JPRS ID: 9574 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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JPFiS L/9574
- 26 February 1981
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POIITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
CFOUO 5/81) ~
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_ 26 February 1981
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JPRS L/9574
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, 26 February 1981
USSR REPORT -
~ POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOIJO ~/81)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL
Role of Cinema in I3ealogical Struggle Described _
(B. Zhiyenghaliyev; QAZAQSTAN KOMMUNTXSI, No 12, 1980).......... 1
REGIONAL
- Bodyul Speaks on Moldavian Agro-Industrial Complex
(I. I. Bodyul; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 12, 1980)........ 5
Benefits of River Reversal Outlined
(Anatoliy Yershov; ZVE2DA VOSTOKA, No 8, 1980) 17
Volume Two of Turkmen Soviet Encyclopedia Reviewed
' (Kh. Gurbanov, et al.; TURKMENISTAN KOMMITNISTI, No 10, 1980)... 31
- a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO] _
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INTERNATIONAL
- ROLE OF CINEMA IN IDEOLOGICAL STRUGGLE DESCRIBED -
Alma-Ata QAZAQSTAN KOMMUNIYSI in Kazakh No 12, 1980 pp 88-91
[Article by B. Zhiyenghaliyev: "Film and Ideological Struggle"]
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[Text] The cinema, t:~e most mass oriented and influential of the fine arts, is
assigned an important role in man's spiritual enrichment and in the formation of his
world view. For this reason this art form is widespread in a11 the countries of the
world and is employed as an ideological weapon.
After the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution we were suddenly faced
with the need to carry out a cultural revolution in our nation. At that manent
� V. I. Lenin, the great leader of tYae proletariat, bearing in mind the need to use the
cinema, propaganda films in particular, for awakening consciousness as people's
schools were opened9 ordered the founding af the Soviet ciraema, the most powerful of
all the arts for us.
The cinema has, in fact, fulfilled a major function in the formation of the world
views, humanitarian consciousness and aesthetic: appreciation of generations of Soviet
people, working together with out national history. The Soviet cinema, which has
- earned a large amount of the workers' hanor and love has sung of man's noblest prop-
ertie.~, txained the people in ~irt~se and justice and supported the achievement of
lasting world peace and the consolidation of intern3tional friendship. The So~~iet
- Union is a strong pillar of peace and econamic progress. Thus reactionary forces
are openly directing all their ideological weapons and deceits against the Soviet
regime and communism in g~neral. Just now, in connection with the coexistence of
two camps in the world, the struggle between the two ideologies, the communist and
the bourgeois, is not only not dying down but is itensifying once again. At present
all the weapons in the hands of the bourgeoisie, and they include the cinema as well
as the press, radio and television, are aimed at deceiving the workers, instilling
many lies in their minds about the "paradise" constituted by the capitalist way of
' life and likewise lying about communism to the greatest degree possible.
Among the reactionary fc,rces the cinema of the United States must, before any others,
be considered the most harmful in many countries of the world. The reasan is that
the cinematography of that country, which is characterized by economic inequality
and racism, dominated by monopolies and developed through poverty and unemployment,
~s under the control of gre~t capitalist investors. These investors have poured out
funds abundantly and made films to propagandize the bourgeois life style, spreading
deception freely. Their films aim at making other peoples of the world believe in
the "free world" parac?ise by depicting unbelievable crimes and incidents that trample
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on human feeling. We need go no furthe.r than to examine the way in which the Great
Patri.otic War of our Soviet Union, which destroyed and smashed German facism, is
treated. American cinematographers have produced a number of films based on the
- clumsy lie that it was not the Soviet people who crushed the German facists in the
Great Patriotic War. In this way they have sought to distort historical reality to
- the greates* possible degree. In films such as "The Longest Day" and "Battle in the
Ardennes," for example, the great lie and errouneous conc~ptions, totally opposed to
reality, are put forth, which state that ft was American forces that bore the whole
load in the Great Patriotic War.
However, the undying heroism of the Soviet People in the Hitlerite German onslaught,
carried out treacherously and by suprise, is knawn to the whole world. Many films
have come out in the Soviet Union to set them right and bravely stand up against
bourgeois lies. The beautifully photographed four-part film "Freedom" (scenario
Yu. Bondarev and 0. Kurganovtiki, director Yu. Ozerov, cameraman I. Slabnevich) and
the 1979 20-part documentary "Great Patriotic War" must be specially mentioned in
= this context. The immortal heroism of the Soviet people in smashing facism and
- l.iberating a number of European nations are pictured very artistically and faithfully
in thAm. The films have become veri~able epics that transmit the heroi.sm of the Soviet
people from generation to generation. The films "The Real Facism" of the famous
director M. Romm, USSR people's artist, "A Continent Ablaze" of Raman Karmen and "The
Sweet ldord Freedom" of V. Jalakyavichus, al.ong with many others, are very powerful
political-educatianal journalistic expressions that raise the banner of communist
- ~ideo'logy .
}3ourgeois propaganda is spread to socialist countries and even to the capitalist
countries themselves through the cinema and, as has been stated above, the United
States is the nest of bourgeois propaganda. The Urtited States cinema has, at the
presen~ time, become a primary weapon of imperialistic policy. The cxnema of this
nation, which has ignited the fire of ideological struggle against socialism, is
- di.rected, first and foremost, at propagandizing various common manifestations of a
progressively degenerate bourgeois life and poisoning the thoughts of mankind. It
is especially annoying that American films totally without any educational value,
_ hazy i.n meaning and encouraging individual to commit ~rime are spread in many countries
of the world through various means. However, at the same~time, the work of cinemato-
~;raptlers such as Stanley Kramer, Sidney Pollak and Arthur Pain, who are against films
of this kind and pr.omote progressive ideas, is enjoying support from the working
masses i_n bourgeois coun.tries. Their creative purpose is to bravely reveal on the
screen the realities of the bourgeois life and likew:ise raise their voices against
- r.acis~r. and the exploitation of man by man. Such films show completely what the "free
wor]_d" really is and what is going on in America today. Through such films, various
manifestations of insane lawlessness in contemporary American and the prevalence of
r.owciyism amang young people in particular are clearly shown.
Tl~~ contemporary bourgeois cinema wishes to please its viewers and seeks to turn them
away from their basic goal, from struggle, and likewise to teach weakness. Secondly
it has generated lies against the camp of socialism through misrepresentation of life
in the countries friendly to socialism led by the Soviet Union and is attempting
t~~ spr.ead such films to the screens of other nations. The film "Psycho", by American
director Al.fred Hitchkock, can be taken as an exampie. The plot of the film is pri-
marily about a young woman, who had stolen a large ~um of money, has hidden in a
motel far from the city and how the manager of th~ motal finds out about the money,
lcills the woman and takes the money for himself. What is the film trying to say?
One answer is po~5ible. ThP film narrates crime and bourgeois degeneration.
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The film "Scar," filmed by thP English director G. Garin, and "Pishek" of the Dutch
director Fons Rademaker narrate various unbelievable crimes of young people. Like-
wise, the film "Born to Hate" by T. Frank, a United States director, depicts various ~
crimes among youth and unbelievable evils of the bourgeois way of life.
Millions of viewers, young people in particular, can find no models or education in
these films. Such subj ects are needed by American cinemato~raphers who are seeking -
to poison the minds of inen. In any case, their goal today is to draw the glance of
the people away from pressing problems and hold them back from the struggle for poli-
- tical freedom. For this reason bourgeois film makers have acquired the habit of
- producing cheap films, "disaster films" and "sex films," that propagandize the loose
bourgeois life. The p rimary purpose of such films is to poison the minds of inen
showing hair-raising or various fast action scenes that make people feel helpless
- against horrible disas ters such as airplane fires and earthquakes.
There are not a few that believe completely, without reservation, in simplicistic
_ and totally contentless productions of this sort. There is, for example, so much
immitation of American films in the cinematography of countries such as England, -
- France and Italy today, even to the extent that national traditions and cultures are
compromised, that the door is opened widely to dissemination of various kinds of
criminality. We canno t forget this fact when we come to Japan which, in terms of
the number of films produced, competes with the abovementioned countries. Takemasa
Isamaru, president of the Japan Sea Production Company, spoke with an author in the -
following terms at the Taskent International Film Festival for the countr.ies of Asia,
~ Africa and Latin America.
"Our viewers have become accustomed to being entertained on the screen by films that -
portray fights, or dea th by shooting or stabbing, scenes that excite one and all.
To tell the truth, films that I have seen produced by you of the "a girl and silk" -
_ type would not move our viewers. Thus we are eager to buy larger numbers of American
films and produce films immitating them." Thus he openly confirmed what I have been
saying.
The cinema, like other branches of the fine arts, must educate people in what is
- most wonderful and good in the world, in justice and in a communist moral spirit of
friendship, comradeship and the kinship of one man'for the other. After the victory
of the Great October Socialist Revolution the native Soviet cinema took up important
- revolutionary themes, beginning from its very first films. The greatpower of the
revolution, the people and the communist party have found expression in every way
in historial-revolutionary films such as "Battleship Potemkin" and "October" of the
great filmmaker S. Eisenstein, who pioneered in showing the masses on the screen.
The films "Chapaev" of Vasil'yev, "Shchors" of A. Dovjenko and "Amankeldiy" of our
own Kazakh film indus try are beautifu~ manifestations that roused us to heroic deeds
in an era of difficulty that weighed down our people and added strength to our
strength. In the f ilm "Ana" Nilovna, in "Descendent of Chinggis-qan," Bayir, in
"Chapaev," the hero Chapaev, whose name was on the lips of everyone, in "A Baltic
- Deputy," Polevaev, in "Shchors," Shchors, the famous hero of the civil war in _
"Kotovski~y," Kotovskiy, in "Amankeldiy," Amankeldiy, and in "Song of Manshu~k," ~
Manshuk Matova, along with other people's heros that sicruggled for the freedom and
happiness of the masses, are made into completely unforgetable, powerful characters.
These characters have found places in the hearts of million of people and have become
classical forms. If we may say so, the Great Patriotic War, the mastering of virgin
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and reclaimed lands and space flight occupy a special place in every area of the
- cinema history of the age. Another superiority of Soviet cinematography over the
capital.ist cinema lies in its multi-ethnic character and in its truthful, sensitive
_ and loyal depiction of Soviet life. This proves that the multi-e~hnic Soviet cinema
has developed upon the basis of socialist realism in art.
_ Socialist realism makes possible the acknowledgement of the national character of art
and its enrichment from the standpoint of content and form. However, the inter-
nationalist character of tk~P Soviet cinema arises from the unity of thematic and
creative solutions, aesthetic methods and technical ability and likewise the Marxist-
Leninist worldview. Thus the Soviet cinema is greatly honored as an assistant of
the Leninist party in beneficial work such as spiritual enrichment of the people and,
also, firm imbueing with the communist morality and aesthetic and with citizenship
and idea.lism.
Our cinematographers are showin~ the reality of the times on the screen in a consistent
and systematic manner. Our films, which have always been closely connected with the
~ processes of social development, give special consideration to the economic activities
and good intentions of the Soviet people.
Two worlds and two ways of life! Under present conditions where the ideological
s~ruggle, which has fl.ared up again without any possibility of reconciliation between
socialism and capitalism, is being expanded in scope, the cinema of the socialist ,
r_ou?itri.es led by the great Soviet Union is educating people in a higher consciousness,
in the consolidation of friendship and in patriotism. The Soviet cinema is the most
advanced, progressive, highly motivated and mass oriented art in the world. Its
most importanT. characteristic and power lies in the area of exalting revolutionary
liumani.sm and in educating people to become knowledgeable strugglers for communism
throunh clepicting the real nature and purpose of modern life, relying upon the Marxist-
Leninist science.
In a report delivered to the X~{V Party Congress, Comrade L. I. Br~ahnev, first
secre~~iry of the CPSU, pointed out that "imperialist propaganda is becoming rather
- adroit as the struggle of ideological contradiction intensifies between the two systems."
~3rave concern with the realities of Soviet life and the hopes of the socialist nations
must r.emai.n a primary obligation of Soviet cinematographers as the struggle against
_ bourgeois ideology is intensified. The cinema must be irreconciled to anything
hinder:i.ng ot~r progress and to bcurgeois ideology and morality while imbuing the broad
mass:ing of people with a Marxist-Leninsit world view, socialist internationalism and
communist humanitariansim.
Comrade D. A. Qonaev, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU
and Lir.st secretary of the Central Committee of the Kazakhstan Communist Party said,
i.n a report presented recently at a special session of the Supreme Soviet of the
Kazakhstan Commun~~t Party, that "the party and the people expect new expressions of
an eternall_y creative taler.t from our men of letters, graphic artists, musicians,
- arcliitects, theater artists, cinematographers and publicatiuns workers. It is highly
cnean:ingful for them to express, with all dialectical apparatus, the complexity of
- the age, the humanitarian views of contemporaries and to be irreconciled to anything
contrary to our way of life. Marxist philosophy, the Leninist theory for depicting
iife and progressive traditions must be masterfully combined with real innovations
as before as the conscious direction of fine arts creativity."
- Adiierin~; to this great demand is the primary task and most important responsiblity of
Soviet artists. Thus the cinema, which is the most broad-based of all arts, will do
benefitic:al. work in the area of helping all humanity to achieve its b~a~..s.
COPY}:IGtiT: QAZAQSTAN KOMMtJNIYSI 1980, No 12.
11,433
CSO: 1.810 4
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REGIONAL
UDC 338.1 -
- BODYUL SPEAKS ON MOLDAVIAN AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 12, 1980 pp 3-16
[Speech by I. I. Bodyul, first secretary of the Moldavian Communist Party Central '
Committee: "Developing the Moldavian SSR Agroindustrial Complex On the Basis of Mo-
dern Scientifi~ Achievements ; followed by question and answer period and descr~.ption
- of USSR Academy of Sciences resolutir~n on Moldavian agroindustrial r_omplex]
[Text] The resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress and the July (1978)
CPSU Central Committee Plenum defined the goals and tasks of party ag-
rarian policy at the present stage of development of socialist society.
Agriculture is one of the most labor- and capital-intensive branches
of the national ec~nomy. Experience shows that the most intelligent
and efficient way af developing agricultural production is to special-
ize and concentrate ~it on a base of interfarm cooperation and agr.o-
industrial integration. In Moldavia, intensified farm specialization
and the creation of large interfarm enterprises and agroindustrial
complexes have ensured significant growth in agricultural outnut pro-
duction and have prepared a base for the broad introduction oE indus-
trial methods into the work of rural laboreis, which has led to sig-
nificant reduction in the use of manual labor in republic agriculture.
The shifts which have occurred have been an important factor in the
economic growth of agriculture, in improvin~ agricultural management,
and also in major social changes in the countryside. In this connec-
tion, science is now faced with qualitatively new tasks, in that its
organization must be brought into line with changes in the organiza-
tion of production and management. The question of developing the a~- _
roindustrial ccmplex of the Moldavian SSR on a basis of modern scien-
tific achievements was examined at a meeting of the USSR Academy of
Sciences Presidium, where a speech was given by I. I. Bodyui, First -
_ Secretary of the Moldavian Communist Party Central Committee.
I. I. Bodyul began his report with these words by Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev: "Create
for the working person conditions most favorable to work, study and recreation, to
the development and best application of his abilities that is the primary goal
and primary meaning of the policy our party is systematically actualizing."~ Actual-
ization of this task, he continued, is directly dependent on the dynamic functioning
1. L. I. Brezhnev, "Leninskim kursom. Rechi i stat'i" [On A Leninist Course. Speeches _
and Articles], Vol 2, Moscow, Politizdat, 1973, p 574.
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= c~f the country's agroindustrial complex, a large structural subdivision of our eco-
nomy which encompasses agriculture and related branches associated with supplying
rural areas with means of production, with processing the output produced in rural
areas, with delivering that output to the consumer, and a number of other branches.
The theoretical concept of forming an agroindustrial complex has as its base the
Marxist-Leninist teaching on the development of productive forces and improvement in
production relations in socialist society; it has been comprehensively illuminated
in the resolutions of the party congresses, CPSU Central Committee plenums, the ap-
pearances and speeches by L. I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the CP SU Central Com-
mittee and Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium, and in works by Soviet sci-
entists who have worked out the methodological principles of the planned, proportional
development of the branches of this economic system and the most important problems
of interbranch and intrabranch integration.
Beginning with the March (1965) CPSU Central Committee Plenum, the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union has adopted a policy of intensifying agriculture, the speaker said.
Attention was turned first to accelerated development of production of the means of
production for this branch. In Mo2davia, agricultural machine building has grown.
nine-fold in the years since then, seven-fold more electric power has been released
to rural areas, and the amount of irrigated land has more than tripled. Economic re-
- lations between the state and agricultural enterprises have been regulated. Purchase
prices for agricultural output have basically been brought into line with socially
necessary expenditures of labor on its production. As a result, the acailability of
capital to Moldavian farms has increased 4.3-fold and the amount of power available
to labor has inereased four-fold. Such rapid growth in productive f orces, foremost
through technical means of production, has led to radi~al qualitative transformations
~ in the organizational structures and economic relations in republic agriculture. It
has taken up the path of large-scale production concentration accompanied by a rise
in the level of labor industrialization, deepening farm specialization, growth in
production efficiency and in other qualitative indicators. These radica]. chang~s
in the agrarian sector in Moldavia have found their concrete embodiment ?n interi'arm
cooperation, agroindustrial integration, direct cooperation between science and pio-
duction, fundamentally new forms and methods of production management, ecoalomic. ~e-
gulation and the more complete soliition of social problems in rural areas.
In many branches of agriculture, the production of optimum amounts as dictated by
current ind~.~strial technologies can be created only through interfarm cooperation,
and this is important foremost for the cooperative sector, where farms have for many
years bePn developing in isolation and under different conditions, resulting in the
appearance of large differences in their economic status and amount of equipment
_ available. It is fo~- good reason that it was precisely the kolkhozes which became
the centers of interfarm cooperation and that the sovkhozes were sub sequently joined
to them.
Interfarm cooperation began in Moldavia in 1954 with the construction associations,
and in 1955-1960 this process came to encompass stockraising, feed p roduction and
other branches. All 395 republic kolkhozes currently participate in interfarm co-
operation in various branches of production. They have created using their own ef-
forts and means upwards of 300 interfarm enterprises, associations and complexes
with fixed assets of 1.3 billion rubles. In 1979, some 42 percent of the output
~ pruduced in the kolkhoz sector was generated based on these assets, which also ac-
counted for 40 percent of total profit, 94 percent of the mechanized work done in
- farming and 93 percent of the construction.
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The bulk of the grain, sugar be~.cs and sunflower grown in the republic is raised on "
specialized kolkhozes and sovkhozes on large f ields using intra- and interfarm crop -
rotations and industrial technologies. Now ~ust six rayons grow 600,000 of the
1,200,000 tons of vegetables produced in Moldavia. These figures sho~a how high the
level of specialization is in the republic, not just of interfarm formations, but of
the farms themselves. In Moldavia, many farms produce 30-35 or even ~+0 thousand tons
of vegetables on 2-3 thousand hectares of land.
Interfarm industrial orchards with large refrigeration and packaging enterprises and
packing shops have been created in 23 of the 37 rayons. Such orchards are incompa-
rably superior to the old orchards. The fruit harvests in them reach 500-600 q/ha.
Feed production is concentrated basically in special interfanl agroindustrial asso-
ciations with irrigation systems and processing plants which m~~.nufacture mixed feeds,
single-purpose feeds and biologicals.
Integration along the line of interkolkhoz enterprises and associations was complQted
with the creation of the Republic Kolkhoz Council to manage the entire cooperative
- sector.
Speaking about the successfully functioning integrated production facilities which
have evolved, I. I. Bodyul dkelt in more detail on the activity of the rayon mechan-
izat:ton and electrification interfarm associa~ions, large technical formations which
determine the level of agricultural management.
The speaker informs us that the transition to such associations was dictated first
of all the necessity of eliminating inequality in the availability of equipment to
farms, of creating identical opportunities for them to use the achievements of scien-
tific and technical progress, of lowering expenditures on mechanized work, of intro- .
ducing industrial technologies into farming. It took five years, from 1973 through
1978, to concentrate technical means in Moldavian agriculture, resulting in a 39 per-
- cent increase in the daily output per reference tractor during the 3-4 years the bulk
of the associations created have been operating, a 40 percent incre.ase in shift out-
put and an 11 percent increase in aT:.aual output. Fuel expenditure per reference hec-
~are has been ctit by 19 percent, which has enabled us to save 260,~~00 t~ns of fuel,
an amount nearly equal to the annual fuel demand in the Moldavian kolkhoz-cooperative
sector. The net cost of inechanized work has dropped significantly. Premature mach~
inery write-offs have decreased, equipment orders have been put in proper order and
equipment acquisition is being done in accordance with the demands of technical pro-
gress, which has yielded a large savings in capital formation.
The rayon farm mechanization associations are obligated to use on their fields funda-
mentally new individual technologies when growing grain, feed, vegetables and com-
mercial crops and perennials. People are being freed from manual labor. Repetition
of inechanized jobs is being reduced considerably, which facilitates improving soil
moisture retention and reduces wind and water erosion.
Now, nearly all operations needed to produce practically all farm products can be
done by machine operators. In this regard, crop yields and produce quality are
higher than before. Such is the reality of today's Moldavia.
Continuing, I. I. Bodyul cited a number of concrete examples which support that
thought. He noted, in particular, that the most important consequence of the use of
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i.ndustrial technologies is rapid labor productivity growth: during the time the as-
sociations have been in existence, labor expenditures on grain production have de-
creased by 35 percent, on vegetable production by 43 percent, on grape production
by 52 percent, and on alfalfa production 1.5-fold. In republic "Kolkhozzhiv-
prom" associations, each worker produces an average of 26,000 rubles worth of outpuC,
and each produces 1~J0,000 to 15,000 rubles zaorth in a number of stockraising com--
plexes. In orchard assoeiations, each worker produces an average of 45,000 rubles
worth of output per year, 50,000 to 60,000 rubles worth in the best ones. On the
whole, labor productivity in Moldavian agriculture had increased by 12 percent in
1979 as compared with 1978, by 16 percent in the agroindustrial sector; labor pro-
ductivity growth during the first four years of the lOth Five-Year Plan ensured a .
savings of the labor of 326,000 persons in this sector. _
Our agriculture, I. I. Bodyul continued, has entered an intensive phase of its de- ~
velopment in which the famous Marxist thesis that the productivity of farming must
in time be increased relatively faster than the productivity of industry will be con-
f irmed in practice.l The material-technical base of developed socialism is acceler-
ating this process. On many of the intEgrated farms of Moldavia, labor productivity
is growing faster than it is in industry, and it is exceeding labor productivity in
industry both relatively and abso.lutely.
Inrerfarm cooperation opens up the possibility of equalizing the economic and social ~
ccnd-itions of kolkhoz and sovkhoz development, the working and living conditions of
the rural population. It bring closer the levels of return on capital investment,
on the use of scientific and technical achievements, and enables us to move on to
equal pay for equal work throughout the cooperative sector. Interfarm cooperation
leads to improvement in distribution relations and yields improved proportions be-
tween consumption and accumulation.
Another important question on which I. I. Bodyul focused the attention of those pre-
sent ~aas the r_reation and operation of agroindustrial associations and enterprises. -
That process which Marxists-Leninists view as one of the most basir_ tasks of the so-
cialist revolution, to eliminate the opposition of urban and rural areas, is being
deve:toped on the basis of agroindustrial integration, he said. There is no place
for bureauc-ratic disconnectedness in agroindustrial enterprises and associations; ~
the~r ensure intelligent proportions in the production and processing of raw mater-
ia1, in tt?e release and marketing of finished products. Being part of a single com-
plex together with farming, industry has a positive impact on it, and especially
throu;sh its higher technological discipline, better planning, cost accounting and _
scientific labc~r and management organization.
In Muldavia, as throughout the country, agroindustrial synthesis occurs foremost in
the state sector of agriculture, with its national form of ownership. Sovkhoz-plants
are tt~.e ii~itial organizational-economic form of uniting farming with industry. They
arose in Moldavia in the course of improving the production, economic and contrac-
tual relations between sovkhozes and industrial enterprises, in the process of work-
ing out the interaction of both parts of a unified production cycle. By now, all
- Moldavian so~khozes have acquired new qualities thanks to production specialization,
concentration and integration: 245 of them have combined with industrial enterprises
to become sovkhoz-plants; 125 sovkhozes have joined with branch scientific research
- l.. See: K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch." [Works], Vol 26, Part II, p 115.
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~ institutes to create 13 scientific-production associ~tions, and sovkhoz-tekhnikums
agroindustrial-type study--production complexes have been created oz a base of -
the 15 bes~ farms. =
The sovkhoz-glants have advanced far along ~he path of specialization. They have -
_ consolidated production and moved further into integration: they have, on thei~' own
initiative, taken the next step in concentrating production by forming territorial
- agroindustrial associations to produce 30, 40, 50 million rubles or more worth of
output. Forty such Moldavian associations acting as independent cost-accounting
units include, in addition t~ the sovkhoz-plants, industrial enterprises, transport, _
construction and repair organizations, material-technical supply services, account-
ing, marketing, social-development and other services.
Planned agruindustrial synthesis begins in the cooperative-kolkhoz sector only with
the appearance and development of interfarm cooperation, which created the conditions ,
necessary for this. Such synthesis is already being carried out in feed, vegetable,
fruit and tobacco production. ~
I. I. Bodyul described the major state agroindustrial systems "Moldplodoovoshch-
prom" union-republic association, "Moldvinprom," "Moldtabakprom" and the essential-
oils association. Together, they produce 2.6 billion rubles worth of output, includ- -
ing 500 million rubles worth of agricultural output, or 20 percent of the agricul-
tural output of the republic's public sector.
As concerns the 13 scientific-production associations, their creation was necessi-
tated by the need for an organic synthesis of science and production, for obtaining ~
a fast, eff ective return on scientific developments, since many of the ties between
science and production which had evolved in the past turned out to be ineffective un-
der the new c~nditions. The scientific-production associations include branch scien-
tific research institutes as the lead, supervising subdivisions, specialized sov- _
khozes, design bureaus, pilot plants and enterprises to process outr~ut, study cent- -
- ers and others. These associations work out the organizational, scientific-technical
and economic problems of their own branches, check the most efficient farming and -
stockraising methods un large tracts on cheir own farms, design vehicles and machin-
ery and are involved in selection, livestock breeding, testing new varieties of agri-
cultural crops, raising and supplying comsercial farms with seed, plantings and pure-
bred livestock.
The speaker told of several republic scientific-production associations such as the
"Progress" (reproducer purebred hogs) and "Dnestr" (vegetable growing, selection,
seed production and developing industrial technologies in this branch).
Fundamental research results are acquiring increasing importance in solving the ur-
gent problems oi the agroindustrial complex, I. I. Bodyul emphasized. To best or-
ganize and raise the level of this research, we must finally overcome once and for
all the departmental disconnectedness of academic and branch science. Achieving
this goal wil~ facilitate concentrating the efforts of the Moldavian SSR Academy of ~
Science and the scientific-production associations on solving the 19 most important
comprehensive problems. A Republic Interbranch Scienti~ic and Technical Problems
Coordination Council has been created. Its activity is based on the target-program
method of planning, financing and organizing the joint use of scientific equipment
and production assets.
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~ The speaker said scientists ot ihe USSR Academy of Sciences institutes are participat-
in~ directl.y in the cr~ation and application of. aew technologies in republic farming
and iridustry, in working out the economic and legal questions which arise in connec-
tion with the organiz~tion of agrarian, agroindustrial and scientific-production as- -
- sociations. They contribute greatly to analyzing, evaluating and forecasting inte- _
gration processes, in training specialists in the new directions of development of
- productive forces and improving production relations. The all-union conferences held
in Moldavia by USSR Academy of Sciences institutes to examine the scientif ic bases
- and principles of organizing agroindustrial complexes and ass~ciations, the socio-
economic, sociopolitical and legal problems of drawing the two forms of socialist
_ ownership cl.oser to one another and on that basis improving agricultural leadership,
the social aspects of rural development at the stage of mature socialism, legal prob-
lems of c:ooperation and other matters have become a successful organizational form
for resolving these tasks.
'I'he "Moldsel'khozkhimiya" state-cooperative association has become an important, in-
tegral part of the republic agroindustrial complex. As distinct from other regions
of the country, this particular Moldavian production organization is responsible for
the end result of farming chemization. This results from the fact that, prior to its
f ormation, agricultural chemistry centers had evolved and were operating successfully
as part of the rayon mechanization associations. They were also a production compo-
- nen.t of the "Moldsel'khozkhimiya," which is concerned not only with soil research and
f ertil.izer delivery and toxic chemicals, but also with their application and with the ~
cultivation of sown areas s,o as to protect them from pests and diseases and to pro-
tect ttie environment from pollution.
~ Like processi.ng industry, tize sphere of production services to the agrarian sector is
being developed under a long-range unified plan for the entire Moldavian agroind~s-
trial comp:l.ex through 1989. Ir defines the basic stages of division of labor and
prodtiction concentration for various economic systems, the schedules for creating
agroindustrial assets and recompensing their cost, rates of labor productivity growth,
steps to develop collectives socially, and so on. All the scientific research insti-
tutes of Moldavia, including those of the Academy participated in developing and dis-
~ussing this long-range plan, making recommendations on distributing republic produc-
tive forces, on the economi.c specialization of individual zones, the efficient use
of labor resources, and other matters. The proposals of the institutes, scientif ic-
= produc~ion associations, party and soviet agencies were reviewed in 1974 by the Mol-
davian i;ommunist Party Central Committee Plenum and annual and five-year plans for
developi.no the republic agroindustrial complex are now being drawn up based on that
long-ran~e plan.
So, stronF cooperative and agroindustrial systems relying on state, kolkhoz and mixed,
state-cooperative, forms of ownership have grown up en route to integration in Molda-
via. Among the most serious changes caused by this process is the reduction in the
number of people employed at agricultural labor, given a simultaneous increase in
labor productivity in farming and an increase in the gross production of agricultural
products: since 1970, the average annual number of workers in the public sector in
Mcldavia ~ecreased by five percent, labor productivity rose by 47 percent, and gross
- output rose by 42 percent.
An impnrtant social result of these changes is that the labor resources freed in ag-
ricult~ire move to industrial, transport, construction and other enterprises in rural
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areas, to the sphere of municipal and personal services. Thus, the rural employment
structure has been improved. Now, more than a third of the workers and 13 percent
- of the employees (engineers and technicians) in Moldavia live in rural areas. It is
to the point to recall here the Marxist thesis that the level of development of the
nation's productive forces is revealed all the more graphically in the degree to
which the division of labor is developed in it,i the speaker asserted. Organizing
_ social production on principles of agroindustrial cooperation and the creation of
industrial, agroindustrial and large integrated enterprises in rural areas leads not
to the accumulation of residents in large cities, but to their substantiated reset-
tlement throughout the republzc and to an efficient distribution of productive forces.
Of course, I. I. Bodyul said, certain difficulties were encountered and overcome in
the course of implementing all these complex transformations, and there continue to
be difficulties, in particular, those caused by the fact that we have not yet worked
out f inal criteria and norms for farm participation in interfarm and agroindustrial
- cooperation or the most effective economic relations for integrated production faci-
lities. Republic organizations are studying and solving these and other problems,
but they will doubtless require the help of scientists in this work.
- In this connection, I. I. Bodyul touched briefly on several pressing tasks of sci-
ence.
Practice expects of the scientists working on the problem of increasing foodstuffs
~ production a great deal of attention to working out the genetic bases of increasing
the potential of agricultural crops. The importance of this research increases many-
_ fold with the application of industrial Cechnologies, intensive fertilizer applica-
tions, artificial irrigation and higher farming standards in agriculture. The maxi-
mum yields of many varieties now being used are too restricted; they are not in a
position to use the opportunities of high soil fertility, I. I. Bodyul noted.
Modern intensive production in the countryside also needs a scientifically substan-
tiated environmental use and protection strategy. Suffice it to recall the press-
ing necessity of restoring the natural biological equilibrium upset by the not al-
ways justified use of pesticides. Many insect pests adapt rapidly to toxic chemi-
cals, leading to increased pesticide doses and to the use of more potent chemicals
which are dangerous to plants, animals and man.
Practice also expects of the scientists a thorough generalization of the new forms
and methods of management at the present stage of development of the Leninist coop-
erative plan in order to achieve a high return on the large investments in our coun-
try's agroindustrial complex. Many pressing questions need discussion from the po-
sitions of economic and other social sciences, and particularly from legal science.
- For ~xample, we need to work out and issue a regulation on the agroindustrial and
scientific-production enterprise in agriculture.
In conclusion, I. I. Badyul expressed heartfelt gratitude to the USSR Academy of
Sciences Presidium for the opportunity granted him to speak at this meeting and as-
sured those present that the party, soviet and economic agencies of Moldavia and the
republic workers will persistently make practical use of scientists' recommendations
in the area of produGtion technology and organization and will do all they can to
- successful.ly actualize party social policy and to greet the 26th CPSU Congress in a
worthy manner.
1. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch.," Vol 3, p 20.
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rvc~ vrr lt,trw ua~ vlvi,t
Questions were asked the speaker.
Academician P. L. hapitsa asked how comparable the economic results achieved in the
' agroindustrial sector of the Moldavian economy are to the indicatars of the developed
capitalist countries. I. I. Bodyul answered that the intensiveness of republic ag- -
riculture is already quite high and will continue to increase. Some 113,000 rubles
worth of output is being produced per 100 ha of farmland. Wheat yields were 39.2
q/ha on all areas so~,~~n in the republic in 1977, and they were 40.5 q/ha in 1978. On
average in the developed capitalist count.ries, they were 21.1 and 24.1 q/ha for these
years, inc"luding 20.6 and 21.3 q/ha in the USA, 19.6 and 20 q/ha in Canada and 22.3
and 26.5 q/ha in Italy. These figures indicate that our agriculture has available
to it suff icient opportunities for raising the intensiveness of farming to the level
of world achievements.
As concerns the productivity of rural labor, Moldavi.a is still inferior to the best ~
world achievements, although labor expenditures per unit of output are quite compa-
rable to Western farms on many of our farms, especi.311y at integrated interfarm pr~-
_ duction facilities. This in turn testifies to the fact that we are not yet making
full use of the achievements of scientific and technical progress and are slowly re-
- veal.ing the potential opportunities for integrated production.
Academician A. M. Prokhorov's question dealt with the struggle against losses of ag-
riculeural output in production and delivery to the consumer. I. I. Bodyul answered
that much is indisputably being lost, but the state and the kolkhozes have already
done much to ensure the safe storage and prompt processing of agricultural produce. -
We must achieve a situation in which these products reach processing enterprises and
the trade network more evenly. I. I. Bodyul added that, in connection with the growth
in production and the introduction of industrial technologies, the question of losses
- is now somewhat different than before: a certain percentage of losses is justified ~
technically and economically. It is important that this percentage be based on high
crop yields, so that loss will not have a substantial impact on the economic growth
of the Farms . _
To Academician N. M. 7.havoronkov's question about how mineral fertilizers are being
used in Moldavian fields, the speaker replied that agrochemical char.ts are used to
program yields when they are applied. It is precisely the combining of inechaniza-
tioti and chemization which has enabled us to work using such charts, to economically
equalize land fert9.lity by applying mineral and organic fertilizers as a function of
the quality and properties of specific soils and assigned yields.
During discussion of the report, Estonia.n SSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Mem-
_ ber ht. L. Bronshteyn told of fundamental socioeconomic research being done by the
Estonian Acade~my of Sciences on agroindustrial cooperation problems in order to in-
crease 1gr-icultural effectiveness. As this research has shown, the effectiveness of
capir.al investments in agriculture can be increas~d by a third just through progres-
- sive cr?anges in the production structure, which is very important now, given.the
enormous increase in the level of investment and existing limitations on resources.
In order to solve this problem, Estonian SSR Academy of Sciences institutes, the
Ministry of Agriculture and VUZ's, with the help of the Central Institute of Mathe-
matical E~onomics and Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
- VASKhNIL [All-Un~_on Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin] subdivisions,
~ are working out a long-term ta~rget program which will permit the more effective use
of the republic�s available agroeconomic potential through balancing growth factors.
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But in order to actualize the program, it is necessary to effect an interbranch and
territorial maneuver, changing the structure of agroindustrial complex management and
the interaction of its component parts. Here, we have much in common with the Molda-
viah experience, but specific Estonian conditions are taken into account. The re~
publ.ic has begun the process of creating territorial agroindustrial associations
which include all agricultural and processing enterprises. We are working out the
economic mechanism which will ensure the responsibility of all links of the complex
- for end results and resources use. The experiment is being conducted in the Vil'yan-
diiskiy and Pyarnuskiy rayon agroindustrial associations. We are working out the
structure and Frogram for a republic-level agroindustrial complex which will be com-
prised of branch and territorial links.
Academician N. P. Fedorenko, Academic Secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences Eco-
nomics Department, analyzed in his speech the structure of the USSR agroindustrial
complex and concluded that there are still many unused reserves here, foremost in
the area of improving the economic mechanism the system of incentives, cost-account-
ing relations, internal price formation, and so on. He pointed out the progressive
nature of reducing the number of people employed directly in agricultural jobs and of
- a relative increase in the number employed in preparing agricultural production and
in processing and transporting its output. In this connection, N. P. Fedorenko em-
phasized the great effectiveness of using economic-mathematical methods in agricul-
tural science and practice and assured the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences
that the Econon~i^s Department and its institutes will render the republic academies
of sciences every assistance needed in studying problems of agroindustrial coopera-
tion.
_ Academician-Secretary of the VASKhNIL Economics Department A. A. Nikonov said that
the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin is paying a great
deal of attention to the large-scale experiment reported on by I. I. Bodyul at the
meeting. Interkolkhoz cooperation and agroindustrial integration and industrial
systems for producing individual products and scientific-production associations
all are themselves major experiments. But the whole point is that they are being
carried out comprehensively, as a system.
Under present conditions, A. A. Nikonov thinks our agriculture suffers most from un-
regulated economic relations among the individual spheres of the agroindustrial com-
- plex. Now 85 percent of the fixed assets of our coiintry's agricu'_ture are of indus-
trial origin and more than 60 percent of the agricultural output goes for industrial
processing. The experiment being discussed is therefore of both regional and union-
wide importance. In view of these circumstances, the VASKhN~L has prepared new me-
thods of researching systems of running agriculture. But there are questions which
can be decided only jointly with the USSR Academy of Sciences. They include the
problems of increasing the effectiveness with which natural resources are used
while at the same time being certain to protect the3~.
The Moldavian SSR has won a solid reputation as a national laboratory for developing
and checking practically new and progressive forms of economic development on an in-
tegral basis, declared USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member Ye. I. Kapustin.
Integration is being done here very broadly and thoroughly, horizontally and verti-
cally, which is not often the case in other republics and other regions of the country.
Ye. I. Kapustin reviewed in his speech the cost-accounting program on integrated farms
and stressed the necessity of developing it under the new conditions.
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rvn urrl~lru, u~n u~vLz
Academician M. S. G~lyarov, Academic-Secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences De-
partment of General Biology, devoted his speech to certain biological problems which
have arisen in connection with the concentration and specialization of agriculture.
He focused attention in particular on the fact that the intensive chemical treatment
of large tracts of land in order to destroy insect pests destroys foremost their ac-
tive enemies, the entomophags and plant pollinators, which consequently undermines
_ the foundation for raising the yields of agricultural plants. USSR Academy of Sci-
~ ences scientists were convinced of this when they visited a huge apple orchard near
Tiraspol' during joint meetings between the USSR Academy of Sciences Department of
General Biology and the corresponding; department of the Moldavian SSR Academy of Sci-
ences.
No (other] country has such huge areas selected in accordance with the requirements
for gr.owing particular crops as does the Moldavian SSR, said M. S. Gilyarov. But
elsew}~ere, as for example in Belgium and the Soviet Baltic republics, even small
f ields are separated by tree windbreaks which protect the land from wind erosion and
support compl.exes of useful organisms. One of the pressing tasks of science and
practice is to properly organize the new landscape being created in Moldavia. This
question was investigated in depth du�~ing the course of joint work by Moldavian and
Moscow scientists, resulting in recognition of the vital necessity of intensifying
, research in the f ield of biogeocenology, of studying the ecological features of vari-
ous gr.oups of organisms in Moldavia with consideration of the huge natural and social
- exper:irnent being conducted there.
hf. 5. Gilyarov spoke out against the still-prevalent opinion that the existence of
such one--crop systems as corn, for example, removes the necessity for crop rotation
given intensive chemical treatment of the fields. It takes 10 years, but the nega-
tive aspects of a one-crop system do appear, and inescapably, since the biological
proces:~es in the soil are disrupted. Moldavian soils are fertile, continued M. S.
Cilyar.ov, but their humus content is dropping. . How can this be combatted? Humus
can be restored by applying not only mineral fertilizers, but also, and necessarily,
organic fertilizers. There are quite a few methods available for preparing ferti-
l.izers f.rom the most varied organic refuse, an excellent example being provided by
the Ba.ltic states, where humus content has risen in recent years in the fields.
'I'he intensification and expansion of work on ^omprehensively studying the natural
bases for creating the new agroindustrial complexes are very important in organizing
these complexes correctly. The Moldavian Academy of Sciences is not alone in this.
- Moldav:ian biologists have long been in contact with biologists of the USSR Academy
of Sciences and these ties will be developed further, in particular as joint work
is done to study soil fertility retention and the use of biological methods of com-
batting agricultural pests.
USSR Acaderny of Sciences Corresponding Member V. N. Kudryavtsev s}~oke of imperfec-
~:ions in the legal regulation of agriculture and of the necessity of bringing the
system of legal documents into line with its actual structure. There is no overall
statute for the so-called sovkhoz-plant, and there are 740 such associations in the
Ministry of Food Industry alone. There is no statute for the republic and union
agroindustrial associations and we lack many other laws regulating their activity.
The experience available in Moldavia is based not on legislation but on enthusiasm,
so i:o speak, V. N. Kudryavtsev noted. This experience has not been generalized le-
gally. V. N. Kudryavtsev proposed appropriate supplements to the draft decree of
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the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium on the question under discussion, noting the _
" complexity and diversity of the legal problems of agroindustrial formation in dif-
ferent regions of the country. -
Academician M. A. Styrikovich spoke about the tasks of *.he fuel and energy supply
to agriculture now and i.n the future. He thinks anaerobic fermentation Qf a~ricul-
tural wastes, and foremost of stockraising farm wastes, can yieZd a large im~act,
primarily in making fuller use of organic fertilizers and in terms of sanitation,
but also in obtaining biogas [methane] as a by-product to meet the energy needs of
_ agricultural production. The national economic effectiveness of processing agricul-
tural wastes has increased greatly in recent years in connection with the sharp in-
crease in the cost of natural gas and petroleum products.
Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, supported
- this idea and concluded discussion of the report with a proposal that a number of
_ sp ecific new sections stemming from speeches by meeting participanCs be included in
the Presidium draft resolution.
The resolution adopted by the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium noted great suc-
cesses in developing the Moldavian agroindustrial complex on the basis of modern
scientific achievements. The scientific-production associations, which have created
- conditions for the rapid actualization of scientific ideas and which have established
close ties b etween academic and branch scientific institutions, have become a con-
crete form of ties between science and production, the resolution states. Republic
scientific f orces are being concentrated on working out pressing problems of develop-
ing the agroindustrial complex, accelerating the rates at which scientific achieve-
ments are introduced into practice, improving management, and strengthening the ex-
- perimental-production base of scientific institutions.
Given a successfully developing synthesis of branch science and production, the role _
of fundamental research in the fields of genetics, ecology, physiology, biochemistry,
b iophysics, economics and law in resolving tasks of the intelligent use of natural
resources and environmental production, creating the bases for an adaptive system of -
agricultural production and management, ensuring stable agricultural crop yields un-
der unfavorable weather conditions, and so on, has been precisely defined. The re-
sults of multipurpose work by branch and Academy institutes are being increasingly -
applied in the formation of large-scale orchards and vineyards, in introducing in-
texfarm crop rotation and developing integrated methods of protecting plants from
pests, diseases and weeds, preventing the negative consequences of hypodynamic
stress in livestock kept on farms, and so forth.
1'he Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences and scientific-production associations of the
republic Ministry of Agriculture have joined forces to carry out a number of compre-
hensive programs, each of which anticipates the development of production end pro-
cesses for specific types of agricultural output. _
D evelopment of the republic agroindustrial complex will demand improvement in the
coordination of scientific research. A republic Interbranch Scientific and Technical
P,roblems Coordination Council led by the Academy president has been created under the
Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences. The council notes the most important regional
problems, approved by the republic government, and monitors their subsequent develop-
ment.
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Conti.n~xed improvement in the interfarm coogeration and agroindustrial integration _
proc~~ss and increasing their effectiveness put forward a whole series of fundamen-
tally ne~a scientific tasks which cannot be solved by a single republic: we must in-
volve institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the republic academies of sciences
and various ministries and departments.
The :_ademy of Sciences Presidium resolved to instruct the Physical-Technical and Ma- -
themarical Sciences Section, the Chemical-Technological and Biological Sciences Sec- _
tion and the Social Sciences Section of the USSR Academy of Gciences Presidium to -
prepare proposals on the broader participation of corresponding institutes of the
USSR Academy of Sciences in re~earching problems of the organizational design of the
agroindustrial complex within the framework of a unified national economic complex;
optimizing the production structure of interfarm and agroindustrial enterprises; im- !
proving the planning and management systems and the economic and legal interrela- -
tions}iips within the entire economic mechanism of the country's agroindustrial com-
plex; improving legal provisions on agroindustrial entities; managing social processes
- in the modern village; creating new methods of plant and animal selection and strength-
ening the legal protection o� selection achievements; perfecting the system of agri-
cultural machinery, improving their reliability and durability; zoning the country's _
territory in order to distribute agricultural crops in optimum natural zones with
consideration of environmental protection requirements, and so on. The USSR Academy
of Sciences commissions on the scientific bases of agriculture are to generalize the
sections' proposals and submit them for approval to the leadership of the USSR Aca-
demy of Sciences Presidium.
The reso]_ution approved the activity of the Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences to co-
ordinate scientific research by Academy institutions and republic scientific-produc-
tion associations aimed at resolving pressing tasks of further developing the republic
agroindustrial complex. It was proposed that the council to coordinate the scienti-
fic activity of the union republic academies of sciences study the experience of the
Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences in conducting and purposefully coordinating scien-
tific research in the area of the agroindustrial complex and to submit material gen-
erali.zing this question to the next Coordination Council session for discussion.
The resolution contains Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences recommendations that sci-
- entific research be intensified to solve problems of applied genetics, technical mi-
crobiology, power engineering, optimizing the production structure and improving the
legal r.egulati.on of relations and management in interfarm and agroindustrial. enter-
prises ind associati.ons, evening out standards of living and equalizing the socio-
economi_c anci legal status of kolkhoz members, workers and employe~, city and vil-
lage residents, and so on, the biological activeness of soils and humus dynamics to
prevent a reduction in soil humus content, improving soil quality and intensifying
humus formation by biological methods, and combatting pests by using biological and
integrated measures.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1980
_ 11052
CSO: 1800
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REGIONAL
r
BENEFITS OF RIVER REVERSAI. OUTLINED ~
Tashkent ZVEZDA VOSTOKA in Russian No 8, 1980 pp 5-16
[Article by Anatoliy Yershov: "People, Water and Economics"]
[Text] A bearded peasant holding a rifle was talking with a stylishly j
dressed gentlemen.
"Let me tell you, my fine gentlemen, that we will definitely take the land
in our own hands. Definitely! And we will rebuild everything,"
"Will you dig up mountains?" -
"Why sure. If they are in the way we will dig them up."
"And will rivers flow backwards?"
_ "The rivers will flow where we tell them to flow."
This is a conversation that was recorded by A. M. Gor'kiy in Petrograd in
1917. I recalled it at the all-Union conference of economic scientists
from higher educational institutions in the country wiiich was held for
several days in Tashkent. The scientists at the meeting were focusing
their attention on a problem wfiose essential point is precisely expressed
by the words: "Turning part of tlie flow of the Siberian rivers to run to
Central Asia." Thus, the people who became rulers of tfie land in October
1917 are carrying out their dreams. . -
Throughout the conference I kept thinking, "We live in amazing times."
How can one not be amazed? The sub~ect, after all, was the greatest such
project in world experience. No other country of the world yet has had the
courage ta undertake the transformation of nature on such a magnificent
scale. .
It was an economic conference, so of course the debate at it centered
chiefly on issues related to economic development and social consequences
of transferring part of the northern waters to the south.
The technical side of things also struck the imagination, of cou~se. To
build a canal roughly 2,300 kilometers long is a very difficult ~ob. It is
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as hard as the challenge of building the BAM [Baikal-Amur Mainline]. Inci-
dentally, it is just as expensive too. Building tfie canal will require a
whole fleet of powerful earth moving macfiines and various other unique equip-
ment. To provide all this machinery it will be necessary to rebuild some
enterprises or build special plants, to say nothing of the construction in-
dustry enterprises which will certainly have to be organized.
Nonetheless, for ma the most interesting thing was the social aspect of
carrying out this vast project.
Central Asia is a land of incalculable wealth. We who live here have become
accustomed to this statement. But let us try evaluatin~ the potential of
our region not from an emotional atandpoint using ringing words, but from an
economic standp~int, xelying on dry figures. Tfiis is what the participants
at the conference did.
30, if we look at a physical map of Central Asia and southern Ka.zakhstan,
we see the predominant colors are brown and yellow: mountains, deserts,
semideserts, and arid steppes. Green, the color of oases, occurs only along
the river valleys and canals. The area of irrigated land in those places is
only about 7 million hectares. But scientists fiave calcula~ed that more than
SO Lnillion hectares is suitable for raising crops.
Another aspect of our wealth is the warm climate. The length of the frost-
free period here ranges from six.to nine montFis and summer air temperatures
permit� the ripening of heat-loving crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice, soy-
beans, grapes, melons, and many types of subtropical fruits.
I cannot refrain from citing some figures here: one hectare of irrigated
ISIid produces 1,340 rubles of output compared to 140 rubles received from a
hectare of unimproved land.
"weii, r_hen, what is the probZem?" the reader will ask and say, "Let's get
- to work and develop and irrigate new lands if it's so profitable in our
regian!"
Of course, that is what we are doing. At the dawn of Soviet power V. I.
Lenin wrote the following: "There is still unused land. Excellent land,
~~hich must be plowed!" Communists have made Lenin's dream tfieir program of
action� Since the first years of the socialist Fatlierland plans have been
written to develop the virgin lands and tfiey are being brouglit into cultiva-
tion. In the 1950's a project unprecedented in human history began to
develop the virgin land. At this time the Soviet peoples joined their ef-
forts to transform the virgin land region of Kazakhstan. At almost the
s~~me time in Uzbekistan we bega.n to bring back into production lands which
tiacl not been used for centuries.
"At about the same time," is how it seems to us today when that heroic b.e-~
ginning is somewhat rem~ved in time. But to be accurate, the development
of new land on a broad scale in our republtc began under tfie direct impact
of the virgin land transformation in Kazakhstan.
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Older and middle-aged people remember this well. It was 1956. Tfie news- -
papers ran the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and US~R Council of
Ministers on development of 300,000 hectares of land in the Golodnaya Steppe.
- The enthusiasm of young people was unprecedented. The republic Komsomol
_ sent the best and most worthy of them for tfie assault on the previously unin-
~ habited steppe region. _
The years passed. The Golodnaya Steppe, which is often called the littl~
sister of the great Virgin Lands, became an oasis of economic importance com~
- parable to the natural oasis, the lush, Fergana valley! Tfie sovkhozes .
- built on the new irrigated land, after 1956 tliat is, grew and in their
existence have sold the state more than 4 million tons of raw~cotton. In -
this way they have long since repaid the cost of tfieir development.
But people are not satisfied with paet achievements. A new all--Union shock -
Komsomol construction pro~ect called tfie entfiusiasts. This was the
Karshinskaya Steppe. Its young sovkfiozes have already harvested their
first million tons of cotton. In the future they will harvest this much.
every year, and it will be the most valuahle kind of cotton, fine-fibered.
But the ~irgin lands of Uzbekistan do not end with the Golodnaya or the
_ Karshinskaya steppes. Today this project cannot 6e imagined witTiout develop-
ing land in the Central Fergana region, Surkhan-Sfierabad valley, tfie
Dzhizakakaya Steppe, and the lower regions of tfie Amu-Dar~ya in
Karakalpakistan. It is a vast and fieroic idea!
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan more than 510,000 hectares of virgin lands
- were brought into agricultural use in Uzbekistan. During the lOtii Five-
Year Plan another half million hectares are to be irrigated. This means
1 million hectares in a decade~ Where else, in wfiat other country, is work -
going forward on such a scale?
- And these are the reasons for the pride that every Sovie~ citizen felt when
reading Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev's book "Tselina" [The Virgin Land~.
How portentous that this book was published in 1978. That was the year in
which our country celebrated the 60th anniversarq of Lenin's decree on ir-
rigation of lands in Turkestan and it was just before the 25th anniversary
of the beginning of development of the virgin lands in Kazakhstan.
It is difficult to grow cotton anywhere. But it is especially hard on
virgin lands. This land takes a great deal of care. It has to be watered
and made fertile. But there is nothing that the virgin lands developers
will not do. They conquered the deserts of our region and once barren
lands became flourishing oases. One-third of the cotton of Uzbekistan to-
day comes from the virgin lands!
As you see, the developers of our steppes and deserts have done brilliantly.
And they are ready to continue that in the future. But, and this will be
the subject of discussion, everything ultiimately relies nn water. The re--
sources of the Syr-Dar'ya will be fully exfiausted by 1985. By the 1990's
the reserves of the region's largest river, the Amu-Dar'ya, will be
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depleted. Underground sources may help somewhat, of course, but they are
also exhaustible. Then what will happen?
Water is an amazing substance. You cannot substitute for it with supple--
mentary doses of mineral fertilizer, chemicals to control field pests and
weeds, or any other chemical products! I cannot help remembering here the -
remarkable words of Saint Exupery, who came to know the true value of th is
marvelous liquid when his airplane crashed in the Sahara. "Water: You have
no taste, no color, and no odor. It is impossible to describe you. People
en~oy you without realizing that you are necessary for lifP. You are life
itself. You fill us with a 3oy that we cannot explain. You return to us
the strength that we have lost. The dried-up springs of our heart begin
flowing again by your grace."
The inhabitants of the arid regions of the world know the value of water
very well. Central Asia is one of those regions. The peoples of our region
wisely say: "Where water ends, life ends," and "It is not land that gives -
life, but water."
Indeed, the inhabitants of the arid zone know the true value of a drink of
water. Where th ere is no water we have sun-scorched desert. The watered -
land is bountiful; oases flourish, cities grow, and the economy develops.
It would, perhaps, be no exaggeration to say that the level of development
of the Central Asian republics can be e~raluated by the level of development
of their water management systems�
The area of irrigated land in Uzbekistan has doubled during the years of
- Soviet power. In this same time 20 large reservoirs, real manmade seas, _
have been b uilt. Among them are Charbakskoye, Andizhanskoye,
Kattakurganskoye, Yuzhno-Surkhanskoye, TaZimarz~ianskoye, and Pachkamarskoye.
Their total volume E~:cceeds 4.5 billion cubic meters. And this is still not
all; in addition, re;:2rvoirs in tbe mountains of neigfiboring repulilics also ~
"wor.k" to irrigate the fields of Uzbekistan. Among them are such large
reservoirs~,as Toktogul'skoye and Nurekskoye. Th~ blue rilibons of canals
have formed a dense network covering the oases of tfie republic. These man-
made rivers are more than 150,000 kilometers long. Those who like "astro-
nomical comparisons" could circle the globe four times ~rith these canals.
No capitalist co untry can boast of such up-to-date and sophisttcated irriga-
tion and land improvement structures as Soviet TJzbekistan. Tfiat is why,
incidentally, people from around the world come to study irrigation here.
Sut no matter h ow we improve and refine our water management system, we are
approaching the time when it will be necessary to say: "Moisture reserves
have been exhausted."
There is just one thing to do: transfer water to our region from far -
away, for example from Siberia where vast regions suffer from a surplus of
moisture. It is not accidental that the people there say, "Water is
disasrer," and "Always expect trouble from water."
But serious background studies must be done before undertaking such a
project. This work is being done fiy associates at t:ie Institute of Water -
Problems of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Institute of Geography of the
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Academy of Sciences USSR, the Council for the Study of Productive Forces of
the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, the Tashkent Institute of the _
National Economy, the Central Asian Scientific Researcfi Institute of Irriga~
tion, the Soyuzvodproyekt [All-Union Association for Water Management
Planning] Association , the Soyuzgiprovodkhoz [All-Uni.on State Order of the
Labor Red Banner Planning-Surveying and Scientific Research Institute of
Water Management ConstructionJ Institute, and many others, a total of 120
scientific and planning institutions in all. The purpose of the conference
in Tashkent was to hear reports on the results of their work.. _
- The actual idea of transferring Siberian water to Central Asia arose in the
last century. In 1868 Ya. G. Demchenko, an agronomist from Kiev, submitted
a report memorandum to the Russian Geographic Society entitled: "Flooding
the Aral-Casp ian Lowland To Improve the Climate." The problem raised in
the memorandum was not a pressing one and few people understood it at the
- time. After all, Demchenko was propoaing to improve tTie climate of a re--
mote frontier of the country. His idea was not evaluated; it could ~e said
it was simply not noticed. Interest in the idea arose only after Great
October. In the 1920's and 1930's several projects were proposed to build
dams on Siberian rivers and deliver the water to Kazakhstan and Central
" Asia. The f irst plans contemplated redistributing tfie water by gravity- -
~ flow. A fundamentally new concept advanced in 1936 proposed using pumps
to get over the water divide. In this scfieme tfie flooding of floodplains
is greatly diminished. This idea formed the basis for current planning de--
velopment. It could have begun earlier, of course. But like many other
projects, the starting time for implementation of this vast conception was
postponed by the Great Patriotic War. But in 1946 the Gidroenergoproyekt
[possibly Hydroelectr~c Power Planning] Institute began preliminary develop--
ment of the technical side of the problem of reversing the f low of the
Siberian rivers to run to Kazaklistan and Central Asia. Small surveys and
tests were made. This work was directed by engineer Mitrofan Mikhaylovich
Davydov, who had worked here in Central Asia at an earlier time, in 1921-
1932, and even then had been infatuated with this bold idea. In recent
years the periodical p ress has written a great deal about the planning
work, and it has been called the "Davydov Plan." In reality, of course,
a large group of engineers, some 40 people, took part in the work. By 1954
the zealots had collected sufficient material to give an idea of the char-
acter and scale of work necessary to carry out this incredib le conception.
The four-volume work "Irrigatsiya Uzbekistana [Irrigation of Uzbekistan]
by the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR defines tiie result of the exploratory
stage as follows: "The results otitained confirmed the possibility of trans-
ferring the water by building large hydroengineering complexes."
, In the early 1960's at the Central Asian division of the Gidroproyekt
[All-Union Planning, Surveying, and Scientific Research Instttute iment
S. Ya. Zhuk] Institute I became familiar witfi a large book whose title page
read: "Reversing the Flow from the Ob~ River Basin to Kazakhstan and Central
Asia." This was one more step toward implementation of the idea. It was
then that I began my first report on reversing tfie flow of tfie water from
north to south. I wrote an account of an imaginary future trip along the -
canal. Yes, it was imaginary bpcause actually doing it seemed to be far in
the future. And now, it appears, we have arrived at this future and will ~
witness the implementation of the plan whicli not long ago was considered to
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be fantastic. Such are the "giant steps" taken by the Soviet five-year
plans, which move our economy ahead at an incredible pace and have converted
the most audacious plans into actual oases, cities, scientific laboratories
orbiting the earth, or canals of enormous length.
"Carry on scientific research and, on this basisy do developmental work r~-
lated to the problem of transferring part of the flow of northern and Siberian
rivers to Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Volga river basin." That was
what the 25th CI'SU Congress resolved, almost five years ago. Today thou-
sands of people, the most highly qualified specialists in the country in the
fields of irrigation, soil science, economics, climate, and othersy are putting
this party resolution into effect.
A broad panorama of socioeconomic transformations which will ~ccur in our re-
gion with the arrival of Siberian water is now open before us. Tiie reports
by G. V. Voropayev, director of the Institute of Water Problems of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, I. A. Gerardi, deputy chief engineer of the
- Soyuzgiprovodkhoz Institute, Professor M. Sh. Sharifkhodzhayev, rector of
the Tashkent Institute of the National Economy, and representatives of other
scientific and planning centers helped participants at the conference see _
these prospects.
Kuz'ma Ivanovich Lapkin, academician of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR,
deputy chairman of the republic Council for the Study of Productive Forces,
and one of our leading economists, presented an interesting calculation.
Studies made by a collective of specialists under his direction made it
possible to determine the economic potential of one cubic kilometer of water
used in the fields of the republic. Such a quantity of water makes it
possible to get 112,000 tons of cotton, 1I6,000 tons of vegetables and _
melons, 41,000 tons of fruit and grapes, 7,000 tons of ineat in slaughter -
weight, 114,000 tons of milk, and 400 tons of silkworm cocoons. In mone-
tary terms, all this output is estimated at 153 million rubles.
But even this is not the complete result; itis only the part that will come
directly from agriculture which, as we know very we~.l, supplies �raw material
to i.ndustry. Therefore, the scientists made similar calculations for the
industry that processes agricultural raw material. It turned out that each
cubic kilometer of water makes it possible to xeceive 500 million ruliles
of output from the agroindustrial complex. The researchers calculate that
the net income from this amount will be 193 million rv~les~!
Just the first phase of transf erring part of the flow of the Siberian
rivers to Central Asia envisions delivering 25 cubic kilometers (or 25 _
billion cubic mEters) of water to our region each year. It is true that
part of the water is to be used en route, in Kazakhstan and the RSFSR.
Nonetheless, the bulk of it is for our fields and wi11 result in snow~
~ white bales of cottan, rows of sweet-smelling fruit trees, and tasty vege-
tables.
Further into the future, at the ~turn of the century, engineers contemplate
transferring 60 and even more cubic kilometers of water a year from tfi~
- north to the south, the equivalent of the entire Amu-nar'ya. lfiis cvater
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will undoubtedly produce truly abundant harvests in our fields. They will
run into thousands and millions of tons.
But does the value of this output justify the capital that must be invested
in construction of the canal and spent for transporting the water? Econo-
mists answer: Yes! At the conference they stated that this capital would .
be repaid in 5-6 years. Even by cautious calculations the repayment period
is no more than 10 years.
When speaking of the advantages that one cubic kilometer of water produces,
we did not mention another figure. But it is one tfiat should be not just
mentioned, but thaught about. The number I have in mind is 50,000. This ~
is how many jobs each cubic kilometer of water can provide in our republic.
We can properly evaluate the significance of this figure if we remember
the high birth rate in our region. As a result of it, it is realistic to
expect that the population of Central Asia will double by the turn of the
century, while at the same time the growth of population on the average for
the country as a whole will be just 22 percent.
We must recognize that this means that without additional sources of water,
or to be more specific without transfer~ing part ot the flow of the Siberian
rivers to our regions, it will be difficult for us to employ in public pro- _
duction all the children being born in our day. The analysis of the
economists showed that industrial development alone cannot meet this chal-
lenge. In addition, we must take account of the local population's tra-
ditional inclinations for agricultural labor. This labor ca^_ lie provided
only if new land is brought into u~e, and this requires irrigation.
It would be unrealistic to suppose that many local inhabitants want to go
and work developing the riches of Siberia azd the Far East. A few, of
course, will want to tie their destiny to the remote regions, but most of
- the population of Central Asia is not inclined to migrate. They prefer
to remain in custamary climatic conditions.
= Therefore, from the standpoint of better use of the country's labor re-
. saurces it is also advantageous to transfer part of the flow of the Siber3an
rivers to Central Asia.
But possibly the Siberians themselves would be hurt by this operation?
Tize facts cited at the all-Union conference of economists indicate the
opposite. The water that the Siberian rivers will give to tfie fields of
Central Asia is just a small part of their total flow and, therefore, will
have little impact on them. After all, the Ob' and Yenisey alone, two of ~
the world's largest rivers, carry roughly 950 cubic kilometers of water a _
year to the Arctic Ocean! By contrast, the inhabitants of Siberia, by
shar~ng their excess water, will receive a direct benefit from tfie develop-
ment of orchard farming and ~..ape growing in the southern regions of the
country. According to calculations by Siberian economists, this region
must import at least 500,000 tons of vegetables and melons and rougfily 1.5
tons of fruit, berr.ies, and grapes from the soutfiern regions, the Ukraine,
Moldavia, and Central Asia. Some of the vegetables can be raised in local
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areas using hatho~ases. It is true that this requires major capital invest-
ment and the quality of the output from covered growid is not, of course,
comparable to that which we receive from land that is directly heated by the
hot southern sun. The calculations of the economists indicate that it would
be wise to establish large-scale production of nourishing garden and orchaYd
crops in Central Asia, near Siberia. This would make it possible to save
about 500 million rubles a year in transportation costs alone.
Sociologists called attention to an equally important factor: the improve- -
ment in supply of fruit and vegetables will help keep workers at development
sites in the North. This means that, by giving water to southern fields,
we will be more successful in work to use the natural riches of Siberia.
'~he arrival of large amounts of water from Siberia in Central Asia and
Kazakhstan wi~l lead to the irrigation of millions of hectares of virgin
lands, provide jobs to millions of people, and give birth to new cities and
dozens of industrial enterprises. Large new oases to produce cotton, fruit,
and vegetables will appear. A proper evaluation of the coming ,~~anges en-
~ ables us to say with confidence that a nationally important lai~e new region
for the production of food products will be created in our region.
But what can the arrival of Siberian water give to the Uzbek SSR, for
- e;~ample? The report at the conference by deputy chief engineer of the
iJz~iprozem [possibly Uzbek SSR Land Planning Institute] Institute V. N.
Grechikhin and M. I. Kochubey, chief specialist of tfie same institute,
answered this question. According to their outline, we can expect to add
mor.e than 10 million hectares of irrigated land, including 3.5 million hec-
tares in established farming zones and 7 million in new irrigation regions.
Implementation of this program will mean that the agroindustrial complex of
Uzbekistan will practically triple! Think about that word "triple." It
means that we will have three times as much of everything we have today in
the fields of agriculture and the industry that processes its raw materials,
all that we take pride in! Then the sphere of agricultural production will
at~tract 7 milZion people, including 4.6 million in zones of new frrigation. ,
But the last figure is not a final one, because the sectors of the agro~
industrial complex will also develop in the new irrigation regions and they
wi11. need just as much labor.
Tttis calculat-ion was made on the basis of the maximum potential of our land
resources, that is, the existence of land area that can be put to agricul-
tural use by existing methods. Needless to say, this figure does not in-
- clude so-called "especially difficult" lands for whose development rational
and acceptably inexpensive techniques have not yet been found. Putting them
- to human use is a matter of the remote future.
We understand, of course, that the first stages in transferring Siberian
water will not be able to supply water to all the undeveloped land. Only
r.he best and most acceptable lands will be used.
Another calculation, made by A. V. Bostandzhoglo, scientific associate at
the Council for the Study of Productive Forces of the Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR, puts the figure for new irrigated land in Uzbekistan at 3 mil-
lion hectares. 2his is on the condition that 60 cubic kilometers of
Siberian water enters the Aral Sea basin.
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This is the figure that economists are using today in their planning projec-
tions. This volume of water is to be distributed among the neighboring
southern republics. Part of the water will be used en route in Kazakhstan. `
In the southern regions of that republic it will irrigate heat-~.oving crops,
while in the more northerly regions, Alma-Ata specialists believe that the _
water can be used to irrigate grain crops. This will make it possible to
raise their yield from 15 to 50 quintals per hectare.
The Turkmen SSR will be able to put large areas of virgin land to agricul-
tural use with Siberian water. They have more than 12 million hectares
- suitable for irrigation, and only 1 million is in use.
The arrival of large supplies of water will be an important stage in the
development of the unique mineral deposits of Kazakhstan and Central Asia _
~ also. After all, neither industry nor agriculture can develop without water.
For example, it takes 15-26 cubic meters of water to smelt a ton of steel
and up to 6,000 cubic meters to get a ton of syntfietic fiber! Siberian
water will make it possible to develop a number of unique mineral deposits
whose exploitation could not even be planned without it.
And of course, water is also needed for continued urban development. It -
has been calculated that it takes 270 tons of water to support one person
for one year.
The manmade river will promote stronger economic ties between economic
regions of the country. Construction of the supercanal will also mark the
beginning of the creation of the unified water management system of the
Asian USSR, one of the key links in the unified nationwide water manage- _
ment system now being shaped.
Long ago, in prehistoric times, during the Ice Age, the waters of the ancient
Siberian rivers, the Ob' and Yenisey, did not flow north. They flowed south,
through the Turgay Gates which connect the West Silierian and Aral-Caspian
lowlands. Over time the powerful glaciers that created the pressure head
melted and retreated and the Turgay Gates were raised above water level by
movement of the earth's crust. The gates were closed and the rivers found
a new route to the north, depriving vast southern regions of life-giving
moisture. Today Soviet people are preparing to correct nature's "mistake."
The waters of the Siberian rivers will again flow south, becoming a
unique source which will make it possible to open the door to incalculable
riches in the vast arid regions of the country. In the future the Ob'
- and Irtysh, and possibly other Siberian ri~�ers, will come to the rescue of
the Syr-Dar'ya and Amu-Dar'ya.
According to the projections of the All-Union Soyuzvodproyekt Association
the route of the future trunk canal will run to the lower regions of the
Syr-Dar'ya and Amu-Dar'ya, which is the region that experiences the great-
est shortage of moisture today. The Siberian water will connect up with
the Amu-Dar'ya in the region between the cities of Nukus and Urgench. At
this point a special branch will run off the main canal and electric pumps
will deliver northern water along it to the Tyuyamuyunskoye manmade sea
now under construction on the Amu-Dar'ya. This reservoir is expected to
support ir.rigation of the lands in the lower reaches of our region~s
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principal river. Thus, the entire zone of the lower reaches of the Amu-
Dar'ya will be completely nourished by Siberian water and tfie river's
flow liberated thereby will go to irrigate land in the Kashkadar'ya basin
(including the fields of the Karshinskaya Steppe), the Bukhara oasis, and -
along the Karakumy canal which will stretch to Bakharaden.
This prediction allows us to say that at the turn of the century tfie lower
reaches of the Amu-Dar'ya and Syr-Dar'ya will become the country's largest -
region of hydro land improvement construction. Plans call for irrigating
4 million hectares of new land there with Siberian water; in addition to
this, roughly 2 million hectares of existing land will be reorganized.
So-called "ancient irrigation" lands (irrigation arose in these regions
roughly 4,000 years ago) will also be used in development of the lower
~eaches of the region's two largest rivers. In the Middle Ages many irriga-
tion sysCems were destroyed because of feudal wars and large sectors of
fertile land were covered up by sand. It is much easier to prepare them -
for farming, however, than virgin desert lands. As science has demonstrated,
irrigation in oases causes the formation of fertile manmade soils that are
- unlil:e any natural soils. For this reason archeologists are making de--
tai_led maps of the regions of ancient irrigation and carefully studying the
organization of the irrigation network in past centuries. Today all tliese
findings are beginning to be useful to land developers. Ancient irrigated
soils,scientists allege, have good texture, are usually less weed infested, _
an~l contain more substances useful to plants than lands th~t were not irri-
gated. The experience of the ancient irrigators must also be taken into
account in cfioosing the routes of contemporary main canals and planning the
detailed :Lrrigation network.
The problems of continued development of the lower reacfies of Amu-Dar'ya
and Syr-�Dar'ya are closely tied to the fate of tfie Aral Sea, the second
largest i:~ternal--drainage body of water in tfiE USSR (after the Caspian Sea)
and fourth large~t in the world. The Aral only exists becausa of the waters
of the Amu-Dar'ya and Syr-Dar'ya. Just two decades ago these rivers and
atmospheric precipitation carried almost 60 cubic kilometers of moisture a
year to the sea. The same amount evaporated. The Aral had a volume of
]_,ObO cubic kilometers and a surface area of 66,000 square kilometers. Its
water level fluctuated around 53 meters above sea level. Today all these
figures are hopelessly out of date. Because large volumes of water are being
~a;cen from the rivers for irrigation, evaporation from the sea now ex-
r_eeds the inflow of moisture significantly. The level of tfie Aral Sea has _
, d:.opped seven meters and will continue to drop in coming years. The water is
s~aiftly retreating from the docks, beaches, and fish spawning grounds. This
has c:aused great alarm not only among inhabitants of the Aral region, but
in national public opinion. A great deal has been written about the fate of
' the Aral. I will not repeat these things here, but will only observe that
most of the statements have been highly emotional, while the loss has tieen
discussed in generalities. _
� The Tashkent conference of economists offered me my first chance to hear a
concrete discussion with thoroughly substantiated figures. Associates from
the Council for theStudy of' Productive Forces of the Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR presented their calculations to the audience. They were asked to
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give a socioeconomic evaluation of the negative consequences of the lowering
of the level of the Aral Sea. The scientists from this research center had
to work out a special methodology for this which enabled them to determine
, expected economic losses with adequate precision. In addition, they worked
out the scientific foundations of steps to mitigate the consequences of the
sea's drying up.
Well, what is going to happen in the Aral region because of this process?
There is no question that the climate will become more continental. As the
_ volume of water decreases the heat reserve stored by its water will also
diminish. It is expected, therefore, that the average air temperature will
drop by 1-3 degrees, spring frosts will be later, and fall frosts earlier.
Therefore, the growing season for the development of agricultural crops
will be shortened. It is contemplated that the sum of effective temperatures
will be reduced. This means that cotton will not be able to receive suf-
ficient heat to mature during the summer.
The processes of desertification will develop. The first signs of them
can already be observed around Kyzyl-Orda and Tashuz. Ground findings have
been confirmed by observations from space which detect clouds of saline
dust driven by storm winds from the Aral Sea in the direction of the Tien-
Shan and Kopetdag.
There is more. The greatest disaster that awaits the Aral region in the fu-
ture is degradation of the land in the delta of the Amu-Dar'ya and Syr--Dar'ya,
an area of 1 million hectares. The process of desertification has not
touched the agricultural zone yet, and associates of the Council believe that
it can still be prevented from entering this zone. These lands will be
saved, of course, by the timely arrival of Siberian ~~ater. But it would be
a mistake to place all hopes on the transfer of this water and not take
local steps to stop the process of desertification today. After all, sur-
veying and work on the project are still underway, and at the present time
there are no concrete deadlines for construction of the canal. The begin-
ning of its construction could be delayed for various reasons, and then
time wil~ be lost and processes in the delta soils will become irreversilale.
Large capital investment, running into billions of rubles, will have to be
spent to restore these lands. This can be ~.voided if implementation of a
program is begun immediately, as recommended by the Council for the~Study
of Productive Forces of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR. Then changes in
the natural world will not catch us by surprise.
One of the ium~ediate steps is to reorganize the wfiole structure of agri-
culture iu the Aral region. It appears that the n~�~rtharn lioundary of
cotton-growing will be shifted to the south. This is understood in
Karakalpakistan, where intense work has begun in recent years to develop
virgin lands for cotton fields in the southern part of the autonomous re-
public. In its northern r~gions a zone to raise seed alfalfa should be ~s-
tablished. A quintal of seeds of this feed crop is worth thousands of
rubles. Therefore, a yield of just three quintals of alfalfa seed per hec-
tare will earn just as much money as 60 quintals of cotton. The favorable
~ natural conditions of the Aral region make it possifile to get up to eight
quintals of alfalfa seeds. These figures are their own propaganda.
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Animal husbandry is another sector that should be developed intensively
here in the coming years. Any comment on the significance of developing this
sector would be superfluous.
I do not think there is any need to go into all the details of the upcoming
reorganization of human economic activities in the Aral regioi: We need
- only point out that a high degree of coordination among the neighboring re-
publics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan is needed for this. It
will help avoid unnecessary loases.
~ But there will, of course, be losses. It is already clear today that the
- Aral is ceasing to be a major supplier of valuable co~ercial fish species.
These losses can be compensated for in a quantitative sense (but not quali-
tative!) by the de~relopment of pond aquaculture and planting young fish in
reservoirs. The Aral fur industry has also gone into decline; the drying
up of the delta has had its impact on purchases of muskrat fur. Minerali- _
zation of the water is growing in these regions, which leads to a drop in
the yield of agricultural crops. These losses can be evaluated in rubles.
However, with the drying up of the Aral we also encounter a loss that can- _
not be quantified by economists. You understand, of course, tfiat I am re-
ferring to esthetic losses, for the Aral Sea is one of the most marvelous
regions of our country.
When Siberian water reaches Central Asia in the future the level of this -
declining sea will stabilize. But it is now obvious that it will not be
possible to return it to its original condition.
That is how we must pay for water. Incidentally, how much does it cost? `
Each month city-dwellers pay a very modest amount to the cashier's office
" tor water ser~iee. ~et the 'tcoiicnozes and se.lc::ozes, who ~?v~r whole river.s
onto their fields, do not pay anything at all. They pay for electricity,
but not for water, even though the state uses that same electricity to _
pump tlie water. Suffice it to say that roughly one-third of tfie planted _
area in Uzbekistan is irrigated with water delivered tiy pumps! We fiave
built 13rge machine irrigation canals such as the Amu-Bukhara and Karsti~
canals. The latter is designed to raise water 130 meters to the steppe.
The electric ~umps installed along this manmade river use as much elec-
a tricity in a year as was produced by all the power plants in Tsarist
~.ussia. That is how the scale of things in our region has changed.
But now we see that the water, whose delivery to the fields costs so much
tiuman labor, does not cost the waterer anyt~iing. No matter fiow much water
is used, this is not reflected at all in the economic indicators of tTie _
brigade or the kolkhoz. In practice~ therefore, an unspoken rule is often
followed: it is better to use too much water than too little.
Tliis statement cannot help causing alarm. It is no accident that many spe-
' cialists at the all-Union economic conference in Tasfikent raised the question _
of paying for waCer.
Speakers at the conference recalled that a payment for water was once insti-
tute3 in the Uzbek SSR, during the 1950's but it was later abo~.ished. At
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that time the decision was correct, for science then was unable tu recom-
mend adequately substantiated norms of water use. It turned out in practice
that the additional expenditures were carried by farms who were developing
difficult land that required large volumes of water for flushing. As a re-
_ sult, instead of being rewarded for brit~ging virgin land into production _
the farms paid a penalty for overuse of water. In practical effect they
were punished for developing new lands. Price policy is a subtle economic -
tool. Sometimes it comes out in a completely unexpected way. Nonetheless,
life demands that a payment for water be institu~ed again in the interests
of water conservation. Other regions of the country, for example Kirghizia,
are already undertaking such efforts. But as participants at the conference
observed, this experience has not been entirely successful. What has hap-
pened in practice has been a"shifting of money from one pocket to the
other." Therefore, the conference proposed that a more refined system of
charges for water be worked out. It recommended that such a system be in-
troduced gradually, after testing in particular regions. Zt is essential to
solve the problems of keeping strict accounts of water. At the present time
the kolkhozes and sovkhozes do not have measuring devices and the volume of
- water delivered to divisions and br.igades is in fact determined "by eye."
Only the test fields of the scientific research institutes have water mea-
suring instruments today. -
It is particularly important to charge for water today, when we are pre-
~ paring to receive it from the Siberian rivers. Every cubic meter of this ~
distant water will cost 80 kopecks. But economists figure that this will
still be barely half the cost of water from local reserves which it is
planned to take before the end of the century by rebuilding the existing irri-
gation network. After all, it is very expensive to "dress" the canals in -
"concrete clothing." Machine builders know very well that it is very ex-
pensive to improve the machining of parts. Costs rise sharply with a
- higher grade of inetalworking. In the same way, "fine tuning" will be quite
expensive in irrigation. But the efficiency of the irrigation system can-
not be raised without such expenditures. And, of course, it is the job of
the economists to determine the wise limits of such "fine tuning."
The conference showed that economic science faces many challenges. One of _
ti-?e most important is to find economic mechanisms that will permit us to
organize efficient use of water, a precious natural resource. The 25th
CPSU Congress called this a major economic problem. A. N. Kosygin, chairman
of the USSR Council of Ministers, said in his talk at the congress, "We
must focus attention on steps toward economical use of water. Agriculture
has major reserves for water conservation, especially in the large amount
of water used for the needs of irrigation. These reserves must be utilized."
In concluding my remarks on the scientific conference, I would like to give -
the main conclusion of the meeting of scientists: it is alisolutely essen-
tial to build a manmade river from Siberia to Central Asia. This pro~ect
should be carried out quickly as possible to prevent tYie occurrence of a
gap in time between depletion of local moisture resources and the arrival
of Siberian water. If we delay we are threatened by a decline in the yield
of our fields and major economic losses.
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We are still hoping that this vast construction pro~ect will begin in the
near future. It will be one more manifestation of the friendship among
Soviet peoples, who have joined their efforts to carry out the most
grandiose plans.
There is a saying in the East: "When you go to work with a friend, tfie snow
is melted away." Speaking of snow, it is solid water, after all, and, as
everyone today knows, will be "fuel" for the thermonuclear power plants that -
are expected to supply people with adequate, inexpensive electricity in the
future. For now, the fraternal Soviet peoples have already begun reversing
- ~the flow of rivers and moving mountains.
CdPYRIGHT: "Zvezda Vostoka", 1980 -
11,176
cso:iaoo
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REGIONAL
VOLUME TWO OF TURKMEN SOVIET ENCYCL�OPEDIA REVIE[JED .
Ashkhabad TURKMENISTAN KOMMUNISTT in Turkmen No 10, 1980 pp 87-92
[Article by Kh. Gurbanov, G. Berdiev, K. Rejebov, Sh. Khalmukhammedov: "Th~
second Volume of the TSE"]
[Editorial Report] "The second volume of the TSE contains ninnerous articles on
different fields of science and technology"...'~Readers will be able to get a
clear idea about the history of the multi~national Soviet people, their present
happy situa.tion and bright future, the growth of the socialist system and the
vanguard role of the USSR." There are also materials on "fraternal socialist
countries and the developing world." Articles pertaining to "prominent personali-
ties, revolutionar3es, party and state workers, heroes of the war and of labor...
increase the value of the volume." Data is given about "more than 250" prominent
personalities of the past and present "and it is a fact that 109...are connected
with our republic." ~lso, "a sufficient number of articles...pertaining to
- various questions of linguistics, literature and the arts" are presented. Many
"archaic" sociological, socio-polit3cal and economic topics are also treated.
Some entries, such as "Gyzbibi mavzoleyi" [mausoleum of Gyzbibi] "Galam" [pen;
writing implement] and "Gar",[snow] have no importance. Others, such as "Valyuta"
[cu.rrency] could have been ha~ndled in greater detail. In other articles contra-
dictory data is presented; i.e., on the length of the Garagum Canal at different -
phases of its constr.uction. Similar statistical discrepancies creep into many
of the econom~.c articles.
Scientific articles also present certa3n inaccuracies; for example, the term ~'gaty
suv" [heavy water] is used in place of the more correct options "talkh suv" or
r'suvung talkhlYgY�"
In the treatment of literature and art "despite discussions on the lives and works
of writers and poets, why are the names of the works not given?" Also, falklore
is dealt with superficially. In some of the materials translated from other
languages the precise expressions or words are not always used.
"We hope that the defects...noted in this review...will aid in raising the level
- of ideas, content and professionalism in coming volumes." The present volume
encompasses the letters "V" and "G." ,
9676 -
CSO: 1810 E~
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