JPRS ID: 9435 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9435
10 December 1 J80
_ USSR Re ort _
p
ENER~Y
CFOUO 25/8C1) _
_ FBIS FOREICN BROADCAST INFORMATiON SERVICE
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~7PRS L/9435
. 10 December 1980
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 25/802
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC PO'WER
Soviet Scientist Reports on Tidal Power
(L. B. Bernshteyn; GIDRiOTEI~I(SESROiYE STRUITEL'STVO,
Oct 80) 1
Central Heating Supply From Distriet Heating Plants
(TEPLOFIKATSIXA I~OSKVY, 19~0) 13
F[TEI,S
Rules for Categorizing Oil, Gas Reserves Explained
(F. A. Grishin; PROI~SHLENNAYA OTSENKA I~STOROZHDENIY
NEFTI I GAZA, 1975) 28
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUOJ
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ELECTRIC POWER
SOVIET SCIENTIST REPORTS ON TIDAL POWER
Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No lO~Oct 80,
pp 55-60
- /Articla by L. B. Bernshteyn, Doctor of Technical Sciences: "The
- Ocean's Energy at the Pourteenth Pacific Qcean Scientific Congress'_/
/Text% The Pacific Ocean Scientific Association (PSA), which is an
international, nongovernmental organization that studies the Pacific
Ocean, was created in 1920 in Honolulu, Sawaii. The USSR joined Che
association in 1926. At present ehere axe 43 aations and 7 honorary
members, representing nakional academies of science and scientific
institutes, participating in the PSA. Every four }~eara one of the -
nations that is within the Pacific Ocean basin host~ the scientific
congresses. In 1979 the XIV Congress convened in the USSR in the city
of Khabarovsk. Six hundred and eighty scientists from 60 nations par-
ticipated. The association preaident prior to and during the congresa
~ ~aas Academician A. V. Sidorenko. The slogan for the congre$a was the
"Ocean's Resources in the Service of Man". �
Questions of utilizing the ocean'a energy were examined in committee
F.1.10 - marine sciences. Thirty seven Soviet and foreign scientiats~
~ who discussed 15 reports~ took part in the Work of the symposium.
In his report V. A. Akuliche~ (USSR~ notes that all sources of energy
in the ocean, with [he exception of tides, arise as the result of the
accumulation of solar energy following its various transformations.
Thermal energy is the most significant. However, it can be used only
when there is a large drop in temperatures at various depths. The
' energy of large and medium scale circulations and currents of the
- world's ocean is great. The use o� t~he kinetic energy of the motion
of water is possible when the current has an average speed greater
' than one meter per second.
- As an illustration we cite the recently proposed plan, according to
which to use the energy of tidal currents in one of the straits on the
. coast of Er.gland it is propose~ to install a 100 meter diameter rotor.
, /~t a speed of tidal current of 2 meters per sPCOnd thia gigantic ro-
tor with a frequency of revolution of 1 rpm could generate l0 MW.
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The energy of the surface waves is of small concentration and therefor
ins~ite of its overall high potential it cannot have any induszrial
significance. According to estimates of English specialists the aver-
age wave energy is 80 KW per meter of coastline. However, under con-
ditions of permanence the installation that utilizes this energy muat
be rated at a capacity of 2000 KW. The installation of coastal facil-
ities is not possible in most coastal regions which are subject to
ice formation.
Five symposium reports were dedicated to hydrothermal electric power
stationa (GITES).
The idea of obtaining electricity from the variation in temperature
was first expressed by Kako and Darsanval in 1881. Prior to World
War II the French scientists Claude and Busheresu conducted research
in this field and inEtalled an experimental device on the coast of
Cuba which had a capacity of 22 KW. However, the technical level at
that time did not make it possible to create a profitable power device
with an acceptable efficiency in the small temperature range of 18 to
20 degrees that exists in some regions of tl~e world's ocean between
- the upper and lower layers of Water.
The achievemenCs of mode�rn technalogy and particularly refrigeration
engineering, which uses new substances with a lo~r bailing temperature
(ammonia, freon), make it possible to bring the d~evelopment of hydro-
thermal electric power stations to a qualitatively new level. In
principle it is possible to use two types of temperature gradients.
In the first case the temperature gradient evolves between different
layers of water. In the secand - between the water of the ocean and
the mass of sir, which in nothern region3 can have a rather low tem-
perature. Systems, which use the temperature gradient of the water
environment, were examined at the con~ress in the reports of foreign
- acientiats.
G.E. Shitz (USA) gave a report that summarized work on [he conversion
of the thermel energy of the oceaa. Analysis of varioua technical
_ solutions showed that the cycle that uses a low builing substance and
circulation systems of evaporation and condensation is the most pro-
miaing. The review devoted most attention to the OTEK (Ocean Thermal
Conversion) program that is being developed in the USA. The program's
trend is the thermal conversion of the energy of the ocean. Under
this program they are developing a hydrothermal electric power station
with a 1 MW capacity that consists of five units with 200 KW each.
The technical-evaluatioris show that in view of the tendency of prices
for liquid fuel to rise in the USA, the hydrothermal electric power
station may be a profitable alternative within the next five years.
M.M. Horn (USA) cited data on tWO other experimental devices that have
been under development since 1974 under the auspices of Ocean Thermal
Conversion.
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The first "mini-hydrothermal electric power station" with a capacity of
50 KW wae created in the Hawai_i~anislands in May 1979. It conaista of
a condenaer and evaporator that are installed on a floating platform
37 by 10 meters which was erected 2 KM from the shore. Ten cubic me-
ters of cold water per minute are fed to the installation from a
depth of 1000 meters. The pipeline9 which is a 61 centimeter polyeth~-
lene hose, serves as a mooring for the platform.
Early in 1980 they were to have tested a marine coastal device with
_ a supply of 242 cubic meters of cold water per minute from a depth of
640 meters. Later they will equip induatrial devices, the energy cost
of which will be less than the energy cost of thermal 2lectric power
atations.
In the report of T. Kajit~awa and T. Homma (Japan) there was information
about a program for making hydrothermal electric power stations on an
industrial seale. The �irst part of the program is the development
of a]00 MW installation. The installation includes four modules of
25 MW each and consists of a turbine, two evaporators, two condenaers,
two pumps for the supply of the working liquid, two pumps for the sup-
pZy of thermal water and suxilliarq equipment. To decrease the pro-
duction cost of the energy that is produced they have determined an
interrelationship between the temperature and speed of the current
for all units of the installation, which has made it possible to es-
tablish the optimal characteristics of its basis systems. Since these
characteristics depend largely upon the geographical location where
the installation is used, they have made estimates on the coat of the
installation for two regions of Japan: near the Osumi Islands and
for the Toyama Bay with a capacity of nearly 100 MW.
Expenditures for the creation of the installation amount to 781,000
_ Yen per kilowatt for the Osumi Islands and 592,000 Yen per kilowatt
for Toyama Bay. The different relative indicators can be explained
by the different rated temperatures and the length of the cold water
pipelines for these regions. Later they anc'~~ipate a decrease in ex-
penditures for the creation of a carrier platform and the heat ex-
changer.
The second part of the program was the study of energy cycles in the
hydrothermal electric power station and improvements in the heat ex-
changers.
V.B. Kozlov's (USSR) report examined the technical-economic character-
istics of hydrothermal electric power stations, which makQ use of;the
_ heating of water in sc~ar water heaters to extend the temperature in-
terval. V.B. Kozlov's basic technical concept is as follows. The in-
significant temperature gradient of 18 to 22 degrees Centigrade sub-
stantially lowers the efficiency of energy conversion in the hydro-
thermal electric power stations. Extending the temperature gradient
is possible in two basic ways. First, by lowering the low temperature
in the cycle. The opportunities for this are limited because they
require the achievement of sign~ficant depths, which is connected wi~h
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- technical difPiculties and aubstantially increases capital inveatments
for the inatallation. Toward this end the report examines a method
for an additional heat supply using solar energy. An evaluation of
the basic technical-economic indicators of the power plant ia cited
for the variants using solar water heating and without same. The ca-
pacity of the plant is 500 KW, the substance cane be ammania or freon,
the depth of the water intake is 400 meters. The temperature gradient
- through heating is raised from IS to 40 degrees Centigrade. The ap-
proximate cost is somewhere between 600 and 1100 rubles per kilowatt.
The cost can be lowered by heating to 200 to 600 rubles per kilowatt;
the production cost of the ~nergy is I.5 to 2 copecks per kilowatt-
hour. Foreign hydrothermal ele~ctric power atations~ with wt?ich com-
parisons have been made, have a greater rapacity of 100 to 160 MW
and quite large capital expenditures - up to $2,660 per kilowatt.
Thus, the problem of using the thermaL energy of the ocean is present-
- ly technically possible but economically infeasible. In the future
in appropriately favorable climatic regiona induatrial power atationa
may be created.
D. Isoake's (USA) report was devoted to syatems, which uae processes
taking place between solutions of varioua concentrations of salt for
the production of er:ergy. The report noted the great possibilities
for making use of such processes and cited several technical charac-
teristics of such systems. flowever, in our opinion, in the near fu-
- ture it ia atill difficult to envision the development of real large-
acale projects in this direction.
It ie a different story with the plans to use the energy of the tidea.
. Most of the reports at the symposium were devoted to thie problem.
L.B. Bernshteyn's (USSR) regort showed that the present status of the
problem demonstrates the correctness of the Soviet concept, which con-
siats of detecting the specific propertiea of tidal energy and using
them in large power systems. Chief among these Froperties is the
conatancy of the average-monthly amo~snt of tidal energy, which meaus
- that it does not depend upon the water content of the year and season.
~ This dictates the sdvisabilicy of executing such tidal electric
power statione, which enaure the receipt of the greatest possible
amount of energy with the least expenditures. The author's research
- showed that the division of the tidal electric power staCion basin
into two or three partis, which was proposed previously in foreign
plans, due to the direct relationship of the amount of energy upon
- the area of the basin, leads to a correaponding decrease in the re-
lease of eZergy and does not solve the problem of the necessary equal-
ization of the tidal electric pos+er station output durin~ the intra-
month period, requiring for this am almost completP duplication of
_ the power of the tidal electric pover station on specially rigged
water storage power stations or other electric power stations. On
the other hand, it was demonstrated that the isolation o� entire bays
- from the aea and the formation of tidal electric Fow~:r atation basina
of single- and dual-aided action ensures the~receipt of the greatest
amount of tidal energy. The pulsating, intermittent, but constant
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from year to year currents of this energy must be transformed in the
reversible units of the hydrothermal electric power stations and di-
rected to large power systema, where they can be fully used in con-
juntian with the energy of river hydroelectric power atations,. the re-
servoirs of which can compensate for the intermonth fluctuations in
the outiput of the hydrothermal electric power stations. In addition,
the reversible: units of the hydrothermal electric power atations can
be used during the hours of the nighttime dips in the load achedule;
the accumulated energy can be sold during the peak hours of the load
schedule. The need to create large capacity hydrothermal electric po-
wer stations is predetermined by the limitedness of the sectiona,
where one can create reservoir hydroelectric power stations with the
comprehensive regulation of the river flow to compensate for the in-
termonth irregularity of energy production of the hydrothermal elec-
tric power stations. Unzier: this solution of the problem,
the earth can accomodate 30 to 40 hydrothermal electric power stations
with a total capacity of 280 mi~lion KW and an annual energy output
of 750 billion kilowatt-hours. A comparison of these possibilities
with the output of modern electric power stations at 8 trillion kilo-
watt - hours shows that the hydrothermal electric power station cannot
solve the world's energy problema. However, in some areas of the
world the role of tidal energy can be very important.
- L.B. Bernshteyn's report also analyzed the experience of creating and
the ten-year operatiot~ of the Rans (France) and Kislogubsk hydrother-
mal electric power stations, which demonstrated the actual technical
possibility of creating large tidal power stations.
The Rans hydrothermal ele~tric power station, which was built in 1967,
has an established capacity of 240,000 KW (24 units) and produces 502
million kilowatt-hours per year (net). It has demonstrated the:excel-
lent operational characteristics of the reversible capsule hydraulic
turbogenerator unit that was speciallq created in France for the hy-
drothermal electric power station; this unit ensures the possibility
for the flexible operation of the hydrothermal electric pc~wer station.
Of the 502 million kil~watt-houra of annual energy output, 117 million
kilowatt-hours are the result of the work of pumps: the pumping and
expulsion of the hydrothermal electric power station basin with the
congruence of full or loW leeel water with the time of the dip in the
load schedule of the system. In view of the limited possibilities of
the hydroelectric power stations for the long-term regulation ef the
. rYver current and the specific conditions of the Rans section is un-
sble to fully realize the possibilities of the reversible hydraulic
turbogenerator units;. thpy operate predominately in two modea (out
a possible �our): in the direct turbine and reverse pumping modes.
_ According to an estimate of thQ French specialists the Rans hydrother~-
mal electric power station is economically justified. Annual outlays
for ita operation amount to 4 percent of the capital investffients,
which is .less that the amounts spenC on river hydroelectric power sta-
tions. However, its cost (480 million French francs in 1967 prices)
was in the conversion for one kiloWatt of established capacity 2000
francs, or 2.5-fold greater than for one kilowatt of established capa-
city of a comparable river hqdroelec*.ric poWer station.
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The experimental Kislogubsk hydrothermal electric power station, which _
wae built in 1968 in the USSR. vas erected to come up with a method to -
lower the cost of hydrothermal electric puwer atations. Since in the
construction of the Rans hydroth~rmal electric power station the con-
nectors and draining from the trench amounted to nearly 20 percent,
- when creatiug the Kislogubsk hydrotherm~a"L electric power station ~hey
decided to erect the station without connectora, using the floating
method. This method uf conatruction has been around for a long time
and is used extensively when constructing uuderwater tunnels and float-
ing drilling platforms. The auccessfully executed original design of _
the Kislogubsk hydrothermal electric ~ower station, made of thi~n-wal-
led (15 cm) elements, has over the l~-year period of operation passed
a.ll complicated tests. In spite of the small capaciCy (400 KW) of the
hydrothermal electric power station, its dimensions (See Fig. 1) have
made it possible to accept it as a pratotype in the plans for powerful
hydrothermal electric power station3 not only in the USSR, but abroad,
in Canada (Fig. 2) and in England. AF?parently, this is why the float- _
ing mettaad of constructing hydrotherma.l electric power stations has
come to be called the Soviet method.
_ -r-l~-ss=-r~
- - - - - ~ - .
- - - - - - ~ - -
~ ~
. . .r.
. - - -
.
.
+ . .
~ ,
Fig. l. Floating design of the Kislogubsk hydrothermal
electric power station building.
. j~ _
~ . -
.r:. . ~
r;~, !~:~1J
i
Fig. 2. Bui~ding plan for the floaCing design of the hy-
drothermal electric power s[ation in Fandy Bay. _
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Based on the use of t`~is deaign in the USSR they are looking into the
posaibility of rigging powerful hydrothermal electric power stations
along the coast of the White Sea (in Mezenskiy and Lumbovskiy bays)
and in the bays of the Sea of Okhotsk. In the Sea of Okhotsk the
crests of the tide are the highest in the USSR (up to 13 meters).
Here they are proposing to examine the sections in the Tugurskiy (Fig.
3,b) and Penzhinskiy bays (Fig. 3,c). The dam in Tugurskiy Bay is 37
_ meters wide, which includes the hydrothermal electric power station
building constructed of floating units of a combined design with a po-
werful wall that withstands the influence of ice (Fig. 4), has a
width of ;^.b km. The partitioned bay forma a basin with an area of
1800 square kilometers and provides for the output of 9 million KW
of power with an annual production of energy amounting to 29 billion
kilowatt-hours.
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~O dIOK'XAt
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Fig 3. I)iagrsm of the location oE the hydrothermal electric power
stations along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk a); in Tugurskiy Bay
b); in Penzhinskiy Bay c).
Key:
1. The Penzhinskiy hydrothermal electric power station
2. The Tugurskiy hydrothermal electric power station
3. Magadan
4. Sea of Okhotsk
S. The section of the hydrothermal electric power station
6. Tugurskiy Bay
7. Tugur
8. Tugurskiy Insula
9. Yelistratov Insula
10. Mys Povorotnyy
11. Section 2, Sea of Okhotsk
12. Section 1, Penzhinsk~y Gulf
13. Cape Bozhedomov
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. ~ ~a .
~r . Fig. 4. The combined building
~p ~ . of the Tugurskiy hydrothermal
- - - electric po.wer station with
~M - - one-sided operation of the
r,,r turbogenerator units.
- - _
0
There are even greater opportunities in Penzhinskiy Bay. where its par-
tial sectioning makes it possible to estimate the receipt of 35 million
KW, with an annual energy output of D00 billion kilowatt-hours.
In sectioning the entire Penzhinsky Bay it is poasible to obtain in ex-
cess of 100 million KW of power, with an annual energy output of 300
billion kilowatt-hours. Because of the great depths in this section
it is possible to install floating units of the hydrothermal electric -
power station, using a multi-layer design of the combined type (Fig. 5)�
The unusually large parameters of the hydrothermal electric power sta- -
tions in the Sea of Okhotsk $nd their lack of conformity to existing
needs for energy in the surrounding areas are cause for some doubut
about the urgency of these projects. However, the energy of thr Pen-
zhinskiy hydrothermal electric power skation can provide for the con-
servation of a large amount of organic fuel in the center of the Soviet
Union for the production of such power-consuming chemical products as
hydrogen and oxygen.
In examining the grandiose plans for the Mezenskiy, Tugurskiy and Pen-
zhinskiy hydrothermal electric power stations it is believed that it
w;ll be necessary to solve many more complicated scientific-technical ,
, problems before they can be built. Here we have in mind the need to
manufacture hundreds of floating units and to erect many kilometers of
dams to form the basins of the hydrothermal electric power stations and
to manufacture thousands of hydraulic turbogeneratora.
Approval of the propoaed solutione is being accompliahed in deaigning
the Lumbovskiy hydrothermal electric power station. The creation of
thia etation ie to be done by sectioning the bay, which has an area of
900 square kilometers. The section includes an island; and the total
length of the dams is 8 kilometers. The capacity of the hydrothermal
electric power station is 300 MW; ttie energy output is 700 million
kilowatt-hours. It should be noted that theq are developing hydraulic
turbogenerators with an increa~ed diameter of the rotor for this hydro-
thermal electric power station; they are also studying the possibility
of creating a dam using the underground concentrated blast method.
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. v ~10t3 '
a - . ~ y. ~aaoo~aoaoo~ooooo000000 ~
~~n Q ~ . .
o~ Q
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-56 '
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Fig. 5. B:~~.lding af the hydrothermal electric power station using the
combine ~ype floating design.
In principle the solution of these problems rests upon the shoulders
of modern technology. French specialists are developing an essentially
new technology for the flow-line series manufacture of tidal hydraulic
turbogenerators. Work is underway to increase the diameter of the ro-
~ tors of the capsule turbogenerators. This will make it possible to
substantially reduce the number of machines needed for the hydrother-
mal electric power stations and lower the cost of the hydrothermal elec-
tric power station building. The prospects of creating dams which form
the basins of the hydrothermal electric power stations using the con-
centrated blast method are very promising. This method may result in
a l0 - 20-fold reduction in their cost. �
In C~1118dt] they are developing plana for several tid~l electric power _
akations. In particular, according to these plans (report of R. Clark) -
there are to be two single-basin hydrothermal electric power stations
built which have a capacity of 4 million KW and 1 million KW in Camber-
land and Koubkivid bays. It h as also been decided to build an experi-
mental hydrothermal electric power station here, which will be called
- the Annapolis power station and will have a capacity of 17.5 MW with
a direct-flow hydraulic turbogenerator ("Straflow").
At the first hydrothermal electric power station the annual energy out-
r:.c will be 12.6 billion kilowatt-hours; at the second the output will
be 3.4 billion kilowatt-hours. The number of turbogenerators at the
first is 106 and 37 at the second. The cost of the first is 3.6 bil- _
lion dollars; and the cost of the seCOnd ia 1.2 billion dollars.
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The plans call for a fioa[ing design of building (l.ike the Kislogubsk
~ hydrothermal electric power station)~ of the openings far the water ~:o �
pass throtigh, and capaule turbogenerators. The most interesting pa~~t
of the pl.an is its ecological and pow~r basis. The latter is executed
on the basis of ~pecially designed algorithms, which take into cohsid-
eration ehe operation oE the hydrothermal electric power station in a
_ unified power system.
The juatification that was conducted demonstrated the viability for the
k?ydrothermal electric power station to operate without creating addi-
tional capacities for regulating deviations in the output of tidal
_ energy.
_ Extensive ecological research demonstrated that tidal electric power -
stations axe a source of pure energy. This conclusion is borne out by
the experience of the Kans and Kislogubak hl~drothermal electric power
- stations.
At preaent they are also designing powerful hydrothermal electric power
stations in England, ~lustralia, India~ North Korea and South Korea. ~
The symposium also examined purely thenretical questions, chief among -
which was determining the energy potential of tides and their estimated
- value in complicated conditions. The reports of A. V. Nekrasov and N.
A. Sezeman (USSR) were devoted to this matter. A. V. Nekrasov's report
examined the problem of determing the energy potential in certain spe-
_ cific natural conditions and questions having to do with the energy ba-
lance of the tidal basin.
' N.A. Sezemsn's repor[ provides a solution to the problem of evaluating
the change in amplitude of the tide after the erection of a dam, taking
- into consideration the new resonance condxtions.
M.I. Zarki's repert (U~SR), which was devoted to the experience of oi~er-
ating the experimental Kislogubsk hydrothermal electric power station,
noted that thin-walled designs for the hydrothermal electric power sta-
_ tions have a higher static and dynamic durability than comparable low-
pressure massive designs because of the spatial operation of the ele-
ments. The constructinn materiala (concrete, foam epoxy resins), from
which the hydrothermal electric power station is built, demonstra~ed a
particularly high resistance to frost and durability, having been ex-
posed to 6,800 cycles of freezing and thawir.g. The basis of the hydro-
termal electric power station building, which was performed using the
underwater method, has a small amount of settling (only 1 mm per year).
The cathodic protective covering in combination with antifoulzng co-
verings did a good job of protecting equipment. The reliability and
correctness of the technical solutions outlined in the plans were proven
~
in the rigging and operation of the hydrothermal electric power station.
For this reason the extensive adoption of the experience of the Kislo-
gubsk hydrothermal electric power station is called for in large indus-
trial construction projects for justifying efficiency.
10
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In B. Hervik's (USA~ President of the International Associetion on Pre-
Stressed Reinforced Concrete and Floating Structures) report it was not-
ed that the Kislogubsk hydrothermal electric power station and the
floating structures are importing for the prospecting and extraction of
oil and for designing hydrothe.rmal electric power stations. The report
noted that the integration of pawer engineering and hydraulic engineer-
ing~ building structures~ shipbuilding, and concrete and construction
work technologies was needed to create the Kislogubsk station. The
successful completion of this construction has already had a favorable r
~ impact upon the development of similar projects throughout the entire
world, while promoting the certainty and correctneas of the idea and
the technical soundness for further progress.
The report also cited data on the preaent statua of using the floating
method for Che construction of platforma for exploratory drilling and
oil extraction on the marine shelf at depths reaching 200 and even 300
meters.
In particular, in the North Sea the French firm "Sitanko" has built in
the Scottish shipyard at Maka2pain three floating platforms, which have
been installed at significant depths:
"Brent C", with a capacity of 200,000 cubic meters, has a height ~f -
161.5 meters, is installed at a depth of 140 meters, a volume of con-
crete in the structure of 100,000 cubic metere, and the weight of the
steel is I5.000 tons;
"Frig" was installed in 1975 at a depth of 104 meters~ the floating
unit has a foundation size of 72X72 and a height of 4Q meters, a volume
of concrete of 45,000 cubic meters, 5.500 tons of hardware, including
- 500 tons of pre-stressed hardware.
- The "Cormorant A" has a depth of 154 meters, a height of 175 meters,
a size of 100X100; 120,000 cubic meters of concrete and 17,000 tons
of steel were used.
Near Alaska rhoy have installed platfor.zs intended to be used in severe _
ice cond.itions, which called for the creation of special concrete that
can withstand the ice load and its abrasive water activity. The report
also noted the USSR's original design of floating foundations~ w~ich
- are made of precast reinforced concrete, for the 100-meter supports of
the high-voltage electric power line accross the Dnepr River (Fig. 6).
Thus, the examination of the proble.n of using the sea's energy at the
Pacific Ocean Scientific Congress demonstrated that the modern achieve-
ments of science and technology e.nsure the solution of the problem in
several nations in the near future on an industrial scale.
The speedy and efficient use of the energy that is created in the ex-
panses of the world's oceans can most fully be accomplished by exten-
sive international cooperation.
u
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~ s
A -A � -
1!!, 24 NII~ 7,1J Z
!!1; t0 !!!0 _ J lS = - ~f : - _ _ _
. - .~c ~ _
9Z, 20
t. ~f0 -
, . 2 ~
d1,20'
, �
Fig. 6. Crossing of the 330 KW k
high-voltage electric power line
o�ver the Kakhovskoye reservoir
on the Dnepr River with aupports
~ on floaCing foundations.
. Key :
l. Operating support mooring
2. Sand
11,20 TgpO 3. Crushed stone
l 4. Cushioning layer of rocks
;y~~ ~s p d 1 3 0 0 mm
rnn .rss - - - 6s- 5. Column beneath leg of the -
. - - - - support of the high-voltage
electric power line.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", Gidroteichnicheskoye stroitel'stvo"
1980
8927
CSO: 1822
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' FGR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
ELECTRIC POWER
CENTRAL HEATING SUPPLY FROM DISTRICT AEATING PLANTS ~
- Moscow TEPLOFIKATSIYA MOSKVY in Russian 1980 pp 149-164 -
[Chapter 7 from the book "Teplof ikatsiya Moskvy"J
[Text] The development of Moscow's heating supply in the prewar years was based pri-
marily upon a method of central heating that connected homes and public buildings
to the heating networks of the Mosenergo system's heat and electric power station.
~ At the same time, however, the heating supply in outlying districts far from the
heat and electric power station was brought about by local boiler plants using vari- _
ous types of fuel. Such new settlements as Dubrovk.3 and Dangauerovka and homes a-
long Pochtovaya Street were initially served by local sources.
The rapid growth of home construction in the postwar period considerably outran the
rate of development of district heating with its expensive pipelines. It was neces-
sary to solve the problem of creating additional centralized supplies of heat. In
Moscow in the period from 1950 to 1960, group and block boiler plants with modern-
ized type DKV and DKVR steel and sectional cast iron boilers designed by the Central
Scientif ic Research and Planning aad Design Boiler and Turbine Institute imeni I.
I. Polzunov were built by Glavmosstroy according to plans from Mosproyekt and
Santekhproyekt in new block developments and in those areas not encampassed by the
~ district heating supply. The group boiler plants had outputs of 3.5 to 11.6 MW (3-
_ 10 Gcal/h), while the block boilpr plants had outputs of 11.6 to 60 MW (10-50
Gcal/h). A layout drawing of a group boiler plant with Universal-3, MG-2 and
Energiya-3 sectional cast-iron boilers is shown in fig. 71.
The block boiler plants were initially made to operate on solid fuel and fuel oil.
Beginning in 1955, however, they operated on natural gas. In a short period of time
the number of such boiler plants reached several hundred, including about 80 with
DKV boilers. The basic technical and economic indicators of standardized block boil-
er plant installations with DKVR boilers are shown in table 7.
At this same time, tests were conducted on two of the f irst high-output KV-3 and
- KV-6 water-heating boilers (3 and 6 Gca1Jh), designed by the Biyskiy Boiler Plant
to operate on solid fi~el and gas.
The construction of group and block boiler plants was an important step in the cen-
~ tralization of heat supplies from a sjngle source, possessing an output of up to
35 MW (30 Gcal/h) and serving a microdistrict with up to 150,000 m2 of living space
and up to 20,000 inhabitants.
13
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A_`A
1J_
~ ' 2 ~ ~ ~
~
_ i~ ~
I~~ y
?
. � i.c..,. ~ . . . . .
- 7' 6 .S
~='1 _ � 2 6 4
i
~
O i'
~~A~ ~ ~ 0 0 m~~..:
~ ~ ~ ~ e o;~{
.Lh.. ~ ~ II~ i ~
' tJ.~' /
~ 1 7 6
I84~0 -
Fig. 71. Layout drawing of a group boiler plant
with smal:. cast-iron boilers
1- Cast-iron water-heating boilers; 2- Smokestack; 3- Deaerator; 4- Receiving
and service tank; S- Pump for internal water supply; 6- Pump for hot-water sup-
ply; 7- Network pump; 8- Panel for control and measuring instruments and auto-
matic equipment.
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~
J9 V 9,77 b--5 :~i~
~y~
1 ~ , I, I~ ;1I
~ \ ~J ~ =
~i ~ ~ ~ I i
! ~.L ti,
. I' - I ~ -
, . � � ~ v:.�...�..,,,: ~.v ~ ~ . ~ .�.�.~'7b00,7 '
~ r _ 33000 _ -
6 T
8 ~ 6D00 -
~ ~-r~ ~ ~ . ~
~ c~s c~6 ~6 ~ p o ~ ~
4~j. ,C]iQ~~ O'lj;~i 1 I ~ x~G
3 ~ ~r~ ; ~ ~ ~L.ly;
S ~ l~ ~-L~
~ ~ ~ I I ~ , Q '9 ; J ~~1 '
~ ~.1--) ~ ~ ~ ~S~ ~ ~
~ , ~ c~;
a I~ , l i `~"~O 0~~_~ ~ ~ cI -
z ~6~ G~~ ~ ' r.
~ il ' ~
~ ~ n~ ~~T _~i i(`~.
~ . ~
Ilnox I ama,a� l1ncN Il ~,Ta~+�c
- 20 21
Fig. 72. Layout drawings of a standard block boiler plant
with DRVR-type boilers
1- Ventilators; 2- Steam boilers; 3- Continuous-drain separator; 4- Refrige-
rator unit; 5- Waste-gas heater; 6- Exhaust fans; 7- Smokestack; 8- Salt-
solution storage tank; 9, 12, 13, 15-17 - ticid, mains, condensate, feed-water,
makeup-water and circuit-water pumps, respectively; 10 - Measuring tank; 11 -
Salt-solution equipment; U+ - Deaerator tank; 18 - Sodium-cation filter; 19 -
Steam-water heater; 20 - First-floor plan; 21 - Second-floor plan.
.15 ~ -
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The technical, economic and qualitative indicatora of heating supp~,y hnd improved
somewhat in c~mparison with decentralized heating aupply from 1oca1 home boilers,
- which at that time numbered about 8,000. By 1965 the scope of centra~ heating sup-
ply in the housing and utiYities sector had reached 35 percent.
' Layout flrawings of a typical block central-heating boiler plant with DKVR boilera
are shown :~i f ig. 12. The bo3ler room is laid out in a single interior space. Liv-
ing and service quarters are located on two f laors. The boiler room, transfarnier
substation, control room, shop and living quarters ar~e located within the building.
A unique feature of this heating system is the modular construction of its main
boiler a~~d the application of central feed-water heaters. This has made it possi-
b1e to simplify considerably the plant's layout and reduce its cost.
- Such a method of centralizing heating supply, however, was unable to meet the ever
growing denu~nds of civic improvement and arch itecture. Large-scale centralization
and the consolidation of heating supplies was sti11 necessary. For this reason,
starting in 24oscow in 1960, large-scale district boiler and thermal electric power
plants with outputs, initially, of 175 MW (150 Gcal)h) and, later, 230 and 460 MW
(200 and 400 Gcal/h) began co be built in an effort to f ind an efficient and com-
prehensive solution to the questions of heating supply, gasification and the prepa-
ration of city districts for further central heating. Over a 10-year period, 19
district heating plants (RTS's) were built.
The concept of large-scale water-he~iting thermal power plants and the ~.asic design
decisions regarding them, as well as the creat~on of high-output peak-demand cen-
, tral heating boilers (type PTVhf), were initially developed by the Moscow Engineer-
ing Institute of Urban Construction of the Moscow Municipal Executive Committee
and the Scientific Research Institute of Power Engineering imeni G. M.
Krzhizhanovskiy. The design development of the boilers and the thermal electric
power stations was carried out by experts f~om the All-Union Thermal Engineering
Institute imeni F. E. Dzerzhinskiy, the Orgenergostroy Institute and Mosproyekt-1.
All the best and advanced equipment in the f ield of heating supply built at this
time found application in the district heating plauts fitted with PTVM-50 and PTVM-
100 boilers (designed by the All-Union Thermal Engineering Institute and
Orgenergostruy in 1956-1958): high-output hot-water boilers and electronic and hy-
draulic governors, vacuum deaeration, powerful high-voltage equipment, automatic
thermal station systems, etc.
The district heating plant building is laid out in the form of the letter H(fig.
73). The boiler room is situated para11e1 to the turbine room, and they are joined
by a two-story connecting building. The control panel is installed on the f irst
floor of the connecting building, while the engineering office and living quarters
are on the second.
Water-heating boilers with theiz� individual smokestacks are located in the boiler
room. The boilers are gas-fired. In the turbine room, pump units are installed
which circulate the water in the heating system (fig. 74). Make-up water for feed-
ing the heating system is chemically softened and heat-treated to remove dissolved
gases in it--oxygen and carbon dioxide. The water-treatment equipment occupies
two floors at the end of the turbine room. Here are installed the sodium cation-
exchange filters, tanks for the vacuum gas-separator (deaerator), the regenerating
preheaters for the treated water and the p~ping equipment.
_ 16 ~
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At the other end of the turbine room provisions have been made for a Xarge repair
_ area with an electric overhead crane. A metal-working bench and machine tools make
it possible for the personnel r_o eliminate troubles as they appear during operations,
carry out preventive maintenance and ad~ust the equipment. Owing to the high reli-
ability and quality of domestic equipment, such troubles rarely arise. Preventive
msintenance and testing of the equipment is carried out once yearly--during the two-
week su~er shutdown of the thermal station.
On a compact control panel for the district heating plant, electronic instruments
_ round the clock fix the operating parameters for the station, record the cha.zges
in operatin^ ^onditions that take place and conduct automatic regulation and account-
ing of the power resources. The starting and stopping of any unit (boilers, pumps,
gas regulators, mainlines, etc.) is carried out by remote control--by pushbutton.
The arrangement and composition of the equipment in the station is eff iciently exe-
cuted and well thought out. In addition, it is easily installed, serviced and re-
paired. This makes work totally safe and considerably easier f or the personnel.
The layout of the district heating plant is shown in fig. 75, while an external view
of the plant is depicted in fig. 76. Circuit water in the amount of 5,000 m3/h flows
from the discharge header in the turbine room through a conduit 800 mm in diameter
to the PTVM-50 towe:r-type hot-water boilers. These boilers have an output of 58
MW (50 Gca1Jh) eacr~. The water heats up to 150�C in the water-walls and convective
pipes, then proceeds along two hot-water feeder pipes to the thermal power consumers.
Circuit water c ooled by the cansu~ers comes back through return pipes to the thermal
power station. The temperature curve for the circuit water and the arrangement of
consumer hook-ups are the same as for the release of heat from a heat-and-electric
power plant.
On the basis of technical and economic calculations carried out by a number of urban
organizations, Moscow was divided into three distinct zones according to the sources
of the heating supply: a zone for combined heat-and-power supply, one for central-
ized heating and one for the gasification of local boiler plants. ~n order to ac-
complish this project, efficient zones of operation were established for the heating
supply sources (heat-and-electric power plants, district heating plants, block
heating plants and local heating sources). In additian, a suitable sequence f or
carrying out measures to change over existing boiler plants to gas and to eliminate
some of the pla~ts in connection with the hook-up of buildings to central-heating
systems was implemented.
~ The basic prerequisites underlying the development of a zoning scheme for the capi-
tal were the maximum possible coverage of the centralized heating supply, the re-
placement, where possible, of solid fuel with natural gas and a reduction in the
- number of service perso~el.
The city's zon ing scheme provided for the construction of 14 district water-heating
boiler plants in the period 1961-1965. These plants, with a total therntal output
of 2,400 MW (2, 100 Gca1Jh), were built instead of 70 block steam plants. Taking
into account the cost of heating system pipelines, this plan provided for savings
in the amount of more than three million rubles. Provisions had also been made to
convert about 1,400 small-scale boilers to gas and to eliminate up to 3,600 boiler
units from heat-and-electric power plants and district boiler plants in the central
17
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Fig. 73. Fig. 7~
yo, s
- ~ ~ ~
~ ~
~,z
13 ~ ' V B,�'o
~
~
~ ~ _ -2
� ~ � ; , , : . ,
6 5 4 ~d 14, ~
1
~ ~ T~
O~ ;i~i , ~ii. , ~tii
S ~ ~
ti~ ~ - ~ A~ v
^ 1k ~ i I i
k ~ a' ~ ~
I ~ I
7 6 S 4~2 ~ i 4~~ i
` ~i ~ t
~ I ~
~ ~ _ J ~I r
8..~',~~ ~+b ~ O ~u l.~l~ ' C
'9 ` lD ~ 0 . V J~U 4;: Y 20~A4E(! BO(~bl
~ 7 J1unuA urfnomnou Bode~
, u ~
47000 v'~ 8 ,7uHla no~numovNOU Ba?o~
r- - - 9 --oa- ~aa9uwKa
Fig. 73. Layout of district heating plant
1- PTVM-50 boilers; 2-4, 7-9 - Recirculating, circuit-water, 12NDS centrifugal,
makeup-water, 4K-28 centrifugal and acid pumps, respectively; 5- Sodium-cation
filter; 6- Service tank; 10 - Measuring tank for dispensing salt; 11 - Salt-
solutian equipment; 12 - Control panel; 13 - Deserator; 14 - Vent~lators.
Fig. 75. Flow-chart for a district heating ~~ant
1- Deaerator; 2- PTVM-50 boiler; 3-5 - Recirculating, circuit-water and makeup-
water pwnps, respectively; 6- Hot-water line; 7- Return-water line; 8- Makeup-
water line; 9 - Valve.
18 ~
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heating-supply zone. All of this has made it possible to replace more than f ive
million tons of solid fuel in the city's power balance and free about 17 million
hours of service personnel labor.
The particular features of improved central-heating systems that distinguish them
from boiler units are: the high social and economic value of a central-heating sup-
ply in the day-to-day lives of the Soviet people; the harmony and synchronism, dyna-
mism and continuity of industrial production, transportation and the demand for
thermal power, which lend to these proceases the nature of spec if ic services to the
population; the impracticality of accumulating significant quantities of therma.l
power, as a result of which it is necessary to hold back power and reserve fuel and
power resources at the source in order to cover irregularities in the heating de-
mand; and the consid~rable consumption of power and labor in heating supply proces-
ses. This rate of consumption exceeds the clearly defined commercial properties
of these processes (the c~st of fuel is 50-60 percent of the cost of heat, electric
power amounts to 10-12 pei~cent of the :_oat and depreciation amounts to 7-15 percent).
The variation in the cost structure of hest production as dependent upon the output
of boiler un its is illustrated in~~able 8.
In Moscow at the beginning of the 1960's, a new branch of urban industry was added--
district and new-consrruction centralized heating supply from large-scale district
_ heating and b lock heating sources. Alangside the district heating supply from heat-
and-electric power stations, this new sec*or develop~d in parallel and was formed
into an independent industry. To a considerable degree thls has been aided by the
rapid growth of the urban gas industry and the growing share of gas in the fuel bal-
ance (50-70 percent).
A large gsoup of talented scientists stood at the sources of district heating: C.
F. Kop'yev, A. V. Khludov, M. M. Shchegolev, I. S. Myakishev, Yu. L. Gusev, I. V.
Smekalin, Ye. Ya. Sokolov, N. I. Zhirnov and L. B. Krol', as we11 as a group ~f
outstanding organizers of urr.qn economy: I. M. Kolotyrkin, I. I. Chechel'nitskiy,
N. N. Shamardin, V. V. Roshkov, et al.
Attaching great significance to the development of the fuel and power urban sectors,
the Moscow City Soviet Executive Co~ittee in 1958 created on its own staff the
large Fuel and Power Services Administration (UTEKh) which comprised more than 10
organizations occupied with the city's power supply: the Mosgaz, Mosgazset'stroy,
Mosgortopsnab and Mosgaztekhsnab trusts, the Mosgorsvet enterprise; the
~ Mosgazpr.oyekt Institute, the Mechanizatiou and Vehicle Transportation Base, etc.--
with about 15,000 workers.
Over 40,000 of the city's buildiugs at the present time are covered by the central
heating supply. Out of this number, 33,500 build3ngs (76.6 percent of the city's
heating needs) are apportioned to heat-and-electric power stations, while district
and block heating plants cover 7,500 structures (16-17 percent). In the housing
and utilities sector, 90 percent of the heating needs are covered.
Centralized heating supply along with extensive gasif ication has made it possible
to improve con siderably the city's public health atatus and has insured a high level
of purity in the water basin~ This is a djstinctive characteristic of our capital
in comparison to large cities in other countries. The purity of the ci*_y`s water
19
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basin, the ].ack oE smoke and smog, the absence oP stored ~uel and waste ash outside
of residential buildings and the profusion of greenery and flowers have today become
so accepted and natural for residents of Moscow and visitors to the capital that
it is difficult even to imagine the picture of cfty 1iPe and the order of things
that existed a few decades ago.
The growth in the number of boiler units has required that new solutions be found
for the questions of organizing their operation as well as ~ervicing the heat- _
transfer networks and the user installations.
During the period in which block heating plants were put into operation, they were
turned over to and were serviced by the housing off ices of various organizations
and departments which, because of a lack of qualified specialists, engineering dif-
ficulties and the isolation of some departments, were unable to insure their reli-
able and competent operation. As a result, after a few years of operation the e-
quipment in the thermal and boiler network began to malfunction often. This caused
breaks and disruptions in the heating supply. In addition, the lack of a unif ied
engineering policy during the construction of such installation s and the inadequate
quality of design, construction and installation work had a negative effect.
In 1961, therefore, the executive committee of Mossovet created the Board of Block
Boiler and Thermal Networks on the stafE of the Fuel and Power Services Administra-
tion. The Board had the rights of a self-sufficient enterprise. It initially in-
cluded 50 block plants, then 20 district heating plants. In 1967 the Board was re-
organized into the Teploenergiya trust. The results of the work done by the Board
and the Teploenergiya trust proved to be extremely positive. Following the example
- of Moscow, specialized associations for the operation of boiler plants also began
to be formed in other cities of our country. Now they are the basic organizational
form of heating supply enterprise and are proving to be an ever-growing positive
influence on the level of municipal services and the sanitary engineering status
of the city.
As the thermal networks from urban heat-and-electric power plarzts and district heat
plants grew, it became possible to make practical use of some d istrict heating
plants as reserve plants in the city's combined heat-and-power scheme. Tt also be-
came possible to use them for joint parallel operations along common heating mains.
Since 1965 eight district heating plants have been connected to the mainlines of
the Mosenergo thermal network, and f ive of them have become a p art of the Mosenergo
Thermal System. This has made it possible to provide heat to c onaumers without con-
siderable losses or alterations and to create operational dist ricts for Mosenergo
on the basis of the district heating plants.
Beginning in 1975, connecting lines and couplings between the heating mains of the
combined heat-and-power stations and the district heating plan ts have made it pos-
sible to transfer the summer thermal loads of many district heating plants to the
combi.ned heat-and-power plants of Mosenergo. Such a measure made it feasible to
shut down district and block heating plants for the svmmertime period and to con-
serve considerable quantities (more than one million rubles) of fuel and power re-
sources. This is how an eff icient design for the city's comb ined heat-and-power
system was realized and how one of the most urgent problems in fuel conservation
was solved.
20. . -
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v,y315 6 6 ^ 6 Bud A
_ 6 ; ~ ~
~ 'T.. '
_ ~ r~~,va , -
1~ ~,se24 � ~i,.,~~i~ E r~.~ I ' i
~ \ I~ ~ _ ~ I~ ' i
Q,~U9~_ ~ ~ ~ ,f.l ~I
~F
`~~~415U. ....I~--r}~,~ ---4 ~ ~ii~ I
I-0 t-
~'Ii ~Il'W~~~_li ~r'.' � l_~ 1
1 r
1 1, l
I'K, ~ _ S i ~ ; ( 7
~ t,~ ; 'fi
,
~ ~o I -
u _ _ - z6oo zaoo = -
, . , ~ � 4-
~~-~j I ~ i ~
~ ~ I
_ i~ p i =
, ~ . . ~
i 6 -~I - ~200 ' , -
~t~ 4
fe0 -?'1+-~~r 1f 64 6) ~5700 ~
Fig. 77. Cross-section of RV-GM-50 boiler
1-3, 5- Front, side, intermediate and rear walls, respectively; 4- Convection
cells; 6- Shot-cleaning apparatus; 7- Fuel-oil burner.
~ I8 19 20
' ~ ~ ~ ~Qo fennaOQA ~ rY~eAnod~vturuBuNUAi ~A~oneHm~
cmaN~uA I ~ ~ t ~ ~
r ~ ~ ~--1~ i j
' :2 ,e ~ , ~ i ' ~
1 , ~ 70 , ' ~
16 ~ i 200'~ ~ ~ 150�~ ~
' ~ ~ i ~ ~
~,~-.:b_ _ ~ 17 i; tx ; 15~ � p~ 4 12i 60� i 11 !
~
~ ~
F--- I i 10 ~ i
~ i '
~ 3 SO-75� i ; ~ ,
I ~ ~ j
~o , ~ ; _ : Y ; ; ; ~
, ~
; . ; ~ ~ ~ ~
~ i g ~ ~ ,
. : ~
_ = i , ~
L , , ~ i
.~70� ; 5.6 ~ 14 ~ 13 i i ~
' i i I
~ ~ i I I
I ~
~ r ~ i ~ I ~
L .._---------J -
Fig. 78. Flow-chart for VRV-6 boilers, boiler-room equipment
and high-temperature thermal network
1- Water supply; 2- Boiler scrubber; 3- Water-softening equipment; 4- Vacuum
deaerator; 5- SucCion elevator; 6- Circuit-water pump; 7- Superheating tubes;
8- Burner; 9- Single-pipe main; 10 - Mixing apparatus; 11 - User heating sys-
tems; 12 - Mixing pump; 13 - Hot-water storage tank; 14 - Mains water; 15 - Cir-
cuit-water mix; 16 and 17 - Gas burners for winter and stmener operation 18 - Heat-
ing plant; 19 - Mixing station; 20 - User.
. 21
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Experience acquired during the operation of large--ecale block and district heating
planta with water-heating boilers made it possible at the beginning of the 1970's
for planning and design organizations to develop a new series of water-heating boil-
ers made to operate on gas or fuel-oil (type RV-GM) and on solid fuel (type KV-TS).
Some of the specifications of type KV-GM water-heating boilers are shown in table 9,
~ and the cross-section of a KV-GM-50 boiler ia represented by f ig. 77. The national
economic impact due to the introduction of a single boiler amounts to: 84,000 rubles
for the KV-GM-10, 39,000 rubles for the KV-GM-30. These boilers have been awarded
the State quality stamp. New model designs for standardized water-heating boiler
installations have been developed an the basis of such boilers.
At the beginning of 1979 there were 24 block and 20 district heat~ng plants with
a combined autput of 6,000 MW (5,200 Gcal/h) in operation in the Teploenergiya
trust. In order to transport this thermal power, 270 km of heating mains were ].aid.
In addition, more than 450 central heating stations and 460 km of transfer and out-
door heating mains belong to and are operated bq the trust.
Since 1967 the Moscow City Executive Committee has obliged the trust to render a
new type of service--the adjustment and maintenance of air-conditioning and air-
heating systems in public buildings. More than 500 such units have been built.
Some of the Tenloenergiya trust's technical and economic indicators are shown in
table 1~.
The trust's fixed production capital amo~ts to 120 million rubles. During the
period in which the trust has been in operation (18 years), more than 58 million
rubles have been accumulated and 50 million charged to depreciation. Thus, the
city's capital investment in the thermal power industry has been repaid, taking i~ito
account those stations that had been taken out of service completely by 1975, that
is, over a period of 10-12 years. This testif ies to the high economy and profita-
bility of district heating.
Rents are lower in the USSR in comparison with those in other countries, comprising
only 4-5 percent of the family budget. Naturally, the capital obtained from this
source cannot cover all expenditures for housing. Calculations of the RSFSR Min:~stry
of Housing and Municipal Services have shown that rents in the republic average 1.5
rubles per m2 of living space annually, although the atate's expenditures, including
ma~or repairs, ama~mt to 5 rubles 63 kopecks per m2, which is almost four times aa
muc h .
A similar situation has arisen with regard to the payment for therm~l puwer as used
for residential heating and hot-water services. The cost to the population for heat-
ing 1 m2 of living space comes to 0.9 rubles per year and hot water costs 7 rubles
20 kopecks per capita annually. These services, however, cost the s tate twice as
much.
During the years in which the trust has been in operation, a great many scientif ic
investigations hsve been carried out regarding the urgent questions of thermal en-
gineering. In 1968, in an effort to study the engineering and operational questions
involved with single-pipe once-through centralized heat supply using heat-carriers
with improved parameters (180-200�C instead of 150�C), an experimental industrial
installation based on a special VKV-6 water-heating water-tube and scrubber boiler
war~ developed and put into service. It was gas-f ired and had an output of 6 Gcal~h.
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~
Table 7 �
Technical and Economic Indicators of Block Boiler Plants
with DKVR Boilers
Industrial central-heating boilers
Indicator Five Four Three T~wo Three Two
boilers, boilers, boilers, boilers, boilers, boilers,
DRVR-10 DRVR-10 DRVR-10 DKVR-10 DRVR-6, DKVR-6,
- to 13 to 13 to 13 to 13 5 to 13 5 t~ 13
Boiler unit efficien-
cq, percent, when
operating:
on gas 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.3 90.2 90.2
on fuel-oil 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.8 88.8
Maxim~ hourlq fuel
constmaption when ~
operating:
on gas, m3/h 5650 4250 3390 2260 2200 1470
on fuel-oil, kg/h 5000 4000 3000 2000 1950 1300
Planned cost of the `
boiler un it, thousands 253.1 216.0 181.52 136.46 149.27 123.38
of rubles
~ Construction cubage of
boiler building, m3 5538 4835 4266 3520 3588 3070
Specific building vol-
ume, m3, per ton of 79.1 86.3 101.6 127.5 132.9 ~70.6
steam produced
Specific construction
cost, thousands of ru-
bles, per ton of sCeam 4.12 4.49 4.99 5.84 6.53 8.37
produced
Cost per ton of steam
released, rubles, when
operating:
on gas (coat o�
gas at 15 rubles 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.55 1.59 1.71
per 1000 m3
on fuel-oil (cost
of fuel-oil at 23 1.92 1.92 1.94 2,00 2.05 2.17
rubles er ton)
2g -
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~ Tabi:. S
Thermal power cost atructure as it depends
u on the t e of stem, ercent
Thermal power cost Labor
Type of eqstem Output, sCructure productivity,
Gcal/h Gcallmsn-year
Fuel Electric Water Wages
ower
Home boiler units 0-1 30 12 0.4 35 300
Group boi].er imits 1-10 ~~3-50 8-11 0.4 28-17 300-500
Block boiler units 10-50 55 10-12 0.6-15 11-12 1000-1200
- District and central
boiler uaits 50-300 55-70 10 1.0 8-4 3000-4000 -
Central heating from
TETs 300 or 65-70 2-5 1.0-1.5 3-5 8000-10000
more
It was built on the basis of the previously used stai~dard twin-pipe closed network
with a central heating station. The station's units wPre aug~ented with special -
equipment that insured operation according to a once-through design with water di-
rectly drawn at a maximum temperature of 200�C in the hPating main. -
The system indicated (fig. 78) was the first attempt in our country at the practical
realization of the basic principles of once-through high-temperature heating sup-
ply (the hot-pipe system) and included a ntmmber of basically new solutions that in-
sured its high economy. Operation of this system ia 1968-1974 showed that the fuel
savings reached 18-20 percent, the cost per unit of heat released decreased by 14- -
- 18 percent and the metal used in the system on the whole was reduced by a factor -
of two in comparison with twin-pipe central-heating systems bas~d on surface-type
boilers (PTVM, DKVR, etc.). Tt~e test has also confirmed the high reliability and
simplicity of operation of the given sqstem, the boiler and all the auxiliary equip-
_ ment.
The block diagram for a single-pipe high-temperature heating supply using scrubber-
type boilers is extremely promising and can be recommended for extensive introduc-
tion, particularly in thoae districts that do not have a combined heat-and-power ~
supply. -
The development and production of the Kvant-type TS-20 single-flow differential ,
J calorimeter, operating with an elecCromagnetic flowmeter, was a signif icant scien-
tif ic and indus~rial ac~iievement. This calorimeter is a measuring system, consist-
ing of an electrowagnetic flowmeter to determine the volumetric flow of the heat-
carrier, platinum resistance thermmneters to ~easure the temperatures o.' the direct
and return flows and an automatic counting device.
- 24 . ~
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Table 9
Sppcifications of water-heating boilers
Boilers
Indicators
KV-GM-10 KV-GM-20 KV-GM-30
~ Thermal productivity, Gcal/h 10 20 30
Working pressure, kg/cmZ 10-25 10-25 10-25
Water temperature, �C:
at the inlet 70 70 70
at the outlet 150 150 150
Water flow, t/h 123.5 247 37~ -
Temperature of exhaust gases -
during operation, �C:
for fuel-oil 230 242 250
for gas 145 155 160
- Gross efficiency during -
operation, percent:
for fuel-oil 8E.9 88 87.7
for gas 89.8 89 89.7
Boiler gas-line resistance
during operation, kg/m2:
for fuel-oil 46 60 67
for gns 44 57 65
Resistunce of air-box with
burner, kg/m2: 135 180 280
Hydraulic resistance of the
_ boiler, kg/m2: 1.5 2.2 l.g
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_ Table 10
Technical and economic indicators of the
Teploenergiqa trust
Indicator Years
1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 (plan)
Rated boiler output:
IrBJ 1025 3220 3880 5746 6821
(Gcal/h) (883) (2764) (3332) (4936) (5860)
Thermal load:
MW 582 1970 2840 4350 5704
(Ccal/h) (500) (1694) (2434) (3736) (4900)
Release of thermal
power:
millions of GJ 2.22 I9.5 27.3 38.1 50.3
(millions of Gcal) (0.53) (4.66) (6.52) (9.1) (12.0)
Specific rates of
constauption: ~
fuel, kg/GJ 47.3 41.2 40.4 40.4 40.4
(kg/Gcal) (198) (173) (168.8) (169.8) (168.5)
electric power, 5.74 3.68 3.59 3.67 3.28 -
kWh/GJ
(kWh/Gcal) (23.6) (15.4) (14.a) (15.1) (13.5)
water, m3/GJ 0.2 0.14 0.093 0.092 0.085
(m3/Gcal) (0.85) (0.6) (0.39) (0.38) (0.35)
Cost:
rubles/GJ 1.04 0.75 0.92 0.90 0.93
_ (rubles/Gcal) (4.35) (3.13) (3.83) (3.71) (3.83) -
Tariff :
rubles/GJ 0.98 0.84 0.89 0.94 0.95
(rubles/Gcal) (4.09) (3.50) (3.71) (3.87) (3.90)
Labor expenditure:
man-hours/GJ 0.73 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.10
(roan-hours/Gcal) (3.02) (0.74) (0.52) (0.45) (0.40)
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In addition to the TS-20, the single-flo~ differential calorimeter has been develop-
ed and is being readied for commerci~zl production. It is designed for operation
with a differential manometer and flowmeter. The economic impact from the
introduction of these calorimeters amounts to more than 1.5 million rubles annually
per 1,000 TS-20 units.
A successful solution was likewise found for the problem of regulating the combus-
tion processes of gaseous fuel in the bumers of water-heating and steam boilers.
Simple and reliable gas-air ratio sensors have made it possible to optimize the burn-
ing process. This makes possible fuel savings of up to five percent.
In order t~ protect heating systems from internal and external metal corrosion, the
: Teploenergiya trust has developed an efficient and economical method of treating
the water with a corrosion inhibitor (sodium silicate). An electrocathode method
of protecting storage tanks through the use of cathode posts has also been develop-
ed. A new design for a prefabricated frame-end-panel stationary (fixed-foot) in-
dustrial support for heating network mains has been invented and developed.In an
effort to save fuel and power resources, efficient methods of centr.ally regulating
the release of thermal power have been developed and successfully introduced.
In recent years a coordinated and highly qualified collective of workers capable
of solving any problem in the heating supply field has been formed with3n the trust.
The collective of the Teploenergiya trust has often placed (12 times) in socialist
competition among RSFSR thermal engineering establishments and has been noted with
testimonials from the Moscow City Party Committee, the Moscow City Soviet Executive
Committee, the Moscow City Council of Trade Unions and the Moscow City Committee
of the Al1-Union Lenin Young Communist League.
Complex and demanding tasks have been put before the trust in the lOth Five-Year
Plan, now under way. They have been deteimined by the resolutions of the 25th CPSU
Congress and the new General Plan for the Development and Reconstruction of Moscow,
the main task of which is the transfoxmation of our cap ital into a model communist -
city. The tasks are, first of all, the increase in the eff iciency of production
by raising the qualitative level of operation of all heat-supply installations, the
further closing of tmprofitable small-scale residential and block boiler installa-
tions, the raising of the city's Ievel of centralized heating to 95 percent and the
efficient utilization of material, power and labor resources and capacities. This
dictates the further automation of all heating-supply processes, beginning with pro-
duction and ending with the distribution of thermal power along user systems. It
also means the introduction of automated control systems, the mechanization of labor-
intensive repair operations and the creation of repair and industrial bases.
The city's centralized heat supply has today become an integral part of Soviet com-
bined heat-and-power supply and power engineering--an integral part and the logical
continuation of the GOELRO plan.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
9512
CSO: 1822 ~
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FUELS
RULES FOR CATEGORIZING QIL, GAS RESERVES EXPLAINED
Moscow PROMYSHLENNAYA OTSENKA N~STOROZ~ENIY NEFTI I GAZA [Industrial Evaluation
of Oil and Gas Fields] in Russian 1975 pp 21-30
[Sections 2& 3 of book by F. A. Grishin~
[Text] �2. Listing the Types of Oil and Gas Reserves
In accordance with the historically existing sequence of the detection, prepara-
tion and utilization of any type of mineral raw material (including oil and gas),
the original potential resources of this raw material have been explored only
partially up to the present. A portion of them have already been extracted and
consumed. Because of this, it is logical to subdivide the original potential
resources into accumulated recovery (the extracted resources) and current poten-
tial resources (or resources in the ground).
According to the definition given in "Metodicheskoye rukovodstvo po kolichest-
vennoy otsenke perspektiv neftegazonosnosti" (Methodological Guidance for the
Quantitative Evaluation of Prospects for the Presence of Oil and Gas] [56]*, the
original potential resources are, "...the total amount of recoverable reserves
of oil and gas that were contained in known fields prior to the start of devel-
opment, as well as the prospective reserves an~: a quantitative evaluation of
predictions of the presence of oil and gas, that is, the swn of already ex-
tracted crude oil, the explored reserves (categories A+ B+ C1), the prospec-
tive reserves (Category C2), and a predictive evaluation (group D).
"These are the resources of oil and gas that have been confined in the enclosing
rocks and have accumulated there as a result of geological and geochemical pro-
cesses that occur in the earth's crust."
The accwnulated recovery is that portion of the original potential resources
that has been brought to the surface and has either been prepared for use or has
already been used. With respect to oil and gas, accumulated recovery includes
the total recovery of oil or gas obtained, starting from the moment of the first
' commercial flow until a definite date, as of Which some calculation is being made
that is assaciated with the necessity to use data about accumulated recovery.
*These definitions are identical to those cited in a work by I. Kh. Abrikosov,
I. P. Zhabrev and M. V. Feygin (NEFTEGAZOVAYA GEOLOGIYA I GEOFIZIKA [Oil and Gas
Geology and Geophysics], No 6, 1973).
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The share of useful minerals that remain (or that remain as of that date) in the
ground are tne current potential resources.
Current potential resources, according to, "Methodological Guidance for the Quanti-
tative Evaluation of Prospects for the Presence of Oil and Gas" [56], "...are a
total quantitative evaluation of the oil and gas that are contained in sources -
for the recovery of oil and gas that are now known (explored, developed and so
on) and those that are t~ypothesized as possible for future discovery and use. In
regions where oil and gas has not been recovered, the original and the current
potential resources will be identical. Quantitative evaluations of potential re-
- sources are r^t permanent but are reexamined periodically as notions change about
- the geological conditions for the accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbon
deposits.
"Potential resources (current potential resources--F.G.) amalgamate two large and
sharply different groups of reserves. The fxrst includes reserves already ex-
plored and drawn to a great extent into development, while the second includes
reserves that are only hypothetical and forecast for some region on the basis of
existing geological and geophysical data and prevailing no~ions about geological
structure and the presence of oil and gas.
"The fact that the presence of oil and gas has been established in an area (that
is, fields have been discovered) is that basic boundary that should divide the
groups of reserves being examined. In the modern classification of reserves~
that boundary occurs within category C2, dividin~ the hypothetical but more re-
liable reserves within fields and deposits already discovered from the less re-
liable reserves of structures that have promise for oil and gas and that have
been prepared for deep drilling."
Current potential reserves can, in accordance with the cited definition, be sub-
divided into explored and hypothetical reserves.
The group of explored reserves include those reserves that have been discovered
with some degree of reliability as a result of studies and geological exploration
conducted and that have been basically prepared for later development or verifi-
cation. Explored reserves are the natural base for the functioning of modern
oil and gas fields.
The explored reserve is complicated in structure. This is occasioned primarily
by the fact that not all explored reserves can be extracted from the ground ra-
tionally, given the contemporary development of science and technology. The lat-
ter factor necessitates that, based on the national-economic significance of ex-
plored reserves, they be divided into: a) feasible reserves--"the development of
which at present is economically feasible" [38 and ?3]; and b) unfeasible re-
serves--"the development of which at present is unprofitable but which can be
viewed as a later target of industri~l mastery" [38 and 73]. The unprofitabili-
_ ty of developing unfeasible reserves is determined in particular by low quality
of the oil and gas, special complexity of operating conditions or the insignifi-
' cant size of the deposits, and so on.
Since the exploitation of oil and gas fields at a given stage of scientific and
technical development does not provide for 100-~percent recovery of the feasible
reserves of oil and gas from the ground, these reserves are subdivided into
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recoverable reserves, which can be recovered with the most complete and rational
use of modern equipment and technology" [38 and 73], and nonrecoverable reserves,
which cannot be recovered rationally by modern, advanced methods.
In the United States of America and certain other countries, recoverable reserves
are sometimes subdivided into "primary reserves," which are recoverable only
through the primazy (natural) conditions of development, and "secondary reserves~"
which are extracted additionally through resex~voir stimulation methods. This
specific of accounting for ~ommerical reserves in these countries is occasioned
by the application of secondary methods of recovery in the later stages of devel-
opment, when~the reserves that are recoverable through the natural (primary) con-
ditions have already been practically recovered. In the Soviet Union, because
of the wide introduction of formation-pressure maintenance methods at an early
state af development, such a categorization is difficult. -
Feasible and recoverable reserves of oil and gas (and also of their accompanying
components) are subdivi.ded, as to the time they are brought to the surface, into:
initial reserves, the reserves that existed in the deposit (or field) prior to
the start of development, the accumulated recovery of oil or gas as of a certain
date, and residual reserves, which comprise, on that corresponding date, the dif-
ference between the initial reserves and the accumulated recovery.
In accordance with "Instructions on Application of the Classification of Reserves
to Fields of Oil and Fuel Gas" [38 and 73], in addition to the explored (categor-
ized) reser+ves of oil, fuel gas and the accompanying components contained there-
in, which are calculated by individual field and area, hypothetical reserves,
which the "Methodological Guidance for the Quantitative Evaluation of Prospects
for the Presence of Oil and Gas" recommends be called a predictive evaluation
~ of oil and gas [56J, are defined, f~r purposes of evaluating the potential possi- _
_ bilities of the presence of oil and gas in provinces, regions and districts, on
the basis of common geological notions.
In accordance with the above-indicated methodological guidance, the predictive
evaluation of oil and gas is taken to mean a quantitative evaluation of the prom-
ise of the presence of oil and gas in lithological and stratigraphic conplexes -
or in individual horizons, which is made on the basis of an analysis of the geo- _
logical criteria for the presence of oil and gas. -
The evaluation of oil and gas is divided into two graups--D1 and D2, according to _
the extent of g$ological and geophysical study of the predicted territories. -
It is proposed that the fact of establishment of the presence of oil and gas in
a certain lithologic and stratigraphic complex within a major tectonic shape--a
structure of the first rank--be considered as the main criterion for subdividing
the predictive evaluation. Such structures include: domes, large swells, com-
plex swells, troughs and small elongated depressions, as well as rim troughs and
foretroughs, intermontane depressions and others. The following definition and
criterion for subdividing the predictive evaluation into subgroups D1 and D2 were
recommended on that basis.
Subgroup D1 is the predictive evaluation of oil and gas of lithologic and strati-
graphic complexes within which the presence of oil and gas has been proved for a
large tectonic shape--a first-rank structure. Subgroup D1 is the predictive eval-
uation of oil and gas deposits that can be contained in the following traps:
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Table 4
Listing of Types of Oil and Gas Reserves
Initial potential resources
Accumulated recovery Current potential resources
_ (extracted resources) (resources underground)
Explored reserves Hypothetical reserves
(categorized) (uncategorized)
Feasible Unfeasible
Recoverable Unrecoverable
1. Structural tr~ps that have been: a) prepared for deep drilling, whose re-
serves cannot be assigned to category C2; b) discovered from the data of geologi-
cal and geophysical research; and v) presumed on the basis of the consistency
and the relationships in the distribution of local uplifts at adjacent well--
studied (reference) territories.
2. Lithologic and stratigraphic traps that have been: a) marked out according ~
to the data of geological and geophysical research carried out in the predicted
territory; and b) presumed on the basis of analogy with well-studied (reference)
territories within which the presence of oil and gas has been established for
this type of trap.
Subgroup D2 is the predictive evaluation of oil and gas that has been calculated
for lithologic and stratigraphic complexes, within which the presence of oil and
gas has been established at large tectonic features (first-rank structures) that
are similar in geological structure, and also for individual suites in territor-
ies within which the presence of oil and gas has been proved but cannot be
included in subgroup D1 because of the lesser amount of study conducted. Subgroup
DZ should include the predictive evaluation of oil and gas deposits in the follow-
ing territories:
1. In large tectonic shapes (first-rank structures) in which the presence of oil
or gas has been proved, when it is impossible to include them in subgroup D1:
in lithologic and stratigraphic complexes that may be oil and gas bearing but
whose productiveness still has not been established on the date of the calcula-
tion; b) in regionally productive lithologic and stratigraphic complexes that are
buried much deeper than is exposed by drilling; and v) in zones of the regional
distribution of lithologic and stratigraphic traps for which the presence of oil
and gas is presumed.
.~31.
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2. In districts presumed to be oil or gas bearing~ subgroup D2 should include a
predictive evaluation for the presence of oil or gas that is calculated for
lithologic and stratigraphic complexes that have not yet proved to be oil or gas
bearing within the given major tectonic feature but which are preswned to be so
on the basis of the similarity of their geological structure
ar~d development with well-studied analogous tectonic features that have been
proved to be oil or gas bearing.
A qualitative evaluation of the presence of oil an3 gas is made where substanti-
ated data for a quantitative ev~luation is absent. The general scheme for the
listing of types of reserves is shown in table 4.
�3. The Categoriaation of Reserves and the Basic Requirements for Exploring and
Studying oil and Gas Deposits.
In accordance with the modern classification of reserves of fields of oil and
fuel gas~ the explored reserves of oil and gas and the accompanying components
thereof are subdivided as to extent of their exploration and study into four
. categories--A, B, C1 and C2, which are ~efined as follows.*
Category A includes the reserves of a deposit (or a portion of it) that has been
studied with a comprehensiveness that provides for complete determination of the
shapes and dimensions of the deposit, t4~e thicl~ess of it that is effective and
saturated with oil and gas, the nature of changs in reservoir properties and in
the degree of oil and gas saturation of the pay zones, the qualitative and quan-
titative composition of the crude oil~ fuel gas and the accompanying components
contained therein, and other parameters, as well as the ms~in characteristics of
the deposit upon which the conditions for its development depend--the deposit's
production mechanismr well productivity, pressure, permeability of the reservoir
rocks, hydrodynamic conductibility, piezodiffusivity coefficient, and other
- characteristics.
Category A reserves are calculated while the deposit is being developed. They
' should be studied in detail by means of exploratory and production wells drilled
over the whole area of the deposit in the grid that is adopted in accord~nce with
the development plan. The borders of the category A reserves are reliably de-
fined in this case by establishing the deposit's outline. For a deposit whose
drilling over by development wells has not been completed, the category A re-
serves are calculated within that portion of it that has been completely drilled
over in accordance with the plan for drilling production wells that yield commer-
_ cial flows of oil or gas.
At an area where Category A reserves are being calculated, the following should
be studied in detail and defined reliably:
1) the dimensions and shape of the deposit; where the oil and gas containing
strata are broken up--the location of the tectonie dislocations and their ampli-
tude (the shape and dimensions of each tectonic block); f.or traps of the
*The prerequisites for designating reserves and the basic requirements for study-
_ ing them are cited below in accordance with "The Classifica~ion of the Reserves
of Oil and Fuel Gas Fields," and "Instructions on the Applieation of Classifica-
tion of Reserves to Oil and Fuel Gas Fields" [38 and ?3].
32 . �
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lithologic and s~;ratigraphic types--the borders of the lensing out and the dis-
placement and covering over of permeable by impermeable rocks;
2) the consistency of change in area and cross-section of the lithological char-
acteristics of the pay zone--its material composition, the thickness of it that
is effective and saturated with oil and gas, its reservoir characteristics (effec-
tive porosity and permeability) and the degree of its saturation with oil and gas; _
3) the geophysical criteria for evaluating the productiveness of the strata,
which are correlated with test-core data, as well as the lower limits of the por- _
osity and permeability of the oil and gas yielding rocks (taking their granulo-
metric composition and carbon content into account);
4) the initial and current flow rates for oil and water, the initial and cur-
rent operating flow rates of free gas and the condensate and helium content
thereof, as well as change of the condensate content with time (as a function of
the change of formation pressure), the productiveness coefficients of the wells,
and the values of the initial formation pressures, saturation pressure and gas
factors, and changes thexeof with time;
5) the quality of the oil, gas, condensate and water ar,d the content of the com-
ponents that accompany them;
6) change with time of the flow rates of the oil, gas and water, the positions
of the oi1-water and gas-water contacts, the boundaries of the presence of oil
and gas, and the formation pressure;
7) the total recovery of oil, gas, condensate and water by well and by stratum;
8) hydrogeological conditions--the hydrodynamic tie of individual pay zones and
tectonic blocks, the upper-level location of the gas, oil and water contacts, and
the natural reservoir drive of the deposit; and
9) the most effective methods of stimulating the stratum and the deposit during
its development.
Category B includes the reserves of a deposit (or a portion of it) at which the
presence of oil and gas has been established, based upon the reception of commer-
cial flows of oil or fuel gas in wells at various hypsometric control points and
on the existence of favurable oilfield-geophysics data and coring. The shape and
dimensions of the deposit, the thickness of it that is effective and is saturated
with oil and gas, the nature of the change of reservoir properties, the degree of -
saturation of the productive strata with oil and gas, and other parameters, as
- well as the main characteristics that determine the prerequisites for developing
the deposit, have been studied roughly but to a degree that is adequate for plan-
ning development of the deposit; and the composition of the oil, fuel, gas and
ac.;ompanying components containecl therein under reservoir conditions and surface
conditions have been studied in detail. For oil deposits, sampling has been con-
ducted at individual wells. For gas deposits, the absence of an oily shoestring
has been established or its commercial value has been defined.
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With fulfillment of the indicated conditions for a group 1* deposit (or field)
and the reception of commercial flows of oil or gas from at least three wells
- situated in different parts of the deposit, the reserves that are calculated in
the contour of the isohypse that corresponds to the lower control point of the
stratum from which commercial flows of waterfree oil or gas have been obtained
~rom the wells are included in category B. For a deposit (or field), the re-
serves that have been computed for an area outlined b,y wells that yielded com- -
mercial flows of waterfree or or gas are included in category B.
At an area at which category B reserves are computed according to the data of
prospecting and exploratory wells, the following should be studied and established
to an extent adequate for planning development:
1) the location of the pay zone in the log and the degree of its consistency
throughout the area, and the loc~tion of tectonic discontinuities and their
amplitudes;
2} the lithologic peculiarities of the pay zone--its material makeup, the over-
all thickness that is effective and is saturated with oil or gas, the reservoir
properties of the rocks that make up the stratum (effective porosity and permea-
bility), the degree of oil and gas saturation,and the natures of changes thereof
by area and by cross-ser..tion;
- 3) the upper level location of the gas-oil-water contaets, according to sampling
data and taking oilfield-geophysics data into aceount; -
~ 4) the quality of the oil, gas, condensa~;e, water and accompanying components
contained therein;
5) according to the data fram sampling wells that have been drilled through and
from sampling at individual wells--initial and current flow rates for oil and
water, initial operating (optimal) flow rates of gas, well-flow indicators, ini-
tial and current formation pressures, saturation pressures, and gas factors; and
6) hydrogeological conditions and the natural reservoir drive. -
- The reservas of deposits for which the presence of oil and gas has been estab-
lished, based upon commercial flows of oil or gas fuels in individual wells (a
portion of the wells can be sampled by formation tester) and on favorable
oilfield-geophysics data at a number of other wells, as well as the reserves of a
portion of a deposit (or of a tectonic block) that is adjacent to areas with
reserves of higher categories, are included in category C1. -
The modes of occurrence of oil or fuel gases have been established by geological
and geophysical research methods that have been verified for the given region,
and the reservoir properties of the pay zone and other parameters have been stud-
ied for various wells or have been adopted because of similarity to
a better studied portion of the deposit and to nearby fields that have been
_ explored.
*This concerns the complexity group of the geological structure of the deposit
(or field).
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In order to assign a category C1 rating to the reserves of newly discovered de-
posits, an evaluation of the reserves of which is given only under this category,
it is necessary to study and establish:
i) the construction and dimensions of the structure, the location of the pay
zones in the log for individual wells, and the lithological charactzristics~-the
material composition of the stratum, and the thickness, porosity, permeability
and degree of oil and gas saturation of the pay zone;
- 2) the actual daily flow rates for the wells' oil and gas, and the productive-
ness indicators;
3) the upper-level location of oil-water, oil-gas and gas-~water contacts;
4) data about formation pressures, the saturation pressures of the oil, and the
condensation pressures of formation gas;
5) quality of the oil, condensate and gas and of the accompanying components
contained therein; and
6) hydrogeological conditions and the reservoir drive, according to data from
_ studying the wells or the data of similar well-studied neighboring fields.
The boundaries of the presence of oil and gas of a deposit are made in accordance
with the results of we~l sampling and oilfield-geophysics research data, taking
the geological construction of the structure into account.
For category C1 reserves that are computed for blocks and fields directly adja-
cent to areas with reserves of higher categories, the size of the extrapolation
zone is determined on the basis of common geological-structure constructions,
taking into account the consistency of the lithological composition an~ the reser-
voir characteristics of the pay zones up to a reliably established external oil-
gas-water boundary, or by no more than a doubling of the distance between produc-
~ tion weZls that is called for by the development plan or by a temporary operating
scheme for development.
C2 category reserves include oil and fuel gas whose existence is presumed, based
on favorable geological and geophysical data, in individual unexplored fields
and in tectonic blocks and strata of fields that have been studied, as well as
the reserves of new structures (within known oil and gas bearing regions) out-
- lined by methods of geological and geophysical research that have been proven for
the given region.
For new structures, oil and gas reserves can be assigned to category CZ if they
_ meet the following conditions:
1) the existence of a structure, and its general outlines have been established
by geological and geophysical research mcthods that are reliable for the given
district, or, within a dis'trict, the degree of confirmability of the dimensions
- and shapes of these structures has been established by data from deep drilling;
2) the presence of reservoirs that are overlain by impermeable rocks is presumed
on the basis of a structure-facies ar~alysis of the district, and, in individual
cases, in accordance with drilling data;
. �35
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3) the poasibility of reservoirs with commercial saturations of oil or gae
~ and the coefficient of filling of structures by oil or gas are substantiated by
analogy with fields that have been studied, based upon an analysis af conditions
for the formation of oil or gna deposits within the given structure-facies zone;
4) are in areas within which oil and gas flows have been obtained by means of
formation testers alone during well drilling; and
5) a computation of reserves has been made for individual strata, the commercial
productiveness of which has been established at other fields that have already
been s-tudied, are analogous in geological structure, and are within the structure-
facies zone of a given oil or gas bearing province;
Category C2 reserves are calculated for oil a*~d gas fields with established re-
serves in highei� categories:
i) for pay zones--at sections that show promise,and for ~ectonic blocks that are
adjacent to areas with reserves evaluated for higher categories;
2) for drilled-in strata that are presumed to be oil or gas bearing in accord-
ance with the data of oilfield-geophysics studies; and
3) for strata not drilled in, whose productiveness is determined by analogy
with neighboring well-studied fields.
In calculatin~ c~tegory C2 oil and gas reserves, it is necessary to substantiate:
a) the boundaries of the presence of oil and gas, which determine ths area of
computation, by an analy~is of the geolo&ical structural conditions of deposition
and the lithological features of the stratum; and
b) the thiekness saturated with oil and gas, and the porosity and other calcu-
- lated parameters a~ new structures, using data from studied fields that are simi-
lar in geological struct~ire, and taking into account the consistency of the tec-
tonic structure and change in facies in the territory of the structurP-facies
zone within which the given str.uoture is located; at fi~lds already kr~~wn--by
analogy with sections of those fields that have been studied, taking into account
the consistencies of tectonic strueture that have been found and changes in the
lithological composition of the rock.
Gas reserves should be computed by component [37].
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1975
T]
11409 ~D
CSO: 8144/0126
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