JPRS ID: 9497 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070032-6
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 62
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 32
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9~97
22 January 1981
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JPRS L/9497
_ 22 January 1981
,
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 4/~1)
= CONTEN~S
POLITICAI~ AND S4CIOI~OGICAI,
'Kyotokyo' Group Reappearsin gey Posts
(Minoru Shimizu; THE JAPAN TIt~+i~'S, 4 Dec 80) 1
Sacialist Party~s Intentions Sti71 O~bscure
_ (Editorial; MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 5 Dec 80) l~
~YOI~URI' Crnmnen~s on Council Meeting
- (Minoru Hirano; TAE DAIZY YCH~'QURI, 7 Dec 80) .............a... 6
_ Constitutional Debate in I,DP Analyzed
(MAIIJICHI DAIZY NI~1S, various dates) ..........v......o...... 8
Relations Y~i.th PRC Examined
( S~,radesh De Roy; THE DAIZY Y(~lIIIRI, 9 Dec 80 ) . . . . o . o . . . . . . i5
Nation's Work Ethic Examined
-~I (Hi.deo Matsuoka; MAINICHI DAILY N~'W5, 9 Dec 80) 16
- 5CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
New Method of Synthesizing Beta Silicon Nitride
- (DTIRKAN KOGYO SHINBIIN, 12 Nov 80) ....ooo............oooo.... 18
NfITI Outlines "1981 Budget for Information Indus~ry
(COI~IITOPIA, Oct $0) .............oo.ooooooo.oo.....ooo...... 20
' ROK Quizzes Japan on Atamic Fuel Reprocessing Possibility
(JAPAN ECONO~IIC JOURNAL, 9 Dec 80) ..,o,....o..oaooo.o..���.� 27
_ Japan Scores FYrst in Space I.ab Tests
(MAINICHI DAII,Y NL~'6+1S, 13 Dec SO) ..........ooooooo.ooo....... 28
Methanol-Fueled Power Generation 5tuc~r Started
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) .........................o.o..o.....oo.. 29
- - a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUO]
~nn nccrrr ~ r r rc~ nNi v
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I7ifferential-Temperature Marine Power Plant Bei.ng Planned
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ...........o ...................o........ 3~
.
Efficient Utilization of Coa1 Making Steady Progress
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ...........o.........~.......p.....oo..~ 31
World's I,argest Firing Furziace in Operation
_ (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ................oo.............ooo...... 32
Daido Denelopes Ne~r System for Methane Gas ~om Garbage
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ..............o...........o..,.oo....... 33
Heat ]?riven Pump - Utilization of Aigh Temperature Waste Heat
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ..............o,.........~............... 31~
~
Coal Gasification Utilizing F`].asma
- (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) .........................o.....o........ 35
- B1~7. Decorrunissioning and Dismantling Take' Shape
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ...............................o......o. 37
Energy-Saving Type Trains
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ............o...oo......ooo......o...... 38
- Ministry Starts Study of Merchant Vessels for Icy Waters
~~iCi~O~i~T~ ?S@p V~~ �~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~o~o~~~~~~oos~� 39
- Development of a Flying Boat Is Expected
- (TECHNOCRAT, 5ep 80) ..s .....................oa....o......... 40
Control of a Train With Inverters
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) 41
- Tw3.n-Bank Engine Equipped Medium-Size Tanker ~ampleted
- (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ......................ooo........o.o.... 42
= New Manufacturing of High-Quality 5ingle-Crystal Silicon
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ........................o....a.o..o..... 1~3
Glass-Coated High-Reliability High-Voitage-Wi.thstanding Transistor
' (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) .............oo......o.....o.....o....o. 1a1.~
Ultra-Speed Se~mi.conductor Element Develoged
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80} .................o......o.oo..ooov.ooo.. 45
Independent Technology far Satellite Camputers
(TECHNOCRAT, ~p $0) ..........o..oooo....a.....o.o.oooo..o.. 4b
- New Optical F`iber =Transmitting C02 Gas ?~aser Ia.ght
(TECHNOCRAT} Sep 80) ..........o...oo.oo...o............ooo.. Lt7
- b -
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Utilization of Heavy Oil Residues
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ..................................oo.. J~8
Developanent oi' Applications for ~inctional Membranes
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) .........................o............ Lt9
- Collection of Waste Sulf~.iric and ~rdrochloric Acids
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) ................................o..... 50
New Heteropoly-Acid Catalyst
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) 51
- Technology for ~ansformi. Waste Plastics Into ~el
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80~ ..........................oo......s... 52
Survey of Oceanic-Current Ene~rgy
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80}....... ................o..a............ 53
Joint-Venture Camparry in New Guinea
(T~CHNOCRAT, Sep 80) 51~
Science and Technology Agency Promotes Studies on Gene
~ Rearrangement
(~cxrlocRaT, Sep 80) ....o...........oo ...............o~o.. 55
Obtaining Electricity From Chloroplasts Successful,
(TECHNOCRAT, Sep 80) .................oa................... 56
-c-
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POLITICAI, AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'KYOTORYO' GROUP REAPPEARS IN KEY POSTS -
Tokyo THE JAPAN TIl~IES in English 4 Dec 80 p 2
[Politics Today--and Tomorrow colum~a - By Minoru Sk?imizu: "Former I.LP 'Gang of
4' Aesurfaces"] -
During the latter part ot the mentary seats in the general~ extraoMtnarS' to the btiddle
[Text] `Ytki adminlstration, wi~ich election ot Dec. 5, 1976. After East (thoug~ his planned-irip� -
lasted (rom December 1974 w the reins ot government were to the biiddle East had W be .
December 19i6, a new group handed over by :~tikl to the ~ canceled because of che Iran-
- called the Pariy Unity Estab- Fukuda adminisiration, the Iraq war: ) ~
lishment Council (known in ab- 3~yotokyo disappeared tcoan Kiwwledgeable sources say
breviated irom as Kyotokyo) the scene. thaf Prime Minister Suzuki
was torrned within the Lfber- Heading the o~st�MSDci mave considers these three com-
al�Democratic Party ( LDP) were [our stalt-level members: rade.s i?nm �t1'ie Kyotokyo days
and becanie very active. Made Zenko SuzWsi ot tt~e Ohira fac- p~p ~d stay o[ his ad-
up mostly ot antl�matnstream tion. S~u Ntkaido and Ma- minfstratlon. Supported by the
and non-maULSiream tactlons sumi Ezaki ot the Tanaka fac- Party unity system c~nt~ring -
- such as the Tanaka. Ohlra and Uon ancl Sunao Sonoda o( the~ on the three leading 4actlons -
Fukuda tactlons, the group ac- F'ukuda tactbn. leaders o[ the. the Suzuki. Tanaka and F1~ku-
counted for more than hall of major factiocts that belonged da tacilons - the Suzuki re- -
the LDP's tocal strength. L'n- W Kyotokyo. Because ot the gime seems, oni the surtace. to
- derlying tt?e formatlon ot the leading coles tt?ey played in be stable.
Kyotokyo was the ultertor polit- ~a~8n� ~Y ' B~~~ ~~fty, it cannot be -
tcal -rnotive ot ousting Prtme 1~~ ~+o ~~"~~B said to be on safe ground.
~Ilnlster Takeo ~vki trom the ot Four ot the Kyotokyo." Withln his awn tactlore, there
premlership, on the ground -`~~~e esEabl'fsTim~nt of are such members as Masa-
that, !n his zeal to invesiigaee admtntstration. the: Y~ I~� P~nt: forei~ mim
the Lockheed scandal dls- ~~Gang of Four" has agafn ~ Was ciosely asSOCi-
closed in ihe tirst part ot 19~6, moved inco the spotltP,t~t, be- ated with the late Prime Min- _
he was talling to apply himse?t cause one ot tbem has as- ister l~tasayoshi Ohlra and
serbusly ta cleartng up a pihe ~e premlership. Tt~e ce- whose relations with SuzuW
ot other poltttcal and economic maining tt~ree have all been as. are si1il somewt~ai reminiscent -
lssues. signed to keY Posts. either in of the former "chilly" days,
The Tanaka taction, which the Cabinet, I.DP or else- Meanwhile, Yasuhiro Naka-
_ Jormed the group's parent w~e, and are suppurting the ~'~tor-general ot the
body, held strong anti-Mikf a~~atian. Adm(nistrative Management
sentlments due to the arrest ot . Ex~cutlve ~o~mcff Chalrman Agency. and Toshio Komoto,
their leader, former Prime ~ Nikaido was appointed as director�general ot the
- Minister Kakuei Tanaka. In Executive Councll chafrir?an - Econ�rc~tc Planning Agency,
connectlon with the L.ockt~eed one ot the three top party for the "post-
_ p~ while Sorroda has b~- Suzukl" premfership, are
Oust Miki Mow...~neat come aUnister of healW and P~~~ ~o cam- _
The group's goal w~as [[nalty weltare.~AlthunBh still wlctwut P~~ ~Uvities wheaever the
achieved when Mikl stepped any otticial tiUe. Eza1d has chance presents itselt. When _
do�n. tak~ng respunsibUity for ~eer~ assigr,ea !o severa! poscs ~~`"''O movtng, ic c~uta
the substantial lass ot parita- that ot ambassador
i
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well trtgger a chaln~ ot new as retlecting Tanaka's in- ~ latter had to restgn be- -
leaders - including Shlntaro tentlons, say tt?at the ctose re- -
Abe, chalrman of the LDP latlons between Tana~:a and caus~ h-e had rec~[~ed P~~~
Pollcy Attalrs Research �~ncoming G4P adminis- donattons from Fuiimi Hospf-
- Council - belonging to ihe tration deserve ciose atteation. tal !n Sattama Prefecture
Fukuda dnd Tanaka factions However, Nikaido's sct~ed- ~+i~ere malpractices have been
_ that form. together w~ith the u~~ visit to the U.S. ls more dfsclosed. :
Suzuki taction. the ruling ltkely afined at laytng the Soaoda'sRole _
clique. Should this happen, it ~~dwork for Suzuid's visi[ The Suzuki Cabinet tnaugu-
would shake the toundations ot to the U.S. scheduled for next rated last July inciudes such
the Suzukl regime. _ May. ~lthough ~ikaido insists members as Nakasone and Hcz-
Executlve Council Chatcman ~at his trip will be m2j~ on a moto �~ho have their sights set
Nikaido !s the man !n whom Purely personal basis, cireles on che premfership� Suzuki's
Prime Mfnister Suzuki puts ciose to the prime m(nister appointment ot Sonoda. a 66-
_ greatest trust. Nikatdo. as take a serious view oi hfs t.S. year-old ve[eran polltician. as
well, In gratltude to Su2uki for ~'isi~ saying that he wi11 be act- a Cabinet member. is said to
his assfgnment to a key party ~g ~n reallty as the prime min- have been aimed at holding
pmst, ts supporting Suaukl in a~ster's 3mbassador exiraor- ~wo contenders in chec4c.
posttive w~ay. ~ieanwhile. NiRa[do ~(s skill- In the case che two i~?lluential
~?lthough appofnted to such fully managing the Executlve leaders show any signs in
htgh posts as chlet Cabinet sec� ~~cU. a top LDP organ, and speech or behavior of putting
retarv and LDP secretary- has seen to it lhat no dis- Sucuf:l on the spot at a Cabinet -
general (rom 19?2 through 197~3 ~tent ~ith Suzuki has arisen meeting or on other occaslons.
' during ihe days ot the Tanaka ~~e ~P� at least up W rtow. Sonoda is expected to come to
Cabinet, Nlkaldo had not been ~h~e suPP�Ming St~~k1 ~ � the pnme minister's atd. Up to
ass(gned to any otficfal post t!?is way, the- 71-yeaz-0ld Ni- now the two have remalned
sic~ce then until this J~;ly. the kaldo is moving to bolster his comparati~ely silent, showing ~
reason being that he w�as one o~ p~~�on bo[h inside and no such signs.
atnong a group' dubbed "gray outside t1~e party. According to sources close to
otflclals" for their alleged in- In the latter part oi October. Suzuki, Sonoda has helped tdte
volvement ln the Lockheed when the Tanal+a iaction - the prime minlster out many a _
scandal. LDP's largest - resumed fac- time in past Cabinet meetiags
In view ot his reputation as ttonal actlvittes under the when crit[cism ot Suzuki secm-
a"gray ofticfal," even the late guise oI the new "Thursday ed Ilkely to come vp. Sensing
Prtme ~lintster Ohira, who C~ub," Nikaido himselt b~ it betorehand. he has saved
had close connections w~ith Ta- came chairman ot the new the situation by adroitly shi[t-
naka, hesttated W asslP,n ~1?~ BrouP and has since been ac- tng the. course ot the dis~ _
kaido to any top Cabinet or t i v e 1 y r e o r g a rt i z i n g a n d cussion in another direction.
- party post. ~ strengthening the Tanaka tac- The sources sa}~ that Suzuki
[lon. is grateiul to Son�1a tor this.
~p ~~~~0n . MeanwfiUe, in mid-Novem- Sonoda indtsputably possesses
Nikatdo is scheduled to visit ~r, a~~~ a~~~ great abilily to manage diffl-
the United States early this ~erence oi LDP local chapter eult sltuations. _
- month to meet with President- leaders. Ntkaido made a. long Argu~en~ Over Coastitution
elect Ronald Reagan and tor- ~h io ,~~ch he sald. "The In a recent Cabinet meeting.
mer Secretary of State Henry ~litical situatfon ot the '80s Sclence and Technology
hlssinger. On the assumption ~u ~~~~y� ~~rgo vio- ,~gencv Director�General Ichi-
that Reagan wouid emerge the ~~t change, calling tor strong ro ~Jakagawa, a renowned
wtnner, Nikatdo vislted the ~eadership-to solve such prob- haw�k, engaged in a heated ar-
L'.S. be[ore the election. at the le~ ~ o~ ~ economy gument w~th Kiichi btiyazawa�
end u[ September, and estab- ~ energy. He wenc~ on ca chiet Cabinet secretal'Y and a
lfshed contact wtth the :teagan ~y, ..1 party mem- dove. 'I't?e argument was trig-
camp. For his qufck actton, r~I- W~ll loster an ability to ge~ when Nakagawa criti-
kaldo is drawing attention as view matters Irom a g?~~ cized tiifyazawa tor askin~
ooe ot the very few politictans standpoint." undertining his Cabinei members to exercise
_ in Japan to have establlshed a~~~nternationaltsm." resiraint in amswering Aie[ in-
channel with the incoming Rea- ~,teanwhile. Health and Wel- terpellations concern~~g revi-
gan admiriistration. As '~i- ~are yiinister Sonoda. has been sion ot the Coastttutfon. Naka-
kaldo is Tanaka's right-hand ~sting his position inside the gawa supparts Justice Min-
man. politIcal analysts, w'~ Cabinet. Sonoda succeeded tar- i s t e r S e i s u k e O k u n o' s
vlew hls tw�o recent U.S. visits mer tillnister ot Health and statements advocating re~ision
Wetfare Kunikichi Saico w'hen ot tbe ConstiWtion.
2
a
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When the argument between
Nakagawa and ~tiyazawa
stacted to reach a dangerous
point, where Suzuki's positton
on the C~nstitu[ion issue u�as
- tlable So be brought tnto ques-
_ tton. Soaada skilltulty changed
~ the subJect al a judicious mo-
ment sayinR he u~ould like to -
- discuss some matters con-
cerning health an,d wel(are -
hts ow~n field. . -
' Ezaki, tn the meantime. w~ho
has had to postpone his activi-
tles as ambassador extraor- -
dinary [o the :~tiddle East be- -
cause o( the Irazrlraq war. tre-
quenil}~ visi[s the prime
minister at his otficlal resi- -
- dence. ~advising him on domes�
tic af(airs as well as other mat-
" ~ers.
In thts r~~ay. the [ormer
Gang ot Four of the deiunct
hyotokyo has now started to
play major roles at the center
~ stage ot polttics. While they
display much competence in
ste2ring matters inside the
' LDP. they stlll (ali short in
7 matters of policy. Thus. some _
_ polltlcal analysts ate dubious
about huw much the Gang ot -
Four wUl be able to contnbute
to the Suxuki government in _
terms ot policy implementa-
tion. _
COPYRIGHT: The Japan Times 1980 -
CSO: 4120
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rux urrt~lr~ u,~ VL\LL
POZITICAI~ AND SOCIOLOGICAL -
- SOCIALIST PARTY'S INTENTIONS STILL OBSCURE _
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 5 Dec 80 p 2
[Editorial: "Socialist Without Vision"]
[Text] The Japan 5ocialist Party ended its khree-day
~ 45th annual convention ~Vednesday, but failed to
g~roduce concrete policies for its future activities. _
The nation, as a result, remains as baffled as ever
about the true intent of the Japan Socialist Party in i-
dealing with a raft of difficult problems ahead, to ;
say nothing of its internal feud.
In short, the f~ll-fledoed restai�t of the JSP ~~as
postpon2d for another year. The th~ ee-day debate on
the party's ne~c pr,lic}� line has only illust: ated the
rough going in store fcr the nation's Vo. l opposition
party. The much-talked-atxwut concept of Eorming a
- coalition government seems to have evaporated into
thin a'vc. No action was taken to "refresh the top
_ personnel lineup."
The convention adopted a campaign policy for
_ 1981 on the basis of the party's reflection on the
outcom~e of the elections held in June, but no sense of _
urgency appeared thr~ughout the discussions.
Although the opposition parties had suffered a
setback in the last elections, the Socialist Party
alone mair~tained its 107 seats as before the
dissolution of the Diet.
It must be pointed out, however, that the lack of -
leadership on the part of the Japan Socialist Party
was responsible for the overwhelming victory of the =
Liberal-Democrats and the downfall of the op-
position parties as a whole. - - ~ _
- As expected, the lefkist and rightist groups
~ clashed over the report ==ncitled "The Road Toward -
Socialism in Japan," indicating an ever widening
~gap bet~veen the two rivai factions, especially in -
connection w�ith their analysis of the international
and domestic situations.
1~
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Chances are slim at the moment that they will
meet halfway but the Socialist Party, often dubbed'
as "incomprehensible." will further lose its sup-
= porters unless the~~ settle their �Tangling once a7d
- for all. Why not engage in thoroughgoino
discussions, staking the fat~ of the organization,
instead of trying to w�ork out a compromise or to
dodge the immediate crisis?
It is now evident that thP party executives are
- desirous of staying away from the coalition debate.
At this time when the middle-of-the-road parties are
moving toward a right-wing tieup, the socialists
~ seem to have decided to remain onlookers. Is this
escapist pcstur2 part of their far-sigh~ed strateg}~''
The ~ampaign policy termed 1983 as a year of
"decisive battle." buc ��hat is meant by ~~decisi~e
battle?" ~~'hom are they challenoing for a decisi~~e
political ba~tle? Chai: man ~sukata called on the
- party rank and file to take '~burning action," but
. what do thev burn for'.'
_ The deeds and concept of these socialists are
very much incomprehensible to us observers. Hence
we cannot but throw doubt on the leadership of the
presert executive led by Chairrnan Asukata.
Cc'pYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News 1980
CSO: 4120
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~
L~/~� VL~iVla~a~ VvL1 Va~L~
-
POLITICAT, AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'YOMIURI' COP4~IENT~ ON COUNCIL MEiTING -
.y
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 7 Dec 80 p 3 ,
[Behind the Scenes Column by Minoru Hirano: "A Didactic Council"] -
- [TeXt] The cottnctl of minuters concerned wita what a~as dicussed ac the meeting. This
overall securitp held its flrst meeting e:~lanation ~cell illustrates the Foreign
Thursday, but whac ~�as discussed vastly l~iinistr~'s attitude toward the council.
diPfered from w~hat or.e ~vrould imagine The counci] consists of nine members of
- irom the council's name. the cabinet and the three . top executive
_ It a~as assumed ~ha~ the tasn of the ofHcers of the Liberal-Democracic Party i
council was co discuss measures to be iLDP1-sccretary-general, E~cecutive Board
taben to avert danger io the national sec- chair.nan and Policy Board chairman.
tirity and measures :o be adopted if the ~asmuch as so many persons took part
nacional secur;ty is actua2ly threatened. in the discussions, it is diPflcult to keep -
The discussions a~ould have been very Rhat Ras discussed in secrecy. So. the
_ grav? and might nave involved top na- Foreign A2inistry did not ~iirnish to the _
tional defense secrets if these themes were ~eeting sny clas.sifled information for~ dis-
discu~sed, but the actual discussior_s prov- ~
~ ed be far from seriot~s. cussion. The meeting a~as a. .orum far en-
Only one hour a�as arailable for the dis- lightenment o4 the participants on nation-
al security nroblems. The above-quoted
cussions. reporc by Foreign ~iinis~er Ito officiai ga~e the follocving supptementary
on the ~4ideast situation, which was a explanation:
keynote nddress, was sort ot an"intro~iuc- ~ The Japanese, unIlke the Europeans, lacy _
- tion to the :~iideast proble:ns." ar.d its tee~
aas clistributed amon; reporters before the ~ternational sense. The Japanese gov-
meeting, ernment machinery'is marked by lntermin-
�'hat aus discussed was esplained in iscerial barriers, and Tapan2se Government
derail by Chief Cabinet Secrecary Kiichi officials ats~ch too much importance to
their sectional interests.
_ Mi~�azawa. The conc:usions �ere quite ~$2cause national security requires s
commonplace: "Japan shou;d cooperate comprehensive aporoach, dipiomacy can -
with Western countries." "Japan should display its functions only when all min-
extend more aid to de~~eloping countries,'' is~eries, ar.d the people as well, have deep-
'~it should strengthen its domestic econo- `
my," "ic should premote technological de- er understanding of che internltional
- velopment," etc. No concrete proposals situation.
n�ere made. On the eve oP che birth of the Suzuki
cabinet, the Forcign ~Iinist:y re!eased a
The meeting was' little more than a report titled "Security in the 1980s" to
- ' seminar on the yi deast problems." Ac- enlighten the pubtic on national security. -
cordingip, strictly speaking, it was not held This zeal is reflected in the ministry's at- _
behir.d closed doors. though reporters Qere =itude tovcard the council.
not ndmitted in the conference room. -
One ranking oPflcial oP the Foreign :~iin- However. if it overempnasizes the im-
istry explained Lhe reason for distributin; Portance of educating other ministries, the
the test oY the foreign minister's report by Foreign vlinistry would invite criticism
~ saYing that ~ 11 it a~ouid ha~ve been un- that Lhe ministry is tryin; to defend its
desirable. if any member of the cabine~ Preserves from meddling byQ other min-
dlwlged only that part of the discussions istries. Unaa�are of Lhe Foreion Ministry'.:
a�hich was conver.ient to h:m and i2~ the real intentions, neR~papers editorially crit- _
- government Qanted to let the peopie knoa~ icized the meeting as an ' inconclusive
meetine" or auestiioned the real purpose
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of the meeting. One newspaper made a
scathing remark that the council would -
become a salon to kill cime if it was a
mere torum for iree discus~ions. ~
, Prtme ~iinister Suzu~:i sald he w�as glad -
the meeting had been ?~eld an~ ~�a~:. buc
some persons cyniczll~� said Suzul:i feit _
_ relieved that the meeting had been held -
at last-w!thout questionin~ its sub~cance. '
IL was the prime minister himself a~ho
firs~ proposed such a meeting, and :t ta~:t
about Pave months for the meetin~, to
maceriaiize a.ter many twi~cs and curns. -
It is a proot of the peaceful Japan �ha~
a meeting for nationai security, a ara~�e
= issue, should be a target of cy~nicaI crit- _
icism. But is the Foreign ;~Iinist;y right in
trying to conclnue� the educstional seminar =
by taking advantage of this peaceful
mood?
- COPYRIGHT: The Dail~ Yomiuri 1980 _
CSO: 4120 -
~
~
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rVt~ vrCx~.i.ni+ u.ri: viru~
' POZITtCAI, AND SOCIOLOGTCA~,
- CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE IN LDP ANALYZED
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 9, 10, 11 Dec 80
- [Three parts of article: "Constitutional Debate in LDP"]
- [9 Dec 80 p 2]
~ [Article: "Group Favoring Present Tex~ Emerges"]
- [Text] "~n~ependent re~�isian ot the .-ls the ruling part}'. LDP ~rofessor Emeritus ot Tokai _
e.risting Constitution" has long moti�es u~t11 ha~e an in~portant L'niversityTadashiYoshimura.
been one o! the most important bearing on ~he fufure of the They. had all been members of
partti� pJanAs of the Liberal- nation's politica! stanc~. A the Constitution Research
L~~mocratic Partv. !n fact, the background stud?~ o! the con- Council cChairman: Kenzo _
- part~� bas discussed the same Iiicting ~~ie�~s on the issue Taka~�anagi) established within _
- thin, oc�er and o~~er duri~g the ccit6in !he partv u�ill provide a the cabinet from 1957 to 1964.
, past ~?5yearssinretheLDPu�as ke~'loexpJoringlheLDP'sslep Ichiro Otomo, tormerly
inau;urated on No~�. 1~. fnto the fufure. The loliQU�ing counsellor to the secretatiat of
1y~i. th~bugh a grand con� series o! articles, beginning the council, ananged the meet-
serc�ati~~emerger. today, ?i~i1J deal u~th this ~m- i~~�
� Tlle recent statements of portant aspect of tt~e LDP on lt ~as the first time that so
- Justice.llinisterSeisuke Okuno 1heConstitution.-Editor man~ ber members had
' and Part~~ Secretarti~ General gathered since the council ~as _
- }'oshio SaAurauchi backing ' ' ~ dissol~�ed. There is little doubt
constitu:iona! retirision has once On the night of '~+o~�. 11, a tha[ mounting discussiun on the
ain touched o!f heated debate dozen constitutional authorities rer~ion of the Constitntion.
- betu�een the goi~ernment and ~ncluding six former justice started b~~ the Okuno statement. _
_ oppo~itivn parties. Hou~ei~er. ministers met at a private prompted such a meeting. _
- ;;ings ha~~e changed quite a 6it gathering held at the Jap~ne~e When all v~~ere seated, their
th:s time u�ith the emergence o: restaurant "Fukudaya" at Kioi� conversation naturally cen-
a pro-constitucion group u�ithin cho. Tokyo. tered on t~he Constitution, and
the Liberal�Democratic Part~~. The}~ ~ti'er~ Diet members, the one who opened the con-
- quesfinnnaire sur~~e~� Yoshimi Furui and Isaji versation w'as the then Justice _
conducted b~~ che 3lainrchi Tanaka, Yuiehi Iiori and I~iinister kimura. the onl}
.~'eu ~Uapers has also re~~ealed former Diet members. Osamu sun~i~~or ot the signat.ories of
lhat mani~ LDP mAmbers have Inaba. Tetsuzo tiojima. the promul~ation of tbQ present
crn?cn co/d tou~ard this "im- T o k u t a r o R i m u r a, a n d Japanese Constitution.
F;nrtanl part~~polier�." This ~t~as F-~aruhiko Letake; com- E;imura, non~ over 90 ~�ears
, a s o m e u� h a t s t u n n i n g mentator R}vgen Hosoka~�a, old, appeared rather hard of
re?~e/ation. Nas the LDP former Supreme Court Justice hearing and started talhing -
- ~1e~�eloped a schism in its Tsuyoshi liano. Professor on~sidedly' ~~ithout tal;ing heed
- otheris�ise solid unrtti� con- Emeritus of 1~'aseda L'�niversity of others present. To s~un up. he
cernrng che constitutiona! ~;unitoshi Onishi, Professor Said:
rec�isionallofasvdderr. justli~e Emericus of Hitotsubashi
a bolt fi�vm theblue? L'niversit}~ Joji Tanoue, and _
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"After all, u~e accepted the ven~ strange. ~~'e must .revise debate" could be utiized in one
_ lfac??rth~ir dratt and drea� up the Constitution to mal~e it clear w�ay or another in the course of
the present Constitution. !~o on thi~ point. the present-day discussion.
~~~onder, mam~ ronstitutional I a a b a: 1 t i s h i g h 1 y In a sense. the discussions
_ problems ha~�e been pointed out que~tionable that we do not h e 1 d a t t h e E' u k u d a}� a
since ihen I~~as opposed to it. have a la~~ calling for a aaiional restaurant hare become almost
- That's ~�h~~ I took the initiatire referendum lco decide on ~e traditional because the~~ have
in creating the ~three tc~rces' advisability of revising ~ been repeated again and again
~the Sel(�Defense Forcesi Constitu[ion~. b the Liberal-Democratic
~~~i[huut regard to the Con- Kori: I thought of it, too. when part~�. One tnight sa~ thzc the
~ stitution. 1tacArthur N�anted to I w�as in the Home Affairs old discussion on the, con-
purge me. but he had to use me hiinistr~~. The then Home Af- stitution has suddenly popped
to create the antisub~~ersi~�e fairs Minister Seiichi Omura up toda~~ after going through a -
~au~.~~ ~~~as not so interested in ~t ~.~.ear-longtimetunneL `
Others also e~~pressed their because he said to me "Are ;ou 1lore than half of the mem-
. ~�ie�~s follou�in~ fiimura, and serious'" ~4'e did not have iegal bers of the government Con-
their statements K~ere as precede~~GS of other cevntries stitution Research Council.
follo�~s according to those either so w~e could not make up totaling 8: altogether, are dead -
present : our minds. nv~~. Qf those prnsent at the
Kojima: I telt it to be quite Yoshimura: ~~'est Germam' No~~. li meeting, Niano ~�as the
strange to call His liajest~~ the has conducted national onh� one knou~n for his op- -
- Emperor the '~s}�mbo] o[ the referendums ~e~~eral times. position to re~ isin; the con-
state." I insisted that he shoWd Tanaue: Even if we do not stitution. The others u�ere in
be designated as either head of have a law� on a natioual favor of either total or partial
state or monarch. I am used to referendum. w~e shoWd at least re~�ision. The distribution ~~as -
it nou�, but I still ~~ie+~� it as ven� ha~~e a law- on. sa~~, formal just about the same as before.
singular. decrees. as we had before the _
Onishi: �`hether he is a head ~rar.
- of state or monareh is not much Kori: Aiembers of the present parallei Discussion
different lrom the s}�mbol if it is LDP Constitution Stud}� Council Only a day before, how~ever,
_ onl~� a matter ot choice oi ~Chairman: !14itsuo Seto}�ama~ ~mething they could hardly
~c�ords. asl:ed me to explain about the imagine happened at the
Kori: ThepreN�arConstitution '~draft" mapped out by the mesting of the LDP's Con-
stip;~lated that the emperor counciI in June 19~~, und~r the stitution Stud~~ Council. Tadashi
shall exercise the right of chairmanship of hir. Inaba. At yoshimura, one ot those
legislation u~ith appro~~al of the that time. 1 said: "The draft present at the Fukuda~a
- lmperial Die[. So long as there ~�as mapped out just before the meeting, personally ex-
is no specia] pro~~ision to the Tanaka cabinet ~?~as tormed. I~rienced the changing at-
effect ~hat he shall take com- do not think it w�as appro~~ed br ~osphere as he attended the
- mand of the armed forces and the par}~'s general affairs meeting of the LDP's study
administrati~�~ affairs, he is no commictee. It must ha~e been council as a lecturer. ln
longer a supreme commander left as ii w�as." Dir. lnaba, hou~ l~esponse to a request to outline
as he used to be a�hether u~e about briefing them in detail� -
describe him as hea~ of state or Inaba: his ~~ie~~. Yoshimura said:
- monarch. Kojima: \ir. Setoyama sa~s '`The whole question rests
- Hosokaw�a: I personall~� he could ulnd up the ~�ork in the procedure in w~hich the
- belie~~e that Article tiine of tne three ~�ears as he knows ~~here Present Constitution u�as
Constitution is the source ot all the problems lie. 1 think he had Promulgated. In the course of
= the trouble. I2 says that this better hurry up. translating the English text into
_ countn~ ~cill nol ~?�age ag- Japane~se, the coatents u~ere no[ _
gressi~�e u�ar and [hat to TimeTunnel examined nor ha~e the -
- realize it this coun[n~ w~ill Japanese side and fhe Oc-
renounce u�ar. u'hen it is The recent coastitutional cupation Forces ever discussed
- vieK~ed another w~a~�, they say u'rangling appeared quite ~t [ace-to-face. In shor~, it ~cas ~
abru t to them. The~ �~ere ~
self-defense is constitutional p patch-up job.'
s~nce it i~ not mentioned. This is under the impression that Illt:strating the cases in ~�hich
sentimental discussions the authorities of the Oc-
prevailed o~�er those regarding cupation Forces had taken
- the more concrete items. They forcible, one-sided measures.
honed ihat their "erstwhile ~�oshimura stressed the need to
revise the Constitution.
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r~ux ur~r~l~i~ uan uNLY
The latest meetin in fact, ~ Since the confrantation is
Hardly had he finished his centered on the Constitution,
speech ~~hen he ~~~as show~ered w'as a clear-cut contrast to the ~e basis of al] policies, it should
- H~ilh a criticism [rom those pre~~ious oae held on Oc~ ._r
= present. Former Deputy Chief ~'~en 2~ persons co one favored be regarded as deepl~~�rooted in
- a re~~ision oi the Constitution; ~e party�.
Cabinet.Secretar~~ ~:oichi I~ato ~
= yuestioned: "Then. ho~~ do ~~ou each pointing out the con-
~~~ant to re~~ise the present tro~�ersial problems and related
Cons~itution^" defects.
hunio Hatoyama com- ~ateningToBolt '
mented, "�'ell. we can't map One ot the speakers that da}~ '
out a draft ~+'ithout an ideal." ~~.ent so far as to sa~~ that "if the
w~hile ~atsuhiko Shirakaw~a arty continved advocatin a
said: "~Yell, u�ell, born in 1950.1 pe~~ision of the Constitution gu~e
_ am only lamiliar �'ith post~~ar cannot help it if the party is split
_ history. �'ould you sa` that this some da}�." t~'ithin the Liberal-
countri~ has erred for '?S }'ears Democratic Part~~, ��hose par,y
under a detecti~~e Consticution'. P~ank caIls for a re~~ision oi the
_ Do ~�ou mean to say that the ~onstitution r~hich u�as a con-
_ ~~ocers who elected me were all ~n.ati~~e merger pledge 2a
~ u~rong?" years ago. has emerged a grnup
_ Both 1'oshimura and Kori, calling tor tbe protection ot the
~sho H~as atso present at the existing Constitution. The LDP
_ council meetin~, retorted that Consdtution ~Stud~~ Coimcil on
the Constitution should be ~at day urged this group to go
consistent and that it K~as high tc~ the forefront and detend the
time that u~e should ree~~aluate Constitution. '
it since it K�as promulgated ~ep chunges have suddexily
through immature procedures surtaced, however. What
in those da~�s. Heated debate meaning does it have tor the
- cnntinued ior about one hour W Liberal-Democratic Party?
_ no a~~ail.
_ (10 Dec 80 p 2]
[Article: In the Shadow of U. S. Strategy]
[Text] ln Jul~ 1976. the Foreign Prime '~tinister Shigeru Constitution, if necessary, by
?~tinistr~ released a formidable Iashida. condvcting a reeraluation and
_ n u m b e r o t d i p I o m a t i c . reexamination on the basi~ ot
The existence experience obtained through
documencs relating to the oc- of such a letter actual enforcement oi the
= cupation period from the end oi had long been ConstiWtion. The decision also
- ti~'orld ~~`ar I1 through the out by called tor a formal reevaluation
coming into force of the Peace constitutional- of the Constitu[ion by the allied
~ Treat~~. ists, but it was countries and the Japanese Diet
~mong the man}' documents the first time sometime betwe~n the first and
n�as a letter that attracted the that the origi- second ~=ear after the coming
special atcention of "experts." nal letter u~as made public. Iu into force of the Constitution."
It w~as dated tbe letter, Gen. ~1acArthur said ~e documents released also
Jan. 3. 1997. in part: contained classified material
signed b~� the �~In the light oi past political t~~ped and printed on a let-
Supreme Com- developments in Japan, the terhead of the cabinet, dated
- ~ mander of the all;ed countries ha~e reached a ~qarch 14,1948. The document is -
.4ltied Forces decision to assure the Japanese now~ called the "S Plan." after
_ Gen. Douglas nation of overall and permanent ~e initial of Tatsuo Sato, then
~ 11acArthur and opportunities to amend the new director general of the
addressed to
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Legislati~�e Buresu, u~ho the time o~ ttie third Yoshida �~The L'nited States, as a
headed a group which drafted a cabinet. One day I said to hir. r~~lt, end2avored tor disar-
revision of the new Constitution. ~'oshida, 'How about revising mament, but the world situation
- The "S Plan" is ar important t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n h i 1 e today dces not permit us to
- document, H~hich endorses the 111acArthur is in Japan?' `That indulge in disarmament."
fact that a revision ot the may be a good idea,' be repiied. Clearl~~ the L nited States had
Constitution had been studied �~In Mr. Yoshida's opinion. then changed its policr t~w~ard
by che government in the year Japan was in dire need of Japan. His speech w~as
_ following its promulgation. foodstuffs, and that top priority significant in that the U.S.
The "S Plan" calted for a should be given to [eeding the government, concerned for the
revision oi a total of 36 items notion rather than such ccoe- first time, referred to a re~~ision
such as institutionalizing t~e stitutional) matters, w~hile of the Japanese Constitution
- position of deputy prime leaving Japan's security in the officiall~~. Yasuhiro tiakasone.
minister in the Constitution and hands of the occupatioa torces. Who w~as then a Prngressive
legislating the tpnure of office ~,~r. ~'oshida believed that Party Diet member, has this
_ of inembers of the House of Japan's economic recon� ~uchtosa~�:
- Representatives irom two to s t r u c t i o n s h o u 1 d t a k e "~'ixon at that time asked me
four years. The plan, ho~vever, ~ if thern k~as anythin that mi t
, was confined to technical Preceden_e over other g ~
problems." capwre the interest of the
problems and indicated a clear Japanese audience, and I ad-
- demarcation concerning ~~sedhimtosa~ thattheL'nited
debates on the Constitution NixOn St2tement States had made a mistake b}�
_ centering on a revision of qr- The genera] trend within the forcing the Japanese people to
ticle Nine. Liberal Part}~ at that time accept such a Constitution. He
- So, there eaisted a mo~�e ior seems to have beer :n lavor of did just that."
constitutiunal re~~ision from the ~~protecting the new Con- It is doubtful. how~ever, that a
- ~�ery beginning under the stitution." 'The basic line ot the man in a high position such as
initiati~�e ot the GHQ. le also party w�as to place importance the vice president made such an
_ gave the GHQ an indirect ex- on economic affai~ rather than important remark on the advice
cuse against the cricicism that a rerision of the Co;LStitution of a Japanese Diet member.
the ne~~� Constitution w~as forced and rearmament. This philo- The heart ot the matter,
on the Japane~e nat~on. Such a sophy ot Yoshida had been perhaps, �~as that the United
move ga~le rise to the `'S Plan" supported b}� a group ~~ithin the States itself w~as changing its
and a number of other theories Occupation Forces whose Far East strategy tou�ard the
frnm scholars calling for a primar~� purpose ~�as to prevent direction mentioned in the
revision. Japan's remilitarization. Nixon speech. The United
Testimon~� has re4ealed since States �~as then mo~~ing to~~ard
Priority On Rehabilitation then thai the 1'oshida regime an anticommanist line in the
- These opinions regarding had been supporied in one w~ay face of the emergence of the
c o n s t i t u t i o n a 1 r e~~ i s i o n. or another b}� this group. People's Republic of China in
- althoa~h limited to the But then, the ~�isit ioTok}~o of October 1949, and the outbreak
technical aspects, pla~�ed an T'.S. Vice President Irixon on ot the Korean V1'ar in June 19a0.
important ~role in the rise of ti'�~ 19, 1933 marked a In January 19~3, LT.S. Sec-
constitutional w~ranQlina ~~~er significant shift in American retar}~ of the Arm~~ Kenneth C.
the "remilitarization oi che Polic~~ vis-a-~~:s Japan. At a Ro~al] said: "Japan should
countr}~." Those in fa~~or of luncheon meeting given in his be built up as a ci[adel against
revision w~ere certain~:~ en- hon~r at the Tokyo Kaikan Hall, the totalitarianism." In Jan-
couraged ps}~cho!ogicall~�, as ~Sarvnouchi, Tokyo, Nixon uary 19a0, Gen. hiacArthur
they be]ieved that ecen the said: said: "Japan is not to be denied
- Occupation Forces had be;un ~~The Lnited States made a Tlght of seli-defense." In
1951, Gen. Diac.4rthur declared:
thinkingof revision. mistahe out of its gaodwill in ~�Japan should be rearmed." It
- R v u t a r o I~ e m o t o, e x- ~y~~~ The renunciation of u�ar ~s not too much to say chat the
agriculture minister, revealed advocated in the Japanese ;~=~xon speech climaxed these
the follou~ing behind�the�scenes Constitution w~as a mistake statements.
committed bc the L~nited
sto ~ixon did not make such a
- ~�I ~~as chairman ot the party Slates, because it misun- remazk on the spur oi the
- polic>~ research committee at derstood the true intent of the moment. Hayato Ikeda, ea-
Soviet ~nion at that time.
- :ll
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L~VI\ VL'11~J1[11./ VVL Vl\JJL
prime minister ~~The primary target of bir.
and the spe- Kishi ~~~as to ful1~� rearm Japan. -
c i a 1 g o~~ e r n� 11'hile he k~as in Sugamo Prison -
ment emissary on charges of committing kar
to the linited crimes, the ti.S. Far Eastem -
S t a te s, m e t strategv had been ur,dergoing a
- with Assistant gradual chanoe. He u~as ver~~
Secretarp ot quick at noticing the change. He
State in charge advocated a revision of the
ot the Far East V~'alter Constitution. in order to fill the
Robertson in K'ashington on blank during his incarceration. _
Oct,13, about two weeks before to build a iooting for his _
Nixon arrived inJapan. political acti~�ities. It sounds
Robertson u~as then quoted as ven� nice if pou emphasize the
~ saying tha~ ?he lack of independence of a nation, bu:
what he meant was no more .
_ patriotism and spirit oi self� thaa that."
defense ~~as the major stum- Such K~as the political concept
bling block in the ~ray of held by Fiishi et al, contras!ing
- rearmir!g Japan. His remark ~�oshida's ideolo0. w�hich gave
~~~as just the opposite of the ~op priorit~~ to economic affairs.
'~'ixon speech. and it appeared p?though the}~ justified their
_ Japan could not free itself from position ~�ith such slogans as
the changing mo~~:s ot the anti-~ oshida line, anti- ~
_ l;nited States. occupation policies and in-
The Progressi~�e Part}� �~hich dependence of the nat:~n, the~~
a�as tormed in Februan� 1953, appeared to jump on the band- -
declared in i~s polic~� planl: that w�agon voluntarily tal:ing sides
"all the la��s and s~�stems in- ~e linited States and its
cluding the Constitution in- aniicommunist line.
- troduced during the occupation Debates heid on [he Japanese
- days should be completel~~ ~onstitution in this countn~
reappraised." cannot be interpreted in-
The League for Japan's dependently of Amecican policy
_ Reconstruction u�hich w~as toward Japan. Those ad- .
_ inaub rated in April the same vocating revision, too, cannot
year called for the establish� be free from this trend. They
~ ment of a s}~stem as an in- are opposed to a Constitution
dependent countr}� by re~'ising fcrced upon the nation, but are -
the Constitution, one of iu fi~�e ~ey not forcing a revision on
- major policies. The central ~e nation?
figures of the league were
- depurged politicians including
lchiro Hatoyama. Bu~:ichi'~iiki
and Nobusuke hishi. Kishi �~ho
- became prime minister later _
w~as then che most outspoken
ad~~ocate tor a re~~ision of the
Constitution.
Politics At Odds ~
With Economy _
Yoshimi Furui� ex�justice
minister. ~'ho N'as then a
member of the Pro;ressi~ e . _
Part~�. sa}~s:
12
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[11 Dec 80 p 2~
[Arti.cle: "Reviaion Policy, By-Product of Merger"] _
[Text ] The controversial paragrap~t~ voiced the need to have an in� An~i-Yoshida Froces =
calling for a revision of ti~e dependent constitution and the The anti-Yoshida forces
Consitation w~as insertec in one V1e�. w�as reflected in the planl~ W~thin the consgr~�ati~~e camp -
ot the platforms entitled ��ithout fanfare. Thi.s is the true led by Ichird Hatoyama,
"Improvement of Japan's Story,~~ \obusuke ~iishi and liamoru
Structure of Independence" Ex-Chief CabineE Secretary Shiaemitsu raised their voices -
~�hen ihe Liberal-Democratic ichitaro Ide, also a member of ~alling for rearmament and a
Part}� ~~as inaugurated in. the policy committee revision of the Constitution,
_ \o~~ember. 19~5 The paragraph representing the Democratic pa~~~. a oesture to counter
, reads in p~ ~t: Party, said: "tiVe gave im- ~e political posture of 1c'oshida.
"The exisling Constitution portance to the merger itself ~ey turther stepped up their
shall b^ revised independently rather than our policies. We po~~tics-oriented posture and
and the lau~s oromulgated thought of comparing the nationalistic leanings. The
during tae occupation days Policies of both parties and discordant note between the
s h a 1 l 'o e r e s c r u t i n i z e d, p~cking up those agreeable to yoshida and Hatoyama factions
abolished or re~�ised in con- ba~ sides." eventually exploded into a split
formit}� w'ith tne conditions of ~~uichi Kori, a member oi the ~ the Liberal Party.
the ceuntr~~ while abiding b~� the polic~� committee irom ~e In the meantime, American ~
_ o r i n c i p 1 e s o t p a c i f i s m. Liberal Part}�, recollected the e~~[ions, if not actual overt
_ democrac~� and re~pect to atmosphere of those days. pressure, on Japan's rear-
human ri~h[s. sa}'ing: mau~ent gained momentum. ln _
This paragraph has remained ..��e exchanged heated ihe course ot negotiations on
the onl~~ source on u~hich the debates on fiscal problems, fa,d U.S. aid to Japan under the
LDP based its ad~�ocac~ tor a ~ntrol r.leasures. labor la~�s hletual Security Act in 1953, the
re~~ision ot the Constitution and educacian in addition to American side began urging -
during the past. With this constitutional problems. �'hen Japan to commfssion the then
- paragraph behind them. ad- th~ ne~~~ part}� K�as tormed, it Securit}� Forces with the task of
vocates at times criticized the had to go throu~Yi a general dealing w'ith "direct aggres-
moderates as if the latier had e~~tion. Then, so:neone said sion."
~~iolated part~~ polic}~. that the :onstitutional problem (The police reserve forces
,~�as not strong enough to help had been reorganized in Oc- -
Expresslons Lack Vigor the neW~ part~ ~c~in the elect:on. taber, 1952 into the Security
- The expressions contained in Sfl� ~'e arranged the priorit~� of Forces whose main tash w~as to
the paragraph appear rather ~e plattorms on the strength of maintain peace and security at
casual and lack ~�igor. ~~'inning the election.' home. ~ Yoshida, who had
The paragraph :alling for a nothing in mind but economic
; Prior to the merger oi the revision thus appeared in the
Liberal and Ilemocratic par- ~~X~ ~nd last platform. recanstruction. w~as then
= ties. both parties selected ten compelled to take up the matter
� ' � s:nce it v~�as a prior cor.aition
mernbers each for drafting the ,qs mentioned eariier. Shi eru
platform oi tne new party on g attached to lhe American aid. .
Jul~~ 1. 19a~. The party planl; Yoshida stu~k to his beliei.. 1'oshida hurriedl~� called a
~�as mapped out on July 2~. Ex- ~Ve ~p priority to economic meetin; u�ith Hatoyam 3 on Oct.
Justice h9inister Isaji Tanaka, rehabilitation and lea~e ~e li, 19~3, and acceptec:~ the t�ro ~
u�ho ��as then a polic}~ com� matter of dzfense in ihe hands conditions sen~ed b}� ~.he latter.
mittee member representing of the United States. He namely the establishment of a -
the Liberal Part~~, said: remained reluctant to deal w'ith Constitution Research Councii
the re~-ision issue throughout. and a Foreign Policy Research
tiobod}' thought at that time On Apri] 28. 19a2 w~hen the San
that a revision of the Con� Council. Tadao huraishi ~�ho
Francisco Peace Treat~ �'ent arranged the 1'oshida� -
stitution w~as che focal problem. into force, 1'oshida declared:
tioa� capitalizing on this ~�The question oi rearmament Hato~~ama meetir,g behind the
passage ot the piat(or,r~. they �.il~ ~ h~i1dled only after the scenes recalled the rendezvous. -
insist on re~~ising the Con� sa}~ing: ";~7r. ~'oshida repeated
nation l~as r~scored its strength. ~trongl~� that the time w�as not
_ siwtion, but it did not carry so ~~ow is not the time to revise the
- much w~eieht before. Someone ~nstitution." ripe for rearmament although
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~
1'VL~ Vll'1li~.A1~ UJL Vl\L~
11~Ir. Dulles recommended ihat ~ould be regarded null and upan lhe party decision."
= Japan be rearmed." void " Judging from the discussions
Hirohide Ishida H~ho also ~oGusuke i~ishi, then part~� held afterwards, the question
acted the same role as Juraishi cecre[ar~~ gene; al. calletl on the seemed to have been left up to
- said: "In those days we did not Liberal Parc~� to ~`form a the government's research
think of the Constitution as a big conser~�ati~~e tie�ap as a council.
problem. ~t'e agreed to prerequisite to a consen~ative .
es[ablishing the tH~o research merger a~d establish the
councils purel~� out of con- Constitution Re~earch Council.
sideration for :~Ir. Hatoyama's the Long-Term Defense Plan
stand. Even toda}'. I belie~'e it Research Council and the
K�as nothing more than a futile Counci] tor Re~�isine the Public
discussion." Elections as a curtain-ra:ser tor
the prooosed tie-up.'
Reluctant Yoshida President Tai:etora Ogata of
k'oshida changed his stand the Liberal Part}� u'ho suc-
_ vis�a-vis the Constitvtion pro- ceeded Yoshida flatl~� rejectea
blems bit b~� bit, though unw~ill- the call. ` The Hato~ama
ingly. cabinet appears to be intent
Hato~~ama parted a~ith upon re~�ising Article nine of the
~'oshida again and tormed the Constitution. There is no need
Japan Democratic Party ~ti~ith for the Liberal and Democratic
. the Progressi~~e Part~~ of Parties to join hands in stud~�ing ;
R'[amoru Shigemitsu et al a re~�ision ot the Constitution."
to~~ard the end ot 19~ and said Ogata.
defeated Foshida. Hato~�ama Soon aften~�ards ihe situation
who took o~�er the helm of changed. ho~veti~er. The t~�o ;
go~ernment carried out the ~P~~t Socialist parties began
general elections in Februar~~, mo~�ing cou�a: d reuniiication.
- 19i5 under the slogan calling tor The consen~a[i~e forces, too.
a re~~ision of the Constitution. u~ere alerted over the changing
= circumstances and could not
The so-called "Hatoyama dw�ell at leagth aver such a
boom" helped the Democratic "trifling matter."
Party emerge as the No. 1 ~~~ranhly speaking." sa}~s
part}�, beating the Liberals. yuichi Kori. `'members of the
_ E~~en then, he tailed to topple respective committees of both
the ~~all ot the pro-Constitution par[ies w~ere full~� au�are of the '
grovps led by the Lettist and difficult~� ahead oi the Con- i
Rightist Socialist parties, the stitution problem in spite of the
Communist Party and the noi~~� fanfare. ~
Labor-Farmer Pacty. Their ��~~�e cou]d not ~~rite in the
eftorts to "revise the Con� part~~ platform more than ~~hat
stitution as a first slep to the paragraph in question
correct the evils of the oc- meant. And the pre~~ailing
= cupation poticies" w�e*e iuiled sentiment at that time w~as to
at the outset. lea~~e the concrete matters to
Hatoyama, ho��ever, refused ~e research council tollo�~ing
to gi~~e up. He declared at an the debut of the new~ ~art~~," he
_ lipper House budgei committee added.
= meeting on March 29. the same The polic}� platform in
- year, that "I am still ~.upeful ot question was. at best, the
= re~�ising the Constitution. The product of compromise between
Constitution forced upon us ~e group caliing tor a re~ ision
durin~ the occupation da~~s and the other determined to
- protect the Constitution. In
CSO: 4120 a sense, nobody felt it
a�as sipaificant as the pr~-
revisionists later charged the
moderates as "having infringed
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAI,
RELATIONS WITH FRC EXE~tINED
- Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 9 Dec 80 p 3 _
[Focus on Asia Culumn by Swadesh De Roy: "Sino-Japanese Relatians"]
~Vith the exception of the US no other ~~,s a matter of fact, relationship a�lih
[Text] country receives as much Japanese at- China is aL~nost entirely on Chinese terms. -
tention as does China. ind o2 course no President-elect Ronaid Rea;an will soon
- other country trades w-ith China hali 3s bnow of this if he persists in trying to
much as does Japan. improve upon the terms the outgoing
The Sino-Japanese relationshlp, ever US president had managed to obtain.
"deepening and unshakable" as the latest The Japanese are not too happy at the
- joint statement claimed, will amount in prospect ot any unsettling move Reagan
"down-io-earth" terms to just under S9 might make ln the Sino-US relationship.
billion on trade account this year, not How does China maintain its dictatin~ -
counting Lhe aid and loans afforded by position?
Japan. China, is proving to be a very Besides its economic resources, it has
lucra,`,ive mar!cet. fle?d of investment. and its enmit~� w~ith the Soviet Union which
source of rua� materlal~. ~Vith p;oper and it can sell on the ~Vestern market for
patient tending i[ may become one of as mucn as its "four modernizations"
Japan's best eccnomic parti~ers. mighc cost. This political capital is selt-
Both China and Japan are iutly aware creative. But its value to the West will
~ oE this prospect. Japan knows China's ala�a~~s be dete*mined by Soviet policies
a�orth and CrSna is not ignorant of ths and behaviors. Nevertheless it today is _
fact that there 1re ochers equally eager an asset for China. _
to be its partners. If Japan is favored Last week at the Sino-Japanese min-
today it is because Japan serves Chir.a's isterial conference Japan found itselP in
purposes better than others can. To re- disagreement with CMna on the need of
tuin this lavored position Japan must a polltical sett?ement of the Kampuchean
pay constant attention to the Chinese issu~. The Chinese ministers, accordin;
cause and ne~er must try Lo take any to reports, told their Japanese counter-
politlcal advantage of the profitable eco- parts that a Kampuchean solution wou19 _
nomic relationship. not be easy to find. TheS refused to
Ever since the normalizatlan of Sino- soften their o~vn position. ~Vhy?
3apanese relationship China has main- Because a political solution for Kam-
- tained total political independence despite puchea that does not decisir�ely weaken
ite last-growing dependence on Japanese Viecnam's position in Southeast Asis
and other ~Vestern economic assistance. might devalue all that China has in-
FeR others in comparabte situatton have ve~ted in its confrontation with the So-
- been so successlul. ciet Union so far.
COPYRIGHT: The Daily Yomiuri 1980
CSO: 4120 -
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
NATION.' S WORK' ETHIC. ~X'AMINED
. Tokyo MATNICHI DAILY NEWS in English 9 Dec 80 p 2
[Zooming In column by Hideo Matsuoka: "Sobering Examination of Ourselves"]
The frend is still very much cue from these discussions,-the inviEe a guesE, the Japanese
[Text) ~ive among che Japanese to Japanese began discussing anxiously watch the guest's
_ debate and argue about Japan t h e m s e 1 v e s i n, a s e 1 f- ~action to see ii ~ he- ~was
- and the Japanese. In the recent examinakiQn. It is in. ihe inborn satis~ed wikb the treatment.
screening of job applicants at nature bf the Japanese to mind This nature of tha ..Japanese
the Nl~iniclu Shimbun, the what foreigners tt~ink about ~~y ~ve whetted the
applying students were ~e~� ~ Japanese appetite for micwding
required W write a short essay F o 11 o w i n g t h e M e i y i foreign reactions.
~ on the subject ot "The ~~~ration, the Japanese took In 1883, the Japanese
Japanese." ft for a supreme imperative to g o v e r n m e n t b u i I t t h e
' Another company in the build a modera nation Wat was g,~~eikan to hold Western-
media business asked~ its ap- in the class of advanced � in- ~yle dance parties. The place
plicants to write on "Japan 100 siasirial cou~tries sucR as W~ a showcase
_ Years from Now." If ! were ~~ca .-anii., tbe Europe~n
appiying at that company. I countries. In that process, they of Japan s Westernization.
w�ould write: hundred years b~d to always look around to seE Japan wanted to be recognized
trom now, half of the Japanese ~W P~~s in moder- ~ a� "Westernized nation."
will be living outside Japan." nization was being assessed by Having a thing about foreign
- It should be impossible to ~e W~~ natioos. Japan rePntations and criticism of
keep teeding a popWation of watched the Wesiem reaction ~~lves lives to this day
over 100 millIon indefinitely in to its modernization because it ~ong the Japanese. It has not -
- this resources-paor land. ~rved as usei~l reference in changed fr~m the days of the
Moreover, I believe the deciding when to start talks to Meiji.
Japanese have to and will ~~t ~e R~~Y~ there were two ~
change into a tougher breed that .ioreign powers .had im- l~~s by foreigners, one tn
with less sense of aationality posed on it. It was toward the Tokyo and the other in gsaka,
discrimination, capable of end of the Meiji Era that Japan WhIch could be regarded as
_ setting up home anywhere in Won the right to set its own significant analysis~ and
the wocld. Like it or not, the ~tvms duties. Japan kept criticism of the Japanese by
Japanese will dave to become minding foreign reactions to' its ~a~~8ners� One was by Alvin
moreofaworldcitizenry. state of modernization ToEfler, author of The Third
The current fad to discuss ~~B~t ~~w~~ ot the K'ave wi~ich has sold a million
Japan and the Japa~se comes Meiji Era. � copies, and the other by John
as reactioa in the United States Thus, minding foreign Kenneth Galbraith of The Age
_ and Europe to Japan's. ~ctionstott~emselvesbecame ofUncertainlyfame.
- economic lnroads there. It is ~e ~~'e of the ~yave' -
distinctly different trom the Japanese. After all, they kept
pasi discussions about Japan doing so for 40-odd years. It will Toffler explored the fl~ture
and the Japanese which were ~ a surprise ii it did aot P~~il~ties for Japan in the
made largely frora literary and ~ome part of the natioaal ~~d~~~ age which he
sentimental angtes. Taking the idiosyucracy. tiVt~eaever they ~"the third wave" that
would follow the agricultural -
1C~
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revolution and industrial p~r ~~~1 resources, pragmatic provision. Galbraith
revolution. But the subject ~ap~ imports raw materials merely pointed out the
somehow lacks urgency for ~,~t~ hard-earned toreign hist~rical fact without
Japan which is still in tf~e midst ~~ncies, and the products refereace to the Japanese
of industrialization. manufactured from them serve Gonstitutioa~ But his remazks
Galbraith spoke at the world ~e domestic needs and also are should remind arry Japanese of
Cong*ess ot Internationai exported to earn foreign the country's "peace con- ~
- Jaycees in Osaka. He cited the ~rency. This is the regular stitution."
- following p s factors that ~ cle of the Japanese ecanumY� The behavior of Japanese
. enabled Ja an to achieve its Diverting the earnings to ~~0r uniocv was among the
- celebrated growth: defense production is a bold P~~'Y factors that Galbraith
(1) In Japan, cor~frontation foU and a waste that the c~ted as being behind Japan's
among government, business Ja anese economy cannot ~nomic success. This notion
- and labor is not as shatp as that af ord. This is part of the basics ~~t anything that is par- -
in America or Europe; ticular)y new. But an en- -
- of economic theories.
(2) For 35 years after losing Galbraith's warning is very. dorsement by no less an
_ the war, Japan spent little for matter~ot�fact and contains no authority than Galbraith adds
detense and pumped the money to the weight of this wisdom.
thus saved into economic ~~olutionary reasoning. Recently, I read a news -
growth: In torming his cabin~t in .~~~.t that a London newspaper _
~3l In Japan, corporate October 1945 immediately after Which installed new bundling
decisions are raade not by one ~e end of the war.~ Prime and delivery facilities could aot
hiinister Kijuro Shidehara
powertul management s[rongly asked-I~eizo eitherreduceorrelocateanyof
executive but by a graup of the ~ workers in the delivery
managerial expert;. Shibusawa. former governor of de eat, and that, as a
the Bank of Japan. bo becom~ pa~ the workers were
. He even tickled ttie Japanese result,
his finance minister. Shibusawa
p r i d e, s a y i n g h e s a~ declined several times, saying reporting ho work everyday just
- possibilitles for Japan to tur-. to loaf away ttteir hours. I heard
ther improve its lot. The he had no conGdence in his a similar story from a news
- pleasing prediction, however, capability to rebuild Japan out ~~~r who returned frnm his _
had one big proviso-that Japan oi the sheer ruins of war` Then ~~on stint some lU years ago.
does not pour money into he had second thoughts: ' From This is oAe symptom of the
greater defense efforts. In other now on. Japan will not have ~ English Disease. It is little
words, he was warning the spend a yen for tt~ee military.~ if wonder that the years of this _
Japanese that a spending shift ~e country can really get away affliction has aiade a shambles =
from the ace sector to the without paying military eR- of the British econom
~ nditures, I thought maybe I y~
defense sector will inevitably ~~d rebuild the country� So I~ialIy in ihe field of in-
- lead to undesirable resulcs � ternatto~al comp.~btioa
because defense spending ends agreed to tak~ the job. These how Americans and West ~
up as barren investments that ~~e~ W~~ I~~ ~~y ~np~ ~e followin British
do not return anything that is from Shibusawa io ~�n' workers into dubious work ~
produc2ive. forgettable personal con- ethics. Sl~ch a trend ma~es the
Without Galbraith pointing it Ve~ation. Shibusawa's view is Ja anese worker lonk all the
out, we know that detense in- basically identical with that of ~ore hardworking. The Japa-
vestments simply delight Galbraith. ~ nese are always obsessed
- defense industries and stop We should not make light of fear that the Japanese -
- short ot starting a cycle of the fact that Japan did r~t in- ~ fall apart as soon _
_ reF,raiuction that is beneficial vest heavily in defense. And ~~ey slackea off at oftices
to the national ecoaomy. Such that tact holds the ke}~ to ~d prodnction lines. In:Japan,
spending is moaey down the ,~apan's postwaz reconstruction W~~ ~ere is� litde deposit of
drain. Building warships means and the spectacular economic and little
making huge steel boxes and ~ g~�~th. Article 9 of tke Con- siock of persoaal assets, o~e
keeping them~jusc tloating on stitution that..renounaes war. ~~t work to live.
the ~Sea. Tanks are steel and preservation of war
ve~cles to be jusi deployed on potentials is no empty idealism. _
- f~elds. They hardly have It has practical!y and visibly
anything to do with im- benefited che nation. In this
provement of the national context, the article can be said
economy. to be a very realistic and
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News 1980
cso: 4i2o
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I
i~ vi~ v~� i~ .i~. tcw v.~aj vari.+i ~
SCIENCE AND TE(ii~10LOGY
NEW ME~iOD OF SYNTHESIZING BETA SILIOON NITRIDE
Tm~Cyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHINBUN in Japanese 12 Nov 80 p 3 _
~ [Article: "New Method of Synthesizing Beta Silicon Nitride by the CVD Method"]
[Text] ~e research group of Tohoku Uaiversity Metal Material Research Institute
cansisr_ing of Prof Toshio Hirai and others has successfully synthesized, for the
first time in the world, a p~ate-like silicon nitride body having a beta
- crystalline structure directly by means of chemcial vapor deposition (CVD) method
without going tttrough the alph~beta phase transform3tion of the crystalline ~
structure. This method of syathesis is characteri.zed by the use of a raw
_ material gas such as silicon tetrachloride which is reacted with "titanium tetra- i
chloride vapor." ~e plate-like body thus ob~ained was found to consist of 92 '
percent of beta silicon nitride, 4 percer:: of alpha s~�licon nitride, and 4 percent
of titanium nitride. Irbreover, the titanium nitride deposition was found to be
fibrous, presenting a form af composite material. Zt?e fruit of this research
- effort which was achieved by raising the renction temperature above the canven-- -
tional level has caught the attention of the industry as well as academia here and
abroad not only because it has overturned the established theory that the beta
- silicon nitride is obtained from alpha ailicon nitride through a phase trans-
formation, but also because it has helped e:tplain the mechanism of the pawder :
sintering process of silicon nitride, a ceramic, which has recently rece~ved great ,
attenCion as a superhard material for the gas turbine b.laues still vonsidered to
be far behind in development compared with the metal material. It has, above ~
all, provided an important hint concerning development of practical industrial
(ceramic) materials.
_ In addition to being a high-temperature structural material, silicon nitride has
also caught attention as a f~ctional ceramic material to be used as a coating
- material or as a heat generating body. Therefore, there is a world-wi3e effort .
to develop it into an industrial material. In the pawder sintering meChod, which
is considered to play a main role iii its production, its alpha pawder is usually ,
- mixed with an appropriate sintering aid and then sintered at a high temperature
~ of the order of 1600 degrees celsius which may vary somewhat according to the
purity of the silicon nitride. As a result of sintering, a sintered bo3y con-
taining beta crystalline structure can ~e obtained. 'Ihis alpha-beta phase
, transformation is generally considered to increase its mechar?ical strength.
How~ev+er, it is yet imclear as to why .the alpha-beta phase transformation will
take place, or whether it is the alpha phase of the beta phase which is the more
' stable phase. ~
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Prof Hirai, Assistant Shinho Lin, and Technic:;.an Akira Okubo who makes up the
research group of the Tohoku lkniversity Metal Material Research Iristitute added
approxlmately 4 percent of titanium tetrachloride to a raw gas mixture consisting
of silican tetrachloride and sicon precipitation of amnania and the gas mixture was
_ then synthesized by the CTJD method at a temperature of 1350 degrees celsius and a
pressure of 30 torrs. As a result, silicon nitride in the form of a plate was
deposited on a graphite substrate at the rate of 0.5-0.6 millimeters per hour.
Zhe plate-like deposition me~:3ured 20 mm x 40 mm x(1-2) ~n thick. Zhis plate-like
body was found to contain a large propostion, 94 percent, of silicon nitride having a
a beta crystalline structure with fibrous titanium nitride deposit~on.
_ Synthesis of this type of silican nitride containii~.g titanium had been studied by
the U.S. G.T.E. Sylvania Co. in the reaction temperature range of 1100-1350 degrees
celsius. Their data indicated that when noncrystalJ.ir.e ~ilicon nitride pawder
was heat-treated at a temperature of 1400 degre~s celsius, 60 percent of the powder
was found to have crystallized. Of which, 97 percent belonged to the alpha type
with only 3 percent of the beta type.
Therefore, the fact that a plate-like silicon nitride body conta3ning a large
quantity of the beta type was successfully synthesized directly by the L'VD ~ethod
_ without going through the alpha-beta phase transformation by tize research group
_ of the Tohoku University means not only that a new method of synthesizing
silicon nitride has been fotmd but also that an important clu~e to the under~tanding
of the mechanism of forming silicon nitride, whose im~portance will no doubt ,
increase with the progress of its industrialization, has been obtained. 7he
- research group is expected tQ publish the details of its findings in various
~ournals here aa well as abroad.
Assistant Pr.ofessor Akih~ko Shimada of the Osaka. University Industrial Science
Research Institute expressed that it is of great concern because it has been held
i.nztil naw that the beta type could not be syttthesized directly. 7.he fruit of
this research is probably the first of its kind in the world.
General Research Scientist Kichizo Tnomata of :ne Inorganic Material Research
Institute said ~at the material will be of great interest if the titanium nitride
were dispersed linearly in the membrane.
COPYRI(~iT: Nilckan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1980
9~13
(S0: 812Q/0290
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITI OUTLINES 1981 BUDGET FOR INFORMATION INDUSTRY
Tokyo COMPUT~PIA in Japanese Oct 80 pp 107-110
- [Article: "Information Industry Policy for JFY 1981 Set '~Up"]
_ [Text] Large Project Heads List
- The Ministry of International Trade and Industry's budget for the information
industry for JFY 1981 has been roughed out. The feature of this budget is the
arresting framework which limits the "expansion of the total budget to 7.5 percent
= of the previous year's budget," so that the shifting strains hit all at once. What
aeems to be slated for increases are the subbudgets related to medium and sma11
induatries and to energy. Some faint voices are being head questioning the minis-
try's activities, to the effect tt;at "there are no new policies in any of the
various agencies within the ministry. The lack of new policies seems to reflect no
activity within the mini~try." Since energy-related funds come under a special
budget, and so should be considered separately, while the budget for medium and
small industries is slated for increase even if nothing is said, the laments regard-
ing the ministry bureaucracy become even more apparent.
Despite this situation, there is one item which stands out, and that is the develop-
ment of the "ultrahigh--speed computer" which is being taken up as one of the large
= pro~jects of the Industrial Science and Technology Agency. This computer is intended
for the structural analysis of aircraft, safety analysis of nuclear reactors, and
treatment of data transmitzed by the Resources Search Satellite. It is a superhigh-
performance science and technolcagy computer, with a speed several thousand times
greater than the best of the computers in use today.
_ The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has set up guidelines to develop
the anticipated civilian transport plan (YXX) which is supposed to follow the Y'X
(Boeing 767), and is presently looking for a joint development partner. There is
_ also a plan to came up with a"Japan-made" nuclear reactor, and the Resources Search
Satellite is slated to be launched in 1985. These pro~ects are ones whose signifi-
cance as advanced technological industries is being stressed by this ministry, and
; the superhigh-speed computer, which is tied in to these technological developments
- in all phases, is expected to be completed and to "bring about a spectacular advance
in the level Qf Japan's scientific and technological development."
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This computer will employ new elements such as the gallium arsenide semi-conductor _
and the Josephson elempnt. The need for research on new elements has necessitated
- the extension of the development plan for 8 years, starting in 1981. Funding is ,
set at 30 billion yen, with the initial year's budget set at 80 million yen.
This computer is expected to have a performance of several tens to several hundred
BFLOPS (billion floating operations per second), according to the ministry. -
On the Qther hand, the Ministry of Finance has let it be known that it will not ~
recognize new pro~ects. However, research and development on the "pattern informa- -
- tion handling system" is slated to be completed in JFY 1980, and it is the Ministry
of International Trade and Industry's plan to follow this up with the superhigh-
speed computer. It is said that the Ministry of Finance will go along with this
plan.
- The fact is that there has been a very powerful rival to the acceptance of this -
_ computer as a large project nominee. ~"his rival is the "electronic translation
system." ~
The scale of the project and the development period of the electronic translation
system were about the same as for the superhigh-speed computer. Such a system has -
already been started by the European Covmmunity (EC), which embarked on a 5-year ~
- plan this ~ear on their EUROTRA plan, and this subject was prnposed as a large
_ project candidate, with the admonition that Janan should not fall behind. This
system, which is intended to handle translations between Japanese and foreign ~
- languages as well as translations between other f oreign languages, places heavy
~ emphasis on grammatical construction and algorithm research heading the software
area, and this interest was thought to reflect the importance in the shift of .
emphasis from "hard to soft" in the information industry policy of this ministry
(Ministry of International Txade and Industry).
However, the following reason was given for opposing delegation of this system as a
large pro~ect status: "It is highly coherent as projects go, but the net effects _
- are superficial. Its appeal to the rank and file of the ministry is weak" (Bureau -
of Machine Information of MITI). The plan was 3iscarded.
Certainly, association treatment by word analysis and deductive capability are
indispensable functions of the "fif th-generation computer," and the adoption of the
translation system into the ranks of large p~rojects will be equivalent to developing _
_ ele~ent technoingy to make the tie-in with the f ifth-generation computer, but the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry exnlained its reason for denying this
selection by saying: "Here again, it seerned to us that this was a development in
the hard area, when all the problems were considered." _
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry held a hearing prior to the selec-
- tion of the pro~ect, and technologists of manufacturers who participated in the
hearing showed interest in the superspeed computer, while the Electrotechnical
Laboratory of the Industrial Science and Technology Agency, which was to spearhead
the pro~ect, displayed an attitude of interest in both projects. However, it leaked
its feelings that "when viewed in the light of the present situation regarding =
research systEms, the translation system seems to be a side road. To be sure, the
importance of the individual element technologies cannot be overlooked, but we will
be in trouble if our researchers begin to lose confidence as the result of taking _
~ on this pro~ect."
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ThA sele~tion of the superspeed computer was determined by these r2asons, but there
- is another factnr in the s~lection. This was the prablem of invoivement witt~. th2
United States.
A high-speed computer for scientific and technological use has already been d~~veloped _
in the United States; the Cray Company of the United States developed its "CRAY-1"
ir. 1976. The CDC Corporation is expected to come forth in 1981 with its "CYBER 205,"
= with performance five times that of "CRAY-1," while the National Air and Space Admin-
istration of the United States, in a cooperative ef~ort with the CDC Corporation and
- Bellows, is engaged in development of a high-speed con~puter for wind tunnel simula-
_ tion.
The United States is also feverishly engaged in the development of high-speed compu- -
ters, and the coneern which led to the decision to enter into development of ultra-
high-speed computers seems to have been the result of anti-Japanese criticism that
= "the Japanese Government is granting large subsidies to its computer manufacturers."
Since this project was to be taken up in earnest and to encompass even the develop-
ment of new elements which are considered the brain cells of computers ,~his great -
concern on the part of the L'nited States see~s more than warranted.
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has clearly disregarded this situa-
tion, stating that "there is absolutely no naed for any tie-in or concern with ~
respect to semiconductor competition to date." It has been said that there was I
some degree of anxiety on the part of the manufacturers about the time the project
- was initiate'r bu~ the Ministry of International Trade and Industry sidestepped _
- this concern and held fast to the basic plan to push private plans to combat IBM.
Now, the superhigh-speed computer is a large project, but the department in charge
= is the Electr~nic Equipment and Electrical Equipment Department of the Machine and
Information Industries Bureau. This department also will promote the following
, policies in JFY 1981: _
- A new proj ect which is small as far as budget outlays go (2 million yen requested) ~
is the newly ir.stalled commendation system for ME equipment. This is intended to
- recognize equipment that will provide superior comfort to physically handicapped
people. The nature of the commendation has not yet been decided.
Where subsidy-related items are concerned, there is an ove~lapping with the Electro- _
nic Palicies Department, and the basic technology development promotion subsidy
(the OS subsidy fund is 5.785 billion yen, compared to 4.085 billion yen for JFY
- 1980) for the next-generation computer will be increased by 500 million yen; about
6.3 billion yen will be requested. In addi~ion, there is a small fund for the cost
of a statistical survey on computer acquisition 2nd discard. _
Densei [Electrical Administration] Related Items in Preparatory Period -
It has been said that Densei-related activities will "be in a preparatory stage in
JFY 1981, and it will be JFY 1982 or 1983 before any real activity will begin"
(accord~~ng to the Machine and Information Industries Bureau). New budget requests
by this department for JFY 1981 are limited to costs for a survey research on a
"fifty-generation computer" (14 million yen). Survey research on a fifth-generation
computer has been underway since JFY 1979, using the Machine Promotion Fund; this
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present step is merely conversion to the general budget and is, reality, a
- continuing activity. There are already some intermediate reports which have been
issued.
Whfle there is talk of a"f ifth-generation computer," this does not mean that there
is clearly defined concept. The fourth-generat~on computer age has ~ust been
entered, and surveys and research have ~ust started to con~ure its image. The inter-
mediate re.ports deal with discussions of this image. It was in April of last year
[1979] when the survey and research stage was initiated. The Japan Information ~
Handling and Development Association (President Kosr~ichi Ueno) established its
"Fif ty-Generation Computer Survey Research Committee" (Chairman, Professor Itaru
Motooka of the University of Tokyo). This was followed by survey and research on �
the part of six computer-related companies, including the Electrotechnical Labora-
- tory, Fujitsu, and Hitachi. The f inal report is expected to be issued in March of
1981. Based on this report, plans for JFY 1981 wi11 include the assembly of a much
= greater research staff to handle the private sector activities on the research theme
and to discuss the makeup of specific development systems. Research and development
will come after JFY 1982, and the "preparatary stage" of the De:~sei Department will
- end at this point. According to informed sources, an international joint develop-
ment plan invalving cooperative efforts with American and European computer manu-
facturers is also being studied.
Budget requests at department- and bureau-level discussions include, in addition to
fifth-generation computer-related projects: 1) Off ice automation within the ministry;-
2) Structuring of an energy database; and 3) Promotional planning for a"system
- h~ use."
Intraministry office automation, the first item above,is intended to enhance office
- automation for the new Ministry of International Trade and Industry building, which
is expected to be completed in 1982. The officials in charge have said that they
would like to "avoid the label of government offices being pictured as constant
scenes of confusion," and this budget eventually became a secretariat budget item.
- In other words, half of it was assigried to the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry. On the other hand, there are voices in opposition, saying in effect:
, "Office automation has advanced in the privat~ sector because of the nee~i to ration-
= alize. In this respect, the upper echelons of these offices do not seem to have
realized any need for office automation, so how far do you think such automation _
will proceed?" Thus there are some opinions which run counter to the direction
taken by recent innovations within government circles. .
That is to s3y, "should there be some problem, the young hands work feverishly at
producing data and at r_imes (it may be at times, but it is more likely daily) they
put in overtime as well. they produce data by the truckloads for international
- meetings. The degartment members make any number of copies for distribution where
intraministry liaison items are concerned. Furthermore,. there is no overtime pay
for such work." That seems to be the case.
The energy database was placed under the Resources and Energy budoet. The energy
database is tied in with the training and pramotion planning on databases, to be -
described below, and is intended to systematically combine the energy data which the
various bureaus, agencies, and ministries are producing, and to compile therefrom a
database. The Resources and Energy Agency will promote local energy systems in
JFY 1981, and the database will be ~ncluded as one phase.
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The "system house" promotion plan presently takes in about 200 companies and about
400 parties, including individual businesses, but "system house" is a new industry
_ which has not been recognized as an "~ndustry" and is lzclcing in funds, as a result
of which efforts have been made �:o obtain special funding. On the other hand, this
plan was dropped because it did not fit in with the administrative policy according
to this ministry.
Emphasis on Database
, Stiifting to the software-related area, the budget request for informat3.on handling -
promotional activities will be about 3 billioa yen, whic!~ is an increase of 300 ~
million yen, or 8 percent over that for JFY 1980 (2.78 billion yen). Nearly all of
- this increase is slated for the information handling activities group.
First of all, there will be attempts to lower the software cost. The "sof~tware
production technology development plan," aimed at automated production of programs,
- was started in JFY 1976. However, the increase in cost for the maintenance of the ~
programs accompanying developments in production technology has become a problem.
_ It may be said that this area accounts for 70-80 percent of sof tware costs. As a
result, the "establishment of maintenance technology" will be the theme in JFY 1981,
and a"software maintenance technology development plan" will be started. This plan
= is slated to last 5 years and have a total budget of 4-5 billion yen; ~he first
year's budget will be 150 million yen.
- As far as software production technology is concerned, the Mir.istry of International -
Trade and Industry has assessed its essential completion, but they say: "Any
number of completed programs are being accumulated. Once a software product has
been completed, it doev not necessarily suffice, and there is a need to make alter-
ations with different situations. This is where the plan looks toward reworking the
- programs efficiently and at 1ow cost, without letting the costs run out of hand"
(Information Department).
There is a new activity called "development promotion activity of leading information
handling technology." While the aforementioned "maintenance plan" is also new, this
_ other plan is designed to make praceical use of the research results from information
_ handling technology, and this is the objective of the new palicy of the Information
Department.
- Information activities are advancing, and organs such as universities and laborator-
ies are pushing research on information handling technology. In addition, a large
, proj ect on pattern information handling system development is under way at the
Industrial Science and Technology Agency. On the other hand, such research merely
puts out research results, and further research is necessary for their application.
Tn the case of t~e information handling industry, there are very few situations in -
. which there is margin to allow the practical application research results. If. the
~ use of micons is to be expanded, every manufacturer will be busily engaged in this -
directian, but it is said that the information handling industry is "one in which
one's hands are tull simply with work at one's fingertips." This is where this new
activity proposes to extend the arms of this policy, and technology development _
and practical research responding to users' needs wi11 be pursued. -
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Specific research themes will be detenmined, taking into consideration the wishes of
the industry, and there are plans to pursue five themes in parallel manner during
JFY 1981. Themes presently being considered include CAD (computer-associated design)
for plant engineering use, DBMS (database management system), and DBCMS (--complex--).
- In no case will a specific program be drawn up, but "we will create a Carget Go be
fabricated" (Information Promotion Department). In the case of CAD for plant engi-
neering uae, a model de~eloped by the pattern information system will be applied,
and researchers of the Zndustrial Science and Technology Agency, users, and manu-
facturers wtll be assembled at the Information Handling Activities Association to
forui a project team and conduct research. The same also applies to DBMS. The
_ requested budget is about 600 million yen. In other words, each theme will cost
- close to 100 million yen. It is planned to request budgets on a similar scale from
here on.
What should be noted here is that a new budget, a database budget, has made its
appearance. This is a database which, in the Western world, is being built up on a
country-level scale, but there is no real setup in Japan. Put in stronger terms,
one can cite the Japan Patent Information Center, which deals with patent informa-
tion.
At the early stages of discussions on new policies, there was a proposal to set up
- a true database in Japan by consigning the database to some developmental organiza-
tion. While this proposal was undergoing discussions within the ministry, it dis-
- appeared, and any form of system requests also disappeared. As a result, the data-
base structure itself was consigned to private parties, and the government took over
support from the side. In other w~rds, DBMS was initially involved in consigned
- development, but it ended up as research on development. At the same time, a frame-
work was newly established for the database program within the consigned develop-
mental activities on specific programs which had been conducted in the past, and a
budget of 100 million yen was provided to developmental research.
- Consigned development of specific progra.ms have up to nc,w consisted of the multi-
client method, or "production according to order," and the packaged program method,
or "production according to outlook." Database was taken up as a third method. The
JFY 1980 budget for all activities was about 1.~ billion yen, and this is to be
increased to 1.35 billion yen in JFY 1961.
In addition, subsidies will be used as database development funds, and these will be
- the ob~ectives of an information handling promotion funding system which will under-
take loan obligations in line with this policy. Furthermore, a type of "propaganda
pamphlet" in the form of a"dafiabase register" listing all types of databases and
utilization methods available in Japan will be compiled and distributed.
Ttie database which aims at joint utilization by all of society of the resource
called information will not only serve to promote the acquisition of information by
- the entire nation but will also provide a major technological dissemination function
to the information industry. At the same time, the need for a readily available
database is emphasized so that independence from foreign factors can be realized
where information is concerned.
More than 600 databases have been set up in the United States with the aid of the
federal government since the "1960's, and database networks are being established
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,
- in European countries under government leadership to counter these databases in the
United States. The JICST (science and technology literature information) was
- started in 1970 in Japan, but it has been underway only 10 years. Its sales volume
is about 10 billifln yen, which is woefully small compared to the roughly 242
billion yen of the United States. _
This is why the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, which senses this
. urgency to acquire databases at one's fingertips, has been hurrying its program,
but there seems to have been a backward step when compared to the start. A data-
base entails considerable cost for both construction and maintenance, and government
aid and sufficient dissemination of government data need to be maintained. Thls
should be the first step in that direction.
In another direction, there is, first of all, the loan system to promote system
safety measures in the realm of the sof tware f iscal front. These safety counter-
measures will start off with a registration system in JFY 1961. The Development
Bank's loan framework has been expanded to 52 billion yen (from 48 billion yen in -
JFY 1980), 1 billion yen of which is earmarked for this purpose.
At the same time, the Medium and Small Industry Loan Treasury will also b ear part _
of these loans. -
Development Bank funds are funds to be directed toward the development of sc+ftware,
and the funding objective for JFY 1981 wi11 be "purchase of computers and land to ,
permit the buildup of software." The sum of 2 billion yen has been requ~sted to
this end, which also comes within the scope of the 52 billion yen Development Bank =
fund framework. -
- The involvement of the Development Bank in the loan system was extended in JFY 1980,
and this bank was also assigned responsibility for database development funds in
~ 1981. At the same time, the Medium and Small Industries Fiscal Treasury
established a special framework to promote an information handling industry directed ,
at medium and small industries, and it has assUmed responsibilities in the areas of -
operating and equipment funds. These were formerly within the realm of loan -
functions, but the system was not acceptable to the medium and small industries,
and so this change was made. ~
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Computer Age Co., Ltd. '
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOI,OGY
- ROK QUIZZES JAPAN ON ATOMIC FUEL REPROCESSING POSSIBILITY
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURN~,.L in English 9 Dec 80 p 6
~Text~
A member of the Republic oi ~ Kiyonari himself told the tion in the foreseeable future.
l:orea Atomic Energy Commis- press after the meeting that the ~Qy cited the fact that Ja~an
~ sion recently inquired unoffi- ~nquiry had not been official. ~~~f is operating just a single
Japan is yet to have enough of ~~t ty~ of spent nuclear fuel _
cially about reprocessing ~n d spent uranium fuel reprceessing plant with an
_ Japan spent nuclear fuel from reprocessing capacity to do annual capacity of only 210 tons
Korean nuclear power reactors. such an international service, o{ plutonium.
The Japanese atomic energy he said. But he cited an idea re- Then, too, the future of
commissioner responded favor- cently announced b Dr.
ably, it was learned. Y Japan's own reprocessing pro- _
Hiromi Arisawa, chairman of gram, tentatively started with
According to informed the Japan Atomic Indastrial Hr~hington's provisional nod,
sourcc.~s, the inyuiry was made Forum, to create an "Asian still delicately hinges on
late in Nov~mber by Pak Gun regional nuclear fuel center" in whether Washington will ulti-
tiik, ti~Y,ul's AEC member, ~apan to do reprocessing and mately okay Japan's continua- -
_ when he met. four members of enriching services for friendly tion of the program under its _
the Japan Atomic Energy Com- Asian countries. Kiyonari thus internationa] nuclear non-proli-
r:~is;;ion iu Tokyc~. Pw.c iiau i,eeu reasoneei lhat ~apan will, and feration poiicy intrud.:ced 5y
visiting Japan to attend a S~Wd, accepl the request of outgoing President Jimmy
.)apan-Repubtic of Korea Korea and other neighboring Carter. A new round of Japan-
atomic energy industrial ~tions. U.S. atomic energy talks under
seminar held in the Japanese pak's sounding out of Japan a treaty concerned is scheduled
capital. was a clear indication the shortly.
Susumu Kiyonar;, ac[ing Republic o[ Korea has a strong But some other saw a possi-
cliairman of the Japanese com- desire to have its spent bil:ty that the coming U.S. ad- -
mission, one ot the quartet, was ~anium fuel reprocessed and ministration of president-elect
extremely cooperative in an- utilize plutonium resulting Ronald W. 13eagan would give
_ swering the inquiry. He said from such reprozessing. the okay and allow Japan's
that since ROK is Japan's .rne ~~.ces, however, said quick progress with the pro-
neighbor, his commission and ~e Japanese nuclear energy or gram in view ot his apparently
- olher Japanese nuclear energy other experts' views are better understanding of it. Such
services will be willing not only ~vided as to ttseir prospect of international cooperation then
to accept such a reprocessing such Japanese cooperation with could be studied and okayed in
job, but to cooperate in enrich- ROK. Many were skeptical of future Japan-U.S. talks, they
ing uranium and treating radio- ~e ~sibility of such coopPT"'a said.
activr wastes. -
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbun 1980
CSO : 4120
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'
-
i
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- ,TApAN SCORES FIRST IN SPACE LAB TESTS ~
- Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 13 Dec 80 p 12
Ttr e N a t i o n a 1 S p a c e was prodliced ~mucb taste~r than�
[Text] Development Agency has inagiround-basedtest�
succeeded in fabricating a ~ off~cials said that in a six-
nickel compoand alloy and ~ute nickel alloY test, nickel -
ternary amorphouy semicou- metal and titaniam carbide
ductor fn recent~ space ~wder and whisker were
- laboratory tests toc the Cirst ~~~t 1,500 de~ees
- time in the world. ~g ~ f~ two minutes.
_ The tests w~re conducted ia a We~ left for anofher two
weightless and high-vacuum ~Q~ ~ ~ melted '
condition in a small rocket metal was subjected W a gas
launched Sept� 14 by the agency p~,e oE 20 kilo~am5 Pec'
irom its Tanegashima Space ~~e~ ~
Ceriter in southern Kyushu, metal aas fast cooled for about
- otiicials said. two minates to produce a nickel
The rocket carried three ~Y -
small eIectric turaaces, two of
wh~ch were used in a nickel In a six-minute semlcon-
- compound alloy tabrication ductor test, silkon. arsenic and ,
experiment and the last in a~ teUu~tum were melted into -
semtconductor tabrieation tesG te:`narY amorPb�us. semk0�'
'Che nickel allay thus made ductaa~ by using about tbe same ,
turned out to be about tvY}ce As Process-wttbin a#ar shortgr
hard and heat-resistinBd-based te~.
produced W a B~
experia~ent, tUe otflcials said diffe,renc~e, accordlnB
a~
The ternary amorphous officials, is tbat � in the
~^emiconductor-high�Quality semiooad~ II0 g~ ,
- r~aterial tor a solaz bauery- pre.ssure aas ap~~ .
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Daily News 1980 -
,
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOI,OGY -
METHANOL-FUELED POWER GENERATION STUDY STARTED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 56
[TBXt] ~ A project has begun which intends to '
utilize "methanol" which is simpty an indus-
trial raw material, as in the manufacture of
- formalin, and "methacoal" which is a mixture
of inethanol and pulverized coal, as alternative
fuel for oil in existing oil-Cueted power plants,
etc. The Japan Energy Economy Laboratory
and the Integrated Energy Engineering
Labotatory wil! shortly start "an integrated _
study on thc introduction and utilizatioo of
methanol and methacoal". Again, the Minutcy -
of International Ttade and Industry will start
- next ycaz a S year plan for the study of inetha-
nol and methacoal with a total budget of ~35
billion. Brown coal as an unexploited resource
and natural gas unstiitable for LNG production _
are intended as raw materials for methanol.
Since manufacturing technology for methanol is
available and methanol, like oil, as liquid at room
tempcrature and atmospheric pressure and thus
easy to transport and store, it is considered that
methanol could prove a satisfactory alternative -
fuel to oil. At the earliest, power piants
exclusively methanol-fucled, could start opera-
tion in I985.
COPYRIGHT: Fu~i Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL-TEMPERATURE MARINE POWER PLANT BEING PLANNED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in En~lish Sep 80 p 56
' Shimizu Construction Co. will shortly make robishima Construction Works is also engaged
[Text] ptactipl, a mnstruction plan for a test plant ~ the research of differential-temperature
(output: IOOkW) for diffcrential-temperature Power genetation in cooperation with Saga
marine power generation, intended to be University. it is very likely that trends toward -
adopted by Tokyo Electric Fower Co. and the development of the new energy source
" Toden Sekkei Co. at Nauru Island located through� differential power generation will
neaz the equator. The key point in the con- become highly practical. _
struction is the technique for installing a water
collection pipe aboui 900m long on a sloping
= sea bottom. i'oden Sekkei is planning to review -
the construction plan made by Shimizu and -
start preparations for wnstruction eacly next =
year, intending to complete construction work
for the test plant by summer.
Differential-temperature marine power gen-
eration makes use oC temperature differences
between hot seawater near the sea surface and
cold seawater at depths of about SOOm in the
sca. The basic system designed by rokyo
Electric Power Co. uses Fteon gas, having a
boiling point of 24�C, for the heat medium. _
The system is designed to evaporate Freon gas
with hot seawater around 29.8�C, feed the
vapor into the turbines for power generation
and return the gas vapor to the original liquid
by using cold seawater acound 7-8�C. The
plant wiU be constructed in the Republic of
Nauru, an island located near the equator.
Total construction costs will be about ~f 1.1
- ~ billion. '
T'oden Sekkei explains that subject to the .
results of the new test plant, the government
of Nauru intends to construct a commercial
plant with an output of 2,SOOkW in the
Republic. In the construction industry, ,
COPYRIGHT: Fu3i Ma.rketing Research Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CQAL MAKING STEADY PROGRESS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 56
' Sumitomo A1cta1 (ndustries started a full
[TeXt ] Sq~~ test for coal iiquefaction using a solvent
extraction coal liquefaction process. This is
being dealt with as part of the "sunshine
project" commissioned by the (nstitute of
- Srience and Technulogy of the Ministry of -
Intecnational T'rade and Industry. Distillation
plants, etc, wiil be completed within the year _
- and a consistent system for testing of coal
liyuefaction by distilling collected artificial _
crude oil into light fuel oii, etc. will be pro-
vided to collect basic data. The consttuction
- of a second full scale test pL�snt will be started
- in 1972, at the earlicst.
There are several methods of coat IiqueCac-
tion including direct water addition and syn-
thesis. The mini-test plant (daily capacity:lt)
by Sumitumo btet~l Industries uses a solvent
extraction system developed by joint research _
- with Sumitomo Coal. 'fhis is one of the most
orthodux methods oP coal liquefaction and is
expected to be practicalized very soon. 'fhe
method consists of forming a mixtutc of coal
and a solvent, hcating it in a furnace and
adding hydrogen to it Cor liquefaction. -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ,
WORLD'S LARGEST FIRING FURNACE IN OPERATION
Tokyo TECHN4CRAT in English Sep 8C' p 56
[�1~8Xt] ' Shinko Pfandlet Co., Ltd. has, since manufacture of very large products. Never-
February, bcen promoting efficiency~doubling theless, in .the food industry, such as by
and rationalization of an electriplly Cred breweries, there has been a strong demand for
furnacc installed at the company's pripcipal ~8~t 8~ssed-steel products. I'his has led
factory, at the total cost of Y450 million. Shinko Phandier to take the lead in com-
Now, the wotk has been completed and is in Pleting the world's largest fuing furnace.
- full operation as the wotld's largest energy-
;aving clactrically fircd furnacc.
T'he newly comp(eted furnace consists of
an cxisting eiectrii:ally fired furnace and a
mobilc [urnace of thc same typc newly con-
structed near thc inlet of the former, both of
- which are set togcther for usc as a single unit.
At the same time with the construction of this
new furnace, the existing furnace was modified -
internally by usin~: ceramic fibers, which for
furnace walls, are adiabatically better tha~~
refractories. Ceramic fibers were also used in -
� the ncw furnace. Thu has changed the inside
oC the furnace from a regene[ative type to a
non-regenerative type, effectively reducing
energy costs 6y mure than 30~'~ for those using
conventional [efr~ctories.
In ordcr to prc~�ent corrosion in storagc
tanks holding raw materials and products in the
chemical and food indusuies, glassedsteel
tanks, which are tanks lined with glass over -
~ the internal surfaces, are often used. In order '
to manufacture glassed-steel products, semi-
- products sprayed with liquid glass and then
bakcd at a temperatures around 800-900�C ;
in a firing furnace. Since glassed-stcel products
arc limited in size by the capacity of fuing
1'urnaces, there has been strict limits to the
_ ~
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOIAGY ~ ~
DAIDO DEVEIAPES NEW SYSTEM FOR METHANE GAS FROM GAF.~AGB
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 8Q p 56
[Text] ~ Daido Cherniwl f:ngineering, which is a
gencral engineering company manufacturing
waste acid complete collectors, etc., has devel- =
oped a solar heatec by applying its own
technology in a new fieid and also a methane
F~~ Renerator for hume use which continuously _
and automatically generates methane gas from
kitchen barbagc by unaerobic fermentation
using thc solar heater. The company will stazt
practical opcration this rnming fall. 'fhis new
tcchnology f~as innovative merits in two ways:
reduction of discharge of garbage from homes -
and enetgy saving.
Tliis development was encouraged by a
targc rise in gas prices. It not only enables
garbagc from homes to be utilized instead of
bcing thrown away, hut also supplies all the
gas for home use from methane gas geoerated
by an upri~ht methane gas generator made of
a transparent resin.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HEAT DRIVEN PUMP - UTILIZATION OF HIGH TII~ERATURE WASTE HEAT
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 57
[Text J 77ie Natlona! Research lnstitute jor Pollu- PKSSUre to change, w~/rich in Mrn transjer the
rron and Resources vj the Agency ojlndustriuJ ~tea: ar~d liquid si~nultaneously. The test pump
Science nnd Technology has developed a new has two pamflef inversr U tubes corurecied w/th
tvpe liquid transjer and transportation system rwo vertlca! pipes, each having a check valve to
ca!!cd a"heat drrven pump", which ejjectively ~tow the liquid in the pipe to Jlow in only
utilites high temperuture waste heat. The in� vne direction. The tubes have copp~r jins which
stlhete has confrrmed tha! the pump is able Qn heoted by high temperature waste heat The
to di,uhurge 180kg/hr when psovided ~yfth lruld risrs up in one p(pe ond sinks !n tlie
heat of abouf 3000kca!/hr. Detailed andy.ds orher pipe. The frrsr ltst pump has heating
und improvement oj rhe pumping principlt and n+bes oj j60mm ejfectfve lengih and /Smm
- mechunism are requlred jurther to develop a dlameter. Each ta6e has 45 plaJe�type copper
practica! pump. When completed, the pump wif! Ins 73mm x 116mrn x 0.6mm in slze. The
be uniq~~e, utlltzing high temperature waste experimeni using the fe~st test pump has
~ hear, saving energy m~d with no mechanical ~hieved mnximum 180kg per hour discharge
pumping unlf, suitable jor plents eu. by providing 3000kcal per hour heot. The
The pump has inversr U tubes whh check ~iyuid's temperarurc was IS�C at the inler and
vaives ut the ends. Cyclic bof[ing ' and con� 37�C ot the ouder.
= denaation oj the liquid in the rubes causes
Fint exparimental heat
drfv~n pump
Switch c o
� >
Main unit ~ a
. ~ >
t~,...._ 'o,a Y Load Strein
~:.....,i o ~ m eell 989e
Pan L`__::::1 � 1 t
recorder = a V Pen
recorder
L Heatinpunit - -
- ~ j w~ =
solenoid valve
" Fig. 1. Experimental Heat Driven Pump
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COAL GASFICATION UTILIZING PLASMA _
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 57 ~
[Text ] Unique cou! grujkation resrarnc ~onducted ot the NationaJ Research
/nstiheYe jo~ PolJusion and Re.rources oj the Agency oJTechnology and
Sclenee utilizes the high energy oj plasma to decompose coal and to
direcrly produce acethy[ene gas They ha've recentJy Jound rhat mixing
cod with guseous and Jiquid hydrocarbons which mr aenerored !n the:
gasjication pra�ess improves slgnfJTcantJy acetylene converoion ejfici�
ency. 9asic experiments wifl be conducted with o bench uale model.
Coa! gqsJtcation using plasma needs only simple equipment and aperotlon
to produce acetvlene, a basrc chemica: matenaL The grearest drawback,
- however, of thc me?hod is ~he large power requirement. Therefor~ it is
eYpected that high acet~~lene conve~sion ejftciency becausr ojeJjectlve ~
ud/ization oJ by-products wi!( provide o great leap toxarda making
pmctica! use ojthe method.
fn Japart, undrr construction is a plant with 7000m3 daily capacity
_ using hlgh cofary gosflcatlon rechnology, and n S ton da4y plant hoa
bern under tesr operaNun for fow ca(ory garjication powtr generation
~echnology. Though third plasma utiifzation is still tn the basic research
stuge, lt can easi(y produce acetylene that is neore stablr ot high tem
pe~atu~e than any other hydrocarbon. Thus, once technical p~oblems
are sofved, it is expected thot prospects of the thi?d mefhod wiA equa!
_ the two jormer methods The rnerhod lnvoives squeeztrtg an arc column
by a cold gar Jlotiv which increasea cumertt density in the cenfer resu(ting
in a conNnuoua wid stable plasna jet with very high tempero(ure and -
very high velocity. Tighdy bonded coa! molecula~ ae decomposed by
the h4gh energy oj the plasana and ocetylene, and hydrogen is directfy
pbduced. Important development subjects ~emaining are, how ro expase
a test materlaf ~o high remperature, and high spe~d plasma flame, how
to enlarge rhe contact areq and how to extend contoct ch~ration. The
lnatltute has ~cumulated basic knowledge to improve ecetyl~x con-
version ejjicienc�r using hydrogen or argon gas plasma (/OOkW powerJ..
Test materia! oj various kinds nj cbal are sent to a merging point of
_ pfasma Jlames jrom 3 torrhes A aecent exper(ment haa sNowrt thai
there rs u possibrlity of signifuartt ove~all coat improvement. Nlgher
ucetylene conversion ejficiency is obtoined by mixing a hydrocorbon type
Jlurd which becomes materia! as we!(, when the test materia! is ejected
The next experimenr is aLrred at to investlgatir4g the economical aspects
oj the method in datail, by checkrng the rr[atfonshlp 6etween the
rrqulrrd power and rype, amount and conditiona oJ the Jtutd to be =
mfxed.
35
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Hydroyen and argon (forplesma) ' _
Acetytane (hlph
Produced o c ~ p polymer metxiel)
- 4 N -
~ Tq ~c Hydrop~n (non
~ e pollution material
end tu W )
Coal Q~ = P Dealfur(zation end
_ (wlid, slurry, c enitrop~~atlon
~OIVMt -
processed Wat~r a Fuel or
eoal ~te. (oiq o Remaining meterial pea
v 4as
a Gsi
� o
~
~ Dawifurizetlo~ ov
~ E~
Char ration y~
_ ~
0 ow~c
. W yenerator
Aoh
]
Feg. 1. Ptaana Gasification Process -
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SCIENCE ANI` TECHNOLOGY
BWR DECOMMISSIONING AND DISMANTI.ING TAKE SHAPE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 58
_ [Text] The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Ltd., in cooperation with Toshiba Corpora-
tiony Hitachi Ltd., and Bechtel Nuclear Corp., U. S., the world's leading engineer-
- ing firm, has been studying on its own basis the decom~3.ssioning of 800-1,OOOMw
(electrical) scale BWRs. It has obtained a fair prospect of being able to dis-
mantle crucial reactor core and pressure vessel by means af a remote controlled un-
derwater arc cutter. Diamantling expenses will be about 20�6 those o� p1an~ recon-
, struction, approx. 0.6 yen per 1 kWh. While decommiesioning and rebuilding are
big problems from the viewpoints of radiation control, exposure of personnel, and
aiting limitations, this is the first feasibilitq achievement.
- According to the study, when a reactor is required to be disposed of, first the
- nuclear fuela are transferred and crud depositecl on the core structures is chemi-
cally removed; then the neutron activated core and pressure vessel are to be dis-
_ asaembled by under water arc cutting.
= In this case, from the standpoint o.f .radiation control, it is by far easier to
perform the ~ob 40-50 years later than right after terminating operation. Volume- .
- reduced wastes are to be stored over about 100 years for subsequent final disposal.
- The Minietry of International Trade and Industry formed a com~i.ttee in Ma.y compri-
sed of power companies, manufacturers, technical expoerts, and commenced work ~o
evaluate different kinds of dismantling methoda concerning environmental impacts
along with technical and economical aspects. '
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
� ENERGY-SAVING TYPE TRAINS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 68
' Yeatly, there have been increasing its consumptioo by conveotional trains, and
[TeXt] expectutions for development of "energy the energy saving L~sin of the Yuraku~cho line
saving type trains". For example, the ener~y savcs 44%.
saving train of Tcito Rapid 1'ransit Authority Accordingly, It is expected that energy
_ (the subway corporation) in 'fokyo teceives saving type trains will inccease in number from
~ ~F60~ mitlion a year as an energy saving chazge now on. The subway corporation already
from Japan's Nationat Railways Corporation owns 3l0 cars of energy saving type out of
_ who uses its energy saving train, thanks to its a total of 1,597 qrs, and has decided to
- energy saving characteristics. 1'here has so far employ energy saving type on all new lines in
becn no other cases whore the balance for the future. Japan's National Railway Corporation
- electric power consumption rates of both trains too is scheduled to order energy saving stock
is caiculated for payment. for 5 to 6 trains (10 curs per train) in their
, What is generally pUed an enetgy saving new car manufacturing program in 1980.
type train is one using thyristor chopper
contcol having electricity regenetation brakes.
T'hyristor chopper cont; ol is a voltage control-
- ling method of switching on and off at a high
speed, the electric current which flows into a
motor, by using a thyristor in place of conven-
- tional resistot controlling methods.
rhe tegenetation brake functions to genetate
- electricity by the rotating motor acting a
generator driven by the force of reverre inertia
when the train is braked. 1'he electric power
genetated by regeneration is sent back to the
ovethead conductor and used as travelling
energy for other trains runninR in the same
area. Regeneration brakes are divided largely
into two systems, field chopper aad amature
chopper. 'the latter system is more atttactive
by the degree of energy saving and the braking
characteristics at lower speeds.
Such energy saving type trains can save
about 409'a of t6eir electric power consumptioo
when compared to conventaaal trains. For
- example, the energy saving train on the Chiyoda
line of the subway corporation saves 39% af
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOI,OGY
MINISTRY STARTS STUDY OF MERCHANT VE~SEI,S FOR ICY WATERS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 68
[TEXt] ' rhe Ministry uf 'fransport has decided to
statt from 1981, a fuil-srale study of inerchant
vesscls for use in icy waters.
rhe rescarch and development in Japan
of s,ich merchant vessels is largely lagging
behind Europe and the USA. A test tank -
representiog icy waters (35m long, 6m wide _
and 1.8m in depth) for the first time in Japan
will be available at the Ship Research Institute
of the Ministry from 1981. With this facility -
in use. the ministry is determined to launch
the design and research of a merchant vessel
suitabla for icy waters.
Concretely, it has an idea of realizing in a
- 5 year program, a test design of an LNG vessel
with ice ctushing capacity required for trans-
portation of natural gas azound the Atctic
Ocean. "Blue Prints" indicate the size of the
vessel will be about 100,000t at the maximum.
'fhe dcsign intends to give the vessel a cruising
_ capacity of continuously crushing pack ice of
about 2.Sm thick without stopping.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ' �
DEVELOPMENT OF A FLYING BOAT IS EXPECTED '
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 68
- ''fhe Committee for Flying Boat Develop- ~ime being is 350 to 500, the mazket scale for
[TBXt] ment and Research, has discussed possible the whole will be ~600 to ~1,000 billion.
devetopment of an amphibious tlying boat as a Domestic demand wiU be one quarter or so -
lexding subject for the aircraft industry io but wiU er~ceed the market scale of the YX
1980's along with lhe "YXX (next but one (the next civil passenger airplane), which is
new civil passenger aircraft)" and a"smaDl ~d to be appcoximately $1,000 mil6on.
type aircraft". A conclusion has been teached Specifications of thc amphibious tlying boat '
development and u9e of a flying boat aze a for use with existing land airports will be as ~
pre~:-nt tequisite and will shortty submit a follows: The number of seats is 30 to 50.'fhe -
teport to that effect to the Aircraft aod total weight is 14 to 21 tons. The length of a
Machinery Industry Councii. runway required is I,OOOm on water and 800m ~
- According to the draft of the report to be on land. The cruising radius is S00 nautical
submitted, the use of flying boats will become miles (1,200 nautiql miles at the maximum).
a supplementary ttansport system fot the Flying boats are alrcady attracting the keen
existing aircraft system consisting of over TO attention of Okinawa, Nagasaki, Amami
land airports around Japan. For thc areas left [slands, OSasawara Islands, Akita, etc. Inter- _
- out of the super highway networks and rapid locked with a program for local promotion
transit railways, flying boats are considered and development, it is expected that a ftying
~ ve~y effective means for future development boat age will come in Japan.
- of loc.al cities and their industries, including
measuros for isc>lated islands, and for the
- cooperation with underdeveloped countries.
Latent demand for flying boats iu 1985
will be about IU million persons teking ad- '
vantage of them and 4,000 million passenger/
km in terms of travelting distance. As a cesult,
it is crpected that the number of lines wiU be -
127 and 147 flying boats will be used. Also,
_ 40 water airports will be built. -
Latent demands for tlying boats in the
��hole world are expected to be over 800.
- Supposing, however, that the number expected
_ to be developed and manufactuted for the -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CONTROL OF A TRAIN WITH INVERTERS
_ Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 68
` Tuyo Denki Seizo K.K. has established a -
[Text] basic technique for a irain crontrol device using
invcrters, which is effective in power saving
~s by use of thysistor choppec control, and
for which maintenance is simple. Thic control
u to control with a spccial inverter induction
_ moto~s which are Far easier in respect of �
- maintenance than direct current motors. It has
already been put to practiral use in subways
and streetcars in West Germany, and else
where. In lapan too, Hitachi Co. and othets
are manufaeturing for trial u~e inverter contcol-
led ttaina for a subway in Osaka.
The inverter wntrolled trains can save
etectricity without using cegistance and ncovers
- elcctric powet by tegeneration brake. The
power savinK effect is considered to be about
the s~me as for a thyristor chopper - 30 to 40%
of the amount of elecuiC power consumed.
A thyristor chopper controlled Uain re-
quires a considerable cost for maintenance of -
commutators and brushes used for the d'uect
_ current motor, while the inverter controped
train tequices almost no such maintenance as -
an induction motor is used. Further, the
thyrutoc chopper controlled train requires a
switch used at the start and regeneration =
� braking or when moving forwards and rear-
watds, which the inverter controUed train does
not requiro.
The device recently r.ompleted by 'Coyo
Dcnki Seizo is equipped with a three-phase
_ squirre(-cago induction motor of 175kW and
can drive an actual train.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TWIN-BANK ENGINE EQUIPPID MEDIUM-SIZE TANKER COMPLETED
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 69
[Text] yitachi Shipbuilding 6c Engineering Co. has cornpleted a medium�
size tanker equfpped w(th a twrn bank dlestl engine which has ochfeved
- a 24~o reducNon in fue! consumption.
The twin-bank engine was developed rndependend}~ by the company
in l976 to meet the needs jor saving energy and higher economy oj
ship operntion. The newly tanker is the jtrst to mount this twin bank
_ diese! engina
The twin bank engine system has the fo!lowing features:
!J /t has rwo engines maunred on a comrnon ba.~r and nsrs a Seared
rrductlon sylfem. Thu; !t enablu fuel consumptlon to b~ largely
~educed. 2)!t permits the ure ojlow-grade olL 3) !r hat c 1ow revolutfonai
- .rpeed and !s highly~ rclia6le. 4/ !t permits mainttnance oj the engirte on ~
one bank whi/e nc~ engine on the other bank conrirtutJ Yo run
' In pracrice, tests oj rhe newly buiJt meGium�size tanker liave proved
- rhat compamd winc ~onvenrlonn! medlum�sise tankers, It achleves a
249'~ reductton in fut! consumpNon and gexemres less vibmHon ond noise.
Besides, the tanker hus the jollowing jeaheres: I J It employs a doubfe
hu!! srrticrt~re tn comp(rance ivrth IMCO rcquirerrrentc 1J It adopu a large
bulbous bow to improve propulsion performanee. 3J It allows the rnain
rngrne tn be mmotely controfled jrom the steering room, enab(ing
navigation to continue jor 24 hours wrth the engine room unmanned.
And 4J the tank rs piovided w/th three types oj piping, enabling ihree
rypes oj Jiquid ro be loaded. ,
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW MANUFACTURING OF HIGH-QUALITY SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 10
[T2Xt] ` Making usc of a strong magnetic field,
Sony Corp. has developed a process (the MCZ
process) for manufacturing single~rystal silicon
- of far higher quality than conventional types.
The MCZ process gives a strong magnetic
field over 2,000 gauses to the side af the s7icon
"crucible" to control theimal convection of the -
motten silicon. Appiying a magnetic field causes
_ . the viscosty of the molten silicon to increaze
resulting in a decrease in convection. This
causes the surfaces of the soluLon to become
- vcry calm and at the same time temperature
fluctuation will nearly cease. This enables
crystals to grow smoothly, and uniform(y,
showing no stripes due to the local unevenness
of impuritics in the cross sections of the
crystals. -
' Oxygen included in silicon crystals by a
chemical reaction between the quartz "crucible"
and the alicon sol~tion can be controlled to an
appropriate density (6-15ppm) by varying the
- intensity of the magnetic field, because the
- oxygen is attracted by the Geld and is prevented -
from drifting toward the crystal's surfaces in
growth.
- Thus, the crystal has the foUowing features:
- (1) high uniform yuality, (2) very low level of
crystal defects and (3) little or no deflection _
of wafers. Thus, this is expected to contribute
greatly, in respect oC materials, for mau pco-
- duction of ultra LS['s which require ultra-
high integration of the order of wbrt;icron.
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SCIENCE AND TECHN~LOGY
GLASS-COATED HIGH-RELIABILITX HIGH-VOLTAGE-WITHSTANDING TRANSISTOR
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 70
[Text] t Toshiba Co~p. has developed and succeeded Which has Ieak current as low as one tenth
in mass production of a high-reliability, high- ~at of the conventional levels and shows little
voltage-withstanding transistor with its P-N deterioration by heat resistancc.
interCace p~otected with glass. This develop- pt the same time, with the adoption of this
_ ment is to prevent external environmental ~ss passivalion technology, the c~mpany has
pollution and widcly ir.crease durability and completed a fully automated assembly line to
thermal resistance by protecting the P-N inter- absorb rises in prices resulting trom complica-
face of a special mesc: structure of the high- tion of processes. This will, it is expected, make
- voltage-withstanding transistor with glass. the price of the glass-passivation high-voltage-
The company has established a unique glass W~~hstanding transistor comparable to those of
passivation technique by (1) developing high- conventional types.
accurscy silicon processing technique for form-
- ing deep grooves free of crystal defects and
' (2) developing n~w electrodeposition technique
and bakuig techniquc whicfi achieve complete
filling-in of grooves with glass without excess
- fillirrg. The electrodeposition-baking technique
developed by the company soaks pulverized
- glass in alcohol to make a colloidal solution, in
which are placed an electrode and silicon
wafcrs with surfaces othcr than grooves in-
sulation coated, and a current and a voltage
are applied between the electrode and the
wafcrs. This arouscs migration, causing charged
glass particles to deposit in the grooves where
rhe silicon is ~expoed. Subsequently, these glass
depoyts are baked at a tcmperature below
I,000�C to soften, fluidize and densify the
glass.
For p,lass as a material, a special type has
been developed which has excellent temperature
chazacteristics and grain distribution, a coeffi-
cient oC thermal cxpansion suited to silicon, is
physically and chemically stable and has re-
- sistance to aging. This has enabled a high=
voltaQc-withstandinR transistor to be developed
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_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~ ULTRA-SPEED SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT DEVELOPED
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in E~Alish Sep 80_p 71
The Fuiitsu Labomtories Lrd. has developed an ulna-speed aemi- -
~TeXt~ conductor eleqeent "high-electron mobiltty t~nsittor" (HEMTJ bascdon
new principle.c The HEMT rs an applJcatlon oj that elecnons move at
- extra-Hrgh speed in o materia! jormed by a combinaNon of crystals oj
non�dope ga~ium-arscnrc and garium�afuminum and arsentc.
The principles of the NEAlT were published in 1978 by the Be1!
_ Telephone La6arnrory but had not yet been applied to real srmi-
_ conducto~ svsrems. On the basis oj its e~Cperience cccumulated ln
resecrch and development oj semiconductors, the Fuiltsu Labomtories
_ made a rransistor strt~cture oj a combinaNon oj garfum�arsentc and
~ garium�aluminum�arsenic by using a moleculawbemn srngle�crystaf g~owrh
techniquesadopred in ihe rrseach and development ojCaAsFE7: The
resr modei made haa o CaAs layer 200?nm rhkk, an AICaAs fayer
70mm ?hick und o donor density 'oj 6x10�crn3. The laborarory then
gcnerated an ult~a-high�.tpeed elecnon cumnt and succeeded in con-
trolfing if in a gate electsic jield Key pointr in fhis ,wccess were /J Two
_ layers oj gnrium-n/umtnum�arsenic containfng tmpuriHes (si(lcon) and
c garlum substrare werc provided. 1/ Variadon oj impur~Nes were con� -
rroiled ar the inrerjace oj these nvo layera
Da1a jrom rhe company show fhat fhe eJectric mobtftty of HEMT _
meosurea 37.800cm2V'~S"~ and is theonNcally cafcuiared to be
lOO,OOOcm2V'~S'~ (both as measured a rhe remperatur~e oj liquiC
nitrogen/. A unti tesr ntodel achievtd elecbonic mobility 6 times as
hfgh as thut oj GaAs FET. !n addidon, rheoretkai(y it has been proved
rhnt it is yuru possible to achieve perfo?mance exceeding that of a
CaAsFET by a jacror oj more than 10 vnd that oj silicon transistors _
(bfOS FET) by a jactor ojmore rhnn S0.
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~ - -
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INDEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY FOR SATELLITE COMPUTERS "
_ Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 72
- [Text] ~ h11I'1 has decided on encouraging -
_ devclopmeat of independent technology for
"onbaard space computers" to be mounted
in an artif'iciai satellites. Making much of the
space industry, MITI has started in the current
fisu-~I year to dcvelop a unique resources survey
satellitr called b1ERES, aiming to launch it in
i
1985.
The development of on-board computers
is intended to be completed in 1987 oc 1988
and aims at computers for a vaziety of domestic
- artificial sateliites which will be launched in
the L~tter hatf of the 1980's, without d'uect -
coacern with MERES. And it can be regarded as a new nuclear theme in MITI's policy
for promoting space the industry, follnwing MERES.
Most of Japan's conventional artificial satellites are designed to effect attitude -
control by remote operation from an earth station, and to generate and consume power
- from solar cells while transmitting data tn the earth without processing it.
This system, however, has the drawbacks of being incapable of fine control, involv-
ing lose of valuable energy and failing to follow the coming satellite age requir-
ing increasingly complicated operations. Again the new satellites are expected to
be multifunctional and larger and to deal with increased data. Thus, they are re- -
- quired to be at least capable of primary data processing. And this role can be
undertaken by on-board space computers.
MI'C( intends to utilize the computers for development of shielding materials which wiil
vsrious types of cuntrol such as control of the protect elements, processots and memories
receiving angles of solar cells to direct them against severe space envuoamental conditions
consistantly to thc sun, giving commands to such as radiation and the noncxistance of ;
asxign generated power either to batteries or glavitation. MI'f1 is planning to develop !
opcration, and control of temperature in machine No.l after the model of NSSC1
satellites, developed by US IBM.
White starting wnceptuat designing from
1981, MITI intends to start research and
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SCIEPICE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMITTING C02 GAS LASER LIGHT
_ Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 73 ~
- ~'r@Xt~ a new opticni frber capable of tra+tsn+ltting M~tarid rod
carbon dioxlde gas laaer f~ght has been de-
vetoped by XDD. Msltinp furnace
fluid _ _ o
- This !s a singfe�cry~stn! opttca! J16er qutx o g
dijjcrent jrom presertt quarez opHcd fib~rs H~ater-�o �o
77r1s st+cce,ts was madc by devlsing a newly ~ o~ o ~
drawn rtngle�crysrul ftber and u.~ng "XRS�S", o 0 0
klnd oj alkalJne inorganrc hafrde as a cone- o~-Capillery
paind oj a(kaline earth metals and halogens, as Heeter~~'o� o�
the base material. Quartz optical fiber is unable a o�
to transmit infrared rays with a wavelengfh oj o� .~Sheper ~
l0.6N oj curbon dioxide gas (aser light. The v�'
new j6er thus shows the prospecr oj jiber Sinpl~cryasl
tmnsmisrion oj .n~ch ruys and there is much opticel fib~r
untfclpctron about Its ouccome. Roll
7'he Figu?e shows a sketch oj a newly dt- i
veloped drawing system forsingle�crystairber.
A rod ojXRS�S as a mixed crysral oj thallium
bromlde and tha!llum iodide is loaded on rhe fop
oj hopper-like materia! melting jumace and is Fig. l. Newly Developed Single-
heated to about 400�C to make a Jluid. The CrystalOptical-Fiber
fJuid jJows down into a capilfary and drops ro producer
a pipe called a shaper. He~e, a seed crystal is
app(ted to rhe Jluid, and by drawing down the
Jiuid wirh a roflt~, u singlr-crystal frber as thick
as the shaper can be obtained contlnuov.NY� Tke
keypoint vjthrs sysrem is ~o determine the Jlow
rate oj the Jluid by the thickness o!' the
capillary and to control the diameter oj the
- single�crystal fibe~ by the thicknesr oj the
shaper. Tests havc proved that a 0.4-Imm
thick single�crysta! fiber with a erosr�section
vrrv near n tnre crrcle con be obtained at a
- mte nj 0.3-3cm per min.
For singlr�crysta! opHcal ft6er, the rccertt
succcss ts ~he frrsf in Japan.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOI,OGY
UTILIZATION OF HEAVY OIL RESIDUES
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 78
"'fhe Rcsourcrs and Energy Agency of the For utilization as city gas, joint research
[Text] Ministry of International i'rade and lndustry and development i~ expected between city gas
has announced that it will stazt to promote companies and oil refining companies.
_ the utilization uC heavy oil residues at the For the development of hydrogen manufac-
total cust of ~f50 billion in a 3 to 5 year plan. turing processes, so far no practical schemes
- The project includes the following 4 devel- have been determined for promoting research.
opments: 1) development of power generation The Agency believes that even though new
using gasifieJ residues in gas and cteam types of technology for dissolving heavy oil
- turbines; 2) gasiCication and ~lorific improve- will be developed, tcchnology for utilizing
ment of residues to produ~~e city gas; 3) residues in the above ways can be applied in
- Jevelopment of hydrogen manufacturing utilizing such produced in lazge quantities in
proccs.ses; and 4) other utilization of residues Vansforming and refining oil sands and oil
as industrial materials. shale and the liquefaction of coal.
As increasingly more heavy c;ude oil is
being imported reccntly, studies ate becoming
~ active on new dissolutioo processes which
produce no cesiduals (asphalt, oil coke and
pitch) as by products. 'fhe developmant of
this technology, however, will require long
lead time and also involves some risk. 'Chus,
the Resources and Energy Agency has decided
as an cmergency measure to establish technol-
ogy foc disposing of such cesidues. I'he first
plan consists of the development of a complex-
- gasiPication cycle power generatiun system. At
present, gas turbine power generation uses
naphtha as a fucl to copc with maximum
dcmand. The new system is designeJ to gasify
licavy oil residues for gas turbine power genera-
tion, wl~ile using waste heat to opcrate steam
turbines fot steam power generation. Plans
- have beea made to utilize the system for
in-plant power generation, by installing it in
oit refinery conglomerates.
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= SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS FOR FUNCTIONAI,r~RANES
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 78 _
[Text ] ~~ndustry shows movcments to utilize in addition, a hopeful appliqtion of oxygen
functional membranesdeveloped by technology enriching membranes may be in automobile
f'ur hi~h-molecular chemistry for saving energy. engines, which is expected to increase their
Functional membranes have numerous cambustion efficiency.
small pores and are able to Cilter molecules of ~
~ certain sizes. They have primarily been used
in artificial organs and water producing -
= systems. Another application which has
already developed foi them is the condensing
oC sclutions and gases and the exUaction of
water from various materials, for the purpose
of saving energy.
A special development is for "oxygen
- enriching membranes" made by synthetic
- textile makers, which can produce highdensity -
oxygen out of the air. When used in boilers,
they increase the combustion efficiency of
boilers.
_ i'eijin Cu� wliich leads in the fieid, has
since 1979 been maintaining a 3 year ptan for
the development of oxygen enriching mem-
= branes, aiming tu increase the density of
oxygen in air from thc natural 22~ to 334'c.
Other applications of oxygen enriching -
~ membranes arc for activated studgc disposers
and o!cygen chambers in hospitals. However,
the greatest application is in thc field of
cnergy saving. Thc use of these memUranes a:
- thc air inlcts of combustion chambcrs of
boilers will increase combustion efficiency,
contributing to reducing expenses for heavy
oil. ~
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~ -
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLECTION OF WASTE SULFURTC AND HYDRO~HLdRIC ACIDS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p?8 -
� Daido Chemical Engineering Co. has
[TeXt] decided to export their technology for their
multi~tility cnergy-saving complcte collectors
for waste sulfuric and hydrochlotic acids,
which uses a vacuum evaporation process they
- developed. Tiie company to receive the tech-
nology is Ferguson, a generai plant engincering -
- compa~y in the U.S. Daido have already been
negotiating with American steel makers for
complete waste acid col!ection plants to the
value of Y1 billion.
T'he company intends a period of 5 years
Cor its technologicnl exportation for the entirc -
territorics uf the U.S. and Canada, with agtee-
- mcnts bascd on a down payment and a royalty. '
In Japan, Daido has made more than 60
deliveties of its new cellector to such com-
- panies as steel, textile, titanium oxide, auto- ~
motive parts and electronic parts manufacturers.
1'he complete waste acid coQection system ,
uf Uaido is well appreciated because it is an
. energy-saving type with a steam requuement
of only 2/3 that of conventional levels and
thus pays for itself just a few years.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW HETEROPOLY-ACID CATALYST
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 78
[~eXt ] ' r�kyo Institute of i'echnology has newly
devcl~p~d a hetcropoly-acid catalyst which
enables olefine hydrocarbons to be obtaia
from methanoi.
Recently, studies have been very active of
materials as a7ternatives to oil in the petro-
_ chemipi industry. Since technology for syn-
thesizing methanol from coal has been estab-
lished, efforts are being d'uccted to the
development of technology for synthesiaing
hydrocarbons as materials foc petrochemical
products from methanol.
The new heteropolyacid is 12-tungst
phosphate or 12-tungst silicate as improved,
- and has been found to have the same catalystic
_ pcopeeties as synthesized zeotite.
Te~ts using this catalyst have proved that
hydrocarbons yielded are up to 71% including
1 L~'o methane, 9% ethylene, 5.2�6 ethane, 3.89'0
propylene, 34~0 propane, 263'o butane and
7.29'o pentene with little uromatic hydrocarbons
included. It has also proved that the catalyst
can last for more than 52 hours.
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- TECHNOLOGY FOR TRANSFORMING WASTE PLASTICS INTO FUEL ~
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 80
' [Text] ~~e Minisuy of lnternational Trade and
_ lndustry, it is presumed, has decided to
dasignate as important in a new proBa~n
begirming next year, technology for extracting
energy from wastes, particulazly ffie develop- -
- ment of technology as joint reseuch by the -
Waste Plastic Disposal Promotion Association
and Mitsubishi Heavy industries, for transfonn-
ing waste piastics into solid fuel. -
Thc project auns not only at producing fuel, -
but also at making ntaterials. Tl~e Ministry is ~
y planning to couple the project to the develop-
ment of Cl chemical technology which was
startcd thu year as a project of the Agency of -
Science and Technology. Positive efforts have
thus begun to reclaim wacte plastics in an
- integrated way. _
- For transformation into fuel, the Ministry
considers that costs for transporting collected
plastics wilt be an expensive disadvantage
economically. Tlius, it intends to carry out
plans from the beginning on a practicxl ba~s
by operating the entire system from collection
and hansportation of waste plastics to the
development of technology for transforming
them into fuei, and then uti:izing the fuel in ~
predetcrmined ways. It wiil appropriate about
~f40 billion for thc total budget.
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOI,OGY
SURVEY OF OCEANIC-CURRENT ENERGY
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 89
[Text] The Science und Technology Agency has G~nerator
decided to conduct ~rveys of how much
energy dre Japancse cunent has in oMer to Stoppar
moke use oj "oceanic curn.nt generation" in
the fuhrre. For rhrs purpose, tht Agency wi11 DirecUon of Var� can bo =
oeaenic curnnt op~n~d
- instvll an instrument Jor mensurin{q the .~eed
and direction of tlte Japanese current a short -
distunce ofj the Tokara lslands located to ihe -
south ojKqqoshuna Prejecture this jali and wi!!
cnpect data jor about 6 months.
Compared with wave jorce gene~aaon ond
oceonic dijjerentiai�remperuturie gerte?otion
whrch also make use ojoceanicer~ergy,oceareic�
cunent gerterativn has been lefr Jar behind Fig. 1. Totally Curtent Facing Vertical Shaft
wrthour practica! developmenr plans beir~ 11~ater Wheel Type System -r One of
_ rnade. Under these cirrumstunce.~ the Scienne OCeaniC~uRent Powet Ceneration _
and Trchnology Agency publi,ohed c rcport on _
rhe appJicarion oj the Japonese current jor
power generatinn (see TECNNOCRAT Yol.l2,
No. 4/ last year. And it intends to make use of .
recent ,n~n:eys as basic data available jor when
ucrunic�curmnt potiver genernNon systems are
developed in the fururt. _
- The Agency has ptcked 4 placea ~cluding
- the sea area near the Tokam islands, as being -
.n~iruble places und inrends to collect dam on
the other tliree pluces by conducting siinilar
.mrvel�s in the nex t 3 years.
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~
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JOINT-VENTURE COMPANY IN NEW GUINEA
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 92
� Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp Co. has decided to
[Text] establuh a new joint-venture company, with -
Nisshodwai Co. and the Papua New Guinea
Government as the other pazties, in order to
stazt forestation of encatyptuses and the con-
struction of chip plants. '
At present, the business has been planned
as follows. 'fhe company will borrow a national
lot covering ebout 20,OOOha in New Britain -
from the Papaa New Ginea Govetnment and
- plant there eucalyptuses and Ruseana with a ,
denaity of 2,500 per ha on average. 'fhese
two families grow fast, the Ruscana maturing
in 5 years and the eucalyptus in 7 years. In _
- accordaace with these growing speeds, the
wmpany wiU con.~truct a chip plant and a
shipping hazbot, aiming to complete them in
7 yeats. rhe chip plant wili have an annual
production capacity of about 300,OOOt. T'he
company estimates about Y4 billion for the -
total coat of this enterprise.
The capitat of the~ joint-venture company -
- c:onsists of an authorized capital of about
~1.2 billion aod a paid-up rapita! of about
� Y400 miClion. 1'he Papua New Guinea Govern-
ment wiA cover nearly 3096 and the Japanese i
_ pazties alightly over 70%. , ~
'fhe new companY will have the merits of
contiibuting to the stable suppty of materuls
for paper manufacture such as pulp and chips
_ for ]apan, and the Papua New Ginea Goveto-
ment have the merits of 1) to increasing em-
ployment, 2) acquisition of foreign currency ~
and 3) promotion of integrated devetopment.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY PROMOTES STUDIES ON GENE REARRANGEMENT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep SO p 92
- ' For the Research Center for Gene Re- activities of qncer viruses which have pro-
[Text] arrangement, the Science and Technology pagated in the microbes used as a host vector _
_ Agency, which hxs been making plans since system, and 4) studies of the biological activi-
1978, seems it will start construction of its ties of bodies treated with gene rearrangement,
faci~itks in the next fiscal year, aiming ro which have complementary DNA to RNA
start operation in 1983. viruses.
The Agency has been in the belief that
in order to largcly speed up the studies on
gcnc rearrangement in Japan which is somewhat
behiod other countries, it is essential to
- catablish a laboralory that has the functan of
physipl containment of the highest level (P4
level) and determine standards for the assess-
ment of saEety which are helpful as guide6nes
for studies. Recently there arc trends mainly .
in Europe and in the US toward easing safety
_ standards foc studies on gene arrangement and
opinions are heard denying the necessity of -
P4 Cacilities. Fluwever, the Agency, in the
- bclief that it is necessaiy for Japan independent-
ly to estabtish objective and convincing safety
standards, has decided to make a request to
the Ministry of Finance for a budget of about
� '~Z.3 billion (ur thc construction of the neces-
sary facilitics.
Studies on the assessment of safety to be
~rtied out in the P4 laboratory includes the
following: 1) studies of the movement oC
vectors as rearranged DNA molecules into
bacteria other than the'u hosts in, e.g., hUman -
or other stomachs and intestines, 2) studies
of the toxicity of bodies in which rearrange� -
ment is made, 3) studies of the biologipt
a
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ~
OBTAINING ELECTRICITY FROM CHLOROPLASTS SUCCESSFUL
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Sep 80 p 93
[Text] A group u�der the /eadership oj Hideo Ochiui, projessar at the
_ FacuJty oj Agstcu(ture, Shimane University, has succeeded in generadng
eJecrriclty using as an elecrrode, llve cetis oj bd+e-grees olgae (Masdg+o-
cfadus lominvsus/ that grow in spas
' For rhe study oj obtaining an electric current jrom ch(oroplast,~
a prnject ream incJuding Proj. Ochiai, und sponsered by tht Ministry
oj�ducation, in 1978 succeeded in tests using chioroplasts ojspinach
and the like. 77~e tests, however, showed tha? the chloroplasts, in 10
- minutrs at a temperature oj about 4S�C, became less uctive and in
- l-2 hours, rhe ac�Nnn sropped.
. In principfe. rhe tesrs were .~ccessful, butthe concepr was dijficuft
ro make prncrical because chloroplasts seemed too vufne~able to heat and
- 7ighr ro endure (nng rn solar heat. So, a new group, under Prof. Ochiai
of Shimane Univcrsity, picked up the thrme and have made observations
oj biue-green olgae. Blue-green algae gsow in hot spring water and rheir
chloroplas~s are resistant ro heat. In jacr, rhe algae can be used alive
and they are capable oj selj�reproduc7on. They also grow rven du~ing
prcxiucing rlectriciry.
- Gexerarion oj electricity using chloroplasts is ejjected as folfows:
Exposed tn optical energy, chioroplosts obiain electrons jrom xnter.
These electrons are successivefy distrrbuted a~ound in the chloroplasts
_ until they are consvmed to produce carbon droxide. An elecfric currcnt
can be generoted by extrccting rhe electrnns bejore they nrc eonsumed.
- Chloroplasts have to 6e secured befon they ean be mode to form
electrodes Proj. Ochiai er ni. fexed blue�gretn algoe wiih calcium
ufginute. !n their test, a large quandty oj blue�green a(gae ~++asculrivated
rn thc labo~atory and was spread rhin on 7cro squam glass plates coated
wit/t stannic ozide to lorrn efechadts. Thesr elecfrodes we~e soaked in
an electolyte rogether with piadnum elecrrodes Applying lrghi oj
SJ,UUO lux, slightfy weaker than the sunfight ort a fi'ne dny, io the side
nj blue-green aigae electrodtt caused a currr~nt oj 10-20�A to Jlow
between the two electrodes Adding an organic compound (indophenoJJ
as an elecrson carrier to the elecbolytt actually caused rhe e(ecbon
flow ro inenase by l0 to 40 times artd the Jlow co~Plmred jor about
10 days.
Proj. Ochiai explains thar this system is applicable in making up for
some oj the drawbacks oj solur celfs. Solar celis work?articuln~ly well in
- ultrovloler rays but not !n visible ~ays Chloroplasts, on fhe other hand,
are ejjective in using vrsible rays Given the same temperature cnd
humidiq~, chloroplasts show the sane abiliry even in cloudy days or
dimmlv fit days rn wrnter.
56
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Tablc 1. Photosystem Activity of the Thermophilic Blue- _
Green AIRa in [ntact Cells =
Spscific
R~setlon ~ivity' � _
pv~nll r~~ctiont 83~ _
tDCMU
P$ 1 ~ ~
PS-i 1 3~
tDCMU ~
NADP+ reduetion $ ~
' Electron lmicroWuivelent per mp of chlorophyll per hr).
�r H20 methyl vfolopen�
~ ii;0'~NAOP*�
E~~ct.on Itow -
Tr~nqu~nlSnO; ~I~t�
'El~ctrolv~~�'.~? `J LI~~
j , r -
_I n~ .
i F dm or oi~~ w~n ~~q.~ c.~i~
Uvw�~nnya.~nt w~:K~wn onlv Iblu~ p~w' NpN ~tntuml
Fig. L Principles of Chloroplast Power Generation .
- Fig.2. Photocurrent-potential curve
with the PVA/algac film deposited or+
; an SnOz optically transport electrode,
~ o with a Y-46 filtet, wfiich cuts off
a light oC wavelength shorter than
460nm. Photocurrent is shown as �A
~ per l0�g of chloiophyll per cm~ -
The electrode potential is in V
� (againsta standard calo~nelelectrode).
~I ~...,.,.o~.,,,...
I
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