JPRS ID: 9482 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y
JPRS L/9482
12 January 1981
U SSR Re ort
p
ENERGY -
CFOUO 1 /81)
FBIS FOREIGN aROADCAST INFORMATION SERVtCE -
FOR OFFtCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
I
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are tr3nscribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlir.es, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [TextJ
~ or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF TEIIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE 0~1LY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
- JPRS L/9482
12 January 1981
~
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 1/81)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Designing Nuclear Reactor Buildings
(~,.B, Dubrovskiy, et al; ZDANIYA ISSLEDOVATEL'SKIKH
RFAKTOROV (Buildings for Research Reactors), 1978 000........ 1
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Review of, Prospects for Soviet Fuel, Energy Conservation
(I. ya. ~ayner; KHIMIYA I TEKNOLOGIYA TOPLIV 3
I MP,SEI,, Nov 80) ..e...........o
RSFSR Petroleum Inspection Controls Conservation,Consumption of Fuels
(T . Z. Khuramshin; ~IMIYA I TEKHNOLOGI'YA '1'OPLIV 12
I MASEL, Nov 80)
Energy Conservation Measures Outlined for Oil Refining, Petrochemical
Industry
(G.M. Yermolov; RHIMIYA I TERFiNOLOGIYA TOPLIV
I MASEL, Nov 80) 17
FUELS
Pr~cedure for Choosing Best Areas for Oil, Gas Exploration
S~iggested 23
, (E.M. Khalimov, et al; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GA7~?, Oct 80)
Optimization of Long-Term Plans for Development of Branch Systems
(Anatoliy Miict~aylovich Alekseyev, Yuriy Ivan~ovich 31
; Maksimov; 9 Oct 79) ......................................o..
_a_ [III -USSR-37FOU.0]
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ELECTRIC POWER
~ UDC 621.039.52
DESIGNING NUCLEAR REACTOR BUILDINGS
r:oscow ZDANIYA ISSLIDOVATEL'SKIKH REAKTOROV (Buildings for Research Reactors) in
Russian 1978 pP 2, 4, 154-155
- [Annotation and table of contents from book by V.B. Dubrovskiy, A.S. Zinenko, A.A.
Levenshteyn, D.A. Metan'yev and A.Ya. Y'akovlev, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 155 pagesJ
[Excerpts] The worlc~is devoted to questions of designing the buildings and radiation
shielding for nuclear reactors for research. Questions of selection of a sector
for construction of the buildings and reactor complexes, designing a maeter plan,
territorial zoning, building lay-out, selectioa of materials and design decis ions
for the buildings and shielding and finishing the ro~ms are examined.
The book is of interest to scientists and engineers workiag in the area of designing,
construction and operation of buildings for nuelear reactors for research, as well
as to students specializing in this area. 30 tables, 85 illus., biblio. with 232
titles. ' '
CONTENTS
Forward 5'
Chapter 1. The Production Process and the Main Equipment for Nuclear
Research Reactors ~
1.1. Operating Pr inciple, Maia Sqstems and Nuclear Research Reactor
Units ~
1.2. Purpose and Certain of the More Co~n Characteristics of Nuclear
Research R~actors 8
- 1.3. Types of Design Decisions 11
1.4. Reactor Control and Experimeatal Installations 15
1.5. Main Engineering Equipmeat ' 17
1.6. Hoisting aad Transport Equipment 22
Literature 22
Chapter 2. Insuring Safet~' at Nuclear Research Reactors 24
2.1. Types and Clas~es of Operations at Nuclear Reactors 24
2.2. Safety Under t`;ormal Operating Conditions 25
2.3. Emergency Si~Cuations 28
2.4. Safety Under. Emergency Situation Conditions 29
Literaturz 34
1 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
Chapter 3. Features of Space-planning Decisions for Buildings for Nuclear .
Research Reactors 35
3.1. Room Strueture 35
3.2. Sanitary Zoning 35
3.3. Sanitary and Living Accommodations. Sanitary Passages and Sluices 40
3.4. Building Spaces and Their Connections 45
3.5. Dependence of the Solution for the Main Room on the Type of
Reactor 46
Literature 49
Chapter 4. Construction Solutions for Buildings for Nuclear Research
Reactors 50
4.1. Main Rooms 50
4.2. Foundations, Substructuses and Supporting Structures 51
4.3. Accident Prevention Shells 54
4.4. Main Construction Parameters 58
4.5. Rooves for Research Reactor Buildings S~
Literature 60
C'hapter 5. Biological Shielding 61
5.1. Shielding Ma.terials 61
5.2. Types of Shields 65
5.3. Shield Decisions 68
5.4. Shielding Doors and Windows 73
5.5. Shielding Room Finishing 76
Literature 78
Chapter 6. Territorial Layout Decisions for Nuclear Research Reactora 79
6.1. Selection of Sector for Construction 79
6.2. The Master Plan 83
Literature g6
Appendix II. I. Research Reactors and Certain of Their Characteristics 98
- Appendix II. II. Examples of Realized Research Reactor Building Decisions 104
Appendix II.III. Calculation of Shielding From Radiation 13Z
App~ndix II. IV. Iategral Secant. Exponential and Integral Exponential
Functions 148
Literature 152
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978
9194
CSO: 5100
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ENERGY CONSERVATION
REVIEW OF, PROSPECTS FOR SOVIET FUEL, ENERGY ~ONSBRVATION
Moscow KHIMIYA ~ TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEI..in Russian No 11, Nov 80 pp 4-9
[Article by I. Ya. Vayner: "Further Improvement in the Efficient Jse and Con-
. servation of Fuel and Energy Resources"]
[Text] The life of modern human society in any manifestation is linked to the use
of er~ergy. The role of energy resources has become especially notireable with the
acceleration of technical progress in the second half of the 20th century. In the
first 50 years of our century, the consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER)
tripled in the world, aad in the last 30 years it rose 3.5-fold.
Taking into account the intensive consumption of the energy carriers (oil and gas)
that are primary under modern conditions, many countries are concerned about
satisfying their energy needs with the current structure and rates of FER con-
, sumption. An especially alarming situation has developed in the developed capi-
talist countries (United States, Japan, FRG and others)whe.re the consumption of
energy resources, especially oil and petroleum products,is covered to a signi-
ficant degree by imports from other countries, in particular from the developing
nations. The unreliable dependence of the capitalist countries on oil deliveries,
in combination with the financial machina~ions of the oil monopolies ("seven
sisters") have already resulted in an acute enerRy crisis in these countries.
Inflation that has seized the capitalist world promoted a rise in prices for
energy resources, especially for oil and petroleum products, by 10-12-fold in the
last 7 years. The countries caught in the energy crisis have formulated dozens
of sound, semisound and completely unsound energy programs. Their purpose is to
formulate "formulas" for balancing the expenditure and influx of energy resources
under the created conditions.
The United States is especially distinguished in this respect. Among the numerous
programs there are the programs of the last three presidents, including two of
J. Carter. Four points that deserve the most attention should be isolated in
these programs: a prudent attitude towards their own natural energy resources,
especially ail and gas; reconstruction of the energy balance towards an increase
- in the percentage of coal (United States, FRG), nuclear and hydraulic power, and
after the year 2000, the ~f nontraditional types of energy on large scales,
mainly, solar; increase in the eff icient use of FER and their maximum coaservation;
regulated consumption of energy resources on the whole, and their components by
changing the price formation system.
3
FnR (IFRTf:TAT. T1SF, ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
run Vrr1l.1NL u~n VLVLI
The countries of the European Economic Co~unity hope to reduce the annual rates
of energy consumption ta 3%, and in the United Stat~s to 2%. On the whole all the
capitalist countries plan to decrease the specific energy consumption of the gross
national product by 5-10% by 1990 as compared to 1971, with a simultaneous 45-SO%
rise in electricity consumption.
Considerable allocations are ~,ade for the implementation of the energy resource
conservation program. It is hoped that they will be covered by a reduction in
foreign oil imports. However a sober evaluation indicates that imports of oil and
petroleum products to the developed capitalist countries, currently roughly 1 bil-
lion T/year, can only increase in the future, and the dependence of the capitalist
countries that consume energy resources on their suppliers will not diminish.
Our country has considerable potential fuel and energy resources. It is the only
highly developed country that provides for its growing energy needs without outside
help, despite the �act that the rates of growth in extraction and production of
energy resources in the USSR was double that of the world's in the last 30 years.
Depending on the economic stage of a country's development, and on the expanded
technical potentialities for preparing and using industrial supplies of difr"erent
energy carriers,the structure of their production a.nd consumption changes. Thus,
coal which occupied the primary place in the councry's energy balance in the past
(66% in 1950), at a certain stage was replaced by more progressive and efficient
types of fuel, oil and gas (68% in the 1980 plan).
Reconstruction of the fuel and energy balance towards an increase in the per-
' centage of oil and gas in it permitted an increase in the rates of electrification,
mechanization and motorization of the country. The 1950-1975 period was charac-
terized by the discovery and development of major oil and gas fields, primarily
in the European sector of the USSR. The economic efficiency of extracting and
transporting them to the consumers as compared to coal by mine extraction was
- evaluated according to the main economic indicators (labor productivity, net ~
cost, specific capital investments) as roughly 1 to 10 in favor of oil and gas.
- This providFd the national economy with tens of billions of rubles of saving in
capital inv~:stments and current outlays in 25 years.
The 25th CPSU Congress has named the fuXther perfection and reconstruction of the
fuel and energy balance in the country as one of the main tasks defining the
economic development of the USSR. Taking into consideration the limited nature
of the supplies of oil and gas as compared to coal (~here is 93y coal, and 7%
oil and gas in the earth's depths), the 25th CPSU Congress stressed the need for
primary use of oil and gas in the future as motor fuel and technological raw
material, gradually excluding their application as boiler-furnace fuel. Here
the Congress had in mind significant changes occurring in the economics of the
- fuel branches. The primary extraction of oil and gas has shifted to the east, into
the regions with difficult climate and other conditions. It remains to develop
the even more difficult to reach oil and gas fields in East Siberia, sea anci
ocean shel~~es.
This will require great financial and other material outlays to maintain the already
attained high level of oil and gas extraction, and for tl?eir long-distance hauling
to regions of the greatest consumption, the European sector of the USSR. At the
same time, the extraction of coal by open-pit method is increasing in the coal
4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
industry. Its economic indicators are 3-5-fold better than mine extraction. The
" relative outlays for extracting the North Tyumen' oil for 1 T of conventional fuel
(c.f.) even now are equal or even higher than the outlays for extracting coal by
the open-pit method.
The reconstruction of the country's en~rgy balance is a task for many years to come
since the fuel branches, especially the coal, have a large time lag. Nevertheless,
~ in the lOth Five-Year Plan new trends and shzfts are already noticeable for a
reconstruction of the energy balance. Thus, in 1961-1975 the reduction in the per-
centage of coal was 22 points, or an average of 7.3 points for the five-year plan,
In the lOth Five-Year Plan this drop was slowed down and will be 4-4.5 points.
The percentage of oil with gas condensate increased in 1961-1975 by 13.3 points.
In the lOth Five-Year Plan it will drop by 1-1.5 points. Such a reconstruction
of the fuel and energy balance for the optimal combination in it of coal, oil and
gas is only one side to the wise and economic approach to the use of the "store-
houses" of our earth. It far from exhausts the rich arsenal of ineasures for an
ever more efficient use of energy resources.
The advantage of ~anverting fuel energy into electricity and heat has long been
proven. Our country occupies the leading positions in the world in this respect.
The percentage of conversion of primary fuel energy into electricity and heat was
already 40.8% in 1960 versus 28% in the developed capitalist countries. In 20
years (1961-1980) in our country, the production of FER tripled, and the production
of electricity and centralized heat rose 4..4-fold. The production of electricity
and centralized heat occupies 47% of the resources of boiler-furnace fuel. The
use of water and nuclear energy offers broad possibilities of replacing the
scarce mineral fuel to prod~uce electricity and centralized heat at hydroelectric
and nuclear power plants. In 1961-197~ the production of electricity at the hydro-
electric power plants rose 2.5-fold, and in the lOth Five-Year Plan will increase
by no less than 1.5-fold more.
Z~aenty-six years have passed from the introduction of the world's first 4bninsk
AES with power of 5,000 kW (in 1954) to the Beloyarsk AES with power of 600,000
kW and fast neutron breeder reactors that was started up in 1980. During this
time the total production of electricity at the AES rose to 70 billion kW-h.
Nuclear and hydroelectric power plants in the USSR will produce 20% of all the 3
- generated electricity this year. Converted to gas it will replace 73 billion m,
and converted to coal it will replace over 125 million T. Our country's resources
in ~levaloping hydraulic power are far from exhaustPd, and the construction of
nuclear power and thermal power plants is continuing successfully.
The president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, in
an article published in the newspaper IZVESTIYA (10 April 1979) gave a high
evaluation to the potentialiti~s of nuclear power engineering: "....the combi-
nation of coal and nuclear power engineering is technically capable of providing
for all the areas of energy resource consumption, and in the distant future will
~entirelyfree oil and natural gas from use in the sphere of energy consumption."
Such trends completely respond to the course of reconstructing the country's
energy balance that was taken by the 25th CPSU Congress.
The replacement of mineral fuel by other sources of energy does not only include
GES and AES. Broad use of nontraditional energy carriers is planned: geothermal
water, wind, sea tides, and finally, solar energy. However these sources of
5
FOR OFF7CTAT, TiSE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
rc~x ur�r'1C1AL USE UNLY
power are still in the research stage, and do not play a noticeable role in the
energy balance of the world and our country. But this is a powerful rear support
for power engineering. It is enough to recall that the sun annually sends to the
earth 180 trillion T of c.f. Roughly half reaches the earth's surface, but this
is 8,500 times greater than the expected consumption of the world's energy
resources thts year. -
The replacement of mineral fuel with other sources of energy, although it yields
enormous benefit, under modern conditions and in the next 20-25 years will far
from guarantee well-being in energy supply. This is understandable since a suf-
ficient al~ernative will not be created in this period to completely replace the
gas-oil motor �uelsrmineral fuels at the already active thermoelectric power plants,
and hydrocarbon raw material for production processes. The most important state
- task arises from here: consic~.r~rable increase in the efficient use of fuel and `
energy resources and all possible conser~;ation of them.
The practice of using FER that has formed confirms the presence of major reserves
here. The percentage of efficient use of energy from its production in the entire
_ world is not even half. Of tha four stages of the energy cycle (extraction, ~
enrichment and conversion, transporting, storage and distribution, and use),
extraction and final use are the most inefficient stages. Tney are responsible for
86% of all the energy losses. At the thermal power plants only 30q of the energy
of the burned fuel is brought to the consumer. Qnly l0y of the fuel energy is
converted into motion energy in cars. One of the main reasons for the low effi-
ciency in the use of FER is the low efficiency of the aiachines and the unsatis-
factory energy technology of production. Large heat losses occur in industrial
� and civil buildings. The fuel l~sses during transporting and storage are still
gr~at. Direct losses at the oil refineries during the production of petroleum
products are 1.5-2% for the refined oil.
The Communist Party at its congresses, Central Committee plenums and in special
decrees mobilizes the workers to fulfil'1 the important program of increasing the -
efficient use and conservation of energy resources. At the November (1979) Plenum
- of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev stated: "It goes without
saying that the planned assignments for fuel conservation must be fulfilled. Not
only the econonumic organizations, but all the party and soviet organs from top to
bottom are called upon to be concerned about this."
The newspaper PRAVDA on 30 March 1980 published materials from the decree of the
CPSU Central Committee "On Flork of the Pavlodar Oblast Party Organization to Ful-
fi11 the Decree of the CPSU Central Committee on Conservation of Fuel and Energy
Resources at the Enterprises and Construction Sites." It states, in particular:
"The CPSU Central Committee entrusted the Central Cc~mmittees of the Communist
Partiesr Councils of Ministers of the union republics, kray, oblast, city and
rayon par2:y committees, and the ispolkoms of the soviets of people's deputies to
examine the course of fulfillment of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council
of Minister decrees on conservation of energy resources a~nd supply.ot fuel to
the national economy, as well as organizational-technical measures developed .
locally for these questions, and to take additional measures for their realization."
Realization of the program to increase the efficient use and conserve FER yields
noticeable results. In 1975 as compared to 1950,900 million T of c.f. were con-
served (with regard for "replacement"). In this periad major national economic
' 6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
measures were taken to increase the efficient use of energy resources: the per-
centage of combined generation of heat and electricity was increased, the para-
. metars of steam in elect~-ical power engineering were raised, the boilers were
enlarged, and the steam engin~s were~replaced with diesel and electric engines.
These measures alone prov;.ded more than half of all the FER con~ervation in 1951-
1975.
In addition, during this period the standards of energy resoiirce cons~mption were
~educed for manufacturing industrial products (this, in particular, saved 370
million T of c.f. in 1975 as compared to 1960) and the production of heat and
electricity. The use of secondar~ energy resources was increased. Measures were
taken to control FER losses. As a result the specific energy consumption of the
national income dropped by 17.5% in 1975 as compared to 19b5. A lot was also done
to increase the eff icient use of fuel at the stages of its production and extrac-
tion. Thus, the introduction of progressive method s for developing the oil
fields permitted an increase in the planned degree of extraction of oil from the
depths to 45-48%. This is the best indicator in the world.
Zn accordance with the decisi.ons of the 25th CPSU Congress the total saving of FER
in 1980 should surpass 132 million T of c.f. In the current five-year plan the
standards of boiler-furnace fuel consumption must be reduced by 3-4%, of gasoline
and diesel fuel by 8%, and of electricity and heat by 5%. The replacement of
mineral fuel in the generation of electricity at the GES and AES should surpass the
level reactied in 1975 by 3-4-fold. At the same time, there are still large re-
serves for increasing the efficient use-of FER and conserve t?~em. ~.The. mobili=
zation of these reserves, in addition to traditional measures, suggests the use of
new major factors: the introduction of new machines and mechanisms ~ith increased
eff iciency; transition to more advanced energy-conserving technology in industrial
production, construction and transportation; intensification of the organizational
- and technical work at all stages of the energy cycle.
The production enterprises, scientific research institutes, ministries and depart-
ments, and planning organizations of the USSR and the union republics are doing
a lot of work to f urther save fuel and energy resources. This work has been
significantly activated due to the appeal of the CP SU Central Committee �or a
worthy meeting of the 26th Communist Party Congress.
The most important trend in the conservation of energy resources, as before, remains
the scientifically substantiated decrease in the standards of consumption of f uel,
electricity and heat per unit of produced industria 1 product. In the past 20
years, the fuel consumption standard for production of electricity dropped by
alnost 40%, and fcr steam and hot water in the rayon boiler houses by 22%. Furthc:r
introduction of highly economical power units of high output, increase in the
eff iciency of the boilers that are made, equipping of the boilers with means of
automatic regulation and monitoring, the use of economizers and air-heaters, and
elimination of small boiler houses and other meausres will permit a future re-
duction in the specific standards of fuel consumption to produce electrici~y
and heat .
In the introduction of new power engineering units one should expect a large re-
duction in the standards of electricity cons~nnption in the production of ammonia
gas, methanol, nitric acid, ethylene, divinyl, yellow phosphorus, chloritre and
caustic soda. Machine construction and metal-working consume roughly 10% of the
_ 7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
electricity and heat produced in the country. The enterprises of these
branches still have large reserves for conserving electricity and heat, including
by underloading the electric motors and electric f urnaces, and from losses of
compressed air, water and heat, and the low collection of condensate. Electrical
furnaces still dominate in heat treatment instead of the more economical gas.
A further reduction in the consumption of electricity in machine construction and
metal-working is envisaged by increasing the technical level of machining, welding
and perfecting founding, increasing the loading of equipment, expanding the assort-
ment of rolled metal products, replacing the metal castings with plastic, etc.
Preliminary calculations show that the implementation of these measures can save
12-14 million T of c.f. per year in machine construction and metal-working in the
~ next five-year plan, and 20 million T of c.f. per year by the end of the decade.
In 1975 fertous metallurgy used 12.9~ of the country's energy resources (without
consideration for the consumption of hydrocarbons as raw material). The saving
of energy resources in this branch is planned by perfecting the technology of
smelting and heating metals, increasing the loading of the furances, reducing their
idle-time, introducing new units of continuous teeming of steel, installation of
recovery units, the use of more advanced burners, improvement in the thermal insu-
lation of the furnaces, etc. A considerable saving of fuel and energy resources
can be obtained with a reduction in losses of electricity in the potaer ~rans-
mission circuits. In 1975 these losses almost equalled the annual consumption of
electricity in the country in 1950. Measures to reduce losses in the electrical
circuits are: selection of the optiunal circuit plan, shorteningof.tk~e repair
period for equipment in the electrical circuits, etc. A reduction of losses in the
circuits by 1 billion kW-h will save over 300,000 T of c.f.
Transportation is one of the ~ajor consumers of fuel and energy resources. In 1975
over 160 million T of c.f. were consumed by all types of transportation. Of them
52% were spent for automobile and 19.8y for railroad transportation. As a result
of the major measures taken in the last 20 years on railroad transportation (con-
- version from steam propulsion to electric and diesel, replacement of biaxial cars
by four-axial, etc.) the saving of fuel and energy resources in 1975 as compared
to 1960 was about 100 million T of c.f.
The freight turnover in truck transportation in 1961-1975 rose 3.4-fold, the pass-
enger turnover rose fivefold,w~ile the expenditure of fuel for these purposes only
trip led. Such shif ts are explained by the increase in the efficiency of the in-
ternal combustion engines, rise in the load capacity of the trucks, construction
of roads with hard surface, and certain other measures. The use of fuel for
air transportation was improved. In 1975 as compared to 1960 the weighted average
consumption of aviation fuel dropped by 27%, as well as for river and sea trans-
portation.
At the same time all types of transportation have broad possibilities for a
further saving of fuel and energy resources. In automobile transportation the
trucks will be rapidly converted into diesels. Bringing the diesel conversion to
55-60% with the planned growth in freight turnover will save 30-35 million T of
c.f. Besides reduction in fuel consumption, the dieeel conversion decreases the
toxicity of the exhausts, and diminishes the transportation and storage expen-
ditures. A noticeable reduction in fuel consumption is expected from an inreased
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
use of trailers and semitrailers. According to the data of the RSFSR Ministry of
_ Automobile Transportation, for 100 trucks there are 25 trailers instead of the 1.5
_ trailers per one truck required by ;.he standards of truck freight. The constructi~n
of roads with hard pavement noticeably influences the reduction in fuel consump-
tion in automobile transportation. There are considerab le reserves of fuel con~
servation in perfected planning of freight t+auling and the use of transportation,
intensification in control over the consumption and storage of fuel, and improve-
ment in the quality of fuels and oils.
The consumption of gas during its transportin; on the main gas pipelines increases ~
significantly each year due to the large pera=ntage of gas-turbine drives at the
corapressor stations. The planned growth in the percentage of electric drives at
the compressor stations of the gas pipelines will free tens of billions of cubic
meters of ~.as.
Intensive mechanization and electrification of agriculture r,onsiderably expand
the boundaries for use of energy resources in it. According to the formed struc- -
ture of fuel use, diesel fuel is used the most in agriculture. Its consumption _
for tractor,work alone in agriculture in 1980 will be over 35 million T. The
introduction into agriculture of economical machines, advanced technology, new
forms of using equipment, perfection in the repair and maintenance of the machine-
tractor fleet, improvement in the delivery, storage and fueling of inechanisms,
increase in responsibility and improvement in control of the development and
observance of fuel and energy resource consumption standards will help to ~ave
enormous amounts of fuel and energy in this major sectian of national economic
activity.
The concern of the Communist Party for the growth in the national welfare also
influences the increase in energy consumption in daily life. In 1980 as compared
to 1965, the consumption of fuel and ene~~y resources in residential-couununal
services rose 3.4-fold for electricity, and almost 4-fold for centralized heat
supply. The main reserves of saving in this sector are associated with the
further centralization of the heat supply, and improvement in the efficiency of
_ furnaces and boilers. It is planned to increase the thermal insulation of resi-
_ dential and public buildings, equip the central heating with valves of double
regulation and instruments for automatic temperature regulation for the heat
carrier, and improve the metering of consumpt~on of water, gas and electricity in
the apartments. This wili significantly increase the saving of energy resources
in the communal-general sector. The active assistance of the population in
saving electricity and heat, water and gas in the residential and public buildings
will be a worthy contribution to the conservation of energy resources.
A lot of work has been done to save energy in the oil refining and petrochemical
industries where, as is known, the rise in volumes and extent of oil refining,
broadening of the assortment and increase in the quality of products are objec-
tively accompanied by an increase in FER consumption. In 1966-1975 at the enter-
prises of the USSR Ministry of the Petrochemical Industry the fuel consumption in- -
creased 1.8-fold, heat 1.9-fold with a rise in the production of industrial pro-
ducts twofold. The consumption of FER could be even greater if ineasures were not
taken in the branch to conserve them. As a result of the measures tak~n in 1975,
as compared to 1970, the consumption of fuel, heat and electricity dropped by 15:5%
per 1"T of refined oil. Work is being completed to save FER in the lOth Five-Year
9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL ll5H, ONLY
- Plan which will further reduce the outlays for 1 T of refined raw material. The
work to save energy will be continued. The USSR Ministry of the Petrochemical
Industry and its scientific research institutes are generalizing the experience
of work to save FER and plan new tasks in this di rectio n.
- In the program being formulated to improve the ef f icient use and save FER in the
oil refining and petrochemical industry, everything is important, starting with
- the timely ~:nd systematic exporting of the product (delays in exporting result in
= operation on a circulation pattern at a number of enterprises with additional con-
sumption of energy resources) and ending with the use of unified energy systems
to produce electricity and steam in gas turbines with recovery of the heat from
exhausts.
Reduction of irreversible losses of oil and petroleum products is very important
for saving FER in the oil ref ining and petrochemical industry. For this purpose
it is necessary to organize the collection and compressing of the refinery gases,
to eguip the tanks with pontoons and nonfreezing valves, to replace the immersion
coolers with air coolers, to enlarge the production devices into bl~cl�s and build
combined units, and to introduce more widely low- temperature chemical methods of
desulfurization of oil and petroletmm products.
With a reduction in the irreversible Iosses to 1.1-1Y, for the refined oil one can
expect a saving of oil and petroleum products of 3-4 million T/year. The reduction
in standards of irre~ersible losses should be linked to regulated metering of the
losses,development and introd uction of an advanced method of inetering. Not all the
oil refineries make complete accounting of the incoming products from the outside,
for example,in the form of residuPS from steam-curing of tanks used for fuel,
- losses of fuel during burnin~'up of coke from catalyzers, etc.
~ An increase in the percentage of use of secondary energy resources (SER) in the oil
refining and petrochemical industry is one of the major sources of energy conser-
_ vation. In this branch a source of heat SER is the heat of flue gases from the
furnaces of production units, pyrolytic contact gases, gases of catalyzer regenera-
tion, heated product streams, spent steam, etc, With proper attention to the use
of thermal and fuel SER the saving of FER can be doubled as a result, i.e., '
trought to 12-15 million ~ of c.f. per year. Spe cial equipment and devices are
need to recover the SER. One should also bear in mind that the specific capital
investments into recovery of secotidary energy rasources as converted into conven-
tional fuel is 10-12-fold lower than for extraction of 1 T of c.f. The measures
noted above and others have the final goal of reducing the specific consumption
o~ fuel and energy resources per unit of manufactured industrial product.
In the national economy, in particular in the oil refining and petrochemical indus-
try, roughly 75% of the FER is used in the form of boiler-furnace fuel, heat and
electricity. In the past decade the standards of boiler-furnace fuel and heat
consumption in the oil refining industry dropped , while those of electricity were
stabilized. At the same time, in this branch d ue to the int~:nsification of oil
refining~factors will appear more and more that p romote an i~:rease in the
fuel, heat and electricity consumption standards_ Thus, in l~a'S as compared to
the primary refining of oil, the actual specific consumption of fuel was higher:
in catalytic cracking by 1.9-fold; in thermal cracking by 1.7-fold; in coking by
2.2-fold; in catalytic reforming by 2.9-fold; and in pyrolysis by 3.5-fold.
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The circumstantce that have been formed required important additional measures
that are capab le of reducing to a certain measure the inf luence of negative fac-
tors on the growth in consumption of fuel and energy resc~urces in the oil refining
industry. Such measures include first of all: further concentration of produc-
tion, enlarging the unit output of units, combining the complex technological
processes, converting the equipment to direct feeding of raw material, transfer of
the hot petroleum products without intermediate cooling, use of more efficient
cataly aers, and the maximum replacement of furnace mazut with plant gases.
There are all grounds to expect that the collectives of the oil refining and
petrochemical plants with the active cooperation o� the scientific researc'n
institutes in the branch and the USSR Ministry of the Petrochemical Industry will .
make a worthy contribution to the improvement in the efficient use and saving of
fuel and energy resources of our country.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnol~giya topliv i masel", 1980 -
9035
CSO: 1822
. 11 -
FOk OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ENERGY CONSERVATION
RSFSR PETROLEUM INSPECTION CONTROLS CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION OF FUII.S
Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASII. in Russian No 11, rlov 80 pp 1~-12
[Article by T. Z. Khuramshin, chairman of the RSFSR Goskomnefteprodukt: "Conser-
vation of Pettale~ Products in the RSFSR National Economy"]
[Text] The entire world attributes great importance to an efficient dnd economical
consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER). A strengthening of the energy
conservation policy in the national ecanomy is an indispensable condition for the
further success of the Soviet economy. Its development is accompanied by an in-
tensive growth in production and consumption of oil and petroleum products, gas,
coal and other primary sources of energy. In 1980 the USS~ p'_ans to extract 606
million T of oil (including gas condensate), 435 billion m of gas,and 745 million
T of coal.
With the modern scales of FER production, a reduction in the consumption only by
1% in 1980 will save about 20 million T of conventional fuel (c.f.). Therefore,;
in order to guarantee an efficient and economical use of FER target complex scien-
tific and technical, economic and social programs are created that cover all the
branches of the national economy.
In particular, an increase in the eff icient use of liquid fuels is determined by
the degree of their use to operate the f uel-consuming equipment, reduction in the
energy-consumption of the production processes, improvement in the standsrdization
and metering, and perfectian of the production operations for reception, storage
and distribution of fuel at the bases and warehouses of the oil supply agencies
and the consumers.
The large amount of attention that the party and government, planning and economic
organizations give to saving and efficient use of FER promotes the development of
socialist competition to~conserve all types of fuel and energy. In addition to the
development of organizational and technical measure~ that are the basis for an
efficient and economical consumption of petroleum products, it is very important
to use scientifically substantiated standards of consumption for fuel and lubricants,
to revie=a them in time in accordance.with the perfection of equipment and tech-
nology of production, and to organize control over the observance of these standards.
Their correctly organized metering during storage and consumption occupies a
significant place in reducing the losses of motor fuels and lubricants.
Each industry should use approve~ specific and operating standards of motor fuel
consumption for all types of eguipment that consume petroleum products. For each
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
automobile, tractor and other equipment travel and accounting sheets should be
filled out. In addition to other indicators they should ref lect the results of
fuel consumption. These prima~y documents that were approved by the USSR
Ministry of Finances and the USSR Central Statistical Administration, are manda-
Cory~for all enterprises and organizations who use the automobile and tractor
fleet. The eff icient use of fuel and lubricants, and their quantitative and
qltalitative preservation depend a 1ot on the technical equipping and condition of
the warehou~es for storage of the petroleum products, and care of the employed
equipment.
Automobile engines use over half of the energy resources consumed by all types of
transportation. However the specific consumption of energy resources in autono-
bile transporation is 19 plus times higher than in railroad, and 14 times higher
than in river. Cars are one of the main consumers of automobile gasolines and
diesel fuels. Due to th~ continuous growth of the automobile fleet,the demand for
these fuels is rising. Therefore all the measures directed towards saving engine
fuels are very urgent (careful consideration of the consumption of petroleum
products, systematic analysis of the actual consumption according to types of
work, regulation of the storage of fuel, mechanized f illing of cars and mechanisms,
high-quality maintenance, etc.). Agriculture is one of the largest consumers of
petroleum products in the country. A decrease in the losses of fuel in this
branch by 1% alone will save 20-30 million rubles and decrease the consumption of
lubricants by 2.5 million rubles per year.
The struggle against losses of petroleum products has not only technical and
economic, but also social importance. The petroleum products that are lost during
the operation of equipment, as well as in transportation, storage and distribu-
tion do not disappear without a trace, but pollute the environment. Therefore all
the measurea that prevent losses of these products are directed towards improving
working conditions,guaranteeing cleanliness and efficiency of production, and pro-
tecting the environment.
The work of the RSFSR Petroleum Inspection plays a large role in improving the
efficient use of fuel and energy resources in the national economy. Besides ful-
fillment of the main functions (planning and ccntrol over the supply.of the
- national economy), the system of oil supply has been given cont.rol over the
efficient and economical consumption of petroleum products at the enterprises of
industry, transportation, in the construction organizations and agriculture. The
RSFSR Petroleum Inspection with inspections in the petroleum marketing administra-
tions was set up to implement these functions in the RSFSR State Committee for
Provision of Petroleum Products.
In accordance with the decision of the RSFSR Council of Ministers the RSFSR Pe-
troleum Inspection has the right to obtain from the ministries, departments,
enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary planning and accounting
documents on questions in its competence, data on the consuming units and stan-
dards of consumption of petroleum products, plans of ineasures for their saving,
to freely visit and examine all sites and facilities where petroleum products are
- stored distributed and consumed, and to give instructions on elimination of the
detected violations that are mandatory for a11 organizations. The main task of
the RSFSR Petroleum Znspection is to control the efficient and economical con-
sumption of petroleum products and the turning in of used oils.
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
rvK ur~rl~l~, u~~, uaLr
4~ork is done in close contact with the agencies of people's control. In 1979
the RSFSR Petroleum Inspection checked about 9000 enterprises and organizations
of 13 branches of the national economy in all oblasts, krays and autonomous
republics. At the same time the workers of the Petroleum Inspection, bulk plant
and administrations of the RSFSR Goskomnefteprodukt [State Committee to Supply
Petroleum Products] gave practical assistance to 1800 kolkhozes, sovkhozes, enter-
prises and organizations to develop and implement measures for conservation of fuel
and lubricants, improvement in the organization of petroleum storage, publication
of resources of graphic agitation, etc. In order to propagandize the leading
methods of conservation and to analyze the shortcomings in the use of petroleum
products,the staff and nonstaff inspectors of the Petroleum Inspection appear in
tre press, on radio and television (in 1979--550 appearances).
The RSFSR Petroleum Inspection analyzes the materials from checks to determine the
condition of use of the petroleum products in the RSFSR national economy, in each
branch, autonomous republic, kray and oblast. The appropriate ministries, depart-
ments and local organizations are informed of the results of the analysis. They
take measures to improve the use of the fuel and energy resources. The local party
and soviet organs are informed of the detected shortcomings. Platerials on gross
violations in the use of petroleum products that result in material damage are sent
to the procurator's office. In 1979 810 materials were sent, and specific decisions
were made on 530 of them.
Guided by the decree of the USSR Gossnab the RSFSR Petroleum Inspection is making
- broader use of the right to apply fine sanctions to the consumers who transfer
petroleum products in violation of the order set by this decree. The fulfillment
of the instructions of the RSFSR Petroleum Inspection and the introduction by the
' cons~imers of the suggestions of the inspectors that are directed towards saving
petroleum products annually save a total of 3-6 million rubles in resources, de-
pending on the volume of petroleum products consumed. As a result of the measures
taken the use of lubricants is i.mproved, their specific c~nsumption is reduced and
losses are curtailed.
At the same time in many industries fuels and oils are consumed inefficiently. The
reserves for reducing their consumption are not used to a full measure~ In the
RSFSR agriculture overconsumption of automobile gasoline as compared to the allo-
cated funds is allowed. In the first 6 months of 1980, according to the data of
the RSFSR Central Statistical Administration, t~he kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the
50 autonomous republics, krays and oblasts of the RSFSR overconsumed several tens
of thousands of tons of automobile gasoline.
Considerable quantities of fuel and oil are lost due to their use not for their
direct purpose. Despite the fact that it is impermissible to burn diesel fuel in
boilers, and to use fuels and oils of one brand instead of another, such facts are
fairly common in the industries and in the enterprises of the Russian Federation.
In 70% of the checked kolkhozes and sovkhozes diesel fuel is used to heat resi-
dential-general rooms and to wash parts, and lubricants are sold to enterprisPs and
organizations that are not associated with agricultural work.
The sale of fuel on the side reaches SY in certain industries of the Sarato~vskaya
oblast, while over 10% of the diesel fuel is used for heating. In the agriculture
of the Tambovskaya oblast in 1979 thousands of tons of diesel fuel that ~ere allo-
cated for the operation of agricultural machines were burned in boiler houses.
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
, FOR OFFICIIiL USE ONLY
In the sovkhoz "Sarinskiy"'of ~*:e-Orenburgskaya oblast 27 T of diesel fuel were
sold, 4485 1 of gasoline were given away fre~, 4G0 T of diesel fuel were burned
- in the boiler house and bath, while 100 T of this amount was written off for
operation of equipment. The checks revealed the sale of petroleum products to
outside organizations by the kolkhozes and.sovkhozes of the Bryanskaya, Kurgan-
skaya, Orlovskaya, Tytmmenskaya and Yaroslavskaya oblasts in 1980.
Violations of the fund discipline for the use of motor fuels occurred at the enter-
prises of other branches of the national econou~y. According to the data of the
RSFSR Central Statistical Administration, in 1979 only 9 ministries and depart-
ments sold over 20,000 T of fuel to other organizations., They included: RSFSR
Ministry of the River Fleet--8,300, RSFSR Ministray of Automobile Transportation--
4,300, RSFSR r:inistry of Agricultural Construction---2,300, RSFSR Ministry of the
Gas Industry 2,200, and RSFSR Ministry of Water Management--1,500. Individual
organizations of the Rospotrebsoyuz [R~FSR L'nion of Consumer Societies]use up to
40% of the lamp kerosene intended for t;he population, not for its direct purpose,
including burning it in boilers and s~lling it on the side.
Shortcomings in standardization and accounting of the petroleum products and
volumes of work were revealed at the enterprises of the RSFSR Miuistry of
Residential and Communal Services and the RSFSR Ministry of Forestry. In 70% of
the enterprises of these ministries that were checked, the automobiles are used
with inoperative speedoneters. This promotes additions of work volumes and illegal
writing off of fuel. In the majority of enterprises fo the RSFSR Ministry of
the, Gas Industry, RSFSR Ministry of k'ater 2:anagement and RSFSR Piinistry of the
Fuel Industry that were checked,maintenance and repair of the machine-tractor fleet
are ~ot done in time and ?ot completely. For this reason up to 2io of ad~itional
fuel is lost.
There is an unfortunate situation in the use of petroleum products in the organi-
zations of the RSFSR Ministry of General Servicing of the Population. For example,
over 2,000 T of petroleum products are consumed in the Tula oblast administration
of this Ministry. However the lack of proper control over their use and neglect
of accounting do not permit determination of the quantity of conserved or over-
consumed fuels and lubricants. Storage of the liquid fuel has been poorly org,anized.
The oil warehouses are in unsatisfactory condition. No fuel cor_su~:ption limit has
been set for each automobile. The coupons for fuels and lubricants are issued to
the drivers immediately for the month.
Analysis of the checks on the industries, as well as the republic, kray and oblast
organizations showed that the shortocmings in the use of fuels and lubricants are
a consequence of the poor organization of work to conserve them. It is the direct
obligation of the officials who are responsible for the use of petroleum ptoducts
to eliminate these shortcomings. As a rule, the overwhelming majority of viola-
tions can be eliminated in a short time without any outlays. The ministries and
departments should focus more attention on conservation of fuels and lubricants,
guarantee the development of ineasures for conservation of petroleum products for
each sovkhoz, kolkhoz, enterprise and organization, and strictly follow their ful-
fillment. One should establish constant and active control over the efficient
use of fuels and oils in the subdepartmental enterprises and organizations.
The struggle for conservation of material resources is a multifaceted process. It
requires not only economic and organizational measures, not only the use of
15
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL US~; UNLY
ideal equipment and thp leading technology, but also the purposeful educational
work at all levels of economic leadership. Strict accounting for each kilogram
of fuel, a principle of economical and efficient management, must become mandatory
for all enterprises of industry, transportation, construction organizations and
agricultural production.
The following will pronote a further increaseofntheesavingipattern�of petroleum
products and an all possible intensification '
guarantee that the ministries, departments and other organizate~~oleumthroducts
- administration see that the fund discipline in consumption of p P
~ is observed Ly each subdepartmental association, enterprise and organization;
development and introduction of scientifically substantiated consumption standards
that stimulate the control over economical use of liquid fuel; implementation of
measures to reduce the specific consumption of fuel to produce a unit of product;
intensification of supervision over the observance of the order of consuming pe-
troleum products by the controlling agencies;
increase in responsibient yr wastefultuserofepetroleumUproductsrganizations and
officials for ineffici v
development of a network of filling stations for general use that promote the most -
favorable conditions for operation ofrofitableliillingpstations�a depetroleumlonger
becomes necessary to build small, unp
warehouses at the enterprises and organizations.
COPYP.IGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel", 1980
~ 9035
CSO: 1822
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- ENERGY CONSERVATION
UDC 658.26:665.63/64:66.013.6
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES OUTLIrIID FQR OIL P.EFINING, PETROCHEMICAI~ INDUSTRY
- Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Russian No 11, Nov 80 pp 13-16
[Article by G. M. Yermolov in the column "Efficient Use of Energy in Oil Refining":
"Conservation of Fuel and Energy Resources in Oil Refining and Petrochemical
Industries"]
[Text] The economic development of a country depends to a decisive measure on
its supply of fuel and energy resources. The USSR now extracts over 2 billion T
of conventional fuel per year. This is one-fifth of the entire world consumption.
We could not get along without oil, gas, coal and electr3.city in practically any
sphere of life: at the enterprises, fields and farms, in daily life. However it
is important~.not only to increase to the maximum the volumes of production of all
types of fuel and electricity, but also to guarantee a more efficient and prudent
use of them.
The party and government are focusing unremitting attention on the further
strengthening and development of the fuel and energy base of the Soviet economy,
and the maximum saving of fuel, heat and electricity. The decree of the CPSU
Central Committee on this question obliges tfie leaders of the ministries, depart-
ments, associations and enterprises to head the struggle for an economical and
efficient consumption of everything that our country's economy has, to strengthen
the planned and executive discipline at all sections of economic construction, and
to strictly fulfill the assignments for an increase in the resources of fuel, heat,
electricity, and petroleum products, and their prudent consumption. The struggle
for the strictest conservation of fuel, heat and electricity is not a short-term
campaign, but a great political matter and it should be conducted with all per-
sistence.
Reduction in the energy expenditures in the oil refining and petroche~ical industry
is the traditional task of perfecting industrial production, and is directed both
towards a ~3ecrease in its costs, and conservation of fuel and energy. This is
dictated by the fact that oil refining and petrochemistry are not only the pro-
ducers, but also major consumers of energy. In 1979 7% of the volume~of refined
oil was spend in the form of fuel, heat and electricity for refining oil and
producing petroleum products. Here direct fuel accounted for 57.3y, heat and
electricity respectively accounted for 33.0 and 9.7%. Thus, a reduction in the
energy intensity of production in oil refining is directly linked to an increase
in the output of commercial product, since a reduction in the consumption of fuel
and energy will permit production of an additional quantity of petroleum products.
17
F~R ~FFT(:TAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OF~1CIaL u5~ UNLY
Tt?e enterprises of the oilrefining and petrochemical industry are systematically
developing and implementing plans of organizational and technical measures for
conservation of fuel, heat and electricity, and th~ maximum use of the ava~?able
secondary energy resources. The main directions of conservation of fuel and energy
include:
introduction of modern, highly productive combined production snits (ELOU-AVT-6,
LK-6u, L-35-11/1000, EP-300, and others) and industries (monomers, synthetic
rubber, ammonia, and others) with lower specific expenditures, and the transfer
of the production units from operation on a successive plan of refining petroleum
products to operation on a"rigid plan" for feeding raw material. This excludes
excess operations for pumping, cooling and subsequent heating (this can result in
a decrease in the consumption of conventional fuel of 1 million T, 21,800 TJ of
heat and 1.5 billion k~1-h of electricity in the branch in 1985 as compared to
1980) ;
reconstruction of the active production units and industries with an increase in
their technical and economic indicators by using more ideal equipment and apparatus,
highly efficient catalyzers and modern production plans;
creation at the large oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises of an intra-
plant system for industrial central heating with the maximum use of secondary
energy resources and reduction in the consumption of central heating water from
the T~Ts and boiler houses;
increase in the efficiency of furnaces by improving control over the combustion
pattern of fuel and their equipping with recovery equipment (boiler-recovery units,
- air heaters, water economizers);
use at the plants of technical grade carbon of chemical heat from low-calorie
exhaust gas to generate steam in the boiler-recovery units, as well as the physical
heat of the technical-grade carbon gas mixture to heat the raw material, air and
central heating water;
switching of heating the industrial and administrative buildings and warming of
the pipelines that transport viscous and easily-frozen products from steam to
hot water;
increase in the efficient use of secondary energy resources (heat of contact gases
and gases of regeneration in the production of synthetic rubber, gas-liquid streams
in oil refining and petrochemistry, steam of secondary boiling of condensate, etc.);
reduction in the losses of energy ~n the plant heat and electrical networks, intro-
duction of alternate-group self-start-up of important electric motors, etc.
As a result of implementing the measures to conserve fuel and energy at the
_ enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industry 2% conventional fuel
from the total production consumption was saved in 1976-1979. Below are the data
for conservation of fuel and energy resources versus the ~lanned standards set for
a unit of processed raw material or produced product, in
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1976 1977 1978 1979
Fuel 1.38 1.3 . . 5
Heat 2.30 2.77 2.64 2.07
Electricit 2.03 2.80 2.95 2.22
Systematic work is underway in oil refining and petrochemistry to expand the use
of the available secondary energy resources. There are currently hundreds of
boiler-recovery units operating at the enterprises of the branch. This permits -
the use of physical heat of the outgoing furnace flue gases, contact gases and
gases of regenezation that are formed in the production of synthetic rubber and
pyrogas obtained during the production of ethylene.
A lot of work is being done to recover heat of the warmed product streams, steam
heat of secondary boiling af condensate, spent heat after steam turbines and piston
pumps. Thanks to the increased attention to questi~~ns of using secondary energy
resources, 10.9% of the total needs of the branch enterprises for heat were
guaranteed by generation of heat in the recovery units. This included 20.2% at
the synthetic rubber plants.
The greatest success in using secondary energy resources was attained by the
Mozyr' oil refinery, the production association "Nizhnekamskneftekhim," the
Novokuybyshev petrochemical kombinat, the Tol'yatti production association "Sintez-
kauchuk," Kremenchug oil refinery and Sterlitamak synthetic rubber plant. This
was attained by using secondary resources to supply their needs for heat respec-
tively by 30.8, 29.9, 25.4, 21.5, 21.4 and 21.2%.
, A lot of work has been done by the Yaroslav tiranch of the institute "Rezinoproyekt,"
the production association "Tekhenergokhimprom," the.G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy Power
Engineering Institute, the Belgorod boiler construction plant and the enterprises
of the all-union production association "Soyuztekhuglerod" in creating3and
introducing recovery equipment for burning low-calorie (1680-3360 kJ/m )~exhaust
gas from ~roducing technical ~rade carbon t?-~at has a coatent of over 40Y moisture.
In 1979 547,000 T of conventional fuel were saved by burning this gas. 4lork has
been well organized for recovery of the exhaust gas at the Volgograd, Syzran'
and Kremenchug technical grade carbon plants.
The all-union competitions for the best suggestion to save heat and electricity
- conducted by the Al1-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies and
the Gosenergonadzor [State Energy Inspection] of the USSR Ministry of Power and
Electrification, as well as the public inspections of the efficient use of raw
materials, materials and fuel and energy resources conducted by the IJSSR Ministry
of the Petrochemical Industry and the central committee of the trade union of
workers in the chemical and petrochemical industry promote the increase in effi-
cient use of fuel, heat and electricity a great deal. In the public inspection
of 1979 over 220,000 people participated. They made 60,330 efficiency expert`s
suggestions. During the inspection over 48,700 suggestions were realized that
parmitted a saving of material-raw material and fuel-energy resources of 64.8
million rubles. According to the results of the public inspection the 25th CPSU
Congress Novopolotsk Oil Refinery was awarded first prize with presentation of
a diploma and the challenge Red Banner of the AUCCTU, Komsomol Central Committee
and the USSR Gossnab. Diplomas of the AUCCTU, Komsomol Central Committee and
the USSR Gossnab were awarded to the Mozyr' Oil Refinery, the M. V. Frunze Ufa
Plant of Rubber Technical Itens, the Berdyansk Experimental Petroleum and Oil
19
FOR OFFICIAT~ USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
r~o[t ur�r�lcl~u. U5~ UNLY
Plant, the Omsk Synthetic Rubber Plant, the Kirov Tire Plant and the Volgograd
Technical Grade Carbon Plant.
Intrabranch inspections are also made for the best organization of work to save
fuel and electricity. During the 1979 inspection made by the all-union production
association "Soyuznefteorgsintez," 1290 suggestions were introduced that permitted
a saving of 341,000 T of conventional fuel, 7543 TJ of heat and 290 million kTd-h
of electricity. The Syrzan', Novopolotsk and Mozyr' oil refineries were acknow-
ledged as the best amQng the enterprises of the all-union production association
"Soyuznefteorgsintez."
The analysis of the use of energy by the most energy-intensive ~ndustries and .
technological processes 3ade~by the power-mechanical section of the Scientific
and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of the Petrochemical Industry, and
the periodically held seminars to exchange experience on the running of enterprises
for the economical use of fuel, heat and electricity, and increase in the effi-
cient use of secondary energy resources render significant help to an economical
and prudent attitude towards consumption of all types of fuel and energy.
The pnergy service of the engineering and production trust (IPT) "Orgneftekhim-
zavody"renders significant help in perfecting the energy management of the
enterprises. It starts up and adjusts boiler units, production furnaces and heat
networks, adjusts the water-chemical operating pattern of power plants, industrial
boilers and boiler-recovery units, as well as the electrical services of the enter-
prises .
The Kuybyshev EPNB (energy start-up and adjustment brigade) of the IPT "Orgnefte- .
khimzavody" successfully adjusts the operating pattern of the heat nettao~rks and
renders technical assistance in switching the heating from steam to hot water. As
a result of switching the users of the I and II phase of the Kuybyshev oil refinery
from steam to hot water, the condi~ions of heat supply were considerably improved.
This saved 29.4 TJ/year c~f heat.
The Ryazan' EPNB developed a device of alternate-group self-start-up of electric
motors. Its production was developed by the Ryazan' Experimental Industrial Plan
of the scientific production association "Neftekhimavtomatika." This device
prevents violations of the production pattern in units of primary oil refining
during short-term interruptions in the electrical supply. Such devices have been
introduced at the Ryazan', Kremenchug, Krasnovod and Novopolotsk oil refiner3.es.
The calculations show that the annual economic effect from using the self-start-up
devices on the AVT-6 units will exceed 115,000 rubles.
At the oil refining enterprises work is being done with the participation of the
VNIPIneft' [All-Union Scientific Research and Planning Institute of the Oil Re-
fining and Petrochemical Industry] to increase the degree of usage of heat on the
AVT and AT units by selecting the optimal velocities of the heat carriers and
increasing the average temperature pressures in each heat exchanger. The VNIPI-
neft' has developed a program to compute the heat exchange plans with the help of
a computer for the AVT-3.5 unit. As a result of the reconnection of the active
heat-exchange apparatus the oil temperature before the K-1 column was successfully
disengaged
raised by 40-45�C. This reduced the cons~ptidlof fuel by 14,000 T,
eight apparatus of air cooling with total rated power of the electric motors of
550 kW, and in addition, improved the output of the unit by unloading the "hot
jet" furnace of column K-1.
20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The Giprokauchuk [St.ate Scientific Research and Planning Institute of the Syn-
thetic Rubber Industry] is focusing a lot of attention on the efficient use of
secondary energy resources. The institute is constantly working on perfecting
the production plans, and use of more eff icient and economical technical designs.
Its plans make broad use of absorption bromide-lithium cooling units type ABKhA-
5000 that are designed to cool water to a temperature of 7�C. The heat carrier
in these units is secondary energy resources, hot water with 90 and 95�C tempera-
ture obtained in the dehydration shops. Such units are currently operating in
the production association "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" and at the Sterlitamak plant
of synthetic rubber. The economic effect from introducing one unit is 80,000
rubles per year. In 1980-1982 it is planned to introduce another 12 ABKhA-5000 ~
- units.
The production association "rlizhnekamskneftekhim" has introduced plans for using
heat of the desap.tion solvent cooled from 160 to 61�C, as well as the heat of
secondary steam and condensate on the units for isolation and.pu:ification of buta-
diene by the method of extractive rectification. These plans were developed by
the Giprokauchuk and will save 113.4 GJ/h of heat for one uuit. In this sar~e
association a similar plan is operating on units for isolation and nurification of
isoprene by the method of extractive rectification that uses heat of the desorbed
extractant taken from the cube of the desorption column at temperature 156�C.
The Yefremov synthetic rubber plant has introduced a perfected system developed
by the Giprokauchuk for degasification of rubber. This guaranteed an increase in
the output of products, as well as a reduction in the consumption of heat from
34.4 to 31.1 GJ per 1 T of rubber.
The educational and branch scientific research institutes are widely atracted to
solving problems of saving fuel and energy resources by the enterprises of the
oil refining and petrochemical industry. The Novopolotsk oil refinery, the Novo-
polotsk Polytechnical Institute, the production association "Kuybyshevnefteorg-
sintez" and the Tol`yatti production association "Sintezkauchuk" closely cooperate
in this area with the Kuybyshev and Tol'yatti polytechnical institutes.
~he enter~rises of the branch are working to reduce the consur~ption of electricity
in the cooling units in cooperation with the I.er_ingrad Technological Institute
of the Cooling Industry. In particular, the production association "Fergananephte-
orgsintez" is workin g jointly with the institute on separation of the users of
cold according to boiling isotherms with simultaneous introduction of pumping
systems to feed the cooling agent to the crystallizers. It is working with the
VNIPIenergoprom [All-Union Scientific Research and Planning Institute of the
Power Engineering Industry]on increasing the efficient use of low-potential heat,
including by means of using steam-compressor heat pump units.
The questions of us ing energy resources can be solved most effectively only if
the energy systems of the production processes are examined in inseparable
unity with the technology. In this respect the VNIPIneft' has set up a laboratory
of energy technolo gy, while the Kuybyshev Polytechnical Institute has organized
a multiple-branch department to improve the qualification of the power er_gineers
and production engineers of the industrial enterprises and planning organizations
for chemical energy technology.
Recognizing that a prudent attitude towards the consumption of fuel, heat and
electricity, as well as the maximum use of the available secondary energy resources
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
rux ~rrl~itw u~~ u~vLz
promote a stable supply of fuel and energy to the oil refining and petrochemical
industry, the industrial associations and enterprises, jointly with the planning
and scientific research institutes have formulated plans of organizational and
technical measures to save fuel and energy resources in the llth Five-Year Plan.
The knowledge, experience, energy and enthusiasm of the branch workers will be
directed towards the realization of these plans.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "I~imiya", "Khi.miya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel", 1980
9035
CSO: 1822
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FUELS
UDC 553.98:550.812
PROCEDURE FOR CHOOSING BEST AREAS FOR OIL, GAS EXPLORATION SUGGESTED
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 10, Oct 80 signed to press 22 Jan 80
pp 1-6 -
[Article by E. M. Khalimov, G. P. Ovanesov and A. A. Aksenov of Minnefteprom [Min-
istry of Oil Industry] and M. V. Feygin of IGiRGI [Institute of Geology and the De-
velopment of Minerals]: "Questions of Standard Procedures for Planning Prospec-
ting and Exploration for Oil and Gas"]
[Text] In recent ycars ever-greater importance has been attached to~the planning
of gealogical exploration for oil and gas, which is called upon to support the cre-
= ation of a reliable raw-materials base for the expanded reproduction of the oil and r
gas recovery industry [9]. Exploration has acquired special urgency in the devel-
- opment of long-range programs (for 10-15 years or more) for developing this branch
of the national economy, because of which the procedura~ bases for long-term plan--
ning of prospecting and exploration have received further theoretical substantia-
tion.
One of the more acceptable standard practices used in long-range planning of oil
and gas prospecting has been based upon the principle of forecasting effectiveness
as a function of the extent to which the potential oil or gas resource of regions
being studied or of individual areas of prospecting have been explored. Research
has shown that,where the degree of exploration of the initial potential resource
(NPR} is 20-40 percent, the effectiveness of prospecting and exploration begins to
be reduced appreciably. This consistency was established in 1967 by G. B. Ostryy -
and V. V. Poteryayeva [7] and was reflected in later works by other investigators
[ 2-4 and 8 ] .
It should be kept in mind that the reliability of estimates of effectiveness over
the long term that are made according to the indicated methodolo~y depends to a
great extent upon the structure of the initial potential oil or gas resource of
the region being studied. This resource is the total quantitative expression
of the cumulative recovery for the entire period preceding the one being planned,
industrial category reserves (A+B+C1),and category CZ reserves, which have differ-
ent degrees of certainty, as well as a quantitative evaluation of the forecasted
presence of oil and gas of a probabilistic nature. Therefore, for regions that
have been explored adequately, where the forecast evatuation of the potential oil
and gas resource does not predominate in the overall value, a forecast of the
effectiveness of prospecting and exploration will be marked by greater certainty.
And, on the contrary, in poorly studied regions, a similar forecast of effective-
ness will be less reliable.
23
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
It is also desirable during long-range planning to use an analysis of the dynam-
ics of the pace of converting the unexplored portion of the potential resource
into industrial category rese rves as a function of the degree of exploration (or
use) of the NPR, since this factor superimposes serious restrictions upon the po-
tential for realizing within a short time the still undiscovered oil and gas re-
source that exists in the c ountry's regions. A consistent reduction, as time
goes on, of the pace of conve rting the unexplored portion of the NPR into indus-
trial-reserve categories (A+B+C1) has been established in the example of most of
the old regions,it being the case, no doubt, that the sizes of the reserves pre-
pared are a function of the amounts of drilling being done for this purpose, but
the trends of their later dynamics can be forecast reliably enough.
The authors have studied the dynamics of the indicated function for many regions of
the country for long time p e riods (28 years). In so doing, the latest forecast
evaluatioii of the NPR for oil (on 1 January 1979) was taken as the basis for the
calculations, being more authentic than previous ones.
The unexplored portion of the potential resource as of 1 January 1951 was deter-
mined by subtracting the value of the initial reserves of categories A+B+C1 that
existed on 1 January 1951 in ~he regions being examined from the NPR value as of
1 January 1979. From this value, which reflected the sizes of the reserves still
undiscoverual~naceJofutheir9 conversionsintoncategory A+BDC1 reserves~(figures1~ade
of the ann p
. _ _
Figure 1. Diagram for Computing the Pace of
Conversion of the Unexplored Portion of the NPR
[Original Potential Resource ] of Oil into ~p ~r~ ~
'
Industrial Category Reserves. ,
i
Key : ~
~
1. Cumulative oil recovery. ~
i ~ ,
2. Oil reserves of categories A+B+C1. r/1~951 ~~f 1979
3. The undiscovered portion of the NPR. i~~ ~i 2~3
The functior, obtained was stable for most of the oil oil-recovery regions, and,
during the period being examined, the pace of converting the unexplored portion
af the potential resource into industrial category reserves was sharply reduced
(figures 2 and 3). The ave raged curve for these values can be extrapolated to the
forecast period with adequate validity and used in calculating possible amounts
of preparation of reserve s.
Another approach also is possible. In this case, the portion of the potential re-
source that is unexplored (on 1 January 1951) does not remain unchanged for
computations for the following years but i.s reduced annually by the amount of growth
in reserves. However, in the first case, during the whole period being analyzed,
the unchanged "price" of 1 percent of the unexplored portion of the NPR is pre-
served, and therefore the function being examined is accurately observed. In the
second case, the "price" of 1 percent of the unexplored portion of the NPR will b~
dropping, and the pace of conversion, natural~y, will become higher and can even
turn out to be growing. The first method for reflecting the function being exam-
ined is more convenient for forecast calculations for a five-year period.
24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
O
, 2~. p
0 r, ~ ~
~
r ~ ' -
~oo, a
i,ari- i
i i -
~ ~y.
I ~ _ ~ _ _ -~.--1--L-- ~ ~
l I__L ~ i i i
~ O -
~ T
i
~ ! I
' , ~I ~
~ _ � I ~
, `n ~ x ~ ~ / \
~ ~ fl ,
i ' ' ~ ` ( I
- l- ~
p - 10 - - ~ --u ~D ~ 70 BO ` / ~
x l_~- -1---1-- , , ,
A7 10 30 40 SO 60 70 'j.
Figure 2. Dynamics of the Indicatoi~s for Figure 3. Dynamics of the Indicators
Prospecting and Exploring for Oil in the for Prospecting and Exploring for Oil
!~rals-Volga Region. in Kuybyshevskaya Oblast.
Key:
1. Cost per 1 meter of penetration for prospecting and exploratory drilling,
rubles.
2. Amounts of prospecting and exploratory drilling, thousands of ineters.
3. Costs for prospecting and exploratory meterage for preparation of 1,000 tons of
industrial category reserves, m/1,000 tons.
4. Pace of converting the unexplored portions of the NPR [Initial Potential Re-
source] into industrial category reserves, percent.
For solving long-term planning tasks in the area of preparing industrial category
reserves, it is desirable to combine the indicated function with a forecast of the
_ dynamics of such indicators as costs for prospecting and exploratory meterage for
preparing a unit of reserves (1,000 tons) and the cost of 1 meter of penetration
(see figures 1 and 2). A study of the dynamics of speci.fic costs for prospecting
and exploratory meterage for each percent of rise in the degree of exploration of
the NPR is of great importance in determining the economically justified levels of
capital investment for prospecting and exploration of the fields. -
For all the diversity in the geological structure of the regions and in the circum-
stances of the spatial distribution of the deposits, the consistencies in the
dynamics of the indicator being examined are similar--with the achievement of 20-40
percent exploration of the NPR an intense growth occurs in specific costs for the
prospecting and exploratory drilling needed to raise the degree of exploration by each -
additional percent. If it is considered that, simultaneous with this, the cost per
meter of penetration rises, then the growth of specific expenditures of monetary
resources per 1 percent of exploration of NPR's becomes still greater.
The situation under which the magnitude of this indicator will begin to grow almost
without limit and will exceed economically tolerable limits will be common for all
regions in the future. The economically justified levels of monetary costs for
prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields should be computed separately
25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
for each region and for a concrete time frame, taking into account both the
prices for the oil and the highest expenditures incurred. The joint use of these
data relative to each oil-recovery region will enable the most optimal variant for
preparing oil rsserves during the plan period to be determined.
Another important question of long-range planning is how to use correctly during
the computations the values of the quantitative evaluation of the forecasted pres-
ence of oil and gas and of the NPR.
Values are determined for the forecast evaluation and for the NPR by region of the
country at the start of each five year plan. These data serve as the basis for
the plan computations for the volume of prospecting and exploration and for the
preparation of oil reserves for the forthcoming five-year period and for a lengthi-
er long-term period. However, in making the plan computations and studies~of the
dynamics of effectiveness, there has existed for a long time the incorrect (in our
opinion) practice of keeping the value of the forecast or the NPR unchanged
during the five years.
Let us look at arbitrary examples of the consequence of this practice.
1. On the date of confirmation of a forecast evaluation (1 January 1975), the
NPR for oil amounted to 180 million tons and it had the structure shown in the
table. During the next 4 years changes occurred that were reflected: a) in the
conversion into categories A+B+C1 of 10 million tons of reserves from category C2
and of 5 million tons from the forecast evaluation group; and d) in the conver-
sion into category C2 of 25 million tons of reserves from the forecast evaluation
group. In sum, the category A+B+C1 reserves grew by 15 million tons and the re-
serves of category CZ increased by 15 million tons, but the forecast evaluation
was reduced by 30 million tons.
Status C anges uring e perio , Status
on 1 as a consequence of: _ on 1
Reserves Jan 79 Conversion Jan 79
Recompu-
[sicJ and explor- tation Writeoff
ation
a. Initial, categories A+B+C1 20 +15 - _ 35
60 - 10 + 25 - 75
Category C2 _ _ 70
Forecast, category D...... 100 '30 _ 180
NPR[*] 180 ~meas ~
Initial, categories A+B+C1 20 +15 - -10 25
60 10 + 25 30 45
Cate o C - ^
g T'Y 2.. 100 -30 - ' 70 -
Forecast, category D...... Emeas =-40 140
NPR - 0
180 Emeas
g. Initial, categories A+B+C1 20 +15 20 = 55
60 10 + 25
Cate o C 75
g Iy 2.. 100 -30 - - 70
Forecast, category D...... +20 _ 200
NPR 180 Emeas 0 ~meas
Initial, categories A+B+C1 20 +15 +20 -10 45
� 30 45
g rJ' 2.. 60 10 + 25 _ -
Cate o C -
Forecast, category D...... 100 -30 _ 7~
NPR 180 E = 0 E -+20 E --40 160
meas meas meas
*~.NPR--inztial otential reserves.
26 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
As is evident, retention of the forecast evaluation unchanged until 1 January 1979
is incorrect, since this will lead to an overstating of the actual amount of NPR by
- 30 million tons. Therefore, the fo recast evaluation should be decreased by the
amount of the reserves converted to categories CZ and B+C1, that is, by 30 million
tons.
The magnitude of the NPR can in this case remain unchanged during the whole period
being examined.
- However, in practic e the movement of oil and gas reserves in each region is of a
more complicated nature: the conve rsion of reserves fxom a low to a higher categ-
gory usually is acc ompanied by writeoff of a portion of the unconfirmed reserves
and, simultaneously, the reserves increase as a result of the review of the comput-
ed parameters, thanks to the intake of new data on exploratory and operational
drilling, as well as the report of the conditions for development.
2. Let us examine in that same tental:ive example the effect of the writeoff of re-
serves on change in magnitudes of the forecast evaluation and the NPR (see a in the
table). Here, in addition to the conversion of reserves from one category to ano-
ther in the indicated amount, the writeoff of initial reserves of categories
A+B+C1 (10 million tons) and of category C2 (30 million tons) was observed. While
in this case the amount of the NPR (180 million tons) remains unchanged, it is
_ necessary, in order to obtain this sum, to increase artificially the forecast
evaluation by 70 mi 1 lion tons versus the actual amount. If the forecast evalua-
tion remains unchanged, then the NPR proves to be overstated by 10 million tons
relative to what was confirmed on 1 January 1975 (but, if the writeoffs are not re-
moved, then by 30 mi llion tons). Consequently, in this case, in addition to reduc-
ing the forecast eva luation by the amount of the conversion of reserves to categor-
ies C2 and B+C1 (that is, by 30 mil lion tons), it is necessary to reduce the NPR by
the amount of the writeoffs of the categorized reserves (that is, by 40 million
tons.
3. Let us examine the effect of the increase in categorized reserves during a re-
view of the parameters for previous ly discovered fields ( see H in the table
Here, in addition to the conversion of reserves from one category to another in
the indicated amount, an increase thereof during recomputation of the initial re-
serves of categorie s A+B+C1 by 20 m illion tons is noted.
While in this example the value of the :VPR (180 million tons) remains unchanged,
it is necessary, in order to obtain this amount, to decrease artifically th~ fore-
cast evaluation by 20 million tons in accordance with a comparison with the actual
evaluation (or by 50 million tons relative to 1 January 1975). If the forecast
evaluation remains unchanged, then the NPR must be reduced by 10 million tons.
Consequently, in th i s case, in addition to the decrease in forecast evaluation by
the value of the conversion of rese rves to categories CZ and B+C1 (that is, by 30
million tons), the NPR must be increased by the value of the increase in cate-
gorized reserves during the recomputation (that is, by 20 million tons).
~ 4. An examination of a still more complicated case of simultaneous conversion of
reserves from category to category, the writeoff of categorized reserves, as well
as an increase there of during recalculation for previously discovered fields
- ( see in the table emphasizes still more the nonuniformity of retention of an
unchanged quantitat i veevaluation of the forecast for the presence of gas and oil
and for the NPR during the five-year period.
27
FOR OFFICIAL 'JSE Y
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
Thus, the values of the quantitative evaluation of the forecast for the presence of
oil and gas and of the NRP that were approved for any date should be viewed only
as a base (a point of reference) for reflecting later yearly changes that stem from
the dynamics of categorized reserves. This work should be a component part of sta-
tistical reporting about the dynamics or the gas and oil reserves and the resource.
The question of choice of targets for prospecting and exploration merits special
attention. First-priority targets for the preparation of industrial -category oil
and gas reserves should be unexplored sections and horizons of already discovered
fields with reserves under category C2. Therefore, the starting point when plan-
ning growth of reserves should be primarily reserves of this category. In so do-
ing, a knowledge of the condition and structure of these reserves relative to spe-
cific regions is necessary in order to prospect and explore, something that has
no~: received due attention up to the present. The different certainties in the
computation of Category C2 reserves for the various targets of evaluation should
be considered [1, 5 and 6J.
Consequently, the use of just the absolute value of existing category C2 oil and ~
gas reserves for determining the real growth in industrial categories of reserves
for evaluating the effectiveness of prospecting and exploration during the year be-
ing planned (a short-term period) can lead to substantial miscalculations. Addi-
tionally, a detailed analysis of the structure of the reserves is necessary in
order to determine which portion of them can serve as a basis for preparing indus-
trial category reserves.
Actually, in most oil-recovery regions, category C2 reserves at the fields can be
subdivided into those confined: a} to unexplored portions (blocks of discovered
deposits; a) to undeveloped peripheral sections and to oil-water zones of depos-
its being worked; B? to targets (horizons) that should be mastered through re-
ciprocation of the inventory of operating wells; and I') to untested horizons
with favorable oilfield-geophysics characteristics and to promising portions of
the profile that have not been drilled in (should be included in the forecast
evaluation group).
It is completely obvious that the "activeness" of the conversion of these re-
serves into industrial categories is nonequivalent. In particular, the potential
for converting reserves associated with the vast edge portions of oil deposits,
taking into account the systems for developing them (edge-water flooding, cen-
ter-to-edge flooding, and so on) should be carefully analyzed. The possibility of
converting reserves that are confined to reciprocal targets to industrial
c ategories should be determined individually.
A definite differentiation should also be made for category C2 reserves of promis-
ing structures (in essence, this is the forecast evaluation group). Here reserves
should be broken down by size of structure and degree of promise of the targets
of exploration, while reserves that are at structures that are far from regions
where prospecting and exploration are in progress, those that are associated with
deep-lying horizons, and so on, that is, reserves whose exploration is economically
undesirable during the planned period (or year), should be singled out.
Consequently, paramount importance should be attached to an evaluation of the
"activeness" of category CZ reserves, both of fields and uplifts, for conversion
thereof into higher categories. In so doing, the confirmability of the reserves of
this category must be considered by individual region and by trends in the
execution of prospecting and exploratory drilling.
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Thus it is necessary to distinguish the procedures and specific functions of short-
term and long-term planning of prospecting and exploration for determining expected
increases in oil and gas reserves.
The basis for short-term planning for an increase in oil and gas reserves arxd for
the expected effectiveness of prospecting and exploratory drilling is a detailed
analysis of the condition and structure of category CZ reserves that are listed
in the state inventory, and also a calculation of the "activeness" and of the
actual potential for converting them into industri�al reserves.
The basis for long-term planning for an increase in oil and gas reserves and for
the expected effectiveness is a long-term evaluation of the NPR and the degree of
its utilization.
The indicated analysis of the condition and structure of the reserves of various
categories and of the quantitative evaluation of the forecasted presence of oil and
gas should be performed systematically by individual region and for the country as
a whole and should be one of the most important tasks for scientific-research or-
ganizations of USSR Mingeo [Ministry of Geology], Minnefteprom and Mingazprom
[Ministry of Gas Industry].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Analysis of the Confirmability of Category C1 and C2 Oil Reserves During the
Conversion Thereof to Higher Categories /V. S. Melik-Pashayev, V. A. Breyev,
G. T. Voronova and M. N. Kochetov. NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ. [Oil and Gas
Geology and Geophysics], No 6, 1975, pp 28-31.
2. "Prospecting and Exploration Effectiveness as a Function of the Degree of Ex-
ploration of Potential Resources of Oil and Gas~~%M. Sn. ~tudelevs:tiy , 0. V. va-
sil'yev, S. L. Fel'dman and V. V. Shimanovskiy. NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ.,
No 11, 1977, pp 11-16.
3. "On the Question of Forecasting the Effecti~~~ness of Prospecting and Explora-
tion for Oil and Gas"/V. V. Stasenkov, P. I. Shuravleva, N. A. Krylov, Yu. S.
Kuvykin. NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ., No 9, 1976, pp 3-5.
4. "A Procedure for Forecasting the Effectiveness of Prospecting and Exploration
for Oil and Gas"/N. A. Yeremenko, N. A. Krylov, Yu. S. Kuvykin and V. V. Sta-
senkov. GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA [The Geology of Oil and Gas]/No 1, 1979, pp
7-13.
5. Ovanesov, G. P. and Feygin, M. V. "On the Question of the Confirmabi].ity of
Category C1 and CZ Oil Reserves." GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 8, 1975 pp'7-14.
6. Ovanesov, G. P. and Feygin, M. V. "A Procedure for Evaluating the Confirmabil-
ity of Oil Reserves." NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ., No 6, 1979, pp 24-31.
7. Ostriy, G. B. and Poteryayeva, V. V. "Geologico-Economic Questions of Develop--
ing the Oil-Producing Industry of West Siberia." EKSPRESS-INFORMATSIYA
VNIIOENGa. S~R. NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ. [Express-Information of the All-
Union Scientific-Research for Organizing the Management and Economics of the
29
FOR OFFICTAL USE J`li,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
Oil and Gas Industry. The Series: Oil and Gas Geology and Geophysics], No
21-22, 1967, Pp 8-14.
8. Feygin, M. V. "The Oil Resource. A Procedure for Studying and Evaluating
It." Moscow, NAUKA, 1974�
g. Khalimov, E. M. "Analysis of the Structure of Oil Reserves for the Purpose of
Planning Their Recovery." NEFT. KHOZ-V0. [The Petroleum Activity], No 6,
1979, p. [sic]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", "Geologiya nefti i gaza", 1980.
11409
CSO: 1822
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300074417-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FUELS
OPTIMIZATION 0$ .I,CNG-TERI~i PLAAdS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCH SYSTEMS
Novosibirsk OPTIMIZATSIYA PERSPEKTIVNYKH PLANOV RAZVITIYA OTRASLEVYKH SISTEM in
Russian 1979 signe~ to ~ress 9 Oct 1979 pp 2, 163-164
[Annotation and table of contents from book edited by Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Alek-
seyev and Yuriy Ivanovich Maksimov, IEiOPP So AN SSSR, 500 copies, 164 pages]
[Text] The collection covers certain results of studies made in recent years on
optimal planning for the development of branch systems. Especial attention is
focused on problems of modeling the development and arrangement of the branch
systems. They include facilities of the extracting and raw material branches of
_ the national economy (consideration for the dynamics of development of the extracting
regions, coordination of the directions and rates of development in the extracting
regions and geological exploration, adequate reflection in the models of long-term
planning of the main random factors that influence the development of the branch
systems, etc.).
The use of statistical-optimization methods and network models in long-term planning
of the development of branch systems is examined.
Contents Page
Alekseyev, A. M.; Kuleshov, V. V.; and Maksimov, Yu. I. Certain Trends
in Studies in the Optimal Planning of the Development of Branch Systems 3
Plyaskina, N. I. Consideration for the Ilynamics of Development of a
Gas-Extracting Region during Long-Term Planning of Branch Systems 13
Maksimova, I. F. Optimization of Long-Term Plans for the Development
of a Branch System, Including Geological Exploration and the ~as
Industry
33
Sokolova, G. Ye. Network Models in Long-Term Planning of the Development
of Branch Systems 4{
Shkrabin, L. Ya. Statistical-Optimization tiethods in Solving Problems of
the Development and Arrangement of the Machine Construction Industry 55
Andreyeva, L. A. Optimization ofa Long-Term Plan for Development and
Arrangement of the Petrochemical Industry 66
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3
} VJ~ VL' L" iNl~~1+ U~JL VL\L�
Page
Sannikova, S. I.; and Skopina, L. V. Plan for Coordination of Plans
of Development and Arrangement of Branch Complex (in the Example of 75
Oil Extraction, Oil and Gas Refining, and Petrochemistry)
TsV2tltoV, N. I. Optimization, Economic ~aluation of Mineral Raw Material 87
Resources and Planning of Geological Exploration Work
Gerasimenko, A.L. Analysis of the Effect of Production Technology on
the Economic Indicators for the Functioning of the Brick Industry 102
Kostetskaya, L. A. Use of Interbranch Dynamic Models in Long-Term
Planning of National Economic Complexes (in the Example of the Forestry
Complex) 117
Mishchenko, V. B. Optimization of the Raw Material Processing Plan in the
Multiple-Stage Process of Production (in the Example of the Tin _
Industry) 135
Duduchava, D. Ye.; Levita, Yu. R. Dynamic Model for Optimizing the
Structure of Production and Consumption of Construction Materials 152
COPYRIGHT: IEiOPP SO AN SSSR, 1979
~
9035
CSO: 1822 E~
32
~
FOR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY
;
~ ,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070017-3