JPRS ID: 9401 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9401
= 19 November 1980
USSR Re ort =
p
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS -
CFOUO 21 /80) -
i
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_ JPR5 L/9401
19 Novemb~r 1980
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS .
- (FOUO 21/so)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL
Book on Detente in Europe Published
(RAZRYADKA V YEVROF~: OT KIiEL'SINKI K MADRJAU, 1980)........ 1
Turkmen Scholar on National Liberation Movements
(A. Sakhetmyradov; TURKMENISTAN KOMMUNISTI, Sep 80).......... 3
REGIONAL
Mixed Marriages in Rural Moldavia
(IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAVSKOY SSR: SERIYA OBSHCHESTVENNYKH
' NAUK, No 2, 1980) 9
Soviet Azeri Poet Writes of Language Bond With Iranian Aaeris
- (Suleyman Rustam: AZARBAYJAN, Apr 80) 19
- a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
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- ,
INTERNATIONAL -
BOOK ON DETENTE IN EURO.PE PUBLISHEb
- Mr,scow RAZRYADKA V YEVROPE: OT KHEL'STNKI K MADRIDU in Russian 1980 signed
to press 14 rfar 80 pp 1-2, 142-144 -
[Table of contents and brief description of book by Yu. B. Kashlev]
[Excerpts] Title Page:
Title: RAZRYADKA V YEVROPE: OT KHEL'SINKI K MADRIDU (Detente in
- Europe: From Helsinki to Madrid) -
Pub lisher : Polit izdat
Place and year of pub lication: Moscow, 1980 _
_ Signed to Press Date: 14 March 1980
Number of Copies Published: 50,000 -
Number of Pages: 142
Brief Description;
- This work by Yu. B. Kashlev, candidate of historical sciences, examines the -
consistent struggle of the USSR and other brotherly socialist countries for
a relaxation of tension in Europe in order to ensure life on the continent
under the conditions of security and peace. The book is intended for mass
- readership.
Tab le of Contents
Chapter 1. Prerequisites and the Beginning of Detente 3
l. The program of peace of the CPSU's 24th Congress 16
_ Chapter 2. The Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe........... 27
1. Preparations and initial states 27 `
2. The historical forum in Helsinki 38
Chapter 3. How the Final Act Is Put Into Practice 48
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Chapter 4. Lessons of the Belgrade Meeting 71
Chapter 5. Maneuvers of the Opponents of Detente in 1976-1979........ 80
1. "Operation 'anti-deter.*.e
2. Beijing: in alliance wiCh reaction 94
3. Rebuff to the supporters of confrontation.........o........... 99
4. The voice of public opinion 104
Chapter 6. On the Verge of the 1980's 110
1. Continuing detente: objective factors...o 110
2. Disarr?ament, military detente--thE primary task 125
Conclusion 139
COPYRIGHT: POLITIZDAT, 1980
CSO: 1807
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TNTERNATIONAL
TURKMEN SCHOLAR ON NA.TIONAL ~LIBERA'PION MOVEMENTS
Ashkhabad TURKMENISTAN KOMMUNISTI in Turkmen Sep 80 pp 66-71
[Article by A. Sakhetmyradov: "The National Liberation Movement at the Present Time"]
" [Text] J In every part of the earth at the present time the braadenin~ of the militant
~ front of the ma~ority of the workers to an unprecedented degree is characterized by _
many types, means and forms of struggle in achieving the rights to determine their
- own future and to win their own independence.
- The national liberation movement has eroded the very last colonial empire of ~mperialism
in its classic forms to the verge of destruction. As a result of the erosion of this _
- system more than 100 states of the world have achieved independence. Forces fighting -
for national liberation have opened up an active struggle which is hastening the
collapse of the last fortresses of loathsome racism. _
In the struggle of the new independent nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America to
activate socio-economic changes, to strengthen the independence of their states and -
to set up the prerequisites for progressive growth they have turned to the experience
- of Marxism-Leninism,--that of real socialism.
- The young independent nations have turned into an important force in the international
= arena. Most of them have strong positions in the struggle to destroy imperialism and
= all forms and manifestations of national and social oppression. As Lenin foresaw, the
- time has come when the formerly oppressed peoples of the world are actively partici-
pating in unravelling the future. They are a powerful force in setting up national
~;overnments and states znd weakening the position of capitalism in the world system. -
One should note here the great victories won by the Indo-Chinese people. After the =
historic victory ef the brave Vietnamese people, and after the establishment of the
Laos Peoples Democratic Republic a major event occurred in the third state in this
region~-in Kampuchiya. Patriotic an~ democratic forces of Kampuchiya, with the com-
plete support of socialist Vietnam, the USSR and other socialist countr~es, brought
an end to the homicidal regime of Pol Pot and Ieng Sarin, who are tools of the Chinese
~ expansionists. Now the revolutiunary government of Kampuchiya is taking measures to
reconstruct Kampuchiya nationally and socially, to make it grow in a progressive
manner, and are continuing the struggle to preserve the complete sovereignty, in-
dependenee and territorial unity of the country.
'The socio-political forward movements opening up on the Asian continent, which is a
_ great portion of the world, cannot be viewed without the revolutions taking place i.n _
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= Afgilanistan and Iran. These revolutions have shifted the relationship of the powers
nok only in Asia but i~~~ the entire world in favor of democracy and social progress.
= Along with this it has clearlj~ shown the peoples struggling for their freedom and a _
~ bright future~who their true friends and enemies are.
Although the hiatory of the struggle of the Afghan people with the monarchic regime
F.or democracy and 3ocial progress is not very long, it has gone through some dif.ficult _
periods. From the anti-monarchist revolution of 1973 to the Ap~:il 1978 revolution
there have been bitt~r internal struggles between revolutionary forces and proponents
of reaction and the monarchy.
Internal and external reaction did miich to destroy the government of the Afghanistan _
Democratic Republic headed by Nurmuhamad Taraki, which was organized as a result of
the revolurion which occurred on 27 April 1978, and to destroy the Afghanistan Peoples-
Democratic party which prepared and led the revolution. The counter-revolutionary _
struggle was intensified when the political adventurist Kh. Amin came to the head of
the government. Kh. Amin set out to kill Nurmuhamad Taraki, the Prime Minister of the
= DRA, the head of the Revolutionary Soviet, the founder and General Secretary of the
APDP and a group of his colleagues, and threw thousands of citizens into prison.
But patriotic and democratic forces spread out the movement against the reactionary
bloody Amin regime~ and overthrew his government on 27 December 1979. A new revolution-
- ary government was formed. Babrak Karmal, one of the prominent leaders of the
Afghanistan Peoples Democratic party and a colleague of rhirnuk~amad Taraki, was named
Prime Minister. At the same time he was elected to duties as General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Afghanistan Peoples Democratic party and head of the Y
Revolutionary SovieC of tne Republic.
Thus a new second phase of the peoples democratic revolution was reached. In this
phase, together *.aith the continuing social-economic measures begun in the first phase,
the duties were to speed up, deepen and broaden them. A second facet of this phase
- is connected with the strengthening of international reaction and the machinations of
internal counterrevolutionary forces against the Afghan revolution. In order to acti- _
vate their evil plans they say that there is a"Soviet menace." ihey claim that the
- 5oviet Union is occupying Afghanisi:an.
[
- In the second phase of the revolution significant problems like accepting the con- _
stitution of the ADR, esCablishing a united national frant under the leadership of the
- APDP in the country and solving the question of the Afghan refugees stand before them.
- 1'he revolutionary government is taking some steps in these matters.
One should note that a number of basic socio-economic, political and cultural measures
have already been put into action. They are working to improve the lot of the peasants ,
who constitute 80 percent of the country's popul.ation. With the goal of raising agri- _
cultural productivity the first Afghan agricultural conference was held in Kabul in
- March of. this year.
The revolutionary government of the ADR is also paying great ~.*_tention to the improve- _
ment of education and medical services for the population. Elementary schools are .
- continuing to develop new programs suitable for the present stage of growth of the
_ country. The obligation to provide for a compulsory elementary education for the en-
t:.re population by 1986 in the cities, and 1987 in the countryside, has been put be- _
fore them. -
-
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The d~cumenC "Basic Principles of the Afghanistari Democratic Republic," which explains
the developing revolutionary process in the country and how to put it into action
successfully, was accepted at the plenum of the CC APDP in April of this year. At
the plenum new Statutes of the party were also accepted. In the Statutes forms of
- party organization, working procedures and norms of party positions were formulated.
Ttie Statutes define the APDP as a new type of party which operates on the basis of _
acientific-revolutionary theoretical principles. Primary party organizations have
_ been set up on a new unified basis, and provincial, c~ty, uezd and ra on party com-
mittees have begun to work. The most experienced and educated cadres of the party have
entered into their structure. One of the most impartant principles is international
solidarity with the wurkers of the world and the national liberation movement.
There is great importance attached to the work, especially to the acceptance of the ~
"ttieses of the CC APDP for the second anniversary of the April re�~olution," the new
state flag of the ADR, the coat of 4rms/ insignia and the party flag, connected with
Che festivities marking the second anniversary of the April revolution in further
developing Lhe Afghan revolution, activating the duties set before them, and deepening .
- them. ' -
'I'he Afghan national democratic, anti-�eudal and anti-imperialistic revolution continues
and deepens. Solidarity with the fight of the Afghan people is a major step forward
- in the world.
One of *_he major blows struck against imperialism in recent years is connected with e
the Iranian revoluticn. The powerful pogular uprising which continued for a few months
~ in the country finally brought down the regime of the Shah. The Iraniun Islamic
- Republic was declared, and elections to the parliament were held. The new powers in
Iran set about to adopt measures directed at destroying the roots of the Shahist
regime and the influencie of American imperialism. They announced the severence of _
economic-techn:Ccal and other ties with racist regimes, among them the Republic of
= South Africa arid Israel. They den~unced movements hostile to the general well-being
~ of the Arab peoples by the Egyptian leaders. Iranian troops sent earlier to Oman were
= recalled. In accordance with the Statutes of the UN a foreign policy directed against
imperialism and aggression was announced. The Peoples Party ("Tude"), an influential =
parLy among the political parties of Iran, emerged from the underground and was able _
to *.~eld together the majority of the workers. "Mardom" ("People") newspaper, which -
is the political organ of the party, wa~ converted into the tribune of the revolution-
arv movement.
Within the context of the contemporary national liberation movement the role of the
Nicaraguan revolution is equally important. In July of last year the Nicaraguan
j people, for forty years at the disposal of American imperialism, struck a decisive
blow at the dictatorial regime ~f Somoza which had mercilessly oppressed the majority
o� the people. The Nicaraguan revolution, led by the Sandinista national-liberation
front, gained victory. A revolutionary.government, newly formed by national elements
- consisting of. representatives of progressive and dem~cratic forces from t~.e people, -
was set up. They set about to realize socio-economic and cultural measi:res. The -
_ primary duty of the new government was declared to be the building up cf agriculture
- which is a fundamental branch of the national economy, to start up factori~s which had
been idle or backward, to speed up the country's hydro and electrical energy resources
development, to give bread to the hungry and housing to the hcameless. Lands and fac- _
tories which had belonged to the dictator and his friends were expropriated, and banks
and foreign trade were nationalized. At present 62 percent of the national budget has
- been set aside for public health, education and housing construction. _
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The dictatcrial regiTe in Gr~nada, one of the ~atin Awerican states, has als~ been -
- destroyed. Cn this continent Jama9.ca 3nd Guayana ~-~ave also declared that they will
go the road of ~~ciali~m. Now racist regim~s in the aouth of .Africa are also waning.
TYie dec.laration of independence by Zimbabwe (formerly South~rn.~~hodesia) has giver~ -
this process a special thrust. The ractst ruler~ 3n Pr.eroria, fearf ul of the success .
oF national-.lib~ration r~ovemente and with the goal of strengthPning its own position,
is r~peatedly mgkir.g military attacks on Angola, Mozambique and 7.ambia, which are in-
d~pendent etates ir~ Africa. But the aggress~r suffer.s from the strong resistance of
tliese states which conduct a positive forei.g~ policy. Even attempts to legitimize the ~
neocolonialistic regime (an object of mockery) in Namibia, which is on territory of
the Republic ~f South Africa, is rej~ct~d by world progressive society and the UN. _
Under the bl~~ws of the world socialist system and ti;~ international workers and
- national-iiberation movements imperia~ism has been compelled to withdraw in the national-
l.iberation mavement sector. Despite this, imperiali~m remains the bitter enemy of the
fight of. modern peoples for their own national and socia~. freedom. Colonialists, es-
pecially the Amer.ican imperialisCs, shc�-.ild agree with the fact that they are being
defeated. They are applying ever_~ kind of ineans to broaden their own positi.on on
_ earth,
Attempts to blockade Iran economically, politically and militarily, attempts to strangle _
tt~e Atghan revolution by using rul.ing circles in Pakistan, Chinese hegemonists and
reactionary elements in Egypt, to "normalize" the problem in the Near East on the basis
of the Camp David agreement, to gain ag'reement on the "peace treaty" between Egypt
' and Israel, the open aggressive movements conducted against the Arab states by Israel, _
espec3ally Lebanon, arbitrary rule in the countries of Latin America - all these ex-
~ plain the attempt by imperialism t~ attack forces fighting for national and social
freedom, and to impede, before e~erythin~, the process of broadening and deepening
the anti-imperialistic, national-liberation revolutions. _
Formally, the imperialists still exert control of work for a number of independent
national states, and they continue to play a lead;.ng role in most of their economies.
_ They have won ov~r small groups and cliques dependent on foreign monopolies and who
_ are ruling in a number of growing states. In such states they set up military bases
and support points.
Imperialism, especially American imperialism, has suffered a strong political crisis
in developing countries. These countries, understanding that they must operate by
- neocolonialistic methods in order to remain in the sphere of imperialistic exploitation _
of. such a policy, have become increasingly dissatisfied, and are demanding that their
foreign economic participation with imperialistic states be placed on a just and equal
- basis.
Generally the anti-imperialistic struggle of peoples, the struggle for national and
social independence has recently possessed a rich content. Powerful uprisings of the
ma~ority of the people in Iran and PakisCan, the rejection by most of the A.rab states
- of the "pax Americana" set up in the Near East, the break-up of the military blocs
SEATO and CENTO demonstrate the people's loathing for a policy of imperialistic dictat _
. and the policy of mil.itary pressure and blackmail.
~ They are thinking over the present policy of neocolonialism which is directed toward
- preventing military blocs of young nations, defending reactionary cliques and counter- A
revolutionary elements, and setting up puppet regimes, and directed at deflecting them _
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' from activating progressive measur.es. At this time, in a number of developing states,
� necessary steps such as limiting and normalizing the work of foreign companies,
= nationalizing banks and factories belonging to them, executing agrarian reforms and
causing different types of coope:ratives to grow, are being taken in a number of de- -
veloping states. 1n these countries the struggle to annul economic, political and
military treaties and agreements and treaties limiting the sovereignty of these
countries, are taking place. The success of a number of developing countries such as
_ Libya, Iran, Nicaragua, the former colonies of Portugal and Ethiopia are a clear wit-
ness of this.
Countries free to preserve and defend their econom~es are applying a grea.t deal of
force against the arbitrariness of monopolistic capital. In the building of the
economy the growth of the role of the state (establishing and developing the state
_ sector, the introduction of planning, the stimulation of national industry and
- agriculture) is helpir~g significantly. Such progressive measures, especially those
- on the road of non-capitalistic growth, are a great step forward in countries or.iented _
towards socialism in their domestic and foreign policy.
Multi-faceted help and support given to these countries by the Soviet Union and soc:ia~-
ist friendship organizations have inspired them to new successes. I.n the recommenda- _
tion of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Pact states this new
approach to such aid can be shown in the Declaration accepted on the occasion of the
25th anniversary of this union. In this document special attention is paid to events
taking place in the zone of the national-liberation movement; together with the sitL- =
ation in Europe, the odious nature of imperialistic groups is revealed, and the setting
up oF new obstacles by imperialism to hinder the reorganizdtion of international econ-
omic cooperation on a justand legally equal basis, and the repeated threats and use -
_ of force against developing countries in the struggle for energy and raw materials are
being criticized.
_ Generally, states participating in the reconunendation of the Poiitical Consultative
Committee of the Warsaw Pact have declared once again in their Declaratior_ themselves
to be against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and any form of domizi-
_ ance over the peoples, and for the fact that every people is the full master of its
future, and have announced their logical present and future support for a national- -
liberation struggle which respects laws aimed at bringing into being the wish to grow
on their own road to progress.
= Revolutionary events of recent years clearly demonstrate the deepening of the union
between the national-liberation movement and socialism, and the way it is generally
used against imperialism and in the struggle to renew world revolution. The aid _
and support of the USSR and other world socialist countries helns to strengthen -
the anti-capitalistic forces in developing countries and generally to deepen the
national-liberation movement.
The June (1980) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU as,serted this once again.
; In the report at the Plenum by CC CPSU General-Secretary L.I. Brezhnev and in the -
decree accepted at the Plenum based on the rep~rt on International affairs and the _
foreign poliryo uf the Soviet Union" by member of the Politburo of *he CC CPSU and Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs A.A. Gromyko, the neocolonialistic policy pursued by imper- _
ialisni towa.rds independent states was revealed, Attempts to destroy the freedom for -
peace among peoples, the freedom for relaxing tensions and travelling the road of _
- good neighborliness is denounced.
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Viewing the prospects of development after the October victory of the world revolu-
tionary process, V.I. Lenin has written: The socialist revolution is not only
fundamentally a struggle of the revolutionary proletariat in any country against its
own bourgeoisie - no, that r evolution is a struggle of all colonies and countries
_ oppresaed by imperialism and of dependent countries against international imperialism" _
- (Works, v.30, p 154)
The national-liberation movement is attaining important successes in national, econ-
omic and social independence. It is a very powerful force weakening the world
position of capitalism, and its thrust is directed against imperialism - the horrible
and merciless enemy of mankind. -
9576
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REGIONA~
1 MIXED `fARRIAGES IN RURAL MOLDAVIA
Kishinev IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAYSKOY SSR~ S~ERIYA
OBSHCHES~VENIVYK~I NAUK in RuSSian No 2, 1980 PP 53-59
- ~Article by V,S. Zel~nchuk and V.V. Chobanu: "Nationally.-mixed =
Marriages and the Development of the Rural Family in Nioldavia"]
[Text] Profound socio-economic and cultural changes in our _
country, the growth of population mobility and otJner factors
are leading to an intensification of intercourse among nation-
al i tie s~ including a ri se in the numbe r of nati onally-mixe d
marriages betwe~n representatives of different national groups.
Inter-ethnic relations under bourgeois society conditions were
characterized by the presenc~ of many factors hindering frater-
nization between ~iverse nationalities. Among fa~tors having
the greatest significance were inter-class antagonism, nation- _
al isolation and religious pre~udices.
The development of national socialist relations eliminates ob-
stacles both for the rapprochement of entire nations and for
~ the amalgamat~on of representatives of differznt nationalities
- within the limits of the micro-cell of socie ty--the family.
The urgent need for ~tudying thi.s matter is contained in the _
fact that, in nationally-mixed families, internationalization _
- of customa and mores is particularly pronounced, and processes
forming new cul~cural features are stepped up. In the Wfol-
d~.vian SSR, and e spe cially in its village s. thi s problem has
not been studied up until now, except for, isolated questions _
involving the number of nationally-mixed families.l -
Analysis nf 1959 and 1970 population census mate rials indi- .
cated -~hat the proportion of nationally-~nixed marriages in the
Soviet Union rose considerably during this pe riod--from 102.to
135 mixed marriages per 2~000 families~ including an increase
from 58 to 79 among the rural population. Accorc~ing to the
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= 197~ census~ there were 99 mized marriages per 1~000 families
- in the Molc~avian SSR.
Percentage-wise for the countrv as a whole, this constitutes
13.4 percent~ and for the Moldavian SSR. 17.8 percent. Accord- -
~ ing to these data~ the republic occupies fourth pla~e in the
Union (after Latvia~ Kazakhstan and the Ukraine).
~ ~
- `~he authors o.f th~e pre sent arti cle propose to acquaint the
reade~ with conditions creating nationally-mixed marr:ia~es~
- the factors facilitatia~g their rise--on the one hand, and -
wi ~h the results of the influence of inter-ethnic marriages on
the development of th~ populatian's cultural and educational
level, on the other hand.
_ In professional scientiS'ic literature~ f~milies whose members
- belong to different nationalities are de~ignated in various
- ways. Thus~ for example, L.N. Terent'yeva uses the formula-
- tion "natiorally-mixed families. "z tr.P. SkachJ~ova employs the
term "inter-national fa.milie~ ."3 Among se~~eral authors one =
encounters the expressior~ "inter-ethnic mar~iage."
In our view~ the expression ~"nationa.lJ.y-mix~ families" more
precisely de~'ines the essence of this phenomenon than the con- ,
ce pt "inte r~e thnic marriage since in the pre sent case the
matter concerns representatives of two nationalities who es-
tablish one family.
= According to statistical data rela'ting to the rural locality~ _
in the Moldavian SSR as, similarly, in the Kazakh SSR and Kir- ,
giz SSR, there are notably more families with spouses of dif-�
fering nationalit~es th~.n in all other Union republics--f?~om
= 10 to 17 percent.
In rural Moldavian SSR nationally-mixed marriages most o~ten ~
occur in zones with a multir~ationa.l populatione =
Se ve ral e thni c zone s s tand out in Moldavia. Be side s the e th-
- nically homogeneous zone embracin~ almost the entir~ republic, -
there are also a series of ethnically heterogeneous ones~ a
mixed Moldavian area with a significant predamina.nce of Mol-
- daviana and ffiarked by the pre sence of Ukrainians ~ Russians and
several other nationalities= bloldavian-Russian-Ukrainian and _
Ukrainian-~Ioldavian in left-bank rayons, ~~?toldavian-Gagauz and -
Gagauz-Bulgarian in southern rayona.5 In ethnically mixed
rayona, contacts between nationalities, including the estab-
lishment of natior.ally-mixed families~ take place with great
frequency. The selection of one of the most ethnically mixed
areas--the north--~s the subject of research was also governed
by this fact.
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We studied the ethnic composition of families in villages of
three ra~rons in this 2one--the Dondyushanskiy, RJShkalZSkiy
and Glodyans}:iy rayoris--for which the mixed Moldavian ethnic
type is characteristic. Here~ along with the predominating
number of Moldavians live Ukrainians~ Russians~ Jews, Gagauzi
and Poles.
Selected fram the Dondyuehanskiy rsyon were the villages of
Tsaul', Redyu-Mare. T~1.eshovka, Moshana, Maramonovkat from
the Ryshkanskiy--Grinautsy~ Peliniya~ Rakariya, Moshan3ra from
the Glodyanskiy rayon--Gizhdiyany, Starye Fundury, Petrunya,
Yablona, Sturzovka and Danu.
Among the villages researched there are homogeneous Moldavian
onesa GizhiyanyA Petrunya, Redyu-Mare, Peliniya, Moshany. Also
homog~ n~ous Ukrainian: Moshana, D4aramonovka, Danu; and mixed
D~oldavian-Ukrainian, Teleshovka, Rakariya, Grinautsy, Yablona~
Sturzovka. and Starye Fundury.
According to data of the all-Union populstion census of 1979~
in the rayons investigated, Moldavians comprise 78.5 percent.
= Ukrainians 28.7 percent, Russians 2.0 pe;cent, and other
- nationalities 0.8 percent.
In the 197o's, the average n~amber of persons in a rural family
in the republic comprised 3.9 persons; in the rayons we stud-
- ied this indicator was lower. Thus, in the Ryshkanskiy and
_ ~ldyan~kiy rayons~ the average nuiaber per family was 3. and
iri the Dondyushanskiy it was 303 persons.
I n the ax~ea inve stigate d the numbe r of nati onally-mixe d marri -
ages rose during the past 10 years by 6 percent.
- It was established that nationall,y-mixed marriages most often
oceur between Moldavians and Ukrainians~ which was conditioned
_ by the predominating numbe r of these nationalities. Comprehen-
sive study of marriagea in the village of Grina.utsy in the
- Ryshkanakiy rayon indicated that the proportions of na~ional-
_ ly~-mixed families in the total number of nationally-mixed nar-
- riages were distributed as follo~vs (in pe~cent), Moldavian-
Ukrainian farnilies constituted 52.st Moldavian-Russian~ 10.0i
Ukrainian-Polish~ 7.5~ Russian-Ukrainian~ 7.5= Moldavian-
- Polish, S.Ot German-Polish, 5.0~ Moldavian-Belorussian, 2.5;
- Kazakh-Moldavian, 2.5; Moldavian-Gypsy, 2.s~ Gagauz-Moldavian,
2.5r Moldavian-Czech~ 2.5.
The numbe r of family members in nationally-mixed families is
of particular inte re st ( table 1) .
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TABLE 1 -
C~lassification of Familiss by Nu~aber according to Spouses' _
Nationality (in percent)~ _
Family~'s Nationa.l - Number of persone in fa~ily
Affiliation 2 3 ~ 5 6 7
National.ly-homogene ous
Familie s =
~ Moldavians ................12.3 28.0 2?.2 18.7 9�9 3�9
Ruasians........�..������.19�6 24.2 34.q 16.3 3.4 1.6
Ukrair~ans ................17.~ 25.5 36.4 13.8 4.8 2.1
Ma.t~. onally-homogene oug
Family. Average . . . . e . . . . . . . . .16.4 2~~ 9 32.8 16. 2 6.3 2.5
Nationally-mixed F~milies -
Moldavian-Ukrainian.......i3.6 26.0 28.3 21.6 7.9 2�~
, Ukrainian-Russi~an.........18.5 ~403 2~6.4 26. 5.0 1.5 -
Moldavian-Russian.........13.2 21.1 36�~ 23�~ ~+�9 ~~0 _
Mixed, with other 8.6 4.2
nationaliti~s...........��15a~ 26�7 32�6 12.5
Nationally-mix~d Average....15.2 2~�5 jd�4 20�9 6�6 2�3 _
In analyzing the nume~ical structure of the family it turns _
out that the proportion of homogeneous Moldavian families cort- _
siating of two persons comprises I2.3 percent, Ukrainian.17.4
percent, Russian 19�6 percent. Along with this, Moldavian
' families consisting ~f seven persons comprise 3.9 Percent,
while Ukrainian constitute 2.1 percent~ and Russian 1.6 percent.
- A higher tirthrate among ~oldavians is explained by earlier
marriages. Thus, for example, 8.5 p~rcent of re~spondents fro~n
homog~eneous l~oldavian families had children before a$~ 18,
while in Russian families the percentage was anly 3.6. _
The size of a nationa.lly-mized family~ where one of the spouse s
ie Moldavian, is similarly larger than in families of other
nati~onalitie$, excludiag Gagauz families.
The average size ~f homogeneQUS N(oldavian families is four per- s
sonss ~ Ukrainian--3.4~, Russian--3.4, Gaga.uz--5. 3, ho~nogene ous
Jewish--2.7~ and in families w~ere members belong to other -
nationalities--3.9 persor.s.
The structure of the contemporary family is determined mainly -
by such indicators as nwaber of children and the presence of
- representa~tives of the older generation or relatives (by lat-
eral relationahip). According to this, the following types
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are distinguished in the composition of nationally-mixed
" families~
~ 1. Families consisting only of spouses. In riomogeneous Mol-
_ davian families they number 11.2 percent~ in Russian 13.4 per-
cent~ in Ukrainian 14.1 percent; in nationally-mixed families
(Moldavian-Ukrainian~ Ukrainian-Russian, Russian-Moldavian,
miaed other nationalities) they nweber up to 14 percent.
2o Two-generation families--spouses and their children. In
homogeneoua Moldavian and nationally-mixed families, where one
of the spouses is Moldavian, there are more two-generaticn
- families by comparison with homogeneous Russian, Ukrainian and
nationally-~ixed, and with Ukrainian-Russian and mixed other
- nationalities. Thus, ~toldavian two-generation families com-
= prise 68.4 pe rce nt, Russian 65.7 percent, and Ukrainian 66.1
percenti among Moldavian-Ukrainian and Moldavian-Russian fami-
lies 66.9 and 66.3 percent, respectively~ are two-generation.
- In nationally-mixed families of other nationalities this type
_ comprises 67.2 pe rcent. Similarly pertaining to two-generation
families are those in which there are spouses and their mar-
- ried children (sons or daughters)--young married couples still
without children~ living with their parents. The highest per-
centage of such iamilies in homogeneous Moldavian families is
2.6, and it goes up to 1.5 percent in the remaining homogeneous
and nationally-mixed families.
_ 3. Families consisting of spouses, children~ and one or both
parents, comprise 6.8 percent among homogeneous Moldavian mar-
riages, 5~4 pe rcent among Ukrainian~ 4.0 percent among Russian,
and from 3.1 to 0.5 percent amon~ mixed.
4. Families consis~:ing of four generations comprise an insig-
nificant percentage in Moldavian families--1.2~ and in the re-
_ maining homogene ous and nationally-mixed families, only to
0.5 percent.
5. Other types (spouses with children and relatives, widow (or
widower) with children, divorced (divorced with children)~
comprise from 9.8 percent among Moldavians to 14.6 pe rcent
among remaining homogene ous and nati onally-mixe d familie s.
Research indicates that families consisting of two generations,
- spouses and their children, pre dominate both among homogeneous
and nati onal ly-mixe d familie s.
In homogeneous Moldavian and nationally-mixed marriages where
. one of the spouses is Moldavian the number of family members
- representing three to four generations is higher than in homo-
_ geneous Russian, Ukrainian and mixed other-nationality families.
, 13
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Because of tradition, three and four-generation fa.m~.lies are ~
to a large extent~ retained among bioldavians~ whereas in nation-
ally-mixed marriages, where one oi the spouses is i~oldavian~
such families are fewer.
Detezmination of the children's nationality in nationally- -
~aixed families often depends on the ria.tional ~;on;>ciousness
conditioned hy the prevailing nationality af the ,~urroundings. -
Thus, in villages with a predominance of Mol~iaviar.s in fami- -
lies, where the father is Moldavian~ 76 perc~~nt .f the chil-
dren consider themselves Moldavian~ while in families where the
mother. is Moldavian 65 percent o~ the children determine their
ru~tionality by their mother. In villages with a predominating -
Ukrainian popula~ion, where the father is Ukrainian, children
- in 71 per~ent of the families belon~ to the Ukrainian nation-
ality, and only in 19 percent of the families do they belong _
to the nationality of the N[oldavian mother. In the majority
of Russian-Ilkrainian families, children adopt Russian nation-
ality~ which is explained by the domi,nance of Russian as the
= primary family conversational language .
Substantial changes in the structural and functional use of var-
ioug languages are taking place in the contemporary DQoldavian
village . National languages and the Russian language actively
interact both. in nomogeneous and in na.tionally-mixed families :
(Table 2). Moldavian-Ukrainian familiss are customarily bi- ~
lingual and sot~etimes trilingual even. Children speak Ukrain- _
ian and Mr~ldavian~ ;~nd know Russian well. In Moldavidn-Russian
fa.milie s children speak Russian and Moldavian. Spouse s of
Russian nationality know the Moldavian language. In Moldavian-
Gagauz, Moldavian-Kazakh and l~oldavian-Belorussian families, ,
family members mainly use Russian in everyday domestic life. -
In Moldavian-Gypsy families~ Moldavian and Gypsy languages are
spoken.
TABLE 2 -
De termination of language of cammunication in the family
_ (in percentage of the number interrogated)
Family's ~Vational Lang,~age Spoken at Ho~ne
Affiliation Moldavian Russian Ukrainian ~5~~~~~eS Q~~r ~
Russian-Ukrainian 35�3 3~�1 3~� "
Moldavian-Ukrainian 48e4 9�5 22�1 2000
Moldavian-Russian 33.4 23.2 1.7 41.7
Mixed other na-
tionalities 40.0 15.0 15.0 25.0 5.0
- Average for na-
tionally-mixed 30.5 20.8 18.2 29�3 1�2
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- Study of the problem of language of communication in nation-
ally-mixed families indicates that the .role of Russian ae a
4
means of communication between national~tiee is constantly
growing.
Ra search carried out by the Insti,tute of E thnography of the
USSR Acaci,smy of Sciences in Moldavia revealed that 81 percent
of the rural population in l[ol.davia aged 1:8 years and older
have a command of Russian (included here are pe~ple who entire-
ly fluently think and speak in Russian, those who speak it _
with certai~n difficul,tie8, and those who speak Russian with
great effort). The se data bear witness to the fact that "the
~ completion of socialist construction..the entry of the USSR
into a period of developed socialist society, and the forn~a-
tion af a new historical community hastened the process of
extending bilingualism."6
The reinforced tendency~ within each nationality of our coun- -
try, towards mastery of an international language is connected -
with vitally important requiremen~s. Concerning this~ the =
CPSU Program states~ "The process, ocaurring in the course of _
- events~ of voluntary s-tudy of Ru$sian along with one's native
language~ has positive significance since it contributes to the
mutual exchange of experience and facilitates each nation's
- and each nationa.lity's access to th.e cultural achi~vemen~s of -
all other r~a~ions of the USSR and of worldwide culture." -
The inves~iga~ion's data show that~ with the exception of inem-
bers of homogeneous Russian families who as a majority are rep-
' re sented by professionals with specialized secondary and higher
educatioz~~ the educational level of inembers of nationally-
mixed families is higher than that of homogene~us nationality
families (Table 3). _
Gernxinely equal fraternal relationships exist among members of _
nationally-mixed families, and they devote concern to the na- -
J tional characteristics, traditions and customs of representa-
tives of other nationalities. The surrouncling multinational
e nvironment also exerts its influence on thia. At wQrk~ in the
collective and with comrades they speak several languagess Rus-
sian. Moldavian or Ukrai.nian. ~
Results of the ethno-sociological survey and, similarly~ of
- conve rsations with village inhabitants bear witness to the fact
that, in establishing a family, ;reatest consideration is given -
not to the natio~ality of the bride or bridegroo~ b~t to their
- relationahip and to mutual love. More than 80 percent of those -
- interrogated referred to this. _
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TABLE 3
Educational Level of Persons in Mixed Marriages~ by percents -
- Family's National Level of Education
~ Affiliation -
~
~ o -
o -
- y ~ c` i o. c+
~ O ul O o0 U bD ~
p ~ GO U O r"~ ~ �rl 'd
v~ c~ ~n a~ a~ b x w
~
~ on rn o a~i w a~
7'~ 41 l~ N.~ i~ ~
td fA ~ rl d ~-i C1 ~ �rl ~ ~ �G
p, U P, U a~ W a~ at b a~*+
e ~ . r., ~ ~x
~
- ~y U~ U f-I E S~1 cd Uq~ t~ U'd
o cd ~ ~ ~
H'd H'L3 U'ti U V2 V! H(d
Moldavian 32�~ 30�4 25�3 6~0 3�2 2�7 =
Russian 24.8 16.0 31.4 12.1 9a6 6.1
GTkrainian 31.5 32.3 21.8 6.4 4.9 3.1 _
Russian-Ukrainian 20.3 18.1 26.4 20.9 9.0 4�3 _
Moldavian-Ukrainian 26.4 21.8 24.1 17.6 7.6 2�5 -
Moldavian-Russian 22.b 27.4 20.6 16.1 804 5.9
Mixed Other Nation- _
alities 16.8 25.3 18.~ 27.9 6.7 4.8 _
- A large percentage of respondents who are representatives of
nationally-mixed marriag~s rate relations established in their
families as "very good," "fairly good," and "satisfactory" (Ta-
ble 4).
TABLE 4 _
F"amily Relations E valuation {All Mixed Marriages, by percent), _
Family's Natiana.l Evaluation of Family Interrelations -
Affi'liation Very Fairly Satis- Som.e- Dif-
- Good Good factory what ficult
unsatis- to an-
factory swer
Nloldavian-Ukrainian 40.0 29�5 23�2 Z�~ 6�3
Ukrainian-Russian 36.6 20.~ 34.8 4.1 4.1
Russian-Moldavian 31.7 25.0 28.3 8~3 6.7 _
Mixed other nation-
alities 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 _
_ 16
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Int~errelations a~ong membex~s of nationally-mixed families have -
undergone great changes. A~eorientation of intra-family re- ~
lations has a~peared in the new character cf family member dom-
- i nance . Pre sa ntly ~ any of -age family m~mbe r~ re gardle ss of _
= sex~ may be the family head~ an adult son~ daughter, when there
is a mother or father present (and sometimes even both parents),
a woman in a house where a man is present. This testifies to
~ a democratization of intra-family relationa. Even the very
concept, "head of the family," has changed with respect to that
person's not enjoying any special rights in relation to remain-
ing family members. An~wers of respondenta to the question, _
"Who is the head of your family?", are reflected in table 5.
TABLE S -
Deterinination of Dominance in Hamogeneous and Nationally-Mixed
= Farnilies~ by percenta -
- Reply Alternativea Homogeneous Nationally-D6ixed -
~
~ ~ Aq ~ ~ i�~
'y ~ > ~ ~ z ~
b ' i b ~ o 'i b ~ ~ ~
~�c a ~z x~~ o+
Husband 26.0 21.4 23.1 18.8 17.6 17.8 10.0
- wife 8.o io.3 i~.2 11.6 15.4 16.2 lz.i
Equal~ Husband _
' and wife 36.0 39�0 37�1 ~7�8 ~5�1 39�5 40�9
Husband head in
some issuea~ Wife
in othera 30.0 29.0 29.6 38.8 20,4 26.5 37�0
; Found it diffi- -
' cult to answer
or refuaed to
ansr~er 0 0.3 0 0 0.5 a 0
Results of the survey indicate that the hi~hest percentage de-
claring for the existence of husband-wife equality in the fam- _
ily belongs to nationally-mixed families. The educational lev-
- el of inembers of this type of faznily accounts for this fact. `
A high gercentage claiming dominance of the husband in homoge-
neous DQolr.lav~an families is accounted for by tr~aditional no- -
' tions according to which, in former times. the wife in a~iol- -
davian family was absolutely subordinate to the husband fin
contrast to Ukrainian national tradition, where the wife in a
family had the greater right in deciding important issues).
An increase in the proportion of nationally-mixed families is
, a natural outcome of the development of socialist social
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~ relations and an affirmation of the Soviet way of life.
Moral feelings o~ respect for representatives of different
nations, the best of family traditions, and progresaive and _
= worthwhile arrangements an.d arient2tions are being formed in
nationa.lly-mix~~d familiee~ and ar. acquaintanceship with the _
_ lenguage~ culture, customs and traditions of various national-
itie s is being brouglnt abaut. This testifies to the fact that~
- unde r conditions of developed socialism, na.tionally-mixed fam-
ilies constitute one of the important factors in bringing to-
gether socialist nations and peoples.
FOOTNOTE S
1. L.S. Solove y, "Towards the Rues~ion of Nationally-Mixed
Famili~s in Moldavia," SOYETSKAYA ETNOGRAFIYA, i969, No 5. .
2. L.H. Terent'yeva~ "The Formation of Ethnic Consciousness
- in Sacially-Mixed Families ix~ the USSR." Report at the.
_ Eighth All-Union Sociological Congress in Canada. b~oe-
cow~ 197~� .
3. N.P. Skachkova, "The Inter-National Family as a Factor in
- the Rapprochement of Socialist Nations." IZVESTIYA AKA-
I~BQII NAUK KAZAKHSKOY SSR. SERIYA OBSHCHESTVENNYKH.NAUK,
- 1975, No 6.
4. O.A. Gantskaya and L.N. Terent'yeva, "Inter-National &(ar-
riage,~ and Their Role in. Ethnic Processes," in the book _
SOY~ED?~NNYE ETNICHESKI~ PROTSESSY_ Y SSSB, bGoscow, 1977,
- p 467.
5. ~f.N. Guboglo, V.S.. Kondrat'yev, and V.S. Zelenchuk, "An ~
Attampt at Isolating Types of E thniG E nvironments and
Structuriaag Selection in E.thno-Sociological Research."
IZVESTIYA AKALIEMII NAUK BQ.SSR, ~BIYA OBSH~STVENNYKH
NAUK, 1974. No 1. p 33�
6. M.N. Guboglo, "Towards a 5tudy of the Prospects for the
Develop~ent of Bilingua~ism Among the Peoples of the
USS~." ISTORIYA SSSR, I977, No 2~ pp 28-29.
7. PROGRA~D4A KPSS, Moscow, i97~+~ P ii5~
~OPYRIGHT~ Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa"~ 1980 -
ii941
CSOt 1800
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REGIONAL -
SOVIET AZERI POET WRITES OF LANGUAGE BOND WITH IRANIAN AZERIS
Baku AZARBAYJAN in Azeri Apr 80 p 61
- [Translation of poem by Suleyman Rustam: "My Brother of My Mother Tongue"]
fText] Listen to your brother, my brother with the calloused hands,
_ My brather of the word, the desire and thQ heart.
I see the dawn has taken the color of your blood, -
= My brother--your heart strung like the wailing kaman~.
May your land bear fruit from freedom's sun _
My brother from Ta~riz, Savalan and Ardebil.
- Your long-banned language has blossomed forth,
My brother of my mother's lullaby, brother of my mother tongue. _
*a kaman is similar to a violin.
COPYRIG~T: AZARBAYJAN Apr:Il 1980
9676
CSO: 1810
END
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