to
develop a super-speed com-
puter system for special
scientific and technological
purposes, such as processing
artificial satellite-telemetered
photographic images and nu-
clear fusion reactor simulation
testing results.
The new computer develop-
ment project, to last eight
years and cost a total of Y 31
billion, will be launched at the
beginning of 1982 when the pre-
sent large-scale project to
develop a new effective method
to produce olefins out of heavy
[ypes of crude oil is scheduled
to be completed.
Furthermore, much more
approprations than in the past
were allowed for the existing
new non-oil energy develop-
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ment and oil energy conser-
'
cell light-to-electric power con-
s
vation projects, that is, hIITI
version, ~E 440 million and Y 500
fiscal 1974-2000 Sunshine~
'
million respectively for
s accom-
Project and MITI
hydrogen and wind-power
panying fiscal 1978-2000 Moon-
electric power generations,
light Project.
k' 160 million (plus Y 80 million
The fiscal 1981 appropriations
from a special account) for fuel
of the kind included Y 3.5 billion
cell development; V5.9 billion
. for broam coal liquefaction
for high-efficiency gas turbine
process development. Y 1.8
electric power generation, a
billion, V400 million, and Y2
project which has already pro-
billion 'respectively for the
gressed to a 10,000-kw pilot
solvent liquefaction. Solvolysis,�
plant construction stage, and
and direct hydrogenation coal
Y-2�7 billion for methanol-utili-
_ liquef}7ng method develop-
aing electric power plant
ments. V 4.3 billion for solar-
development.
r3 Feb 81 p 131
[Text]
Education NIinistry
Su{{'icient in character for ob-
An initial V500 million an-
taining not just energy but
nual appropriation was granted
foodstuffs, livestock feeds, and
to aY 75 billion project to build
ather useful matters by con-
a, giant elementazy particle
version of biological resources
acclerator, Tristan (short for a
of all sorts.
"transporsable ring intersect-
During the Eirst year, poplar,
- ing storage accelerator in Nip-
eucalyptus, and other plants
pon), at the high energy physics
easy for conversion of their
research institute in the
substances into fuel oil will be
research and academic city of
;tudied in full scale as to how to
Tsukuba.
raise them efficiently. Also to be
It will be the world's fourth
studied in full are various
largest of the kind after three
methods to mass-cultivate a
precedents of the U.S., the
highly proteinous species of
Soviet Union, and West Europe
plant growing in the wild in
(CERN or Centre Europeen de
Okinawa and a similar highly
_ Recherches Nucleaires).
protein-yielding waterweed
Ministry of Agriculture,
species growing on the water
Forestry & Flsheries
surface, and various edible
- A first annual Y 24 million
kelp species.
appropriation was permitted on
Studies will be simultaneous-
a seven-year (fiscal 1981-1987)
ly laurtched on processes to
project for effective biological
turn such plant substances into
'resources utilization technology
foods or livestock feeds, such
developments (popularly
as to directly derive leaf pro-
imown as a''Biomass Con-
tein (chlorophyl protein) from
version" project).
such plants or to produce
L'nlike iVIITI's biotechriology
fermentation proteins by cui-
project, this project is a multi-
turing yeast, hay fever bacteria
purpose type closely connected
and lichen (filamentous fungi )
with regional economic benefits
in saccharized solutions of
and will be regionally self-
lumber and rice plant husks or
37
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Eood processing factory drains.
Discovery of highly-active
microorganisms and develop-
ment of a good oxygen fixing
and a membrane treating
method will be essential for
such studies. So will be regional
economic feasibility surveys as
well as development of efficient
conversion hardware.
Also granted w�ere a'4957
million appropriation for an oil-
and electric energy-saving
"Green Energy (Farming)
Project," and a V283 million
one for a "Marine Ranching
Project" to create undersea
plant and animal raising
centers. Also permitted was the
creation of a first publicly-0pen
national study institute,
-Agricultural Research Cen-
ter."
Health & Welfare Ministr}�
Appropriated to this NIinistr.y
ior scientific and research pur-
COP'YRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHIIZBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
poses was a total of Y 14,629
million, 10.4 per cent up from
the current fiscal 1980.
The researches roughiy
divide into: A) Studies on
circulatory diseases; B) Sub-
sidized studies on cancer; C)
Studies on cerebroneurological
diseases; Di Studies on of-
ficially-listed special diseases
(now hard-to-cure or un-
identified ones); E) Studies on
mental physical handicaps;
and F) Studies on health and
welfare sciences.
The cerebroneurological
study appropriation is con-
spicuous for its annual increase
of 29 per cent. This is because
of greater attention paid to
muscular dystrophy, mental
retardation, and other cere-
broneurological troubles in
marking the current United
Nations International Year of
the Handicapped.
6
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_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE RESEA.RCH, DEVELOPMENT SPENDING ROSE IN FY 179
Tokyo THE 3APAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 10 Feb 81 p 13
[Text)
Japan's Governmental and
private research and devel-
opment investments during
fiscal 1979 (ended March
1980) picked up sharply to
approach an official target
of 2.5 per cent of the gross
national product, it w�as
recently disclosed by the
Government's Science and
Technology Agency.
According to the Agency.
Japan's fiscal 1979 GNP
reached V 177,997.8 billion, a
moderate 6.75 per cent up in
nominal terms from the
preceding fisca] year.
In contrast, the nation's
fiscal 1979 research and
development investments
picked up by a marked 14.3
per cent in r,ominal terms to
attain Y-4,080.1 bilIion.
That meant an equivalent
of 2.29 per cent of G:VP
attained after four vears of
growth lag - 2.13 per cent in
fiscal 1975. 2.12 both in fiscal
1976 and 1977, and 2.14 in
fiscal 1978. The Agency offi-
ciall}� reported the findings
to the Cabinet.
The Agency believed
growth in private spending
had accounted for the re-
surgence.
The Prime Minister's
Office broke down the fiscal
1979 total into 27.6 per cent
in national and local govern-
mental investments and 72.3
per cent in private invest-
ments, with ths latter in-
creasing 0.4 percentage point
from fisca11978.
In May 19771, the Prime
Minister's Council for
Science and Technology,
recommending a basic
national policy for long-
range national scientific and
technology development, set
the 2.5 per cent immediate
tar;et and a preferable
distant target of 3 per cent.
At that time. Japan's 2.12 per
cent ratio had been proble-
matical under its national
policy to re-orient industries
into technology, compared
with the equivalents of 2.62
per cent for West Germany,
2.32 for the U.S. and 4.49 for
the Soviet Union..
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
- CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RELIABILITY DESIGNING OF AUTOMATONS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 pp 11-14
[Article by Yoshimitsu Ito]
[ Text ] A number of reference books on reliahility have been
published. Most of them are based on probability or statistical
approaches, which are quite unfamiliar to mechanical designing
engineers, most of whom have been trained primarilY ir me-
chanical component designing.
On opening several reference books entitled mechanical
designing, on the other hand, one will probably fmd that
primarily they deal with calculations about mechanical com-
ponents. Although calculations are much related with reliability,
values in calculations are all taken as determined values in
idealized conditions, but hardly as probability densities. The
word reliability is certainly mentioned, but only in a daily sense,
not at all in a statistical or probability sense. The only ex-
ception is the calculations for the lifetime of ball bearings which
are dealt with from the point of view of statistics and pro-
bability, but no sufficient basic ideas are given.
It is known that quality control (including
reliability) is given insufficient considera-
tion in design shops. Assurance of quality of
products starts with design. However,
designers often do not seem to make much
effort to become familiar with the conditions
of products and parts in production processes
or in service.
This weak point seems to arise largely from
training in designing. As described earlier,
conventional designing (engineering) reviews
machines in idealized conditions and recog-
nizes realities to be away from an ideal state.
Reliability designing takes up realities (which
vary as time goes on) and tries to enable given
functions to work satisfactorily under such con-
ditions.
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Now that I have given a rather long pre-
- liminary, in this article, I intend to explain
approaches which are easy to carry out, by
- anyone who has been trained in the conven�ional
methods of designing but wishes to attempt
reliability designing.
1. What Is Reliability Designing?
The term "reliability" can to some extent be
understood by using common sense. Here,
those who wish to try reliability
designing have to know the term reliability and related terms
more correctly. ,
JIS explains that reliability is "�`the degree or characteristics
which represent consistent stability of systems, equipment and
parts".
To allow automatons to continue automatic operation pro-
perly without failures for long periods requires sufficient control
including adjustments and repairs for wear, fatigue, plastic de-
formation and corrosion.
In order therefore to ensure reliability or maintain certainty,
- it is necessary in designing to take into account ease of mainte-
nance. Maintenance designing aims at structures which facilitate
detection, inspection and repair when machines and parts aze
faulty or in periodical control including lubrication.
In general, faults in machines show a pattern as illustrated in
Fig.l. Faults appearing in initial periods include defects in
materials, defects caused in the course of manufacture and in
compatibility with environment. Once ironed out, defects will
m
~
m
~

LL
Lonpsvity To bs rsduced by
~ maintsnence
- (useful iiis lonyevitY~ ~
i

- ~
i I Specifisd fetlurs rate
I
0
--+Tims t
(A) Initial (B) Carusl (C) Wear
failure period failure psriod failure perfod
Fig. 1. Failure Rate Curve for Typical Equipment Failure
41
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I j.
0
nsity f(x) 0
Probability
density f(x)
i i 0.3
0.2
i ~
0.1
i
I ~
u-3a ;t - a rr /e+n ~r}3,*
u-2o ;e 'rQn
Quality chsrectvfaies
mesn
o: standard deviation
Strsnpth dietribution Strength detarioretioncurvs
t ~ Sefety allowance
a -Ths ovarlapped portion
, c denotes the numbar of
a
failures
M - '
Dlstribution of strstt
strength due to
extsrnal foree
Tims t
Fig. 2. Normal Distribution Fig. 3. Means and Standard Deviation of Fig. 4. Safety Model
Normal Di;tribution
rapidly decrease. Other trouble resulting from wear, indicates
that machines and parts have reached a useful life and can be
avoided anly by replacing worn parts or taking other necessary
measures. Hence, reliability designing has to find out how to
extend durability periods.
Measures of reliability are the level of reliability, which is
measured by probability. From a practical viewpoint, however,
it is bettei to take them in terms of faults (defects) per unit of
time.
1n the period of casual trouble ((B) in Fig.l faults except
for those caused by extemal factors, originate in the quality of
designing. Proper designing and proper handling will hardly
result in any trouble.
In this period, however, data in maintenance shops shows
that troubles occur in almost all mechanical components such
as shafts and geazs. They are to a considerable extent caused by
improper desigiiing.
There were designers who claimed that because they had
done calculations of strength, they had made no errors in
designing. They ignored the fact that in 'the conventional con-
cept of safety factors, there are possibilities of di.fferent levels
of reliability resulting from the same safety factors.
In general, values in design calculation should be taken as
probability variables. In other words, quality characteristics
of inechanical parts and loads delineate a curve (a proper distri-
bution) as shown in Fig.2. In quality control, the curve is
provided with graduations as shown in Fig.3 and is used as the
3a method and the basis for control charts. The probability of
deviation from �36 is 0.0027=0.3%.
Relations between strength, safety factors an3 time are
plotted on the basis of the above idea in Fig.4. The Figure
indicates that although safety is ensured in mean values, it
never is when dispersion is taken into account.
42 .
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As explained briefly above, reliabiliry designing includes
statisticat processing, which requires substantial data. For auto-
matic machines for single-product production, however, data is
hard to obtain in situations outside experiments.
2. Approaches to Reliability Designing in Automatic
Nlachines
It has been common recognition that mechanical components
from proper designing will be stable for considerable periods.
However, this is not always true when automatic machines are
required to be high-speed (or high-output) types, as proved by
maintenance data described in the previous chapter.
It is imperative to earnestly and immediately tackle reliability
from the angle of inechanical designing, though very few design
shops seem to do it. However, system engineering (statistical)
approaches given in study books for reliability designing seem
to be somewhat unfamiliar to those who have been trained in
conventional mechanical component designing and application
of statistical designing in automatic machines requires much
experiment because such machines are not products for mass
production. So, let us review another approach.
An example of the procedures is given below.
(i) Classification and Clarification of Causes for Eailures (All
anticipated are to be picked up and classified.)
Causes for mechanical failures are mainly familiar ones such
as wear, deflection, deformation, fatigue, corrosion and thermal
deformation. The poini is by what kind of energy and in what
cdnditions such causes appear in the parts concerned. The lives
of the parts depend on the causes for deterioration.
For direct causes for failures in shafts, for example, the
maintenance data mentioned above lists the following: improper
fitting, improper keying, use of shafts of bent materials (drawing
specified toothbrush sticks - long ones may be bent), wrong
materials, insufficient strength, insufficient rigidity, poor shapes
and structures (such as stress concentration) and fatigue.
(ii) Calculations for Parts Concerned
Calculations of strength and rigidity are generally essential.
Calculations of inertia and acceleration of moving parts have to
be carried out in detail.
Practical calculations involve a number of misleading factors
= such as the selection of allowable stresses and determination
of loads. For these, values for a few (usually 3) cases should b.-
obtained instead of obtaining single values and final selection
and determination should be made by reviewing interrelations
between parts when dimensions are determined.
Assumed, selected and determined values should be all
recorded.
(iii) Absorption of Maintenance Data
` If maintenance data is to be collected, it is almost impossible
- to obtain data in relation between makers and users of auto-
_ matic machines. However, that is not always impossible if it is
consiriered in rela'Lion to services.
Minimum requ:rements for maintenance data are as follows:
a) Duration of decreased functionq (e.g., dimensional accuracy
43.
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Table 1. Reliability Par:s List
I
; D�awinp No. Nam�
I i
~
Sketch
Ld. CHtuI~tW
valw
I
~
F~~~u,�
condition
R~m~dY
R~muks
failed to meet specifications after so and so days and returned
to normal by adjusting such and such), methods of piocessing
.iiid periods of maintenance, etc.
b) Intervals between failures, troubled points, phenomena,
presumed as causes, remedies, maintenance time, service con-
ditions, etc.
(iv) Preparation of Lists of Above 3 Items
The lists should be as shown in Table 1 and in it data at
designing stages should be written each time it is obtained and
maintenance data should be written when it has been collected.
Varioas initial troubles occur during test runs before ac-
ceptance. During this period, designers have a chance to attend
and so they have to do their best to attend and obtain such
data. Not only obtaining data but also recording it in lists will
enable prompt measures to be taken for initial troubles.
(V) Criteria for Determining Values
When a number of check lists have been collected, data on
similar parts should be reviewed for each item. This will reveal
that standards determined for allowable stress or tolerances may
be incorrect or too large (or too small) and this empirical review
will enable standard values to be determ:ned.
(vi) Operational Efficiency and Reliability of Automatic Ma-
chine s
The mechanical sectionn of atitomatic machines often consist
of a series system. Trouble at a point in it will stop the entire
system. A review of operational efficiency replaced with re-
liability will find that reliability for the whole is very low
because it is the product of multiplication of reliability factars
for component sections. With a combination of a unit like a
cam which has relatively high reliability and a unit like a parts
feeder which has relatively low reliability (certainty), a tech-
nique of wait redundancy (switchover) is adopted on the side
with low reliability (for a parts feeder, e.g., feeding via a work
pool).
(vii) Carrying out Principles for Increasing Reliability
Principles here mean nothing but what anyone knows in his
44..
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common sense. The point is to carry them out without fail.
- They include: a) theoretical designing (selection of materials,
calculations for estimation of loads, etc.), b) ease of manufactur-
ing processes (failures often originate from poor machining and
assembly resulting from infeasibility of designs), c) running in
_ (to discover misses and collect data), d) protection from ex-
ternal disturbance, e) spares for low-reliability parts, f) if
possible, automatic correction systems, and g) simplification of
systems.
The above is a brief description of part of a little exgarience
I had in several designing shops. A considerable advance can
be made by carrying out the above items. However, it requires
statistical methods to make further advance. For fatigue par!s,
because of breakages often involved, the S`N curves for lifetirne
- calculations are in practice out of theory. With a considerable
number of parts collected, lifetimes can be calculated by ob-
- taining the time of operation before failures or, if the number of
failure is known, can be calculated from the Japan Technology
Federation's probability (see Fig.S). Use is found in most re-
ference books.
Also, for units like parts feeders, estimates of makers can
be found by work and reliability can be easily obtained by
_ measurement.
Finally, I recommend designers to determine everything
numerically or quantitatively by doing calculations, not to
determine qualitatively.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuj i Marketing Research Co. , Ltd .
CSO: 4120
l
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EFFORTS TO INCREASE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLERS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 pp 15-19
[Article by Masafumi Bito and Yoshikatsu Miyashita]
_ [Text]
1. Acceptable-Product Producting Opera-
tional Efficiency
Since it is the probability of enabling
equipment to be properly operative when
necessary, operational efficiency is repre--
sented by the ratio of operative time to
service time of a machine. Therefore, (jpe-
rational efficiency can be increased by
increasing the operative time in this ratio.
However, if efforts to increase efficiency
by increasing operative time while reducing
repairing time result in an increase in un-
acceptable products, it in-vites a counter-
effect, involving increased manhours and waste
of raw matexials.
While defining the improvement of opera-
tional efficiency as the probability of
enabling acceptable products to be produced
when so desired, let us seek a way to increase
acceptable-product producing operational
efticiency (hereinafter called efficiency).
This problem can be illustrated as shown in
Fig. 1.
2. To Improve Efficiency
The improvement of efficiency cannot simply
- be determined by the quality of the equipment
but largely depends on 3 factors: parts,
,47..
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equipment and maintenance. From the po3nt of
view of designing and manufacturing automatic
assemblers, discussions wi11 be as follows:
2-1. Parts
(1) First, parts have to be designed suitably
for automatic assembly. A variety of problems
, are taken up from such details as detection of
- heads and tails or fronts and backs, and stan-
dards for assemblers to variations in parts
. features and response to variations. So, it
is necessary to avoid situations of reliability
tests for parts having ended and restrictions
by the lead.time of product development start-
ing by the time personnel for planning automa�-
tic assemblers meet parts for assembling.
. (2) The point to be taken 3nto account about
- parts at the time of designing automatic
assemblers is similar but different parts. Aside
from supplying parts to a nearby wrong line, it
should be noted that parts are different in nature between
makers who supply parts and that they are also slightly dif-
ferent due to difference between molds etc. Consideration of
how to absorb such differences by preliminarily knowing them
will play a large part in preventing assemblers from showing
unexplainable decreases in operativity efficiency after they
start operation.
~
~
Unscceptsble�
; '
Accaptable�product-_;__product
^produeinp time producinp
i
timf tg
i
Repsir ~
OReretinp time ti
time ty
Equipment ute timQ-

tl - t3
Accsptsble�product produciny ~
opsrational efficiency
tl + tZ
Fig. 1. Illustration of Operational Efficiency
48.
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2-2. tWhen Equipment Ls Planned and Designed
(1) A sequence of stopping the system upon occurrence of
unacceptable products detected by checking assembly quality
in individual processes should be included in basic plans. Some
high-speed assemblers are designed to reject unacceptable pro-
ducts or continue operation while tagging such products. These
systems should be applied to highly advanced assemblers with
low probability of producing unacceptable products. In the
initial planning, the system should be designed to stop upon
any unusu~.l occunence of a defective product and resume
operation after removing the causes for the trouble and taking
measures to prevent its recurrence. 'Y'his is expected to reduce
sufficiently the duration in which defective products are produc-
ed to make up for initial downtime.
For this purpose, consideration should be given to listing
- troubles in as much detail as possible.
(2) The system should be designed to consist of easily detach-
- able sections in the event of trouble. There will be no problem
if an automatic assembler, upon trouble, is designed to have
assembling continued manually. On the contrary, if an auto-
matic assembler has stations which require large amounts of
force, as in pressure fitting, beyond manual worlc, in addition
to sections such as for parts feeding in which mechanical work
can be replaced by manual work, failures in parts feeding only
in such stations will inevitably bring the entire systern to a
halt.
The efficiency of the entire system can be maintained by
separating parts feeders and their controls from the main system
and supplementing workers.
(3) Simple mechanisms, highly reliable machine parts and
accessibility for maintenance are necessary. Needless to say, it is
important to make exiscing trouble clear to anyone and use
mechanical parts which are unlikely to cause trouble. Also,
parts easily available (such as those of simple structure, and
parts purchased and held in stock) in the event of trauble, as
well as mechanical structures which permit easy replacement
indicate, in a sense, high reliability.
2-3. At the Time of Manufacturing
Adequate running tests and observations have to be made
to try to reduce trouble arising after starting operation. Because
of limitations to lead time and the quantity of test pieces,
1/100 of real operation is too much for test conditions to
simulate. Thus, the best care should be taken in observation.
Experience thus far tells that unexplainable trouble which
occurs even once in test runs will certainly occur again in
practical operation. It is only a matter af course on the part of
users that defects which were not detected at the time of manu-
facture should be discovered in the initial stages of eperation
49.
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RNiability of scceptsbla-product
productlon
Ru 0.991
/
0 976
Rstio of aeceptable� 0.911
product production 1 N' _i0.911T '995 1 R Perfnrmencs rslisbility
0.966~0.690I 0 945), \
_�-~I~' \
0.620
I ~
Fiatio of deleetive oroducts r0.973i N Performsnce retio
due to defective perts
10.521 / 0.996
1
i 0.623 'Scele of mschinw f+p 17\
3
Comperison referencs (the idea of 3 a' in QC)
3 mlaaas per 1000 eyclN per aetlon
3 dofoctlve unks per 1000 units per part
- with measures completed for it. T'his is also important from the
point of view of efficiency on the part of manufacturers.
Also for equipment which was complete when it started
operation, it is possible to maintain its high operativity ef-
ficiency by sufficiently conveying the philosophy of plans for
and designs of the equipment to maintenance and service
divisions.
The following is an example of improrement of efficiency of
an automatic assembling through surveys and measures during
initial running�in periods.
I ~ tt Mechine uas retio
1
I ---Comperiwn reference line
3Y - - - - - - 8ofon measures
Aftsr primsry measures
62' j Ahsr acondery measures
a(f+B) 4 months efter secondery measures
Swerity of mschenical
efficiency.
Fig. 2. Assessment Graph
3. An Example of Efforts to Increase Operational Ef-
ficiency
3-1. Assessment of Operation
Connecting rod
/ Cap
/ Conneeting
rod bolt
Nut
~
~
~
Efficient promotion of efforts at improvement requires Fig. 3. Connecting Rod x Cap
correct survey of data and analysis. Also, data has to be analyzed products
to properly direct improvement; leading to the assessment of
efficiency of the entire machine.
The assessment graph given in Fig.2 shows the mechanical
power of the equipment outline described later and represents
the process of increasing efficiency by the effects of the
measures taken.
_ 50
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CD
~
~
~
51
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` (Ou:tine of Assembler)
Machine type: Full-automatic in-line Tr. machine
- Work details: Connecting rod x cap x bolt fitting
Number of stations: 16
Number of parts to be assembled: 6(see Fig. 3)
A review of reliability Ro for acceptable-product production
(=efficiency) indicates the necessity of ineasures because the
primary measures before action are far below the reference line
as a guide. An examination revealed that most of the problems
in measures were about designing or unfamiliarity of mainte-
nance personnel with the machine. So, in the secondary
- measures, including the intention of overcoming failures in the
primary measures, efforts were made at the following 3:
(1) promotion of reliability designing
(2) improvement of accuracy of parts to be assemWed.
(3) proper maintenance and use
- Consequently, the secondary ineasures were very effective.
The system has been opera2ing very stably for 4 months after
the measures showing high operational efficiency.
3-2. Details of Efforts
In order to carry out efforts at efficient improvement, it is
necessary to know items of ineasures and their effects on
efficiency. Table 1 and Fig.4 show techniques for this purpose.
Accsptsbla�product producing
performsnce reliability Nuts improperly
Performence reliability (R) tiansported
Bolts impropsrly
Bolts improperly I trsnsported
I fitted Improper pre,wre
0.620 0.801 ; fittinp 1,0

m Om~' Oo~ I t
m~ m n ~ Z n~ n I
o� po 0 0 or o� ~ O
m E a n2 �o I
E Em E ,
I Eiiminated by sseondsry
meesures
> i
m
v ~
c
o ~
R
� I O
N I
~ m I
Q E 1 0.971 0.995
Hefsrence line tor
comperiaon'
Stoppspe rsqutriny
~ improvsment Bolts improperly locsted
Nuts improperly retiphtened
Fig. 4. Effect Level Analysis Pallet Chart
52
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An analysis shee4 as shown in Tabte 1 for types of inechanical
stops and defective products was prepazed by observation of
mechanical actions and was summarized as an effect level
analysis pallet diagram as shown in Fig.4. Usng these, items of
measures were determined from both aspects: costs and tech-
nical problems and promoted with emphasis laid on important
items.
In promoting reliability designing, efforts are being made to
review structures and functions af troubled sections, rigidity
(including shapes, materials and thermal treatment) of parts and
ease of maintenance and strongly promote improvements of
existing machines under limited conditions while properly
carrying out follow-ups for feedback to the subsequent ma-
chines.
Decrease in shape accuracy of parts to be assembled, which
presented no problem in manual assembly, will greatly affect
the efficiency of assembling systems in automatic assembly.
Adequate consideration has to be given to frequent machine
stops due to this. Thus, measures after adequate review of the
preceding processes are essential.
Furthermore, efforts were also made to promote proper
maintenance and use. Assembling systems in the initial periods
of operation generally have relativsly high efficiency. In order
to keep this high consistent for long periods, it is necessary for
the � maintenance and operation divisions to familiarize them-
selves with the machines and promote proper maintenance and
promote proper mainter.znce and operation. The efforts in this
example were made to promote 3 items: daily inspection,
periodical replacement and personnel training.
Table 2 shows a list of check items to promote daily i,lspec-
tion. Table 3 shows a list of periodical replaceroent to ensure
operational st, n;'ity of the machines by periodically replacing
worn and troubled parts.
at. No.
St.l
St.2
St.3
Narre
Work fsod
Idler
Work in eheck
Smeller
`
tlufnetlon
end
COf111eCtIflQ
rod
o
V
~
m
ot
Larper
p
operstlon
�^-O
Fittinq
feee
Csp
Opera-
Trsmterrinp con-
Dstection of con-
tion
noctinp rod and
nxtinp rod and
dnwinp
cep from tranfport
csp
eonveyor to ma-
chln�
Relatsd
Saetlon 325 46
Ssctlon 325 39
drswinp
work tront4orer
Section 325 46
Rt
marks
Fig. 5. Illustration of Operation for Stations
54
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St. 4 and 5 Bolt fssdsr and ehuts
illumin
1 mprop
bolt fit
In individual operstiont
Sse i the in Md
i~ hud advancn
Stroke:80mm It
In advaneinp Adjutt the bolt
~ thi bolt is in ~Posturo cornctfon
bad potture puidn
Tnnsfor rail 1
Cornction yuida
Ad ust
S~t to 4.6mm

At the sdvanco end,
the work (hols) is
~ not aIipned with
ths bolt (shah).
is in the trentfer
Connsct~~ Transtor Rod
rod ,~A. finper
Opersto s side/
L41nfeed head
Vyithdrsws
en d
~ 1Q ;Stroke
i
~Advsne~
end
Fig. 6. Repair Sheet for Failures
Furthermore, in order to improve the skills of maintenarice
personnel and mechanics, and reduce repairs, improper assembly
and wrong inspection, performance illustrations for different
stations and repair guidance sheets for trouble types as shown
in Figs.S and 6 have been prepared to be used as materials for
training.
Fig.7 shows the chart of the improvement effort system in
this example. In this improvement effort, not only the planning,
the designing and the manufacturing c;ivisions but also the
maintenance and the operational divisions cooperated to in-
crease operational efficiency and fmally successfully achieved a
large increase in it.
EMOrdto Inenmw`
oeep4ble-produet
rotluetlon rtllobllin
^
rNhbility
Improwment o1
Mromotion of
tlMipninp
pho0s oeewat Of
Y
PrOD~r
MeMankal
ot$ to W uMmDIW
maintmeneo
tlnipninp
PrOduet
anC uw
division
tlwipninp division
Mainnnance
Meehaniul
division
anuttcturin
EqulDment
division
olanninp division
Uw tllvl~lon
FNtlWek FoW baek
FNdbmak
r-
i

is

o~, s
a
C

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~
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:
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E,E�~
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e
E
o
v�

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oE
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oaen�
 . E
o
ou ��o
a
a:
e
~
E o~b
- r
Emm n
-o
tn
O
-
n
Fig. 7. Improvement Effort System
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
55
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-1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THERMAL SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY REPORTED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 pp 20-34
[Article by Motoji Seki, president, Tokyo Metalikon Co., Ltd., aaid
Kazuo Ishikawa, general manager, Technical Div.,technical engineer, Tokyo
Metalikon Co., Ltd.]
[ Text ] 1. Introduction
Thermal metallic spraying, invented by Dr. M.U. Schoop
in 1908, was first introduced into Japan in 1921. This implies
that Japanese industries have a 60-year experience in
its use. Its application started with industrial art works and
architectural decorations, and continued for some decades,
primarily, in the anticorrosion treatment of iron and steel
articles. In the 1950's, such thermal spraying techniques as
plasma spraying and explosion spraying appeared, enabling
a variety of substrates to be coated with, not only metallic,
but also ceramic and cermet, simple or compound substances,
to produce new characteristics. Thus, thermal spraying has
grown to be important in modern industry, widening its applica-
tion to functional parts for single or compound purposes,
such as prevention of corrosion and wear, thermal resistance and
electrical insulation. We can cite as proof: thermal zinc spray-
ing (JIS H8300, H9300), thermal aluminum spraying (JIS
H8301, H9301), thermal rebuilding spraying (JIS H8302,
H8664) and self-fluxing alloy spraying (J[S H8303, H8665)
all of which are established JIS codes, and to these recently
has been added thermal ceramic spraying (JIS H8304, H8666).
This article outlines the developments and current trends of
thermal spraying technology in Japan.
2. Developments
Thermal metallic spraying is a method of coating an object
with metallic or non-metallic materials deposited in a molten
or semi�molten state by thermally spraying these materials
as atomized particles, onto the object. In. Japan, thermal
metallic spraying was formerly called metalikon, and this
56
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is cunently used in names of companies, for example.
The term "metalikon" was estabiished by Kenjiro Ezawa
who combined the English word "metallic" with the Latin
word "kon" (disguise). [n early days, the spray systems
used were mainly AC arc type for processing room ornaments,
clock cases, ceramics and architectural ornaments. A typical
example was thermal spraying applied to the silver, dn and
bronze works of Fumio Asakura, a noted sculptor. The satin
surfaces, as a result of spray coatings, were highly appreciated,
as they provided new textures otherwise unobtainable. Other
noted examples were sprayed articles exhibited at a peace
Memorial Fair in Tokyo and at an Invention Exhibition, win-
ning grand prizes, and silver-sprayed vases, works of Kozan
bliyakawa, which were bought by Her Majesty the Empress.
Also, architectural omaments made by bronze spraying, and
coloring cast iron, were displayed at department stores such as
Mitsukoshi ar.d Matsuzakaya.l>
Thermal spraying for anticorrosion purposes, was first
applied, around 1928, to water tanks for bath which were,
zinc sprayed both inside and outside, for delivery to the Impe-
rial Household Agencp. Subsequently, army gasoline tank
lorries and underground tanks were zinc sprayed internally
or tin sprayed after an undercoat of sprayed zinc.
Until around 1937, there were only a few thermal spraying
companies because "metalikon" was a proGess patented by its,
introducer Kenjiro Ezawa. Until the end of the war in 1945,
in the business there were about 8 spray shops and 6 companies
doing their own spray work. Following the war, as there were
no articles to be sprayed, the spray shops decreased to about 4.
Business gradually began to recover around 1948, when orders
came for items requiring overall zinc spraying, parts for boats
which the US Navy received under the agreement on repatria-
tions. Subsequently, govemment and public organizations, such
as the Japan National Railways and the Ministry of Construc-
tion, adopted zinc spraying as anticorrosion measures for water
tanks, under the floors and on the roofs of railway coaches,
tank lorries�and sewage carriers. This established the applica-
tion of zinc spraying in anticorrosion treatment and helped
increase the number of spray shops to more than 10.
[n 1963, a complex anticorrosion system, a combination
of zinc spraying and painting for the purpose of long-term
;vnticorrosion was first adopted in Japan, and used for the
Double-Arch Bridge' to the Imperial Palace (the front iron
bridge). Also, [he system has been applied to parts of the
Kanmon Bridge linking Honshu and Kyushu, the world's 9th
longest, completed in 1973. The bridge linking Honshu and
Shikoku, also has been partially treated. Later, these applica-
tions will be described in detail.
Thermal spraying was then applied in the repair of inechani-
cal parts around 1955, primarily in rebuilding wom automobile
parts such as crankshafts. Subsequently, the value of sprayed
57
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58
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coaunFs, increasingly were better recognized, with application
- of coatings widening for protection against heat corrosion.
- r1t the same time, agencies of foreign spray equipment manu-
facturers opened in Japan, importing good spray systems and
matenals. Thus, thermal spray technology was founded for
development. Meanwhile, the number of spray shops increased
to about 80 and companies doing their own spray work num-
bered about 200 including most leading companies.
Studies on thermal spraying as the foundation for these
dcvelopments were initiated in 1935 by Dr. Takeshi Takei,
honorary professor at Keio University, the late Masayoshi
Tmcaya, honorary professor at Osaka University, who were
succeeded by Dr. Hideo Nagasaka, professor at lbaragi Univer-
sij>' (and a member of the standing committee of the lnter-
national Thermal Spraying Conference), Dr. Yoshibumi Mima,
- n10i:ssor at Osaka lndustrial University and Dr. Slugeteru Isa,
pru;e;;ur at Steel College. They included basic studies of the
phenumeria of thermal spraying, involving not only metals but
also plasti:s, and valuable studies of application of sprayed
.oa'!ngs to pans of electronic equipment. For plasma spraying,
Atsuclti Hasui, professor at Keio University (formerly at the
National Research lnstitute for Metals and Technology), Shigeru
Kitahara, chiet of staff at the National Research lnstitute for
- Metals, et al. have, since around 1958, conducted basic studies
and application studies of various aspects, ranging from -plasma
sprays to the phenomena of spraying, and properties of sprayed
coatings. Moreover a number of scientists, including Dr. Sosuke
Uchida, professor at Tokai University, and numerous industrial
- researchers and engineers have pursued a variety of studies of
thermal spraying.2>-12)
Meanwhile, the Japan Thermal Spraying Society was estab-
lished in 1957 and has since been conducting regularly, biannual
- lectures and reports on various studies. In particular, the
development in 1962, of a wire explosion spray,13) devised by
,k Dr. Toshiro Suhara. professor at Kyushu University, et al.
attracted worldwide attention. ln 1976, Tateno et al. of the
staff at the Plasma Phvsics Division of the Insti:ute of Physical
and Cliemical Research, applied exygen plasma systems to
, thermal spraying. These active studies were motivated by
infonnation from reports and discussions at international
thermal spraying conferences held every 3 years.
Recently, thermal spraying i^ increasingly, receiving more
interest and is being studied actively by govemment and public
organizations, and industrial laboratories, and efforts are being
made w make use of emittance properties of sprayed coatings
for energ~,, saving. Better materials for spraying are already
heing produced domestically, Table 1 summarizes the types
and properties of inethods of thermal spraying being applied
in Japan.
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3. Application of Thermal Spraying to Anticorrosion
and Rust Prevention
Although visited by four seasons, surrounded by the sea and
blpssed with untold scenic beauty, Japan has one of the hardest
environments from the viewpoint of the prevention of steel
structures from corrosion and rusting.
When applying to Japan, data from the Brit;sh Ministry of
Industries, that iron, equivalent to 3.5% of GNP is lost annually
by corrosion, we find that losses by rusting for 1978 amount
to approximately V7,000 billion. For example, in 1976,the na-
tional budget for painting and repairs of bridges alone was about
3f2.3 billion, about'#5.0 billion in 1977, aboutV7.0 billion in
= 1978 and about 'af 10.0 billion in 1979, really enormous sums.
- In order to reduce as much as possible these huge costs, efforts
are being made to develop technologies for making mainte-
nance�free bridges. One of them is related to steel materials
such as weat.herproof steel. Another is related to the improve-
ment and development of suitable paints. On the other hand,
one of the method of surface treatment which is attracting
much attention, is a double anticorrosion system using ccmplex
. coatings of a combination of thermal spraying and painting.
A few weather exposure tests and practical applicatibns will be
_ described below.
3.1. Weathering Exposure Tests
3.1.1. Weathering Tests at the ]apan Weathering Test Centeria)
' Weathering tests were commissioned in 1972 by the Agency
_ of Industrial Science and Technology to be conducted by a
- foundation, the Japan Weathering Test Center. Test items
included metallic coatings, the results of which will be outlined
- helow,
The weathering tests were conducted at the Japan Weather-
ing Test Center located in the suburbs of Choshi, Chiba Pref.
The period of exposure to weather was 3 years. Test samples
consisted of SS41 steel AISI 1020) plates which were
thoroughly steel grit blasted, sprayed with zinc, aluminum,
zinc-aluminum alloy and then coated variously. Table 2 shows
outlines of their preparation.
The tests used a weatherability test, a sunshine carbon arc
method and a salt spray testing method. Scratched plates were
included in the weatherability test samples. The items consisted
mainly oF appearance and adhesion between metal coatings arid
paint coatings.
Test results showed that samples undercoated by metallic
thermal spraying had good appearance involving no rust or
blisters. Most of the scratched samples also showed good
weatherability. Table 3 shows an outline of the test results.
~ It seems pazticularly noticeable that samples sprayed with a
60

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zinc-aluminum alloy were stable without any defects, even when
they are combined with various paint systems having room-
temperature drying. For paint systems, phenol M10 was more
stable than epoxy, chlorinated rubber and vinyl chloride sys�
tems, proving paint systems already in use in long seaside
bridges at home and abroad.
3.1.2. Weathering Tests in the Kanto Districtl s)
Another weathering test has been maintained since 1968
by our laboratory, under the guidance of Prof. Hideo Nagesaka
of Ibaraki University in four sections of the Kanto District:
a rural atmosphere (Hiratsuka, Kanagawa), a sub-industrial
atmosphere (Ota-ku, ":'okyo), a coastal heary industrial atmos-
phere (Kawasaki) and a marine atmosphere (Itsuura, Ibaraki).
Test results over 9 years will be described below. The tests can
be characterized by test samples consisting of large 2kg plates
and channel plates, a single coat of a cheap wash primer (a zinc
chromate system) for base coating and a single coat of a
phthalic�acid resin system for top coating. Metals used ior
undercoating spraying were zinc, aluminum and a 70% zinc
-30% aluminum alloy with coat thicknesses: 0.05, 0.1 and
O.lSmm respectively. Test results are outlined below.
(1) Complex anticorrosion treatment consisting of inetallic
spraying and painting on steel objects is effective.
(2) Painting with a cheap phthalic-acid resin system will
become effective with the use of inetallic spraying as an under-
coating.
(3) Samptes undercoated with a zinc-aluminum alloy proved
effective in coastal and coastal heary industrial atmospheres.
Fig. 1 shows examples of the test results.
3.1.3. Weatherability Test of Complex Anticorrosion Coatings
in Cold Areastb)
A weatherability test has been maintained since 1975 by
our laboratory (under the guidance of Dr. Yoshiharu Kitamura
of Hokkaido Engineenng University) in Sapporo, Hokkaido.
A freezing-defrosting test and a low�temperature impact test,
which have been reviewed together with the weathering test,
will be outlined below.
(I) WeatheringTest
Test samples consisted of 200X 100X3.2(t) mm plates. Their
types and numbers are given in Tables 4 and 5 together with the
paint systems used. Exposure to weather took place at our
company (Ota-ku, Tokyo) for comparison with Hokkaido
Engineering University (Sapporo). Appearances after the test
showed no signs of rusting but a trace of discoloring. We con-
sider that there is little difference between the two districts
but will continue to follow progress in the future.
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(2) Freezing-DeProsting Test
Test samples consisted of 80X65X3.2mm(t) plates of the
same types as in Section (1), The test mcthod was as follows:
Samples, placed in a steel plate case were immersed in the
brine tank of the test system and a freezing�defrosting cycle
between -1 8�C and +5�C was repeated 150 times. A room
temperature test was also conducted using the same samples
to inspect appearance and adhesion. Table 6 shows results of
a grid adhesion test, These results indicate that paint system
1 results in extensive separation with any of the variously
coated samples, while samples under coated with a zinc rich
paint result in heary separation with any of the paint systems.
(3) Low-Temperature Impact Test
Test samples were the same as in Section (2). The test
methed was as follows. Samples were kept at -28�C and then
kept� at room temperature. Then, they were subjected to
impact test A of the standard painting test JIS K5400. Results
were evaluated by appearance. No samples showed any cracks
or separation.
The above are a few examples of weathering tests. In addi-
tion, weathering tests are also being conducted by government
and pttblic laboratories such as ihe Anticorrosion Division of the
National Research lnstitute for Metals and companies such as
Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd.
3.2 Practical Applications of Double Anticorrosion Using
Complex Coatings Formed by Thermal Spraying and
Painting
3.2.1. Front Imperial Bridge
The front bridge to the Imperial Palace originated as a
wooden arch bridge (31.7m long and 8.9m wide) having beau-
tiful bronze ornamental tops of raffing and, which was made in
the Edo Period. This was replaced in 1888 by an iron bridge
made by a German company, Harcourt Aktien Gesellschaft
(Duisberg). Despite iis 50 year guarantee, this bridge suffered
increasingly from traffic loads and a corrosive environment.
Thus, it was repiaced by the present steel bridge in 1964. The
steel bridge consists of 2-hinge arches lOm wide, 255m long and
having a 24.44m span, and is located about 100m away
from the stone bridge, seen from the imperial front plaza. It
has a construction consisting of 5 parallel [-cross section main
girder arches provided with horizontal girders. Although in
appearance, it looks very like the former bridge, it was carefully
designed on the basis of the latest theory. Particular attention
was given to environmental, affects thus, to anticorrosion
treatment, and an innovative method for a bridge of those days
was adopted, i,e., zinc spraying was applied as an under coating.
Table 7 shows the major specifications.
62
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64 .
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lVUrl
5 5

` Aluminum sOrsYinp
Pamtinp aher 2n.AI dloV spraying
~
0 - Zn.AI s11oV spraying 0
P~mtinp aher AI spraying
Panntinp ahar Zn ho[ Cppinq
\ Pelnbnp atter 2n tpnyinp
\
-5
E \
O `
C I nU
o I ~
= 10 ~
E.
-to
I ~ c
0
a I \ ~ 'e
\ a
b I ~ ~
3-15 ~ Zn noc aipoinp fs
I 3 -15
A1 spraying
2n-AI aIIOV spraying
Peintinp eksrAlfpreyinp
Peintinp eher Zn-AI NIOY spraying
Paintinp aftsr Znl Not dippinp
P~iminp ~fter Zn spraying
2n NOt tlippinp
Zn spraying
2n spnVmp
!
-=0 11 _2o
-197 T T
NO treetment in 9M veer No-trestment in 9tn vrsr
Yearly veriation in weight in heavy-industrial areas Yeerly variation in weight in coastel arees
Fig. 1. Examples of Weathering Test Results
Table 4. Types and Quantities of Test Samples Table 5. Types of Paint SYstems and Requirements of
Painting
Surf ace
l
Spray�
Paint system
treatment
ast
B
only
ing
only
1 i 2 I
3 i 4
5
Base treatment
Blasting 3
j
2n spraying

j 3 ~
-
-
3~ 3
3 3
3
AI spraying
3 ~
3 : 3 ~
3 ' 3
3
i I
----1-

i
702n-30AI spraying i i
3 !
3 , 3 i 3 i 3
I
3
852
-~7 I
----t-

~
n-15AI
3
3 3 3 ~ 3
!
3
spraying ~
i
i
Zinc rich paint
3 3 ~ 3 I 3
3
coating i
~
I
_ Subtotal i, 3 ~
12 i
-
15 15 ' 15 15
-
15
Total I I ~ 90
Notes: (1 ) Figures in the table are those for roof weatherinq tests and
defrosting testt at Hokkaido Engineering University
(2) For figures for roof weathering test at Tokyo MetAlikon,
two samples for each type given in the teble were used.
(3) Fo: low-temperatures impact tests, 5 semples were used
for thermal spraying only and for zinc rich paint coating
only
(4) Metal sprayed coatinps ere100� thick and dried zinc rich
paint coetings 75� thiek.
Type of paint
Number
of eoau
nue-itity/
coat
(y/m2)
1
Etchin,, primer (JIS K5633 Type 7)
1
700
1
Zinc ehromete primer
1
130
Phthelic acid enamel
2
120
Etchingprimer (JIS K5633 Type 1)
1
100
2
Phenol zinc ehromete primer
1
130
Phenol M 10
1
180
m
Chlorinated rubber paint
2
160
N
~
Etching primer (JIS K5633 Type 1)
1
100
3
Epoxy base coat
2
230
d
Polyurethane (MW)
2
760
Etching piimer (JiS K5633 Type 1)
1
100
4
Vinyl chloride base coat
3
170
Vinyl chloride enamel
2
150
Etching primer (JIS K5633 Type 1)
1
100
5
Chlorineted rubber peint (undercoet)
2
250
Chlorinated rubber paint (finish coet)
2
150
65
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,
Table 6. Resulu of Grid Adhesion Test
emple
Number of
rsmsin inp
meawra (mean)
l
mps
S
i
Number of
remein inp
meesures (mean)
codinp
Room
np
cod
Room
ampe
Oeirostinp
tempera-
Defrostinp
tu ro
tu re
Z �1-4
O
O
ZAP2-1^3
a
O
A -1�3
O
O
2AP3-1^3
0
O
ZA -1-0
0
O
ZAP4-1^fl
0
O
ZL -1-0
0
O
ZAP5-1-3
24 24 25
0
2P1 �1-3
16 17 16
13 21 25
ZLP1-1-3
21 19 21
21 23 23
2P2 �1-3
.O
O
ZLP2�1^3
0
O
ZP3 -1-3
0
O
21P3-1^3
0
O
2P4 �1^3
O
O
ZLP41^3
0
O
ZP5 -1-3
0
25 24 25
2LP5�1-3
0
25 25 18
qp1 -1-3
24 19 24
24 22 25
HP1 �3^3
10 6 6
3 9 18
AP2 �1-3
0
O
HP2 -1 -3
24 25 25
0
AP3 .1..3
O
O
HP3 -1-3
24 16 13
4 6 5
AP4 -1-3
0
O
HP4 �1^3
22 23 19
24 18 24
AP5 �1-3
O
O
HP5 �1^3
25 24 25
22 21 25
ZAP1-1-3
18 19 17
22 10 17
Noty: (7) The number of rsmaininp maesures (mean) denotes the
meen of three meesuremenb for each sample, 25
romaininq maesuror indieates non�separation.
- � (2) 0 Mark do++otss 25 25 25, indkating non-saparation for
individuei semplea
(3) Semple coding meanf the following:
Cods Base tnatment
Parinting
Z Zn sprayinp
No peinting
q AI fprsyinp
No Painting
Zq 702n-30 AI sprsyinq
No peintinp
ZL 86Zn-15 AI fpreying
No Peintinp
ZP1 Zn epreYin9
Peint sYStem 'i
qpZ AI tptiyiny
Paint system 2
ZAP3 70Zn-30 AI sprsyinQ
Peint eystsm 3
ZLP4 85Zn-16 A1 tproyinp
Paint syrtem 4
HP5 Zinc rich psint paintinp
Peint aystem 5
_ A survey was conducted of the
bridge for resistance to
corrosion, 12 years after erection.
The following are the
results.l 7)
(1) Surveyor: Japan Association
of Steel Bridge Painting
Contractors, Yokogawa Bridge Work
s Ltd., Thermal Spraying
Laboratory of Tokyo Metalikon Co.
(2) Survey Date: October, 1976
(3) Survey Methods: Visual (direct
and using a telescope), for
- blisters, separations and rust.
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Table 7. Specifications of Anticorrosion Treatment of Front Bridge
p racen
Treatrnent
R em a Ac s
a
Substrete prparation
StoN prit blatlnp (440 :#60 w'- 3: 7)
c

Bas treatrnent
Zlnc spreyfnp
100�
~
Pretreatmsnt
Surfacw to be spreyed en cleened wlth tfilnner and wlped with a clean
~
cloth before enwrlnq procest�.
a
o
Prlmer, single
Etchinq primK
0.08 ^~-0.70kq/m1
t
Bus coetlnp, single
Calclum plumbats sntkorroslve peirtt
0.14 -0.16kp/m1
N
.
In ske paintlnq
Aftsr erectlon, bolb, scretches, ete� ars cleened cerefully before entering
c�
Into tfie ubtequent process.
Bw coetlnp, single
Calclum plumbete antleorrosive pelnt
0.14 - 0.16kq/m2
2
Intermedlste coettnp, single
Phthalle xfd resin palnt speeiflod colour
0.11 -0.13kg/m
~ a
Flnleh coatlnq, flnple,
Phthelic ecld reln palnt speciflW colour
0.10 -0.12kq/m2
(4) Environment
'fhe bridge is located in an urban area about 300m away
{com major roads 4km away from the sea. Thus, it is
subjected fairly extensively to exhaust gasses from automobiles
(wluch also it is presumed, the reason for corrosion in the
bronze lights sited on the sides of the bridge). It can also be
subjected to salt particles from the sea with winds of particular
direction and velocity. Also, it is subjected to humid conditions
because it is over a moat. Thus, such corrosive factors can be
cited as sunshine (ultraviolet rays), moisture, exhaust gasses
~su,:h as sulfur dioxide) and small quantities of marine salt.
(i) Results
Plloto 1 shows the central section and under members
ot the front iron bridge surveyed.
Appearance of Coatings: Although top coatings are locally
scparated, primer is completely set, showing no signs of rusting.
The plaza in front of the Palace is swarming with pigeons, for
14'Il1CIl tiie bridge proves a good resthouse because of its struc-
ture and locatiun. Naturally, while vertical edges remain almost
11aw�less, the liorizontal edges which are easy for pigeons to
ruost are seen to be scaling and rusting. This is probably be-
cause their coatings have been damaged and contaminated by
pigeons roosting on them over a long period.
The above is an ou'tline of the survey's results. Aldhough
studies on paints on sprayed coatings were insufficient at
the time.of erection, and there arose the unexpected effects of
contamination by pigeons, it has proved that double anticorro-
sion usine zinc spraying as an under coating was sufficiently
efl'ecti%,e in view of long-term anticorrosion.
3.2.2. Kanmon Bridge
The Kanmon Bridge is located on the main trunk line con=
nectin;a Shimonoseki of Japans' main island of Honshu to
bloji of Kyushu, the southemmost island. The total length is
about 1068m, with the central span about 712m, a side span
about 178m and towers about 140m high. At the time of erec-
tion. it was tlle 9th largest suspension bridge in the world.
Is construction cost the gigantic sum of about V30 billion.
The most up�to�date Japanese technology for its construction
was invested in its strurture and construction systems. As the
site is subjected to severe atmospheric conditions and environ-
67 �
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2
I
~ 3
c
c
~
4 i
C `0
3
.
i
5 I
Q
c
I
o`
.
r -
g I
: 7 I
I
I 8 ,
In site
' 9 I
painting
I 10
mentally, to smoke from neighboring factory areas containing
- sulfur dioxide and salt particles from the sea, double anti-
corrosion, consisting of zinc spraying and painting, which had
proved ef'fective for the'Forth Road Bridge and Sevan Bridge
in England was adopted. lt was applied mainly to the reinforc-
ing girders covering about 110,OOOm2.
The bridge was constructed under the following conditions:
(1) All processes from preparation (including blast cleaning)
of inembers to second and finish caatings were carried out
consistently in shops. ln particular, processes up to phenol
zinc primer were dealt with indoors. (2) Thermal spraying was
- all performed with temperature over 10�C and humidity below
75%, as measured indoors. (3) Zinc spraying was completed
wit'hin 2 hours of blasting and first primer within 2 hours of
zinc spraying. Table 8 shows parts of the coating specifications.
- A survey of corrosion of the bridge was conducted 5 years
- after erection by the Thermal Spraying Study Group oF our
company (under the guidance of Hideo�Nagasaka, professor df
Ibaragi University.
Its summary will be quoted below.18)
(1) Date of Survey: July 20, 1978
(2) Methods of Survey: Visual appearance inspection,
- particularly of the "undersides of girders"
(3) Environment: It was reported that the bridge was con-
taminated by marine salt particles as anticipated from the
results19) of analysis of deposits on beam members and un-
expected heary sulfides, the levels of contamination being com-
parable with those in high-contamination areas alorig highways
in factory zones.
Photo 2 shows a full view of the base structure of the Kan-
mon Bridge surveyed.
(4) Survey Results
The survey revealed that the double anticorrosion system
generally remained in good conditions despite the corrosive
~ 68
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Table 8, Part of Specifications for Anticorrosion of Kanmon Bridge
Procets
I
Peint and trestment
Paintinp intervel
Hot rolled steel sheet ehot blast S15. Se-2.5 or over _ i -
Inorganic zinc rich primer (Kanpe-terrodor ZE fvo.2527 primer) 15 (mean)
Product grit blast 515. Sa-3
75 (min) Less then 2 hours
Zinc spraying Less than 2 hourt
Etching primer (Kenpe-ferrodoreprimer) ~ 10 pver 2 houn
Less tfian 12 hours
Phenol resin zinc chromate primer (Kanpe-ferrodor M-608 primer) 40 Over 12 hours
i
Phenol resin M10 paint (Kanpe-ferrodor F�29) I, 60 Less than 3 deys
Phenol resin M10 peint (Kanpe-ferrodor F-29) ~ 60 Over 16 hours
Chlorinated rubber intermediate painting (rubber merine intermediste eoat) ~
s...,;- i-tit,nr mnrina ton coat 5GY 7/1.5)
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environment, except for some defective parts. The defects
included blisters and separations of coatings, mostly found in
overlapped parts of inembers at certain intervals. They may be
caused by moisture permeability of coatings20)21) and harmful
substances such as marine salt particles deposited between
shop base coating and in situ top coating. The most prominent
rusting was found at in situ painted heads of bolts and nuts,
which is a problem�to be solved.
Separately, on a different bridge, a double anticorrosion
system consisting of zinc spraying and a non-bleed tar epoxy
coating (330g/m2N2) was applied to rails, and fixtures for
inspection cars on the upper structures of the OMISHIlMA
bridge linking Honshu and Shikoku, erected in 1978, and
which is winning favorable reputation. Recently, steel struc-
tures with double anticorrosion specifications are increasing in
govemment and public circles, such as the Ministry of Construc-
tion and Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation.
I.et us add a special material: aluminum coated stee122)
made by aluminum spraying included ir, processes being mar-
keted currently.
3.3. To resist high temperature corrosion.
In complex anticorrosion systems, consisting of thermal
spraying and painting, sprayed coatings are composed of porous
laminates of fine particles and follow their substrates in thermal
expansion and contraction at relatively high temperatures. Thus,
sprayed coatings can be applied for thermo-resistant oxidation
and thermo-resistant anticorrosion treatments.
However, in fear that the porosity of sprayed coatings will
allow corrosive gases to penetrate and corrode their substrates,
thermal spraying has rarely been applied as thermoresistant
anticorrosion.
As investment in chemical plant facilities were reduced
following the first oil shock in 196$, thermal spraying which
permits in site application attracted attention and has been
increasing in application in thermoresistant anticorrosion
including practical plant tests.23)
Sprayed metal coatings are usually inferior to natural elec-
trode potential of materials before thermal spraying. Multi-
layer sprayed coatings consisting of single or complex materials,
depending on conditions such as substrate ar.d corrosive envir-
onment. have much effect on anticorrosion properties.
On the other hand, porosity can be improved by increasing
the thickness of sprayed coatings to more than 150� and
selectine an appropriate sealer.
Sprayed coatings consisting of combinations of cermet
and ceramics such as Ni�A1+Zr02 Mg0 and ZrOZ MgO are also
used in Japan, e.g., tfie combustion chambers of jet engines in
6 9~
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Table 9. Practical Applications of Thermoresistant Anti-corrosion Spraying (for Heat
Exchanger)
Product
Fin heat exchanger casing
Service environment
LPG eombustion gas
Sulfuric xid dew point (3%
sulfuric acid)
Intermitteduse
I Sarvice tempereture
~ 180�C max.
~ 1200C norm.
i
Materiel I Spreying Sesler
l -
SSq1 ~ Aluminum Sllicon epoxy
_ - - -----i
Tube heat exchanger Crude oil refin inp exhaust gas i
(shell, tube wrfaees) I Continuous; No dew point
Fin heat exchanger case
i L N G (SNG) combusticn gas i
(for gas coolers)
~ Continuouse use I
(shell, tube surfeces)

Waier supply heater cover
Coal gas combustion. exhaust gas
~
(casing only)
Continuous use
Hairpin heat exchanger
Garbage burning exhaust gas
(external tube surfaces)
~ S0x=150, Hc1=1000pprn
Intermittent use
-
-

~ - -
-
-
Tubing heat exchanger
Heavy oil A combustion gas
(shell, tube surfaces)
Continuous use
Hairpin heat exchanger
Sea water splashes
(ezternal tube surfaces)
I
200pC max. I SS41
150 C nol
n the heeting side)~--
120�C norm. SU~ 5316
(on the heeting side) j
Aluminum j Siliconepoxy
1500 C norm.
SS41
~
220�C max.
i
STPG
120 - 1800C norm.
(on the heating side)
~ 120�C max.
SS41 i
(on the heating side)
-
I(Tube=Cu)
i
- -
180�C max
I STPG
~ 100 1300C
(cooling side)
_J
Nickel-rediel ' Silicon+ AI
alloy powder
Nickel-radial , Silicon + AI
elloy ~POwder
Nickel-bese I Silicon
alloy I
i
I
Aluminum I Silicon
Nickel�bese Special sealer
alloy I
compliance with specifications of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft.
Photo 3 shows a microscopic cross-sectional view of a ceramic
coating.
Recently, ceramic sprayed coatings are being used in chemi-
cal plant equipment in highly corrosive environments, with good
results.
Table 9 shows an application of thermoresistant anti-corro-
sion treatment. Photo 4 shows a sprayed panel of heat ex-
changer tube seats. Photo 5 sfiows sprayed tubing for hairpin
type heat exchangers.
4. Application to Functional Parts
A lot of researchers have explained basic characteristics
ot thermal spraying and sprayed coatings, such as the adhesion
between sprayed coatings and substrates, the structures of
interfaces4)5>, residual stress of sprayed coatingse)9), effects
- of blastingll), effects of preheating25)� angles of spraying26>
and properties of sprayed coatings. Separately, high-power
output - 80kW, 120kW and 200kW - plasma spray systems
have been introduced and automatic systems developed, help-
ing increase reliability while steadily widening application to
functional parts.
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4.1. Rebuilding and Wear Prevention
Thermal spraying is a non-strain by thermal stress surface.
- processing method and is often used to resotre wom
or miscut parts. Sprayed coatings consist of laminates of
particles and have porous characteristics. Photo 6 shows a micro-
scopic cross section of a metallic sprayed coating. Adhesion
of sprayed coatings to substrates is based on mechanical bond-
~ ing or socalled anchoring effects. Photo 7 shows an example of
adhesion (anchoring effects) of inetallic sprayed coatings to
_ their substrates.
When metals are thermally sprayed, the coatings produced
are harder than the original metals because their particles
involve oxides or are subjected to strain in processing.
Thus, they will increase their resistance to wear. At the same
time, their porosity, which is a drawback in anticorrosion
applications, tums to be oil-retaining, ready to work effectively
on lubricated sliding surfaces.
Table 10 shows an example of the hardnesses of sprayed
metal and ceramic coatings.
Also, laminate coatings of particles work eifectively against
fretting abrasion caused ai fittings.
- Some ac'tual applications will be described below.
4.1.1. Lubricating Antiabrasion and Rebuilding
(1) A burn due to an error in manufacture of oil ports
occurred to the external surfaces of a low carbon steel sleeve,
120mm in outer diameter, lOQ in inner diameter and 120mm
in length and internal surfaces were damaged when the sleeve
was removed. So, the steeve was repaired by using a wire
spraying gun. Servi^e conditions of this shaft sleeve *are
4,000rpm and a surface pressure ot 0.6kgf/cm2 (5.9 N/cm2).
Thermal spraying consisted of Ni-Al 0.3mm thick on the inner
surfaces and a bonding coat followed by white metal (WJ-2)
1.2mm thick on the outer surfaces. Proven durability was over
3 years.
(2) Rebuilding of an Armature Shaft.
Worn parts of an armature shaft were repaired by thermal
spraying with 0.3mm thick Mo without removing the core.
Proven endurance was over 5 years. Disassembly and assembly
cost little. Repairs were thus low in cost and the job completed
quickly.
(3) Rebuilding of Locally Worn Parts of Trolley Wires of the
New Tokaido Line27)
For the purpose of increasing the intervals of replacement of
trollcy wires, consideration was given to rebuilding using in site
tliermal spraying. Trolley wires are subjected to high-speed
>nergization wear resulting from violent current ares different
trom wear of machine parts in general. Thus, for them, sprayed
coatiligs are required to withstand severe conditions such as
current collection, conductivity, wear resistance abrasion and
- 71
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. Table 10. Exarnple o
f Hardness of Sprayed C
oating
Sproy material
Typa of sprayiny
Hardness (Hv200)
13Cr
Matallizing
420 500
Mo
Metallizing
450 677
Ni-Cr
Metsll.izing
250 360
SWRH42
Metallizing I
400- 460
- SWR S80
Metallizing
450 ,650
AI203
Plssma
750 1,500
AI203--T102
Plasma
740 -1,180
CrZ03
Plasma
900 1,600
TtOZ
Plasma
600 - 750
2rO2
I Plmma
400 - 500
resistance to arcing. Particularly, adhesion is an important
factor.
In order to select sprayed coatings which �satisfy these
requirements, basic experiments were conducted ef spray
materials. selection of spraying methods (spraying onto, the
slidin2 surfaces of trolley wires is frorn underneath), ternpera-
ture rises of trolley wires during spraying, electric resistance,
- abrasion and adhesion. Test results determined that the spray-
ing method was to be wire spraying and the spray material to
be a self-fluxing alloy (flexible cord) of a Ni-Cr-B-Si system.
Table I 1 shows an example of results of basic experiments.
TIZe above tests were followed by in site tests to prove that
except for a few difficulties thermal spraying can reduce wear
of trolly wires. Sprayed coatings were found particularly
effective in low-speed sections. Fig. 2 shows an example of
results of in site tests. Practicalization involves problems about
scheduling because spraying work is dependent on weather.
(4) Sealing Surfaces of Vacuum Equipment Parts
Sealing surfaces (mitted with teflon) with a rotation of
_ 2,500 rpm, a temperature of 100�C and a pressure of 10-2 torr
were plasma sprayed with CrzO3 0.2mm thick and have been in
service for a durability period of over 5 years. Also, ceramic
spraying is used on guide rolls and pump shaft sleeves for
synthetic fiber machines.
- In addition, one of the examples of coating for resistance
to wear caused by dust is the impellers (substrate: cast steel)
of blast furnace blowers sprayed with 13Cr steel, which are
in use withstanding a wear of 800 m/s max. involving coke
- particles. 4.1.2. Resistance to Fretting Wear
(1) Jet Engine Air Sealing28)
The mating inner surfaces of a titanium alloy ring about
SOOmm outside diameter, 580mm inside diameter and 40mm
in thickness were worn over their full Smm width. So, the ring
was repaired by plasma spraying. It involved service require-
72
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Table 11. Results of Spray Material Tests
Thi
Adhesion (kglcmz)
Bendiny teat (degroa)
Electric resistencf IX10'3R)
$pray metal!
ckness
Imm)
Pre treatment
Dis�
Ois-
Dia-
'
Mean
Ranpe
pers ~on
Meen 0
Renge
persion
.
Mean
Renge
penion
'
1
G
R.0
~
1G6
-
-
78
70-~0 ~
5.18
L
2.57
1.87^-'3.27
0.12
.
G.8 I
I
i
0.2
8.0
1
169.5
148~-192 1
6.22
40 ~
i
25^55
11.2
O
3.25
1.88^4.62
5.54
Cu
G
i
I
0.3
G.B
~ 167.5
i 71-144
I
10.2
22
10^34
I 7.37
n
3.54 I
24.4^r36.8
1.23
I
0.3
G.B
J
~
-
~ -
i
-
-
-
-
-
7.5
-
-
-
-
$n.Cu
0.1
I G.B
~ 110

~ 87-123 '
-
3.55 j
59
44-74
i 7.50 0
6.02 2.60^9.44
3.81
Ni,AI-Cu
0.1
' G.B
'I 169
(D)
65.8 i
60
54 -64
I 4.1::
1.30 I 1.0^-1.6 I
0.27
Ni-Cr
0.3
I G.B
i 222
191-253 ~
- i
26
21^31
3.9 ; 0
I
96 i 70^-122 i
57.8
I
N,-Cr
0.3
G.B
-
_
-
I -
-
56 1 I

-r-----~

I

-r"-_
N, - A1
~ I
N = C r
0,1
G.!
90
~ - I
-

72
I-
59-84
-
11.7 ~ I

186 123^249
I
70.5
~

0.3
- -
G.8
-
116
66^-146 '
27.4
~
~ -
~ -
- I- I
~
2.34 2.08^2.50
0.20
Brass
0.3
Fa.O
-
- '
_
!
_
_
- I -
I
1.6 -
-
0.3
' G. R
-
- I~
-
i -
-
- ; - I
0.66 ' -
-
- _ _
-
- -

I

-

16C
0.3
~ G.B
' (E)
- ~
-
~ 17
12^22
_
pg
26 i
17^~35
11
6C
0.1
I G.B
I (E)
- ~
-
I 35
33^37
~
1.4 i 0
~
54
45^62
14
4l ,
0.3
G.B
~ 166
!
(C) 1
-
I 37
~ 30^44
I
! 12.2 i 0
I
(A) ~
-
-
A! - Zn
0.3
~i G.8
32.5
16.7-48.3 i
4.43
46
i, 29^63
1 11.5 G
4.0
2.39^5.61
2.1
-
-
-
`
- 0.1
G.B
- 212
176�249
(X)
I 45
-
O
I
12.1 11.9-12.2
I
1.3
M
A
-
1
.
'
'
I
I
I
I
0.3
G.B
, 204
172-232 i
18.8
14
-
I -
~ 08
-
(G)
-

0.1

r.B

262

1 260�264 i
(x)
42
j -
-
O
~
21.9 ~ 20.7-23.1
1.3
MA - 2
I
I
I
~
0.3
G. B
223
i 204-242 ~
i
13.5
15
' -
~ -
O8
16.0 I 9.5 ^22.4
7.2
FP 66
-0.3
G.B
T 262

i - -1
-
i z
-
-
OB
94.0
76.5^r109
14.3
3
60C
0.3
i
'
G.B
, 217
195-239 i
(X)
i 10
i -
~ -
I OB
I 32.1
I 19.Or44.2
27.3
N' - A1
03
I
~ G.B
136
125�148 ~
(X)
~ 30
-
I
; -
I V
83.0
I 8 1. 4-9 0. 5
6.7
h~- A!�Mo
0.3
G.B
207
203�211
i
(X)
i 28
i
O
65.9
~ 50.4^~1.4
24.0
Colmonoy
0
3
I G
B
272
- i
-
~ 20
1 -
i -
I
15.0
8.6-21.5
9.9
vvc
.
.
I
~ i
i
I
- Remark G.B Gritbest
R.O: Grooving
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0
0.4
c
~
_ o
!z
0.7
E
0
N
;
OJ
0
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Okavsms 67 189 14H1 tlown t a hnG Ilaw speedl
an a 4 .or.-o
(Sprayetl laysr)
l~t 2nd 3rtl 4th Sth
m~tiuroment meMUremant muwnment meewrement tnsssurement
7/l0 4i18 5/15 6/9 7/14
2200 Danto 2800 Ponto 2800 wnto 2000 Oanto 2800 Ponto
Fig. 2. Wear Measurement in In-site Test
ments: an engine speed of about 7,300 rpm (note: the rin,_
was affixed to a rotor), amplitudes around 0.1 -0.1 27mn'
(as measured on the casing) and vibration f'rorn speed arount.
38 mmis. Sprayine consisted of U.2mm I}11Ck Mo� TI11S re
= paired ring endured over 4,000 hours -ise. Tllese rines arc
sprayed initially and repaired at a certain intervalst
- Photo 8 shows a sprayed air seal.
(2) Crank Case Bearing Stand
- The bearing stand cylinder, a half shape of a cylinder 12Omri
in diameter and 45 mm in width of a crank case of cast alu�
minum alloy, was worn inside. So, it was repaired by plasma
spraying. Service requirements were unknown. [t was sprayed
with Ni�A1 0.2 mm thick as a bonding coat and ,al 0.3 mm thick
over this. No trouble in the repaired area has been reported for
_ more than 3 years since.
(3) Parts Used at Low Temperawres
Consideration was given tc application of a sprayed cuatine
(or resistance to fretting wear about 25 mm wide in an FC 25
(cast iron ) external fitting parts about 1,000 mm in diaitieter
and about'00 rnm thick.
A special service requirement was a temperature ot -50'C.
Tests were conducced of resis:ance to fracture, adhesion and
resistance to impact of sprayed coatings at low temperawres.
For low temperatur~s. a cycle of hulding test samples in liquiil
nitrogen ior 30 minutes and then restoring them to room
tempera.ure was repeated a maximum of 10 times betore the
samples were put to the test within S minutes of this processing.
All samples met test requirements. Thus, actual fitting parts
were sprayed and no trouble with them has since been reported.
- 4.13. Anticorrosi )n and Wear Resistance
A cast-iron pump cover 430 mm ou?side diameter and
30 mm inside diameter was corroded in several locatior.s
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by a water flow containing particles erosion. So, it was repaired
by wire spraying. Service requirements were 150�C max. and
flow rates of around 7.5 m/s. Spraying consisted of a bondina
coat followed by 18Cr�5Ni stainless steel 1 mm thick and an
overcoat of a phenol resin sealer. The repaired part endured
service for over 2 years. Photo 9 shows a sprayed pump casing.
Anotlier successful application for resistance to abrasion by
particles erosion by plasma spraying, was to guide vanes (sub-
scrates of cast steel) imgortant structural p~,*ts of hydraulic
equipment, with a WC contained a11oy.29>
Generally, applications of sprayed plastics, taking ad, antage
of tlic techniques features, are extending into a variety of fields
from liquid tanks and turbo-fan casings in chemical plants,
to func[ional parts requiring resistance to corrosion and abra-
siun such as feeder rolls and canvas rolls in paper manufacturing.
cextiles. steel manufacturir,g and food processing plants.
Pfioto 10 shows a steel mill roll sprayed with nylon.
Piluto I I shows a paper manufacturing roll sprayed with
nylon.
\ow, we have reviewed a small part of actual applications
mainl\of abrasion resistance and rebuilding repairs. Recent
trends are the use of wear resistant coatings by thermal spraying
on newly rnade parts, made on the basis of successful applica-
tior.s. ln order to reduce weight, in particular, thermal spraying
is being applied to functual parts, the substrates of which
are aluminwn.
4.2 Anticorrosion and Antiabrasion by Self-fluxing AUoy
Spraying
Different from ordinary methods of thermal spraying, self-
fluxing alloy spraying uses a fusing treatment after spraying,
wliich lieats sprayed coatings to over fusing temperatures (about
I.000�C). This fusing treatment eliminates pores in sprayed
coatuigs and greatly increases bond strength between coat-
ines and thcir substrates.
Spray matenals are so-called self-fluxing alloys made by
addiq ahout 1-41/c boron or silicon as a flux to alloys of a
nickef, nickel-chrome or a cobalt derivative.
AIthuuoi :ts applicatidns are rather limited because sub-
_ strates are thermally strained by fusing, this spraying is being
successtully applied to those parts required to be resistant to
wear by cavitation, errosion anda brasion by sand. Seif-
fluxing alloy spraying is finding its application in pump
parts, crusher hammers, screws of centrifugal separators, valves
and dies for glass molding as well as rolls for iron mills.
5. Special Applications and Future Trends
Applications of thermal spraying which are able to coat a
variety of substrates with plastics, metals and ceramics, are
, 7.5 . ,
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unexpectedly wide. As studies on therma] spraying and sprayed
coatings produce results, special applications are developed
successively. They include new types of thermocouples, resist-
ance elements for artificia] satellites, magnetic systems and
sensors in the fields of electronics, capsule sleeves in nuclear-
power equipment and solar parts making use of emittance
characteristics of sprayed coatings useful in solar energy pro-
jects,not to mention the addition of conductivity and insula-
tion. Thermal spraying is also used in the manufacture of
barium titanate condensers30), attracting attention of fields
of surface processing for its parts manufacturing ability.
One recent study of particular note is a"photo-chemical
reaction using titanium oxide sprayed electrodes".31) This
seems to be a development of air plasma spraying. At present,
industrial laboratories and main plants are earnestly pursuing
studies of thermal spraying, making efforts to establish methods
of non�destructive testing including blasting, while using vacuum
spraying to inprove sprayed coatings in respect of porosity.
The application o( thermal spraying seems limitless.
Reference
1) Seki; lndustrial Use of Zn Tiiermal Spraying, Series 5,
Japan Demand Research Group for l.ead and Zinc.
2) Tagaya, Tsumura and Yarnanaka; Journal of the Thermal
Spraying Society of Japan, Vol.l No.l, 1964.
3) Takei and Suzuki; ibid.
4) Okamoto; Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan,
Vol. 18, No. 9, 1967.
5) Hasui and Kitahara; Journal of the Japan Welding Society,
Vol. 42, No. 2, 1973.
6) Takei and Nagasaka; "Thermal Spraying Coating", The
- Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd., 1964.
7) Okada and Arata; "Plasr.ia Engineering", The Nikkan
Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd., 1966.
8) Hasui and Kitahara; Report of National Research Institu[e
of Metals, Vol. 111, No. 1, 1968.
9) Mima and Ueda; Joumal of the Thermal Spraying Society
of Japan, Vo1.2, No.l , 1965.
10) Nagasaka and Kato; ibid., Vol. 2, No. 1, 1965.
11) Isa; ibid., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1968.
12) Uchida; Journal of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Vol. 67, No. 548, 1964.
13) Kurihara and Ito; Joumal of the Thermal Spraying Society
of Japan, Vo1.15-2, 1969,6.
14) Japan Weathering Test Center; Report on the Study of
Industrial Materials and Weathering Properties of Products,
May, 1976.
15) Nagasaka, Uchida, Kitamura and Seki; The Regular Lecture
Meeting of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan.
16) Kitamura, Nagasaka, Uchida and Sel:i; ibid., 1977.
17) Seki; JournaJ of Japan Association of Steel Bridge Painting
Charactors, Vol. 5, No. 2.
18) Nagasaka; "Lead and Zinc", Vol. 95, May, 1980. Japan
76.
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Demand Research Group for Lead and Zinc.
19) Source; Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
20) Yoshida; "Steel Bridge Painting". Japan Association of
Steel Bridge Painting Contractors.
21) Kosaka; Materials from Compound Painting Association,
- 25 July, 1978.
22) Miyoshi, Satake, Nagata and Yozaki; Sumitomo Ntetal,
Vol. 26, No. 2, 1974, P. 67.
23) Ishikawa; "Lining", Vol. 19, No. 6, 1971.
24) Mima, Magome and Ueno; Preliminary Report for the
29th Monthly of the Thermal Spraying Society of Japan,
1978.
25) Hasui and Komiya; Joumal of Thermal Spraying Sociery of
Japan Vol. 15, No.2, 1978.
26) Hasui, Kitahara and Fukushima; Report of National Re-
search Institute of Metals, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1969.
27) Railway Electrification of Japan; "Railway Material Com-
mittee", Practical Use of Metal Thermal Spray for Local
Wear Purtions of Trolly Lines" 78-3, 1978.
28) Seki and Ishikawa; Journal of Japan Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Vol. 82, No. 724, 1978.
29) Asalii and Tamamura; "Metal Material", Vol. 17, No. 8,
1977, The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd.
30) Kimura; Toumal of Ihermal Spraying Society of Japan
Vo1.15, No.l, 1968
31} Shimizu, Takeuchi, Kaneko and Nagasaki; "Electronics
Devices", Materials from New Energy Saving Joint Study
Group,29 May,1980.
The [nstitute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, EDD-80-
42, ESC�80-6.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
, 77. .
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTROLYTIC MULTI-COLORING OF ANODIZED COATINGS ON ALUMINUM
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 -pp 35-�42
~ [Article by Kenji Uchida and Ken,ji Wada, researchers aL the National Institute
for Research in Inorganic Materials]
[ Text ] 1. Introduction
The anodized coating of aluminum has been conventionally
conducted in a sulfuric acid bath and the colors obtained
on the coating in a succeeding nickel sulfate bath are blackish
or brownish [1-5]. Coatings possessing primary colors can
be developed by either changing the metal of the sulfate
salt 11, 4-61 or applying rather lower voltage than that
employed in the usual method [7-8], however, the colors
developed are not multi-colors and control of the colors
to be developed has been hardly made [9-101.
On the contrary, a coating formed in a sulfuric acid bath
and;or that in an oxalic acid can be multi-colored by inter-
mediate treatment, such as decreasing the voltage [11-12],
tlie pore-widening [ 13). and reanodizing [7, 14] .
Whereas, a coating formed in a phosphoric acid bath
c;ui be easily multi-colored by merely changing electrolyzing
condicions in the absence of the above-mentioned intermediate
treatment, giving rise to iridescent colors of red through
violet [9, 15-16].
Fundamental study has been made a little on the relation
between the colors developed and the conditions for both.
anodizing and coloring steps [17-18]. Various explanations
for the cause of the colors of anodized coatings, such as
the geometrical form of tfle pore structure of the barrier
layer [5, 191. dispersion of inetal deposits in tfle pores
- [1-5, 8], particles size distribution of the metal [8, 201,
and interference effects [9-10, 13-17, 21-22] ,}iave been
known, however, still they have not been fully elucidated.
In the present paper, the relation between anodizing
- conditions, mainly the electrolytic condition in the phosphoric
acid bath, and the colors developed on the aluminum are
described. Also; the effect of additives to the coloring bath
_ of nickel sulfate upon the multi-coloring of the coating is
outlined and the possible cause of the multi-colors is discussed.
- 78
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Table 1. Conditions of the Anodic Oxidation and the Colors Developed
I Electrolyte
System I S2ep Formulation (g/1) Wave
i form
~
Two�step Anodizing
coloring '
process i I A
Coloring
~ i B
I
i i
Anodizing
HgPOq 30 ; d.c
NiSOq 30 I I
NiSOq 30-, a.c. I
H;B03 10 I
H2SO4 150 ' d.a ~
Electrolysis
Volta e(V) Current dZrr Du ,atiM (s)
9 sity (A/m )
o -
25 i 8
~ 1 3600
15 j 34 I < 160
15 j 100
i
Three�step ' Reanodizing
coloring
process ' q
L-
Coloring
B
I I
~
1200
300
1
2400
H3PO4 30 d.c. 20 6
NiSOq 30
NiSOq 30 , a.c. ~ 14 32
H3B03 10 I , 1
2. Experimental Procedures
2-1. Aluminum and Its Pretreatment
Aluminum foils of 9937c purity and thickness of more
than 100um were used for the experiment's. Prior to anodizing,
the foil was degreased by wiping with trichloroetfiylene in
order to avoid losing the brightness of the original surface.
2-2. Anodic Oxidation and Electrolytic Coloring
Anodic oxidation was carried out as presented in Table 1;
in the case where thin coating l�m) was desirable, a
single phosphoric acid bath was employed, while in the case
for a thick coating, phosphoric acid was used for reanodizing
the coating which had been anodized in the sulfuric acid bath.
Anodizing in phosphoric acid in the former case and reanedizing
in phosphoric acid in the latter were made by applying constant
voltage which was lower than that employed by the usual
method.
- The process for the colorinR of the thin anodized coatings
will be tentatively called as the two�step coloring process
and that for the thick coating as the three-step coloring process.
Coloring of the coating obtained in the three-step coloring
process was conducted under the same electrolytic conditions
- applying alternating current (a.c.), as employed in the usual
method using a nickel sulfate bath (NiSOa 30g/I) with or
without addition of boric acid (H3 BO3 I Og/1). The kinds of
additives to the bath were, besides boric acid, well-known
complexes, such as ammonium compounds, amines, aqueous
ammonium, and pH buffer reagent, such as sulfuric acid,
79
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tartaric acid, aluminum sulfatc, for the purpose to examine
the effect of the dissolved altiminum in the bath upon the
coloring of the coating.
In order to determine the effect of the duration of the
electrolysis for the coloring upon the colors developed, a pair
- of electrodes, tne aluminum foil anode and a carbon-plate
cathode, was immersed in the bath initially and after conduct-
ing the etectrolysis for a period of 20 s, the aluminum anode
was raised ^-20mm and again the electrolysis was carried
out under the conditions ider,tical to those in the previous
run. This procedure was repeated more than ten times. When
necessary, the colored coating was sprayed with clear lacqucr
and comparison was made by observing the colors before and
after the spray.
Samples to check the metal deposits alone in the pores
were prepared by dissolving only the coating which had been
obtained in either the anodizing or the reanodizing step with
a mixture of H3P04 and H2C1`04 at -99�C for -5 min.
2-3. Color Measurements
Change of color of the coatings de~�eloped in the colorine
step was evaluated using Hunter's color scale, L, a, and b.
which had been measured by a Color Difference Meter (Suga
Instrument Co., Ltd., AUD-CH2).
2-4. Observation of the Metal Deposits in the Pores
The electrolytic deposits in the pores were eramined by
observing a ultra-thin section prepared from the anodized
c.olored coating by means of an ultramicrotome with a trans-
mission method using a high resolution electron-microscope
(Hitachi, Ltd., 1250KV).
3. Results and Discussion
3-1. T'wo-Step Coloring Process
Hunter's diagrams for the eolors of the anodized coatin~s
obtained at various durations of anodizing in the phosplloric
acid bath are given in Fig.l. Visually observed color of the
_ coating at 10 min was a pale�yellowish and the color became
darker with a lapse of the duration. This trend is recognized
in Fig.l-A and the diagram indicates that multi-coloring :s
not complete yet. After 40 min, multi-coloring progressed
witli increasing the duration and at 60 min, multi�coloring
was almost completed, as can be seen in Fig.l -D. At this stage,
variation of the visually observed colors of the coating was:
dark brown -r blue - yellow - orange - red -
dark reddish green green dark reddish purple
and finally ending in black.
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_ Yellow
b b b b
ye~~
ow,g''Be
~ /420 Otac+9e
0
10
Rea
G rey
a
1 1- -10 0 10
0~~~91~~ P~~AI
e
-10
Blua
A : 10 min
a
a
B: 20 min C: 40 min D: 60 min
rig. 1. Hunter's Diagram for the Colors Developed with a Function of the Anodizing
Duration in the Two�Step Process
3�2. Three-Step Coloring Process
Anodized coatings obtained by the usual method using a
sulfuric acid bath have generally been colored with a duration
of more tlian 20 min in a metal salt solution, in which some
addition, e.g. H3 B03, is made. However, the coating reanodized
in a phosphoric acid bath for 5 min with applying lower
voltage than that in the usual method can be colored quickly
to dark brown in the subsequent coloring step, and further
coloring gives bright multi-colors on the caating. This fact
indicates that the three-step , colaring process shortens the
coloring period, though an additional reanodizing step is
required.
Relation between L�value of the colors of the coating
obtained by the three-step process and the duralion of a.c.
Plectrolysis for the third step, with a function of reanodizing
duration in the phosphoric acid bath (L-T curves) is shown
in Fig.2. Curve for 0 min means the L-T curve for the colors
of the coating obtained with absence of the reanodizing step,
i.e. the colors obtained by the usual method using a sulfuric
acid bath. The color developed in the coloring step for 20s
wtiic}l llad been obtained by reanodizing for 10 min was dark
brown and further continuation of the coloring made the
colors brownish, tlirough reddish, to bluish grey, however,
multi-colors were not produced. This is also recognized as
the characteristic wavy curve for 20 min anodizing in Fig.2.
In Qeneral, a longer reanodizing period seems to promote
satisfactory multi-colors on the coating.
Owing to the observation made above, coloring of the
coating in the three-step process can be controlled, similar
81
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
n
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SO
d
~
>
J
60

~
\0`~0 min
"N,p
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FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
Table 2. Kinds and Amounts of Additives, and pH of
the Electrolytes for Multi-coloring
Eleetroyte
Additive I
pH
8ase electrolyte
Kind
Amount
0 (g/I)
6.9
1
6
.2
H3B03
3'
5.6
5'
5.5
0 (B/I)
6.4
1
5.8
(NH4)2SO4
3
5.4
i
5'
5.2
~ 0 (ml/I)
6.9
I ~ 1
7.3
i I 3
7.9
5
6.2
NiSOq (30g/1)
(HOCH2CH2)3Ni $
8.3
i 10
8.6
~ 13
8.6
I ~ 1 5'
8.9
i 20'
9.0
n
i 0 Iml/Il
5.3
I 1
7.7
5
8.0
~ 10
NHqOH (25%) I
8.2
20
8.6
~ I 30'
9.2
' I 40'
9.5
~ i 50'
9.7
i
i
~
1
l
c
40
1
1
il
I~
~
20
30 min
' Multi-coloring
I 1 1 1 1
0 40 80 120 160
a.c. Electrolytic duretio n (s)
Fig. 2. Relation between L�value of the Colored
Coating and the Duration of a.c. Electrolysis,
with a Function of the Anodizing Duration in _
H3 POq Bath in the Three-Step Process
to the two-step process, with the durations of Uoth for
reanodiZing in the phosphoric acid bath ar?d for coloring in
the nicke] sulfate bath with or without addition of boric acid.
r_
$2
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3-3. Effect of Additives to the Coloring Bath for Three-Step
Process
3�3�1. Additives to Promote Coloring
Experiments to examine the effect of additives on the
fnal colors were conducted on the samples which had been
reanodiaed thoroughly in the single phosphoric acid bath.
Thoroughness of this reanodizing can be affirmed by the
indication of a brown color on the coating in the succeeding
coloring step using a bath of nickel sulfate only. The anodized
coating was able to promote multi-coloring in the nickel
sulfate bath into which boric acid had been added. As present
in Fig.3, addition of 1 g/t H3 B03 develops colors of brownish,
through bluish, to yellowish brown. Increasing the amount of
boric acid to 3 g/1 aimost completes multi-coluring, and further
addition up to 5 g/1 does not give any significant change.
Besides boric acid, other additives which promoted multi-
coloring were ammonium compounds, amines, and aqueous
ammonium. The kind and the amount of the additive into
the nickel sutfate bath are reported in Table 2. As seen
Table 2, multi-coloring was obtained with the presence of
5g/1, 15m1/1, and 30m1/1 of ammonium sulfate, triethanolamine,
and 2~'o aqueous ammonium, respectively. The effectiveness
of the additive to control the multi-coioring is in the order:
H3BO3 > (NH4)2SO4 > (HOCHZCHZ)3N
3�3-2. Additives to Promote Single-coloring
The effect of additives to the, coloring bath upon the
promoting of the sinoe coloring was investigated for re-
anodized coating which was ablc to develop multi-colors in
the standard nickel sulfate bath with addition of boric acid
(5g/1). These results are tabulated in Table 3.
L�T curves a::d Hunter's diagrams of the colors developed
with a function of the amount of tartaric acid added into
NiS04-H3 BO3 bath are delineated in Fig.4 and Fig.S, respec-
tively. It is apparent from the figures that the addition of
tartaric acid of 5g/1 gave, instead of multi-colors, a light and
shady brown color, similaz to that obtainable by the usual
method, and, from Fig.4, the coloring without any addition
is retarded by 20 s with addition of lg/1 boric acid.
Addition of sulfuric acid seems to affect identically as
does tartaric acid. Sulfuric acid of O.Sml/l developed a ligJ;t
and shady brown, but not multi-colors. As indicated in Table 3,
aluminum sulfate of 3g/1 yields the single color of brown.
[n cantrast to the kinds of the additive, pH value of the
nickel sulfate bath in which aluminum sulfate had been added
was higher than that in which either sulfate acid or tartaric
acid had been added.
From these observations, final colors of ttie coating appear
to be attributed not only to the duration of the electrolysis,
both in the anodizing step using phosphoric acid bath and in
the coloring using nickel sulfate Eath, but also to both the
amount and the kind of the additive in the coloring step.
83
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Table 3. Kinds and Amounts of Additives, and pH of
the Electrolytesfor Single�coloring
Electrolyte
Additiva
Basa electrolyte
Kind
Amount ~
pH
0 (ml/I)
4.9
HZSOq
0.25
2> '
0.50'
2>
0 (ml/1)
4.8
0.50
-
NiSOq (20 g/I)
(CH(OH)
1
2.5
COOHIq
3
2.2
+
5'
2.0
H3803 ( 5 g/1)
0 (9/0
4.9
I 0.50
I 4.3
i 1
4.1
A12 (S04)3
' 2
4.0
3'
3.8
5'
3.7
a
e
a
Fig. 3. Hunter's Diagram for the Colors Developed with a Function of the Amount of
H3603 Addition to NiSOa Coloring Bath in the Three-Step Process
4. Observation of the Deposits in the Pores and of the
Colorina Mechanism
4�1. Microstructure
Photographs I and 2 reproduce the surface and the sectional
1~iews of the colored sample. The sample was prepared by
the tN,o-stt;p coloring process, conditions of which were:
Anodizing in 30g/1 H3PO4 bath at 21�C with applying direct
current (d.c.) [current density (c.d.); 0.054A/dml, 20V, 22
84
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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a
b
1
. b
' Single-coloring
b
b _

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FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
~
100
\~G
\ \
~
G
80 ~
~
I
m~
~
>i
~I 60
40
I
1
I
1
01-0-11i
20
0 40 80 120 160
a.c. Electrolytic duration (s)
Fig. 4. Relatian between L-value of the Colored
Coatiny and the Duration of a.c. Electrolysis,
with a Function of the Amount of Tartaric
Acid Additicn to NiSO4 + H3 603 Bath in the
Three-Step Process
b
0
a
b
b
Fig. 5. Hunter's Diagram for the Colors Developed
with a Function of the Amount of Tartaric
Acid Addition to NiSO4 + H3 B03 Bath in the
Three-Step Process
85
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b n n/I

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min]; Coloring in 30g/1 NiSQ4 + lOg/1 H3BO3, at room tem-
perature, a.c. (c.d.; 0.32A/dm2, 15V, 60 s). These photographs
indicate that the pores' size distributes over a wide range and
the electrodeposits are composed of fine nickel particles
which have grown from the bottom of the pores.
4-2. Coloring Mechanism
Final colored coating shows different colors depending
on the thickness of the coating prepared in the anodizing
or rean odizing step and the ;cind of the bath employed in
the coloring step. Variation of the colors of the coating with
increasing the electrolytic duration in the coloring step is
summarized in Table 4, which is arranged with the thickness
of the coating chat is controllable with or without the re�
anodizing step, i.e. two-step process or three-step process.
Coloring was made in the nickel sulfate bath (30g/I) and in
the bath composed with nickel sulfate (30g/I) and boric acid
(10g/1). In order to identify the interference effect caused
at the porous layer, variations ef the colors of the coating
post-treated with clear lacquer are also shown in the Table.
In Test ] in Table 4, a coating thinner than l�m formed in
tlie sulfuric acid bath developed brigflt primary colors in the
consecutive coloring step using the nickel sulfate bath. The
[hick coating (^-6.5�m) obtained in Test 2 consisted of a
pu:ous layer formed in the anodizing step using sulfuric
acid bath and that in the reanodiLing step using phosphoric
acid. 1t yielded a light and shady brown, but not dark, in the
subsequent coloring step. In Test 3, similar to Test 1, a thin
coating was obtained first and the succeeding coloring step
save bright primary colors with employing a nickel sulfate
611 containing boric acid. In Test 4, unlike Test 2, dull
primary colors developed cn the thick coating using the'
mixed bath.
4�2-1. Cause of Colors in the 'iwo-Step Process
(thin coating with H3B03 addition)
Tlie colors developed in Test 3 were visually observed
to be bright primary colors, identical to that in Test 1.
However, post-treatment of the ceSors with clear lacquer
lost the brightness of the original colors and resulted in different
dull colors. On the basis of the observation, the colors of
the coating appear to be caused preferentially witn the inter-
ference between the top surface of fhe coating and that of
the electrodeposits in the pores, rather than that between
the top of the electrodeposits and the surface of the base
aluminum.
L�T diagrams and Hunter's diagrams for the colors developed
on the thin coatin;, for the colors of the lacquer treated
coating, and for the colors of the deposits alone prepared
by dissolving only the coating are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7,
respectively. As seen in Fig.6, the colors developed with the
coloring duration up to 80s are controlled by the colors
86
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,oo
0
~ . Thin coatinp
^ 1.ecquaretl thin coaung
80
� DeposIt
e
\
' 60
J
\

40
n
\O V'
20
0 40 80 120 160 200
ac EiectroWt,c durauo. Isl
- Fig. 6. Plots of the a.c. Electrolytic Duration in
NiSOa + H; B03 Bath Against the L�value of
the Thin Coating, of the Lacquered Thin
Coating, and of the Deposit
of the deposits which were a light and shady brown. Between
, 80 and 160 s, L�T curve for the lacquered fmish looks like
a mirror image of that for the deposits alone across the hori-
zontal line. It exemplifies that the colors of the coating and
that of the deposits are complementary to each other. From
the results of visual � observation, colors of the coating
developed with further prolonged duration seems to be
controlled by other factors which will be discussed in the
next section.
42�2. Cause of Colors in the Three-Step Process
(thick coating, with additive)
Colors -)f the coating developed in Test 4 resemble closely
those with ~_..quer treatment in Test 3. It is consistent with
the following interpretation: variation of color of the coating
by increasing the duration in the coloring step in Test 4
_ seems to indicate different primary colors which appear when
_ the inte,ference r,elors of the coating obtained in Test 3
, disappea- by being sprayed with lacquer. In fact, colors of
. the cuatins obtained in Test 4 did not change their own colors
ev?n after treating with lacquer.
L�T diagrain and Hunter's diagram for the colors deve;oped
on the thick coating, for the colors of lacquer treated coatings,
and for the deposits alone are indicated in Fig.8 and Fig.9,
respectively. With c:,mpa:ing a pair of Fig.6 and Fig.7, and
that of Fig.8 and Fig.y, a different trend can be noticed in
the diagrams for the colors of the coating. Contrary to this,
tiie colors of the coating and those of the lacquer coated appear
almost same except fbr a slight change in color at t!:e duration
of 40-60s and tliat of 1:20-140s as seen in Table 4. Examina-
88
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U
d
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
b
b
`
20
71 0)
1
a
0
i n'n coalmu
Lacquerect thin coat,ny Depos. t
Fig. 7. Hunter's Diagrams of the Thin Coating, of the Lacquered Thin Coating, and of the
Deposit Obtained from NiSOa + H3 603 Bath in the Two-Step Procass
iaor
Thick coating
Lacqu9red Ihick cOatiny
BU ~ . Oeposi[
a
7
> 60
J
40
20
0 40 80 120 160 200
s c El@ctrolyt,c duracion isl
Fig. 8. Plots of the a.c. Electrolytic Duration in
NiSO4 + H3 B03 Bath Against the L�value
of the Thick Coating, of the l.acquefed
Thick Coating, and of the Deposit
tion of each curve in Fig.B suggests that the colors developed
with the duration between 0 and 40s seem to be caused.by
the brownish color of the deposits and also the color of the
lacquered thick coating and that of the deposits developed
in the duration range 60-120s, are complementary to each
other. Moreover, the primary colors developed with the dura-
tion between 140 and 180s are likely due to the interference
caused by reflections at the surface of the base aluminum
and at the top surface of the deposits. When the height of
89
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b
a
a
b
Thick eoat,ng Lxqueretl thick coatinq Deposit
Fig. 9. Hunter's Diagrams of the Thick Coating, of the Lacquered Thick Coating, and of
the Deposit Obtained from NiSOa + H3 B03 Bath in the Three-Step Process
the deposit is nearly equal to one quarter of the light wave
length, cause of the cDlor ca,z be obviously explained by
the interference, however, the colors developed in these
durations were less brighter than thase caused by the inter-
ference between tl:e surface of the coating and the top
surface of the deposits.
Among she colors developed on the coating, the colors
obtained with the duration between 40 and 60s are possibly
due to overlapping the colors of the deposits themselves
an@ the colors complementary to that of the deposits.
likewise, the colors obtained between 120 and 140s are
also' considered to be dependent un overlapping the colors
ccmplementary to tllose of the deposits and tlie interference
colors.
0
References:
1. T. Asada: Kinzoku Hyomen Gijyutsu, 21, 490 (1970)
2. P.G. Sheasby and W.E. Cook: Trans. [ns:. Met. Finish, 52. 103
(1974)
3. E. Herrman: Galv;uiotechnik, 63. 110 (1972)
4. L. Sandera: Aluminium, 49, 553 (1973)
5. S. Kawai, Y. Yamagiwa, T. Mizusawa and H. Watanabe: Kinzoku
Hyomen Gijyutsu, 27, 320 (1976)
6. T. Sato and S. Ono: Proceedings of 53th Conference of the Metal
Finishing Society of Japan, Tokyo, 100 (1976)
7. I. Inoue, M. Shimizu, S. Ono and T. Sato: Proceedings of 52th
Conference of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan. Nagoya, 66
(1975)
8. T. Sato: Kinzoku Hyomen Gijyutsu, 28, 40 (1977)
9. K. Wada and H. Tagai: PAOL, 9, 25 (1976)
90
FOR OFFICIAiL USE ONLY
n
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10. N. Baba and Mizuki: Praceedings of 58t1iConference of the Metal
Finishing Society of Japan, Osaka, 84 (1978)
11. Y. Shimajiri: Kinzoku Hyomen Gijyutsu, 28, 416 (1977)
12. J.F. Murphy and C.E. Michelson: Proceedings of Conferencc on
Anod'uing Aluminium, Nottingham 1961, 83 (Aluminium Federa-
tFon, London, 1962)
13. Y. Hinoda and T. Omote: Proceedings of Symposium of the Light
Metat Suciety of Japan, I'okyo, 40 (1976)
14. T. Asada: Proceedings of Symposium of the Light Metal Society of
Japan, Tokyo, Special Lecture (1976)
15. K. Wada, T. Hatano and K. Uchida: J. Appl. Electrochem., 9, 457
(1979)
16. K. Wada, T. Hatano and K. Uchida: J. Appl. Electrochem.. 9, 445
(1979)
17. K. Wada, Y. Matsui,'N. i'sutsumi and K. Uchida: Kinzoku Hyomen
Gijyutsu, 31, 140 (1980)
18. M. Hirochi and T. Yoshimura: Kinzoku Hyomen Cijyutsu, 30, 180
(1979)
. 19. T. Sato: Kinzoku, 45, 53 (1975)
20. A.S. Doughty, G.E. Thompson, J.A. Richardson and G.C. Wood:
T'rans. Inst. Met. Finish.,53, 33 (1975)
21. I. Mizuki: Kinzoku Kagaku, 16, 160 (1979)
22. K. Wada, Y. Hatsui, M. Tsutsumi and K. Uchida: Kinzoku Hyomen
Gijyutsu, 31, 307 (1980)
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co, Ltd.
- CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~
COOPERATION WITH ENGLAND TO DEVELOP SYNTHESIZED NATURAL GAS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT
in English
Vol
13
No
12,
Dec
80 p 46
[Text]
� pwka
Gas
Co.
and
British
Gas
Coro.
(BGC) has agreed to basic terms for the joint
development of synthesized natural gas (SNG).
SNG, an alternative to natura: gas, is syn-
thesized from materials such as light oil, heavy
oil, asphalt and coal. Among SNG production
processes, those using lighc compositions of
petroleum such as naphtha and liquefied oil
gas, are already close to practical application.
- On the other hand, tlhe object of the joint
development is to produce natural gas from
heavy petcoleum oil. Conversion is called the
FBH proass and has been investigated by
BGC. Gasification is conducted by direct
addition of hydrogen to heavY oil using a
fluidized bed. i'hey claim as mecits of the
method, fast gasification and economical costs.
They have decided on a joint development
program since diverse materials are required
to promote the natucal gas c.ronvecsion pro-
gramme.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
METHACOAL PLANT COMPLETED IN 1980
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 46
[TeXt] � Mitsui's Coal Liquidification Research
- Association, with Mitsui Mining Co. and Mitsui
_ t'oatsu Chemicals, Inc. as main members, has a
plan to construct a process plant with 1.2t/day
rapacity within this year in order to promote
tfie research and development of "methacoal"
which is a mixture of inethanol and powdered
coal. A more realistic pilot plant will follow
aftec a 2 year loeg expetimental operation
starting from next year.
- Subjects of the experiments include the
- methanol and coal rttixture ratio, environmental
problems associated with combustion, calory,
coal type selection and transportation methods.
At pcesent, they will use subbituminous coal
with low percentage water content. Mitsui
toatsu Chemicals, Inc. is in charge of inethanol
production which is produced using coal
changed into gas phase. Mitsui Mining Co. is
in chazge of selection of coal type and methanol
transportation.
CSO: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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'A
SCIEfiCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FOR OFF'[CIAL USE ONLY
- FORMATION OF NE?J GENERAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 46
[ TeXt ] � rhe New Genetal Energy Development
Organization was formed, which serves as the
kernel to oil altetnative energy development
promotion. Both the government and private
companies are involved in the organization.
- In order co promote oversea activities, it is
soon going to open oversea offices in Washing-
ton and Sydney. Further, a Faris office will be
established in fiscal 1981. 'fhe establishment
of the organization is based on a law concerning
oil alternative er.ergy development and intro-
duction promotion. T'tie organization takes
over part of the work of the Coal Mining
lndustcy Rational'uation Corporation which
has been abolished. However, its main functions
consist of: (1) new energy technology develop-
ment (coal liquefication, hot Hatec utilizing
power generation, deep-layet hot water supply
systems, solar heat power generation and solar
' systems for industrial applications. (2) Geother-
mal resoucces development (the guarantee of
obligation for geothermal resources develop-
ment and inquiries for distribution situation
of geothermal resources). (3) Oversea coal
development (the guarantee of obligation for
oversea coal deve:opment and financing for
cxploration.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
~
i
~
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HEAT RECOVERY OF STACK GAS DESULFURIZATION FACILITY
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in Lnglish Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 46
[Text] -
� The Furukawa Electric Co. has developed
exhaust gas heat recovery equipment for stack
gas of a dewffurization facility and delivered
the first set of equipment to the Kurosaki
plant of Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Ltd.
The equipment will be used for boilers of a
thetmal powec plant.
As an energy saving measure, many kinds
of heat recovery indust:ial sys4ems from
~ exhaust gas have been introduced. Among
- them, this is the world's t"ust practical use
of dirty gas such as from the stacks of desul-
furization systems. The system attracts much
of the industcy's attention because it is a
breakthrough for d'uty gas heat recovery
utilization. [n such, durability is a problem due
to heat exchanger corrosion making heat re-
covery vety difficult. The newly developed
system recovers heat from the exhaust gas
and uses it to heat desulturized gas which is
used fcr the "reheat process". The equipment
delivered to the Kurosaki plant has actually
- recovered 2.11 million Kcal/hr heat from 250.3
thousand Nm3/hr exhaust gas. The Furukawa
Electric Co. developed a practical heat pipe
for heat recovery equipment in 1976 and has
been increasing its sales as energy saving
- equipment in various industries. rhis is the
fust time coaosion and durability problems
have been solved by adopting a special heat
pipe with a main pipe made of copper coated
,vith a new alloy which having excellent
corrosion-residenC properties.
- COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LARGEST LNG COLD HEE1T POWER GENERATION PLANT i1NDER CONSTRUCTION
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Lec 80 p 46
[ Te:it ] � Chubu Electric Fowe: Co. has disclosed a
construction progcam for the world's largest
LNG coid heat power generation plant. The
plant with 10,000kW output isto be located
at the Chita LNG base in Chita citY, Aichi
Prefecture and operation is planned to stazt
in March, 1983. Designing and building the
plant with two S,OOOkW generators has been
_ dont by Chubu Electric Powec Co. in co-
operation a+ith Hitachi Ltd. 'Che investment
will approximately reach V2 biUion.
Principles of the system are as follows:
- By ind'uect contact with natural gas which is
cooled and liquefied at -160�C, Freon gas
absorbs evaporation heat of LNG. The liquefied
Freon gas vaporizes through a heat exchanger,
drives turbines of the generatocs and then
recirculates for repeated use. 'fhe company
expects that about 409'0 of the cold heat will
� be recovered at least.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TEC?iNOLOGY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
NEW FLEXIBLE AMORPHOUS SOLAR CELL DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 47
[ Text ] Teijin Lrd., with the assrstance of Prof. IJamakawa, Facuity oj
fingineering Science, O.naka University has developed a JlexibJe amor�
phous silicon solar cell, a world jirst, which con be bent jreely. The cell
is jormed oj a fhln amorphous sliiron jilm grown on c base made oj thin
heat resistant high polymer film. The cell, which !s sft11 in the expen�
menta! stage with a smaii size oj only 3mmx3mm, has achieved 3.690
photo�electric converston efficiency which is ciose to thar oj other
amorphous silicon soiar cells on the market. Much easler to handit than
orher oj cells, ir promises an extensive range oj applications, such as
on the roofs and wails oj bu[idings, on tops of cars and trnins, and as
portabie power source in the jorm of a sheei. Moreover, sRgntficant
cost reducrion is jeasiblt.
The new cell consLstz oj severoi layers jormed on a O.Imm thick
polyimide jilm having a 300�C heai resistonce. These layers ore, jrorri
the bottom, 400 to 1,000A ihick stoinless steel film by spattering, n, i,
p�rvpe amorphous sllicon film wtth l� rotai thickness, !TO (indium
trioxide) jilm, a collecrion electrode, protecNon jilm and rcfiection
prevention film. The ce!( is called a"Herero joce junctfon typt". Under
925mw/cm2 simulated solar light, the ce!l showed .?,69o photo-electric
- rotiversion ejjiciency. Anorher remarkable jeature oj the solar cel( is
thar it does not need a frame jor instaliation normaliy required by
convenrionaf solar celfs and can be stmply fitted to a curved surjace.
This jact wi!l signijicant(y expond its oppltcattons to cars, rmins, and
even a portable power source jor htkers es it can be tasily srowed.
_ Proteetive film qaflection prsvention film
(2�) ( 300^600A)
Colleetfon electronode
ITO film p-eSi(200A) Amorphous
(7000A) i�aSi(6000-9000A silicon film
n�sSi(200A)
Bsck electrode (ttainless stsel)
Basa ' (400M000A)
(flexible film) A. Anpttrom
~ (toO�l
� - Micron
Fig. 1. Flexible Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Developed by
Teijin
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SOLAR CELL DRIVEN CIRCULATION PUMP FOR SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS DEVELOPED -
Tokyo TECHNOCR.AT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 47
[Text] Kawamoro Seisakusho Co., a medium class pump maker. has
developed a circuiaHon pump system driven by solar ceUs, jor sotar heat
collectors. The systerp which drives the pump eJrrcienily, even wlth
variations in so(ar tnergy, !s oj an energy saving type since it dots not
rcquire any exremal power. Tht company is occe/erating development
to compiete the system by the end oj th/s year and hopes to put fhe
system on the market next year.
In recent ytars improvenunt oj thc perjormance of solar heat
coliecrors has become a social need and the Mtntsny oj lnter-
nationai Trade and IndusAy is promoting rcsearch and drvelopment Jop'
rheir imnrovement. Especio(ly the development of jorced circuiation
type co!leciors has betn advanced, so as to achieve higher ejjiciency oj
hecr absorprion by cicufaring the warer between the heat coflector ond
storage tank. Howrver, until now the rather complicated system layout
' has largely cancelled benejits. .
The newly developed system eliminates the need jor water circulation
speed control by syncronizing ihe solar cells wrth the solar heat collector.
The solar celf power output varies wlth fhe solar energy cvallabie
and allows automaNc and ejjrcicnt water circulation. The unique com�
6inatron oj the circulation pump and the motor was devised 6y the
company.
Thet, plan to complete rhe system by the end oj this year, 6ased on
the analysis oj experimentaf data, and to put the sysiem on ihe mnrket
ne.rt year. They wfll provide 3 to 4 standcrd models for household
consumers while larger systems for rndustries wtli be produced to order.
N Solar heet collector Hot weter tupplY
u
m ,~r7
m .
~ i o Heatinp
~ I
~ Ic
I ~
~ E
I~
i ~q a
i ~`m
I a ~
I -~oller �1 ;
L~ ~
; cou�otion; x
� O
~v 1 PuPmPQ~ ~

~ ~..J 6 t ~,J Auxiliery heat wuree
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
Water supply Heat exehanger
Heat eceumulator
Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of the Solar Heat Collector System
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SEA WATER EFFECTS ON CRACKS IN HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 50
- [ Tex t] � Fatigue crack growth rates were obtained in
air at 16.7Hz, (da/dN) air, and in sea water at
0.16711z, (da/dN)cor, for HT80, HY140, HY
180, HX240, HP9-4-20, PH13-BMo, and 18Ni
(200) maraging steels. Scress ratios, R of 0.10
and 0.50 were used. The ratio of (da/dN)cor/
(da/dN)air, 70,167Hz, Were used as the degree
of the effect of ua water on fatigue crack
growth. The following results are obtained.
(1) The value of ryo.t67Hz w'as low'er in HY140
' tempered at 615�C and ?iP94-20 steels. (2) The
mauimum value of 70.167Hz Was obtained at
oK=50 to 100kg/mm3/2 for R==0.10 in all
steels used. At oKG20^40kg/mm3/2 and &IC>
250kg/mm3/1, no effect of sea water on fatiguc
crack growth rate was obtained. (3) The value
of 70.167Hz depended on Kmax and oK at
lower and depended on AK at a higher crack
growth rate. The maximum value of 70.167 Hz
_ depended on Km&x, (4) A positive interrela-
- tion was obtained between 70.1e7Hz and area
fraction of brittle fractute in 18Ni(200) mazag-
ing steel.
(M. Sumita, et al.: Tetsu-To�Hagane, 66(1980).
1669]
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EFFECT OF SUBCRITICAL QUENCHING TEMPERATURES ON CAR AXLES
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 50
[ Text ] ' In order to apply a sub-critical quenching
method for the improvement of fatigue suength
of pressfitted paits of car axles, the effect of
sub-critical quenching tempecature (500 ~
700�C) on the inicrosuucture, hardness,
residual stress diauibution anb fatigue strength
was 'investigated using 12mmo notched speci-
mens (0,3596C steel) and press�fitted specimens
(0.496C steel) of SOmmm. (1) The maximum
surface hazdness, about 1.2 times highec than
the normalized state, was obtained by 650�C
subcritical quenched specimens. The cause is
attributable to the solution hazdening ellect of
carbon into ferrite. And it can be considered
that the hazdness increase in the sucface would
have a beaeficial effect to improve the tatigue
limit foc the crack initiation, aWl, of notched
or pcess-fitted pazts. (2) The maximum value of
the compcessive residual stresses in the surface
was generated by 650�C sub-critical quenching,
but depths of the compces9ve iesidual stcess
zone were altnost independent on the sub-
critical quenching temperatuces. (3) The maxi-
mum value of the fatigue Gmit for falure, ayy2,
was obtained by �6500C subcritical quenching.
Moreover, a lineaz relationship between crW2
and the values of the compcessive iesidual stress
in the surfaze was clarified by the sub-critical
quenched specimens and the normalized ones.
(4) It is coricluded from the above results that
the optimum sub-critical quenching temperature
- is about 650�C.
(R.Takahashi, et al.: Tetsu-To-Hagane, 66
(1980), 16791
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SCIENCE AND TECHNQLOGY
LOWERING BLAST FURNACE FUEL REQUIREMENTS
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 50
[Text]
' To further decrease fuel consumption of a
blast furnace, which was already vecy close to
_ the lower limit under present operating con-
ditions, the following two studies in addition to
traditional improvements to fuel consumption
have been cacried out; (1) An advanced control
technique foc burden distribution at the furnace .
throat to achieve stable furnace conditions and ~
ideal gas utilization, and (2) an operational
technique to decrease Si-content and tem-
perature of hot metal without any troublesome
using of sinter with high Mg0 content. These
techniques were applied to Fukuyama No.3
BF(inner volume: 3,223m3) in order to ap-
proach to minimum fuel consumptien under
practical operating oonditions. A 428.2kg/t�hot
metal monthly fuel ratio was recorded in
January 1979. Not only an increase of gas
utilizadon but also the decrease of heat output
in the melting zone contributed to achieve this
low fuel ratio. A 405kg/t-hot metal ratio was
estimated as the lower limitation, which might
- be achieved in the near futuce in actual
opcrating conditions in Nippon Kokan, fcom
the above results.
[M.Iizuka, et al.: Tetsu-To�Nagane, 66(1980),
1968]
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RECOVERY OF IRON
AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM BOF
SLAG USING FE-SI ALLOYS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT
in English Vol
13 No 12,
Dec 80 p 50
[ Text ] � T'he recovery of iron from BOF slag bY
reduction is one of the most effective ways of
its utilization. However, phosphocus which is
simultaneously reduced dissolves in Gquid 'uon
almost completely. The present work was
undettaken to seek a possibility for separate
recovery of iron and phosphorus from BOF
slag. The experiments wece cazried out using a
plasma furnace under conditions by which
BOF slag was reduced by powdered carbon
in the presence of an Fe,Si alloy bath whece
silicon presumably,enahnces the activity of the
phosphorus. More than 95% icon and phos-
phorus were removed from the slag. While iron
was tecovered by Fe-Si alloy, a substantial a-
mount of the reduced phosphorus was removed
to the gas phase as Pz gas. It is likely to be
CO gas explosively generated on the reduction
of iron oxide in slag and which has great effect
on gaseous dephosphorization.
[H.Takeuchi,et al.: Tersu�To-Hogane, 66(1980),
2051]
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� :i
SCIENCE AND TECHPTOLOGY
EFFECTS OF STRAIN-AGING, WELDING COLD-WORKED STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 50
[TeXt ] � COD tests were conducted on JIS-SM41B,
-SMSOB and -SM58Q steel plates in order to
examine the effect of strain-aging on embrittle-
ment of these steels. The hot straining em-
bcittlement phenomenon on weld joints of cold
worked steel plates. was also studied. Finally
the allowable bending radius in cold working of
strnctural steels was examined on the basis of
COD test results. 'I'he main results obtained are
as foUows. (1) Strain-aging strongiy affects
brittle fracture behaviour and shifts the COD
transition curve toward the higher temperature
range. Fibrous crack initiation at the crack tin
and its slow growth, on the other hand, are not
strongty affected by strain-aging if the prestrain
- is limited up to 109'0. (2) The amount of the
shift of COD transition curve towazd the higher
temperature range due to strain�aging is in good
accordance with predictions based on Tetel-
man's critical fracture stress theory. (3) The
COD value in the hot straining embrittled zone
neaz the weld joint of cold worked steel plate
is neazly equal to that of steel plate which is
strained and then aged at.250�C for one hour.
(4) The critical bending radius allowable in cold
working can be calculated using the COD test
results, and it is 4.5 7.3 times as large as the
plate thickness.
[J.Kudo, et al.: Tetau-To�Hagane, 66(1980),
2058]
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STEEL CONTAINING MOLYBDENUM PRODUCES INDUSTRIAL SAVING
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 1-, Dec 80 p 51
[Text] Steel containing molybdenum hos been
wideij- used as metertals jor machine sfnrctuns.
However, the price oj Mo has in_reassd and
supplies hovt been difftcu(t. In addiNon, auc�
cessive rises in the priec of cude o!( have
rsi,red rhe menuJacruring carrs. To eope wtth
' arch, there ts a strong desirc ro develop new
kinds of steels and at iower prrces.
Under svch circumstances, Kobe Stee! Ltd.
har deve(oped wfre rods saving Mo and steel
bars (Mo saving steel) which, while compfylrtg
with users' demands Jor coat-reduction, provide
eharacterrsties reyuired fomeehine parts.
" Ta61e 1 shows exomples of chemkaf com-
position oj the Mo saving steel whieh the
company recommends and which are taken
out jrom each high toughness steel and case-
hardening steel.
Main composlrion of Mo sovtng steel of the
htgh toughness steel is Mn�Cr�B. Thtt klnd of
steel has been aludied and developcd bejorc,
and some of tt has alreedy been piaeed on the
market as o practical stee(, gafning e good
reputation.
Fig.l shows a comparison oj characteristlc
va/ues 6etween the existtng Mo contafntng steel
ond Mo soving steel when the tensi/e sbength Ls
set to 1.20kgf/cm2. When the tenstle snen8th
tt set to the same, there is aimost no dtjjerence
Table 1. Examples of Molybdenum Saving Steels
between the two. There is also a case where Mo
saving steel is supetor.
The company has estab(tshed a system 6y
which !t advtses the opdmum kinds oj steel io
be selected Dy uns lrom sree/s oj various com-
positions fn compliance with characteristics
rcqutrcd jor machtne parts, and that products
can be menujaciured under working condttions
mosr sultab/r jor the klnds ojsreel se/ected.
SCr MOB
J~sM.c aeF.c
~scM uo
120
x
1 100 ~
0.2%Proot Stress Ebowtion Reduedm hnwet
ot An. vkor
Fig. 1. Mechanical Properties Tempered to
Similar Tensile Strength (120kgf/mm2)
C
hemical Co
mpositions
�o I
DIdeal
i meter
Items
Designation
C Si ~
Mn
Cr
~ g
Mo
mm
SCr 440B (Cr-B Steel)
0.40 0.25
0.73
0.90
0. 0008 Min.
-
120
155
To Replace
SMn C35B (Mn�Cr-B Steel)
0.35 0.10
1.10
0.75 I
Min.
- 10. 0008
115
SCM 440
SCr 440M (Cr�0.1 Mo Steel)
0.40 0.25
0.73 I
1.05
05
_
~ 0.10
0008 Min.
10 ; 0
~ 0
180
SCr 44013NI (Cr-0.1 Mo-B Steel)
; 0.40 i 0.25
0.73
1.
,
.
.
~ SCr 420M (Cr0.1 Mo Steel) ~ 0...0 ~ 0.25
0.80 1 1.10 0.10 i
I
65
To Replace ~
SMnC 20 (Mn�Cr Steel) i 0.20 0.25
~ 0.90 ; 1.10 ' - : -
60
SCM 420 I
SCr 420BM (Cr-0.1 Mo-B Steel) ' 0.20 0.25
I 0.73 ~ 1.05 i 0.10 ' 0. 0008 Min.
I
100
~
Cr-B Steel) ~ 0.20 ~ 0. Z.+
SCr 420B ~
j 0.80 ~ 0.80 - I 0. 0008 Min.
~
75
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BEHAVIOR OF NITROGEN, TIN-TYPE INCLUSIONS IN GRAY CAST IRON
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 52
[ Text ] +'I'he pcesent investigation has been carried
out in order to obtain more information on the
behaviour of nitrogen in gray cast iron by
analyzing the hydrochloric aad-soluble niuogen
(Ns) and acid-insoluble nitrogen (NI) deter-
mined by means of the JIS G1228 method.
Nitrogen in gray cast [ron combines with
- titanium present in or added to the molten
iron, and forms TiN, which tends to float to the
upper pazt of the specimen due to the dif-
faena in density of TiN and molten iron.
When the mold temperature is high, the floating
of TiN is pronounced, becausa solidification
time is longer. When nitrogen content is in-
creased, with titanium content held constant,
a large quantity of TiN is focmed and floats in
a pronounced way.
[S. Idetsu, et al.: Imono, 52(1980), 6231
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN ON GRAPHITE STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON CONTAINING TITANIUM
~ Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 52
[ TExt ] ~ Niuogen gas was introduced into molten
grey cast iron containing 0.0289'o Ti.A niuogen
analyzer Thermatic "O-N" was used for nitrogen
analysis. Tha graphite structure was analyzed
aying an image analyzing computer QTM720.
Fine gcaphite precipitates during solidificstion
in the cast iron being nitrogen treated. Non-
metallic inclusions such as TiN, MnS, SiOZ,
TiS and (Ti, Mn) S aze found by microscopy
and EPMA analysis. Nitrogen less than 100ppm
reduces the number of eutectic cells in hy-
poeutecric cast iron. Nitrogen, however, does
not have any irtluence on the vrimarY Braphite
in hypoeutectic cast iron.
[N. Tsutsumi, et al.: lmono, 52(1980), 5791
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EFFECT OF COVERING FLUX ON HYDROGEN CONTENT IN MOLTEN ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 52
[Text ] + AhSi-Mg alloys were melted unde: a rnm-
meccial covering flux containiag NaCI, KCI,
NazSiFb aad NaF in an open-cYpe, heavY
oil.rued aj natutal gas-fired fu:nace. During
this melting process, hyd[ogen content in the
melt rapidly increased. Such rapid hydrogen
absorption is prevented by the flux covaing;
however, humid atmosphere, pcolonged holdinR
and elevated temperatuces cause an increase in
hydrogen content in the melt even under
the flux covering.Use of more flux effectively
controls hydrogen absorption. Although the
covering flux can itself dehydrogenize but
the abilitY to do so gcadually weaknesswith
prolonged holding.The flux layer on the melt is
gradually transformed from a liquid to a dense
solid and subsequenUy to a porous solid as
holding is prolonged. This leads to increase of
hydrogen content in the melt.
[K. Sato, et al.: lmono, 52 (1980), 5481
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CAST IRON POWDER
SINTERING USING
FE-SI-C MIXED
POWDERS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT
in English Vol
13 No 12, Dec
80 p 52
- [ Text ] � Recently sintered pcoducts from cast icon
Swarf powder hava ptomised superior strength
to parent cast iron. 'Chis strengthening mechan-
ism has been studied using Fe-SiC mixed
powdecs with refereneb to the effects of C
content, density and graphite morphology on
tensile strength.
Reduced 'uon, atomized ferrosilicon (17%
$i) and graphite powdets were blended to
contain 2.5qoSi and vazious C contents in the
range of 0-2.6�k, and compacted at 600MPa.
The prefocros were sintered oc powdei-forged
at 1423K in a drY H2 atmosphere for vazious
times up to 43.2ks, followed by air cooling
(1K/s). I'he products containing about 191vC,
sintered for a long time or powder-forged,
showed h4h stcength (900-1,200MPa), since
graphite was sphecoidized. But, it was not the
case for the products containing moce than
217oC. In the former, sintering proceeds in the
state of all C being dissolved in the 'y-phase,
therefore, during the long sintering time, pores
betwee.n powdec particles are spheroidized.
Powder-focging acceterates this spheroidization.
In the latter, however, all C cannot be dis-
solved in the y-phase, consequently, graphite
remains along the boundaries of powdec
particles. Io any case, during cooling, the
supersaturating C ptecipitates as giaphite to
pores (from pore/7-phase interface to the
center) oc to the cesidual graphite. rhis
suggests that the ptecipitated graphite mor-
_ phology is determined by the po{e or residual
graphite morphology.
[K. Hanawa, et al.: Nlhon KJnzoku Cakkaisht,
44 (1980), 943J
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STUDIES ON DENDRITE ARM SPACING, MICROSEGREGATION IN FE-CR-C ALLOYS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 52
[ Text ] ' Hypoeutectic irons with 5%, 1090, 15% and
309'o chromium and with OS to 3.896 carbon
were quenched during solidification, and the
dendrite arm spacings ware measured to clarify
the growth proceu of primary dendrite in Fe-
CrC alloys. The distribution of chromium
in the dendrites was analyzed with an electron
probe micro-analyzer to investigate the solute
redistribution during' dendrite growth. The
secondary arm spacing 02) during solidifica-
tion was expressed by the empirical equation
as follows: D2=A2 9fO Xwhere Bf was soliditi-
.cation time. Az decreased with increasing
- chromium content, cubon content and cooling
rate. The equation D2/D2=0.38f'1 indicates
that coazsening and coalescence of the second-
azy azms occur more fiequently in the earlier
-stages of solidification than later. The distri-
bution coefficient (Kcr) of chromium in the
primazy dendrite decreased almost linearly with
increasing cazbon content. in the specimens
with chromium ranging from 5 to I S%, Kcr was
- little affected by the chromium content and
was expressed by the following equation: Kcr=
-0.11(%C)+0.99. Kcr of the 30�kCr aon was
appreciably larger than that given by the above
equation. The segegation ratio of chromium
in the dendrite is qaantitatively expressed by
the ratio of the chromium content in the
boundary of the dendrite (CBcI) to that in the
core (C(?cr)- The ratio CBcr/C�cr decceased
gradually from 1.8 and 1.5 to 1.0 with in-
creasing carbon rnntent in the 5% and 10q6
chromium irons. On the other hand, CBcr/C�cr
of the 3096 chromium irons was less than I.I.
The results could be explained by the de-
pendence of CBcI/C�cr in both Ker and the
fraction of the primary soGd.
(K. Ogi, et al.: Imono, 52(1980), 6291
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING POROUS METALS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 53
[Text] Kirachi Ltd. has developed a new techntque
forJormrng a number ojspongy pores in metals
such as aluminum, or in ejject producing
porous metals. Porostty has aiready been
re�lized rn light�weJghi stuctural materia(s such
as po,~ous concrete and it has olsu been trfed
for metds for many yeors. Methods generally
used at present include stnterfng, 6y which
metal paRtcles are sintercd to jom+ a porous
body. However, sujfclent poroslty cannot be
obtained readily by the sinrering method.
Further, It has 6een dfjjtcult to produce pornus
aluminum or its alloys
With such dijficultres in mind, the compony
has tackled making porous alumtnum ond oiher
metals, having rclatively low melring potnts, and
has developed a unique casting method as
shown in Fig.l, tn which a spongy joamed
resin plays the part of a metaUic mold, so
that porous metais have successfuJly been
obtained.
Air occupies 989'0 of the porous metal
obrained and tt has a surface area about 400
times greater than normai. It is avatlable about
SOmm !n thickness and can be cast in any
shope.
Various uses ean be constdered - jor
example, jor heat exchangers, soJar heat
coJlectors, heat resisront filters, and light-
wetght structural marerias.
Flwtl n~~tffnetonn
Molnn metal
~ w tC,
~~~iLLLLLLo
LL ti.
AALLLLLI&
'
rdr~etorNt ti
~77~7'T7T77~17
Pounnp of nfncta~as Pourinp ol metal Porous metal
$pOnQV IM4n (hNttn0)
Fig. 1. Manufacturing Method
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SCIENCE ANB TECHNOLOGY
NEW BUILD-UP WELDING METHOD DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 53
[ Text ]
1Cawasaki Stcei Corp. has developed a new
techntque, the ' Maglcy Method " whtch is
suited jor bulW-up welding oj stoin/ess steel
Meynstiej
uaed jor the innei wails oj nucteer jumaces
field
end chernical rtaction vesseJs in order to ratte
Fores
~
F.
their smngth.
: x�o
A long and narrow sMp oj staJniess !s
El~etric ~
w u
used jor the uulWup we/dtng method. The
current
~
/
,
L
new
t
it
C
cr
. -
OVe/ I50plm tillCe
of
Stee1 SYCi70
St !qd[SS
rimes that used prcvlously. Thts constderably
rcduces wt(dtng tfine as compared wifh the
~
conventiona/ method.
.
/
~
l
The conventionaf we/ding method !s ca((ed
; Electric
f J
F
corca
o su6merged arc wdding method by whtch
" current
Ms9netie
flux is buflt up on o base meta/ and a electrode
field
1s inseiied !n (t. We(ding !s thtre carrleu out
by the heat of an arc genemted between the
-
Nectrode and 6ase metal. In conrrast, the
Maglay method sca[Lers Jlux on the base metal
Fig.l. Principle of the Maglay Method
and generates a aro at the stan so as to me(t
the J1ux. Then, os it !s soltdiries ar+d !s capable
of possing electsictty, the Joule's heat jormed
meits the atalnless.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW SEAMING METHOD FOR ALUMINUM DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 53
[Text]
hfltachi Ltd. has ~developed an extremely
new tutectic pessure welding method jor
seoming aluminum and w::tch does not use
convtntional welding or soldering. It has svc-
~w~l IqYM
cessfully been put ro practica/ u.te in the
seaming of aluminum into o/uminum pipes and
111nit.N D-n IIII St." ol EuiKI.<
R.K,,,nafuminum to copper p pes
Conventlonally, alumtnum is seamed by
welding or soldering. However, the surfoce
uo..~,~..~~� oj the aluminum Ls liab(e [o be oxtdised. The
rtgJd oxide ft(m requires pre-Aeatment jor 1ts
rrmoval, ond prevention oj the oxide film
during weldrng requires the weldtng to be
carried oue fn an inertgas.
The method recently developed by rhe
1111 CemoNlion ol IVI App~.c.l~on ol
.�,,,,n ,l.�.,,..~ company is ro un eutecdc pressvre welding y
w, which an eutecdc reaction of the meral is
uNJized jor prcssure waiding. This techntque
omits pre-treatment and Permtts seaming in the
Fig. 1. Seaming Process of air and shortens the seaming tlme to a great
Alumirlum to Aluminum exrent.
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AUTOMATIC DRAINAGE DISCHARGER FOR AIR COMPRESSORS DEVELOPED
, Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 54
_ [Text]
' Meiji Kikai Seisakusho Co. has recently
developed and marketed an automatic drainage
disch3rger for air compressors, which efficiently
and automatically discharges drainage collected
in air compressor tanks.
Conventionally, the discharge of drainage
from air compressors is made by periodiral
manual methods, or automatic systems using
electrical control or differentiat pressure.
However, these systems involve heavy air losses
and often malfunction.
'Chis automatic drainage discharger is
designed to open the valve when drainage is
necessary, and close it when not needed. T'his
� unique structvice causes no au loss. T'he
discharger has the following features: 1) it
requires no power supply. An air signal cycle
enables all dcainage, even high viscosity, to be
dischazged from the tanks. 2) it incorporates a
lazge-capacity cart:idge, permitting easy main-
tenance without clogging. 3) it is provided with
a cock which can be manually operated for
- regular cleaning. 4) its operation is simple,
requiring only the connection of the pressure
switch or the unloader pilot valve of the
compressor to the drainage outlet. 5) it has a
compact design (110mm long, 80mm deep and
70mm high) and weighs only 2.5kg. It can be
fitted to any reciprocating compressor.
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SCTENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CLASS 100 OR LESS INDUSTRIAL CLEAN ROOMS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 54
[ Text ] + rakasaBo Netsugaku Kogyo Co. has
produced a practical industrial clean [oom able
to provide LSI and ultra-LSI manufacturing
processes high-accuracy dust-free conditions,
by removing micro dust particles, O.l� or less
in size.
rhe new system is based on a high-accuracy
thecmohygcostat clean ioom unit which
guazantees an air cleanliness below class 100
(209 base, U.S. Federal Standards) with tem-
pecature variatioas wi4hin �0.1�C and humidity
variations within 3%, and able to reduce dust
- (fine pacticles) with particle siaes below O.l�
to less than 20 pacticles per ft3.
The systerr: consists of a mechanical unit
incorporating a refrigerator, a heater, an
automatic control,: a high-peiformance filter
(HEPA filter) and a circulation fan and work
- area. Conventionai clean rooms completely
clear only a certain portion of the- area of
dust, and control temperature and humidity.
rhe new clean unit is designed to clean, with a
higA accuracy, a series of LSI and ultra-LSI
manufacture exposure processes. 'fhis requires
_ a highaccuracy removal of fine partic,Les and
control of temperature and humidity, in
' addition to cleaning the entire work area. Irt
other words, the characteristic of the system
u that it is designed to be integrated with
an LSI manufacturing unit.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FIRST 'AUTOMATIC TIRE EQUIPPING SYSTEM' DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 55
- [Text] yirachi Lid. has recently developed a
"autornaric tyre equipping system" which
reali=es Jiilf automution jrom iheir receipi
nirougli ro setting them io a car body to
- linai righrening of the bolts.
The svsrem consists oj a Y�shape tyre
jeeder feeding tyres to fhe side oj the jront
and rear wheels, a nut svpp(ying device, tyre
delivering devices disposed respecrively at jront
and ear wheels, u bolt location detccting
device, a tyre angle regulating device, and a
machine hand reeiprocating between the Jront
and ear wheeis for jirting and boli jastening.
The sysrem is a so-called "equipping robot"
which detects the location of hub�6olts jor
each car body and junctions the machine hand
on the 6asis of the injormation so as to carry
- out the tyre equippir.g operation. In view oj
the joct [hat such api operntion relies endrely
on �a man's hands .:t present, the success in
ju!l automaaon by the system is epoek�making
jor the jirst time in the worid. Afthough the
equipping process is lagg+n8 most in auromation
out of the producrion processes oj automo6iles,
the development of the system has made it
possible to approach realization of an entirely
unmanned factory a step jurther.
Tyre angiey~ )
regulating device'V/
.Tyre delrverinp devi
.-Tyre anple
'~{re ulaung
devica
Fig. I. Conceptual Diagram of Auto-
matic 'I'yre Equipping System
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DIAPHRAGM TYPE PULSE PUMP USING CRYSTAL OSCILLATION DIGITAL CIRCtiIT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vo'1 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 55
[Text] Arippon Feeder Kogyo Co. has recentiy
developed an elecno-mqgnedc type diaphragm
quantitarive pulse pump "}'D series" using
crystal osci(lation digtiol circuits and has started
sales.
The mechanrsm oj the pulse pump is as
folJows: a poxrr clrcuit fncorporated in the
electronic circuits jurnishes an electrte currenr
to a solenoid coil. This generares an elecrro-
magnetic force end the attractive jorce causes
reciprocatrng movements, which push out a
diaphragm artached to its end. Turning off
of the electric source exiinguishes the aKrac-
tive jorce and the acSion oj a spring returns
the diaphragm back to its jormer position.
. Switching on and ojj jor providing such
reciprocal movements is carried out wtth high
precision by a pulse osctilating circuit employ-
ing crystel oscillafion elements.
The pul.x pump has the jo!lowing charoc-
teristics: Mrnute quantlty and high pressure
impregnation down ro 0.067cc is possible
afthough conventionaf moror reduction driving
systems require 1 cc per pulse (driving). The
size becomes smaller by 20 fo 30% and the
electrrc power consumed is iess by 30% than
with conventionaf pumps.
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_ DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE OUTPUT CARBON DIOXIDE LASER
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 55
[ Text ] With the deve[opment of large output
carbon dioxide lasers jor usa in machinework
being promoted, the Electrotechnical Labor-
atory of the Agency oflndustriai Sclence ond
Technology has recently succeeded in pro-
ducing a laser of ihe highest level cvclbbJe
in Japan, with an output of 4.3k W. They huve
used a carbon dioxide loser osclliator
manujocrured on an experimental bvsis.
Tlie carbon dioxide iaser manujactured by
- tha Laboratory is cailed a doubJe-axis-crossrng
q-pe in which the direction rn which mtxed
gns /a mixrure of carbon dioxide, nitrogen
cnd hefiumJ Jlows fs the same a the direction
of discharge, with the direcfion of the loser
osciUates at right angles to it.
The size of the laser oscillatcr is 1.3m
fong, (jcm high and 5.4cm wide. It houses a
toraf of 200 bottle-shaped cathodes, Z coPPer
anodes and a zink�se/enium reJiector. This
osci(laror is subjected to a mized gas wfth a
spced of 120rn/sec so as ro discharge between
the cathodes and anodes, and as a resuit, o
large outpur Jaser beam of 4.3k1W maximum,
could be produced condnuously. The size of
rhe beam spor is about 4.2cm in radius and
_ its power shown ts as strong as to ea,rily
melt rejractory brick. .
Outside Japan, Abco Inc., the U.S. has
a(ready devetoped carbon dJoxide laser equip-
ment of 15k1W output, while in Japan the
level is still low, and the MinLsAy of Inter-
nationaf Trade and Industry alms at devcloptng
equipment of 20kW output by 1983. The
first sfep is to produce equtpment of SkW
output by 1980, and the rccent success wtth
the hlgh outyut osc!!ladon has almost atfalned
this goal.
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H-I ROCKET-SATELLITE LAUNCHING ENTERS NEW PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in Ens;lish Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 58
[ Text ] � Space development in Japan will enter a
new stage in fiscal 1981 in order to develop
H-I rockets, later to be used for launching
satellites aftec fiscal 1985. H-I rockets aze
cap;ible of launching satellites with weights of
about SOOkg, into geostationary ocbits (altitude
is approximatety 36,000km). The rockets will
be developed utilizing domestic technology
with the National Space Development Agency
of Japan as the main coordinating body.
N-rockets developed by the agency are
Improved N-rockets are capable of launching
into orbits, of weights up to about 130kg.
Improved N rockets are capable of launching
satellites with weights of only about 350kg.
H-I rockets are three stage rockets, with
a diameter of 2.44m, total length of about
40m and weight at launch of some 140 tons.
nine strappedon boosters will be installed on
the first stage. The first stage is a liquid rocket
using kerosene similar to the first stage of
N-tockets. The second stage is a newly
developed liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen
rocket ahd the third stage a solid fuel rocket.
An onboard inertial navigation system con-
ducts trajectory correction so as to fly along
a programmed trajectory.
The moc.t important technical subject is
the development of the liquid oxygen/liquid
hydrogen rocket. Liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen are supplied by means of pumps
from tanks in the rocket to a combustion
chamber to obtain thrust. Handling liquid
hydrogen is y.ecy difficult since it has an
extremely low temperatuce of 20�K. Part of
the fuel is burnt in a gas genecator to drive
turbines and pumps. This is also the first
attempt for the agency.
Development of the inertial navigation
technology is alao an important subject. T'he
inertial navigation system conducts ceal time
computation of position, speed and attitude
of the rocket by means of onboard com-
puter-processinR sensor measurements. [t pro-
+ides a control system with commands to
correct deviations from a target trajectory and
to project a satellite into the desued orbit.
It is said that the progress of autopilot systems
for airplanes permits the development of the
in,rtial navigation system using domestic
technology.
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GRAB BUCKET WITH DIESEL ENGINE DRIVE DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 58
[ Text ] * Fukushima Seisakusho- Co., a major marine
equipment maker, has developed a grab bucket �
with a diesel engine drive and with remote
opening and closing operations. This ia the
fust of its kird both in Japan and the world.
Conventional grab buckets, with exception
of those installed on bulk cazrkrs and tankers,
aze manually operated sina they aze not
equipped with power. 1'hus, a skilled operator
is required. Othe� demetits are (ower efficiency
and safety problems. rhe newiy developed
- bucket eliminates all those difficulties.
i'te grab bucket is operated as follows.
The engine mounted on the bucket suspended
from a crane is started by simply tucning a
key as in a caz. When the bucket approaches
the cargo with the crane's movement, an
opening and shutting command is sent to a
hydraulic pump from a remota control box.
'the signal extends and retracts a cylinder
connected to the pump to automatically open
and close the bucket.
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FORKLIFT FOR 40-TON CONTAINER DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 58
[ Text ] � Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., has
developed a focklift truck *which can handle
containers up to 40 tons tegardless of a
container's size. The first unit has been
exported to 'taiwan.
1'he forklift cruck using a spreader system
' can handle a vaziety of containers in current
use. It can also stack containers up to 3 rows
high.
$pecifications aze as follows:
Load capacity 40,000kg
Maximum lift 9,300mm
Minimum turning radius 7,300mm
(loaded with a 20ft container)
Total length 10,500mm
T'otal width 12,190mm
(loaded with a 40ft container)
Total height 10,950mm
,;ib-:.: 60,000ko
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POLLUTION FREE COAL SUPPLY SYSTEM PROMOTID
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 58
[Text ] + Development of a poUution free coal supply
system (Coal Cartridge System, CCS), pro-
moted by the Japan Society of Industrial
Machinery Manufacturers, will soon be on a
full-scale basia.
'Cha object of CCS is to supply safely and
without causing potlution, pulverized coal of
stabilized quality, to medium and samper
customers rather than large customers like
electric power companies and cement manufac-
turing plants. At coal centers, puiverized coal
is charged into large caztridges together with
inert gas after controlling moisture composition
and particle size (radii of below Smm). 'Che
cartridges are then transported to remote
relay stations (more than 150km) by rail
and ship. RefiUed to medium and smap
cartridges, the coal is then detivered by truck
to customers in a service azea. Empty cartridges
are returned containing ash. I'hus, CCS is
signifip.ntly beneficial to customers with
respect to the expense of coal transportation
and storage,and safety and pollution protection
measures.
Major technical developments remaining
aze: filling technology for placing pulverized
coal into tanks and cartridges, pulverized coal
supply equipment for combustion at constant
rates, and inert gas filling technology and
equipment.
Sina technology developed by "airborne
transportation of pulverized coal" by the
Coal 'technology Laboratory and "Advanced
Coal Chain (ACC)" by the Electric Power
Development Cocr,pany can be applicable to
the above probiems, it was cuncluded that
development of the necessary hardware system
was feasible.
'fhe CCS committee of the society is going
to conduct up to the spring of 1981 (1) de-
tailed design of the necessazy equipment and
circulation systems (2) selection of a caculation
model azea with a coal center (3) dispatch of a
group to investigate coal delivery systems in
Europe. '
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji P:arketing P.esearch Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SUFEREXPRESS TRAIN
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 59
[Text] JQpnn Narionai Rallways (JNR) hosrocently
completed a new concepf jor a new Shinkansen
tsliperexpress irainJ largely, by remodelling
rlre currenr Shinkansen. European countries
1ike, Eng(and and France, have developtd thefr
own high speed nains in endeovours to cerch
up witli Japon's Shinkansen. These trends have
ihreatened ihe premier stand of the Shinkansen
in the area of oversras technical assistance.
The new Shinkansen is aimed to regatn the
past reputation in Japan and overseas, and
to counrer ejjorts of the European countries.
One of the features of ihe new Shinkansen
concept rs to use o double deck vehicle (Fig.l
According to a des3gn by !NR's vehicie design
Shop Stsps to lower floor
O O
c~...~...
xcdon, motors end equtpmenr under rhe floor
an rclocated to o troller type vehfcle, enabling
rht floor between wheels !s ro be Jowered
considaa6ly. The vehicles are 4.5m h{gh jrorri
the nack. Herghts of the jirst and second
Jlooss are 9m ond 2m, espectively.
Maximum speed of rhe new Shinkansen
wiil be 260km/h, the scme as the "TCV" of
Fronce. Cunenr vehicle width of 3.4m is
reduced by obout SOcm. Hetght fiom the Jloor
to the celling is also lowered jrom the currertt
2.1 m to beiow 2m. Thls siim vehlcle permits
reduction of weighr jrom 60 rons ro SS tons.
Chanqrng of seats jrom rows of S to 4!s afso
being considered jor jurther weight reduclion.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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Fig. 1. Double Deck Lounge Car Planned for JNR's New Shinkansen

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ALL-DAY HIGH-INTENSITY AERONAUTICAL OBSTRUCTION LIGHT SYSTEM
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 59
[Text]
Sanken EJectric Co. has devebped and
iniroduced ro the morket a new [ype ail-day
aeronauticaf obstruction light system. Havtng
high (uminous intensity, the sysfem !s basrd
on the rechnology jor aeronourical obstruction
lights using Xenon Jlcsh lamps lntsoduced jrom
rhe Solar Basic Co. in the U.S.
The system consists oj hSgh-intenslty
aeronauticai obstruction lcmps (:''ype FX�7-
200K and Type FX-7�20K) a controiler wtth
a high voltage transjormer, environmental
tlJuminance sensors and relays. Featuns of
tht syatem are as jolluws: (1) Whtte Jight
rodlation oj 2,000 thousand cande(as covars
the entire vistble radiation range to work
ejjecnvely as an obstruction light even tn
daytime and in joggy conditions. (2) One of
three intensities ojUght isselected, conespond-
ing to environmental iUuminance to use as an
cll-day long obstruction light. (3) Lamp
exchange rate is one tenth oj cumnt light
bulbs. (4) Higher rodiation ejficiency ojXenon
Jlash Jamps results in lower power consumpdon
and higher reliabiitty.
Hiph intensity asronautical
obstruction liyht
2
/ (Typs FX-7-20K)
�
~
0 g
1J
N
o^
T
�=X
*5 C LL
C O
y�a
C
0T
%
2
M~
p
Io
E nviionrrwntal
illuminance
tensort ,
North side (:j Contro}ler
Note: Each reley box is peirad with a hiph
intentity obstruction lipht.
Fig. 1. System Implementation
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH-TEMPERATURE THERMISTOR DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 3.2, Dec 80 p 60
[TeXt] * Hitachi, Ltd. has developed a bead type
high-temperature the:mistoc "GK32C1" which
shows stable characteristics in the temperature
range from 350�C to 500�C. The company
has succeeded in the mau pcoduction of this
thermistor by developing a special material
foc thermistors (a fine crystal sintered system
of manganese-cobalt oxide) and technology
for hermetic sealing.
The thermistor has the following features:
lj it uses thermally highly resistant palladium
leads to make their life semipermanent. 2) It
has higher sensitivity than platinum resistors.
3) It has a small time constant (or it is
sensitive to temperature variation).
The thermistor's main specifications are as
follows:
Resistance (at 400�C): 2kS2
'fhermistor constant: 6300 Kelvin
(a I 200-400�C)
Max. working temperature: 500�C
Temperature coefficient: -1.4%/�C
Thermal dissipation constant: 0.9mW/�C
i'hermal time constant.- 9 sec
Also it shows as small a resistance variation
as �3% at 500�C in 1,000 hours of operation.
It is priced at Y600 for lots of 10,000 units.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1M BIT MAGNETIC BUBBLE MEMORY DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 60
[Text] + pujitsu has devebped a 1M bit magoetic
bubble memory "FBM54DA". It has a total
memocy capac:ty of 1.2318M bits and uses a
swap gate system which enables old data to be
instantaneously replaced with new data.
Other than equipped with an instantaneous-
- power cut, means the new memory has the
following features: 1) Its powet consumption
has bcen reduced to limit rises in temperature
during operation and to increase reliability.
2) The minor toop group is divided into two
to aUow data to be read alternately. The use
_ of a side�by-side system with , a detector
acranged adjacently has enabled the sgnal-noise
ratio in the detector to be increased. 3) 'Cech-
nology for fine bubbles 1.9�m io diameter is
used to make the body small and thin.
Main Specif'ications:
Total memory capacity: 1.231.800 bits (600
loopsx205 3 bits/loop)
Operating frequency: 100k Hz
Transfer speed: 100k bitsJsec. (max.)
Mean access time: 11.2ms
Pin arrangement: 24 pins DIP
Dimensions: 31.5006.07x8.5 l mm
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LARGE-CAPACITY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 60
[Text] * The Suaa Seikos6s Gtoup tw developed
several large-capacity liquid crystai display
units as wmputer terminal equipment. 'fhey
are as follows:
1) dual liquid crystal dasplay unit with 40
characters x 8 lines.
2) dual electrode liquid crystal display unit
for picture dlsplay with 240 x 48 dots.
3) highduty liquid ccystal display unit with
, 20 chazactars (1 chazacter: 50 7 dots)x8
lines.
4) multi-t"tgure liquid crystal diaplay unit.
For the high-duty tiquid cryscal display
unit, the conventiooal limit duty range of
1/16 to 1/18 has ban raised widely to 1/28
to achieve lazgecapacity displaY. For liquid
crystal rtaterial, a twist nematic ('tN) type has
been improved to adequately iacrease response
chazacteristics for display at high duty levels.
The dualdcequency liquid crystal display
unit is dciven by 2 frequencies: SOkHz and
10-15kHz for thc large-capacity display. For
materials, a biphenyl system is used to attain
high contrast and a wide range of vision.
The dual electrode display unit has a dual
electrode structure to double the reso(ving
power of the convendonal TNFE type (at
� a duty of 1/ 12).
The multi-rigure liquid crystal display unit
has been developed for computer terminals
including word processors. The company
intends to achieve a display capacity of 80
chazactersx8 lines and ultimately ieplacing
CRT's.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RETICLE DEFECT INSPECTION SYSTEM DEVELOPED
' Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 60
[Text ] � Japan Automatic Control has developed an
instrument "IR'f-1" wlrich automatically
inspects reticles which correspond to original
drawings, in the manufacture of IC's and LSI
units.
- rhe instrument is designed tc compare
reticle patterns with data in the magnetic tape
of a pattern generator by using television to
detect defects. !t inspects more efficiently
than can be performed using conventional
microscopes.
The instrument consists of a video signal
com�erter, a control unit with 3 televisioo sets
and an X-Y stage. Inspection is performed as
follows: rhe video signal converter converts
data in :he magnetic tape into video signals to
display a pattern on one of screens in the
control. Meanwhile, a reticle is mounted on the
X-Y stage for inspection and its pattern is
dispiayed on another screen. If any of both
patterns displayed disagree, the parts differing
will be displayed on a th�d screen.
I'he instrument provides an inspection
accuracy of 2-31Am and has an inspection
speed of 12.6 sec per lcm2, which is about
10 times as fast as direct visual inspection. It
is also able to detect omissions in patterns.
Gang reticles with the same pattern repe3tedly
printed can be inspected by the photo-mask
defect inspection system "5MD-24/25" market-
ed by the company.
The new instrument is priced at Y100
million.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co.,. Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMATIC ULTRA LSI DESIGNING SYSTEM
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 61
[Text] !n irs developmenr of automadc sysrems jor designin8 ultra�LSr
unirs which are increasingly Decoming larger and more complicared by
using compurers, NTT's Electrical Communications Laboratory hcs
recenri}, complered a new automatic designing system which is a61e to
reduce tlie conventionai number oj mon�hours jor ultra-LSI desrgning
ro 1 J10 to 1/100 that of conventional designing.
Tlie new automatic ultra�LSI designing system has the joilowing
feanires:
1) It usES a newly developed "(anguage" HSL (hierachical specijication
Ianguage) common to alf stages ojdesigning.
2) Designing data required at tach siage is written in common HSL
and stored in a data base, ready to be available jor various purposes,
such as designing and checking oj operaNons and errors.
3) !t is amply provided with newly developed programs jor logic
simufarion, circuit simulation and aut;,matic layout required jor com-
puter designing oJulira�LS! unit.s.
Designing oj LSI units includes a number of stages, such as logic
designrng, crrcuit designing, nnd iayout designing. In this designing, it is
nec�essary jor a number of specialists inciuding users and designers of
equipment and systems, and personnel jor LSI manufactue to partici-
pare jrom the srage of pfnnning. Convenrioalfy it was very dijjicult
to communicare necessary daia correctly 6etween these people in
diJferen: organizations and with dijferent specialities
To resolve these difjiculties, HSL was developed. It is able to
descriCe all data including Iogic specificaiions nnd crrcuit specijicadons
necessar}, for LSI designrng. Ir, jor example, enables designers of
eytiipmenr and systems ro describe necessary LSI spectjications, and
cornmunicare them correctiy to the personnel oj LSI designing and
manujacture. Also, ir has proved the possibi(rty oj reducing the number
of man�Itours for preparing cvmputer input data at dijferent stages,
Which conven donalJy required much labor and time, to 114 to 1/10.
.41so, the neK� LSI designing system is provided with a designing
data ban stori.ng various rypes of data wrrtten irt HSL to enoble data
asrers ro be called out for vorious purposes at any stage of designrng.
Thrs has permined very efrcient LSI designing throughout jrom logrc
designing ro layout.
Programs provided for LSI designing at dijjerent stages cover 36
types including checking of logic operarioas, analYsis oj circutts and
transistors, cutomatic layoui and test pattern generation to deal wiih
LSI designing jor various purposes.
An ezample of LS! designing including 8,000 tansistors, with the
new automatic designing system, achieved a reducrion oj the number
of manhours to about 1120 with integrntion rnto a smafler area firan
in manuof designing (see the Tab1e). Another example including 70.000
rransisrors comp(ered des:gning narmally taking 3 man�months.
128
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~ 'U
;
Fig. 1. Automatic Uhra-ISI Designing
SYstem (Descriptions are all
L--~ written in HSL)
VEPSION $VIp101E000Ri
O~TE !!0/10/03:
~UTNO~ :OEMOEN TA~O i
ow.~o~w�er OiLE[ifONLsVLfi:
NnEfNi :,USS~RO 11OCESS011 i
I PuRPOSE s LOGSIf1 IIOUTEII 1
VROCESS ~EDt1037Y 7
L - IEVEL 'BLOCK i
E17 E.O.~DDrV3l7
UEil1UL7 ~1.11.A i
0�no.wner OUTPUTS :;/ei'�E:
VOMEII3 :.VDD..V3f i
BUS ' .0:
TfFEi iiMV,TIIINAND i
iRINANO tG2.G3 :
' L MVOSIt10N i.11t1. U ..Bf1.301..Et1.30)
NElit100.f0OM~G233)10)�TOf~l~1i=0).G)(~0.]G)1
D�n~..~~ � NE 7 �i110111,\) i0( >S.~.G3
ienr.s~em ~ NETE �FIIOM(.E) Tp (~1.1) 1
NFTO � 0. 62.t. G).S '
1..rnere~ �OE11113 sUELO} S INFT11 NE10 9
0ElAt3 ~OILO73.33.3].l7.]3.32.l7 I
awnenw.+ws~ ENO 1
I
CENO :
Fig. 2. Example of Description in HSL
Table 1. Example of Efficient Automatic Designing
(for 8000'fransistoc LSI Unit)
. ~ o.
�6 ,o
= COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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CI.,
; o...,.~~
~~w ~V"

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I
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONi.Y
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHOTO RESIST FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF ULTRA LSI
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 61
[TeXt]
yirQChi, Ltd. has developed an uttra�violet ray photo resist for rhe
mass production of ultra-LS! unita. It enables fFne paiterns, wlth a line
,vrdrh of l�m, to be formed bp one�ro�one po%ection exposure, which
previouslv had been considered not possib(e.
The new muterial developed by Hitachi is a negative�type ultra-violet
ray photo resist mainly composed of a pheno(tc h{,qh�molecular com-
pound and a photo-sensifive azrde cwrtpound. Conventionol nega[ive�tyoe
, pnoto resists make use of the phenomenon of mo(ecules, when exposed
ro ulna-violet rays, swelling and becoming insoluble in a developer. !n
conrrasf, [he newiy announced photo resrst makes use of the phenom-
enon of a resrst marerial, when exposed ta ultra�violet rays, changing
cliemicail}, and the molecufes becoming insoluble. This process does
not cause the resist to swe/l during developmenf and thus prevent; the
resolving power j.�om decreasing. Afso, with convendonal negative�type
photo-resists, the cross�sec[ion of resist images obtain.:d by proximity
or one-to-one proiection exposure is tropezofdai, which makes it
dijjicuJt to jorm jine patterns. 1Vith the newly disclosed restst, fhe
cross-secrion of rhe photo�resist images can be conrroiled jreely, making
ir possible fo o6tain rectangular cross secaons mosl javorabie to jorm
jine patterns.
Furrhermore, the phenolic high�molecufar compound as one main
component of the new material has resistance to heat, and is also
higlily resistant to radiafion. Thus, the resist has the merit of with�
standing severe plasma processing such as dry efching. On the other
hand, the azide compound, as another marn component, has high
efjiciency in photo�chemicaf reaction and ihus has the merit of being
highly sensiNve. The new uitraviolet photo�resist material has been
_ made pracricaf 6y skriljulty combining the advantageous properties of
- Uhese substances. Their advantages have been made ju!!y ejjective jor
rne mass production of uftra LSI unrts including dry etching.
Features:
11 BY using a one�ro-one projection exposure system, rts cross section
o/ tJie resrst can be jree(y controlled inro rectangular and inversely
rrapezoidal shapes, with a line width of l�.
~ 2) It'irlz a typica! one�to-one pro%ection exposure system, it enables
J�uicli wajers to 6e e.xposed in 30 sec. (as measured by the compcny).
31 Like conventionai resisrs, ir alJows such processes as application
and development.
4) lt has high resistance ro dry etching.
S) It provides siabie characferisrics like conventiona/ negative�type
ruhber phato resists.
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~
~ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH SPEED ONE MEGABIT DATA COMMUNICATION
Tokyo TEChNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 62
[Text]
' Nissei Ekctrical Institute has developed an
"Optical Spaa t'ransmission Communication
SYstem" which provides high speed data mm-
munication of 1 megabit/second by sending
infrared rays of 0.9� d'uect without any cable.
- 'fhe system adopts a GaAs (Ballium acsenide)
LED (light emitting diode) as the light emitting
device of the transmitter, a silicon photo-
diode (APD) as the light receiving device of
the ceceiver, and provides data coinmunication
by sending 0.9� infrared rays in space over a
maximum communication distance of 600m.
'fhe system has the following features:
(1) It is low priced at V1,800,000.
(2) It is simple and quick to install requiring
merely adjusting sights.
(3) It is easily connected to a computer
using tTL (transister transister logic).
(4) Transmitter-receiver combinations can
be connected in line with each other
up to 4 or so combinations, in order
to extend the distance.
(5) Since the system is small and light, it
- is easily portable.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MUTUAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE BETWEEN DRESS, DEMOS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 8G p 62
[T2xt] . NTT Will stact a public data commumca-
tion service between their DRESS center
(which stands fo[ stock management service
centet and DEMOS center (which stands fot
science technology computation service center)
around uext fall. Due to this service, usets can
use not cnly the transmission service of
DRESS's file to DEMOS (or DEMOS's file to
DRESS) but both DRESS and DEMOS services
by one tecminal equipment now in secvice. The
mutual communication between the centers
means greatly improved and easier access to
the system fot users who can only use one
service (DRESS ur DEMOS) at present. Aiming
at the scheduled introduction of mutual com-
municacion between centers, NI'T is planning
to expand the intercenter communication
ability between each DRESS center in ocder
to attain file transmission abitity which is
already available at DEMOS service centecs.
Moreover, NTT Will stait a kanji output
secvice at three centers (DRESS Tokyo II[,
Osaka IV and DEMOS of Tokyon roducing
Technology-E batch center) by `
theit high speed kanji printer of 15,000 lines
per minute.
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71
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SURVEY EFFECTS OF RAIN ON QUASI-MILLIMETER ELECTRIC WAVE COMMUNICATIONS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 62
[Text ] * KDD (Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd.)
has announced its experimental plan, and
according to KDD's statement, they will start
communications experiments hased on the site
diversity method, and which will use from late
1981 the Yamaguchi Satellite Communication
Station and Hamada International Relay Sta-
tion. rhis experiment aims to ensure good
transmission of the 14/11GHz range (quasi-
millimeter) electric waves used in communica-
- tions making use of the intelsat V satellite.
'fhe sateUite is expected to be launched into
space above the Indian Ocean in 1981.
The experiments aim to establish counter-
measures for rain, since quasi-millimeter waves
are easily affected by rain and this wave
characteristic makes communications by one
earth station difficult, especially in an area
having a heavy rainfall such as Japan. Since a
real satellite will be used in the experiment.
KDD is expecting to obtain ftuitful results
concerning electric propagation or communica-
tion methods in the quasi-millimeter wave
range.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OVERALL EVALUATION TEST STARTED FOR SUBMARINE PHOTOFIBER CABLE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 63
[Text]
A cabfe with op ricai fibtrs used as the
aansnission medium has the jolJowing ad�
vantages over the conventionol copper cabie:
it can be made to have a large-capaclry and it is
expected to 6e more economicaf because oJiow
tmnsmission (osses and rhe necessity oj fewer
repeaters. Atso, it is lighrweight, flexible and
easy to handle. Thus, ir is expected fo
serve jor submarine speech iransmisslon Irnes
which require difficuft maintenonce work ro
be perjomied within a limited space in tnstalln-
tion ships. Various circles ae promadng
srudies ro put the cable into pracrical use.
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Pu6Jic
Corporation has already sought cable strucrures
-1ficientJy strong enough to endure the svb-
marine environmenr and externa( prcssvres
during installatron and has estabiished the
bosic technology for making ihem practicai.
In arder to estabfish the fechnology for sub-
marine photofiber cable and equipment jor
sub'marine terminaf stations und to conduct
overall assessment, the corporation has rccentl3'
provided coastal tesr stafions at lnatori and
Kawasu on lsu Pentnsulo and has instaJled a
nansmisston line consisNng oj a submarine
photolber ca6le, 10.2km long ond 240m
/max. J deep in the sea berween the stations.
The cabie installed is made from a collec�
rion oj opdcal jbers covered with pressure�
resistant copper tubing and further covered
x-irlt PE, ond an clternare double srranded
shearh. The core system consists of S singie-
mode and S graded mufdmode optica( ftbers.
These core wires were connected in jolds to
make a cabie which was availablc jor trans�
mtssion tests, with a cable (engrh oj SOkm and
the cable was provided on the wa}, with two
junctions to obtarn dara on cable properries
at these potnts.
Mean opticaf (osses ojier installation, with
an optica( wavelength oj 1.3�m, are 0.79dB/km
jor the single-mode optical j'ibers and 0.81dB1
km jor graded multimode optical fi6ers. These
values are the smaliest in the world jor long-
wavelength band optical transmission lines (n-
stailed tn the sea in any previous test.
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11
Refonator (Fe-Ni slloy)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RELIABILITY SURVEY OF MECHANICAL FILTER FOR CHANNEL TRANSLATING EQUIPMENT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 63
[Text] For new carrier channel translating equtp-
ment /1`R-2/HTRJJ, tt has been decided that
mechanicai filrers which are 6etter than con�
ventionol LC jArers in respecr oj size and
economy wiil 6e used jor channei and signal
fiirers, which arc essential parts of rhe equip-
men t.
Channel filters are characterisric in that
thep are used in large quantities cnd arc rc-
quired to comply with severe electrical stand-
ads. Thus, before adopiing mechanlcal filters,
it is necessary to dejinitefy check their refiabtli-
ry�
The Musashrno Electricai Communicutions
Laboratory has jor 2 years been conducNng a
series oj rests to examine rhe rrltabtitty oj
mechantcal Tl ters.
Resonators used tn these ftfters are made oj
an iron-nickel ailoy which havt exce/lent mc-
chanical properties, including elastic coefJt.
cienrs. The properries of the fi(ters depend on
rhe resonance jrequency oj the rorsional vibra-
don oj cylinders made oj this alloy. So the
laboratory has ehecked machine rooms jor rem-
perarures' and assumed stresses during trans�
portation to see iJ they can withstand such
srresses.
The cut�ojj jreqLency, for exomplc, as one
of rhe matt rmportcnt properttes oj a me-
chanicai f!lrer, vaied by only 46ppm (ippm=
10'47o) during a 13,000 hour high-tempercrure
(SS�C) srorage test. From thrs data, vartatton
over 20 years is calcufated to be a6out BSppm.
This vo/ue ls sujrwiently smail as comparcd
with a vartotron dlowed jor o jllrer. Also in
any tesrs concerntng vibration, shock and
temperature cycfes (-10�C to + SS�C), it was
proved that rherc was llttle variatron in
e/ectricai properties.
E
a
a 60 Test eonditions: to bs left et 55�C
0
u
e 40 a
c /
� 20 o%
q /
O ~
> 0
>
u
c
0-20
9 2 6 103 2 6 104 2
Time (hr)
Fig. 2. Hourly Changes of Shut-off Frequency of
Mechanical Filter
Elsetrieal�mechsnicel eonvsrter
ZO ~ i
~I
O E ~ ZO
~ I
Fig. 1. Conceptual Skeich of Mechanical Filter
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW MODEL HANDWRITTEN CHARACTER INPUT EQUIPMENT
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 65
[Text] The Nagoya Cirv Indusrria! Loboratory has
devtloped liandwrirten character input equlp�
ment employing an on�line recognition sysiem,
in wliich a minicomputer is used. Up to the
prtsent time, the Methods jor conveying
_ chnracter injormarion to a computer have betn
Nauijied into the jo!iowing jour systems oj
inpufring:
l. Key6ou.d system - inpurting injorsnaHon
b.voperaring a teletypewriter key6oad.
a 1. Pen rouch sysiem - inputting informadon
by indicating character position on a character
Panef by aii rndicator pen.
3. OCR sysrem - inputdng injarmation by a
~ direcr character reader so ihat they can be
.ecognized by the character recognition
rechnique.
On�line recognition system - inputting
h(indwrriten information on a sheet oj paper
_ rhrougli tlie process oj handwriring chaiacters
and rhen recognizing rhem based on time
series data.
This rryuipment has been developed to
meet strong requirements jor a mefhod to
IePlace the keyboard�type, so as to be able
to input characters to a computer tasily by
anyone with the sinplfctty oj merely using a
pen or ba!lpolnt pen.
Thrs equipment, rhough oj the above-
mentioned fourth type, employs an optrcal
jiber instead of rraditionai sensors. The
operational princtple is such that handwrttten
lnformotion b), characters being wrttten by a
pen or baJlpoint pen on an ordlnary sheet oj
poper are received by the optical jtber in the
sNape oj reJltcted ljght oj iight reflecred jrom
ihc paper.
The dijjerences beiwcen black and white
from the paper corresponding to variations in
ikht intensiry, are converted inro etectrfcal
signals and inputted into the computer, and
their character configurations, such as the
number of stokes nnd writing order etc.,
are analyzed tn reuf�time processing (i.e., jor
eoch chcracter) hased on previously inputted
handwriting injormation, and then rhey are
collated with the previousfy�stored dictronary
and recognised. Tliis equipmenr employs a
microcampuier which is very smaii and cheap,
and hos the optical jiber connected to ir.
Ir has been tested and conJirmed that
this equtpmenr can recognize all rhe common
handwritten kataicana characters, numerals, and
ietters of the aiphabet whrch are inputted.
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_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH-PERFORMANCE 16-BIT MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPID
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 65
[Text ] Toshiba has developed the world's hiqhest-
perjormance 16�bit microcomputer "T88000"
based on rhe SOS (sificon�on-sapphire) LSl.
The compcny desired alse to use the LSI as
rhe CPU oj rhe minicomputer and at the
same time to develop and apply if to the
compurer peripherai terminais, and various
contro! units jor cierical and industrial usr.
. The SOS comprises on integrated-circuit
su6sirnte in which about o 0.6-mrcron thick
silicon film ;s jormed on a snpphire crysml. It
- grves abour rwo or three times improvement
in operarional speed and power dissrpatiort,
ar.d also enables about a 309v improvement irt
arms of the integmiion densiry os comparrd
with the conventionai I/C's using rhe silicon
wbsnare (bulk silicon).
_ Thts esrablished technoiogy has implerrfent-
SOS (Silicon on Sapphfre) Trantistor Strueture
cd the highesr perjormances as a compiicated
architectaral logicai crrcutt device: 2.8�ml6on
eJfrcrive gate itngth, 0.7 nanosecond/gcte
propagation delay timc, about 1200-gate
integrations per chip, and 700-mtlliwatt power
dissipadon per chip. The "T8800"; with
these high integradons and tpeeds being
rrJlecred on its perjormances and junctions,
har accomplished the world's h4Bhest perjorrri-
ance as a microcon=puter in terms of arith-
metic�operarionaf speed and processtng
juncrions, in implemendng 400 nanosecond
opaaNonaf speed jor addttion and subdaction,
1.6M�bite capactty oj the main storage area,
built-in jloating�point and declmoi operational
instructions, and improved lnternai registers
and buses.
Bulk Silieon Transittor Structuro
Fig. 1. Comparison of SOS Transistor Structure and BuUc Silicon Transisior
Structure
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROXY APATITE REPORTED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 68
[TeXt ] + Hydioxy apatite, an apatite derivative Jias
been developed jointlY by Junsei Kagaku Co.
and Dental Kagaku Co.
Apatite has a general formula of
M10(Z04)6X2 and is used for various purposes,
such as sinteied ceramics, artificial bone, laser
materials, catalysts and as an emulsifing agent.
Hydroxy apatite is one derivative like chloro
and fluoro apatites.
Although Dental Kagaku Co. has been
dealing with chemicals for dentists, such as for
false teeth, the development of hydroxy apatite
has been continued jointly with the Junsei
Kagaku Co. The dry synthetic method from
among four techniques, dcy synthesis, fusion
method, wet method and hydrothermal syn-
thesis, was adopted for manufacturing.
According to the plan, the compound will be
COPYRIGHT:
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produced by Dental Kadaku Co. and Junsei
Kagaku Co. will handle sales. 'Cwo grades of
porous material (purity 99`Yo up, granule) and
high purity (purity 99.59'o up, powder) will be
sold. 'fhe porous grade has excepent bioaffini-
ty, and the demand is expected as a bed for
chromatography to isolate proteins, nucleic
acid, enzymes and vituses. The company is
planning to develop the market of chromato-
gcaphy for porous hydroxy apatite.
'Che company also is expecting demand for
the high purity grade. Since hydroxy apatite
is the main inorganic component of bone and
teeth, the demand in the field of artificial
bone and false teeth is expected. In addition
to these uses, thece are apptications as a
fluorescent substance, cacalyst and electric
materials being developed.
1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING FORMIC ACID
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 68
[ Text ] � Tokyo Institute of rechnology has devel-
oped a new technique for measuring fotmic
acid using a bioorganism sensor. Although the
compound is included in food and fermeotation
solutions, quantitative analysis is very difficult
because it is easily decomposed. According to
the new technique, the concEntration of formic
acid caa be measured exactly aod contiauously,
by cooverting a reaction betwcen the formic
acid and a microbe into an electric cunent.
rhe microbe For the sensor is clostsld7um
batydcum and was cultivated at 37�C Cor 9
hours. The resulting fungi wen collected and
washed with a buffer solution of phosphoric
acid. A 0.1 ml of a suspension of the fungi,
inc:uding 25mg of wet fungi, was added to
0.9m1 of a gelatine solution (Japaneae) and a
filter film of acetyl cellulose was immersed in
the mixture for 20 seconds and then chilled
immediately to 5�C. The fllm of fixed microbes
was obtained in this way.
The film was then bonded to a fluorocarbon
polymer of the hydrogen electrode of a fuel
ceU (Pt anode, silver peroxide cathode) and
theo the snrface was coveced with a porous
fluorocarbon polymer film. In this way ~he
xnaor for formic acid was constructed.
rhe mechanism of the sensor is explained
as follows. Focmic acid passing through the
porous fiim contacts the c[ostrtdlu,� butyricum
and to produce hydrogen gas thatis converted
into a curnnt signal at the Pt anode composing
the hydrogen electrode of the fuel cell. An
inecease in formic acid concentration causes
an increased output of hydrogen gas and
therefore the current signal becomes greater.
I'here is a linear relation between the con-
centration af formic acid and the current
signal in the 10-1,000 mg/1 range. rhis cor-
responds well to results measured by gas
chromatography. Acetic acid, propionic acid,
butyric acid, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and
others do not produce hydrogen gas even if
they come in contact with microbes. On the
other hand, pyruvic acid and glucose produce
hydrogen gas, but they cannot pass through
the protective film. 'fherefore, the sensor is
very selective toward formic acid.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SUPER SHORT CRACKING TECHNIQUE FOR CHEMICALS -
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12,
Dec 80 p 68
_ [Text] + Idemitsu Petroleum Chemical Co. has a
the ethylene yield is improved considerably -
plan to construct an ethylene plant with an
with compared conventional methods, and
- annual output af 300,000 tons using their oein
reaches 36%. Heavy oil (except asphalt ftactiun)
new cracking technique.
in addition to LPG, naphtha, kerosene and
With this technique, called the "super shott
light oil, can be used as the raw material. Tlms
cracking technique", the time of a raw material
the technique is considered to be the best at
in a cracking equipment is only one second.
present and is receiving attention ftom all
this makes it possible to increase the cracking
parts of the world.
temperature up to approximately 1,000�C, but
'I'he cracking technique so far, is used
the improvement of tube material with fiaat
mainly for naphtha, in lapan. Cracking equip�
resistance is very important for use of the
ment has been remodelled not only fot
technique. The company decided to construct
naphtha but also for LPG and NGL, because
the plant because it was found possible to
the use of a greater variety of raw materials
use the method commercially as a result of
has been considered desirable after the (irst
tests using a test pitot plant for some time.
and second oil crises. Previously, only kerosene
By adopting the super short crackine
and light oil were available among various raw
technique, the basic unit of naphtha in an
materials even when the latest equipment was
ethylene plant becumes 4.1(4,I00kI of naphtha
used. On the other hand, this new technique,
is used for 1 ton of ethytene production) and
qn use a variety of raw materials and this is
the reason for it receiving so much attention. �
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_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF HUMIC ACID SODIUM SALT
. Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 68
[ Text ] ' Japan Metals 8c Chemicals Co. has started
to produce on an industrial scale, humic acid
sodium salt, a derivative of nitro humic acid.
- At present, the annual demand in Japan
for this material is estimated to be 2,000-
3,000 tons and two or thtee companies are
producing it. However, the demand is ex-
- panding because humic acid sodium slat hu
various uses such as a mud material for public
works and dritling boces, as a rust-pioofing
agent for tubing, a cement additive, an in-
- gredient :or surface-active agents, adsorbent
for heavy metals and a deodorant. The com-
pany, the largest maker in Japan, decided to
produce it commercially since there were
possibilities for cultivating markets znd the
development of a varied range of uses.
The company has a nitco humic acid plant
- with an annual production of 50,000 tons at
their Hanamaki factory, and 35,000 tons are
used as a magnesia fertilizer of nitro humic
acid and medicines fct animals. The temaining
15,000 tons are convetteJ to humic acid
sodium salt.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
, PGLYETHYLENE AS REGENERATIVE MATERIAL TO PRODUCE ENERGY SAVINGS
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 8O p 69
[Text] The�developmeni ojsajt regenerator to accumulatt htat entrgy Qnd
releose it according ro needs as requtred is recenrly expccced jrom the
poirtt of view of svuin8 energy. When such used in the general home, jor
air�conditioning and heating, and Jor supplying hot water, iis highly
sajety in additton to the high efjtciency ond the !ow cost is rcqulrcd.
A regenerative material of o iatent heat iype using crysialline poly-
ethylene has been developed by the Govcrnment lndustriol Research
lnstitute, Nagoya, of the Agency ojlndustria! Science and Technology,
where the study of ngenerative materiaLs has been condnued as a parr
of the "sunshine programme
Polyethylene is produced commercinify in large quantities and its
price is relatively cheap. In addition, it is non corrosive towards iron,
and super�cooiing and phase isoladon are different jrom inorganic
hydrate salts. Polye:yylene becumes a vurous lfquid beyond its meiting
poinr; and rhe ejjiciency of heat exchangt becomes lower by tne
accumuladng of weided porticies which close the flow peth of a heat
medium at temperature lower rhon !is melting poini. These reasons are
making its practical use dijjicu/t.
The regenerative material developed by the lnstitute is crysralJine
polyethylene cross-Jinked by a radiatron rreatment and the heat-
rcsisrant poperties arie iniproved as the result. Further, weldtng between
particles has been prrvented 6y coating the surface of the peUets
(diameter 3mm) wlth powderrd inorgenic compounds, heat�resismnt
polymer, and metals.
The regenerative marerials shown tn the photography are pelie.ts
coated with powdered alumina(A) and nickeJ(B). They hove shown
good resufts with repeated egenerorive operations over a long time
withour weiding and dejorniadon. A regenerator, easlfy reaching the
110-140�C can be made if such moter/uls ore packed !n an lnsu/ated
vessel.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE FOR SUPER FINE POWDER DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 69
[ Text ] Ttte Government Industriai Renarch Institute, Nagoya, of the Agency
of /ndustriai Science and Technology has devtloped a new manujactur�
ing method to make easily, super jint powder (pardcle sue is btivw
1�) of varioxs oxides that are importanr raw mattrials jor producing
~ Jine ceramics.
The method uses mefalfic hydroxtdes obrained jrom reactions
berween aqueous ammonia and metaUic snits. The hydroxides turn to
yvper jine powdered oxides through a coUordal chcmical reaction.
The high pur(ty, super flne powders wlth hidh unijormity are
required as raw materials Jor producing jine ceramics. Their use is
becorriing populor espccially jor rhe manujacture of thin ceramic jifms
and various other ceramics jor ekchonics; thus the manujncturtng
merhod ojsuper fine powder is becoming irnportant.
Conventional methods for obtaining super fine powder are:
alkoxide method by hydrolysis ojmeto! alkoxides.
tZ) rliermal cracking, by crackfng ojmetal!!c saJts.
(j~ pprolysis in rhe gas phase by heatrng meta!!ic compounds foJlow�
ing their gasification.
In the jirst method, the alkoxides are expensive and the operadon
of hydrolysis is dijjicuit. In the second method, the pariicie size is large
ond crushireg is needed. In the thtrd method, the process !s dlJficult
6ccause only raw materials that can be gasijied are used.
The new method deveJoped 6y rhe lnstfrute is as jo!!ovs: Hydroxides
produced by addtng aqueous ammonia to metallic salts are treated by
- rolloida/ chemical process in an organic solvent such as a higher olcohol
and ester. The oxides o6rcined as super jine powder are dried, caicined
cnd powdered. Depending on the method, many kinds of oxides are
obtainable, and they have already succeeded to make super jine powders
o/ soJids of complicated composition such as alumina, ytnia, tin axtde,
iron oside, zirconia�ytrria sysrem, yttria-thoria s.YStem and so on.
The photograph by an ekctron microscope shows the powder of
(Y203)0�05 (Zr02)0.95. The sintering properiies of the powder were
excelient and the sintered material with fheoretica/density wasobtained
b}, calcinatinn at 1,500�C jor two hours- Toyo Sodn Monujacturing Co.
and A'ippon Kagaku Tokyo Co. are dorng researching under the Jeader�
rhrp of the lnstrtute to make the mefhod commerciaUy pracfical.
COPYRIGHT : 1980 Fuj i Marke ting Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
APPLE ROT CONTROL CHEMICAL BECOPtES TOP PESTICIDE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 72
[ Text ] * It has been disclosed that "guazatine", an
apple rot control chemical developed by
Dainippon ink and Chemicals, Inc., will be
the product No.l for hard-to-conttol pests,
under the "New Agricultural Chemicals Devel-
opment Promotion Project" by the Ministry of
Agricuiture, Forestry and Fisheties.
Few companies are interested in the devel-
opment of new agricultural chemicals, for
hard-to-conttol pests, because of the increasing
gigantic funds and time it cequires foc such
development. 'this has triggered the govern-
ment to plan and promote new policies. The
Ministry of Agricultuce, Focestcy and Fisheries
started the "New Agricultural Chemicals De-
velopment Promotion Project" in 1978.
Dainippon Ink and Chemicals' "guazatine"
has been developed as one of the apple rot
control chemicals and was the starting theme
of the project. It was shown to be effective
in 1978 and was brought to toxicity tests in
February, 1919. "Guazatine" is a new guanidine
compound and can be used, not only as a
coating agent, but also as a spraY agent suited
for heavy use.
Also, the new chemical has been shown to
be comparable to Topzin, an agent already
developed. If everything goes well, it will be
put on the market in 1982.
"Guazatine" is expected to play roles of a
pioneer product, and the MinisuY of Agri-
culture, Forestry and Fisheries hopes that manu-
facturers of agricultural chemicals and of their
statting materials .will be more interested in
developir.g new agcicultural chemicals for hard-
to-control pests and it is also considecing
enlazgiag the project to cover herbicides for
field pcodvcts.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTAGONIZER DISCLOSED
Tokyo TFCHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 72
[Text] robo Chemical Co. has recently developed
a novel antagonizer called "aza-lactam".
This aza-lactam is usually called N-alkyl
aza-alkene lactam, denoting the existence of
another nitrogen atom, as a cyclic amide in
the lactam ring. Also, under the uaiversal
nomanclature of heterocycles, it is "diazepin",
a two-nitrogen containing heterocycle as a
7clement ring for n=2 and "diazosin", a
two-nitrogen containing heterocycle as an 8-
element ring for n=3.
Azalactam has the following featuxes:
(1) Although it is a nonionic substance,
it has a strong antagonizing activity.
(2) It is antagonistic to a wide range -of
bacteria.
(3) It has much lower toxicity than ionic
antagonizers.
(4) It scarcely loses antagoniaing power in
the presence of proteins.
(5) It has a high affinity for solvents regard-
less of polazity.
As described above, it is recognized that
azalactam has many advantages such as low-
toxicity and low-irritation over conventional
ionic subscances used as antimicrophytes and
disinfectants. The company expects it to be a
versatile produ::t for it can be mixed
with plastics to make germicidal packing
matetials which can then be used to protect
tcees, vegetables and fruits against bacterial
contamination. its biocidal effects can be useful
in the extermination of the sulfuric-acid
reducing bacteria leading to the corrosion of
the equipment used for oil drilling. Or it can
be turned into an acet+^ acid to synthesize a
lactam betaine type ..,vitier-ion interfaciat
active agent which can be used as a'.,:se for
detergents and shampoos.
Again, penicillin, of the 9-lactam system,
has been well knoevn as an antibiotic. Its
structuce contains an ion-base. [n contrast,
azadactam is completety a nonionic type.
Thus, it is expected to attract the attention
of pharmaceutical companies.
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9
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NEW DECOMPOSING REAGENT DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 73
[ Text ] Fur rhe purpose oj assisting solubility oj compounds, several de�
composing reagents have been u.ted in many jIr/ds. Jadu Co., Ltd. has
develaped a new decomposing rcagent made jrom natuml products.
The products consisr oj cellu(ose powder ond poly saccarides, the trade
name is "JAF-Z". The main properrita are shown in the tabie.
Table 1. JAF-Z
qppearonce
Composition I
Product anelysis
White powder
Natural producta (eellulose powder)
Polyaaccerides
PH
6.3
qg
Not detective
Heevy metel
1.3ppm
Ash
0.1 %
Weipht lou by dryinp
296
Perticle sizs
100 mash
Liviny orpenitm

0
E
0
CC o
pH
Aher 4 hours
Q, After 8 hours
After 24 hours
Fig. 4. Effects of pH on DMDTP Dissolution
following conditions: DMDTP initially SOOmg/
1. MLSS SOOmg/l, temperature 30�C and pH
7.0�0.2.
(I) Effect:)f pH
Dissolution tests of SOOmg/! DMDTP were
conducted while the pH of the mixture was
adjusted to rernain within a predetermined
value �p.z (See Fig.4). In the range of pH 5.5-
7.0, the dissolution was completed within 8
hours, while w�nen the pH was below 4.5 or
over 8.5, the dissolutioii was not under way
evep after 24 hours. Thus, the most suitahle
pH range was found to be 6.5 -7.0. In another
tes[, SOOmg/I of DbiDTP dissolution was con-
ducted with thc initial pH of 7.3 without
further adjustment (see Fig.S). Sulfuricacid,
generated during DMD'I'P dissolution, caused
the pH to drop rapidly, causing the reaction to
stop. The pH after 24 hours was 4.3. Thus,
the pH control was found to be essentialfor the DMDTP dissolution.
(2) Effects of Sodiam Chloride
Main reactions in the manufacture of agri-
157
7
6
I
a 5
4
~
E soo
100
a
v
c
~ zso
a
F-
O
~
O 0
0, DMOTP
O, Pi
TOC

3
50 E
v
O
F
Fig. 5. Dissolution of DMDTP (without pH adjustment)
cultural chemicals mostly consist of desalination
reactions, and thus, drainage from this manu-
facture contains NaCI in high concentrations.
No effects of the NaCI concentration, were ob-
served below O.Sya, inhibitory effects were
observed at 1.0N and no dissolution was
caused at 1.5%. Subsequently, combined effects
of NaCI and pH were studied: no effects were
observed in the pH range ef 5.5-7.5 and NaCI
was more obstructive in the pH range of below
5.0, allowing no dissolution at a concentration
of 1.0%.
(3) Effects of DMDTP Concentration
An examination of the effects of initial
DMDTP concentration showed dlat it was
scarcely obitructive at 2.0% and that the time
requ'ued for dissolution was nearly proportional
to the initial DMDTP concentration in the range
of 0.05-2.0%.
(4) Effects of Bacterial Concentration
-The higner the bacterial corcentration, the
more rapidly dissolution prugressed. When tfie
concentration of MLSS was below 7000 mg/t,
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10 20
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the speed of dissolution was nearly proportional
to the bacterial concentration.
5. Uissolution of Other Otganic Phosphoric
Compounds
By using active sludge cultured in DMDTP,
dissolution tests for DMTP, DMP, MP, diethyl-
dithiophosphoric acid (DEDTP), diethylphos-
phoric acid (DEP)� and monoethylphosphoric
acid (EP) were conducted. All of these com-
pounds were rapidly dissolved into inorganic
phosphoric acid. Those compounds which did
not contain sulfur (DMP, MP, DEP and EP)
were dissolved pazticulazly rapidly, causinB
almost no decrease in pH.
Subsequently, by using the culture method
mentioned above, noncultured active sludge
was incubated with organic phosphoric com-
pounds to find out that the active sludge ac-
quired dissolving activity toward organic phos-
phoric compounds. It took 5 days to dissolve
DMP, MP, DEP and EP, 10 days for DMPTP
and DMTP and 20 days for DEDTP. This
proved that this culture method was effective in
dissolving organic phosphoric compounds.
6. Isolation of DMDTP Dissolving Bacteria
BY using a culture which had DMDTP as
its sole energy and organic carbon sources two
kinds of DMDTP dissolving bacteria weke.
isolated. They were named the TK-1 sLock and
the AK-2 stock. Furthcr characterization of
these bacteria are now in progress.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENT AGENCY TO PERFOIZM INLAND SEA SURVEY
Tokyo JAPAN TIMES in English 9 Feb 81 p 2
[Text]
The EnvironmentAgency will
start in fiscal 1981 a seven-year
environmental survev ot the
Inland Sea to collecl data on its
geological teatures, water
pollution and marine lite.
The agency intends to
prepare plans to fight serious
pollution of the Inland Sea on
the basIs of data collected in the
survey.
The study will examine such
items as the sludge ac-
cumulated on the sea floor.
water quality. the biota such as
flsh and seaweed and economic
value of the sea.
In the survey, the (nland Sea
will be divided into about 1,200
sections of five sq, km each to
collect data and analyze them
in each section.
To study sludge. samples wt11
be collected from the floor of
the sea. and they will be
checked tor chemical sub-
stances, such as phosphorus
and nitrogen whlch cause
eutrophication ot the water, and
chemical oxygen demand
tCOD).
ln the tirst year, the
Harimanada area (otf Eiyogo.
Okayama. E:agawa and
Tokushima pretectures) and
the Hiuchinada area (off
Kagawa and Ehime prefec-
tures ) will be surveyed.
Water pollution o[ the lnland
Sea has come [o show signs of
improvement [hanks to strict
regulations on the discharge ot
polluted water under the special
law tor environmental
protection ot the sea.
However, Environment
Agency oUicials say that water
pollu[[on will continue as long
as the sludge containing water
pollutants remains uncleared
on the sea tloor.
COP'YRIGHT : THE JAPAN TIMES 1981
CSO: 4120
j
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SHIMANE ASSENlBLY APPROVES N-PLANT
Tokyo ASAHI EVEIJING NEWS in English 10 Feb 81 p 3
[Text2
The Shimane prefectural as-
sembly virtually approved
`tonday the Chugoku Electric
Power Co.'s nuclzar power
station expansiun project
despite protests from some
local residents.
The assembly's special com-
mittee on the nuclear power
affairs adopted only statements
filed by residents who support-
ed the project, and rejected
chuse by objectors.
The adoption of the "go-
ahead" petitions came after
two Socialist members of the
I S-member panel left their
seats, complaining the pleas
were not deliberately discussed.
The Socialists, who opposed
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Evening News 1981
CSO: 4120
the project, had demanded
that intent of all the 148 pleas
be explained before the freely-
admitLed public and experts,
but the demand was turned
down by the ruling farces of
Liberal-Democrats and Demo-
cratic Socialists.
The panel, formed last De-
cember, thus ended its deli-
berations on the controversial
issue in four days.
Ten of some 50 unionists
and residenu opposed to the
project were arrested by police
when they attempted to entec
the assembly hall, causing a
90-minute delay in proceed-
in;s.
160
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF URANIUM FROM SEAWATER URGED
Tokyo ASAHI EVENING
NEWS in English 10 Feb 81
p 3
r"Today's Science"
coluum by Shuni.chi Takabel
[Text]
To Japan, which is depen-
this uranium is about 1/ 3 mil-
dent on other countries for
lionth of the sodium,
most of its energy sources,
whi:h is the main constituent
,
the surrounding sea around
of seawater, it cannot be en-
it is a treasurehouse awaiting
riched by ordinary means. In
development. One of the pro-
research coaducted so far, the
iects to open the doors to
method of recovering ura-
this treasury will get under
nium by passing sea-
-
way soon. Construction of a
water through substances that
pilot plant to establis6 the
selecdvely adsorb uranium has
technology of recovering ura-
looked promising.
nium from seawater will begin
In tests conducted for three
_
aE Nio Town, Kagawa Prefec-
years by the Metal Mining
ture. Shikoku, this spring.
Corporation at the request of
Attempts to extract ura-
the Ministry of International
nium dissolved in seawater are
Trade and Industry, titanic
bein� made i such Western
acid was used to adsorb ura-
countries as Britain and West
nium. The acid was then re-
Germany. Japan is the first
moved and uranium in a solu-
country in the world to make
ble state was produced by
_
a similar attempt with a pilot
using sal volatile (hartshorn).
plant, hiuch iaterest is being
In this solution, uranium
shown in wiiat the results of
was enriched to a density of
the tria] operation of the pilot
about lU paru per million.
-
plant three years hence will
In the second-stage process,
be. Of course, uranium derived
uranium was enriched to a
from the sea will not be able
0.3 percent liquid by the ion-
to compete with uranium re-
�exchanging method. With the
sources on land. The aim of
uranium ore refining techno-
the project is to curb soaring
logy, this liquid can
uranium prices and give Japan
be finished into refined ura-
more bargaining power with
nium ore, or "yellow cake."
countries supplying uranium.
Laboratory - scale experi-
Consequently, success depends
ments conducted so far have
-
on whether a highly efficient
only yielded "yellow cakes"
system is set up.
weighable in grams. The goal
The world's seawater con-
for the projected pilot plant is
tains more than 4 billion tons
to produce 10 kilograms of
of uranium. However, in
"yellow cakes" a year. Includ-
terms of the densiry of sea-
ing tests on various kinds of
w�ater, this is unly 3 parts per
adsorbents and assessment
biilion (3/ 1 billionths). Since
from the engineering point of
161
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view of integrated process con-
tinuous uperation, a feasibility
study will be made for com-
mercialization of the process.
The cost of building the ptlot
plant is about Y2.4 billion. It
is very interesting to note that
part of a salt fietd where salt
was made from the water of
the Seto Inland Sea back in
the old days is about to be re-
born as a base for makiag
"yellow salt" for the nuclear
ape.
Basic experiments in a pro-
ject of deriving energy directly
from the sea are making head-
way. The generation of power
from waves is already in wide
use as a minor source oi pow-
er for channel marks. From
now on, wave power genera-
tion will be designed to supply
energy to small communities
living along coasts or on re-
mote islands.
Last year, joint experiments
were conducted by the In[er-
national Energy Agency and
related Japanese quarters ia
the ]apan Sea off Yura,
Yamacata - Prefecture. For
commercialization. a technolo-
gy that converts the energy of
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Evening News 1981
CSO : 4120
162
the waves more efficiently into
electricity is needed.
A much bigger, but possi-
ble. dream is the utilization of
the energy of the Black Cur-
rent flowing in the Pacific
along the Japanese archipela-
go. The Black Current has a
flow that is from 300 to 500
times that of the Amazon, the
largest river on earth, and iu
currents contain vasc energy. .
To establish a "Black Cur-
rent power station" around
1990, the Marine Science and
Technology Center of the Sci-
ence and Technology Agency
is conducting a basic survey on
candidate sea areas. A matine
complex combining such a sea
current power plant and a
uranium recovery plant may
be built.
However, it should be borne
in mind that the sea is a
storehouse of biological re-
sources very closely connect-
ed with meteorolo�ical con-
ditions. It gces without saying
that minute technological as-
sessments are essential prior to
conducting development work
that will influence sea currents
and seawater temperatures.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MOVES TO INTRODUCE CANDU REACTOR REVIVE
Tokyo DAILY YOMIURI in English 13 Feb 81 p 5
[Article by Mikio Ruwamoril
[Text]
Moves for introducing the
CANDII nuclear reactor
from Canada have been re-
viving in Japan because of
a complete change in the
circumstances surrounding
the reaction to introduction
of the CA-NDU over the past
two years.
T h e semigovernmental
Electric Power Development
Company and the Interna-
tional Trade and Industry
Ministry (NIITI) started
moves in favor oi introduc-
ing.the CANDU reactor Sve
or six years ago, but the
Atomic Energy Commission,
which holds a decisive pow-
er over Japan's atomic pow-
er policy, decided in Augvst
1979 to shelve the introduc-
tion of the reactor.
When International Trade
and Industry Minister Ro-
kusuke Tanaka visited Can-
ada this January, however,
he told Prime Minister
Pierre E. Trudeau and other
eanadian officials that he
would seriously study intro-
duction of CANDU, sudden-
ly bringing the issue into
the spotlight once again.
In a press conlerence a!-
ter his return to Japan,
Tanaka said introduction of
CANDU should be studied
from a wider perspective as
part o! Japan's economic
security. Thls remark made
the issue more reallstic.
163
As to the questioa wheth-
er an inSuential cabinet
minister can easily reverse
the decision made two years
ago, a knowledgeable
source said that the Atom-
ic Energy Commission will
move toward introduction
oi CANDU alter its chair-
man, Suzumu Kiqonari, is
replaced by Takashi Mukai-
bo, who has Just retired as
president of Tokyo Univer-
sity.
As a matter oi lact, NRTI
and Electric Power Devel-
opmeat Company did not
give up introductiori o!
CANDU when the commis-
sion made the decision
against it. They have been
steadily taking *tep toward
its eveatual introductioa.
Japan's nine electric pow-
er companies, which used to
take a negative attitude to-
ward introduction of
CANDII, have now adopted
a policy oi diversifying nu-
clear reactors and become
Sexible about the issue.
The time to introduce
CANDU is now believed to
be ripe since a summit of
industriali2ed democracies
will be held in Ottawa.
During the past few years,
Canada has also created
circumstances that wiil
make Japan introduce
CANDU. Canada. !or in-
stance, has indicated that
supply of its crude oil will
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be tied with Japan's intro-
_ duction of CANDU.
- The position of those who
oppose introductton oL
CANDU has been weakened
in politfcal' and business
circles and in the press.
Toshiwo Doko, who opposed
_ CANDU introduction two
years ago, has resigned as
president of the Federation
o! Economic Organizations
(Keidanren) and been suc-
ceeded by Yoshihiro Ina-
yama, who supports the in-
troduction. The Suzuki cabi-
net seems to have been in-
fluenced by former prime
minister Kakuei Tanaka,
who reportedly was in favpr
of the introduction.
'The basic reason ior
- these changes in thP situa-
tion is presumably an al-
teration in the people's
opinion about the eaergy
issue.
Two years ago people's
- opposition to nuclear pow-
er plants mounted extra-
ordinarily due to an ac-
cident at the nuclear pow-
er plant on Three Mile Is-
land and other incidents,
Laymen as well as experts
warned against an easy-Bo-
ing introduction of CANDU
in this country.
Between the summer and
autumn o1 1979, however,
the second oll crisis occur-
red, pushing up crude o11
prices abwa maand other
Iran-Iraq
factors added to uncertain-
ty. Under .these -clrcum-
stances, calls fox stab:e sup-
ply of energy resources ln-
creased.
The advantaBes oi intro-
ducing the CANDU reactor
include diversi8cation of
risk by breaking away frorr.
the nuclear power polic9
depending solely on the US
and supply to Japaa oi
Canadian crude oll in re-
turn for the adoption of the
reactor. Access to Canadian
resources will lead to Ja-
pan's overall security.
Electric Power Develop-
ment Cqmpany points out
that the CANDU reactor it-
self is advantageous in that
uranium enrichment is not
necessary because natural
uranium is� used and its
aperation rate is higher
than the Ilght water-reac-
tor Lhat Japan has already
adopted.
But experts still question
the safety of CANDU� Ac-
cordfnB to sources, the
Atomic Energy Commission
has indicated that permis-
sion for only a research re-
actor, instead of a commer-
c1a1 reactor, for the time
being will not present any
problem.
Japan is forced to depend
on atomic power for its al-
ternative energy and to
tackle the task of diversi-
fying energy supply sources.
It will, therefore, be neces-
sary to con.Srm the saYety
of CANDU with a research
reactor.
At a time when many
municipalities are opposing
construction of atomic pow-
er plants in their commu-
nities, a mooci to welcome
CANDU is prevailing among
people on the Shimokita
peninsula in Aomori-ken,
the proposed site for the
reactor.
COPYRIGHT: DPiILY YOMIURI 1981
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TELECOMMUNICATIONS MIIQISTRY TO PERMIT 'TELETEXT'
Tokyo MAINI(Hi DAILY NEWS in English 6 Feb 81 p 5
[Text ] The Posts and Telecom-
munications iViinistry has in-
formally decided to permit the
commencement of the
Japanese version of the
Teletext or character multiplex
telecasting services in 1983.
� Teletext is the name of a
similar character P'PX tele-
casting being operated in the
United Kingdom. Similar
broadcasting, including testing,
is being conducted in France.
West Germany, Sw�eden and the
United States.
The character inultipleK
( NIPX ) telecasting enables
broadcasting stations to air the
character information con-
currently- with the esisting
image by taking advantage of
unused spaces in the TV air-
waves. The r�iewers. bv in-
stalling an adaptor, can read
such information as news, stock
market quotations, weather
reports, and traffic information
on the TV screen at home. The
character MPY telecasting will
also make possible the elec-
tronic newspaper - a news-
paper to be read on the TV
screen.
The ministry is planning to
formally decide upon the
technical standards for the
cha.-^ter bIPY telecasting by
the end of 141arch and amend the
broadcasting law for the
commencement of commercial
Teletext broadcasting in 1983.
The Radio Technical Council
recently recommended a
technical standard on the
character MPX telecasting to
the ministry after seven years
of deliberations. The ministry is
to formalize the decision in late
March.
According to the ministry
plan to allocate 10 airwaves at
the start, one is to be dedicated
to the transmission of the
characters for the hard of
hearing, to enable them to enjoy
television programs. This is at
present being done by the
Public Broadcasting System
(PBS) in the United States.
The remaining nine ainvave
channels of the initial allotment
will be made available for
utilization by organizations
other than TV stations. The
public will be able to receive
these nine airwave channels on
the present blank channels of
existing TV sets.
The Teletext broadcasting
COPYRIGHT: Ma.inichi Daily News,1981
CSO: 4120
165
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
licenses are to be granted to
non-TV stations, primarily to
newspaper companies. By use
of printers, "hard copies'
(printed copies) of electronic
newspapers w�ill also become
available at home. And this
possibility meets the ministry's
policy of �decentralizing the
power of the mass media, the
ministry said.
But actual Teletext broad-
casting by third parties
requires the use of some
facilities of existing TV
stations. If these TV stations
refuse to offer the pertinent
facilities for third party use, the
character biPY service will
become impossible.
To resolve this problem, the
Radio Regulatory Lureau of the
ministry intends to submit to
the Diet next year an amend-
ment to the broadcasting law to
make it obligatory for TV
statioas to offer their facilities
for Teletest broadcasting by
third parties.
The association of broad-
casting stations are, however.
firmly opposed to such
legislation on the grounds that
the amendment will infringe
upon licensed TV stations'
prnperty rights.
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LDP URGED TO SEEK SUPPORT FQR NUCLEAR PLANTS
Tokyo MAINICHI IlP,ILY NEWS in English 14 Feb 81 p 5
[Text]
The ruling Liberal-
Democratic Party (LDF)
should caravan throughout the
country to encourage unionists,
consumers and local leaders to
support the government's
nuclear power projects to a
greater degree, an LDP
member propos.�
The private proposal, made
by Tsunezo Watanabe, former
parliamentacy vice minister of
international trade and in-
dustry and secretary general of
the LDP's new task force tor
promoting nuclear power, was
contained in a nine-point
recommendation disclosed
Friday.
In the recomrnendation, to be
submitted for consideration to
the task force's first session
next Tuesda,y, Watanabe aims
at putting back on the track
derailed nuclear power projects
within tw-o years.
The po��er site construction
promotion headquarters should
carry out a powerful national
movement with local ad-
ministrators, entrepreneurs
and residents to remove hin-
drances to their efforts and to
defend the future livelihood of
people, he proposes.
llore concretely, he proposes
to send caravans with such a
mission to Ishikawa. Dlie,
Yamaguchi and some other
prefectures where nuclear
power projects are an issue.
The headquarters should also
try to improve safety-checking
systems at nuclear power
plants at the same time,
Watanabe says.
The proposed action policies
are likely to arouse arguments
among local governments and
residents who still remain
concerned over the safety of
nuclear power stations, and
draw new criticism from an-
tinuclear campaigners.
The nation now depends on
nuclear power for about 12
percent of its energy produc-
tion.
The government hopes to
increase the dependence rate to
around 23 percent in a decade
by building or planning 14 more
nuclear reactors by 1985.
But, persistent opposition
from some people has not oNy
blocked the state's efforts, but
has also undermined them.
The government set the
target for nuclear power output
by 1985 at 60 million kilowatt~ 10
years ago.
It was reduced to 49 million
kilowatts five years ago and
further to 30 million kilowatts
two years ago.
The government party is thus
keen to repromote its energy
plans toward greater reliance
on nuclear power, possibly
timing such campaigns with
local elections.
COPY??IGHT: Ma.inichi Daily News, 1981
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SCIENCE AND TECf�NOLOGY
MITSUBISHI UNVEILS TINY TURBOCHA.RGER
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in Eiiglish 17 Feb 81 p 5
[Text] -
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Ltd. unveiled 1Vlonday for the
first time in the world a tiny
turbochargcr that can fit the i-
to 1.8-liter gasoline and diesel
engines of various motor
vehicles such as small
passenger cars, motorcyles,
agricultual machines and small
vessels.
Turbocharger developers
around the world haee been
jockeying for perfection of
extremely difficult to design
small turbos. -
Since the turbo boosts engine
output by 30 to 50 percent. it has
been regarded as a key element
in developing small passenger
cars that are more fuel-thrIity
and agile than current fuel-
efficient small passenger cars.
Preceeding llonday's press
announcement, MHI introduced
the TC03 and TC04 new�ly
COPYRIGHTo Mainichi Daily Ne