JPRS ID: 9493 CHINA REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070028-1
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 28
• Content Type: REPORTS

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FOR Oi~~[CI~EL lf~~ OI+dLY
JPRS L/9493
19 January 1981
.
- Chir~a Re _
p
POLiT1CAl, St~CiOIOGICAI AP~I[~ I~ILa~'A~`( ~,FFAIRS
cFOUa ~ ~a 1 ~
~ ~BIS ~~REICaN BROADCA~T INFORIVI~TION S~RVIC~
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JPRS L/9493
- 19 January 1981
- CHINA REPORT
POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1/81)
� CONTENTS
- INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Japanese Plant Contracta Finalizing Review
~JIJI~ 22 Dec 80) 1
PARTY AND STATE
~enty-Third Inatallment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
(Zhu Shan; HSIN WAN PAO, 28 Oct 80) 2
Thirty-Fifth Inatallment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
(Zhu Shan; HSIN WAN PAO, 9 Nov 80) b
Thirty-Sixth Installment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qin.g'
(Zhu Shan; HSIN WAN PAO, 10 Nov 80~ 9
- Thirty-Seventh Inatallment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
- (Zhu Shan; HSIN WAN PAO, 11 Nov 80) 13
Thirty-Eighth Installment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
~Zhu Shan; ~ISIN WAN PAO~ 12 Nov 80) 16
Thirty-Ninth Installment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
(Zhu Shan; H5IN WAN PAO, 13 Nov 80) 18
` Fortieth Installment of 'Unofficial History of Jiang Qing'
- (Zhu Shan; HSIN WAN PAO, 14 Nov 80) 21
. MILITAF:Y AND PUBLIC SECfTRITY
JapanQSe Appraise China's Defense Industry
- ~KORUBO, Aug 80) 25
- a - (III - CC - 80 FOUO]
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,
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
JAPANESE PLANT CONTREICTS FINALIZIhG REVI~J
OW271349 Tokyo JIJI in English 1333 (~1T 22 Dec 80
[Text] Beijing, 26 Dec (JIJI PRESS)-A Chinese official said Friday a conclusion
will be reached "in the not remote future" on the ongoing review of all existing
contracts for imports of plants fr~om Japan.
Wei Fengqi, deputy director of the Fuurth Bureau of the Foreign Trade Ministry,
' also told representatives of the Association for the Promotion of International
Trade, Japan, that as soon as the Chinese decide on specific plant pro~ects which
will be scrapped, postponed or continued, the Japanese quarters concerned would
be informed of the decision through National Machinery Import and Export Corp.
Wei did not disclosz when the decision will be made.
But Chinese sources said agreement was already reached at a meeting of comm~unist
party officials, opened here around last 16 December, to step up the current
readjustment of China's economic programs and shorten its capital construction
plan.
Therefore, what to do about plant pro~ ects involving foreign interests is likely
to be formally decided early next year.
Japan's plant contracts with China since 1979 have reached approximately 800 million
dollars, according to Japanese business sources here. Indications are that several
contracts for petrochemical plants wo~ld be cancelled.
. CSO: 4020
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rva vrrt~iew u~r, vivi,i
PARTY AND STATE
TWENTY-THIRD INS`LALLMENT OF 'UNOFFICIAL HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
,l HK061245 Hong Kong HSIN WAN PAO in Chinese 28 Oct 80 p 8
["Unofficial History of Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (3796 3790) Part VI: "Giving Birth
to a Daughter and Being Unreasonable; Leaving for Chongqing"--twenty-third install-
ment; article bears the following caveat: "All Rights Reserved. This Article May
_ Not Be Reprinted or Translated."]
[TextJ "What's the matter with you? You're fumbling in my pocket!"
"A box ~s slipping out of it."
Worried About a Powder Box Being Discovered; Makes a Big Issue of Soapy Water
Getting in zhe Eye
. "You are stealing!"
"No!" s~id Xiao Jing, shocked.
"That's all right.. But do you know what this box is for?" `
- "I don't know. I've never seen anything like it."
"Well, forget it."
Jiang Qing thought that if Xiaojing found out, and spread the word,,around, she
would be in for trouble. She must guard 2gainst it.
One day, Xiaojing bathed the baby. She inadvertently let a drop of soapy water
get into the child's eye. There was a trace of red in it. Jiang Qing walked in
- and found out what was the matter. Point to Xiao~ing, she said:
_ "You have recently performed terribly. Your service attitude leaves a lot to be
desired. Who sent you over?"
"I have done my best," said Xiaojing meekly. She bent to pick up the child. She
deposited her on the chair, drying het slowly.
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"You are using too much force. Look, how you have always rubbed my skin. It is `
still red from rubbing. How can you treat :~er tender skin so roughly as if it were ,
a washboard?" Jiang Qing had raised her voice.
Xiaojing said nothing. She continued rubbing the child gently. `
"Stop it!" Jiang Qing came up, seizing the towel from Xiac~ing's hand. Clumsily
she rubbed the child with it. This only made the baby, who previously had been
laughing and playful, cry in fear. Xiaojing hurried to fondle her. Jiang Qing
curtly put the child into Xiao~ing's arms.
"That's your job, you job! If she has any skin trouble, take care of it!"
The Chairman Denounces Personal Enjoyment; Jiang Qing Complains of a Miserable Life
For a moment, the crying of the child, the comforting sounds of Xi~.o3ing and the
scolding of Jiang Qing merged into a cacophony that charged the air with tension!
There was a sound from outside ~he door. Xiaojing alertly stood up, the child in
her arms.
"Why don't you hurry up? If she catches cold, you must do everything for her--send
- for a doctor, give her injections...." Jiang Qing was still letting off steam.
Chairman Mao walked in knowingly. Jiang Qing's recent way of living and her atti-
tude toward the working personnel had come to his attention. He sat down and said _
- nothing. He had a pufi at his cigarette.
"Isn't it exasperating?. She is just a clumsy country woman. She forgets whatever
y ouu say to her. Well, just look at your baby's eyes and skin." Pointing to the
child, Jiang Qing turned to Chairman Mao, righteously pleading her case. -
"What's the matter? Everything seems all right to me!" Chairman Mao said slowly,
with a frown.
"Everything is all right? You may as well find out for yourself!" Jiang Qing
turned around and plonked herself down on the chair in an explosion of anger.
"Calm down! Why have you made a mess of things and disturbed eWeryone's peace?
The working personnel in our home are a tiny part of the revolutionary ranks. They
are laboring people working for the party. They are not meant to wait upon you -
personally. You musC rid yourself of your petty bourgeois habits. Quit living
for ~njoyment," Chairman Mao's voice was clear and forceful.
"Being with you, I have never enjoyed myself. All I have known is unending
misery," Jiang Qing replied.
Exasperated by Being Ignored by the Chairman for 3 Days; a Feigned Fast Gives No
One Any Peace -
"If you are having a miserable life, you must put up with it, otherwise, how can
you be worthy of the revolutionary cause!" Chairman Mao criticized he~ sternly.
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"So! You as well, everyone's imposing on me. I'm not afraid!1�
"No, Comrade Jiang Qing. I must take the blame for everything. Please listen to
what Chairman Mao says." Xiaojing interceded with her. She resented the way Jiang
~ing treated the chairman. She worried that this might have a harmful effect on
Chairmari Mao physically and me~itally.
"You started it all. To hell with you!" Jiang Qing waved toward the door, her
voice filled with hatred. _
Xiaojing wal.ked out, the child in her arms. She was trembling all over, her mind -
in a turmoil. ~
"Get rid of all these exploiting-class practices of yours!" Chairman IrCao warned

- Jiang Qing, as he stalked out of the room in anger.
Alone in the room, Jiang Qing cried her heart out. The more she thought about it
the more upset she got. She had recently turned a deaf ear to Chairman Mao's ~
- occasional criticisms and words of advice. She felt ::hat the chairman did not care
for her! Bickering had become the order of the day. Now after crying for s whole
day, she felt she had not done enough. She must go the whole hog and make her
presence felt. She failed to show up for supper. No one sent for her. Xiaojing _
fetched her food. She ate only the soup and soon fell asleep. The second day she _
did not get up. She cried again. She ate nothing and contented herself with only
the meat soup and milk. The thi.rd day she still failed to get an expected call
- from Chairman Mao. She could not take it any longer, the pains of hunger were
gnawing at her stomach. She started eating regularly. This time around, she did
not see Chairman Mao for several days, keeping out of his sight.
Though Xiaojing had never been to school, she knew many Chinese characters, _
thanks to self-educat~on. As a dry nurse �or Jiang Qing's baby and a housekeeper,
she made the most of her time. After work every day, she found time for cultural
stud ies. When finding her so occupied, Jiang Qing did not encourage her but instead
showed her displeasure. She fe].t that there was arways work xemaining to be done -
and ~hat Xiaojing could always find sometning to do.
The Dry Nurse' Effort to Recognize Chinese Characters is Mocked; She Puts Up with _
it J ust to Save the Chairman Trouble -
Jian g Qing said mockingly to Xiaojing: So you are learning Chinese. How many
Chinese characters can you recognize in a day?"
_ Xiaojing was reading. It was 21Q0 hours. The child was sleeping soundly. After
hearing Jiang Qing's malicious remark, she was at a loss for a:~ answer. ~
"Yo u have been studying all day! It gives the impression we're running a literacy
class here," added Jiang Qing. Walking up to the child's bedside, she looked at
her twice. She then went through tt~e motions of tucking the child in and said,
"he r bedclothes have become undore!"
"The child has been asleep for half an hour. The room temperature is just right.
_ I c an find no sign of fidgeting. She has had regular daily bowel movements and
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her intake of water is normal. There has been no sign of a sneeze or cough...." ~
Xiaojing reported what had happened over the past 2 days, forgetting about her own _
lessons.
"Well, cut it out. Now I ask y~u, aren't you tired. Do you want to continue reed-
ing, or go to bed?" She bent her head, smiling cunningly. `
"All right, I'm going to bed." Xiaojing darkened the kerosene lamp, and got ready
to go to bed.
"Oh! If I hadn�t dropped in, you would have kept the lamp burning bright, reading.
The light would have shone on the eyes of the sleeping child making her knit her -
_ brows. If she were to grow up like you, how ugly she would be!" She left without
wait~�g for Xiaojing's response.
After hearing this, Xiaojing took it very hard. She did not mind so much Jiang
Qing's laughing at her looks as her charge tt?at she was neglecting her duty by _
taking time out to study after work. She was after all trying to raise her theo-
retical level in response to the call of the party and Chairman Mao. Where had
she gone wrong? She felt that Jiang Qing had not he~ped or encouraged her. In- _
stead she had dictated to her and taken her to task. When Jiang Qing lost her
temper, she took it out on her. It was like a whip being brought to bear. At the
thought of this, she burst into tears. The more she tried to do a good job the _
- more she aroused Jiang Qing's displeasure. Whenever she did something that dis-
pleased her, Jiang Qing would often complain to Chair~nan Mao, giving him na peace. -
She thought ~hat if Jiang Qing was reasonable, she would do as she said. But if
she acted to the contrary.... She could reason with her.... There must not be too
much conflict... She must endure without protest for the sake of the revolution....

' Xiaojing had fallen asleep. She was dead tired after a day's work.
~S0 : 4005 -
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PARTY AND STATE
THIRTY-FIFTH INSTALLMENT OR 'UNOFFICIAL HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
HK190748 Hong Kong HSIN WAN PAO in Chine~e 9 Nov 80 p 9
["IInofficial History of Jiang Qing" bv Zhu Shan (3796 3790) "Part I}C~ He Zizhen
in the Soviet Uni.on"--thirtu-fifth installment; article bears the following caveat:
"All Rights Reserved. This Article May Not Be Reprinted or Translated."J
[Text] Mao Anying and Mao Anqing Were Full of Youthful Spirits; Things Were Not
Going Well for He Zizhen and Jiao Jiao
After victory in the Sino-Japanese war, in the early summer of 1946, Zhu Jiaren
and 'Lhou Li went to Moscow and stayed there for about ha]f a year. At that time,
the two children of Chairman Mao, Anying and Anqing, were studying in a vocational
college in Moscow. Very often they came to visit Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li. The two
brothers gave people the impression that they were full of youthful spirits and
- vitality. The Zhu couple were particularly pleased with their fluent Rus-
sian. However, what worried the Zhu couple was the health of sister He Zizhen and
her child who went to Moscow in 1937 to receive treatment. One day, Zhu Jiaren
consulted Nikolayev, a Soviet liaison officer.
"I have heard that Comrade He Zizhen is staying in an asylum in ivanovo. I wonder
what happened to her child. We are anxious about their life and health, would you
please give us the details about what has happened to them?"
Zhu Jiaren coul~ speak �luent Russian. He sat on a beautiful sofa, immersed in
. conversa~ion with Nikolayev who sat next to him; his broad forehead showed his
worry and he looked soberly at Nikolayev, at times looking at his wife Zhou Li who
sat opposite him.
"She's not in a good mental state. The doetor diagnosed her illness as schizo-
phrenia, therefore she was sent to the mental hospital. Her daughte~r is studying
in an international primary school. She is in good health." Nikolayev answered
seriously. He could speak Chinese, but not very well.
Driven by Uprightness, the Zhu Couple Demand to Meet Their Old Friends; He
= Zizhen is Kept in an Asylum Because of Schizophrenia
"W'hy is she mad? What are the symptoms: Is it overheating of the internal organs?"
- Zhou Li asked anxiously. Her spoken Russian was not too good, Zhu Jiaren had to
help to get her mPaning across.
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"Absolutely, moreover she cannot take care of herself."
- "Would it be possible for you to have a word with your superior? We would very
much like to meet her in Moscow. Zhu Jiaren was concernsd for the future of his
old comrade, He Zizhen~ who was the former comrade in arms and wife of Chairman
Mao, therefore, he boldly expressed his innermost wish. 'I'his showed his unswerv-
ing will and frankness. -
"I can report your request to our Party Central ~Committee," Nikolayev said sympa-
thetically.
"Thank you, we'l1 wait for your reply," Zhu Jiaren said with relief.
Zhou Li now reckoned there was a slight chance of ineeting He Zizhen, she beamed
with joy and her smile showed her beautiful teeth.
A week later they received Nikolayev's reply:
"The higher authorities have considered the case. Co~rade He Zizhen suffers from
schizophrenia and she cannot come to Moscow. Your request has not me.t with the
result you expected. I'm extremely sorry." He wrung his hands, and blushed as he
spoke with despair and sympathy.
"Oh, so there is a difficulty. How about meeting her in ivanovo! She raould cer- _
tainly be very happy to meet old comrades from her homeland." Driven by upright-
- ness, Zhu Jiaren put forward his request once again. -
It ~s Right and Proper for poctors to Visit Patients; Harsh and Difficult Is
Life in a Foreign Land Revaged by War
Nikolayev did not give an immediate answer because he was not in a position to
make decisions.
Zhou Li who was sitting beside Zhu Jiaren iu~ediately suggested to him:
"How about this, tell them we must meet her and her child Jiao Jiao in Moscow.
~ Can we make such a request in my name? Tell them I'm a doctor and I am coming to
examine my patient. This gives us a just pretext and they would have no reason
to reject us. Do you think this will do?"
Zhu Jiaren agreed with a nod and immediately spoke to Nikolayev in Russian.
"All right! I'll try my best. Please wait for the reply."
After Nikolayev had left, Zhou Li said to Zhu Jiaren with a sigh:
~ "I don't think sister He can have lear.nt much Russian because there was no teacher -
to instruct her before she came to Russia, so her knawledge is limited; living in .
a foreign land is already bad enough and in these war-ridden years, it's easy to
imagine how difficult life must be for her. -
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L V~\ VL L 1V ~~W v~/~ vatu~.
"Regarding this problem, we must try our best to meet with her. If we can meet
sister He, you must observe her conditions carefully once again. We must make
reasonable arrangements after the results are known." Saying this, Zheu Jiaren
" sipped his cup of red ~ea. In his hand was a copy of that day's PRAVDA. His _
mind lingered on the matter.
Ten days pasred and there was stili no reply. Today Nikolayev shrugged again to
- show that no reply had been heard.
Harbin Had Been Liberated and Could Provide Medical Treatment; If Her Mental
Illness Was Not So serious, Why Could She Not Be Treated at Home?
"Would you please contact your superior again for us and tell him that we still .
Want to meet with Comrade He Zizhen. If her condition is serio~s, she can be -
sent back to the asylum for treatment after we have seen her; if her condition is
not that serious, we can send a telegram to China and ~f it is approved, we are
willing to take her and her daughter back to China. The current situation in the
- northeast of our country is very good. Big cities like Harbin have been liberated
- and there are good medical factlities." Zhu Jiaren was refined in manner; it was
delightful to see him deliver his speech in fluent Russian.
Zhou Li could not help interrupting in her simple Russian. "Comrade Nikolayev, as
you know, I'm a doctor. You must understand the sufferings of a mentally disturbed
patient, particularly if the diagnosis is wrong. Once a doctor diagnoses a patient
as schizophrenic, he immediately loses confidence in whatever the patient does and
says. If the diagnosis is ~rong, it does great harm to the patientl"
Zhu Jiaren then said, "would you please pass on our idea and request to the Soviet
Communist Party International Affairs Department. Thank you!" _
"!~1? right! I'll pass your comments on again."
Good News Comes After Watching Acrobatics; the Wear and Tear Shows in Her -
_ Melancholy Eyes
On the night Nikolayev invited the Zhu couple to watch an acrobatic performance, _
= he told them that the CPSU had agreed to escort He Zizhen and her daughter to
Moscow and that their accommodation had been arranged. Very soon they would meet -
= each other.
Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li were in good spirits throughout the night. The acrobatic _
performance that night was superb. They laughed heartily. While watching the move- _
- ments of the perf ormers, their minds flew to the day they would meet sister He. -
They were very excited.
Several days later, a thin female comrade, about 35-years-old and a bit shorter _
than Shou Li came to the room of Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li. Her skin showed signs _
_ o� wear and tear, her big eyes expressed melancholy and unease, har big mouth ~
showed that she was frank and straightforward. She said:
"How do you do, Comrade Zhu Jiaren?"
With her was a little girl of about 10 years of age. They stood at the door with _
Nikolayev behind them.
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PARTY AND STATE
THIRTY-SIXTH INSTALLMENT OF 'IINOFFiCIAL HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
HK190810 Hong Kong HSIN WAN PAO in Chinese 10 Nov 80 p 9
["Unofficial history of Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (3796 3790)" Part IX: "He Zhizhen
in Soviet Union"--thirty-s~xth installment; article bear the following caveat:
"All Rights Reserved. This Article May No~ Be Reprinted or Translated."]
[Text] Zhu Jiaren was reading TIME Magazine while Zhou Li was listening to the
- radio in another part of the house.
"Hi! Welcome. How are you!" Zhu Jiaren hurriedly put down the magazine and stood
up to meet them.
After they were seated, Zhou Li heard thQir voices .and came in to join them. As
soon as she saw the guests, she exeended her hands. _
"This is Comrade He Zizhen," Zhu Jiaren introduced her to Zhou Li.
Jiao Jiao Resembles Chairman Mao He Zi.zhen Has a Dull Look in Her Eyes
"Ah! How is your health and how is Jiao Jiao?" Zhou Li asked enthusiastically
and looked at sister He carefully. She was weariz~g a French-style round rimless
hat, a Western-style dark-grey woolen jacket, a dark skirt and a pair of low-heeled
round-toed shoes. She looked fully conscious with some facial expression, but her
- eyes were dull and her responses were slaw.
"I'm fine!" He Zhizhen answered briefly with a smile. However, she slightly
knitted her eyebrows. She then turned her head and asked the girl standing beside
- her to say "auntie." The little girl was sweet and lively. Her eyebrows, eyes,
nose, mouth and other facial features all resembled those of Chairman Mao, however,
- her Chinese was not very good because she was very small when she come to the -
Soviet Union.
Zhou Li took out a box of chocolates for them to eat and gave each of them a cup
of lemon tea.
"We have been looking forward to meeting you," said Zhou Li.
_ "Yes," He Zizhen answered briefly.
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"Do you sleep well every night? How many hours do you sleep? How is your appe- _
tite?" asked Zh.ou Li. _
"I s?eep well and have a good appetite," He Zizheti answered slowly. She looked
indifferent and spoke slowly. -
_ "Is there anything wrong with you? Do you feel dizzy? Are you upset?" asked
Zhou Li, staring at her.
"I am rather upset," He Zizhen answered, ~iolding her cup of tea. After taking a
couple of sips of tea, she put the cup down on the table. The little girl was
- eating chocolates and she was reluctant to throw away the red and green tinf oil
wrappers.
"Could you stay here for half a day!" Zhu Jiaren asked Comrade lie Zizhen signal-
ling to Nikolayev with his eyes.
"OK, I will send a car to take them back to the hotel by 1700." Nikolayev under-
- stood Zhu Jiaren. He said good-bye to everyone there and left the room.
It Is Difficult to Describe the Suffering of Being Alone in a Foreign Country;
She Loses Her Interest in Life as She Feels Her Prospects are Bleak -
- "How have you spent these }�ears?" Zhou Li asked He Zizhen this question deliberately -
to test her memory.
"Oh! It's a long story, He Zizhen frownedq knitting her eyebrows closely and
: sha::ing her head. She said this in an accent from Jiangxi, or Hunan. -
~ "i do not speak fluently c~.ow because I have not spoken Chinese for many years....
my child and I speak in a mixture of Russian and Chinese."
"I can only speak a little colloquial Russian," she added, still very slowly.
When He Zizhen entered the house, she was a little nervous, however, when she saw -
Zhu Jiaren, and old comrade in arms, she was overwhelmed with joy. Zhou Li also
treated her as an ~ld friend at the first meeting. Her enthusiasm and affection
' made He Zizhen feel more relaxed. He Zizhen had never dreamed of ineeting her old
~ Chir.ese friends whom she had not seen tor so long. Her joy was immeasurable. She
had lived a patient's life in an asylum and had most freedo~e, happiness and in-
terest. She was in a very lonely environment. She had had a hard time waiting _
for the end of the Russian-German war. However, she had never imagined that she
would still be kept inside the asylum after the war. She was desperate as she was -
- not sure what would become of her. She seldom heard af developments in the Chinese ~
revolutionar;~ situation. This made her more miserable than being imprisoned. She _
was not insane. She explained in poor Russian to the doctor and asked him to help
her. However, r,he doctor did not understand 1-.er. He shook his head and continued
to keep her in the asylum. -
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Her Beloved Son Dies in the First Year When She Arrives in the Soviet Union;
_ Her Life is Hard During the Wartime and She Becomes Quarrelsome
Zhou Li adopted many methods in talking with He Zizhen. Within 3 hours, she be- ~
came talkative and lively. Thus, Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li got some important infor-
mar.ion out of her. -
During t.he first year in Moscow, He Zizhen gave birth to a baby boy. The baby was
healthy and beautiful. Unfortunately, he caught a cold and suffered from pneumonia.
_ As he failed to respond to medical treatment in hospital, he died. He Zizhen ~aas
grieved at his death. She thought the disease was curable. Since the hospital
authorities wanted to keep the hospital well ventilat~d, they allowed cold air in.
- Moreover, they did not look after the child properly. Thus, the child's condition -
- deteriorated. Because of this, she quarrelled with the hospital authorities.
Later, Jiao Jiao also caught a cold. Instead of sending her to hospital, she
asked a doctor to con.z and see her at home. The doctor advised her to send the
~ girl to hospital, but she refused. Tney had an argument. Later, Jiao Jiao's
condition imT~roved, but her relationship with the ~~fficer in charge of the Inter-
national Ch:ildren's Hospital deteriorated. Sometimes, they even quarrelled over
trivial day-to-day matters. This was particularly true during the Russian-German
war. In or,3er to defeat German fascism, the Russians lived in great difficulty.
The room ten:perature was more than 10 degrees below zero and there was no heating
system. They only used a little firewood to make a fire and it was extremely cold.
_ Each person was given 3 liang of black bread, a few potatoes and preserved cucum-
ber. There was a shortage of milk, but[er and meat. Occasionally, they got more
food. Hawever, it was never enough. People lived in hunger and cold. While male
comrades were fighting bravely on the frontline, women were engaged in production
in the rear. They suffered hardships and worked under pressure. Some people were
full of confidence while others held a negative attitude and lost revolutionary ,
optimism.
Not Proficient in Russian, She Is Treated Harshly; Unable to Return to China,
She Becomes More Desperate and Downhearted -
Tne officer in charge of the International Children's Hospital was bad-tempered. -
In some aspects, he did not take very good care of children from abroad. Moreover, _
he often quarrelled wi[h people. He Zizhen lived in great difficulty and some-
times she made demands regarding living conditions. However, her Russian ~~as poor
and her demands were frequently turned down. Moreover, she was often treated
harshly. Living conditions in all areas during wartime were depressing. There
_ had long been friction between them and this developed into antagonism. Although
there was no profound hatred between He Zizhen and the officer in charge, they did
not speak to each other. Although they were not enemies, they often quarrelled
over trivialities. Ho~:~ver, the officer in charge should be held responsible for
this.
- When the officer in charge lost his temper, He Zizhen was frustrated because she
did not understand Russian well. When He Zizhen tried to reason with him in mixed
Russian and Chinese, the latter was unable to understand her completely. Thus, the
gap widened and misunderstanding deepened. They could never understand or excuse
each other. -
- 11
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rvc~ vrri~irw u~a: w.,~.
On a cold winter day, He Zizhen was not given any firewood. She tried to ask for
some to make a fire. However, misunderstanding arose in the course of the conver-
sation which ended in antagonism between He Zizhen and Che responsible person. She
returned to her own room and looked at her schaol-age daughter who was shivering in
the coZd and whose hands and feet were swollen because of the cold weather. She
looked at her with tender love. A layer of ice had formed in a bucket of water and
the cold air was making the girl suffer. He Zizhen was so frustrated that she
cried. She thought of the cruel face of the Russian, her unwillingness ta give in
and their constant quarrels. How could they ~o on like this? She wanted to return
to China but she could not. Thus, she was angry, depressed, worried and anxious.
CSO: 4005
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PARTY AND STAiE
THIRTY-SEVENTH INSTALLMENT OF 'UNOFFICI~I. HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
HK200204 Hong Kong HSIN WAN PAO in Chinese 11 Nov 80 p 9
["Unofficial History ~f Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (3796 3790) "Part IX: He Zizhen
in the Soviet Union"--thirty-seventh installment; article bears the following
cavest: "All Rights Reserved. This Article May Not Be Reprinted or Translated."]
_ [Text] The Russian Woman Hates He Zizhen So Much She Lodges a Complaint Against
Her; Now the Whole Truth Comes Out, Her Madness is Sheer Fabrication
Because of the quarrel, the person in charge of the kindergarten hated He Zizhen's
- guts. She was obsessed with individualism and she considered it unfair for Rus-
sians to tighten their belts and economize for the sake of looking after foreigners.
_ She was preocc~pied with such ideas and completely forgot about internationalism.
The m~re she thought about the quarrel, the more she found He Zizhen unreasonable
and a willful troublemaker. She found her selfish, egocentric, and argumentative.
Thus, she determined that He Zizhen must be mentally ill. In for a penny, in for
a pound, in a trice she wrote a complaint and imposed an unwarranted charge on her;
"schizophrenia," and she reported her illness to the superior. After the superior
had listened to her statement, he approved sending He Zizhen to an asylum. At that
time, He Zizhen disagreed with this act and resisted resolutely. People thought
that she was suffering from mental illness again. Half-supporting and half-drag-
ging her, they took her away.
After that, the person in charge of thE~ kindergarten was perfectly satisfied. On
the other hand, He Zizhen was imprisonec: in the mental hospital, suffering torment
and great pain. Nobody looked after her ur cared for her, neither was there any-
- one to rescue her from the abyss of misery. She was desperate and melancholy.
Now, suddenly came the good news. At last, :;he could leave the prison and go
safely with her daughter to Moscow to meet her dear friends from the motherland.
Her mind gradually grew active, her delighted heart made her lively and her face
took on more expression. She talked with Zhou Li for several hours and aired her
grievances which she had kept to herself for many years.
- When it was about dinner time, Nikolayev came to take her back. Zhou Li denied
that He Zizhen was suffering from schizophrenia and requested that she be allowed
to stay in Moscow to recuperate. �
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Zhu Jiaren said to He Zizhen, "please take a good rest and look after your own
health, we'll talce you home once there is an opportunity."
Delighted to Leave the Abyss of Misery, He Zizhen Longs for the Motherland;
Zhu Jiaren Worries that the Jealous Jiang Qing May Bear a Grudge
_ Just then, He Zizhen learnt from Zhou Li that the situation in China was very good.
Her longing for the motherland was beyond expz~ession. Hearing the words of Zhu
Jiaren, she was so happy that she kept nodding her head; for an instant, she could
not say anything. Nikolayev, who was standing to one side, rejoiced that He Zizhen
could be dischraged from the mental hospital. He looked at her attentively and
said with a smile:
"I'll report the actual situation to my superior. You can make any proper requests.
- Where would you like to take her? I don't think, you will be sent to the mental
hospital again!"
"Yes, we should take her to the cinema, ti~e theatre, and the park to refresh her
mind. This is also essential health therapy," Zhou Li said to Nikoldyev in Chinese.
Then they left. Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li had won the battle. He Zizhen had gained
- a secc,nd liberation.
- "We must take them with us when we return home...." Zhu Jiaren said to Zhou Li.
The decision was made. Suddenly he thought of how Jiang Qing would react; she
- would bear a grudge over what he had done. He was pondering and smoking; now he
- sat down, and the next moment he paced the room.
� Overseas Students in the Soviet Union Are Wreathed in Smiles; the Chairman Sends
a Telegram of Complete Approval
When they were having dinner one evening, Zhu Jiaren was lost in thought, he said,
"I'm not timid in doing anything. To take Zizhen from the mental hospital and
bring her home is understandable, this is class feeling; everybody is pleased with
it. I discovered that the children studying in Moscow all heamed with smiles when
they learnt about it and went to visit her everyday. What's on my mind is that I
don't know how Jiang Qing will rea~t to this. However, I'll not withdraw because
of her."
- "Of course, we came here initially to request a meeting with her until we realized
that she was suffering from mild melancholia, that's why we will not have her sent
back to the hell in ivanovo and have decided to take her back to China. We are
doing this from the moral standpo~.:~t of a communist. Let's settle it this way!
Moreover, the girl is Chairman M3o's daughter." Zhou Li agreed. Her fair white
face blushed scarlet with excitement at what they had done.
"All will be done according to organizational procedures, regardless of the fact
that it concerns the family affairs of Chairman Mao. Recently I have had time to
draft a detailed telegram. It has already been sent to China. I've put down our
suggestions and asked for Chairman Mao's instructians. I'm sure he'll approve."
Zhu Jiaren's eyes glistened with joy.
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"C6ai~c~an Hao vill be giad of it!" Zhou Li could ~ot help shouting, her eyes
sparkled.
~ Very Qoon case a telegra~ fro~ Chairman Mao, writt~n an it vere the vords: "No
objection." Zhu J~aren stared at them vhile Zhou Li pronoemced the words at his
side. The smile of Chairman Mao and his kind expression appeared in their ai.nds.
A few days befor~ they left for China, the Zhu couple informed He Zizhen. She was
very eacited! Sinc~e she had come to Z[oscw, she had put on w~eight and her wan and
sallaw face began to graw rosy. Although she saas still taci[urn, she ha~ lively -
expressions and her manner vas gerfect_ly normal. She was thinkin~ of the mother-
land and ~hairman I~tao. Although sbe knew that Chaiaman Nao had married Jiang Qing
because yae kept pestering ~im, she did not hate him and she wris not at all jealous
of her. Instead she thought that Chairman Mao should have someone around to take
care of him. She suggested a divorce vith Chairman Mao on her a~~n initiative. :C~
Xian, although Chairnan Hao tried to dissuade hers she would not listen to him. `
This was her o;rn fault. Although she repented for vhat she had done, she was not
ambitious; although she was still concerne3 for and thought of Chairman Mao, she
had no thoughts for herself.
The Gunfire Was Near and It Was Impartant to Insure the Safety of the Chairaian;
Jiang Qing Panics in Case She Loses Aer Position as the Chairman's fiife
With such feelings in mind, He Zizhen went with Zt?u Jiaren, Zhou Li and her daugh-
ter. They took a special railroad car t~ Harbin. Liu Liang and his wife of the
organizatinnal department of the Northeast China Bureau welcamed her warmly. The
KMT launched an aIl out civil war. aver 2 million troops led by Hu Zongnan sur-
rounded the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia bor~der region, their eyes covetously on Yanan.
They vere va~nly attem~ting to swallaw the heart of the co~unist party, using some
200,f10U soldiers. At that time, the co~unist army consisted of only 25,Q00 _
.soZdiers.
1r~ring March 1947, varfare was growing more intense in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ning~cia
derder region. The party central argans systematicalZy ~ithdrew part of their
troops to the rear. The party central organs still stationed at Wanjiaping in :
Yanan and the leading ~amrades of the central authorities vere vorking busily
everyday. The gunfire was getting closer and very often shots were heard. The
war situation became urgent, many cadres were worrying about the safety of Chair-
man Mao, and they hoped that he ~ould move else~here soon. This was because they
love~ and esteemed their leader and ~rished to protect hin!. However, 3iang Qing _
thought differently. She treated Chairman Maa as her personal possession and
thought that the safety of Chairman Mao vould inf2uence her prospects. If by any
_ chance Chairman Mao died, then her hard-won position as the wife of the chairman
would be Iost i~ediately; thus, she was worried.
~Jne day, the shots made her panic sa mach that she could not help ruruiing up to
Chairman Mao, she a ss ume d an expre~sion of great concern and persuaded him:
_ "Chairman Mao, you see the current situation in ~anan is so critical, I really
worry about your safety. Please leave here ~as soon as possible! Many cadres are
worrying about you." ~
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PARTY AND STATE
THIRTY-EIGHTIi INSTALLMENT OF 'UNOFFICIAL HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
HK200230 Hong Kong SHIN WAN PAO in Chinese 12 Nov 80 p 9
- ["Unofficial History of Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (3796 3790) "Part IX: He Zizhen
in the Soviet Union"--thirty-eighth installment; article bears the followi.ng
cavPat: "All Rights Reserved. This Article May Not Be Reprinted or Translated."]
r[Excerpts] The Chairman Read Jiang Qing's Mind and Denounced Her as a Caward;
the CCP Withdraws from Yanan to Preserve Vital Forces
Chairman Mao read her mind immediately and he said," you coward, leave here if you
like!"
Hearing this, Jiang Qing's enthusiasm was dan~.pened. She stood stupidly in the mid- _
dle of the room. Although outwardly she was calm and collected, she was very
annoyed. She knew well enough that she shot.ld not lose k~er temper and provolce
quarrels, so she kept silent. Ten days had past, and there were air raids all the -
_ time, there could be close fighting or bomb explosions at any time. Chairman Mao
was firm and resolute. He commanded the war throughout the country in an orderly
= way. In the middle of March, the KZlf launched a pincer attack on Yanan. They were .
- only 15 li away from the town center and there were more booms of guns.
The central authorities decided to withdraw from Yanan then. The troops passed
through the Yanan airport and moved to the north. Chairman Mao made the decision
for he considered preserving vital forces more important than losing a tawn or a
_ place. He wanted to lure the enemy in
d~ that they would be tired out by
constant moving. Ais strategy was to annihilate the enemy at the most favorable
time. ~
The ambulance in wt?ich chairman rode was blasted to pieces by the enemy soon after
- the withdrawal, therefore he had to proceed on horse. The enemy troops was 3ust
on the other side of the hill, and firing might break out at any time. At that
time, the weather was s~.ill cold and ehe snow had not melted. The northwest wind
froze the people marching at night. The comrades followed Chairman Mao in waging
revolution; their resolute will overcame every difficulty. Whea they recalled the
days during the long march, they were full of confidence.
On 7 June, it rained in torrents. In spite of the rain, Chairman Mao personally
insp~cted the terrain. To the fighters he said, "the rain falls at the right time,
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~
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by the end of t6e aonth the late crop of wheat can be harvested." fle w~ent into his
o~n cave dw~elling only after all the fighters pitched their tents. The chairman
- sbared veal aa~d ~rne c~ith the fighters and every co~rade was ~moved by this. Hovever,
- Jisng Qing brought two raincoats ~or herself, one was vary thick. Before the move,
s6e did not care for Chairman Nao and did not give one of her raincoats to him.
- Hhen C6sir~an Mao vas thoroughly vet, and was still autsid~, she ~iid not show any _
concern and did nor_ offer to change the chairman's clothes. L~en under these var-
time conditions, she still only thougLt of herself.
- The second day, they arrived at Tianci Wan, everywhere vas Loess mauntains. Strong
vinid was hawling and heavy rain was pouring davn. The troops marched into the _
~untains throughout the night.
The IQ1T troops also took np quarters at the peak, campfires were burning here and
there.
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PARTY AND STATE
THIRTY-NINTH INSTAI~LMENT OF 'UNOFFICIAL HISTORY OF JIANG QING'
HK200510 Hong Kong HSIN WAN PAO in Chinese 13 Nov 80 p 9
["Unofficial History of Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (3796 3790) "Part IX: He Zhizhen
in Soviet Union" and "Part X: Jiang Qing Also Goes to Soviet Union"--thirty-ninth
installment; article bears the following caveat: "All Rights Reserved. This
- Article May Not Be Reprinted or Translated"]
[Text] During an All-Night March, Jiang Qing Refuses to Dismount from Horseback
for Fear of Aardships; Showing No R~spect for Zhou Enlai, She Impudently Blows
Her Own Trumpet
Riding a horse, Jiang Qing stayed in the rear of the contin~gent. She did not want
to dismount and walk because she knew that walking on foot was ffiany times harder
than going on horseback. Yet, she dismounted from time to time, causing others
problems, as they had to lead the horse as well as lead her by the hand. They
had to advance in a single line and keep close to each other in order not to fall
behind and be captured by th~ enemy troops who were caming up from behind. She
dismounted and walked only after mauy others persuaded her to do so. She dreaded
that she might tread on a heap of soiZ and fall in the dark of night.
Vice Chairman Zhou Enlai to ok good care of Chairman Mao's safety and health all
the way. He also sho~ed close concern for Jiang Qing. fle asked her on one occa-
sion: "Comrade Jiang Qing, can you stand the exertion? Are you afraid? This fs
- the first time you fight in battle."
"This means nothing to me. We have hundreds of people with weapons. Do you think -
I am scared in battle? I was alone when I worked in the white areal"
She talked rubbish. The comrades around sensed her disrespect for Vice Chairman
Zhou. They were dissatisfied with her mention of her underground work during the
white terror because they knew what she really had done. Li Shuying kuew it very -
clearly. She happened to hear what Jiang Qing was saying. She asked satirically:
"~Jhat underground work did you do in the white area? Have you ever been shown
concern by such a high-ranking leading camrade?" -
She walked away as soon as she had finished asking th~se questions and witHout
- waiting for Jiang Qing's reply. Jiang Qing knew Dr Li, was speaking ironically to
her, but she could not find quick response, so, she k~pt this event in mind.
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"Part g. Jisng Qing Also Goes to Smriet Uaion"
Fill~d with Joy, the CCP Central Coa~aittee Enters Bei~ing; flastfly, the Pirst
Lady Goes Abroad
- The Party Central Coamittee noved fr~ the western 6111 to inside tl~e city of
Beijing around Aprfl 1949.
~ Flowers of all sorts vere bloaming in a riot of color in April and May. Beijing
was splendidly decorated for the festive occasion. People vere 3ubilantly cele-
brating this happy occasion, beating gongs and dru~ois throughout the day and night.
Jiang Qing wanted very much to go abroad. Having had enougTe of the plain living
in the barren valleys, she could Wait no longer and asked permission from Chairman
Mao to go to the Soviet linion to have medical clneckup. She also wanted to take
8-year-old Li Na with her for tonsillectomy. Chairman Kao told her ~to have a
: checkup first in Beijing and let the doctor make the decisioa.
In the hospital, doctors of different specialties carried out examinations on _
her. The results showed that she was physically normal. Taking Bei~ing's law
technical level as a pr~text, she insisted on setting out immediately for the
Soviet Union. The physician in charge did not raise any objections.
Jiang Qing hastily took a train to Shenyang, vhere Gao Gang was waiting at the
station and escarted her to the guesthouse. Accompanying ~er were Li Na, Young
Ren, medical cadre who had been attending her since the long march, and Dr Mi, a
Russian physician. ~
- Young Ren was not only her nurse but also was capable of taking care of children.
In her late 20`g, she was physically strong and was of an average height. With
rosy cheeks and short hair, she laoked healthy, coming from a poor peasant family,
- she was politically reliable and was enthusiastic and hard-working.
Gao Gang Privately Authorizes Payment of 30,000 Rubles to Jiang Qing; in Great
Excitement, Jiang Qing Flies to Soviet Union
Gao Gang flatteringly accompanied Jiang Qing and h~r ~artq to the guesthouse. fle -
visited her again later in the day and privately authorized payment of 30,000
rubles to cover her traveling expenses. The next day, he assigned a car especially
to take her to the Dalian Airport where a special Soviet plane sent by Stalin was
waiting. On the plane were two special guards in addition to the flight crew.
This was the first time Jiang Qing went abroad, the first time she flew in a
luxurious plane and the first time she was received and seen off by such a large
~ group of people. She naturally felt elated. _
Jiang Qing and her party alighted from the plane for a rest when the plane arrived _
_ at the city of Khabarovsk on the ffrst day of th~eir journey. Rnowing that she
would be in the world famous ~etropolis of Moscow in a couple of days, she was
greatly e~cited although she already was rathex tired as a result of the long trip.

= Her dream of going abroad in the capacity of first lady had come true. This would
give her a chance to be in the limelight. She was thinking how she should put on
- the airs of first lady when she met the Soviet leader~ $t the airport fn Moscow.
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a v~. va c tutaw ~uu va~u.
The plane met a cold front when it was not far away from Lake Baiic~~l. It suddenly ~
dropped by 2,000 meters as a result of the change in atmospheric press~ire. No
accident occurred, due to the superb skills of the pilot. Jiang Qing's face turned
pale. She stared and gave a cry of fear. The guards were scared by her actions. ~
Things seemed to calm down in another momenx. Jiang Qing kept mumbling whi.le 1y-
ing down, and could not speak clearly. Others were startled by this scene and
were busy attending her.
The plane came to its destination on the third day. Alighting from the plane, she '
' saw only a few people in the airport. There were no senior ufficial.s. She felt
dejected at once. A slim and ta11 woman interpreter came forward and introduced
herself as (Kardunova). Ir~ full dress, an assistant of the international depart-
- ment slightly bowed to her. A few cars were parked at the airport. That was all.
Jiang Qing Feels Dejected Because No Senior Soviet Officials Came to Receive Her
at Airport; the Stalin Villa is Tastefully Furnished ;
Jiang Qing and her party were received in the Stalin villa in the Moscow suburbs. I
- The surroundings were of an exotic, unique style. The villa was densely enclosed
by tall, sturdy pine trees. The place was quiet and the air fresh. The villa was ~
furnished fn good taste. In addition to the sleeping and dining rooms, there were ~
a small room for watching movies and other rooms for playing billiards and table ;
tennis. Outside the villa, there was a tennis court where the ground was like a
carpet of green grass.
Special mention should be made of the large group of hosts there; the house
manageress was a communist who entered the com~unist party during the period of ,
the national defense war and a family member of a martyr. She was plump, love].y
and very kind. She always smiled, nodded and courteously made waq for Jiang Qing j
- whenever they met. She invariably addressed Jiang Q~ng "lady" or "mistress" and I
frequently offered light refreshments to her. The guards, the chauffeur, the I
cooks, the woman interpreter (Kardunova), the gardeners and the soldiers standing ~
guard at the entrance of the villa were polite to her and attended her eagerly. !
They were neatly dressed, good looking and clean. In these euvirous, sh~ was ~
deeply pleased and forgot her fatigue from the journey. ~
i
i
Jiang Qing is Dissatisfied With fler Interpreter; She Refuses to Swallow the ~
Rubber Tube ~
_ Nevertheless, she felt a bit dejected because she had been coldly received at the ~
airport and, after coming to this stately villa, she had not received many visits ~
from high-ranking officials or their.wives. Moreover, she discovered that
(Kardunova) did not speak Chinese fluently and could not help her muct~. So, she
_ was not happy. This was not strange at all because she had a social nature. How- ~
ever, only if she stretched her hand, there was no fruit which she could not pluck. '
She decided to call on Zau Jiaren and Zhou Li some time later. She knew that they ~
had come to Moscow to prepare for the opening of the Chinese Embassy.
The doctor arranged for an all-round medical checkup for her in the Palace Hospital. '
The results conf irmed that her blood pressure, lungs and blood were normal, her in-
testines and stomach were oversensitive, and she had ~ tumor in the. cervix of her i
uterus. She was also underweight. A test of her gas~ric juices was needed. She ;
affectedly refused to swallow the rubber tube. It wa~ only after the doctor had ~
talked to her again and again that she reluctantly sw~llowed it. ~
. ;
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,
FOS OFFICIAL YTSS O~I.Y
,
- PABTY AND STATE
FORTIETH IPiSTALL~N'r OF 'IINOFFICIAL flISTORY OF JIANG QING'
flK200546 Hong Kong HSIN ~JAN PAO in Chinese 14 Nov 80 p 10
["Unofficial Hfstory of Jiang Qing" by Zhu Shan (379Es 3790) "Part X: Jiang Qing
Went to the Soviet Union as Well"--fortieth installment; article bears the following
- caveat: "Al.l Rights Reserves. This Article Maq Not Be Reprinted or Translated.
.
[Text] Enjoying the Sunrise and Moonrise in the First--Class Sanatorium; To _
Exercise Her Body, Jiang Qing Applied Powder on Her Faca Before Playing Tennis
- After the gastric juices was drawn out, she could not bear the pain and almost ~ _
fainted. All of a sudden, the doctors and nurses were in a panic to look after her.
_ Things settled down after some hectic moments. She said to Xiao Ren: _
"What lousy luck! How I hate swallowing this rubbe.r tube. But ~ have to obey
everything they say here, how uncivilized! They've deprived me of my human rights.
I was almost dead; oh, go to hell!" She Was getting angry while lying in the bed
~ and mumbled to Xiao Ren.
"When I'm having a hard time, there is no translator close by to help me. It's
. just like a dumb person tasting bitter herbs, how awful it is. That (Kardunova)
works perfunctorily, moreover, her Chinese is not good enough."
Xiao Ren had nothing to say for she did not know Russian herself; although she
_ wanted to help, she could not do anqthing. She could not help feeling anxious _
when Jiang Qing was having a hard time in swallawing the tube. Sowever, she thought
that since Jiang Qing came to the Soviet Union to have a medical checkup, she should
rely on the doctor; if she wanted to have a strong body, she must obey whatever the -
doctor said. Therefore, she did not accept Jiang Qing�s complaints.
The result of the medical checkup by the doctors of the Palace Hospital was: Except
for functional over-sensitivity, there was no other organic pathological changes.
There Was no need for other medical treatment and the doctor decided that she should
recuperate for some time.
She was then sent to the first-class room of the sanatorium. The air there was
fresh, it Was surrounded by pine trees and flawer beds. In the early morning, there
~as sunrise; in the evening, sunset; and at night, moonrise.
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~ v~~ va a av~~u+ v...+ v~.~~
Li Na was recovering soon after having her tonsils out. She was lively and healthy.
Xiao Ren played with her and they had a good time together. After some time in the ;
sanatorium, they moved back to the Stalin villa.
"The doctor said that I should have some exercl.se, 1et's play tennis today ag I'm
feeling better. Please tell the comrade translator to prepare herself,'I''11 be ;
ready in a minute." Jiang Qing groamed herself in front of the full-lenth mirrot, ~
she applied some vanishing cream and powder on her face and then put on a light
blue dress and a pair of tennis shoes.
Jiang Qing Had a Straight Face Because Xiao Ren Did Not Obey Her Orders; the -
Nob1e Lady Felt She Had Lost Face With Nobody to Attend Aer
- Everything was ready, the Russians were waiting at the tennis court for Jiang Qing
to come, (Kardonova) ~,ras there too. After some time, far away, Jiang Qing was
seen walking gracefully with Xiao ken and Li Na toward the tennis court. Li Na ran
to the court with a racket on her hand. The older people quickly taught her how to
hold the racket and haw to hi~ the ball in the air. When she could not hit the
- ball, Jiang Qing ordered Xiao Ren to pick up the ball which rolled further away.
"Don't just stand there, Xiao Ren. It's too hard for the child to pick up~balls
by herself, she's just had an operation!" '
Xiao Ren was busy picking up balls for Li Na. ~
- "Goad girl, Li Na. Let us play, give your racket to Auntie Xiao Ren." Jiang ~ing
- shouted from the other side of the net. '
"I can't play tennis, I'll take Li Na over there to play. We'l1 go pick mushrooms ;
in the woods!" Xiao Ren said iffiocently. ~
i
"No, stay and play with us," Jiang Qing ordered. ~
"I can't play!" so saying, Xiao Ren took Li Na away with a smile. '
~
Jiang Qing was not happy that Xiao Ren did not obey her orders; as a somebody noble, ~
she should have an attendant at all times, if not an attendant, say a partner, to
accompany her. It was extremely disgraceful and a loss of face to find herself '
alone at the tennis court to play games ~rith the Russian comrades. She straightened i
her face; after some rallies, she made excuses that she was not feeling well and _
wanted to take a rest upstairs. (Ratdonova) accampanied her. ~
"You are not feeling well?" she spoke Chinese with a Russian accent.
Li Na Picked Mushrooms, Jiang Qing Made a Fuss About It; High Spirits were
_ Dampened by Scolding ,
Jiang Qing nodded her head.
About half an hour later, (Kardonova) took leave for home. Soon, Xian Ren came back.
Li Na held some mushrooms in her hand, she said with a giggle:
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"Mo~, loolc, hw interesting these mushroass arel Like tmobrellas, and have a nice ~
s~ell."
- Li Na had not finished her sentence, Jiang Qing jumped back t~o steps and pointed
- at the aushroaos." Oh, Xiao Ren, you're too ignorant, these are poisonous fungus =
and you get Li Na p~lay with the~. Are you sure they aren't h~rmful? Li Na, go t~
~ the toilet immediately, and wash qour hands,"
Li Na was frigtitened, she had to do whatever mama ordered. She rushed to the toilet
and threw the fungus into the wastepaper ba.sket, turned on the tap to wash her hands. -
Xiao Ren was one step slawer, Jiang Qing criticized: '
"Xiao Ren, you must knaw what to do, if she does not vash her hands clean, what
_ will be the consequences? i~Ihy don't qou help her to vash once again?"
Xiao Ren felt that she had been cazeless and that the high spirit of her walk had
ended in trouble. Furthermore, Jiang Qing had other camplaints.
- Xiao Ren Knew Only About Picking Hushrooms, But Could Not Play Tennis; She _
Apologized I~nediatelq to Avoid Disaster
"You can only play some card games, pick same mushrooms, and play some table tennis. -
When I ask you to plaq tennis with me, you make an excuse and sneak asaay, good
gracious!" She aired all her grievances.
"Camrade Jiang Qing, I've never seen people playing tennis before, this was mry
first time." Xiao Ren pleaded with Jiang Qing by malcing excuses. `
"It's one thing you can't plaq tennis, it's another that you walk away. Please
may I ask why did you leave me alone, how embarrassing!"
~ At that time, Xiao Ren was washing Li Na's hands and wiping them with a dry tawel.
Hearing ~ahat Jiaag Qing said, she was rather furious. -
"That degraded me in front of for~igners!" When she thought of this, she ~as very
angry and stared at Riao Ren and was about to stir up a quarrel.
, Xiao Ren then understood why Jiang Qing was so angry, she apologized to her and -
guaranteed that such things vould not happen again. Only then was the matter
settled. ,
- Jiang Qing Was Very ParticuZar With Her Clothing and liad Thoroughly Renovated ~
Herself by Wearing in Beautiful Clothes; the Jiang Qing ia Front of Zhau Li Was
as Beautiful as Nan? Ping
Early in the morning, Jiang Qing was preparing to visit the Zhu couple in the
embassy. Her purpose was to find a Chinese woman translator, and she wanted Zhou -
Li to accompany her to get some uev clothes. Mnreover, she liked to do some shop-
ping and chatting. _
She put on a short, thin, white Woolen caat and an ap le-green dress; her hair
stqle vas very elegant and was very wavy, she cambed ~Ser hair back from her face. _
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~
On her feet were a pair of low-heeled white shaes and a pair of stockings. She -
was completely changed. To Zhou Li, the Jiang Qing in front of her was as elegant
and attra.~tive as the Nan Ping of Shanghai.
"I've just left the sanatorium of the Palace Hospital for Stalin villa, thank you ,
very much for your visit." Jiang Qing sat on the b ig armchair of the embroidered
sof a suite. Zhu Jiaren and Zhou Li drank tea with her. Jiang Qing made courteous
remarks, probably because she dressed fastidiously and was sitting on magnificant
sofa. '
CSO: 4005
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i
,
i
'
;
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~iILI?ARY A].fD POBLIC SECIIRIIR
JAPAHESE AP'PB,AISE C~A' S DEFBNSE II~DSTBY
Tokyo ICOKUB~ [NATIOAAL DEFSNSS] in J~panese ~0 8, l~ug 80 pp 90-100
(Article: "China's Defease Industries"]
[Teat] The inadequacies of Chin.a's ~ilitary preparedness vere reluctantly brought
- 2~e to China's military plaimers by the short var vith V3etnam. In the reap-
praisal of the situation that vas carried out bp the militarg coo~3.ttee in 1979,
the meager cammuaicatians equipsent, the shortage of night and long-distance range-
finding equipment, the shortage of peYSOnnel tr~sport vehicles, and many other
problems were pointed out with criticism. None of these [shortco~m~ngs] Was news
to China's leaders, hawever, because obsoZescence of equipm~ent bas.for so~e ti~e
been one of the targets in China's effort to modernize its ar~ed forces.
- Tanks manufactured in China are copies of Saviet tanl~s of the 1950'~, so they are
not equipped with those ~odern feafiures and equi~p~eat found in m~st receat ~odel
taaks, such as high speed, infrared rangefiaders, amd aodern electronic equipnreat
~ and heavy artaor. The aircraft sanufactured in China are isitations of Soviet
aircraft---Mi~17's, IiiG-19's, aad a small number of Mi~21's. Sbea these air-
craft are not maaufactur~d today in numbers camparable with those in 1972. Chi-
na's heavy gwns are also out of date. They are not equipped with the aewer nea-
� ~ucing equipment. China does not possess azry antitank guided missiles, relying
instead on outdated veapons for its antiair defense. The couatry is obviously
incapable of designing and manufact~ing in a short period of time all the com-
plicated veapons that are necessary to equip 2 modern army. It has relied heavt2.p
on massive militarp aid fram the West. $vven the road to improvement of the mili
- tary equipm~nt wi11 probably be clnsed to this covatry for a laag tine to come
- because of its outdated mi].itary mach~nery in~dustry, which is the backbone of
weapons developmeat.
- Aeed for l~fodernizatian
Over the past I5 years, China's silitary research and develogm~ent have been seri-
ously hindered by poor manag~t, a shortage of equipmeat and of teclmically
- campetent persannel, and the interfereac~ of ~he Cnltural Revolution. T6e great-
est weakaess by every standard has beea the shartage of sufficiently trained sci-
, eatists, engineers, and tecbnicians. The aucleus of China's resea.rch specialists
cansiats of a sma11 nu~bez of scientiets and eagineers trained abraad as cadres,
those who drere trained in Chin~ before I966, an~d tbnse eh~o were educated ia Chine
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after 1970, with ability decreasing with age. Many of the military research
personnel were named to the posts because of their political reliabilitp than
- their technical qualif~cations, so tbat their ability is often inferior to Chat
of some of the nonmilitary research personnel or persotmel assigned to production
uuite. I~foreover, the ffilitary industrial brnnches are rigidly fractionaLi.zed, eo
that resear~hers and technicians are often unable to obtain iaformation from tiheir
awn organization, much less from outside.
The antiscieace p~licy im~lemented during the period of tbe Cultural Revolution
- and the "gang of four" significantly hindered military research and development.
- Long-range research plans were senerely curtailed, the military industry and the
technical research institute were closed dawn, laboratories were plundered and
destroyed, and umiversity professors and other scientists were harassed or dis-
graced. There were indeed a few exceptions, wherein personnel were protected
from political activities by the party organization and research and development
plans were 1~.ept from being interrupted. This applies to experts in the fields
of missiles aad atomic energy. These experts, thouglz slowed dawn, were able to
_ continue their work. Although a new policy concerning science and technology
- has been implemented in China, remnants of the antiscience pexiod still abound in
in the attitude of many military researchers. Due to the unnecessary apprehen-
sion that there might be another political change of direction, many military ~
scientists and technologists do not exert themselves, while many professors and
- scientists 60 to 65 years of age who were exposed to criticism which cut deep
into flesh and bone during Che Cultural Revolution probably do not feel enthusi-
astic enough about anything to begin to tackle any job.
Until quite recently, China almost entirely disregarded the need for skilled
management of military research and development. The basic research fram which
new imawledge is born had been forbidden for more than 10 years. The applied re-
search from which actual results are obtained had been interrupted by the Cul-
t~ral Revolut~on and was not begun again imtil 1976. Development of practical
applications of the results of research had been only parCially successful. A
_ high degree of development had been almost completely disregarded. Routi~e devel-
opmeat work had been aimed at relatively small reconstruction of exi~ting prod-
ucts, so that these goals could be achieved based on research and development
carried out in the past. Thus, almost all weapons made in China have been pat-
- terned after outdated Soviet weapons, while a great deal of technical difficul-
ties have been encountered during the process.
Tiie weakness of China`s military industrial production can be seen in every tech-
nical fiel.d, from basic research to the maintenance of the finished products.
' TEie most important shortcoming of the military as well as the nonmilitary machine
industry-design techniques and maaufacturing know~-how--is rendered evea more
profound by adaitional restrictions imposed on production. These restrictions
include poor production and quality control, a limited 1eve1 of staadardizatioa,
inadequate machine tools, a limited number of tools, and a shortage of parts,
special metals, and othex materials.
The basic weakness is the lack of a m4dera design capability. Although China's
, design techniques in the field of strategic weapons�--~uclear warheads and guided
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~dssiles-~are ao~ewhat ~re advanced thaa the techniques used in the field af
ordinaay veapans, tbey rem~in at tbe Ievel reached by the Soviet IIuion in the
1960's. Zt appears that tfiere is no scientist in China today ~ ie able to i~-
prove,ontdated weapons systems such as the M3G--15 aad MiG--Z9 fighCer planes. In
csae~ phe~re a design im~ravem;~at was ~ntroduced, the reliability of the iopmved
eqnipseat turn~d out to be even la~er than the ar~ginal. Limitativns on the de--
sign capability are further aggravated by a series of shortccrmings whieh ar~e re-
lated to a~aaufacturing methods, such as a Iack of ~eodern proeiuction tec.hniques
- and quality cantrol methods. TEiis phenamennn is common t~ughout Cbina's mi7i-
tary machine manufacturing industry, including thz elec~zc~t~s der,artment which
has received snch a high praise. According to a sta~em~t mad~ 3.a November 1977
by the then minister of Fourth Ministry of Machine Building, Waug Zf-i~van, the
electranica indnstry ~s still ba~kward and unable to meer_ the n~~s of national
defense and economic constructian. tde may con~l~de f.~am this that China ought
to pay more atteation to the adainistration of its long--range stra~egic plans,
to its research aud davelopment, and to its inveat~en~ ~ields. iactory manage-
meat, manufacturing methods, production plans, inspection ~ethods, re~lenishmeut
of tools, quality control, and elactranics pro~uction ma_thocia ar~ a11 in need of
broad improvement.
- Change in Bureancratic Structure
In order to overcome various p=obleenss confronting the military ind~astrial depart-
meanti, China has reorganizesi the bureaucratic structure ~aictz adminislters the pro-
ductian of ~mitions. Changes in the Ieadecship level a~f the organization empha-
size China's determdnation to establish a p~~rful civ~.lian control over the mili-
tary industry comples. The ministers in charge of alI the tuachine industries have
been appointed since late 1977. Am~ng the new appoin~ees, five are civilians re-
placing those who used to be co~aected eaclusi~ely w~th ~he People's Liberation
Army (PLA). As a result of this change, the eight $tinist~rs ot the Ministry of
Machine Building are nov a1Z civili~ (see table belaa).
_ itiinistry of Maclzine Building 1~4inis~:.er D~te of Appvintment
First (Civi].ian Machine) Zhou Zi~ian October 1977
Second (Atomic Power} Liu Wei March. 1978
TF~ird (Aircraft) Lu Dong March 1978
Fourth (EleetroniGS) Qian :iin Augv~~ 1978
Fifth (Av~amitions) Zhang Zhen Ma~ch 1978
S~xth (Shipbuilding) Chai Shufan March 1978
Seveath (Missiles) Zheng Tiz~d:nng Februazy 1978
Ei.ghth (Space) Jiar~ Ruayu September 1978
As a result of the str~actural r~organiza~~.an, C:k~3.n.a's ~3.Iitaxy in3Ynatrp and sci-
e~ace departments have t�eceuie moae ca~able of ~na.g~me:es~t. y"ae ~cimfizistrative or-
ganization in charge, ~h=.ch was estabiished in th~ ~id-1RbQ'~, hss been restored
under the State Council. It ha~ brcad a~atharitp a~?~E~ coF~~ter~ r~:1.Rte~ to the ad-
m{n{stration and pTanniag of Ch~.na�s 3.nd~A~~xia1 an~ :.~.3eg~~f~.c metxzr.tt3.es.
The National Dafeuse Indwtrp Q~fic~ (~tDiG), :~b.i.~i~. ~s one Gi th~ m~'.it:ary indus-
_ trial organizafiiana 9 h~s bec~~e tlea :~af.~ ~~gu~.a~a: J ay~-~~~n~Lz~~:.~a.~z~ 's+.~ween the State
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Council and the mili,tarp machine induatry. Ths NDIO, in coopexation with the
State Planning Commission, undertcakes management of problems related to produc-
tion and capital allotment. This fuaction used to rest in the hands of the Min-
iatry of National Defense.
The State Scientific and Technological Commission (SSTC) has also reappeared, aad
it seems to be charged with broad authority for supervising the planning and cap-
ital allotment for all scieatific and technologic~l businesses. This co~ission
has thus taken over a portion of the function from the military authority which
used to be in the hands of the National Defense Scientific Technological Co~is-
sion (NDSTC). The NDSTC will probably conCinue to be responsible for scieatific
- a.nd technological planning related to military matters, but direct supervisory
authority over the military research organizations and research institutes ap-
- pears to have passed to each individual vnit. For example, it is said that there
were 51 research organizations imder the direct control of the Fourth Ministrq of
Machine Building (in charge of the electronics industry) toward the end of 1977.
What has become apparent from this reorganizatinn is the desire of the leadership
to strengthen its control over the defense industry in order to minimize latent
opposition by the mi.litary toward the ne~w policy. Defease-related organizations
- have been accustomed to claiming priority to get special treatment i~ the allot-
ment of rare and scarce materials, of scientists and technologists, of precision
ma.chinery and tools, and of high-quality imported goods. Through the present
organization, the Chinese Government naW has a mechanism for sharing these rare
and scarce materials with the producers af civiliaa industrial facilities. Dis-
- tribution of thes~ materials used to be tampered with by the buresucratic group
- dominated by the PLA, just as it was when Lin Biao was in paw~er.
China's aim is to try to a~oid duplication between the [nonmilitary] and military
departments and within the defense industry itseZf, so that resources may be con-
centrated on the most important pro3ects. As a result of this reorganization,
China will naw be able to carry out its military production according to aa order
of economic priority and ~11 be able to utilize existing facilities and equipmeat
more effectively. This movement vividly reflects China's need to gain maximum
productiaa from its domestic industrial faci]ities.
Expectations From the West
At the same time that the bureaucratic structure of the militarq industry compleac
was being reorganized in China, investigations into technical aid from the West
~rere being broadly carried out. Since late 1976, China has launched a large-scale
effort to investigate foreign military technology and production processes over a
very wide range. Betwesn 1976 and mid-1979, many militar~, technical, and indus-
trial delegations com~rising several thousands of persons were dispatched abroad
or vl.sited China. They discussed the possibility of China's gaining the military
equipment or the production knaw-how of the West. These exchanges increased
rapidly toward the end of 1977 after Vice P~emier Deng Xiaoping regained power,
and they reached their peak taward the end of 1978. Sfnce early 1979, hawever,
the number of delegat3ons dealing with military equipment that have visited China
and those dispatched from China have decreased appreciably, and the tempo of nego-
tiations related to the acquisition of large numbers pf camplete sets of large
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military equipment from abroad has also slowed down proportionatelp. This is
considered to be the result of an overall economic reevaluation of the moderniza-
tion plan carried out in late 1978 and tfie read~ustment of tfie plaun implemented
thereafter.
What can be learned for sure from the technical delegations going in and out. of
China is the fact that China is trying to limit ifis dependence on any particular
single country. Hawever, the fact that contacts have been made with practically
all ma~or advanced nations seems to in.dicate that, while formulating its long-
range plan, China is also studying thE defense philosophy of ~ther na~ions. For
example, in a.ddition to the industrial and technical contacts, China has received
- many delegations of officers from Japan, Easti and West European countrles, Africa,
and the Philippines, and it has also dispatched its own delegations of officers
- to these countries. These visits appear to be linked to an overall. plan to pro-
m~te its anti-Soviet policy and also aimed at soJ.iciting advice on weapons and
military technology and further promoting discussions concerning military philos-
ophy and theories.
What can be learned from China's inquiries about Western technology over the past
3 years is that China's ultimate goal lies in est~bl~shing an industrial founda-
tion capable of supporting the large-scale development and manufacture of ordinary
- weapons as well as strategic weapons systems. In i.ts e~rly stage, China's inter--
est and concern laq mainly in acquiring the technology of the �oreign weapons and
of the systems that went with them. Iiowever, it appears that China's leaders have
~ come to the understanding that it is no use buying techxbology and licenses for
the production of this equipment before the foundation of tY~e industry is firmly
established.
The Need for Basic Technology
The potential of China's indusCrial. foundation which suppor.ts the developDnent and
produckion Of IDIDCIETII W~3~OI~.S lo C~lll.l`.~ G~~V~rgP.?~.Y ~ L~L~(~,a, .i,8 Q~~i~u~.cl!`~.:1. ?~LiC11 OT
~he machinery and producing the raw materi.als necessary to suppoz~t the present
weapons production effort; however, var~ous modern indusrriaa. ~eckinologies need
to be imported in order to be able to a-aise the 7.ev~e~. of. 3ts m3lita~cy production
process.
- Special Metals
One of the most important shortcomings of China's military machine industry is the
lack of a capabilitp ~o produce alloys or special steel and some nonferrous met-
als. China has only a small metallurgical industrial p~tential fox producing a
small quantity of supezhaxd alloys, electric f.~trnace steels and ata.~.ziless ste_el,
and a large investment in new producti~n. faci~.~ti.es must be rna.de ~n arder to be
able to raise the yield of b.igh-quality stee~. significantly. The :Lmportant weak-
ness which hinders the deveJ.opment espectal.l.y of mr~dern aircrlf.t and guided mis-
siles is the lack of a capability to manufaci:~xre and proc~ss h:igh~ouality non-
ferrous metals such as aT_s:mi.numy m~.gnesiu~, tIt^.nium, cobal.t, and n3,cke1. The
technology employed today ~o.r_ th�~ process:'_zg c~f th~s~ metaJ_c I.r~ Ch{na is no doubt
based on Soviet equigmen't of *he 7.95~'s. ('~.i.na. appea.rs to br fntent an acquiring
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a complete set of processing equipment from either Japan or some other country
- in order to overcome tbe fundamental sbortcomings of its metallurgical industry. -
Negotiations are being carried out for tfie purchase .:f a refining facility for
alu:ninum, copper, nickel, titanium, tuugsten, and zinc. Aiming at a goal of
doubling its iron and steel production to 50 million tons by 1985, China had
originally planned to build three new large iron and steel production facilitiee
and to modernize seven existing facilities. Tfie plan has since been reviaed.
Chemical Products
Much attention is being paid to acquiring foreign equipment and production pro-
- cesses in order to spur the developmenC of China's chemical industry. In fact,
the chemical industrq has occupied a large portion of China's plant impQrt plan
since 1972. Those production technalogies imported from the West include, for
_ example, synthetic fibers, rubber, equipment for processing p].astics, and petro- -
chemical plan~ts. These and other polymer techaologies are being widely utilized
- in the development and production of advanced weapons today.
_ Machine Tools
China has cultivated a broad machine tool industry consisting of several thousand
plants which vary greatly in size, from a towa factory to one having~several
thousand workers. The nea3 for domestic low- to medfum--quality machine toola
can be satisfactorily met by these plants, and some high-quality and durable wni-
versal machine tools are exported. However, China still lacks the capabilitq to
manufacture those precision machi.ne tools which are essential for weapons produc-
tion. China is today at the early stage of developing digitally controlled ma- _
chine tools or computer-aided manufacturing processes. The Chinese have attempted
to develop their own system to meet the need for special equipment at some of the
military production facilities. However, the machines produce.d thus far have been
substandard or have failed to operate. It appears that Cbina must satisfy its
need for precision machinery and equip~me~t by purchasing them directly either from
Japan or from the West.
ElecCronics Industry
- Starting from its elementaay foun.dation in 1949, China has succeeded in develop-
_ ing a powerful electronics industry which is expanding at a rapid pace. Since
the electronics industry is important to both military developmeat and civilian
industrial production, resourcea are allotted to it preferentia.llq. From one-
half to three-quarters of its total products become militarp procure~ent and the
remainder goes to the peaceful industries. Its production volume is.comparable
to that of a portion of the advanced industrial countries of Westera Europe.
Ho~wever, its~standard is still considerably below the world level. In spite of
~ the fact that there was rapid progress in this field for several years, China
had to import advanced electron.ics industrial products which are strategicsll.y
important in order to be able to mave tfie plan related to military and industrial
production forward. All ma~or departments of the electr~nics industry are behind
others 3.n design techniques, and the lack of quality control, together with the
production of substandard products, poses a very serious problem.
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China's interest ia acquiring forei~ knat~r-hpw in ordex to rai.,se th,e level of its
electronics 3adustrp reaches every tecimical department. Facilities for iJnport
currentlp being negotiated for include tlwse used in the production of poly-
crystalline sil3.con, integrated circuits, minicomputexs, microprocessors, large-
scale comQuters and computer me~ory devices, peripheral devices, an.d camputer
conversatioa equipmeat. Negotiation is also uaderway for the importation of
modera cae~m~micatioas technologies sucfi as high-speed data transmission, optical .
- fibers, microwave, uuderground cable, and satellite comaaunication system tech- _
nology. In additian,~China has stepped up its investigation into foreign laser
aad optico-mechanical tectmology, and negotiatioas are being carried out with
suppliers fron Japaa, America� aad the West European couatries.
Intermediate Tecb,nologies
There are advanced technical activities, built on the foimdation of basic tech-
nology and applied over a Wide range, whic~? any nation desiring to manufacture -
modern weapons spstems must master. These intermediate tectmologies were given
very high priority for 3 years after the "gang of four" was overthrown. China
appeared to be ready to consider aa azrangement based on the contract entered
iato with fore~gn civilian aircraft or space system manufacturers, so that it _
might gain access to and utilize the closely interconnected military and civilian
techaologies which are pervasive in the advanced world. China's interest in
aviatian tectznology extends to every aspect of modern aircraft production. As a
mechanism of technical transfer, export of an entire facility for the production
: of civilian aircraft or a~oint~venture eaterprise ha.s been considered. Ztems
which have beea included in the negotiations include, for example, the casting
technique necessary for the production of the outer frame of ~et engines and the
licenses for the production of aircraft wings, brakes, bearings, jet engines,
_ and turbine blades. Furthermore, negotiations are being carried out for the pur-
- chase of modern aircraft testing facilities, such as wind tunnels, engine testing
devices, 3nd accessory t~ols.
China has also eapressed a desire to purchase a few foreign communications satel- _
lite systems aad geophysical resource satellite receiving stations, and thereby
to gain a valuable foothold in the space industry of Japan, America, and the West
European couaitries. In order to gain a firsthand imawledge concerning the tech-
nology and facilities necessarq for lauaching and maintaining a modern satellite
system, Chi.na dispatched several hundreds of its scientists and engineers abroad.
They were able to master the new propulsion system, the guidance control system,
and the tracking system.
Unification of Peaceful a.nd Military ProductioYx
China's efforte to expand the foimdatian of its military industry began in the
mid-1960's and continued until the early 1970's. Uader the gigantic slogan of
"var preparedness," China laimched a broad campaign to construct several hundreds,
maybe several thousands, of inedium- to large-scale industrial projects all over
the country, including the frontier districts in tiie deep interior. Th3s effort
, was so large in scale tbat economic confusion ensued. A tl~esis composed by the
Defense Industry Office in early 1979 insisted that "development of the national
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- economy was hindered as a result of the unilateral expansion of the construction _
plans of the de~ense industrp" implemented bp the Lin Biao faction.
As a result of the all-out effort to build up tfie military industry, a consider- -
able amount of surplus capacity has been created. flowever, the weapons thus manu-
factured are basicallp all outdated. In order to utilize this industrial capacity
more effectivelp, China has adopted a new policp and I~as redistributed a consider-
able portion of military production capacity to nonmilitary production effort.
According to this new "unified policy," more and more experts are be3ng dispatched _
from munitions factories to local nonmilitary organizations in order to candition
these experts to the marketing of nonmilitarp products. As a result of this new
policy, many new products, from cameras to mining machinery, are being manufactured
by military factories. For example, a tank factory at Xiangtan has begun prAduc-
tion of sewing machines, electric fans, bulldozers, and cranes, while an arsenal ~
at Wuxi is said to have begun production of instruments used in ear operations.
China has revea].ed that 80 percent of the defense industry enterprise in Liaoning =
Province is utilizing its facilities and technical forces for the production of
daily necessities for local consumption as well as for export.
During the ree~camination of the economy carried out from late 1978 ta early 1979,
a criticism about the lack of adequate ~udgment and adjustment on matters related
to the importation of technolagy and equipment surfaced. This, together with a
reduction in the number of miliLary delegations sent abroad and the number of con-
struction projects, plus the emphasis placed on the production of nonmilitalry
- goods by military factories, sgeaks loudly of China's relaxation of the tempo of
- its military modernization plan. The hectic activitie~ of 1976-78 have subsided,
and China is naw more able to appraise calmly what in fact it can do or can ab-
sorb when it attempts to acquire Western military technology. Nevertheless, its
long-range goal remains the acquisition of the basic and intermediate technologies
which are essential for China to become a militarily pawerful nation.
According to an editorial which appeared in one of the Chinese papers, the effort
for railitary modernization has been relaxed, and any [new] large-scale effort re-
lated to military modernization is not expected to begin at least until after the
Sixth Five-Year Plan is launched in 1981. Whether this arrangement can actually
materialize, only time can tell. The Sino-Vietnamese war i.n the spring of 1979
sufficiently revealed the shortcomings of the PLA. Military planuers are pain--
fully aware of the real threat posed by the Soviet Union, and anq further delaq in
- the modernization of the military means a dangerous gdmble. They are also aware
- of the fact that their economic plan has not yet materialized. The fact tha.t the
economic modernization goal was reexamined in earlq 1979 also makes it clear once
again that the launching of a comprehensive milftary modernization project in 1981
is not necessarily guaranteed. No doubt there will be a heated debate over the
allotment of valuable investment funds because of these key factors. -
COPYRIGIiT: Asagu~o Shinbunsha 1980
9113
CSO: 4105 E~
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