JPRS ID: 9511 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070046-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 46
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/9511
~ 28 January t~81
= U SSR Re ort
~
ENERGY
CFOUO 3/81)
FBIS FOREIGN SROAG~AST INFOR~NIATION SERVICE
FOR OF[~TCIAL USE ONLY
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NOTE
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mation was summarizec~ or extracted.
Unfacni'Liar names rendered phonetically or transliterated ~re
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origiiial but have been supplic~' as appropriat~ in context. ~
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T'he contents of this publication in tio way represent the poli-
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COPYRIGHT I,AWS AND REGULATI01`?S GOVERNING OWiVERSHIP OF
MATERI~ILS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE 0~1LY.
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JPRS L/9511
28 January 1981
USSR REPORT ~
_ ENERGY
(FOUO 3/81)
- CONTEI~TS ~
~.FCTRIC POWER
- Fifteen Years' Fxperience in Operating Novovoronezhsk~ya AES
(V. K, Sedov et al.; EI,~fi~RICHESKTYE~ STANTSII, Nov 80) 1
msuring Earthquake Resistance of AES Electrical Equipment
(A. P. Kirillov; V.V. Piskarev; II~TRIG'HESKIYE STANTSII, Nov 80).. 15
F'UELS
, mergy Constunption, World Coal Development Prospects
(POTRF~BLEIVIXE E1VT~tGTT T PERSPII~TIVY RAZVITIYA UGOL' NOY
PROMYSHLENNOSTI NBRA, 1980) 22
' Siberian Power D~velopmnnt Prospects .
- (L. S. Po~yrin? IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY. ~
n~r~G~rzxA, oct 801 26
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO] '
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FOR OFFrCLAL TJSi UP~Z~Y � -
ELECTRTC POS~EER
= unc ~21.3i~..~5:bzi,o39.001.86
FIFTEEN YFAF4S' EXPERIENCE IN OPERA`1`J:NG NOVOVORONEZHSKAYA AES
Mosccw ELEKTHIC~T�SKIYE STANTSII in Russian Nc li~ Nov 80 pp 8-12
jArticle by V. K. Sedov et al., engineers: "Fifteen Years' Experience in
Gperating the Novovoronezhskaya AES imeni SOth Anniversary of the USSR"J
IText~ zn i979 the elect~.wic-power engine~rc, of the Novovoronezhskaya Nu-
clear PoHer Station (NVAES) maxked the 15th annivers3ry of the start-up of
the first electric-poxer unit. During these elapsed years they have ac-
cumulated a great deal of experience in ~pera.ti.ng the functionin~ units.
- The Novovox~onezhskaya AES imeni 50th Anniversary of the USSR has four fuunc-
. tioning e'lectric-poxer units with a total planned rated capacity of 1,~+55
MW. The fift}a power unit, with a zated capacity of 1,000 MW, is currently
being prepared for operation.
It is important to note that all the poxer utLits of the NVAES are pilot mo-
delsi they have been used to wo~k out and impl~ent the plan a~.nd design so-
- lutions which fozm ed the basis of the concept of the xater-moder~ted, water-
cooled electric-power nuclear reactor (WER). Experience ga.ined in operat-
ing these power units has convincingly demonstrated that an AES with VYER-
tyPe rea.ctors is a reliable and sa.fe source of electric pawer, ansuring a
sufficiently hi~Y? degree of efficiency in utilising nucleax fuel.
_ The basic paarameters of the P~IA~S reactors are cited in Table 1 and a.i'e also
described in IL. 1 p 2J.
Technical a.xid economi.c opera.tlonal indicat~rs. ~in boldfac~ Table 2 ~ites
the technical ~r:d economic i.ndicator~ for the period ~97~+--1979 r Hh1oh cha-
racterize the qualitativ~ growth and developnental dynainics of ~he NVAFS.
It may b~ seen ~roau the data of Table 2 that th~ output of electric po~er
- during the past fi.ve yeass (~i.thout an increa.se in rated capacity) ~;reK by
mare than y per~ent, achi~ving a~iguPe of mox~ than 10.5 bil~ion kW-hrs in
17(8s
1
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3
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The coefficient of using the rated capacity of NVAES rose from 0.760 in i97~
to 0.825 in i9?8 (a relative increa.se of 8.5 percent). This increase Was
broughfabout by means of raising the level of operation and the qua.lity of
repairs. _
1'he total efficiency (perfox~ance) over the five-year period rose by 0.61 -
~e;rcent (in relative teYms by 2.1 pexcent), and in 19~8 ft amounted to 28.88
parcent on an average. This Sncrease. in efficiency occurred as a result of
ra.ising the vacuum in the turbine condensers and the temperature of the feed-
water~ brought about by raising the qua.lity of equipmeat utilization and im- _
proving the operation of the circulating systems, :.n particular~ by means of
introducing thezmal and vacuum cleaning af the condensers.
- Lnproving a11 the above-listed indicators ensured the reduction of the re-
s~ilting economi~ indicator--the production cost of releasing electric power
during the last five years fm~ 0.644 to 0.609 kop.~(kW-hrs.)--a relative re-
duction of 5.4 percent. If Ke compare the technical and economical indica-
tors of the NVAPS rrith the indicators of the best TES's ~the~cmal electric-
poxer stationsJ~ then the AES Kith its VVER reaotors is fully ~ompetitive~
and rrith respect to a number of indicators it even sux~asses th~ best TES's.
Certain loxered indicatoY~s for 1979 Kere caused by increased volumes and time
periods required for repa.ir operations during planned-preventive repairs on
Unit~ III and IV.
Utiliz~tion of nuclear ~el. ~in boldfaceJ During the lengthy period of
operation by the :dVAES reactors considera.ble experience has been accumulated _
in organizing the f~el cycle of nuclear reactors.
Refueling of the reactors is conducted once a year sequenti~ally in all units;
at this time extensive annual planned preventive maintenance is combined with
the process of ref.ueling the reactors. It should be noted that the NVAES has
been successful in condncting the ref~eling with the complete removal of fuel
- from the active zones in order to control the status of the interior surfaces
of the rea.ctor housing and the interior facilities.
- The planned depth of burn-out for the spent fuel being removed is constantly
increasing. Thus~ the planned average depth of burn-out for the fuel being
removed~ xhich for the WER-210 is equal to 12.85 kg~t, for the WEH-365 �
27.8 kg/t. and for the Wr~R-~40--28.3 kg~+ ~ ha.s been exceeded..
- In the reactor of Unit I this xas achieved by means of introducing a group-
ing regime of the active zone, close to the zonal-type, and by utilizing a
~uel-enrichment assembly (TVS) with a 3 percent enrichment (up to 30 units):
In the reactor of Uni~ II the increase in the burn-out of the fuel to be
removed was ensured primarily by means of introducing a TVS with a
3 percent enrichment without absorbent elements (pels). The excess of
actual burn-out of fuel being removed over what was planned for the
WER-440 in Unit III was caused primarily by the com~ersion of this
reactor to sub-feeding by a fuel which has an enrichment of 2.4 percent
and 3.5 percent, standard for the WER-440. _
_ 4
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For the ~NER reactors a definite influence on the fuel burn-out is exerted
by utilizing a TVS of ARK [expansion unknown] cassetzes with an er.~ichment
of 2.4 percent in a regime of two refuelings during the operatiQg period
(run) of these TVS's. Furfihermore, the sys tematic application of a regime
~ of prolonging the run also brought about, to a certain degree, an overall
increase in the burn-out of the fuel being removed for all the NVAES re-
. a_~tors.
The maximwn depth of fuel burn-out in individual TV3's being reenoved is equal
for Unit I to 30.98 kg~t (xith an initial TVS enrichment of 2 p~ercent)~ for
Unit II--48.06 kg~t (Hith an initial TVS enrichme2~t of 3 percent w ith pels)~
- for Unit III--50.4~ kg~~t (xith an initial TVS enrichment of 3.3 percent with
_ pels), pertains to TVS's xhich are specially left in the active zones of re-
actors for the purpose of studying ~~e behavior of fue~..'. (heat-~miss~on)
elements (tvels) in burn-outs which significantly exceed the planned values~
and estimati;~g their resowrces.
Experience in operating the NVAE.S has shoxn that in the process of the f~el-
ing operation there may be a violation of the hezmetic quality of the cas-
_ ings of individual tvels, which i~ accompan~ed by the escape of fission frag- ~
_ ments into ths coolant (heat-exchange me~ium
In order to maintain a sLfficiently low degree of activity within the coolant
of the first circuit~ to ciisclose in time and make a quality check on as-
se~nblies with non-he~etic tvels, AES's r+ith WER-type reactors utilise spe-
cial control methods xhich axe based on regi stering the presence of the pro- ~
ducts of nuclear fliel fission in the cooiant of the first circuit.
In an operating reactor the status of the tvel casings is evalvated in ac-
cordance with the results of a radio-chemical analysis of the coolant~ as
well as in a supplementa,r~y fashion xith the aid of loop control syste~ns for ~
delayed neutrons . The periodicity of the ana.lysis is detezmined by the to-
tal activity of the dry remnant from testing the xater of the first c~reszit
_ which is monitored every day. If the total activity is less than 10- Ci~l
(Curies per li+,erj~ the radio-chemical analysis is conducted once a month=
if not, then '~t is done more frequently. The goal of the radio-chemical
test analysis of the xater in the first circuit is to evaluate the contents
of the isotopes of iodine~ barium~ strontium , xenon~ krypton~ cesium and
- neptunium. In order to separate out the isotopes from the coolant tests~
use is made of inethods of radio-chemical precipita,tion onto fabric sorbents~
as well as distributive chromatography and extraction methods.
- Units III and IV of th~ NVAES have introduced a method. of control over the
isotope composition xtthout test sampling. idith the aid of a gamma-spectro-
meter based on a semiconductor detector, direct measurement is carried out
in the pipeline of. the combined activity in the filter bypass (in the unit
for continuous purification of the xater in the first cir~uit).
5
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_ Continuous monitoring of the state of �the tvel casing `can,J in an operatix~g
reactor is conducted by loop systems Hhich allox us to monitor the deveiop-
= mental dynamics of tha process of unsealing the tvels and issuing recommend~=
tions Nith regaz~d to the periodicity of radio-technical analysis of the ~
coolant.
- During reactor refueliag Widespread use has been made of a method, based on
- calculating the activity of a gas test sample taken from out of the hermetic
casing xith the TVS to be tested (the so-called "dry" method).
- Preliminary experiments xere cond.ucted to detezmine the speed of TVS heat-
up i.n a"dry" casing. It xas ~3eterniined that for a TVS with a burn-out of
19.7 kgs of poison sinters~to~ of uraniur~ within 100 days following its re-
moval from the reactor the speed of the heat-up amounts to approycimately
3�C~min. for the temperatur~ range from 35� to 150� C. Thus~ the safe time
for a cassette to be in a"dry" c3sing amounts to 5--10 minutes.
The sensitivity of this method t;as proved to be quite high; the indications
of the gas activi~ty of the unsgaled tvels exceeds the indications of the
sealed tvels by a factor of lOj and more. As a rule, all TV5's with unsealed
tvels axe revealed by the "dry" method. This method is quite simple; it re-
quires no complicated apparatus and allows us to combine operations on moni-
toring tvel casings xith the technical operations concerned With refueling
_ the reactor's active zone, and thereby to reduce the time xhen the electri~-
power units axe shut doxn.
In order to make more precise the unsealed quality of the tvel casings in
the TVS which have been revealed by the "dry" method as "unsealed~" the ac-
_ tivity of the iodine-131 is detexmined in the Water test samples, obtained
xhen the TVS has been steeped in water--the '~ret" method.
The continuous monitoring of the radio-chemical composition of the first cir-
~ cuit's coolant testifies to the high reliability of the TVS used in the NVAES
- reactors. At the present time monitoring the hermetic quality of the TV5 ca-
sings when the reactor is shut doKn is conducted not at every refueting of
the reactors~ and its necessity is estimated according to the results of the
mdnitoring of the radio-chemical composition af tlie coolant and the data of
the system of monitoring the sealed quality of the tvEl casings as well as ~
the delayed neutron.~ during the operation of the reactor.
Utilization and repa.ir of the basic equiprnent. ~in boldface~ The high coef-
ficients of utilizing the rated capacity achieved in the NVAES Units I--N
testify to the sufficiently high degree of reliabi.lity of the AES equipanent.
This is ensured both by correct utilization as xell as by the t,imely and
_ good-qua.lity repair of the equipment.
The repair of the radioa~tive equip~ent of AF5 reactor units~ as compared
with the repair of the remairtng equi~nnt~ has its oXn characteristics.
First of a11, Ke must n~te the fi,~~oxing:
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the limited time spent by the repair personnel in the Kork place leada to
the necessity of enlisting a large number of workers;
prior to inepection and repair, additional labor outlays and material out-
lay are required to deactivate the e~ui~ment;
repairs require ti~e fozmulation of special tolerances in the work plac~ and
- monitoring of the yadiation unit in the Hork place, as xell as the applica- -
tion of individual and group means of protection from ionizing radiations; -
after the repair operations have been comnleted, it is necessary to deacti- -
vate the tools ~ apparatus, axid fittings, as xelt as to collect, remove,
transport, and bury the radioactive xastes;
; because of radioactive pollution or design execution~ the processing (re- -
storation) of certain parts and a.ssemblies is impossible under plant con-
ditions.
Repairs of the auxiliary equipment durir�~ the period between shutd.oxns of
a unit for refueling in the strict-rPgime sone are perfozmed by a minimum
number of repair personnel. But during unit ahutdowns f~r refueling~ com- l~
bined xith planned preventive maintenance (PPR)~ the ma~cimum number of per-
sonnel is required. The NVAES structure is suboxdi;~ated to these require- _
ments~ and it alloxs us to be flexible with the repair personnel, perfonn-
ing the operations xith a minimum one-time and y~axly dose of irra,diation. 4
A great deal of attention is devoted at the NVAES to monitoring the state .
of the equip~ent. F.,ntrance controls conducted at NVAES on the equi~ent ~
metal has the purpose of disclosing intolerable defects in equipment eax-
maxked for installation~ as well as verifying whether the equipment meets
the engineering specifications. During the entrance controls a determina- -
tion is made of the initial state of the equipment metal~ xhich is neces- _
sary in the subsequent operational controls. The operational Controls on _
the equi~ent metal are carried out in accordance with the existing regula-
tions at fix~d intervals. The full range of controls is carried out at
least ance every four years. The most important individual assemblies and
equipnent of the reactor ~.nstallation ase monitored more often;_ for example~
the reactor outlets, the sheathing of the reactor SUZ .[control and sa~ety.~
rod] drives, etc.
_ The greates~t use has been made at the AES of such methods of equipment mo-
nitoring as visual-optical~ x-ray-gammagraph analysis~ ultra-sonic~ helium-
= halloidal, vortex ~ lim?inescent-hydraulic methods~ and the method of
- color defectoscopy. In order to monitor the welded joints of the reactor
outlets and tne Dy 500-mm pipelines, use is made of a remote-control in-
stallation, equipped with a telescopic bar. The ltmainescent-hydraulic
method of defectoscopy is ~ztilized in monitoring the hazmetic quality of
the steam-generator pipe clusters.
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In addition to conducting periodic monitoring of the equipment metal, the
NVAES exercises controls over the operating equipment by the means and me-
_ thods Qf technical diagnostics.
The technological noise xhich arises du~ing the operation of the equipnent
is registered with the aid of an installed system of vibro-acouatical con-
trols in operative use~ and in case an irregularity shoWS up~ it is an~ly2ed
- rrith the aid of a different apparatus under laboratory conditions. As sen-
_ sors ~pickup~ of the vibro-acoustical noises~ use is made of piezoelectric-
type a^.celerometers. Initial data xith regazd to the distribution and nwn-
ber of sansors is a.cquired during during the start-up and acijustment test~
and on the basis of experience in operating the first circuit's equipment.
In addition to utilizing vibro-acoustical signals, controls axe also applied -
on hydrodynamic noises~ and these axe conducted pximarily during the period
of start-up and ad~ustment ope~ations. Hokever~ t'.ie use of such controls is
limited because of the need to install sensors in direct contact with th~
coolant, and this brings about the appearance of additional flanged and weld-
ed joints in the first circuit.
In order to monitor the state of the reactors' installations inside the build-
ings~ use is made af the methods of analyzing the neutron noise~ of the ac- _
tive zone, measured xith the aid of four regular ionization cha~ .:ers~ placed _
on the floor plan at an angJ.e of 90� to each other.
Diagnostics of the state of the equip~ent is carried out in accordance with
_ the folloWing sche~e: the manifestation of deviations in the signal, as com-
- pared with the initial signal; det~xmini'ng the place where the irregularity
arisesi determining the specific defect xhich has caused the irregularity.
, As a result of utilizing a system of continuous monitoring~ equipment defects
are revealed~ as a rule, at an early stage of their develop~ent. In 197$?
for example~ a Keakening in the rotor attacha?ent on one of the main circulat-
ing pwaps of Unit N xa.s discovered in time. This pump was put into repa.irs.
Without the use o:f diagnostic controls, an analogous defect~ as a rule~ would
not be revealed in time, and this could lead to a lengthy malfunction-caused
shutdoNn of the pu~np. _
With the aid of controls on the neutron noises~ a vib~.tion in the reactor
shaft of Unit III xas established to be as much as much as 0.5 mm. A planned
- inspection of the reactor installations Kithin the building revealed consi-
derable wear on the place xhere the reactor shaft is attached in the center-
ing hub ~bushingJ. After the defect Was eliminated~ the shaft vibration was
reduced to 0.1 mm.
The conclusion can be draxn that operative information about the state of
the equipment when the power units are operating under load ha.s allowed us
to significantly increase the reliability and safety of using nuclear elec-
tric-poNer stations With WER-type reactors.
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Radiation safety and environmental protection. ~n boldface~ The more than
15 yeass of experience in operating the NVAES has testified to the fact that _
the production of electric poxer at AES's xith WER's is reliable fxom the -
viewpoint of radiation safety.
The xork of personnel under conditions in xhich there is a possible effect
of ionizing radiation on h~an beings is rigorously monitored by the dosi- -
metric service.
Table 3 cites th~~ values of the average annual ii~radiation of N~/AES person- -
nel. It is obvious from this data that there is a trend towards reducing
the irradiation; moaeover~ its amount iN much loKer than the tolerable li- -
mit. At the NVAES no excessive doses of external irrac~.iation over the to-
lerable limits have been observed.
Table 3 also provides figures for the average 24-hour gaseous discharges for
the entir~ period of the AES's opera.tion. Their amount doea not exceed 1
percent of the tolerable limi~.
" From the data of this same ta.ble it is obvious that the amount of aerosol -
discharges during the operation of the four NVAES poWer units comprises 0.1
percent of the tolerable lim it.
The radiation situation around the AES is monitored by the exterior dosimet-
ry service. Table 4 cites the monito~ing results with regard to the princi-
pal facilities of the exterior environment.
- ~om the data of this table it follvxs that the concentration of radioactive
substances in the air, xithin the maxgins of ineasurement error, are just the
same as they are 50 Ian from the AES. In comparing the concentrations of ra- -
dioactive subsi:ances in the water and in the bottom deposits of the Don Ri-
ver belox and above the AES along its course, no effect by the NVAES on the
environment has been traced.
Training personnel at an educational~training center. ~in bolclfaceJ Pre- ~
sent-day AES's axe char.acterized by a complexity of equipaent, a high inten- .
_ sity of ongoing technological processes, and increased requirements for re-
liability, safety, and economies in their operation; this brings about the
need for special training of their service personriel.
- For the purpose of providing training for Soviet and foreign specialists for -
AES's with WER-type reactors, an educational training center (UTTs) was es-
tablished at the NYAES in 1972. I'iuring the period of its existence here _
some 2,000 specialists have been trained for AES's.
Since 1976 the UTTs of the NVAE5 has begun to develop standardized programs -
for training the three categorier o~ AF~S service personnel--oper'dtive, tech- r
nical, and repair. At the present time the UTTs is conducting personnel `
_ training for 44 position titles and occupations.
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Table 3 ~
Average Annual Dose Average Daily Acnounts of
- Year of External Irradia- AES Discharge Wastes _
tion of Monitored Gaseous,~ in Aerosol~ in -
AES Personnel~ in ber. Ci~day MCi~day
_v 1965 2. 03 282. 5
1966 2.58 578.7 -
1967 2.34 417.5 ~
19 68 1.97 223
i9 69 2.3o i?4
~ i97o z .4~+ 2.7
1971 1.91 1.1
i972 0.70 56.n o.oz3
� i973 0. 6++ 82.5 0. 3?
i974 0.85 112.1 2.23 `
i975 0.95 116.4 z.z6
- i976 0.93 z8.8 1.29
197? 0.78 18.9 1.~3
- i978 0.61 39.0 0.71
1979 0.6o i5.3 i.7i
- Tolerable Limit 5.0 3,500 500
During recent years pa.rticular attention has been paid to developing i. -
skills in managing both the reactor and the unit as a whole during the
_ UTTs training period. 5uch developnent in training is necessaxy so that
_ the operating personnel acquires the practical skills of starting up and -
shutting down a unit, in managing a unit's systems, and in conducting -
technological regimes, as well as the s:till of appraisi.ng situations and
- taking operating decisions~ especially for the intelligent elimination of
infractions xhich may arise in functioning units. The final stage to be _
introduced into the training program plans to organize not only the in- ~
struction of operating personnel of ne~wly built AES`s but also the re- _
training of personnel at existing AES units.
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Table 4
Concentration of Radioactive Substances in the Ait~, -
10'1~ Ci~l
; On the AE5 Territory j0 km from the AES
Yeax
0 0
0 0
U V
4-1 O O O 4-1 O O O -
~ c.~.~d 1 cd ~ UN ~ C~l c~'d ~ _
= r~ H N ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ -
~
~
cd ~~-1 U,rl U O c~d r~1 U ri v~
~ U1 ~ i~i ~ t0 ~ ~
O v O~ O+~ O v O G1 O~
E-+d C~U Ua~ H m ~ ~ a ~
.r{ v .r~ U ~
~ v O y O.~i ~ U O m O~
H~ C~ U U L/~ E+ ~ U U U Vl
197~ io.3 2.6 0.63 9.9 1.97 0.55
i975 11,6 1.37 o.4b 9.? 1.46 0.52
i976 8.35 o.a8 0.36 8.7 o.3z o.4
197? 10.0 o.k3 0.4? 8.7 o.4z o.6
1978 iz.o on$s o.~r8 9.5 1.z5 o.4z
1979 9.3 0.8 0.54 8.7 0.? o.~r
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- Table 4 (Continued)
Concentration of Radioactive Substances in Bottom Deposit8 of
~ the Don River~ in ioi9 ci/x~
Above the AFS Below the AES
Year
0 0 0 0
- V U
U L` -
~ ~ t~ C~ -F~ ~
m cd crl m ~ ~ ~ ~
P~ A f~
(n ~ ~ 1 ~ TJa] ~ ~ ~ ~
ri ? N~ ~ lq: ; rl ~ Q~ ~ N.f.
~ U p~ O+~ O O O m O+~
E-~ ~ U U U U] H d U U U C!~
- 1974 9.2 0.22 0.1 7�0 0.12 0.14
- i975 18.3 0.07 o.i8 12.9 o.i8 o.zz
1976 13.0 o.i4 0.07 10.9 o.i5 0.03
197? 11.2 0.07 0.14 7.1 0.11 0.09
1978 15.0 0.11 0.18 zz.o 0.40 0.15
Plans for developing the USSR's nuclear-power eng3neering provide for the
_ construction of a large numbex of nuclear power stations in the USSR and
abroad with the tectinical assistance of the USSR. In coruzection with this,
, it is planned to create a training facility for the WER-1000 reactor with
a throughput capacity of 180 persons a year. Moreover~ the establishment
of one more training facility for the WER-440 reactor is in the planning
stage.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ovchinnikov, F. Ya. et al. "Ekspluatatsiya reaktornykh ustanovoic Novo-
voronezhskoy..AFS ~Operation of the NYAE.S Reactor UnitsJ, Mosco~~~ Nauka~
1972.
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2. Ovchinnikov, F. Ya. et al. "Eksplua.tatsioruiye rezhimy vodo-vodyanykh
energeticheskhikh yadernYkh reaktorov" ~Operational Rggimes of Water-
Moderated Water-Cooled Nuclear-Porrer ReactorsJ, Second Ed.ition~ 5upple-
mented and Revised~ Moscox, Atomizdat~ 1979� _
CQPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "~?ergiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980
23~
_ CSO: 1822
1~+ -
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ELECTRIC POWER
- UDC ~621.31i.25:6zi.o39J.oo2.52s699.841
ENSURING EARTH~UAKE RESISZ'ANCE OF AES ELECTRICAL E~UIPMENT
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIXE STANTSII in Russian No li, Nov 80 pp 13-14
~ ~Article by A. P. Kirillov~ doctor of technical sciences~ and V. V. Piska,-
rev~ candidate of technical sciences: "Basic Ways to Ensure Ea~thquake Re-
- sistance af AES Electrical Equipnent'J
~TextJ Particular importance ha.s been accorded and is being accorded to en- _
suring the reliable and safe operation of electric-porrer faci.lities and es-
pecially the nuclear power stations Which are being built in regions of high
seismic activity.
The functioning of an AES under nozmal conditions and emergency conditions
is determined~ to a considerable extent~ by the operational reliability of
- the electrical equip~nent (ETO~, instr~ents~ a.nd apparatus responsible for
monitoring and rEgulating the nuclear process~ including the emergency sys-
tem for shutting down and cooling the reactor.
This calls for the necessity of conducting a complex of operations aimed at
checking out the operational capabtlity of the electMcal equip~ent under
conditions of possible seismic activities and detexmining the struc~tural
changes for the purpose of ensuring its continuous functioning. Pa.rticular
attention must be devoted to investigating the electrical equipnent belong-
' ing to Category i of earthquake res3stance~ i. e,, the electrical equipment
xhose failure or damage brings about a breakdoxn in the reactor's ~nergency
shutdoxn and cooling system. -
In general~ ETU designs constitute a complex vibration system. A thorough~
theoretical stwc~y of such a system is a difficult task, and in practice it
is not always carried out. The design and schematic parameters of the ETO
should be selected so as to ensure the folloxing: -
the earthquake resistance of the equi~ent (there must not occur xithin it -
_ strength or fatigue breakdoxns, impact collisions during seismic activities~
and deviations in its operating systems must not lead to a failure of the
entire system); -
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the absence of resonance frequencies of the structural elements in the
given frequency range.
These parameters can be det~~ined appro~cimately by solving the equation .
for the movement of a system and by an analysis of the vibration processes
- under the effects of various exciting forces. However~ taking into cc~nsi-
deration the need to obtain reliable data, the 'results would be obtained
~ at the present time by conducfing physical tests on a natural s~Cale. _
_ Today's electrical equiFment is characterized by a great diversity of de-
- sign schemes, Khich makes it necessary to run xidsscaaP tests on practi-
cally every casing, panel~ and assembly. -
In Soviet practice testing ETO for earthquake resista,nce is conducted on
VP-100~ VPZK-iGO, a.nd SP-2k--3 (developed by the VNIIG imeni B. Ye. Vedene- _
= yev) types of vi~~ation platfox~ns~ which a11ox us to a.ssign accelerations
of as much as 1.5 g xithin a frequency range of 0.6--50 Hz. Even though for
- multifaceted equipment tests for earthquake resistance we need. a broader
class of actions, the Soviet and foreign test s~tands axe limited in their
possibilities for simulating loads, but atill they create conditions closely
- resembling those of earthquakes.
At the present time tests on ETO for earthquake resistance ase being con-
ducted. within a frequency r~ange of 0.5--30 Hz; moreover, the frequency ac-
- celerations are assigned, proceeding from the generalized response range
obta.ined at the location site of the equip~nent bei.~~g tested. The maximum
acceleration axising on'an ETO base does not usually exceed 1 g. The com- _
plementary items used in an ETO ought to re~nain operationally capable at ac- ~
~ celerations of up to 3 g~L. ~ in the frequency range of 0.5--50 Hz for _
20 seconds. _
The above-mentioned types of vibration platforms allow us to conduct tests
for earthquake resistance on panels taken separ'a.tely as xell as on sections
composed of such panels. Ea.ch pa.nel (case) consists of a bearir?g structural
component and the complementary items (relays, switches~ instruments~ trans-
formers, etc.)which axe attached to it.
The complementary instruments~ appaxatus~ and individua.l assemblies are at-
tached in a coordinated manner to thick,, fiberglass-textolite flat surfaces
~qounted on a rigid frame. This frame should be open for ease of access to
- the complementary items Iocated within. ~ _
It should be noted that the bearing structural components used for grouping
- electrical equipment at AES's abroad are made of steel bands 7 mm thick.
_ Increasing the rigidity of the bearing structural components considerably _
_ simplifies engineering solutions rrith regard to the placement of the comple-
mentary items~ detezmining their sizes~ etc., xhile the outlays needed to
provide the additional rigidity are not great.
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The tests xhich xere conducted. on ETO for earthquake resistance not only
allowed us to find individual shortcomings but also to discover definite
merits to the designs~ as well as to issue recommendations inc.reasing the
_ equ~.~nent's earthquake resistance. After the implementation of additional
measures, ~the equipnent proved to be sufficiently reliable t~ function un-
_ der the conditions of the equivalent seismic loads xhich we had created.
_ The recommendations for increasing the earthquake resistance consisted, as
_ a rule, in increasing the structux~al rigidity and in strengthening the
height of the panels and the area between them. In a number of instances
- a regrouping of the complementary items was proposed, The electrical
equipment which was simulated in accordance with the recommendations
was put through repeated testing, which demonstrated that these panels _
have a considerable reserve with regard to earthquake resistance.
It should be noted tbat the recommendations aimed at increasing earthquake
resistance ought to be given while taking into consideration the actual
conditions of the ETO's placement in the station. Thus~ it is practically _
impossible to attach certain panel components from above, while in a number
_ of instances difficulties arise in conducting welding opera,tions neax the
complemen~tary items~ the electrical communications facilities, etc.
Results of numerous tests have shown a considerable excess of loads created
by the stands in relation to the design ~estimated~ seismic loads; there-
fore, both the technical difficulties in carrying out the recommendations _
and the economic concepts require a different approach in the conduct of
reseaxch.
A method has been groposed for determining ETO earthquake resistance which
includes stand-type testing of the complementary items for the purpose of
finding the amplitude-frequency boundary ~limitl of their operational capa-
bility, as well as deterraining the transfer functions of the bearing compo-
, nents in the places where the complementa.ry items axe installed.
The estimate portion of this metrod consists in determinin~ the accelero-
grams, taking into consideration the building's dynamic characteristics~
for an earthquake at the place where the ETO is installed. Then a deter-
mination is made of the maximum acceleration in the places where the comple-
mentary items are atta,ched on the action of the transfor.med accelerograms,~
taking into consideration the transfer functions of the ETO structural bear-
ing components. The equipment's earthquake resistance is determined from a
comparison of the amplitude-frequency boundary of the operational capability
of the complementary items and the size of the maximi.mi acce~eration acting
- on them as a result of loa.ds xhich are the equivalent of an earthquake's
_ loads. A schematic for detezvninin~ ETO earthquake resistance by means of
design estimation is depicted in Figure 1.
A merit of this method is the fact that the initial data can be obtained
by the estimate method or experimentally.
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N/c r a
10
JO
r
0 0? o i z 3 r c
_ a) � a
~ 0 0 M/r= a
f
Z
f
o ~ z a r c
- dj b -
N/ct e -
q .
I
t
~ O I 1 3 t c
/ / / B) C -
~CZ Q ' ..~r~' .t'�A`, " -
3C
- . 10 .
_ ,O ,
~ ,f
~ S 10 1J 30 IS 30 !y Z~ ~
Figure 1. Schematic of Detennining Earthquake Resistance of
Electrical Eq,uipaent by Means of Design Estimate
Key: ~
_ a--Acceleration arising in a complementary item
b--A.ccelerogram of covering movement
= c--Estimate accelogram -of easthquake affecting the structure's base
d--Graph of the operational capability of a complementary item -
- It must be stipulated. that the use of the frequency analysis �hich has
been applied in the given method is possible if the system being studied
is lineax. Hence, operations were conducted linked Hith the manifestation
of the mechanical linearity of the ETO panels within the given range of
frequencies and accelera.tions. The investigations which were conducted -
along these lines demonstrated that in the frequency range of 1.5--30 Hz
- and the acceleration range of 0.2--0.8 g the panel structural components
behave like elastic systeans and are subordinated to the linear principle.
On the basis of the mechanical linearity of the NA-5~ NA-10~ A-5~ and P-11
" types of panels studied~ the reactions of this equipment to the assigned. ac-
celerograms of earthquakes xere detennined.
- The investigations which xere conducted showed that stand-type tests create
the most rigid equivaleni loads.
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Our task consists in issuing recommenda.tions in sufficient measure ensuring ~
ETO earthquake resistance and~ at the same time, mak~ng lt possible from
an engineering point of view to implement them under natural conditions.
The first step in this direction has been made in the present article. Let
us cite for the sake of comparison the results of the stand-type and the pro-
posed methods of testing. Stand-type tests run on equipment panels of mo-
nitoring and measuring instruments and apparatus of tY~e A-5~ NA-5, and NA-
10 types have demonstrated that accelerations in the most unfavora.ble placea
for attaching complementary items reach 90--120 m~c2.
At the same time projects xere carried out on calculating the reaction of a
KIP and A(Control-Measurement Instrument and Apparatus) panel to the effects
provided in the fozm of an accelerogram of an earthquake;, The calculation
was carried out according to the method of detexmining� ~?ie response~ as used
in studies of automatic-control linear systems ~L,. 2,J. ~
Figure 2 depicts an accelerogram of a design earthquske and the reaction of -
the upper part of an NA-5 panel in the place xhere the relay is attached.
It is clear that the acceleration arising in the place where the relay is
- attached exceeds by an amount approximately double the maximum acceleration -
of the design accelerogram.
The stand-type tests revealed. the need for a considerable increase in the
rigidity of the bearing components~ the use of d.ampers for certain of the
complementaxy items, and a more rational grouping of them. -
The method described for detezmining the earthquake resistance of equipnent ,
demonstrated that the measures propcsed and implemented in the testing pro-
cess~ creating additional rigidity, axe sufficient to ensure LTO earthquake
resistance.
A similax approach has alloked us to develop Hith minimal outlays recommen-
dations for increasing ETO earthquake resistance, which can be used subse-
quently in regular production.
Conclusions
1. Complementary items to be used in electrical equipment must be made
vibration-resistant and should function reliably` within a frequency range
- of 0.5--50 Hz with accelerations of up to 3 g and an additional load-time
of 20 seconds. _ . . _ - ,
-
2. It is most feasible to determine the earthquake resistance of electrical
equipnent experimentally by means of conducting stand-type tests.
~ 3. Of considerable interest is the complex method of determining the eaxth-
_ quake resistance of equipment, including experimental and estimate design
projects.
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w ' -
l
J
, ~ -
. ~ -
0
, ~
0
~ -
_
U _
cd
~
f~ -
N -
�
. ~ ~
~Q
-o f-1 j.~
d
~
47 N ~
~ ~ U
O~ ~
r ~ _
_ W~ ~
A
~ ~ cd
W O
- ~ m ~
Z. rd ~ -
4-1 H
O
~1 ~
b0 ~ -
~
O m
. ~ ~
- ~ a
_ U O
d U
N
. ~
. ~
o I G~~.
~
, ` M N. ~ ~
t
2~
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4. The most effective method for increasing the earthquake resistance of
electrical equipment is strengthening the attachment of the equipment in-
ternally~i. e., among its oKn el~ents~ and on the structural components.
5. It is feasible tu create a standardized series of �bearing structural
components for the electrical equipnent~ allowing us to group together the
corresponding complementary items~ and this xould lead to a reduction af
- stand-tyae tests.
BIBLIOGRAPHY _
1. "Vremennye normy proyektirovaniya atomnykh energeticheskikh ustanovok _
dlya sejrsmicheskikh rayonov (VSN 15-78)" ~Provisional Nonns for Design-
- ing Nuclear Pbwer plants for Seismic Regions (VSN- 15-78,~, Moscox,
Minenergo SSSR~ i979�
2. Solodovnikov, V. V. "Osnovy avtomaticheskoga reguliro"vaniya'! Cpri,nciples
- of Automatic.ControlJ~ Moscou, Mashgiz~ 1954.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya"~ "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980
z384 ~
- CSO: 1822
_ , -
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FUELS -
UDC: 349.45:6~2.6/.7"313"(100)
ENERGX CONSUME''rION, WORLD COAL DEVII~OPM~3dT PROSPECTS
- Moscow POTREBLENIYE ENERGII I PERSPEKTIVY RAZVITIYA UGOL'NOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI MIItA
(Energy Consunption and Development Prospects of the World Coal Industry) in Rus-
sian 1980 Pacing page 1, pp 1-~+. _
[Annotation, Table o~ Contents and Introduction from survey volume published by -
~ TsNIElugol'] ,
[Text] This survey volume discusses the current state of and development prospects -
for energy consumption by the countries of the world. The authors examine energy
reserves, world consumption of energy raw materials, the fuel and energy balance,
and problems of energy conservation. The articles are based on materials published
in the foreign and Soviet press. The au~hors determine the place of coal in supply-
ing the world economy with fuel and raw materials. The state o~ and development �
prospects for the world coal industry up to the year 2030 are analyzed in detail.
This survE~y was prepared under the directian of Doctor of Technical Sciences
Professor A. M. Kumosov. Individual authors include A. M. Kurnosov, M. V.
Drevnovs}.caya, V. I. Ignat'yev, V. S. Kravchenko, A. Yu. ~akhovaler, Ye. B,
Stakhevi.ch, I. M. Kholod, and V. K. Yasnyy. "
Contents Page _
Introduction . 1
General State of and Development Prospects for~Power~Engineering.,....... 4
TY?e Fuel-Energy Crisis and Development of the Capitalist Economy 4
Reserves of Traditional Energy Sources 5
New Kinds of Energy Sources. Renewable Energy Resources 8
- Energy Economics. The Quest for New Technological Solutions 13
World Consumption of Energy Raw :~aterials. The Fuel-Energy Balance 17
State of and Development Prospects for the World Coal Industry 25
Coal Production 25 _
Principal Areas of Coal Utilization 32 -
Underground Coal Mining Technology 37
Production Capacity of the Coal Mining Industry 40.
Mechanization of Underground Mining 45
Mining-Preparatory Operations 48
Coal Strip Mining 50 -
~Coal Dressing and Processing 53
Labor Productivity 54
Protecting the Environment 58
Conclusion 61 ;
Bibliography 67
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- Introduction
' The future development prospects of the coal industry are closely linked with the .
requirements of the world economy in energy resQUrces and the sources for meeting
these requirements, that is, with energy resource reserves, as well as tt~e status
of power engineering, production prospects for the major traditional types of
energy and the possibilities of industrial utilization of nontraditional sources
(solar, energy of wave action, geothermal energy, etc). -
, The 1974-1975 world energy crisis, which was one of the most graphic manifestations _
of the general crisis of the capitalist system, also demonstrated that the entire
structure of production of energy resources and consumption of energy raw materials =
- in the capitalist world was being determined to a significant degree by the re-
quirements of the moment, by the benefits to the national and transnational
monopolies producing raw materials, was one-sided and was tilted toward the
production of those types of raw materials recovery of which cost the least and
sale of which could generate the greatest profits.
In this regard the energy crisis was caused not so much by a shortage of energy _
resources as by financial-economic and political reasons and by acute inflationary
processes in the economy of the capitalist countries. Suffice it to say that in
- the United States from 1945 to 1979 the real purchasing power of the dollar declined -
more than fourfold, while during the first days of 1980 alone the price of an ounce
of gold increased 15-18-fold over the price in 1970. All these are symptoms of an
increasingly aggravated chronic sickness of the economy of the capitalist world,
which is increasingly aggravating ~conomic, social and political problems [lJ. _
Therefore the ruling classes in these countries are seeking to resolve their
domestic and foreign political problems at the expense of the interests of their
worker masses, as well as the interests and natural resources of the peoples of
the developing countries. From this point of view measures taken by 3eveloping
countries to oppose the unjust arrangements of international exchange of goods, im-
_ posed on them by the capitalist countries and the international monopolies acting
on their behalf, in particular by means of raising prices on raw material re-
sources (primarily crude oil), is a phenomenon which is situated, so to say, on the
surface of international political and economic affairs. The primary significance
- of these world economic processes is the endeavor on the part of industrially
developed capitalist:countries to achieve world political and economic domination,
required by them to obtain cheap raw materials in developing and dependent countries
(and in some cases labor and strategically important territories as well) and, con-
sequently, to guarantee superprofits.
At the same time the capitalist monopolies and government authorities acting on _
their behalf in the nations of the West cannot ignore a growing aspiration on the
part of the developing countries to consolidate their economic independence, as
well as the real possibility of difficulties with the importation of raw materials
_ and particularly energy resources, not only in con:~ection with complications in _
- the international political situation but even due to exhaustion of reserves from _
producing mineral deposits and oilfields.
Therefore there arose in the latter half of the 1970's the question of reorganizing
the structure of production of the major types of energy raw materials, changing
_ the fuel-energy balance and focusing on the most reliable sources of raw materials
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as regards reserves and production. In connection with this, attention was once
again directed toward coal, reserves of which, as we know, comprise the bulk of
world energy reserves. The change in attitude toward coal, however, has not yet _
led to a substantial change in coal's place in the fuel-energy balance and a
sharp increase in coal production volume. This is due to the complexity of in-
creasing the volume of coal production without the availability of reserve
coal production capacity and facilities in a nu~mber of countries and converting
over the equipment of consuming enterprises, as well as a complex of political, _
social and economic factors and, in addition, the policy of the national and trans- ~
national monopolies engaged in the production of energy raw materials.
At the same time, while in the first half of the 1970's there were plenty of fore-
- casts on the future development of the world coal industry, following commencement _
of the energy crisis, the flow of these predictions, organically linked with for.e-
_ c~sts uf development of production and consump tion of other types of energy, in-
creased substantially.
We should note a characteristic feature of forecasts of the latter half of the
- 1970's. In the preceding period the majority of forecasts focused on the year
2000, while at the present time more and more s tudies are scrutinizing a period
extending up to 2020-2030.
Only over such an extend~.: period of time is it possible to trace the most sig- -
nificant (not temporary market fluctuations) changes in the structure of consump-
, tion of primary energy sources. This is based on the following considerations: the
average service life of power generating plants, without extensive renovation, is =
- approximately 30 years. The influence of such factors as exhaustion of resources
of those fuels most heavily utilized today, climate change, ecological and
demographic changes can also be more clearly traced over this longer period [2].
We should note, however, that forecasts made in the latter half of the 1970's,
in contrast to forecasts made in the preceding period, as a rule do not deal with
= scientific ai:~i technological advances in the r._oal industry, coal mining process
and e~uipment development prospects, as well as such technical-economic indicators
as, for example, labor productivity, per-mine or pe:-longwall work loading, etc.
- Only certain articles examine problems of development of equipment and technology.
TsNIElugol' has in recent years published several studies which examine in various
aspects the state and development prospects of the world coal industry (3, 4, 5].
- Ho~vever, in connection with the fact that in the last two years there have ap-
peared a large number of new materials which r eveal some new trends in world
energy consumption and production which define the development prospects of the
- coal ~ndustry, publication of this work seems advisable.
y Since, as indicated above, an examination of coal industry development trends can-
not be sufficiently fully presented without an analysis of development trends in the
- consumption of other types of energy zaw mater ials, this volume devotes attention
to the general problems of energy cons~ption, with the status of the coal industry
examined on this background. -
- Recently published forecasts do not contain any elaborate substantiations on change
in the technical-economic indices of ttie coal industry, and therefore these questions
are examined more brie~Iy in this volume.
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- At the same time coal mining growth and development prospects broken down by
countries and regions are of considerable interest. Therefore this question is
presented in a broader aspect. Also more extensively presei..ed are materials on
energy raw materials reserves and on energy conservation, since both questions are
of determining significance in evaluating the future prospects of a given energy
source.
~ We should also draw attention to the character of the forecasts proper and the
degree of their reliability. A ntnnber of forecasts on the coal industry, made
prior to the energy crisis, actually extrapolated rate of production growth from
preceding decades arlfaaleci to take account of the radical changes in the economic
and political situation, changes which will occur in connection with limitation
of the available resources of such energy raw ~materials as crude oil and natural
gas.
Z'he forecasts of different authors and especially forecasts made in different
- countries also differ substantially. -
Therefore the facts presented below, which for the above-specified reason do not
provide a clear and all-encompassing picture of production growth in the coal in-
dustry, at the same time help determine the principal growth and development trends
' . in the coal industry and help gain an idea of the evaluation of coal industry
prosp ects by experts in various countries.
. From this pcint of view as well a synthesis and classification of forecast materials
_ and selection of the most averaged data from these materials.will unquestionably
be useful, since they give an idea of the directions, principal prospects and coal -
industry development trends as well as an evaluation of the role of coal in the
- future, as one of the most stable, reliable and important sources of energy for a
_ fairly extended period of time.
: COPYRIGHT: TsNIElugol', 1980
3024 -
CSO: 1822
i
25 -
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r
FUELS
UDC : 621. 311. 25 : 621. 039. 5 34 . 3
SIBERIAN POWER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Minsk IZVESTIYA VYSSflIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY. ENERGBTIKA in Russ~an No 10, Oct 80
PP 3-9
(Article by USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member L. S. Popyrin: "Prospects
for Development of Siberia's Power Engineering"]
' [Text] The 25th CPSU Congress assigned tough Caslcs to our country's power industry.
Accomplishment of these tasks is aimed at improving the structure of Che fuel-energy ;
balance on the basis of a rational combination of the various types of fuel, exten- '
sive employment of new kinds of energy, particularly atamic energy, improved
utilization of fuel and fuller utilization of secondary energy resources [1]. The
percentage share of electric power is to be increased in total industrial output
volume, as one of the branches which determine to the greatest degree technological
advances, improvement in the qualitative level and efficiency of production, and
growth in labor productivity and living standards. By 1980 new performance levels
have been reached in the mining and production of various kinds of fuels and energy. -
Even more grandiose tasks pertaining to development of this country's power en-
- gineering industry are stated in the decree of the November (1979) CPSU Central Com-
mittee Plenum and in Comrade L. I. Brezhnev's speech at the plenum. The plenum , -
_ pointed to the necessity of persistent work aimed at further development of thi s
country's fuel-raw materials base and j~ower engineering industry.
_ This country's eastern regions are to play an important role iu accomplishing the :
above tasks. -
- The process of specialization of regions east of the Urals in the fuel induatry and
energy-intensive industries became intensified in the course of the lOth Five-Year
Plan. These regions are to provide the following output percentages: the entire
increase in oil, gas and aluminum production targeted for the USSR, approximately
90 percent of increase in coal production, approximately 80 percent nf increase in
copper production, 45 percent of the increase in paper pulp production, and app rox-
- imately 60 percent of cardboard production increase; these regions wi?.1 also ac-
_ count for approximately 70 percent of increase in hydroelectric generating capacity. ~
It will be necessary, however, to transport large quantities of fuel from the East =
to this country's western regions, where it is in short supply. In 1975 such fuel
hauls were up 350 percent over the preceding decade reaching a figure of approx-
- imately 360 million tons of standard fuel. This tran~port flow will increase
a
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(according to approximate calculations} another twofold in the lOth Five-Year Plan.
Providing such a rapidly-growing flow of fuel is an increasingly more complex and
- costly task. Therefore the problem of placing energy-intensive industries in the
eastern regions during the entire period of dominance of traditional power engineer-
ing remains an exceptionally urgent one [2].
Favorable potential offered by the ma~ority of the eastern regions for locating in- ~
dustry are not limited to fuel and energy resources. Extremely important for a
number of industries is the availability of water resources, the significance of -
which has been increasing more and more in recent years due to a very rapid gro*ath
of water-intensive industries and the limited availability of water resources in
= the western parts of this country.
Siberia occupies an i.mportant place among the eastern regions. It containa more
than 60 percent of the USSR's potential coal reserves, approximately 40 percent ot'
total natural gas reserves, one third of our hydroelectric powerplus oil. This
' creates the prerequisites foz� establishing the country's principal energy base
- here,
Excellent economic indices of fuel production and electric power generation set
Siberia head and shoulders above the other parts of this country from the standpoint
of development of energy-intensive branches of 3ndustry. Proceeding f rom this, the
resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress specify for Siberia accelerated development
of the fuel industry, energy-intensive ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical plants,
chemical, petrochemical, and pulp and paper plants [3].
Huge energy complexes form the basis of development of Siberia's power engineering.
- Siberia's fuel-energy development tasks are determined by the necessity, first of
all, of providing fuel and electric power to its own, rapidly 3eveloping economy
and, secondly, of accomplishing such national-importance tasks as making up for the
growing deficit of energy resources in the European parts of the country and ex-
~ port deliveries of various kinds of fuel.
Successful accomplishment of these tasks is possible only on the basis of com- !
prehensive ~ong-term programs which provide for efficient utilization of capital
investments, labor and material resources, coordination with development of con-
_ tiguous branches and sectors of the economy, and development of new regions which
are particularly rich in fuels and raw materials. Elaboration of such programs is -
a fundamentally new direction in the contemporary stage of devel~pment of power en-
gineering in the USSR.
In Siberia three major energy complexes will be developed on the basis of long-
term programs: the Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex, the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel
and Energy Complex, and the Angara-Yenisey Hydroelectric Power Complex.
Continuing development of the Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex is viewed as
_ establishment of the country's principal oil and gas production base. By 1980 -
- crude oil production in this region will reach 300-310 million tons, while natural
gas production will reach 125-155 billion cubic meters [2].
- Simultaneously with increasing oil and gas production in this region, pxoblems of
oil and gas processing and transport will also be com~jrehensively resolved. Con-
struction has been in progress during the current fivg-year plan on the Tomsk and
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Tobol'sk petrochemical complexes, the Achinsk Oil Refinery, as well as casinghead
gas processing plants, and partial operations will be starting up at these facili-
ties. Unique pipeline systems will be built to convey oil and gas to refining and
processing locations and for export.
The resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress specify work on acceleratpd development
of the second major complex the Kansk-Achinsk. Thia complex is based on a =
unique brown-coal basin with standard-meeting reserves of 450 billion tons, in-
cluding more than 100 billion tons of proven reserves [4]. The basin can support
an annual production of more than 1 billion tons of coal, with specific calculated -
. outlays of not more than 5-8 rubles per ton of standard fuel.
In view of poor transportability, the bulk of the mined coal will be burned local-
ly to fire power generating plant boilers. The first stage of development of the =
basin calls for construction of 8-10 power stations with a total generating capaci-
ty of 50-65 million kilowatts, which in the future will comprise the Siberian
Unified Electric Power System (OEES Sibiri), and will also be an important source of
electric power for the European part of the USSR. In addition to the direct burn-
ing of Kansk-Achinsk coal, coal will also be processed to produce an improved
transportable fuel (steam coal coke fines) and valuable chemical products [5].
We should note that in addition to the nuclear power engineering development
program, establishment of the Western Siberian and Kansk-Achinsk complexes forms
three decisive long-term USSR fuel and energy development programs.
Also of considerable importance for development of Siberian power engineering is -
a sequentially implemented program of comprehensive exploitation of the rich hydro-
electric power resources of the Yenisey and Angara river basins. According to a
~ detailed utilization scheme [6], 10 huge hydroelectric power stations can be built
on these rivers, with a total installed generating capacity of more than 55 million _
kilowatts, with a long-term.average annual electr~~c power generation total of
approximately 240 billion kilowatt hours. The Irkutsk (0.66 million kilowatts),
Bratsk (4.1 million kilor~ratts), the Krasnoyarsk. (6 million kilowatts) as well as
most of the generating units at the Ust'-Ili.msk GES are already in operation. In
conformity with the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress, by 1980 the Ust'-Ilimsic
GES (4.32 million kilowatts) will be working at full generating capacity, the first,
units will be producing electric power at the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES (6.4 million
kilowatts), and cc~nstruction will have begun on the Boguchany GES (4 million
kilowatts). '
Construction of +~he Angara-Yenisey string of hydroelect~ic power stations is ac-
complishing a number of tasks pertaining to the comprehensive economi.c exploitation _
and industrial development of the areas of Central Siberia. As a rule large ter-
- ritorial-production complexes are being developed on the base of these GES.
Alongside establishnent of the above-listed energy complexes, development of
- Siberia's power engineering will also occur with the involvement of existing
(Kuzbass, Cherembass) and in-development (Transbaykal) fuel bases.
- We should particularly mention commencement of establishment of the Aldan-Chul'man
Territorial-Production Complex in the s~uthern part of the Yakut ASSR. It will be
- the first of an entire group of local territorial-proc~uction complexes within the
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BAM [Baykal-Amur Mainline] zone, which will be the transportation nucleus of thia
system. Establishment of such complexes on the basis of e~loitation of local
natural resources (mineral.s, timber) will proceed simultaneously with opening of _
individual sections of the mainline to traffic.
Development of Siberian electric power engineering in the lOth Five-Year Plan.
Siberia was already outstripping other regions of the country in developmPnt of
_ electric power engineering by the beginning of the ff.ve-year plan. Per capita
g eneration of electric power in Siberia was more than 8,000 kilowatt hours per
y ear as compared with the national average of 4,100 kilowatt hours. Energy
resources which are unique in size and efficiency and at the same time a shortage
= of labor resources in Siberia comprise the precondition for the country's highest
- level of electrification of the economy and development of new kinds of utilization
_ of electric power. Use of electricity in the home is also expanding, including
_ cooking, and in agriculture, especially in animal husbandry.
The foundation of development of Siberian electric power engineering is the OEES -
Sibiri one of the country's largest power systems. There are eight regional
power systems within the OEES: tt~e Omsk, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Kuzbass, Tomsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Buryat, which serve an area covering more.than 2 million
- square kilometers with a population of 16 million. The Omsk electric power~system,
- which is a component of OEES Sibiri, operates in parallel with the Kazakhstan OEES.
The Chita power system, which territorially is in the zone of the OEES East, is
linked to the Siberian OEES. Electric power is exported from Siberia to the -
Mongolian People's Republic (Figure 1).
. - - _
4 ~ 5 16 6oryvoNa 21
_ 14 sR AMra a
9 owcK ToweK1322 ~ 1~ S1C76-II~JUMCIf 19
4~ l i~~ cNO,vpc~rr 6parcx20 ' .
o O[w9u
~ ~033C ,i y~ ^a~ - � 2~~~q
Koaa.rcroNO ~ 6opNa 18 yu~a 29
~ Cni~nr a' 2$ R
� Z 3 N~Kf/7C loaM-ya~ XaPi3cpcKb~
/'yeuHOO~rpcKO,~ 3
r~c 3 /
~ ~ ~ O
- 1{_ - Beuc~Ayrowue T3C ,uowHOC~ero bonee ! MnN ~rBr; cmpa,vr~ueca T3C MO(!(NOClb/0 E[d9M
- 1 Mny KBr BeucrBywu~ue ~3C MO!!(NOC76/0 bonee J M/1N. KBr - C7~JOAU([/PCA ~3C ~
nee /,~ur~ KBT ~ r/70dCTONyNA s00 KB ~'6 ~-/10lICIONf!!/p Zoo KB; ~ - AUHUA 3/lPK7p0AlpP-
� aoy 500 xB; $ -nuyu,v 3neK~ponepedov ?OOKB
- Figure 1. Diagram of Principal Distribution Networks of Siberian OEES -
Key:
1. Operating thermal electric power 3. Operating hydroelectric power
stations with generating capaci- stations with generating capacity
ty in excess of 1 million kilowatts in excess of 1 million kilowatts
2. Thermal electric power stations 4. Hydroelectric power stations
under construction with generating under construction with generat-
capacity in excess of 1 million ing capacity in excess of 1 mil-
kilowatts liQn kilowatts
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(Key to Figure 1, cont'd)
5. 500 kilovolt substation 17. Krasnoyarsk
6. 200 kilavolt substation 18. Sayany
7, 500 kilovolt power transmission 19. Ust'-llimsk
line 20. Bratsk
8. 200 kilovolt power transmission 21. Boguchany
- line 22. Nazarovo
- 9. Omsk 23. Irkutsk _
10. To Kazakhstan OEES 24. Lake Baykal
11. Novosibirsk 25. Kemerovo -
12. Barnaul 26. Belovo -
13. Tomsk 27. NovokuZnetsk
14. Ob' River 28. Ulan-Ude
1.5. Yenisey River 29. Chita
- 16. Angara River 30. To Mongolian People's Republic
31. Gusinoozerskaya Thermal Electric
Power Station
32. Kharanorskaya Thermal Electric -
Power Station
In 1977 total installed generating capacity of the electric power stations of the
Siberian OEES equalled 30 million kilowatts, while production of electric power
totaled 150 billion kilowatt hours. The degree of centralization of electric
power supply reached 95 percent [7].
A unique structure of power generating facilities was created as a result of in-
tensive development of GES and TETs in the Siberian OEES. Hydroelectric power
stations comprise 50 percent of installed generating capacity in the OEES. Heat
and electric power plants comprise 30 percent and condensation electric power
plants only 20 percent. In combination with cheap fuel (Kansk-Achinsk, Kuznetsk
and Cheremkhovo coal), this gives the OEES the country's lowest specific fuel con-
sinnption (0.33 kg standard fuel per ki.lowatt hour) and cost of producing electric
power.
Highest-voltage electric power networks in the Siberian OEES developed in a linking -
chain arrangement. A S00 kv main power line has been constructed which presently
runs Irkutsk-Bratsk-Krasnoyarsk-Kuzbass-Novosibirsk, a distance of approximately
3000 kilometers, with a capacity of up to 2 million kilowatts. This main power
' line provides fairly flexible operational control of conditions in the OEES [7].
Development of the Siberian OEES in the lOth Five-Year Plan is involving construc-
tion of large GES, industrial and district heating and electric power plants, and
i~ large condensation electric power plants [8]. The principal hydroelectric power
, stations under construction are the above-mentioned Ust'-Ilimsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya,
and Boguchany .
Installed generating capac:.ty at the power stations of the Siberian OEES is to in-
crease by more than 9 million kilowatts in the course of the lOth Five-Year Plan,
including an increase of 5.1 million kilowatts at hydroelectric power stations.
The Ust'-Ilimsk GES is scheduled to reach full generating capacity, the first
generating units of the Sayano-Shushensk,aya GES, the World's largest, are to go on
line, and construction has begun on the fourth hydroelectric power station of the
Angara series the Boguchany [9].
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The ~i:TOZOVS'KS'y'c~ l~l~l_~:>-`i~ 411ti11 ~l QE?51~~1.~=i~ h~'ii~:i~:Liilb C~i~i(,iCl.~}' ~~l t~. :Ill i l_.lt~? :i..i1O~::~ii:t;i~ `
is under construction in the Kansk-Acninsk Complex. The first ui~ir_s ac t:iiis GitLS;
with a generating capacity of 800 megawatts, will go on line in the l:lth Five-
Year P1an. In the Transbaykal, completion of construction is scheduled for the
fir~t unit of the Gusinoozerskaya GRES {1.2 million kilowatts), and construction
has begun on the big new Kharanorskaya GR~S. In Westem Siberia tYie firse Surgut �
GRES (2.4 million kilowatts) is generating at full capacity, and const-ruction has
begun on the second Surgut GRES, to have equal generating capacity, with these two
generating plants to be subsequently lir.'~ed up Co the Siberian OEES by the 500 kv
Surgut-Tomsk power tr.ansmission iine.
Otller new areas which will be linked up to the Siberian OEES in tlie lOth Five-Year ~
Plan include the western areas of the zone of inf luence of the Baykal-Amur Mainline, -
the area around the construction site of the Boguchany GES, and a number of rayons
in Altayskiy Kray and Chitinskaya Oblast.
We should note that erection of power t ransmission lines is one of the important
- problems of development oF the 3iberian OEES. The large, constantly e~anding
territory served by the OEES and a subs tantial concentration of power generating _
plaats impose greater demands on the capacity and op~rational reliability of the '
power system. At the same time, construction of electric power lines in Siberia
frequently lags bei_iind completion of power generating plants and large industrial
enterprises, leading to a decline in the quality of electric power supply, to un-
productive water discharge at hydroelectric power stations, etc. Serious measures
have been taken in the lUth Five-Year P Ian to correct this situation.
Development of centralized district heating systems. The principal factars whicti
caused tlie already achieved high level of development of centralized district heat-
ing systems in Siberia have continued to operate in the lOth Five-Year P1an. These
include, first of all, accelerated development and a high concentration of high -
heat-requirement industries; second, a high population c~ncentration ~Siberia's 10 _
largest cities contain more than 45 percent of its urban population); third, a
harsh climate; fourth, a small percentage of. liquid and gaseous fuel in the boiler- -
furnace fuel balance.
_ Under these conditions centralized dist rict heating systems based on large municipal -
and iridustrial heat and power plants are the only reasonable and economically war- -
ran~ed solution for supplying heat to 1 arge cities and industrial centers. The
absence ar inadequate development of centralized district heating systems it~ a num-
ber of Siberian citi.es is requiring tt~e use of hundreds of small boiler facilities
- burning run-of-mine coal, resulting in a high tos t of thermal energy, requiring the "
employment of many thousands of persons with a serious shortage of manpower '
resources, considerable urban air pollu~ion, and a low level of service.
Large central heat and power plants are being bui.lt in the lOth Five-Year Plan in
Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Barnaul,and Tobc,l'sk. A number ot heat an.d
elecrric power plants are being enlarged [8J.
The question oi achieving gr2ater efficiency and centralization of heat supply for
small atid mediura-size cities (with a population of less than 100,000) which do not
contain large, high heat-reqiiirement enterpr~ses, as well as rural communities is
a rather ar_ute problem under Siberian conditions. The principal ways to resolve
~
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this problem include expanding existing small heat and power plantsy installing
pri~arily hot-water, low-pressure steam and steam and hnt-water boilers, con-
struction ot large centra~. boiler facilities with the same kinds of boilers, and.
in certain instances (in a rural locality with favorable conditions of electr.ic
power supply and costly f.uel transport) changeaver to electric heating.
_ Some problems of development of the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel-Energy Complex (KATER).
Development of the unique Kansk-Achinsk Compiex faces heat and power engineers with
- a number of complex problems. One o� these ?s the development for 800 megawatt
units (and larger uaits in the future) reliable single-stage steam generators f ired
by liign-moisture low-caloric brown coal the heat engineering characteristics of
which have in addition been insufficiently studied. The problem of reliability for
these generating units is of particular significance. Under conditions of a tight
electric power balance in the Siberian OEES, inadequate readiness of generating -
units cauld lead to restriction in supply to customers.
Development of reliable steam generators is a task which should be accomplished to
a considerable degree before the end of the lOth Five-Year Plan by machine builders
and power engineers. The situation with 300 mQgawatt units, the startup process on
which was estremely slow, should not be repeated when bringing on line a fairly
large series of units (no fewer than 40-50). _
~
The P-67 boiler unit with solid ash removal, gas drying and mill-blowers, has been
adopted as the principal unit for the Berezovskaya GRES-1.
Apparently KATEI: electric power statians will be installing K-800-240 units up to
1990. Design work has already begun, however, on a larger, 1b00 megawatt unit, _
in order to be ready for its adoption on schedule. Employment of such a unit should -
increase the efficiency of electric power generation, the pace of development of
KATEK, and labor productivity in power engineering machine building.
- A most important problem in the development of Siberian thermal electric power
stations, and especially KATEK power benerating plants, is reducing to a minimum
adverse influence on the environment and on the quality of life :n adjacent areas.
The complexity of this problem is determined in the first place by t:ie fact that
huge power generating capacities will be concentrated in a limited area more than
2 megawatts per square kilometer by the end of ttie century (for comparison,
ttie present "density of power generation" in the Donbass is 0.3 megawat~ts per
square kilometer). Secondly, plants will be burning low-caloric fuel (QHp=3000-
3800 kcal/kg). Thirdly, weather conditions in the KATEK area are such that persist- .
ing smog can form on days of sub-freezing temperatures. A solution to this problem
demands urgent, serious research. Some recommendations are obvious, namely:
to develop and to secure proper operation of highly-effective electrostatic
precipitators with an efficiency greater than 99 percenk.;
to set up utilization of at least SO-60 percent of the ash ar~d slag for con- ~
struction and other needs, which will make it possible to avoid using large
acreages tor ash dumps;
[o disperse power gene-rating plants to a ceri.ain degr2e, locating sorn~ of
them in the power consumption centE~rs oi adjacent areas of Siberi~~.. 'i'hn J_~tter iT,ay ,
j.~
_ t~OR 0"r'I'ICCti: i1S~ Qtv'TY
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also prove rational on the basis of water supply conditions. Some reduction in
discharge of ash into the atmosphere will be obtained by employing burners being
- developed at the Central Scientific Research, Planning and Design Boiler and Tur-
bine Institute imeni I. I. Polzunov, which will have high-performance combustion
ch~mbers and a high ash trapping coefficient.
The energy base of the Transbaykal. In the eastern part of the Siberian OEES, the
Transbaykal brown-coal f ields are promising: the Kharanorskoye and Gusinoozerskoye,
which are currently in operation; and the Tunguyskoye, whicY. is targeted for
development. Construction of the Gusinoozerskaya GRBS the Transbaykal's
principal source of new power generating capacity is continuing in the lOth
Five-Xear Plan, a plant which will be fired by this coal. The first, 210 megawatt
unit of this GRES went on line at the end of 1976. Completion of construction on
the first phase of the electric power plant, containing 6 210 megawatt units, is
scheduled for the most part in the current five-year plan. But the USSR Ministry
of Power and Electrification has now ordered preparation of technical-economic =
substantiation for further expansion of the Gusinoozerskaya GRES, with generating
capacity to be boosted to 2-3 million kilowatts [10].
Plans call for coimnencing construction in the lOth Five-Year Plan on a second large
power generating plant in the Transbaykal the Kharanorskaya GRES, with a first-
= phase generating capacity of 1,260 megawatts, with the possibility of future en-
~ largement to 2-3 million kilowatts.
A power transmission line between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic has
. been built in the current five-year plan: the Gusinoozerskaya GRES-Darkhan-Erdenet
220 kv line. When this line came on-stream, parallel operation began with the
power system of the Mongolian People`s Republic, and plans call for supplying power
by this line from the USSR to the Mongolian People's Republic in the amount of
500 mi.llion kilowatt hours per year [11].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow,
Politizdat, 1976.
2. Pavlenko, V. "Contemporary Stage of Territorial Development of the Economy," -
KOMMUNIST, No 4, 1978.
3. Popyrin, L. S.; Savel`yev, V. A., a~.d Slavin, G. B. "Siberia's Power Engineer-
ing in the lOth Five-Year Plan," IZV. WZOV SSSR ENERGETIKA, No 11, 1976.
4. Shelest, V. A. "Regional'nyye energoekonomicheskiye problemy SSSR" [Regional
= Energy-Economic Problems of the USSR), Moscow, Nauka, 1975.
5. "Principal Directions of Development of the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel-Energy Complex,"
G. S. Ageyev et al, TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 4, 197.4.
6. Yakovlev, V. N. "Utilizing the Remarkable Hydropower Resources in the Yenisey
and Angara Basin," TRUDY GIDROPROYEKTA, Issue 25 (13), Leningrad, Energiya,
- 1971.
- 33
$OR OFFICIAI. USE ONL~'
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. 7. Batyuk, I. I.; Yershevich, V. V.; and Chernya, G. A. "Linking up the Siberian
Unified Power System Major Stage on the Way to Completion of Establishment
of the USSR Unified Power System," ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII, No 2, 1978.
_ 8. "The 25th CPSU Congress and the lOth Five-Year Plan A New, Important Stage
in the Development of Soviet Power Engineering," ENERGETIKA, No 3, 1976.
9. Romanov, I. N. "Siberia's Power Engineering in the lOth Five-Year Plan,"
ENERGETIKA, No 8, 1976.
10. Shchadov, M. I. "Gusinoozerskiy Fuel-Energy Complex," UGOL', No 1, 1978.
11. "Energetika SSSR v 1976-1980 godakh" [USSR Power Engineering in 1976-1980],
A. M. Nekrasov and M. G. Pervukhin, editors, Moscow, Energiya, 1977.
COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya wzov SSSR-Energetika", 1980
3024
CSO: 1822 ~
34
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