JPRS ID: 9188 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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JPRS L/9188
11 July 1980 :
_ USSR Re ort
p
~ LIFE SCIENC~S
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
CFC)UO 2~f80)
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JPRS L/9188
11 July 1980
USSR REPORT ~
' LIFE $CIENCES ~
~ BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 2/80)
- CONTENTS
ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOG`I -
Chemoreceptio;z in Black Sea Dolphins: Bottlenosed Dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus Mont.), Common Dolphin (Delphinus
delphis L.), and Porpoiae (Phocoena phocoena L.),....~,....,.,. 1
The Auditory System ~f Mammals 6
- ADVANCED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Management of Burn Patients During the Stages of Medical
Evacuation 10
Programmed Hemodialyais and Kidney Transplantation 12
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS '
Normal Autoantibodies as Radiation Resistant Factors 16
' Radiation and the Blood System 20
The Distribution of Ionizing Radiation in the Air 25
Pathogenesis of Noise Sickness 31
Photobiology of the Animal Ce11 36
PHYSIOLOGY
Slow Non-Electrical Rhythmns of the Human Brain 43
Memory and Adaptation 48 -
a- [III - USSR - 21a S&T FOUO] -
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Protective Effect of Anticholinesterase Agents on Protein
- and RNA Content of the Supraoptic Nucleus of the Brain
During Deprivation of Paradoxical Stage of Sleep 52 ~
Current Problems in the Physiology ef Higher Nervous
. Activity 56
HUMAN FACTORS
The Factor in the Combat Readiness of Flare Signallers 59
Simulation of the Physiological Effects of Weightlessneas.
Soviet-American Experiments 63
Systems Analysis of Behavioral Mechanisms 69
Experimental Psychological Studies in Aviation and Space
Travel 73
Industrial Ergonomics 78
Human Ecological Physiology " 83
Psychological Conditioning Di.splayed by Pilots in Critical
Flight Situations 89
PSYCHOLOGY
Efforts at Creating Artificial Intelligence Analyzed 97
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ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY
~ UDC 599.536/.537:591.3/.31
CHEMORECEPTION IN BLACK SEA DOLPHINS: BOTTLEN~SED DOLPHIN (Tursiops
truncatus Mont.), CC~IrII~tON DOLPHIN (Delphinus delphis L.), AND PORPOISE
(Phocoena phocoena L.)
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Rusaian Vol 249, No 6, 1979
pp 1498~1500
- [Article by V. B, Kuznetsov, Moscow State Universiry]
[Text] The ancestors of tdothed whales had a well-developed sense of
smell. An investigation of int~a.cranial otlivv [lit, refluxes, return
flows] of zeuglodons~l) ahowed that olfaction was gradually reduced in
these fossil whales in the course of evolution. Recent toothed whales,
dolphins in part3cular, do not have olfactory epithelium or functioning
olfactory bulbs~2) and, consequently, the typical sense of small is
lacking. For a long time it was impoasible to find taste buds in the
tongue of dolphins~Z~3). A. V. Yablokov conjectured that the organs
of chemical perception are situated in fossae arranged in the tongue of ~
toothed whales ~41~ Taste buds were subaequent y found in fossae arranged
in the root of the tongue in the common dolphin~~~. Research was recentl
resumed on the receptor apparatus in the tongue of bottlenosed dolphine~6~.
The authors did not report finding taste buds in apecimens of tongues -
- from 19 bottlenosed dolphins. Our earlier experiments showed that dolphina
possess well-developed chemoreception and are therefore capable of
chemically communicating and transmitting information on chemica~. atimuli~3~~).
The purpoae of the preaent atudy was to detenuine the sensitivity and
peculiarities of chemoreception in dolphins,
We ran experiments in which we recarded the galvanic skin response to
chemlcal stimuli in porpvises and common dolphina and the rapid con-
stituents~af the galvanic skin reaponae, electrocardiogram, and respiration
in bottlenosed dolphins. The animals were fixed in a tank with aeawater
in such a way that theix� tiead remained above the water. A conatant current
of seawat~r passed tk~rough a tube secured in the mouth at the rate of
_ 7 to 10 ml/sec bathed the root of the tongue. 5 to 10 ml of a given
chemical stimulua was introduced into the current at 3- to 5-minute inter-
vals or the eame amount of seawater was used as a control. In aeveral
uf the experiemnts with the porpoises and bottlenosed dolphins, a
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conditioned reflex was formed between the chemical stimulus and stimulation
by an electric current. Nine porpoises (6 females and 3 males), 2 coma?on
dolphins (a male and a female), and 3 bottlenosed dolphina (2 females
and 1 male) were presented with chemical stimuli 680, 67, and 230 timea,
respectively.
The experiments showed that the porpoises reacted to trimethylamine
solution at concentrations of 8,5 X 10'6 M(P ~ 0.001) and 8,5 X 10'7 M
(P ~ 0.05), skatole solution at a concentration of 1.7 X 10'6 M(P < 0.01),
and camphor solution at a concentration of 3 X 10'6 M(P 0,01). The male
common dolphin sensed a feces solution from another male in a 1:10~ ~
dilution (P < 0.001). The bottlenosed dolphins reacted to chemical stimuli
at the following concentrations: hydrochloric acid ~.15 M(P ~ 0.01)
valerianic acid 1 X 10'4 M(P < 0.001), quinine hydrochloride 1 X 10'~ M
_ (P ~ 0.005), and urine solution from a male bottlenosed porpoise 1:~02
(P < 0.05). The results of these experiments show th~t all 3 species of
' Black Sea dolphins possess relatively high sensitivity to chemical stimuli.
Their ability to perceive trimethylamine, a constituent of fish odor,
as well as their sensitivity to a feces solution suggest that dolphins
are capable of chemically tracking fish schools and animal$ like them-
selves.
In the next stage of the work, conditioned reflexes were formed to chemical
stimuli in unrestrained bottlenosed dolphins. The eame method was used
to train the dolphins and although a reflex was formed, it wae not stable.
After experiments in which they made correct deciaions, the dolphins
were shifted to random decisions. It was only when the animals were
trained with 3 different methods in succession that a stable conditioned
reflex was formed to chemical stimuli. After the female Elsa and male
Philip were trained, a different technique, described in a~z earlier
report was used on the males Bogdan and Dar'yal. These bottlenosed
dolphins were taught to stand while thrusting their head out of the water
and opening their mouth into which chemical agenta were placed. Each
dolphin received a fish for touching a metal lever after the presentation
of water, but if it touched the lever after presentation of the chemical ~
- tested, it received an electric shock.
The bottlenosed dolphins Pt-.ilip and Elsa were taught to distinguish the
solutions of chemicals in seawater from seawater. Both dolphins sensed
caproic acid at concentrations of 1 X 10'3 M(P ~ 0.005) and 1 X 10'4 M
(P ~ 0,05). However, Elsa was able to diatinguish citric acid from~seawater
only at a concentratinn of 0.2 M(P < 0,01). When the concentration was
decreased to 0.05 M, neither dolphin was able to solve the problem, making
only 34 correct deeiaions after 71 presentationa. However, the 0.05 M
c~.tric acid solution in freshwater was distinguished by Elsa from fresh-
water (P < 0.05). Sensitivity to bitter stimuli was atidied in Philip.
The dolphin sensed picric acid at a concentration of 4.3 X 10'S M(P < 0.05).
_ Both dolphins distinguished freshwater from seawater (P < 0.05), but they
were unable to distinguish seawater half diluted with distilled water,
~
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from seawater. Sucrose solutions in seawater were presented to both
dolphins at concentrationa of 0.6 M, 0.3 M, 0.15 M, and 0.07 M. A total
of 150 presentations were made in 10 experiulents. The number of correct
decisions fluctuated at the 50'% level in all the experiments.
The bottlenoaed dolphins Bogdan and Dar'yal were presented solutions of
chemicals in seawater and in freshwater. The results of theae experiments
are shown in Table 1.
Table l. Sensitivity of Dolphins to Chemical Substances
Key:
1. Solution of the substance in 9. Oxalicacid
freshwater 10, Hydrochloric acid
2. Concentration, M 11. Quinine hydrochloride
3. Bogdan 12. Picric acid
4. Dar'yal 13. Sodium chloride
5. Indole 14. Sucroae -
6. Valerianic acid 15. Glucoae
7. Caproic acid 16. No sensitivity
8. Citric acid
The results of our experiments show that among the chemical stimuli
ordinarily used to study taste perception in mammals, bottlenosed dolphins
possess well-developed sensitivity only to bitter stimuli. They most
likely do not sense sugar and their perception of salinity appears to
be poorly developed, but this cannot be said with certainty because
seawater entered the dolphin's mouth after each presentation of the stimulu
stimulus, making it difficult for the animal to respond correctly, The
sensitivity of bottlenosed dolphins to citric, oxalic, and hydrochloric
acids is much lower while that to fatty acida is 100 times higher than
- taste sen.sitivity in the mammals already studied and in human beings,
although the threshold concentrations of taste perception of hydrochloric
and citric acid in mammals are usually lower than the concentrations
of fatty acids.~8~ Moreover, bottlenosed dolphins sensed valerianic and
caproic acids in seawater at a concentration of 1 X 10'4 M, deapite the
fact that the pH of these solutions was the same as the pH of seawater
owing to the buffer properties of the latter. Dolphins have obviously
developed an unusual form of chemoreception.
_ It is reasonable to assume that dolphins perceive chemical stimuli by
trigeminal nerve chemoreceptors, Olfactory stimulation in vertebrates
provokes activity in branches of the trigeminal nerve ~9,10) whose
~hemoreceptors possess relatively high sensitivityC10) with interacting
olfactory and trigeminal systems~ll~, The perception of chemical subatances
by these receptors definitely compensates for the los~ of the sense of
- sme11~12,13)~
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In the course of evolution, the reduction of olfaction in fossil whales
was accompanied by development of the trigeminal nerve apparatus~l).
The chemoreceptor function of this nerve evidently developed at the
same time to replace the losa of olfaction. The chemoreceptors of the
nasal cavity were initially able to do so because aeawater entera dolphine
in the nasopharyngeal region~14). In recent dolphina, however, it
appears that receptors situated in the root of the tongue perform the
main chemoreceptor function. The trigeminal nerve innerv~tes this region
in bottlenosed dolphins~15~. Structures of the rhinencephalon may be
centers for analyzing information from the trigeminal nerve chemoreceptors.
This assumption is supported by data concerning the effect of res onses
from the trigeminal nerve chemoreceptors on the olfactory centers~ll).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Dart, R. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1923, p 615.
2. Breathnach. Biol. Rev., Cambr. Phil. Soc., Vol 35, No 2, 1960,
p 187 .
3. Sokolov, V. Ye. and Kuznetsov, V. B. DOKL. AN SSSR, Vol 2G4,
No 4, 1971, p 998.
4. Yablokov, A. V. Tr. Soveshch, ikhtiol, komissii AN SSR, No 12,
~ 1961,p87.
_ 5, Sukhovskaya, L. I. and Bel'kovich, V. M. Zool, zhurn., Vol 52,
No 1, 1.973, p 150.
6. Valiulina, F. G. and Khomenko, B. G. Zool. zhurn., Vol 55, No 3,
1976, p 467.
7. Kuznetsov, V. B. In the collection; Morskiye mlekopitayushchiye.
Rezul'taty i metody issledovaniy (Marine Mammals. Results and
Methods of Studying Them). Moscow, Nauka, 1978, p 213.
8. Beidler, L. M. In: Olfaction and Taste. Proc. Intern. Symp. V,
Melbourne, 1975, New York-London, 1975, p 71.
9. Tucker, D. In: Olfaction and Taste. Proc, I Intern. Symp. Stockholm,
1962, Oxford-London-New York-Paris, 1963, p 45.
10. Devitsyna, G. V. and Belouaova. Vopr, ikhtiol., Vol 18, 1 1978,
- p 131.
11. Stone, H, and Rebert, C. S. Brain Res., Vol 21, No 1, 1970, p 138.
12. Allen, W. F. Am, J. Physiol,, Vol 118, No 3, 1937, p 532,
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13. Doty, R. L. Physiol, and Behav., Vol 14, No 6, 1975, p 855.
14. Kuznetsov, V. B. Tez, dokl, VII Vsesuyuzn, soveshch, po morskim
mlekopitayushchi~n (Abetracts of Papers Read at the 7th All-Union
Conference on Marine Mammals), Simferopol', 1978, p 180.
15. Agarkov, G. V., Khomenko, B. G., and Gilevich, S. A. Ibid., p 7.
~
COPYRIGHT: lzdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1979
[192-5214]
5214
CSO: 1840
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ruK ur~r'1(:lAL USE UNLY '
UDC 599.185.5+591.485
THE AUDITORY SYSTEM OF MAMMALS
Moscow SLUI~IOVAYA SISTEMA MLEROPITAYUSHCHIKH (The Auditory System of
Mammals) in Russian 1979 signed to preas 3 Aug 79 pp 2, 3-4, 239.
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book by
L, S. Bogoslovskaya and G. N. Solntseva. Institute of Developmental
Biology 3.nieni N. K. Kol'tsov and Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and
Ecology of Animals imeni A. 1~. Severtsov, USSR Academy of Sciences.
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979, 250 pages]
[Text) A survey is given of the basic characteriatics of the structure
of the central and peripheral sections of the suditory analyser of land,
amphibious and aquatic mammials: predators, rodents, pinnipeda, cetaceans
and chiroptera, Adaptation features are examined in detail in the struc-
ture of the auditory analyser of aquatic mammals. A morpho-functional
analysis is presented of the struature of the suditory analyser in sca
and land ma~nals.
The book. intended for zoologists, anatomists~ and specialista working
in the field of bionics,
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Foreword
The study of sensory systems of vertebrates has a long history during
whicli the views of reaearchers and their approaches to the material have
ctianged, but conceivably one thing lias remained constan[--a perfectly sin~u-
lar interest toward die organ of vision, whicli has always attracted tiie most
qualified specialists. This intereat~ explsined by the dominant position of
vision among man's analysors, has indirectly hindered the development of
researc}ies on otl?er systems of reception and only in the '40s-'SQs of our
century has progress in a number of fields of science and technology sharply
changed the situation existen.t in tliis field of biology.
'1'tie significant achievements of the two last decades in the study of the _
= auditory system connected with the appearanc~ of essentially new acoustical
apparatua have led to a radical reexamination of traditional ideas on the
means and significance of sound aignalization in the world of animals.
tdorks in the field of bioacoustics of mamm,als have demonstr~ted the extra-
ordinary importance of nearing for spatial orientation and communication of -
_ all representatives of this clasa. Its role is especially great in small
aniwals, such as mouselike rodenCs and insect eaters, among whom hearing is
considered as the moat tar-reaching of all the sensory organs.
Study at the present level of the acoustical syetem of mam~nals that have be-
come acclimated to the aquatic and sir medium of habitation showed that
hearin~ in them is dominant among the distance analysors, while a numher of
f orms ( toothed wtiales, bats) possess a special metliod of acoustical orient a-
tian whicli Griffin has defined by means of the term "echolocation." ~cho-
location makes it poasible for aquatic and air animals to ma1:e maximal use
of the special features of the medium they inhabit and successfully compete
= in it with other groups of vertet~rates (fishes, birds).
Among the highest primates and especiglly in man, the main purpose of the
- auditory analysor, aside from narticipation in different orienting reac-
tions is tlie organization of specific intercourse amon~; individuals. -
The very ~,~ide range of adaptive possibilities of the auditory system o� re-
presentatives of the class of mammals attests to the existence of sipnifi-
cant variations of its structure and function. But Ctie majority of data on
the physiology and morphology of auditory formations has been basically ob-
tained from laboratory animals and is completely inadequate for the crea-
tion of a com~lete and undivided picture of the interaction o� all parts of
this system. It is naa becoming clearer that the customary experimental
researches on a limited selection of species canno~ answer the many very
important questions on the organization of the auditory analysor. Only
comparative research is capable of showin~ the scope of evolutionary and
adaptive transformations of any sensory system, particularly the suditory,
wtiich has traversed a complex path of 3evelopment and isola.*.ion
from other systems in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Ttie proferred book is an attempt by two researchers, who have worked inde-
~~e:ndently for a long time, to bring together data on ttie structure of acous- _
tical formatioris in mammals with diffezent functional directivity of tiear-
in~. The peripheral sections and inceptive elements of the central audi-
tory ~~athway were the most intere~tinR for the au~ttiors. These parts in Any
sensery system most iasrkedly and Xtilly react to the imFact of factors of
tt?e external environment. It is perfectly natural tliat gaps are to be -
founc! in the book, since, on the one hand, many groups of mammals have as
yet not been atudied morphologically, while, an the other hand, not all
auditory formations have been studied to an equal de~ree.
In tt~e ~onograph chapters I-�IV were written by G.~. Solntseva, chapter V by
Ye.Ye. Anisimov and L.S. Bo~oslovskaya and chapters VI-VIII by L.S. l~ogo-
slovskaya, but all sections of the book were considered jointly by the
autiiors and express their common point of view.
For their cooperation in the work, the authors express sincere gratitude to
all those with whom they for many years have been gathering and processin~
morpholo~ical material, especially N.V. Lipatov, A.A. Lemberg, T.S. Klyu-
yeva and V.F. Semenova.
5tudy of the auditory sys tem of pinnipeds and cetaceans was made possible
t}irougl~ the amiable assistance of colleagues of the All-Union Scientific-
Researci? Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography, :Zorthern Polar
Scientific-Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography imeni
i~1.i~i. Knipovich, Pacific Ocean Scientific-Research I~nstitute of Fisiieries
and Uceanography, Azov-Black Sea Scientific-Researc:? Institute of Fisheries
and Uceanograptiy and Caspian Scientific-Researc~l Institute of Fisheries snd
Uceano~ra~ny.
Table of Contents
[ Text J I'oreword 3
I--I'er.ipiieral ~ection of dic Auditory System 5
Ci?apter I-Struct~ire of the ~xternal Ear of Some riamma].s 5
Ciiapter I?-~Structure of the liiddle Ear of t~Iammals 15
Chapter IIt--5tructure of tlie Inner Ear of t-fammals 39
(;liapter IV--Adaptive Special Features of the Peripheral Section
of tlie Auditory Analysor 54
Ctiapter ~~--~nnervation of Corti's Organ
II--Central Sections of the Auditory System 74
Ciia~ter VI--General Sct?eme of Organization of Auditory Centers
of ti~e lirain of Mammals 75
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Chapter VII--Special Features of ttie Structure of the Auditory
Centers of Certain Groups of riammals 9~~ ~
Tab le s 13 7
Conclusion 219
' Literature 223
C~Pl'RIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "~lauka", 197Q
[218-7691] _
7G97
CSO; 1S4U
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ADVANCED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
IIDC 617-001.17-08
MANAGIIKQ~T OF BIIRN PATIENTS DIIRING THE STAGES OF MEDICAL EVACIIATION
. Moscow RiTKOVODSTVO PO OBOZHZ~ NA ETAPAT~ MEDITSINSKOY EVAKUATSIi (Guide-
lines on Burn Patienta During the States of Medical Evacuation) in Russian 1979
- sig~ned to press 2 Max 79 PP 2~ 3-~+~ ~92
~Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book by V. N. Zhizhin,
D. Ye. Pekasskiy, N. E. Povstyanoy, a. A. Poliahchuk~ V. K. Sologub; edited
by V. K. Sologuba, "Meditaina,", 50,000 copiea, 192 pag~es]
[Text] This handbook explains the basic queations of the clinical aspects and
� diagnosis of burns and burn disease, the making of prognoses and the medical
classification of burn patients althoug~ the primary focus is on apecific prac-
tical advice for the stage-by-stage treatment of casualties. Measures to render
first aid to burn patients at the accident site or the focus of attack axe ex-
plained. A great deal of attention in the handbools is devoted to the organiza-
tion, volume and sequence for caxrying out all first aid measurea.as well as
primary medical and specialized care of burn patients in the aetting of opera-
tions at the focus of a mass attack. ~
The handbook is intended for surgeons and pY~yaiciane specializing in trauma.
Introduction
Soviet and foreign publications have been quite extensive on the problem of
thermal injuries: during the paet 20 yeaxa alone, more than 40 monographs have
been published and the number of publications each yeax is approactiing a '
thousand.
At the same time, up until now, there has been no concise specific guide to the
treatment of burns. Published findings axe, at ti.mes, conflicting, practical -
recommendations are not feasible at ti.mes or, when selected for clinical trial,
- do not always achieve the anticipated results. However~ the progress in ex-
perimental and clinical burn sciences which is chaxacterized not by just its
tremendous theoretical importance but by direct results in practice as well
is undieputed. This effect would be even more tangible if the recommendations _
of modern burn science were to become the property of a broa.d mass of sur-
geons. Unfortunately, mar~y findings axe concentrated in specialized publica-
tions, articles, collections and theses from re,;~orts and, for this reason, are
virtually inaccesaible. An urgent need to incorporate them into a handbook
lO 1
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has axisen. This is all the more necessary for pY~ysicians in the civil defense
medical service. However, a handbook of thie type aould become a multi-volume
work.
The authors have decided not to present information on a].1 aspects of therma,l
pathology but rather, to aondense only proven concrete recommendatione on the
diagnoeis and treatment of burne, burn riiaeaee and its complications into a
single text .
The handbook reflects not only the authors' mar~y yeaxs of experience and the
collectives they have superviaed but published findings as well.
This has determined the form and style of the presentation. The authors have
refrained from the academic enumeration of numerous controveraial Y~ypotheses
and oiten tempting but, as yet, insufficiently proven proposals and published
reference s. In addition, a number of questions on the clinical aspscts and
diagnosis of burne and burn disease, its stag~es, complications, prognosis and
the like have found brief reflection consistent with the capacity of aid during
the stag~es of inedical evaluation.
Insofar as the return of victima to employment and social flznctioning is an '
objective of the Civil Defense medical service, the authors have felt it -
necessary to explain the problems of rehabilitation and reatorative surgery
for burns .
This brief handbook is designed for physicians without a great deal of specific
experience in the treatment of burn patients. Of course, the recommendations
that axe offered can be utilized in the practice of the stage-by-stage treat-
ments of burn patients.
Contents p~
Introduction 3
Chapter I. The etiology of thermal injuries. � � � � � � � � � � � . . 5 _
Chapter II. First aid for burn victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1!~
Chapter I1I. Primaxy medical treatment for burn patients 19
_ Chapter IV. Specialized medical treatment for burn patients 60
Chapter V. ~Local treatment of burn injuries and their complications. . 117
Chapter V2. Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 '
Chapter VII. Restorative-reconstructive surgery for burns. 157
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Meditsina"~ Moskva, 1979
[ 168-goo3]
9003
cso: ~840
11
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PRUGRAMt'IED HEMODIALYSIS AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION '
RiAa PRUGRArAiNYY GEMODIALIZ I TRANSPLANTATSIYA POCHKI in Russian 1978
by G.N. Andreyev et al., pp 3-4, 141-142
[Foreword and Tab1e of Contents] �
[Text] Foreword
The treatraent of patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the terminal
stage has become part of the practice of many of our country's therapeutic
institutions. At the same time,the problem of organ and tissue transplant-
ation and consequently the specific problem of kidney transplantation are
still far from a cvmplete solution. Clinical transplantology is naw goin~
through a period of accumulation of experience; an effort is in progress at
kidney transplantatian centers to improve the near and remote results of
this operation. Specialists of a new type--transplantologists--are being
created before our very eyes. ;
The collection of scientific worke, consisting basically of articles by col-
leagues of the Latvian Center for Kidney Transplantation, con5titutes in
essence a first effort at a comprehensive assessment of. the possibilities
of a peripheral transplantation center. This then determines the content
- of the book: both scientif ic-practical and organizational aspects of. clin- ~
ical kidney transplantation are examined in it. Attention is directed to a
new form of organization of such a center: the LTsTP [Latvian Center f.or
Kidney TransplanCation] is an educatienal-therapeutic-scientific associa-
tion in which therapeutic work ie organically combined with scientific re-
search and single-minded training of physicians-traneplantologists. This
form of structure for a center, includin~ a chair and a scientific subdiv-
ision of a WZ and also a dep srtment in a large hospital, is, in our view, ~
optimal for such a type of institution. ~
It is known that successful treatment of patients with chronic renal insuf-
ficiency is unthinkable without a well-estab lished programmed hemodialysis. _
In Latvian SSR in the last four years about 8,000 hemodialysis treatment
sessions 1~ave been carried out, 2,000 of which were on an outpatient basis.
This has made it possible to increase the throughput capacity of the LTaTP ,
with simultaneous reduction of outlays for treatment of patients.
12 ~
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Zhe number of kidney transplantations has been ~rowing at this center--as of
October 1977, there had been performed here 75 such operations.
Articles iacluded in the collection deacribing certain waqs of preserving
the functional viability of traasplants and emphasizing the possibility pf
making a program of its prognosis deaerve serious attention.
- Significant facets of the problem of transplantation inc~ude the procurement
of a sufficient number of viable donor organs and their proper selection.
It should be noted that the Latvian Center is actively involved in a pro~ram
of kidney exchanges and is auccessfully developing a method of typing them
according to antigens of histo-compatibility.
An important feature of the researches presented in the collection is their
practical bent. Colleagues of the LTsTP in cooperation with a number of -
- chairs and laboratories of the Riga Medical Institute; with other scientific-
research institutes of the country theq are working on practically all the
urgent problems of clinical transplantology: improvement of results of
transplantation of a dead person's kidney, increasing efficieneq of hemodi-
alysis, problems of transplantation immunology, danorship, prognosis and
_ diagnosis of rejection crises and so on. At the same time, modern methods
of research are used on cellular, subcellular and molecular levels. A1-
though some of the results obtained are of a preliminary character, these
researches are undoubtedly promising, since they will permit in the future
- workin~ out concrete recommendations for the clinic.
The rapid development nf clinical transplantolo~}? is evidenced by the copi-
ous 5oviet and foreign literature dealing with these questions. It is
clear that the collection of "Programmnyy gemodializ i transplantatsiya
pochl:i" [Programmed Hemodialysis and Kidney Transplantation] makes a defi-
nite contribution to the study ~of these problems. We believe that it will
be of use to physicians of all specia~ties interested in the problem of
organ and tissue transplantation.
Prof V.I. Shumakov,
director of the Institute of OrRan
and Tissue Transplantation, USSR
Ministry of Health
Con ten ts
Foreword 3
Kanen, V.V.~ Mdreyev, G.N., Rozental', R..L., Yarmolinskiy, I.S.
and Daugulis~, E.I:., Experience of Organization and Operation of
the Latvian Center for Kidney Transplantation 5
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Andreyev~ G.t1., Fridlender, I.A., Sondore, A.A., Reynberg~ A.E.,
Rozite, V.Ya. and Vitola, I.V., Anesthesiological Aspecta of
ClinicalKidney Transplantation 16
Rozental, R.L., Sabolev, V.V., Bitsans, Ya.B., Berzinya, R..E., _
Demchenko, Yu.;�1., Luse, L.Ya. and Tsunskiy, E.L., The Selection
of Donor Kidneys for Transplantation and the Possibilities of
Piaking a Prognosis of Their Functional Viability 25
Levitsl:iy, E.R., Filiptsev, P.Ya., Fridman, B.L., Poryadin, N.F.,
Sleptsov, V.I., L'vitsina, G.M. and Petrova, I.B., Clinical and
Immunological Status of Patients in Transplantation of a Deceased
Person's Kidney, Special Features of Immunosupression, Complications 33
- I:leyaa, V.I., Denyushite, D.E., Stanaytite, N.I. and Aaynis, B.E.,
Iiemodialysis and and Kidney Transplantation in Children 44
I1'inskiy, 5.P., I1'inskiy, ~.M., Titsans, Ya.B. and Sobolev, V.V.,
Pathology of Blood Circulation in Ridney Allotransplants 51
Slaydyn', Ya.A. and Luse, L.Ya., Arterial Hypertonia in Kidney
Transplantation 65
Rozental'~ R.K., Chernevskis, Kh.K., Sochnev, A.M., ?3urshteyn, A.M.
and Ritov, G.A., Influence of Duration of Treatment of Hemodialysis
and Frequency of Blood Transfusions on the Ftm ctional Viability of
the Transplant 69
Levitskiy, E.R., Bayeva, L.B., Dmitriyev, A.A. and Zaytsev, V.P.,
tiedical and Technical Aspects of Present-Day Hemodialysis 75
Chernevskis, Kh.K., Ritov, G.A., Grinberga, R.Ya., Bitsans, Ya.B.
and Valtere, I.A.~ Outpati~nt Hemodialysis 82
Bukatova, E.L., I~:ydemgn, G.R., Makhinson, L.G. and Valtere, I.A.,
Modification of Activity of Oxidative-Restorative and Organo-
specific Enzymes in the Blood in Treatment of Chronic Renal
Failure with Programmed Hemodialysis 89
- Grinberga, R.Ya., Ct?ernevskis, Kh.K., Valtere, I.A. and
Ritov, G.A., Extracorporeal Remodialysis in Treatment of Chronic
Renal Insufficiency in Patients Older Than 43 97
Babarykin, D.A., Demidov, G.I., Chernevskis, Kh.K., Nemiro, Ye.A.
and Rozental', R.K., Ineffectiveness of a High Calcium Dialyzing
Solution in Correction of Disturbances of Calcium Metabolism in
Chronic Renal Insufficiency 103
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Titsans, Ya.B., Il~inskiy, I.M., Berzinya, R.E. and
Sobolev, V.'V., Use of Subcutaneous Arteriovenous Fistulas
for Chronic Hemodielysie 114
Sochnev, A.M., Participation and Dynamics of Complement
in Immune Response in Kidney Transplantation 120
Tsygankava, S.T. and Sutykc�, A.D., A Contribution to the
Methodology of Disclosure of Lymphocqte-Dependent Antibodiea
(LDA) in the Serum of Patients in Transplantation of a Kidney
of a Deceased Person 12~
Sochnev, A.M., 2aretskaya, Yu.M., Burshteyn, A.M., Bykov, A.P.,
Nemtseva, G.R. and Talankina, G.F., Collection of Antiserums
for Antibodiea of the HL-A System 133
Shif, B.A., Ar'kova, Ye,V., Sochnev, A.M., Samoshenkova, L.P.,
Talankina, G.F., Belopol'akaya, I.N. and Tsunskiy, E.L.,
Dynamics of Reaction of InhibiCion of Leukacyte Migration in
Kidney Transplantation in the Clinic 127
COPYRIGHT: Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniya LatvSSR, 1977
[258-7697]
769 7
_ CSO: 1840
15
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ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
PdORMAL AUTOANTIBODIES AS RADIATION RESISTANT FACTORS
bloscow NORM.IL'NYYE AUTOANTITELA KAK RADIOZASIiC~-IITNYYE FAKTORY
(Normal Autoantibodies as Radiation Resistant Factors) in
_ Russian 1978 signed to press 11 September a_977 p 2, 3-4,
- 133-135
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book by
N.N. Klemparskaya and G.A. Shal'nova, Moscow, "Aut~mizdat",
1010 copies, 136 pages]
[Text] The wide range of literature, published in different
- native and foreign jaurnals, on normal radiation resistant
antibodies--autoantibodies--is analyzed and reviewed compre-
hensively for the first time in this book. The nature and
physiological function of autoantibodies are examined. Their
role in radiation resistance, in the processes ~f aging and
in the phenomena of organ sensitivity to the development of ~
malignancy is also reviewed.
Experimental data collected by the authors on how to prepare
samples of narmal autoantibodies from animal and human blood
for clinical therapeutic application are presented. Methods
for timely supplementation of the donor blood with protec-
tive auto3ntibodies are described. The significan~e of auto-
antibodie~ in the processes of infection and the formation
of the immune reaction to allogenic antigens is examined.
The book :ts of interest not only for rese~rch-oriented radio-
biologist~~ but also for physician-therapists, infectious di-
seasP :.:pe::ialists, hygienists and oncologists.
There rare 14 figures, 16 tables and 422 references cited.
Introduction
A remarkable mechanism exists in the living organism for re-
pair of damage inflicted on cells, tissues and organs. Var-
ious processes participate in this mechanism: removal of the
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aggressive agent from the cells and organism, timely elimina-
tion of the causative defect by means o� coagulation of pro-
teins, regeneration of lost structures or rearran~ement of
complexes found in connective tissue.
The biological effect of radiation trauma has many similari-
ties to injuries caused by other factors but is unique in its `
= mechanism of action on the cellular structures and the rate
of onset of clinical manifestations. If the result of inechan-
= ical or thermal trauma appears immediately, then the effect
_ of radiant energy, with the exception of very large doses,
leads to disease after several hours (sun light, ultraviolet
rays) or in the course of many days (ionizi~g radiation). Of
note is the fact that there is no correlation between quantity
of radiation exposure and its biological effect which can be
~ manifested in the development of serious disease, ~nd in a
number of cases even death. A characteristic of radiation
trauma is the early clinical reaction exhibited in the first
minutes or hours after irradiation.
The protective activity of phagocytes, both circulating in the
~ blood and fixed in the tissues, is well known. These cells
, are responsible for eliminating from the blood stream allo-
genic microbes and dead particles and fragments of tissue.
The methodsfor binding proteins which circulate in plasma and
~ in lymph tissue to absorb and remove products of cellular
- destruction have not been studied in depth. Only in recent
- years has the attention of some scientists been focused on
" the possibility of neutralizing these products, always pre-
sent in the blood in small numbers, by radiation resistant
antibodies. Such antibodies have been given the name of
natural or normal autoantibodies (50, 177, 178, 277). .
Cells can appear in the tissues o� different organs and in
the blaod and then form the autoantibody, hemolysin (109, 131, -
23Z, 234). In man, the normal level of these cells is 1-3 per-
cent of the number of leucocytes circulating in the blood.
The function of any antibociy is related to an antigen--the
substance which activates the antibody. Given different bio-
logical stateS, mainly the presence of a small number of
cellular products circulating in the blood or lymph system,
the radiation resistant natural autoantibodies bind with these
tissue substances to form a circulating or non-circulating
complex. Phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system
engulf these complexes and interrupt the harmful effect of
the circulating products of cell metabolism.
Until recently, very little was known about the functional
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characteristics of this important immune system. In the field
of radiobiology, this study of such a system has both theore-
tical and Practical interest. Normal radiation resistant auto-
antibodies neutralize the effect of circulating products of
ce11 breakdown. Thus, this process may have significance in
neutralizin g the products formed as a result of irradiation
and may have an impact on the subsequent development of path-
ologic auto immune reactions with an allergic component.
- The protective effect of this normal factor, evidently can be
enhanced by means of the stimulating effect of introducing
homogenates of homologous tissues and grafts of microbial
vaccines.
Included in our discussion are experimental data and data
f~und in the literature in order to adequately examine t}ie
question of. thet~iological role of normal radiation resistant
antibodies and the possibility of timely stimulation of this
factor to increase the radiation resistance of an organism.
In addition, we attempt to evaluate how the protective role
- of natural radiation resistant antibodies is manif.est given
different forms of irradiation.
Contents
Page
Introduction .............................................3 -
Chapter I. Current data on the biological role and the
p roperties and dynamics of changes in the `
quantity ~f normai radiation resistant anti-
b odies found in peripheral blood ..............5
1. The history of the study of normal auto- -
antibodies .......................................7
2. On the biological role of antibodies in
the healthy organism .............A...............12
3. Methods to detect the location o� normal '
autoantibodies in an organism ....................19
Chapter II. Activators of normal autoantibodies..........26 ~
1. Different methods used to increase the number ,
of normal autoantibodies in humans and animals'...26
Z. Methods to evaluate the functional differences
between normal and pathologic autoantibodies.....35
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Chapter III. The significance of normal autoanti-
bodies in the formation of antimicrobial
resistance of the non-irrad iated and
irradiated organism......,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,40 ~
Chapter IV. The role of normal autoantib odies in the
processes which determine the development
of long-term effects of irra diation..,.....,.,48
1. Autoimmunity and the processes of aging...........48
Z. The significance of norm~l autoantibodies
in malignant growth ...................~....~.,....56
3. The resistant and pathologic influence of
autoantibodies on the fetus and heredity.,~....,.,Ei6
C}~apter V. Normal autoantibodies and rad iation rESistance.72
; 1. The conditions for optimal devel opment of the
radiation resistant role of normal autoantibodies.73
2. The protecti�re role of normal autoantibodies
during total 'rradiation with loc al shielding...,.79
3. Increase in the number of normal aiitoantibodies
as a radiation resistant device..........~~..~.o..g~
Chapter VI. The search for Practical methods to obtain
samples of normal autoantibo dies and their
clinical application ..........................gl
1. }iemostimulation as a factor for induction of
- immunologic reactivity in animals. ................92 -
2. Clinical use of hemostimulation methods for
activation of immunoreactivity in man .............gg
- 3. nata on prophylaxis and treatment of radiation
sickness using samples of normal autoantibodies...106
Conclusions ...............................................lll -
- Bibliography .....................................e........113
_ COPYRIGfIT: Atomizdat, 1978
[286-9139j
9139
CSO: 1840
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UDC 577.3:539.12.04:612.1
RADIATION AND THE BLOOD SYSTEM
Moscow RADIATSIYA I SYSTEMA KROVI (RADIATION AND THE BLOOD SYSTEM) in Russian
1979 signed to press 29 Feb 78 pp 2, 3-5, 126
[Annotation, Introduction and Table of Contents from book by 0. I. Belousova,
P. D. Gorizontov and M. I. Fedotova, Moscow, Atomizdat, 1700 copies, 128 pages]
[Text] Annotation
A picture of the effect of radiation upon the blood system is developed based
on the authors' experimental studies carried out under conditions of a one-
time and chronic external irradiation. Results are ~~resented of studies car-
- ried out on rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs. The dynamics of post-irradi-
ation changes in hemopoesis are presented, based on ~ quantitative evaluation
of hematological indices, and this permits a determination of the radiosensi-
tivity of the various cellular elements of the hemopoetic organs in the dif-
ferent species of animals. The authors have succeeded in producing, for the
first time, data on the importance of tiie lympoid tissue in post-irradiation
_ recovery of hemopoesis.
The results of many years of research by the authors in the field of radio-
bology, in particular, radiation changes of the blood system, are of undoubted
interest for all specialists who are interested in the action of radiation
on the body of animals.
Figures--43y tables--29, literature citations--236.
Introduction
Much research has been devoted to study of changes in the blood system under i
the action of ionizing radiation. This is explained, primarily, by the fact
that the hemopoetic organs are among the most radiosensitive and the chariges
in the blood system can serve as one of the ob3ective indices of th~ con-
dition of the irradiated body.
It must be taken into account, however, tl~at despite the great amount of re-
search, the topic problem, radiation hematology, is as unlimited as any other
problem of radiobiology. For example, the question was posed long ago of the
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importance of the blood system in the total radiosensitivity of the body.
Great attention has been paid to the sensitivity of the hemopoetic cells
of tlie bone marrow, the role of the initial cellular pool which in some
Jegree or other predetermines the amount of pr.eAerved cells after an ir-
radi~it lun, tt~e deKree oC radiation clamage, and so on. Facts of a simllar
nature are very important. But, aZl the completed research does not ex-
haustively reveal the role of the blood system in the radiosensitivity of
the body. In this plan, in our opinion, it could be important to study
- comparative data on rhe response of the hemopoetic system to irradiation,
under standard conditions, in animals with different natural radiosensi-
tivity data which has been obtained with the use of quantitative methods. ~
Meanwhile, the available, experimental hematological material has been ob-
tained, basically, from tests on mice and rats. It has been assumed that
they will be the same, too, for other mammalian species. However, the
dose and time parameters of injury and recovery of blood cells cannot be
identical because analysis of dosage dependencies of the destruction of
mammals [146] has revealed substantial species differences, especially in
the range of doses which evoke the so-called bone-marrow form of death of
the animals. In this connection, we have decided to generalize the material
collected by us on the quantitative characteristics of the injury and the
recovery of hemopoesis in animals with different radiosensitivity. We have =
not projected, here, an exhaustive generalization of data in the literature
and have tried to devote more attention to our owa personal observations
and views. Our experiments were carried out, basically, on rats, guinea -
pigs and rabbits subjected to a one-time total irradiation in doses of 100-900
R and to extended daily irradiation with a total dose of 150-9000 R.
The on~~time irradiation of the animals was carried out in a gamma-apparatus,
EGO-2 Co (1.25 MeVO, with a capacity of dose 380-250 R/min (unevenness of
the dose field did not exceed +5 percent) [52, 134], while the extended daily
irradiation was, done in a gamma-apparatus ETsU-100 137Cs (0.66 MeV) a capa-
city of dose 0.041 R/min. Both instruments were constructed by staff person-
nel of the Institute of Biophysics, V. G. Khrushchev, Ye. S. Strashnenko, V.K.
Mostinskaya and others.
The dosimeter studies in air and on p'hantoms were carried out by V. S. Gram-
matikati, with different methods: ionization, chemical and thermoluminescent.
Error in measurement did not exceed 5-10 percent.
Along with study of the morphological indices of the peripheral blood, de-
termination was made in the killed animals of the number of cells in the -
bone marrow in the femoral bone of the rats and guinea pigs and in the
- eleventh rib of the rabbits, using a modification of Mantz' method [208J,
and, also, of the number of cells in the spleen and thymus [18]. Calculation
of the myelo-, splenocyto- and thymograms perrsitted determination of the
number of cells of separate generations in the hemopoetic organs. Simul-
taneous, morpholagical and quantitative study of the cellular makeup of the _
bone marrow and lymphoid organs permitted fuller characterization of the
changes taking place in the blood system.
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In tests on 15 dogs, which were carried out jointly with M. N. Trushina
[i7], quantitative data on changes in the separate cell nopulations of
the bone marrow under irradiation at a dose of 150 R(LDO/45~' Z50 R
(LD20~~5) and 380 R(LD 100/45~' Were obtained with the rib-puncture method.
Assay of the absolute quantity of bone marrow cells in 1 mcJ of punctate
agreed with the calculation of the myelograms. This permitted computation
of the number of cells of the separate generations in 1 mcl of bone marrow.
Results of the control tests run on intact animals showed that the methods
used give completely reliable results in determination of the cellular com-
position of the hemopoetic organs.
The devastation of bone marrow after the action of ionizing radiation occurs
as the consequence of a number of causes; for this reason, the studies were
carried out with this in mind so as to obtain information about the features
of the injury of the separate cell populations of the hemopoetic organs in
the various animal species at different periods after the irradiation. Basic -
attention was devoted to a quantitative evaluation of the radiosensitivity
of the various hemopoetic cells under a one-time gamana--irradiation of the _
different animal species (rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs). Study was made
in detail of the dose-effect dependency for the various cell populations of
the bone marrow and lymphoid organs in the period of interphasic death and
in the period of maximal cellular devastati.on when reproduction loss of the
cells is manifested. In addition to this, study was made of the time-effect
dependency.
The ind irect or intermediary influence of radiation in th~ pathogenesis of
development of radiation sickness of the whole body has long been known.
However, discussion has been going on up to the present on the role of the
intermediary influences in cell loss after irradiation. In experiments on a
model of non-uniform irxadiation we attempted a quantitative estimation of
the contribution of the intermediary influence on the magnitude of the inter- -
phasic destruction of cells. ~n experiments on adrenal- and snlenectomized
animals, a study was made of the role of the adrenals and spleen in this
action.
Great attention has also been alloted to clarification of the role of lymphoid
tissues in the processes of post-radiation regeneration of hemopoesis. For
this, intact animals were exposed to local irradiation, animals with a de-
ficiency of lymphoid tissue were subjected to total irradiation; and, also,
- transplantation of lymphoid cells to irradiated animals was carried out.
In order to obtain a fuller concept about the reparative potential of the
blood system, studies were run under conditions of chronic irradiation of
the different animal species.
We feel that the results of our experiments answer some questions about
species radiosensitivity of the separate cell populations of the hemopoetic
organs, the reparative potential of the blood system, the role of the 1_ymphoid
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tissue in these processes and the possible importance of the cited factors
in the general radiosensitivity of the body. It must be emphasized that
the possibilities of the laboratory and, in a number of cases, its current
development of experimental hematology, have not allowed us to accomplish
research on a number of the problems which face radiation hematologists.
Thus, while doing work on such animals as rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and
dog~, we have not been able to get comparative species data on post-radia-
tion cllanges of stem hemopoetic cells. -
Understanding full well that our labor is far from complete, and not devoid
of inadequacies, we wi.11 always be grateful for critical remarks in connec-
tion with the presented data and their treatment.
TABL~ OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Acute Radiation Injury to the Organs of Hemopoesis 6
1.1. Interphasic death of cells of the blood system 7
hours after irradiation, as a function of dose and species 8
1.2. Maximal cellular destruction of the hemopoetic organs as
a function of dose and species 14
1.3. Role of the adrenals and spleen in interphasic death
of cells in irradiated animals 23
Chapter 2. Dynamics of post-irradiation recovery of hemopoesis
(time--effect) in various animal species 30
2.1. Recovery of hemopoesis as a function of radiation dose 31
2.2. Bone marrow hemopoesis 41
= 2.3. Cellular Composition of the spleen 52
2.4. Number of cells in the thymus 54
2.5. Number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood 60
Chapter 3. Role of lymphoid tissue in post-irradiation recovery
_ of hemopoesis ~3
3.1. Post-irradiation recovery of cells of the bone marrow
and of the pEi�ipheral blood in thymectomized (TE)
and splenectomize~ (SE) rats 63 ~
3.2. Influence of transplantation of syngenic and autogenic
thymocytes on post-radiation regeneration in the
hemopoetic system 67
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3.3. Role of lymphoid cells in recovery of locally-
irradiated bone marrow 72
3.4. Lymphoid tissue and general radioresistance 78 I
Chapter 4. Reaction of the blood system to chronic gamma- ~
irradiation gl ~
~
4.1. Change in the general condition of animals 82
4.2. Changes 3n the blood system 83 ;
4.3. Change in cell composition of the bone marrow and
peripheral blood as a function of species 92
4.4. Change in number of lymphoid cells in the thymus, spleen ~
and peripheral blood as a function of species 97 !
,
_ Conclusions 106
Bibliography 114
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1979 ;
[213-8586]
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/
_ THE DISTR~BUTION OF IOIVIZING RADIATION IN THE AIR -
Moscow RASPROSTRANENIYE ION7ZIRUYUSHCHII{H IZLUCHE'NIY V VOZDUlffiE
(Distribution of Ionizing Radiation in the Air) in Russian 1979 signed
to press 26 Mar 79 p 2, 3-6, 2~3
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents fro~n book by V. I.
Kukhtevich and V. P. Mashkovich, Atomizdat, 1800 copies, 213 pp] .
~Text] The book contains estima,ted and experimental information on
differential and integral characteristics of the field of gamma-,
neutron and secondaxy gamma,-r-a,dj.ation in the ten*restrial atmosphere
near the a3r~rou~d interface and beyond the air-vacuum interface.
The physical patterns of the t`ormat~.on of the radiation field are
analyzed. The authors examine the sources of neutror~s with energy
of from 0.02s eV to 14 MeV and sources o~ gamma-radiation with energy
in the range of 0.03-10:1KeY. The dista,nce between the source and
the detector and also the height of elev-ation of the source and the
detector above the level of the t~zr~s'~rial surface . or th~e at~nosphere
are varied over a wide range.
" A physical analysis of the depen3ency of the t~.me distr3.butions for
brief, pulsed sources and pulsed sources with a finite period,of
the neutron and gamma-quanta,, p~yl,ses~.on~,m,9asurement condit3.ons is given.
Most of the au~hors .material is being publ3shed for the
first time in this book.
The book is intended for engineers, gradu~,te students, s-~udents and
scientifica and technical workers speciallzing in problems of dosimetry~
protection against ionizin~ radi at3.on and in different related fields
connected with the use of sources of radiation in science, technology
and ag.ri cul ture .
102 figure~, 65 ta,hles, 171 references.
25
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_ ~
Introduction
The interest in the problem of the distribution of radiation in the air is
explained by the fact tha'~� knoNledge of the field characteristics
of radiation in the at,mosphere or close to the interface of the atmos-
phere with the Eaxth, another den~e environment or a vacuum is necessary
in solving many prnblems of practical importance.
These problems acquire special significance w}~en sources of strongly
penetrating radiat.ion are used, a faCt which determined the selection of
sources of gamma-quan~ta and neutrons for examination in the present
book.
The specific nature of the problem of the distribution of gamma-quanta. ;
and neutrons in the air is connected with the fact that the length
- of radiation relaxation for such sources is as much as hundreds of ineters,
while the length of relaxation in dense media (for~exampie~~ in
protective ma.terials) is several centimeters or tens of centimeters.
This property of the distribution of ra.diation in the air is connected -
with the fact that the density of air (rho =0.001293 g~cm3) is 1~00.+10~000-
fbld smaller than, th~. density of solids (rho~ 1:'10 g~cm3) .
The noted pattern means that the geometric factor of radiation relaa~ation
is beginning to play an important role for the atmosphere in com-
~:~arison with denser media. For example; for an isotropic point scurce of
gamma-quanta with an energy of 1 MeV in an infinite medium at a
distance of 10 free path lengths (fgl) the relation of geometric relaxa-
~tion of the radiation dose to relaxation caused by the int~racti ~r of
the gamma-quanta. wi th the material of the medium is 2. 8' 10 . for air f
3.1 �103 for water; 3.6 � 1C~ for lead.
The presence of �~tite air~round and vacuum-air 3.nterfaces significantly
complicates the methods of solut~.on and significantly increases the volume
of information required.
As an example let us take problems A.1 -A.9, the solutions of which axe
connected with estimation of the f~.eld'of radiation in the air close
to the air-ground interface (fig A). The typical trajectories of
the scattered neutrons or gamma-quanta. of the source S axe conventionally
indicated by arrows.
~ The field of radiation in the air at the location of the detector ~
D close to the air-ground interface must be determined, for example,
from the sources of ionizing radiation on the open axea, from sources of
steac~y-state and pulsed radiation w hich are used to measure the
parameters of movement in aviation and cosmic technology (see fig A, a);
from sources of activated soil elements following nuclear explosions
(see fig A, b); from radiation fa11-out on the surface of the Eaxth;
from radioactive conta~n.i.nat3.on of the site as the result of nucleax energy
installation accidents (see fig A, c); fzrom shielded~ partially shielded
26
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S ' ,
, D D
(3) ~ (2~ '
Q d
w; -
/ , .
�
. s ~
. D , I
_ ' s ~3) 3~9) D
e t
/ ~
~
~ S D S
(5) (6)
D ~
. ~ �D ~ ~ ~ i
R n
S ' ~~0~ BaKyyH D /
,
~ y (~i~ ~paNrry� B an?MxqenN `8) '
~
ys yD 7) ( i2) eoasyx 3
~ ~ . ~ ,
- ; ~ ~ ~ ~ s
Figure A.1. The Geometxy of the Most Wide~pread Problems Tn
_ Determination of th e Field of Ionizing Radiation
Key:
1. a 8. h
2� b 9. shield
3 � ~ 10. va.cuum
4. d 11. boundaxy of atmosphere
5� e 12 air
6. f ~
7� g -
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rux vrr'1~1A1. U~~ UNLY
- and unshielded reactors~ accelerators and other sources of radiation at
a great distarice from them in the air, including pulsed roentgen appara-
tuses used for defectoscopy (see fig A, d); from sources behind shadow
shielding (see fig A, e). The spectral-angular diatribution of the
radiation field in the air on the external surface of the shield is
_ also initial information for rating p~otect.ive structures for
the radiation of powerful sources located in the air (see fig A~ f).
In the above cited problems the source and the detector ma,y be separated
~'rom the interface by a great distance. In this case it is possible to
disregaxd the influence of the ground and examine the problem for an
infinite medium of~air. ,
Direct use of the data on the distribution of ra.diation in an
infinite medium of air is more limited than close to the air-ground
boundary . In view of the great number of vaxiants of rela-tive posi-
tioning of the source and the detector relative to each other and the
interface, however, the results of i.nvestigations for an '
infinite medium of air may have wide application in practical problems
and for predicting the field,s of ionizing ra.diation close to the air- -
ground interface when the corresponding correction coefficients are
inserted. Thus, in solving the indicate~i problems we arrive at the
geometry of fig A, g; in this case for an infinite medium the
height of the positioning of the source I~ and ~Lhe detector HD is so
great that it is possible to disregard the influence of the ground on
the distribution of radiat,ion. Of scientific and practical interest
_ is the geometry depicted in fig A, h, where the point source of radiation
is loca-ted in air of variable density and the observation point is in
the vacuum.
The present book examines the problem of the distribution of gamma-
quanta and neutrons in the atmosphere and close to the air-ground
and a.ir-vacuum boundaries.
0. I. Leypunskiy, P. A. Yampol'skiy, A. S. S trelkov, V. G. Zolotukhin,
I. V. Goryachev~ N. A. Kondurushkin and many other researchers ha,ve
made a great contribution to the solution of the problem of the distri-
bution of rad3ation in the atmosphere.
Analysis of data, published in 1968 indicated the necessity of additional
re~eaf~ch on this problem. The authors of the book conducted this
reseaxch in the following basic directionss
l. Development of new modifications of the Monte Carlo method for
estimating fields of ianizing radiation at great distances from the
source taking into account the air-ground and air-vacuum boundaries.
2. Jbtaining differential and integral characteristics of the steac~y-
sta,te field of neutrons and gamma-quanta in an infinite medium~
28
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_ medium of air and close to the air-ground interface. Iri ttiis case sources
of neutxons and gamma-q,uanta were examined for a wide range of energies.
Energ9.es of f`rom 30 keV to 10 MeV were examined for gamma-quanta;
from 0.025 eV to 14 MeV for neutrons.
3. Investigation of the t3me chasacteristics of radiation fields from
pulsed sources.
4. Investigation of the physical mechanisms of the forma.tion of radia -
tion fields for the cases under consideration.
Thus the aim of the present book is analysis of the methods developed
by the authors and the results of est,imates together with the systemi-
zation and analysis of the information available in the Iiterature.
The authors considered it advisable on the whole not to examine
ionizing radiation f`ielc~ at a small dista,nce ~om the source ( as much
as approximately one free path length in air), since these data, have
been adequately covered and analyzed in the litera.ture (see, e.g.,
study V.4~.
The majority of the data obta.ined by the authors is being published for ~
the first time. In paxt the results of the inves-tigat,ions axe presented
in articles .y.10 to V.23.
The book consists of five chapters. The first is devoted to the
- parameters of the atmosphere and to the determina-tion of the
ra.diation field characteristics and units of ineasurement used in the
book. The second and third chapters examine quantita,t3ve information
and the basic mechanisms of the forma.-tion of th~ field of gamma-cuanta
~ch 2) ~ neutrons and sscondary gamma.-raciiation (ch 3) in ~n ~ infinite
mediuin of air and near the air-ground boundary.. The fourth and =
fifth chapters axe devoted to tnvestigation of the field characteristics
of ga.mma-quanta (ch 4)~ neutrons ~and secondary gamma-radiat3am (ch 5)
for a source located in the terrestrial atmosphere when the detector
is located in the vacuum at different distances from the boundaxy of
the atmosphere.
The au thors consider it inadvisable to examine in deta.il the Monte Carlo
method, which has been well described in fi.he literat~e (11.2~-Y,27) and
have limited themselves to only a short pxesentation of the modtfications
of this method developed by them. ~
Chs 1-3 were written by V. A. Klimanov, Y. A. Kochanov, A. I. Ksenofon- -
tov~ V. P. Mashkovich, B. N. Meshcheri.n, A. M. Panchenko, A. M. Chernyayev,
- and A. K...Shtoff; chs 4 and 5, by S. A. Konovalov, V. I.Kukhtevich, A. K.
Sukhoruchkin,and. A. I, Trubnikov. Th~ new, original materials for -
sources of neutrons and high-energy ga~mma,-quanta. in chs 2 and 3
were obtained by V. A. Klimanov, V. A. Kochanov, V. P. Mashkovich,
29
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and B. N. Meshcherin; for sources of low-energy gamma-quanta., by A. I.
Ksenofontov, A. M. Panchenko~ A. M. Chernyayev and A. K. Shtoff.
The authors wish to express their deep appreciation to all their fellow
workers with whom they discussed the problems examined in the book~
particularly V. G. Zolotukhin, V. K. Tikhonov, A. S. P~akhon'kov, A. I.
Ilyushkin, and A. i~[.^Stepanov, for va.luable advice and remarks.
Table of Contents Page
Introduction .........................................................3
Chapter 1. Characteristics of the Terrestrial Atmosphere and
F`ields of Ionizing Ra.diation .............................7
1.1 The terrestrial atmosphere ....................................7
1.2 Differential and integral characteristics of the
radiation field ............................................12
1.3 Dose characteristies of the radiation field.~ ..............:.18
Chapter 2. The Gamma-Radiation Field in the Air and Close to
the Air-Ground Interface ................................27
2.1 Spatial distribution .........................................27
2.2 Energy and angulax distribution '
2.3 Time distribution from brief sources ........................66
. Chapter 3. The Neutran and Secondary Gamma-Ra.diation F`ield in
the Air and Close to the Air-Ground Interface...........81
3.1 Spatial distribution of neutrons .81
3.2 Ener~}r distribution of neutrons .............................102
3�3 Angulax distribution of neutrons ............................107
3.4 The secondary gamma-radiation field .........................114
3�5 Time d3stribution of the neutron and secondaxy
gamma-radiation field .....................................127
Chapter The Gamma-Radiation FYeld Beyond the Aix-~acuum
Interface ..............................................148
~.1 Integral characteristics of the field .......................148
- 4.2 Time distribution from brief sources ........................159
Chapter 5. The Neutron and Secondary Gamma-Radiation F`ield
Beyond the Air-Vacuum Interface ........................171
5.1 Fluence of neutrons and secondaxy gamma-radiation...........171 ~
5.2 Time distribution of neutrons ...............................181
5~3 Time distribution of secondary gamma-radiation ..............186
5.4 Properties of the neutxon and secondary gamma-
radiation field beyond the air-vacuum interface...........i96
Bibliography .......................................................202
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1979 ,
[237-9380J
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= UDC 616-001.34-092+613.644
PATHOGENESIS OF NOISE SICKNESS
Moscow GIGIYENA TRU~A I PROFESSIONAL'NYYE ZABOLEVANIYA in Russian No 12,
1974 pp 13-16
[Article by Yu. V. Krylov (Moscow), submitted 15 Aug 73]
_ [Text] Control of the deleterious consequences of exposure of man to
noise has been transformed into one of the most important biomedical ~
problems. In recent years, a ponderable contribution has been made to
our knowledge about the pathoge~aesis of noise sickness (Ye. Te. Andreyeva-
Galanina et al.; I. K. Razumov, and otihers). The share and significance
of disorders referable to the central nervous, cardiovascular and other
systems to the overall symptom complex of the body's reactions to noise
have been defined (T. A. Orlova; A. B. 3trakhov; N. N. Shatalov; L. N.
Shkarinov and others). These studies were based on the same conception
of pathophysiological mechanisms of noise aickness: pr~mary reception
of acoustic stimuli occurs in sensitive cells of the organ of Corti, while
the entire subsequent and diver8e set of reactions occurs by virtue of
the close links between the auditory system and aumerous nerve centers
on the most varied levels, ranging from the axonal reflex to the link
with stem centers, reticular formation, limbic system, cerebellum, sym-
pathetic and parasympathetic centers and, finally, cortical representation,
In this report we submit our opinioas about three scientific facts, which
expand conceptions of certain aspe cts of the pathogenesis of noise sick-
ness, and which enable us to outline measurea to protect man against
the deleterious effects of high volume aircraft noise.
The first factor pertains the effect on man of aircraft noise at volumea
in excess ~f 125 ~dB in the octave range of frequencies, with geometric
mean levels of 250, 500 and 1000 Hz, Noise with these characteristics is
capable of inducing total vibration [shaking], when it comes in contact
with the human body. We ca11 this type of stimulus "air vibrations," ~
in distinction from the contact vibrations known heretofore. We thpn
establiahed substantial differences in body reactions to such noiae
with the use of personal protective gear. In this case, there was an
increase in role and significance of bone conduction of sound to the
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organ of Corti. Helmets with a soft cuver were found not to be fully
effective, in spite of the good noise-proof qualities of the ear plugs.
On the basis of the obtained data, it was concluded that it is not enough
to protect only the ear and the parotid region at noise levels in excess
of 125 dB in the octave frequency range. With their ears and skull
protected, the subjects still c~mplained of a general unpleasant effect
of noise. It was established that, under such onditions, the most
distinct changes occur in thresholds of senaitivity of the skin to vib-
ration, related to overstimulation of inechanoreceptors, against the back-
ground of insignificant changes in thresholds of pain and temperature
sensibility of the skin. We know from the literature that adverse
reactions occur in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, gastro-
ir~testinal tract and other systems of the body as a result of overstimula-
tion of inechanoreceptors situated on the skin and viscera (V. V. Parin
et al.; P. K. Isakov; A. M. Ugolev and V. M. Khayutin; V. N. Chernigov-
skiy; 0. B. I1'inskiy; Ye. I. YeRakov and T. M. Dmitriyeva; Lowenstein).
Already on the basis of such a comparison, we could assume that there
is a causative link between elevation of thresholds of vibration sensibility
of the skin under the influence of extremely loud noise and worsening ~
_ of the subj ects' well-being with the ears protected. However, in order ,
to properly comprehend the principlea involved in developing protective
~ gear against noise, it was important to detennine whether the mechano-
receptor reactions were independent in this case, unrelated to the
auditory system, or whether they were of a reflex nature.
In a series of analogous experiments, but involving deaf subjects (no _
auditory receptor), reliable changes were obtained in thresholds of
vibration sensitivity of the skin and deterioration of general conditian.
This confirmed the independent significance of the extracochlear pathway
in formation of pathophysiological reactions of the body to noise (Ye.
M. Yuganov et al., 1969; Yu. V. Krylov). The obtained data expand, to
some extent, our conceptions of the pathogenesis of noise sickness.
They define the ievels of acoustic energy at which previously used gear _
and means of protection against noise are no longer entirely effective,
On the basis of the obtained e xperimental data, the authors formulated
the principle of total protection of the body against high-intensity '
acoustic energy. This principle has been applied in the practical design
of specific gear that was found to be rather effective when tested.
The question of levels of pulsed noise, with which the idea of total
protection of the body against high-power acoustic energy could be used ;
to prevent the deleterious effects of noise, is of some theoretical
and important practical significance.
It was experimentally demonstrated that, in spite of effective protec-
tio~ of the ear, adverse reactions were recorded (electrocardiographic .
findings, performance indices and others) to exposure of pulsed noise -
lasting about 1000 ms at volumes exceeding 160 dB. On the basis of the
32
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obtained data, it was concluded that the acoustic impulse has a direct
effect on organs and systems, leading to the necesaity of total acoustical
shielding of the body by means of special devices (Ye, M. Yuganov et
al., 1972),
The apecific pathophysiological mechanisma that caused functional changes
in a number of systems of the body with expoaure to acoustical impulsea
exceeding 160 dB are not yet comple tely clear. Perhaps, the EKrG changes
were due to mechanical displacement of the heart. However, we cannot
rule out involvement of reflex mechanisms (involuntary breath holding)
in interpreting this fact. It wou ld be quite important to work on
identification of such mechanisms, since this would permit more distinct
formulation of specifications for more adequate protective gear. However,
in this case also, we should refer to primary extracochlear mechanisms
- of reactions when the body is exposed to ultrahigh acoustical impulaes.
The next group of q4~scions is rela ted to determination of the share and
significance of extracochlear mechanisms in forming the reaction of the ~
auditory system to a powerful acou tical impulse. V. I. Voyachek believed
that one must make a distinction be tween the trigeminal (nociceptive)
and acoustical (hearing thresholds) components in the complex effect of
a powerful sound on the ear. This hypothesis has not been verified
experimentally, We demonstrated that there is a reliable 10-15 dB -
elevation of hearing threshold when the intact ear is exposed to an
acousCic impulse of 149-151 dB. Under the same conditions, but with
the tympanum anesthetized with T. I. Gordyshevskiy's fluid (i.e., with
exclusion of trigeminal reception), the thresholds of hearing did not
differ from base levels. The results obtained con�inn the opinion that
the reaction of the auditory system to loud sounds should be interpreted
as a complicated and camplex process, which depends not only on the
volume of the sound, but level of excitability of the central nervous
system that alters lability and the level of excitability of the auditory
analyzer (1. Ye. Komendantov; S. A. Vinnik and L. I. Yakub). It is
quite important to take into consideration these mechanisms in the
pathogene~is of an acoustic lesion. It makes it possible to predict
the basic possibility of pharmacological prevention of overstimulation
of the auditory system in the ranges of intenaity of sound where a change
in hearing thresholds is not due to the traumatizing effect of sound
on sensory cells of the organ of Cor ti, but to a change in excitability
of the auditory system as a result of various central influences, including
sensitization of hearing (L. A. Orbeli), It is a presaing task to
define more precisely the ranges of sound within which such an effect
can occur.
According to the theses listed above and in view of the continued growth
of intensity of noises to which man is exposed, it is imperative to take
into consideration the data we have submitted here on the pathogenesis
of noise sickness when elaborating a set of ineasures for effective
protection against noise,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Andreyeva-Galanina, Ye. Ts.; Alekseyev, S. V.; and Kadyakin, A, V.
in "Materialy nauchnoy sesaii Leningradsk, san.-gig, med. in-ta po _
probleme 'Sovremennoye sostoyaniye ucheniya o proizvodstvennom ahume
i ul'trazvuke [Proceedings of Scientific Sesaion of the Leningrad
Medical Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene on the problem of _
"Current Status of the Teaching on Industrial Noiae and Ultrasound"],
Leningrad, 1968, p 6.
2. Andreyeva-Galanina, Ye. Ts.; Alekseyev, S. V.; Suvorov, G, A.; et al.
"Noise and Noise Sickness," Leningrad, 1972.
3. Voyachek, V. I. "Military Otorhinolaryngology," Moscow, 1946.
4. Yesakov, A. I., and Anitriyeva, T. M. "Neurophysiological Bases Qf
Tactile Perception," Moscow, 1971.
5. I1'inskiy, 0. B. "Mechanoreceptors," Leningrad, 1967.
6. Isakov, P. K. BYULL. EKSPER. BIOL. [Bulletin of Experimental
Biology], Vol 5, 1938, p 175.
7. Komendantov, L. Ye. "Problems of Physiology and Pathology of the
- Ear," Leningrad, 1937, p 10.
8. Orbeli, L. A. "Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,"
Moscow--Leningrad, 1938.
9. Orlova, T. A. in "Materialy nauchnoy sessii Leningradsk. san.-gig.
med. in-ta po probleme 'Sovremennoye sostoyaniye ucheniya o
proizvodstvennom shume i ul'trazvuke'," Leningrad, 1968, p 90,
10. Parin, V. V.; Polosukhin, A. P.; and Chernigovskiy, V. N. FIZIOL.
ZH, SSSR [Physiological Journal of the USSR], No 1, 1937, p 79.
11. Razumov, I. K. in "Izucheniye deystviya vibratsiy na organizm cheloveka
i puti p~ofilaktiki vibratsionnoy bolezni" [Studies of Effects of
Vibration on Man and Meana of Preventing Vibration Sickness], Moscow,
1971, p 4.
12, Strakhov, A. B. "Physiological Mechanisms of Action of Noise !
Stimuli on Animals and Man," doctoral dissertation, Gor'kiy, 1968.
13. Ugolev, A. M., and Khayutin, V. M. FIZIOL. ZH. SSSR, No 6, 1948,
p 689.
_ 14. Shatalov, N. N. "State of the Cardiovascular System During Exposure
to Industrial Noise," doctoral dissertation, Moscow, 1971.
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15. Shkarinov, L. N. in "Izucheniye deystviya vibratsiy na organizm
cheloveka i puti profilaktiki vibratsionnoy bolezni," Moscow, 1971,
p 35. _
16. Chernigovskiy, V, N. "Interoceptora," Moacow, 1960.
17. Yuganov, Ye. M.; Drylov, Yu. V.; and Kuznetsov, V. S. in "Materialy
3-y Vsesoyuzn, konferentsii po aviatsionnoy i kosmicheskoy meditsine"
[Proceedings of 3d All-Union Conference on Aviation and Space
Medicing), Moscow, Vol 2, 1969, p 309.
18. Yakub, L. I., and Vinnik, S. Ya. (editors) "Collection of Works
of the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic and of the Otolaryngological
- Society," Gor'kiy, 1946, p 49.
19. Lowenstenn, W. R. J, PHYSIO~L, (London), Vol 177, 1965, p 377.
20. Idem, ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI., Vol 94, 1961, p 510.
COPYRIGHT: "Gigiyena truda i professional'nyye zabolevaniya", I974
[305-I0,657] ~
10657
CSO: 1840
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- PHOTOBI ~,OGY OF THE AIVIMAL CELL
Leningrad FOTOBIOLOGIYA ZHIVOTNOY KLE'I'I~ (Photobiology of the Animal Cell)
in Russian 1979 signed to press 27 Jul 79 p 2, 3-~Y. 265-268
[Annota.tion, foreword and ta.ble of contents from .book by A. S. Troshin, '
N. F. Gamaleya, S. V. Konev, N. F. Krauzova, K. Ye. Kruglyakova,
V. L. Levin and K. A. Samoylova., Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1850 copies,
268 PP~
[Text] This collection continues the series of Soviet publications on
the action of W radiation on living subjects. The book presents
studies devoted to the cellular and moleculax mecha.nisms of the joint
and individual action of different componen-ts of solar radiation on
oil-synthesizing organisms. The authors give an analysis of the action -
of ecological types of s~lar radiation--long-wave Lnt rays and visible
light, and also the effects of laser radiation. Twelve surveys and 14
experimental studies are devoted to t,hese problems. The collection
is of interest to biologists working in the fieldsof ghoto- and radio-
biology, cytology, molecular biology, genetics, experimental oncology,
, biophysics and for physicians and agricultural specialists using
optic radiation for sanita.tion and therapeutic purposes. Eighty-three
illustrations, 311~ tables.
Foreword
The First All-Union Symposium on "The Photobiology of the Li`ring Cell"
was held in Leningrad in November 1977 � It was devoted to one of the
current txends of modern biology--investigation of the mechanisms of
the action of solax radiation on humans, animals, microorganisms and
vir.uses . The present collection consists of reviews and also of se-
lected sect,ion report,s from the symposium. It may rightfully be classi-
fied with the traditional series of collections on the biological action
of W radiation, which has been periodically published in our country
for more than 20 years. It differs ~om them in that it examines almost
exclusively the cellular and molecular.aspects of the problem, and only
for oil-synthesizing sub jects, In this we observe the trend, which
has grown stxonger in recent years, to the formation of an independent
- 36
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-
division of biological science--animal photobiolo~r--along with the
division of plant photobiology, which long ago became autonomous.
The collection presents studies on the effects not only of W radiation
but also of other types of solar racliation for the first time in Soviet
literature. For the first time in world literature thorough analysis of
the action on biomolecules, cells and tissues of ecological types of
solar radiation--].ong-wave W radiation and visible light--axe given.
'This is very timely in connect,ion with the enormous interest in the
problems of "Man and His Environment" and "The Sun and the Biosphere".
' Probably it is for precisely this reason that photobiologists axe now
turning with increasing frequency to the stuc~y of purely ecological -
situations, in which no ~ one but several types of optic radiat,ion -
(W, visible light, infrared)--as w~ll. i as~ ~such. factors as ionizing
, radiationy high or ibw temperatures~ vaxious chemical substaxices--
act simultaneously or in succession on the biolor~ical sub~ect. The
chemical substances, often in negligible quantities, axe c;~~.pable of
initiating, intensifying or attenuating photobiological reactions.
Substances with such groperties are distributed extremely widely s _
they are part of foad, pharmacological reinec3~.es, chemical preparations
f'or domest3.c uses; they ma.y accompany man's industrial activity, etc.
This is why great attention has been devoted to the problems of
photosensitization and photoinitiation in this collection.
The rapid introduction of laser technology has made it necessaxy for
biologists to stuc~y the effects of laser ra.diation~ Investigation
of their properties and mechanism will undoubtedly be based on
knowledge of the nature of the biological action of ordina,ry (non-
coherent) light. This circumstance dicta,ted the inclusion of ~
in the collection of a number of articles devoted to the action
laser radiation _on biomolecules .and cells. Extensive compaxison of
the effects of coherent and noncoherent light is performed for the first ~
time in the world literature. _
~ The collection conta.ins 12 aurvey axticles (they occupy ha~.f its
vclume) and 44 experimental ones. All the ma,terial is divided into �
_ three sections which correspond to the 'basic trends in modern cellular -
and moleculax photobiology: the action of light on protein and biological
membranes; light injury to nucleic acids anci the repaxative processss;
the action of light on �the cell: the morphological~ cytogenetic,
physiological and biochemical aspects . Ea.ch section opens wi'th
survey axticles : there are 3.of them in chapt~�r 6'.in cha.pter 2,
and 3 in chapter 3. The collection crowns the experimental studies of
a tr.end new to our country which is c~nnected with investigation of '
the a.ction on humans of optic rad.iation f`rom indwstxial sources (the -
axticles of L. A. Gvozdenko et a1. , I. S. Alekseyeva et al. In addition
to those nam~d, other articles canta.in material of an applied nature
~ (the studies of L. V. Potastiov et a1., L. M. Gakh, L. M. Tsaxeva, V. N.
Zalesskiy et a1. It would be no exaggera.tion to say that the entire
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collection has a practical aspect, inasmuchas the mechanisms of the
biological action of light of different wave-lengths--a most important
factor of the environment and an aa~ent widely emplo;~ed in medicine
and agriculture-�~are axatained .in .it.
Table of Contents Page
;
Foreword ............................................................3 ~
Section I. The Action of Light on Protein and Biological Membranes '
S. V. Konev, I. D, Volotnvskiy. The action of W light on ~
proteins in solution and as pa,rt of biological membranes............5
I. I. Sapezhinskiy. The photooxidation of proteins ................17 ~
D. I. Roshchupkin. The molecular mechanisms of photoinjury
td biological membranes ................~.........................,.23 '
N. L. Sakina, M. K, Pulatova, M, A. Ostrovskiy. The action of
visible light on the melanoprotein granules of the pigmented
epithelium of the eye ..............................................34
0. V. Putintseva, V. G. Artyukhov. The influence of W ir-
_ radiation on the gel fraction and spectral properties of
oxyhemoglobin and its fraction .....................................37
I. Ya. Ostashevskiy, A. G. Zhuykov, A. G. Bezrukova. The
mechanisms of photoinactivation of chymotxypsin and trypsin........4~0
N. V, Konobasova. The influence of temperature on photo- _
destxuction of enz,ymes .............................................42
N. V. Konobasova.. Change in W-irradiated solutions of trypsin
during aftereffects .....................~..........................45
V. P. Pershina, M. A. Khenokh. The action of UV radiat3on
on m3.xtures of enzymes .............................................49 -
I. V. Radchenko, N. V. Lysenkov. The action of radiation :
from different light sources on lactate dehydrogenase from ;
muscle tissue ......................................................53 ~
M. Yu. Pistsov, Ye. 0. Puchkov, D. I.'Roshchupkin, Yu. A.
Vladimirov. The mechanism of photolysis of SH-groups in
cellular membranes during W irra.diation
~ ~~55 '
�
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A. T. Lordkipanidze~ D. I. Poshchupkin. The mechanism of
peroxide photo-oxida.tion of lipids in the membranes of erythro-
cytes ..............................................................58
L. N. Pisareva. The ac tion of W radiation on the activity
of prepaxations of Na, K-ATPase from the kidney of guinea pigs.....61
Section II. Light Injuxy to Nucleic Acids and the Reparative Processes
K. Ye. Kruglyakova~ Y. M. Zhil'tsova, Z. P. Gribova. The physico-
chemical mechanisms of injur,y to DNA by W radiation ...............6w
A. S. Kriviskiy. The genetic effects in viruses under the
action of short-wave W ra.diation and in photosensitization........73
T. N. Kalabukhova. Ye. A: Malinina. The mechanism of the forma-
tion and repaxability of nuQ3e3c acid-protein linkages under the
action of W radiation of different wave-length ra,nges .............85
V. L. Levin, K. A. Samoylova. The current status of the
problem of photoreactivation .......................................95
E. Yanovska, K. A. Samoylova,, M. Vizdalova. The effectiveness
of systems of dark reparation of DNA in the restoration of
bacteria and phages injured by W radiation of the ecological
wave-length range ..........................~......................110
V. A. Sokolov, V. G. Skvortsov. The biological effects of
photoradiation processes,.~~~.~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~~~~~..~~~,~.........12~,
Ye. M. Mil', V. M. Zhil'tsova, K. Ye. Kruglyakova. Investi- -
gation of W injury in DNA using the spin-label and sound
method ..............................~.............................131
V. M. Zhil'tsova, Z. P. Gribova., 0. A. Azizova, K. Ye.
Kruglyakova, Yu. A. Vladmirov. The formation of flree
radicals in DNA irradiated by long-wave W light in the
135
presence of a.n e;ndogenous sensitizor
Z. M. Rudykh~ N. F. G.araaleya. Photosensitizat~.on 3njury to
billirubin, nucleic acids and cells of tissue culture under
the action of ordinary and laser light sources ....................139 -
Ye. A. Ma1 inina, T. N. Kalabukhova, L. V. 7,inov'eva.. The
influence of W radiation on protein complexes with purine
bases and their derivatives .......................................1~}2
F. I. Vilesov, N. Ya. Dodonov, M. N. Kiseleva, L. A.
Remizova., D. A. Sukhov, N. M. Tsyganenko. The action of
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vacuum W radiation on the components of nucleic acids .............146
A. S. Sayenko. T. P. Il'ina. Immunologi.cal methods of
investigati on of DNA reparation in W-irra.diated cells ..............148
T. P. Il'ina, B. I. Synzynys. Investigation of DNA
reF~ation in W-irra.diated cells of Escherichia coli K12 uvrE......151
M. N. Myasnik, I. I.Morozov. The role of genetic and physio-
logical factors determining the fate of photoreactivated
injuries to Escher9:chia coli.e ......................................153
M. N. Myasnik, I. I. Morozov. The modification by
- visible light of injuries induced by ionizing radiation .............155
G. Ya. Fraykin, M. Ye. Pospelov, L. B. Rubin. The biological
effects of long-wave W on yeast of the genus Candida ...............1~7
T. A. Krasnova., V. L. Levin, Ye . I. Moskaleva., T. B. Romashkina,
P. Ya. Shvaxtsman. Direct cytopla,smic mutagenic ac~tion of W
rays in irradiation of drosophila eggs during the eaxly stages _
of embryogenesis ...........................~........................160
R. I. Pinto, F. L. Vikhanskaya,,N. V. Shavrina, K. L. Manukyan,
Ye. S.Manuilova, N. I. Shapiro, V. D. Zhestyanikov. Post-
replicative DNA reparation in W-irradiated cells of the ratlike
ha.mster .............................................................163
Sect3.on III. The Action of Light on the Cells Morphological,
Cytogenetic, Phys~.ological and Biochemical Aspects
K. A. Samoylova. The properties of the action on animal
_ cells of W radiation of different wave-lengths .....................167
_ V. N. Sakharov. Synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein after
local exposure of the ani.mal cell to W microwaves ..................186
N. F. Gamaleya. Application of la.ser ra.diation in cytological
investigations ......................................................194
S. I. Fokin. The influence of local UV irradiation of the
generative nucleus on the veg~eta.tive functions of cells of
Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium bursaria .........................200
N. B. Sushchenko, K. A. Samoylova. The influence of W
radiation of different bands of the spectrum and visible light
on the mitotic activ3.tf of cells of the epithelium of the
rat cornea.....~ ....................................................202
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V. P. K~:rillina, Yu. S. Borovtskov, N. A. Chernogryadskaya.
Investigation of the con~i:tion of the contracting apparatus
of muscles during necrosis caused by irradiation with
W light .....................e.....................,................207
M. P. Burgova., A. S. Stidenkina. The action of light on
the redox sta.tus of flavin and pyridine nucleot.ides of intact
nerve ce11s .........................................................211
V. A. Kry~lenkov, A. V. Tret'yakov. The action of iN radiation
~ on the activity of ATPase of the mitochondria of ~ells of
Zaydel's a.scitic hepatoma ...........................................215.
A. M. Korolev, Yu. Ye. Konev, I. M. Tereshin. Photochemical
changes in the membranes of actinolqycefi,es ...........................219
V. R. Faytel'berg-Blank, A. T. Dygas. Change in the
- permeability of the membranes of the sma11 intestine for glucose �
and glycine under the action of W radiation ........................220
V. P. Kasnacheyev, L. P. Mikhaylova, V. N. Sudaxev, I. V. ~
Radayeva, T. V. Pomekhinska.ya, Yu. V. Nemtsov. Distant
intercellular interactions caused by W radiation ...................221
L. V. Potashov, 0. F. Kruglikova, G. V. Nikitin, E. P. Che~.nav~.. .
W irrac~3,ation of autologous blood under experimental. conditions....223
V. A. Krylenkov~ A. N. Bubnov, K. A. 5amoylova, A. N. Yakovlev,
L. N. Zinkovskaya~ L.D. Serova..~ . The influence of short-wave
W radiation on the viability and certain immunological properties
of hwnan T-lymphocytes ..............................................227
L. M. Gakh. Change in the structure and metabolism of immuno-
competent cells after W irrdiation of the skin of healthy and
sick mice ...........................................................231 .
_ M. S. Kritskiy~ Ye. K. Cherr~ysheva. Nicotinamide coenzymes
and the regulation o~' carot3.nogenesis in the ~ycelium of
Neurospora crassa by light ..........................................233 ~
A. S. Chunayev, N. N. Aleksandrova, M. D. Yakovlev, V. M,
Belya,kova, V. P. Andreyev. Sensit3vity to visible light in
muta.nts of Chla~ydomonas reinhaxdii distinguished by their '
pigment content .....................................................236
L. K. Lozina-Lozinskiy. The adaptive reaction of infusoria
to photoc~ynamic a.ction of ata,i.ns ....................................241
I. B. Fedorovich, A. A. 5hvedova, V. L. Khristoforov, A. A.
Kaban. Regeneration of rhodopsin under different regimes
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of li~t and daxk adaptation ........................................246
F. G. Gribakin. A. D. Polyanovskiy. Ultrastructural changes -
in the photoreceptors of insects under the influence of optic
radiation ...........................................................248
L. M. Tsaxeva. Properties of t~he reaction to lighy of the
pigmented epithelium of the refi,ina of the eyes of cer-ta3.n
Pacific Ocean fish ..................................................250
- Ye. D. Shishko. Laser microirradiation of nuclear and cytoplasmic
struct~es of normal and tumon~cells:~ in culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
V. N. Zalesskiy. Injury to the endothelial cells of. blood
vessels following microirradiation of them ..........................255
T. A. Adzhimolayev, 5. M. Zubkova, 0. A. Krylov, Z. A. Sokolova.
The chaxacteristics of the action of monochromatic coherent
_ radiation on the functions and me~,abolism of ~the nerve ce11.........256
L. A. Gvozdenko, A. S. Kuzina, V. N. Primak, N. S. Shiskina. ~
Optic radiati on under industrial conditions and the features
of its influence on physiological functions of ~the organism.........258
I. S. Alekseyeva, V. N. G,~1'kov, Yu. I. Norkin. N. N. Sozina.
The influence of -the . op-~ic�~ rad~a.tion of arc welding on the skin
and eyes of welders .................................................261 :
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979
C238-9380] ' '
9380
~ CSO: 1840
_ '
!
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PfiYSIOLOGY
UDC 612.081
SLdW NON-ELECTRICAL RHYTf~1S OF TEiE HUMpN gRAIN
Leningrad MEDLENNYYE NEELEKTRICHESKIYE RITMY GOLOVNOGO MOaGA CHELOVEKA (Slow
Non-electrical 8hythms of the Human Brain) in Russian 1979 signed to press
12 Mar 79 pp 2-5, 126-127
[Annotation, table of contents and foreword fram book by Valentin Boriso-
vich Grechin and Yuriy Dmitriyevich Kropotov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1,400
copies, 127 pages]
[Text] Annotation
The monograph presents contempcrary data on the dynamics of slow non�,elec-
trical processes: the oxygen tension, the electrical resistance, tem-
perature, the concentration of some ions end a number of other processes
registered in the tissue's of the human brain both in the state of peaceful
a~rakening and during the fulfilment of yarious functional tests. Distinc-
tive features of the registretion of those processes in the human brain.
Literature data and the results of the authors' investigations conducted on
patients with implanted electrodes. By means of an original method of
analysis of fluctuations of slow non-electrical prxesses their participa-
tion in assuriag the motor and intellectual-mnestic activity.of man. A
distinctive feature of the monograph is examination of the connections
between fluctuations of the oxygen tension, electrical resistance and local
tem~perature of brain tissue.and their correlations with the pulsed and
s1oW-vave forms of the electrical activity of neural cells. On the basis
of those fnvestigations, and also of the data obtained by mathematical
model3ng a hypothesis is ~~cpressed that metabolic processes mc~deling the ~
activity o~' the neuron-glial populations of the human brain are:~reflected
in the slow non-electrical processes.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Principles of Study and General Characterization of
- S1oW Non-electrical Processes of the Human Btain 6
Some Distinctive Features of the Hemodynamics of the Human.Brain 6
Contemporary Methods of Determining Blood Flow in the Human Grain 8
Some Data on the Mechanism of Brain Blood Flow Regulation 11
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Page
Oxygen in the Brain of Animals and Man 14
The Physiological Aspect of Oxygen Deiivery to the Brain 14
Method o'E Registering p02 of the Brain 17
The p02 Level of Structures of the Human Brain 19
Impedance of the Brain Tissue 23 ~
The Concept of "Spaces" of the Brain 23
- Technical Provision of the Method of Registering Components
- of Brain Tissue Impedance 29
The Level of Impedance of Deep Structures of the Human Brain 30
Some New Methods of Studying S1ow Non-electrical Processes of the
Brain of Man and Animals 34
Chapter 2. Spontaneous Fluctuations of Slow Non-electrical
Processes of the Bsain of Man and S ome principles
of Their Organization 3g
General Characterization of Spontaneous Fluctuations of Slow
Non-electrical P rocesses 38
Neuron�-giial Populations as Generators of Fluctuations of S low
Non-electrical Processes 42
Mathernatical Methods of Analysis of Fluctuations of Slow
non-electrical Processes of the Human Brain 44
_ S ome Properties of Fluctuations of Slow Non-electrical Processes
of the Human Bra in 50
~e Local Character of Fluctuations of Slow Non-electrical
- Processes 50
Polymorphis~ of Fluctuations of Slow Non-electrical Processes 52
The Polyfunctional Character of Neuron-glial Populations
Generating Fluctuations of Slow Non-electrical Processes 55
Chapter 3. Distinctive Features of Slow I~on-electrical Processes
During Changes of the Functional S tate of the Brain 57
The Dynamics of S low Non-electrical~Processes of the Brain During ~
Variation of the Gaseous Composition of the Blood 57
Variation of Slow Non-electrical Processes During Increase of
pa02 (Toward the Mechanism of "Oxygen Poisoning") 57
Variation of Slow Non-electrical Processes During Decrease of
pa02 (Toward the Mechanism of Brain Symptoms of Hypoxia) 62
Variation of S1ow Non-electrical Processes During Dynamics of
paC02 (Toward the Mechanism of H yperventilation) 64 ;
Slow Non-electrical Processes During Epileptiform Activity in the EEG 69
Variation~ of Slow Non-electrical Processes During Natural Sleep 73
Variations of Slnw Non-electrical Processes During Conditioned-
Reflex Activity in Animals and Psychic in Man � 76
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Page
Chapter 4. The Place of Slow Non-electrical Proce;;ses in the
Hierarchic Organization of Physiological Processes
of the Bra in gi
Some Results of Mathematical Modeling of Slow Fluctuations af p02 92
InCerconnection of Slow Fluctuations of p02, the Impedance and
the Local Blood Flow g6
On the Que~tion of the Origin of Fluctuations of S low Non-
electrical Processes 99
Interconnection of Slow Non-electrical Processes and Elactrical
Processes of the Baain 102
Interconnection of Slow Non-electrical Processes and the
Pulsed Activity of Neuron Populations of the Human Brain 108
Conclusion 115
Bibliography 118
Foreword
The successes of the biological sciences in the cognition of living matter
and its highest form, the brain, are connected to a considerable degree
with the improvement of old and the creation of new methods of research.
In the course of 50 years electrophysiological methods, which assure the ~
_ possibility of studyfng in the living the neurodynamics of the brain
of animals and man i~n all the variety of the spectrum of bioelectrical
manifestations, have been and remain som~ of the principal, if not t~e only
method of investigating the state of the brein in the normal and pathology.
At the same time, from the first steps of clinical eiectroencephalography
the neurophysiologists have attempted to assimilate methods o~ evaluating
the properties of matter borrowed fraa~ physics and chemistry. Thus, in thq
1920's appeared clinica 1 publications devoted to the use of the method of
- measuring the electrica 1 conductivity of materials to establish the boun-
daries of a brain tumor [132]. ,
Successes of physical chemistry in the creation of ion-selective glass led
to the investigation of the dynemics of the hydrogen ion concentration in
the surface layers of the cerebral cortex [92, 110]. Yo the 1930's date
first attempts to inves tigate distinctive features of the hemodynamics of
the human brain under conditions of natural sleep and epileptic seizure
[97, 155].
Even a simple listing mekes,it possible to turn the reader's attention to-
ward one iarport~nt fact--the brain blood flow, the hydrogen radical concen-
tration (pH) and the complex resistance of the tissue are not electrophy-
siological phenomena and reflect events in the neural tissue elementary in
comparison with the polymorphous and complex in the interpretation of the
EEG picture. The first researchers turned ettention toward the high
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informativeness of those parameters for studying the physiology and patho-
physi~logy of the central nervous system. In spite of the sparseness of
the technical realization, those investigations were a result of a direction
new for neurophysiology--the study in the ltving of processes directly
reflecting the metabolism of the human brain.
Contemporary successes in the s~udy of the physiology and pathophysiology of
the human brain have resulted from the introductton into the clinic of elec-
tronic equipment, analyzing devices, an arsenal of neurotropic devices and
chemical methods of investigation biological liquids and tissues, that is,
by the development of clinical-F!hysiological, -biophysical, -biochemical,
_ etc, symbiosis. The progress of recent.decades in the study of the physio-
logy of the human brain is also connected with successes of the stereotaxic
neurosurgery and above all with the application of inethods of long-range
intracerebral eZectrodes for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment [5].
They have permitted, under the conditions of long and multi-point contact
with the brain of the patient, investigating a broad spectrum of phqsio-
logical processes characterizing the functional state of separate subcorti-
cal nuclei and cerebral cortices [4, 6, 13, 22]. Characteristic of the
clinical neurophysiology of recent years is the use in the process of neuro-
surgical operotions and diagnostic procedures of the methods of investiga-
tion in the Living of the metabolism of neural tissue by methods borrowed
' from biophysias and physical chemistry th~t have undergone preliminary test-
ing under experimental conditions on animals [41].
The present work has the purpose of acquainting the reader with sti11-little-
known methods of studyiflg physiological mechanisms of the brain of man an6
animals and methods of investigating slow non-electrical processes: polaro-
graphic regist�.~-::tion of the oxygen tension Ethe tissue p02), impedancometry,
methods of determining the total, regional and local brain blood flow, the
concentration of various ions, the method of fluorometry and oxi-redoximetry
of the living, etc. Each of those paramters characterizes different aspects
_ of the vital activity of neural tissue and in 4hat respect supplements the
others to a considerable degree. Registered by means of ~xtracellularly
arranged electrodes, those processes characterize effects that de-
_ velop in the brain space.near the electrode, that is, extracellular, and
only in that way reflect the state of cells of neural tissue. The most gen-
eral feature of those processes is that none of them can be defined as
electrophysiological--their registration requires transformations o~f some
physical (or chemical) contants of tissues'in~o electrical signels of the
measurement system. This fact does not diminish the importance of studying
those processes to find out the physiology of the brain, but on the con-
trary emphasizes their role in the generation and modulation of electro-
physi.~l.ogi~al phenomena and in the survival of brain cells.
Slow non-electrica'L processes represent a complex system of processes re-
f lecting siifferent planes of the functional state of one and the same .
neuron-glial population of the brain. Different slow non-electrical pro-
r.ess~es differ ~n particular Features, informativeness and place in the
orga~izatian of n~ural tissue. In the last 20 years considerable factual
46
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material characterizing the possibilities of slow non-electrical processes
- in studying the physiology of the brain has been accu~ulated. However, the
development of knowledge of different slow non-electriC~l processes is ir-
_ regular. Thus, extensive materiel reflects the present stete of the pheno-
menology of slow non-electrical processes of the brain of animals and the
pathophysiology of the general hemodynamics of the human brain. Comprehen-
sive investigations of local s1oW non-electrical processes became a reality
only in the last decade mainly in connection with successes of stereotaxic
neurosurgery. The creative adaptation of some of those methods to the con-
ditions and possibilities of stereotaxic neurosurgery, which constitute an
element of a complex approach in the study of the physiology of the human
brain [4] made the present work, done in the Department of Neurophysiology
- of the Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni
Louis Pasteur, USSR Aca demy of Medical Sciences, under the leadership of
N. P. Bekhtereva, corresponding member of the USS R Academy of Sciences and
academician of the USS R Academy of Medical Sciences~, a reality.
[SO-2174] _
2174
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r~tt vrrl~itw u~C ULVLY
UDC 612.821.2+612.821,6
MEMORY AND ADAPTATION
Novosibirsk PAMYAT' I ADAPTATSIYA (Memory and Adaptation) in Russian
1979 signed to press May 23 1979 pp 2, 3-5 192
[Annotation, introduction, and table of contents from book by R. Yu.
I1'yuchenok, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka" (Siberian Division) 192 pages, 4,500
copies]
[Text] In the monograph the physiological mechanisms
of adaptation a~e analyzed as a function of the effec- ~
~ tiveness of work of the central regulatory systems and
memory. An ana.lysis of the data obtained during the
adaptation of man to various cli~natic-geographical ~
conditions (Pamiro-Alay, Altay, Kuril Islands) allowed
us to separat~ three phases of the adaptational process, -
at the base of which lie various physiological mechanisms.
Particular attention has been devoted to processes of
memory and the functional assymetry of the brain in dif -
ferent phases of adaptation.
The book is designed for physiologists, paychologists, .
psychiatrists, neurologists, and therapists as well
as students of universities and medi~;al institutes.
Introduction
Up to the present time we have amassed extensive data about changes in ~
different systems of the organism, basically during adaptation to extreme
and near-extreme conditions. All this rich factual data has promoted ~
an understanding of many particular mechanisms characteristic for concrete ~
types of adaptation to defined conditions of the climatic-geographical
and production environment. However on the basis of the materia 1 we
have it is difficult to give on interpretation of the universal general _
mechanisms of individual adaptation,
48
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Three expeditions (1975-1977) carried out by the Department of Central
Regulatory Mechanisms of the Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch
of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR with analogous programs of researeh
into the adaptation of man to contrasting climatic-geographical conditions
allowed us to compare the dynamics of a large number of reactions occurring
in parallel and to show up those of them which were present both during
adaptation to mountainou s conditions with different climatic regimes and
during a time shift after transmiridional flight, that is, allowed us
to show up those reactions of. the organism which are probably universal
for the process of adaptation. ~
The investigations were carried out in mountainous conditions of Central
Asia and Siberia (Pamiro-Alay, Altay) in points located roughly at an
identical elevation, but differing in clicaate, and in conditions of a
shift of the ~ime zone by four hours (Southern Kuril Islands).
The expedition of 1975 on Pauiiro-Alay (settlement of Konchech, elevation
2500 m above sea level, a hot and dry climate) pursued the goal of
clarifying adaptation to mountainous conditions with a elevated temperature.
In 1977 in Altay (the Aktash mine, at an elevation of 2600 m above sea
level with a markedly continental climate, similar in characteristics
to the climate of Novosibirsk) "purer" adaptation to mountainous conditions
was studied since inhabitants of the Acade:my City (Novosibirsk) and ad-
jacent places comprised the group of exp~rimental subjects. On the
- Kunashir Isalnd (a Southern Kuril settlement, time shift of four hours,
a monsoon climate) in 1966 scientists observed a predominance of desyn-
chronization elicited by the transmeridional displacement, and adaptation
in conditions of a monsoon climate.
The choice of geographical places with subextreme climactic conditions
was dictated on the one hand by a desire to follow the clear cut process
of ad3ptation but without the superimposition of pathological syndromes
and on the other hand by a desire to compare the shifts of different
functions in contrasting conditions while attempting to show up the
presence of several common changes. Although the main problem of the
- investigations was a stu dy of inemory pxocesses during adaptation, a series
of other psychological and psychophysiological tests were carried out
paralleling this study. These ~investigations a~lowed us not only to ~
evaluate the background on which one or the other process of inemory taok
place, but also to follow the course of the process of adaptation through
many parameters, and as was clarified later, to follow its phaselike
quality with the physiological mechanisms intrinsic to each phase,
Therefore it seems expedient before examining the memory processes to
give a description of the adaptational restructuring of the neurological
status of the vestibular, statokinetic, psychological, and psycho-
physiological reactions; then one can show the significance of inemory
during adaptation, with the help of whose regulation one may predetermine
the paths of intervention in ttie Frocess of adaptation.
49
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ci,~ vrri~.lt14 UJC. ~~vLl[
The first successful efforts to change the course of inemory trace for-
mation and reproduction by pharmacological substances introduce the hope
th~t thie patti will furnish real approaches to the control of inemory.
Undoubtedly even by the end of this book the role of inemory in different
phases of the adaptational procesa will not be revealed because of an
insuf~iciency of data. However, if we aucceed in informing the reader
that memory in its widest sense takes part in the process of adaptation
and can compose the basis ot the formation of adaptive programs which �
a11ow the organism to adjust its activity to the changin~ conditions of
the env ironment, if we can succeed in informing the reader ihat memory
is the foundation of physioiogical mechanisms providing for the individual
adaptation of the organism, then we may consider that we attained our
- goal,
The col lective of coworkers of the Department of Central Regulatory
Mechanisms of the Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR took part in the work, V. P. Leutin, I. V. Vol'f,
S, B. Tsvetovskiy, and E. I. Nikolayeva investigated the change of bio-
electrical activity of the brain and vegetative shifts in people during
the formation and reproduction of the memory trace. L. A. Konstantinovskaya
and I~. I. Dubrovina carried out psychological examinations of inemory,
attention, and functional state (in the first expedition N, K. Kiyashchenko
and S. R, Chaplygina examined these). M. A. Gilinskiy, I, A. Korsakov,
and V. L. Plyashkevich investigated the activity of the human operator
during the adaptation of man to mountainous conditions (Pamiro-Alay,
Altay) and on Kunashir. The head of the faculty of the Belorussian
Institute of A~ivanced Medical Studies, professor, doctor of inedical
science s L. S. Gitkina and the head of the laboratory of the Institute
of Neur ology, Physiotherapy, and Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Public
Health of the Belorussian SSR, professor, doctor of inedical scierces
I. A. Sk.lyut took part in the expedition. L. S. Gitkina carried out the
neurological status examination and I. A. Sklyut carried out the examina-
tions of static and dynamic coordination and vestibular rer_ctions.
In experimental investigations L. V. Loskutova, I, M. Vinnitskiy,
N. V. Vol'f, and S. B. Tsvetovskiy studied the role of different structures
of the brain in the mechanisms of one session learning, N. I. Dubrovina .
studied the neuronal mechanisms of the interaction of these structures,
_ and M. A. Gilinskiy, G. V. Abuladze, V. I. Masycheva, and I, A. Pukhov
studied the significance of various structures of the brain in the -
mechanisms of regulation of inemory tract formation and reproduction. ,
The author expresses gratitude to all coworkers of the department and -
participants of the expeditions whc took ar active part in the research -
which lies at the basis of this book. ~
, 50
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Table of Contents
Introduction , , , ~ ~ ~ . , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ 3
Psychophysiological changes during adaption to different
climatic-geographical conditiona . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ 6
Adaptation in mountainouR conditions. . , . . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 6
Transmexiodional flights. . . ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ . , ~ ~ . ~ . ~ 21
General physiolog~cal mechanism~ lying at the base of individual .
adaptation and defining the phasic nature of the process 34
Memoxy--the basis of individual adaptat~on . . . , , . ~ . ~ , , , . 46
- Structural-functional organization of the regulatory syatem -
of inemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
Neurochemical mechanismg of the emotional regulatory system � �
of inemory. The pharmacology of inediation systems and the
chemical reminder. . . . . . , ~ ~ ~ . ~ , ~ , . ~ ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 102
The search for paths of information recovery. The role of
the reticular formation trunk and the amygdaloid complex system--
the central gray matter in the mechanisms of inemory trace
_ reproduction . . , ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ . ~ ~ 119
The role ~f the funct�~onal assymetry of �the brain in
_ physiological mechanisms of human adaptation . . . . . , . ~ ~ . . 135
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 -
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
e Progra~. Physiological mechanisms of adaptation (adaptation
as a function of the effectiveness of work of the brain's
regulatory systems and memory) . . ~ . . , , , ~ ~ , , ~ . , ~ o ~ -
The method of investigating the activity of the human operator
in a regime of compensating tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Psychological methods of examining memory in the process of
adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 -
Psychophysiological method of investigating human adaptation. 169
_ Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
COP'YRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979
[227-9193) ,
~
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C SO : 1840
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- UDC 612.822.1
~ PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS ON FkUTEIN AND RNA CONTENT ~
OF THE SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS OF THE BRAIN DURING DEPRIVATION OF PARADOXICAL
STAGE OF SLEEP
Mosca~.~ DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 245, No 1979 pp 477-479
[Article by N. N. Demin and N. L. Rubinekaya (presented by Academician
Ye. M. Kre ps on 5 Oc~ 78), Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov,
- USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, submitted 24 Oct 78]
' [Text] It was previously [1) demonstratQd in our laboratory that depriving
rats oi the paradoxical stage of sleep (PS) by keeping them on small -
platforms above water [2,3] is associated with significant decline in
protein and RNA content of neurons, as well as glial proteins, and in
particular those of the supraoptic nucleus. These changes reach a maximum
in about 24 h after the start of the experiment [4]; thereafter, there
_ was some attenuation of the protein and RNA deficiency in these structures.
- Since the major role of cholinergic structures of the brain in development
of PS was recently demonstrated [5, 6], on the one hand, and stimulation
thereof attenuates the effects of deleterious factors [7, 8], on the
_ other hand, we conducted a series of experiments involving 24-h siepriva-
tion of PS of rats against a background of elevation of endogenous
acetylcholine as a result of administratian of anti~holinesterase agents ,
(antiCE) [9]. We gave the experimental animals hypodermic injections
of armine (0,4 mg/kg weight) as an ~gent that penetrates the blood-brain
barrier and preparation Gd-42 (in a dosage of 0,02 mg/kg), which does ~
not penetrate this barrier. It was established that, under theae conditions,
there was slight but reliable decrease ~.n protein (by about 15%) and RNA
(by 20-24%) c~ntent of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in waking rats
as well. However, 24-h PS deprivation with both antiCE used virtually
failed to increase this deficiency, whereas in intact animals [4] PS
deprivation of the same duration was associated with approximatelya45%
decrease in nei~ronal protein content and 40% decrease in RNA. PS depriva-
tion failed to induce any changes whatsoever in protein and RNA content
of gliocytes of rats given armine ~r Gd-42, whereas protein contont
dropped by about 15 to 20% in intact animals.
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In view of thase results, we conducted a similar experimeat but using
- one-fifth the previous dosage of antiCE.
- As before, theae experiments were conducted in albino Wietar rats weighing
170-200 g. The rats were divided into 3 groupa: 1) inta~t control animals;
2) experimental rats given hypodermic in~ections of a~mine in a dosage
of 0.08 m~/kg weight Z h prior to the experiment; 3) rats also given
Gd-42 in a dosage of 0.004 mg/kg. We submitted 5-6 rats from each experimen-
tal group to PS deprivation; 5-6 animals from each group were kept in
individual cages. After the animals had spent 24 h dn small platforms
over water (PS deprivation), control and all experimental rats were
decapitated: a) thoae in cages--some in a waking state and relatively
calm and some who slept naturally; b) those deprived of PS.
In all of the groups, we determined absolute protein and RNA content of
. different neurons and surrounding glial cells of the supraoptic nucleus,
The samples to be examined were fixed in cooled Brodskiy fixing a$ent
- then imbedded in paraffin. After deparaffination of sections 6-8.u m
~ in thickness, the RNA was stained with gallocyanin-chrome alum [10].
_ The absolute RNA content per cell was determined cytospectrophotomet- ~
rically uaing a scanning, integrating SIM-1 microspectrophotometer,
according to optical density of the scanned area of neurons and gliocytes
on sections for a beam with a wavelength of 585 nm. T'~e proteins on the
sections were stained with amido black lOB [11], and absolute levEl
thereof per cell was de~ermined on the basis of optical density at 620 nm
by means of a probing tw~-beam MUT-5 cytospectrophotompter and the
corresponding eell volumes.
The results we obtained in this series of tests are listed in Table 1,
as percentages of deviation from levels demonstrated in intact waking
rats. For the sake of comparison, data previously obtained [9] with~the ~
use of the same antiCE but in 5 times larger doses are also listed in
this table,
Thes~ data indicate that administration of both armine and Gd-42 in amall ~
doses (0.08 and 0,004 mg/kg, respectively) prevented entirely the decline
of protein and RNA levels in supraoptic nucleus cells, at which intact
animals are deprived of pS (which is particularly marked expressly 24 h
after the start of the experiment. We see that there was no decrease _
in protein and RNA content, which did occur in waking rats given a large
dose of antiCE.
At the same time, we cannot fail to obaerve that, even in a small dose,
antiCE prevented the minor accumulation (about 15%) of proteins and
RNA in the glia of the supraoptic nucleus, usually observed during natural
sleep [1,4].
53 -
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Table 1. Changes in protein and RNA content of neurons and glia of the supra-
optic nucleus of the rat brain in different functional states
against the background of administration of antiCE--armine (large ~
dose, 0.4 mg/kg; small dose, 0.08 mg/kg) and Gd-42 (large dose, -
0.02 mg/kg; small dose, 0.004 mg/kg)*
- Physiological state Protein RNA ~
large dose small dose large dose small dose
Neurons
Sleep without antiCE +7 -7 +1 +3 _
Waking, with armine -15** -9 -20** +2 -
Waking, with Gd-42 -14** -2 -24** -1
Sleep, with armine -6 +5 -22** -2
Sleep, wir.h Gd-42 +9 -4 -13** +2
PS depriv~tion, witn arTine -15** +6 -17** +2
PS deprivation, witlz Gd-42 -11** �0 -19** +3
Glia _
3 Sleep without antiCe +15** +11~* +17** +11** -
Waking, with armine -2 -4 -7 -1
Waking, with Gd-42 +11*~~ +3 -2 -1
Sleep, with armine +7 -4 +2 -8
Sleep, with Gd-42 +8 -6 -9 -2
PS deprivation, with armine +1 -10 -2 +2
PS deprivation, with Gd-42 +4 -5 -7 -S .
~~'ercent deviation from levels in intakt waking rats.
**Statistically reliable deviation; data referable to large doses
according to [9]. ,
Thus, it can be assumed that excitation within a certain range of
cholinergic receptors, both central and peripheral, or only peripheral,
may provide substantial pro tection of brain structures against the ~
catabolic erfects of prolonged PS deprivation.
. BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1. Demin, N. N.; Kogan, A. B.; and Moiseyeva,N. I. "Neurophysiology ~
and Neurochemistry of S leep," Leningrad, 1918.
2. Jouvet, D.; Vimont, P.; et al. C, R. SOC.BIOL., Vol 158, 1964, '
p 756.
3. Pujol, J.-F.; Mouret, J.; et al. SCIENCE, Vo 1 159, 1968, p 112. -
- 54 ~
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4. Demin, N. N., and Rubinakaya, N. L. D~T [Reports of the USSR Academy
of Sciences], Vol 214, 1974, p 940.
- 5. Jouvet, M. ERG. PHYSIOL., Vol 64, 1972 p 166.
6. Idem, in "Cholinergic Mechanisms," New York, 1975, p 455.
7. Franck, C.; Grandpierre, R.; et al. C. R, SOC. BIOL., Vol 142,
1948, p 7 9 .
8. Demin, N. N., and Pevzner, L. Z. TSITOLOGIYA [Cytology], Vol 11,
L969, p 1536.
9. Demin, N. N., and Rubinskaya, N. L, FIZIOL. ZHURN. [Physiological
Joumal], Vol 63, 1977, p 1938.
10, Berube, G. R.9 Powers, M. M.; et al. STAIN TECHNOL., Vol 41, 1966,
p 73.
11. Geyer, G. ACTA HISTOCHIM,, Vol 10, 1960 p 226.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "laAN SSSR", 19a9
[307-10,657 ]
10,657
CSO: 1840
~ . 55
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~
. ..a~.~ tvl.u. uJU v1vL1 ~
1
l
UDC 6~2.825.1
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY ;
Moscow SO PROBLEMY RIZIOLOGII VYSSHEY VERVNOY DEYATEL'NOSTI ~
in Russian, 1979 signed to press 16 Apr 79 pp 2, 223-224 '
[Annotation and table of contents by N. P. Bekhtereva, Editor, Moscow,
Meditsina, 2723 copies, 224 pages]
Annotation, p 2
[Text] The book consists of 7 reviews of the literature and draws upon
the experimental data obtained by the review authors, who are 13 research
scientists with various specialties: they are neurophysiologiats and
include clinicians, neuropharmacologis ts, morphologists and histologists
who deal with urgent problems of current physiology of the higher nervous
activity--conditioned reflex activ~.ty and memory, _
The articles present data on the morphological (including subcellular) �
substrate of human and animal higher nervous activity. They examine the ~
- neurophysiological, pharmacological aspects of higher nervous activity,
original concepts on systemic mechanisma of the activity of neurons and
intracortical interaction and the features of subcortical provision of
short-term memory in man. Materials are preaented on the structural- ~
functional dynamics of the processes in the brain which guarantee optimal
conditions for realization of inemory and conditioned reflex activity.
These articles will attract the attent ion of a very wide circle of inedical-
biological specialists. The book contains 32 figures and 460 biblio-
graphic references.
Table of Contents
Basic patterns of the organization of the morphological substrate of
human higher nervous activity
S. B. Dzugayeva 3
Bibliography 23
Subcellular mechanisms of information processing in the brain ~
A, A. Manina and V. S. Turovskiy 26 ~
Bibliography 41
56
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Systemic mechanisms of the activity of neurons of the brain
K_ V. Sudakov, A. A. Fadeyev, S. N. Khayutin and B. V. Shvyri~ov 44
Importance of motivated stimuli in the integrative activity
of individual brain neurons 44
Featurea oi the appearance of a aupportive stimulus in the
activity of stimulated motivations of the neurons 58 -
~ Neuronal mechanisms of an acceptor of the results
of an action 62
Pulsed activity of the cortical neuroas in sequential
stages of goal-directed behavior 66
Bibliography 85
Problem of intracortical interaction
0. S. Adrianov 89
- Short review of neurophysiological research on
intracortical interactions 90
Principles of the structural organization of
intracortical interaction 92
Conclusion 108
Bibliography 116
New data on the neurophysiological bases of the circuit-closing
- function of the brain under normal and pathological conditions
V. A. Meshcheryakov and M. M. RhananashYili 121
Summational reflex and daminants 122
Classical and instrumental conditioning 124
Neuronal mechanisms of circuit closing 134
Theory of circuit closing, uniting-pulse and wave
processes of the brain 145
Circuit-closing function of the brain during experimental
neuroses 150
Conclusion 159
Bibliography 160
, Role of inediator systems of the brain in mechanisms of
formation and storage of engrams
Yu. S. Borodkin and Yu. V. Zaytsev 165
Functional role of acetylcholine and cholinereactive
systema in processes of formation and storage of engrams 167
Functional role of catecholamines (noradcenaline, dopamine) �
and adrenoreactive systems in processes of formation and
retention of engrams 17~
Functional role of serotonin and serotoninreactive systems
in training, consolid~tion and storage of engrams 183
Interaction of biogenic amines and receptor systems, sensi-
tive to them, in processes of f ormation and storage of engrams 185
Problems of the physiology and pharmacologq of processes
of conaolidation of engrams 187
57 ~
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- Conclusion 194
Bibliography 195
Some features of short-term memory and subcortex provision of it
in man
V. B. Grechin 199
Introduction to the concept of "memory" 201
Short-term and long-term memory: competency of a separation 203
Subcortical links in optimization of short-term memory 212
Conclusion 217
Bibliography 22p
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Meditsina", Moscow, 1979
[114-8586]
8586
CSO: 1840
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HUMAN FACTORS
- THE FACTOR IN T1~IE COMBAT READTNFSS OF FLARE SIGNALLERS
Moscox FAKTOR BOYEGOTOVN06TI RAKETCHIKOY (The Factor of the Comba.t
Readiness of ~l.are Signallers) in Russian 1979 signed to press 12 Max 79
P 2~ 3-~+, 255-256
[Annotation, intxoduction and table of content,s from book by K. A.
Alekseyevslciy and P. I. Yedemskiy, Voyenizdat, 20,000 copies, 256 pages]
[Text] The book examines current issues concerning the moral, political
and psychological training of strategic flare-signalling troops. The
authors shed light on ~eatures of the process of molding the personalities
of flare signallers, the role of ideological and political education in ~
this process, the forms and methods of idealogical work on moral, political
- and psychological training of personnel, the wa.ys and means of increasing
the effectiveness of work on molding the necessary moral and fighting
qualities in soldiers during combat training and performance of service.
The book is intended for commanders, political workers, party and active
Komsomol members of units and subcii.visions and also for the students
and pupils of military educat3onal institutions.
Introduc ti on
On the basis of penetxating marxist-leninist analysis of the current
international situa.tion~ the 25th CPSU Congress demonstrated that the
foreign policy of the imperialist sta.tes is still giving new evidence
of the cha.ngelessness of the reactionaxy, aggressive nature of imperial -
ism. Despite the people's yearning for peace~ the forces of imperialist
reaction axe continuing the arms race and the forging of aggressive
blocks and are threatening mankind with a new world wax. ~
Under these conditions the Cammunist Party and the Soviet government
are displaying unflagging concern for the strengthening of the economic
and military might of the Soviet sta,te and for increasing the comba,t rea.di-
ness of the Soviet Armed Forces. "Our paxty," -~he summary report of the
CPSU Central Committee to the 25th Party Congress indicates, "will leave '
no stone unturned in order that in the future the glorious Armed Forces of
59
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.
the Sovist Union may also ha.ve all necessary mean: for fulfilling their
primary task--to be the gu,ardian of the p~aceful labor of the Sovl.et
people and the bulwark of universal pa~ce."~ The responsibility of the
state bodies, social organiza,tions, officials and citizens to safeguaxd
the country's security and strengthen its ciefense capa.city has been
confirmed in the new USSR ~onstitution, which proclaims the d~fense of the
socialist Fatherland one of the most important functions of the sta,te
and the affair of the entire people.
The questions of eizhancing the moral potential of -the Soviet state and
building up the spiritual power of the people and the soldiers of the
Armed Forces occupy an important place among the numerous tasks of
prepax-ing the country for defense un3er present conditions. In this,
_ the CPSU Central Committee and the Sov3.et government are being guided
by the leninist tenet of the role of the moral fact,or in wax and V. I.
Lenin's indication that the masses' revolutionar� resoluteness, their
consciousness, steadfastness and readiness for self-sacrifice are "a
decisive and prevailing factor.
Modern waxfare, if the imperialists succeed in unleasr.ing it, will ma,ke
unprecedentedly severe demands on soldiers' spiritual powers. In order
to gain the victory over the ene~y they must be poli+~ically mature,
ideologically staunch, well t.rained, sta,ble and feaxless, capable of
withsta,nding ar~y ordeals. The significance of these qualities is also ~
great in peacetime. The performance of combat duty and the maintena.nce
of weaponry and combat technolo~}r in consta.nt combat read.iness requires
from soldiers great exertion of moral and physical powers and the
capacity to endure great moral and psychological burdens.
All of this immeasurably increases the rol~ and significance of the moral,
political and psychological training of personnel. In this connection, at
the scientific-practical conference of leading political workers of the
army and navy, which took place in 1976, it was emphasized that such a
situation must be achieved that in organizing the training and education
of personnel each commander and political worker distinctly understa.nds
- what new moral, physical and psychological trials our soldiers will run
into and wi~t~ what reserves of s~trength--combat and moz�al--the defenders
of the Motherland must be prepared today. '
This book examines issues in the moral, political and psychological train-
ing of flare-signallers. With no pretension to giving an exhaustive
treatment of this process, the authors hav~e set themselves t:ie goal of
shedding light on some of its features on the basis of experience gained
in the training and education of the personnel of flare-signalling sub-
di visions~
* Materials of the 25th CPSU Congress, Moscow 1976, p 83.
V. I. Lenin, "Po1n. Sol~r. soch." [Compl~.te Works], Vol 40, p 249~
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Contents p~e
_ Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The Gontent, Objectives and Features of the Mora1,
Politica.~ and Psychological ~a.ining of Flaxe Signallers. . . , . . . . . . . .5
1.1 The role of the moral factor in modern warfaxe..... ..~6
1.2 Requirements for spiritual strength in flare~signallers
and some features of their moral, political and
- psychological training.,. ��13
1.3 Molding the personality of the.flare~signaller ................20
1.4 The role of the militaxy collective in the moral,
politi.cal and psychological training of per^.~onnel...........40
Chapter 2. Ideologica,l and Political Ed,ucation--Ths Basis
of the Mora1, Political and Psychological Training of P~ersonnel....62
2.1 The role of ideological educativ~e work in the molding of
high martial qualities in flare�signallers ..................63
2.2 Basic trends in ideological education and their influence
on the development of moral, political and psychological
2ualities in soldiers ........69
2�3 Forms and method,s of ide~logical educative xork used.for
the moral, political ~.nd psycholo~cal t,ra,ining of
flare�signallers ...........................................102
Cha.pter 3. The Molding in Soldiers of Mora1, Political and
Psychological ~ ualities in Military Work ......147
J.1 Comba,t skills of soldiers--a necessa,ry condition for
their moral and psychological sta,bility ....................148
3.2 Mora1, poli tical and psychological training of flaxe
signallers on comba.t duty � i65
3.3 Ways and means of increasing the effectiveness of
the moral, political a,nd psychological training of
personnel..,.,. ...............178
3.4 The role of socialist ~competition .in ~molding .the
personal qualities of flare �signa7.lers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Chapter 4. Mora1 Education as a Factor of 1~ora]., Po~.i~t:i.~c31 ~
and Psychological Training.. ................19$
~+.1 The communist paxty on the~molding ~f active.life
positions in Soviet people........... �~�...19$
~.2 Mora1 consci ousness--the basis for high.moral�qualities
in the soldier .201
_ 4.3 Ways to increase the effect,iveness of moral education
of flare signallers ........................................211
Chapter 5. The ~omprehensive Approach to Ed.ucation- A
Necessary Condition for Successful Solution of the Tasks
of Mora1, Political and Psychological Tra3.ning ....................229
5.1 On the nature and sigraif'icance of the comprehensive
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_ approach to ed~lcational work .................................229
5.2 Questions of the improvement of management of the
educational process ..........................................233
5~3 Psy~hological pxerequisites for the achtevement of unity
of ideological, political, labor and moral education.........242
(.260-9380]
9380
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UDC 629.198.3
SIMUI,ATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS. SOVIET-
AMERICAN EXPERIMENTS
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR ~n Russian No 2, 1980 pp 71-75
[Article by Academician 0. G. Gazenko and A. I. Grigor'yev, Candidate
of Medicine]
[Text] The results of research conducted in connection with the
_ preparation for and execution o~ manned spaceflights in the USSR and
United States indicate that weightlessness is the most important of the
extreme factars that adversely effect humans. Therefore, one of the
urgent tasks now confronting space biology and medicine is to make a
thorough study of the f~inctional characteristics of the human body under
the unusual conditioris of weightlessness. Such a study is making it
possible to conduct research at virtually all levels of biological or-
ganization of living systems using the most up-to-date methods. The
- creation of adequate experimental models capable of duplicating the
various physiological effects characteristic of weightlessness has become
one of the major goals of scientific work in the field of space medicine
and biology.
The main pathogenetic factor reaponsible for functional changes in human
beings upon exposure to weightlessness is the absence of the hydrostatic
pressure of blood and its resulting redistribution: blood flows from the
_ lower half of the body to the upper half. The intensified flow of blood
to the heart increases its intrathoracic volume, triggering a process tha.t
leads to a loss of plasma and reduction in the volume of circulating
blood. A decrease in the output of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
plays an important gart in the process by decreasing the reabsorption of
water and sodium in the kidneys and increasing their elimination from
the kidneys. The sensation of thirst diminishes at the same time and the
water balance in the body becomes negative. The loss of fluid is one
of the causes of the weight loss that almost invariably occurs after a
- spaceflight. The decrease in hydrostatic pressure can also alter venous
tone and elasticity, The prolonged absence of hydrostatic pressure of
the blood results in a deterioration of the cardiovascular reaction to
change in body position in space, a phenomenon that is clearly revealed
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r~tt ~rrt~l[~t, U~~ U1VLY
by [he orthostatic test. Zf preventive measures are not taken, all these
changes may give rise to serious disturbances. Hence a thorough study of
the mechanisms of their origin is essential. Unfortunately, the effect
of gravity-induced redistribution of blood on the activity of the variaus
+ functional systems of the body is still largely unknown, despite the
intensive study given the problem to date.
Another important factor responsible for functional changes in some
physiological systems in weightlessness is the removal of the weight load
from the locomotor apparatus. ~Iovements become uncoordinated in the
absence of support and an insufficient load on the bones and muscles
result s in a decrease in both muscle size, especially in the legs, and
density of bony tissue, change in protein metabolism (decrease in protein
resynthesis, development of a negative nitrogen balance), and in increased ~
excretion of calcium and potassium by the kidneys. These disorders can
be prevented from arising during spaceflight by using a variety of
prophy lactic measures, chiefly regular physical exercise.
The two factors described can be duplicated in ground experiments and they
can serve as a basis for simulating the physiologi.cal effects of weight-
lessness. Ttao experi.mental models - immersion in a liquid and strict
bed regime - are now widely used for this purpose,
The f ir st systematic efforts in this field were undertaken in the USSR -
and United States in the early 1960's, at first witih mainly the bed regime
used in the USSR and immersion in the United States. Later on both
countr ies made extensive use of the two models and conducted virtually
" simila r research. `
In a c omparatively short period of time, Soviet and Amer ican scientists
_ performed numerous experiments of varying complexity and duration (bed
regime for 80 to 36 weeks and immersion for up to 56 ciays) aimed largely
at studying these phenomena and determining their cause s and underlying
mechanisms in order to be able to forecast the health of cosmonauts and
to devise and evaluate the efficacy of various prophylactic and rehabilita-
tion measures.
The results of inedical examinations of cosmonauts and astronauts during
and af ter spaceflights convincingly show that the prognoses based on
ground studies were accurate, particularly with respect to decrease in ~
orthostatic stabi.lity and physical fitness, deterioration in the regulation '
of the vertical positi.on of the body and coordination of movements while
walking, decrease in strength of the antigravity musculature, and distur-
bance of several metabolic processes, specificallS~, the water-salt balance.
They demonstrated the soundness of the efforts to simulate several physio-
logical effects of wei~;htlessne3s by mean~ of a bed regime or immersion.
64
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Recause the redistributi.on of fluids in the body is an important factor
in the functiona 1 disorc'ers that arise in weightlesennss, experiments
in the USSR were recentiy supplemented by a qual~tatively new element -
an antiorthostatic position of the subjects during the bed regime when
the head of the bed is iowered below the h~rizontal level. The subjects
experienced a sensation of blood rushing to the head, a characteristic
of weightlessness, that gradually subsided. Hyperemia and slight paetinesa
of the face, swelling of the nasopharynx, and in some cases illusion of -
turning upside down were some of the other effects observed.
As a result, Soviet scientists began t~ use antiorthostatic hypokines~s
as the principal experimental u~odel of weightlessness. Numerous investiga-
tions, including one involving 182 days of the bed regime, were carried
out with this model from 1970 to 1977. These experiments tested the various
prophylactic and rehabilitation measures recommended for use on the
Salyut orbital space stations,
'n r:cent years, experiments with antiorthostatic hypokinesia were also
run in the United States. The results of the experiments in both countries
wer~ discussed at the International Astronautical Federation, Interna~ional
Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine, conferences of the Committee on
Space Research (COSPAR), and international "Man in Space" symposia.
The annual meetings of the Mixed Soviet-American Working Group for Space
Biology and Medicine, organized in January 1971 in accordance with the
Agreement on Cooperation in Space Research Between the USSR and the United
States, have played an especially important role. These meetings, held
alternately in the two countries, made it possible to prepare several
agreements on space biology and medicine, specifically, the combined
program for research on the simulation of some physiological effects of
weightlessness under conditions of hypokinesia,
At the 7th meeting of the group (Yerevan, USSR) in 1976, specialists
from botti countries presented detailed reports on methoda of simulating
- weightlessness. It was decided hold a scientific conference on the
problem a:id relevant reporta and communications were read at a special
symposium neld in conjunction with the 8th meeting of the group (Washington, -
D. C.). It was decided to perrorm a series of joint experiments to study
the effects of hypokinesia.
It was ag~eed by both parties that the first such experiment would be
run in order to evaluate the experimental conditions required for con-
ducting research on hypokinesia in the USSR and the United States. For
this ptsrpose that adequate and standardized methods of investigating the
fu~ictioning of various bodily systems would have to be used ir. both
_ countries. Considerable work was done even earlier, at the 3rd, 4th, and
5th meetings of the Mixed Soviet-~merican Working Group for Space Biology
_ and Medicine, to standardize the techniques of clinical and physiological
examination of cosmonauts , It was decided to rely on the afgreements
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t va~ v~ i 1vu~L VJLL VL\L1
i
concluded at these meetings for the experiments with hypokinesia too,
especially since many of the methods uscd to examine cosmonauta and
astranauta are virtually the same ae those used in experimenta on the
ground,
At the 9th meeting oi' the group (Leningrad) in 1978, a final decision was
made and a protocol signed on the conducting of joint Soviet-American ~
experiments with hypokinesia. The main purposes of the experiments were ~
as follows:
(1) To evaluate antiorthostatic hypokinesia as a model of several
physiological effects of weightlessness;
(2) To compare the results obtained writh the subjects in horizontal
and antiorthostatic positions of the body during the bed regime;
(3;i Ta standardize the conditions under which the experiments with _
= hypokinesia were to be performed;
(4) To identify and unify the physiological and biochemical methods and '
tests used as well as the methods for mathematical analysis of the
results.
Ex~er iments were performed in the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the
USSR Ministry of Health in May and June 1979 and in the Ames Research
" Center in July and August of the same year, The scientific directors '
of the experiments were L. I. Ka.kurin of the USSR and H. Sandler of the
United States. The executive officers were V, M. Mikhaylov of the USSR . -
and C, Alexander of the United States.
All the methods used in the experiments to evaluate the activity of the
various b~dily systems studied were not only unified but applied in the ;
_ same way both in the USSR and in the United States in order to obtain
comparable data. To check on observance of the agreed experimental
conditions while the research was under way, two American scientists were
posted to the Institute of Biomedical Problems and two Soviet scientists
to the Ames Center,
Ten volunteers each, age 30 to 40 years, served as subjects in the American
and Soviet experiments. They were found to be healthy after a preliminary ,
medical examination. Based on functional stress tests run during the pre-
experimental period, each group was subdivided into two equivalent groups
of 5 men each. The experiment involved a week-long period of hypokinesia
and two-week control and recovery peri~ds. During the bed regime one
group of subjects remained horizontal while the other was in an anti-
orthostatic position with the head part of the bed lowered 6�. The bed
regime was strictly maintained during the period of hypokinesia. Motor
activity was kept to a minimum. All movements wer�e prohibited except some
turning of the body on its long axis during meals and performance of
physiological functions.
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The subjects' health was constantly monitored throughout the experiments.
The microclimate was comfortable in the wards where the subjects were kept.
- The normal composition of the skin microflora was maintained by special
means of personal hygiene,
The subjects ate four times a day. The food conaisting of natural and
preserved items had an energy value of 2550 kcal during the bed regime
and about 2800 kcal in the control and recovery periods. The subjects
were required to eat all the food so that the quantity of individual
ingredients ingested could be accurately calculated.
_ The cardiovascular system of the sub3ects was carefully studied throughout
the experi.ment. A great many physiological parameters were recorded for
this purpose both at rest and during functional stress tests. This made
it possible to detect the reserve capabilities or the organism. Negative
pressure applied to the lower part of the body and graduated physical
_ exercise were used as stress tests. Physical exercise at 850 kgm/min was
performed before and after the bed regime for 5 minutes with the subject
"lying down" and "sitting" on a bicycle ergometer. Meanwhile the parameters
- of blood circulation, gas exchange, and external respira~ion were recorded.
ThE subjects wore a Chibis G suit when exposed to negative pressure.
The purpase was to evaluate and prevent cardiovascular changes during
long flights on the Salyut oibital stations.
Spec:ial attention was paid to the heart, particular3.y, the bioelectrical
activity and contractility of the myocardium. A variety of inethods,
including electrocardiography, echocardiography, occlusion plethysmo-
graphy, and rheography, were used to record the parameters that characterize
cardiovascular function.
As for the hemodynamics, since it cannot bes tudied without evaluating the
hydration status of the organiscn, isotopes were used during the experiments
to determine the volumes of the bodily fluids - total, intravascular,
and extracellular water as well as the quantity of intracellular and
interstitial fluids.
~ Metabolism was another function of great interest, The extensive program
of biochemical studies made possible a compr~ehenszve evaluation of protein,
carbohydrate, fat, and water-salt metabolisms. The activity of many
endocrine glands was also investigated by determining the concentrations
in biological fluids of such hormones as angiotensin, aldosterone,
epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, thyroxin, triiodothyronine, grorath
hormone, and parathyroid hormone.
To study water-salt metabolism adequately, an investigation was made not
only of the excretion of ions but of their presence in foods and beverages
so that the role of this �actor in altering ~he excretion of water and
electrolytes during hypokinesia could be assessed, Osmoregulation was
evaluated from the results of a test with a 2% water load.
67
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In addition to the physiological methods and parameters, the methods for
mathematical analysis of the resulting information were also standardized, ;
_ Mathematical support of the experiments included the preparation of primary
material in tabular form for entry into a machine bank and standardization
of the ways of putting out reference and significant information. Prog-
rams were devised for assessing secondary infromation. In adcordance with
the agreement reached with the American specialists, the statistical
p~ocessing of the data was done by the standard methods.
The joint Soviet-American experiments with hypokinesia were carried out
in a spirit of mutual understanding and they proved to be useful for
both sides. Soviet and American researchers are now analyzing the
experimental material. There was a preliminary discussion of the results
in Houston in October 1979 during the 9th meetir.~ of the Mixed Soviet-
American Working Group for Space Biology and Medicine. It was suggested
that the results of the experiments be published jointly. It is to be
hoped that these publications will be their worthy culmination and that
they will contribute to continued fruitful cooperation between the
scientists of the two countries.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1980
[256-5214]
5214
CSO: 1840 _
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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL MECHADTISMS
Moscow SIS~ENlriyy ANALIZ N~IANIZMOV PpVIDENIYA (System Analysis of
Behavloral Mechanisms) in Russian 1979 signecl to press 19 Jun 1979
P 2, 358-360
[~4nnota.tion and table of contents from book by K. V. Sudakov, V. B.
Shvyrkov and D. G. Shevchenko~ Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 4~200 copies, 360 pages]
~Text] The outlook the system~c approach to the analysis of
- voluntary behavior is demonstrated in an analysis of concrete, factual
material. The results of using P. K. Anokhin's theory of the functional
system in the stuc~y of different aspects of the voluntary behavior
of animals and hwaans are pr~sented. The book contains the works of
leacii.n~ Soviet scientists on problems of ~,he orga.nization of the
neurophysiological mechanisms of behavior, the relation between
mental and physiological processes in behavior, the systemogenesis of
behavioral acts~ the mechanisms of ~the use of inemory in behavlor and
the role of emotion and motivatl~n.
Contents p~e
General ~tuestions of the Application of the Theory of Functional
Systems to the ~ Study of Voluntary Behavior
_ Functional System Theory As a New Stage in the Stuc~y of the Yolunta,ry
= Behavior of Animals and Humans ........................................3
K . V . S udakov
The Mechanisms of Inclusion of Neurons in the Functional System of
the Volunta.ry Behavibral Act.~ .......................................23
V. B. Shvyrkov
- Preliminary Integration in ExpeMments With Measurement of the Reaction
Time of Hu~ans .......................................................42
N. I. Chuprikova.
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The Useful Result~ Its R ole in the Determina.tion of Behavior and A
Feasible Biophysical Interpretation ........................o.......57
V . D. Tsygankov
The Integral Characteristics of the Bioelectric Activity of the Brain
As Possible Indic~s of General Properties of the Hunan Nervous
3ystem ..............................................................63
- 'J. M. Rusalov
- The Neuromorphological Bases of C:~ange in the Mechanisms of Behavior
in the Light of the F~uictional System Theory ........................'71 .
V. P. Zvorykin
The Principles of Autoregulation of ~nct~i.onal Syst~ms ..............81
_ D. N. MenitskLy ~
F�stimation and Prediction of Probabilities in Decision
Making ...........................~..................................91
Ye. A. Umryukhin
Systems Analysis of the Processes of Specializa-tion and
- Integration ........................................................104
G. A. Savost'yanov
- Systemic Mechanisms of Behavl.or
The Dynamics of the Effectiveness of Heterogeneouslv Reinforced
Signals as a F~nction of Motivation ................................i12
_ Ye. I. Popova
Decision Ma.king in Pursuit of Reinforcement ........................120
- ~ N . V . Asmayan
Systems Analysis of Animal Behavior Under Condition~ of Change
in the Amoun~t of Reinforcement .....................................124
A. F. Belov ~
The Significance of Olfactory Stimulation to the Vi~a1' Activities
of Kittens During the Eaxly 5tage of Postnatal Development.........128
Ye. M. Bogomolova
Systems Analysis of the Hypothalamic Mechanisms of Secretion of
Thyroid Hormones Under Conditions of Olfactory Activity............13~7
M. G. Amiragova
Some Forms of Oculomotor Behavlor During ~a.rly Human Ontogenesis...143
A. A. Mit'kin et a1.
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The Formation of Complex Motor Stereotypes in the Oculomotor System
in Response to A Rhythmic Influence .................................154
B. A. Karp~v and G. A. Kallmov
The FS.inctional System of Respira,tion and Movement in Z`rotting
Horses ...............~..............................................160
G. G. Kaxlsen, I. L. Breytaher
Systems Analysis of the Behavior of Laxge Horned Cattle .............168
V. I. Velikzhanin
Towards Systems Analysis of the R~organization of tlze Mechanisms
of Ea.ting Behav~~-r During Hypothalamic Pathology ....................173
G. T. Sushko
The Structural And Functional Bases of
Systemic Organization of Behav.Lor
Systemic Organization of Cerebral ~nctions ..181
0. S . Adrianov ~ ~
The Human Frontal Lobes During Preliminary Integrat9.on ..............i93
A. S. Bati.~yev~ A. A. Pirogov and I. Mesaxosh
The Parafascicular and Paxarubral Auditory Structures of
the Brain and Their Role in the Organizaa6~ion of Systemic
Activity ............................................................206
N. S . Popova.
Evaluation of the Role of the ~apsule in the' Mechanisms of -
Voluntary Activl.ty of Animals .......................................212
L. S . 'Gam~baxyan
The Systems Approach to the Inv+estigation of the Afferent
Function of the Ora1 Cavity .........................................223 .
V. N. Shelikhov, T. S. Haumova
_ Emotion As a Component of the F~.inctional System of the
Behavioral Ac�t ......................................................232
L. V . Kalyuzhr~yy
The Properties of the Systemic Regulation of the Motor React3,ons
of Humans in Localized Pathology of the Brain .......................24~1
V.Ye� Mayorchik, and N. A. Arkhipova. . ,
Some Mechanisms of the Systemic Cerebral Organization of Emotions...251
T. M. Vorob'eva and A. G. Leshchenko
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Systems Analysis of the Neurochemical Mechanisms of Ea.ting Behavior 258
. V. G. Zilov and S. K. Rogacheva.
Collateral Stimulation of Actua,ting Neurons in the Structure of the
the Functional System of the lloiuntary Motor Act ....................273
V. A. Yravdivtsev and V. S. Yasnetsov
Neuronal Mechanisms of Systemic Processes
_ Dynamic Change in the Degree of F~eedom of the Cortical Neurons
At Different Stages in the Organization of an Eatin~ Beha,vioral
Act .................................................................287
Yu. A. Fa.deyev
Systemic Changes in Bioelect,rical Activi ty D uring ~the
Development of Conditioned Reflexes and Internal Inhibition.........298
G. I. Shul'gina
Experimental Data, on the Mecha.nisms of Afferent Synthesis
in the System of Eating Behavlor ....................................308
A. V. Grebenyuk et al.
Anal;~sis of the Impulse Activity of the Neurons of the Visual
Region of the Cartex During Eating and Olfactory Behavior
of Rabbi~ts ..........................................................319
N. A. Shvyrkova
The Activity of Neurons of the Olfactory Bulb in Food-
Procuring Activity ...................................................326 ~
A. P. Karpov
Involvement of the Neurons of the Reticular Formation in the
Systemic Processes of Olfactory Behavioral Acts .....................334
D. G. Shevchenko
The Feasibility of Evaluating the Parameters of Organization '
of Elements in a Fun~.tibnal System ..................................341
S . G. Kadag3.dze
Microionophoretic Investigation of the Involvement of
Individual Neurons in the Gomplete Integrati~n of Olfactory
- Behavior.~���.~~��~��~���~��~~~~~~�~��~�~~~~���~���~~~~~���~��~~��0�~'6 ,
B. N. Bezdenezhnykh '
COPYRIGHT: Izddtel'stvo "Nauka"~ 1979
~241-9380]
9380
CSO: 1840 -
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EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL STIIDIES IN AVIATIOV AND SPACE TRAVEL
Moscow EKSPERINIENTAI,~NO-PSIKHOLOGICHESKIYE ISSLEDOVAAiIYA V AVIATSII I KOSMO-
NAVTIKE (Experimental Psychological Studiee in Aviation and Space Travel~ in
Russian 1978 signed to presa 9 3une 1978 pp 3- 6, 302 - 303�
[Introduction and table of contents from book by G. T. Beregovoy, N. D. Zava-
_ lova, B. F. Lomov, and V. A. Ponomaxenko, Izdatel~stvo "Nauka" 2,700 copies,
303 P~s~
~Text] Scientific and technical progrese has sharply focused the problem of
the interaction of man and technology. Ita resolution is a critical condition
for increasing the effectiveness and quality of work processes and the relia~
bility of "man-ma,chine aystems". By its very essence, thie problem requires a
camprehensive inve$tigation and cannot b~ solved on the baeie of the technical
eciences alone; a clos asaociation with the sciences involving the stuc~y of
man is also necessary. At this point, it is certain that the development of a
new technolog,y inevitably demande that allowances be made for the eo-called
human factor, that is, the chaxacterietics of man for who thie teahnology has
been created.
Within the system of sciencea dealing with the stuc~y of man~ an important po-
sition belongs to psychology, eapecially its branches which have been desig
nated "engineering psychology". It inveatigates the processes involved in
, the informational interaction between man and machine. ~
Originating elightly more than a quaxter of a century ago, this field has
developed very intensively. Within a relatively short period of ti.me~ a rather
large volume of information as to the f~anction of man in guidance and control
. systems has been accumulated. However, a number of questions have come up in
engineering paychology tha.t axe atill only at the abatract level. And yet,
life denands not just a determination of the general approaches and principles
but a preciae definition of them as well as applicable to vaxioua types of
"man - machine" systems. Thi.e concept is aleo important for the ftiiture develop-
ment of the g+eneral poeitions of engineering psychology.
The book brings to the attention of the readere the psyahological problems of
the interaction between man and technology in the moat complex forma of wor~C,
73
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the control of flying objecta. The problems of allowance for the human factor
in the development of flying equipment, the training of man for flight and the
organization of flight safety are diecuesed in this context.
The authors have aelected the professional activity of the pilot and coamonaut
ae the objective of psychological stuc~y aa these occupations axe among the most -
complex and dynamic. The effect of scientific and technical progress in the
activity of man ar.d together with this, the signi.ficance of the human factor
in control of a technical field is perhaps most clearly evident in aviation and
space travel. The primary problema of engineering psychology star_d out here as ~
if in a concentrated form.
Aviation and space flight a.r-e by nature a critical psychological experiment
(experimentus crucie) in which it is possible to discover what is veiled by
habitual conditiona in other forme of activity. Fli~ht is always associated
with alteration of these habitual conditions, with the unexpected and with
riak. For this reason, man's abilities and his psychological "reserves"
become fully evident here.
The psychological chaxacterietics of man's actions as a ~unction of the diverse
- conditions of the ftiinction of a pilot and cosmona,ut, especially in conjunction
- with the properties of the informa.tional atmoaphere of flight axe presented in
- the text.
The first chapter of the book diacueses the theoretical questions of the func-
tionin$ of the human operator. The functiur,~,~g of a cosmonaut during the
, various stages of space flight is explored in ~;he second chapter. A great
deal of attention (in the third chapter) is devloted to the contents of instru-
ment piloting, an important opera~ion of man in space as well aa to the problem
of combining th~ procedures of piloting with sp~~,tial orientation while using
various informational models of control.
The relationship of the processea of awareness and decision making in the non-
standard situation of �light to the propertiea of the informational environ-
_ ment and man's conceptual model a,s well as an analysis of the conditions for
psycholo~ical aesurance of success in the activities of the pilot and cosmo-
naut during the moet complex flight conditions axe examined in the fourth and
fifth chapters. -
Chapter six illustrates the charig~e in the f~nctional content of piloting in
conjunction with automation of control. Based on analysis of the behavior of ~
a pilot using vaxious systems of automa,tic control, guidance has been worked
out for the engineering psychological design of the "man - automatic machine"
syatem in aviation and space travel.
~
The c;oncept of using the indices of the boc~y~s pY~ysiolo~ical reactions to the
condi.tions of an activity in ~aychological studies is explored in chapter seven
in materials from experimental flights. The problem of psychological assurance
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of fli~t safety is analyzed in the eighth chapter. Chapter nine provides
illus~:rations of the practical results of psychological research in aviation
and space travel.
In engineering psychology (as is also the case in its other fields), the basic
mass o`.' research is done in laboratory experiments. However, when attempts axe _
ma.de +.o use the da,ta obtained in conditions of the actual activity, oonflicte
axise among the ma,ss of problems and the need for subatantive corrections.
The organization of a natural experiment (the stuc~y af man~s functioning in
natural conditions) is an extremely difficult matter but this is what will
make it posaible to stuc~y the mental proceases, functions and human condition
more fully and comprehensively. 9t the same time, tYie detailed analyais of
- certain aspects of some psychic phenomenon requires laboratory inveatigation.
For this reason, in conducting their research, the authors of this monograph
have ma.de an effort to orgaTLically unify laboratory and na.tural experiments .
The combination of natural and laboratory experiments makes it poasible to
check the findings obtained in various situations againet each other 8,ad to
correct them with respect to each other which, in turn, leads to the statement
of new problems and also to new generalizations.
As it a~pears to us, the data obtained is u$eful not only for specialists in-
vclved in stuc~ying the human factor, but also for thosE aho axe developing a
new technolo,gical fi~ld. The authors ase in complete agreement with the con-
clusion of General Aircraft Designer 0. K. Antonov that an aircraft will be
complete when we understand tha,t it is not made for passengers or freight but
for the man that will control it. This, of course, is also applicable to a
space craft.
In addition, the authors are also confident that the results obtained axe neces-
sary, not just for aviation and space travel, but that they axe of f5anctional
importance for the development of vaxious "man - ma,chine" systems. -
The functioning of the pilot and cosmonaut axe only examples of human activity
in the operation of complex technology and a, special instance of a wide range
of the phenomena of modern life. Yet this is the sort of exa.mple whose an~aly-
_ sis will make it posaible to diecover maa~y of the fine mechanisms of the mental
control of activity, the ahaxacteriatics of receiving and proceaeing of informa-
tion by man in a setting of stress-factor influence, the c~mami.cs of the pa~chic
condition and more.
- Psy~ha]agical investigatione into the ftanctioning of the pilot and cosmona.ut have
a ~ractical thrust in improving the sa.fety of flight. In diacovering the struc-
ture and mechaniem of this activity, we have established a specific objective -
optimizing the chaxacteristica of the interaction bet�ween man and technology.
We point out the three following directions for realizing resulta from the
work being done.
The first is the development of inethods in engineering-psychological experimental
research into "man - flying object" syatems.
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The aecond is the development of engineering and psychological requirementa
�or the structure of eysteme to tranaform information aboard flying craft
and f~~r the pr.inciples of dividi.ng the functione between man and automatic
equipment in flight.
The third direction concerns proposals for the trairLng of pilots and cosmo-
nauts to function in emergency situationa.
We fe~l that the results of studies presented in this book axe important for
the construction of general theories of en~ineering psychology and even moreso
for the future development of a psychological theory of activity as a whole.
In thi~ context, we would like to note tha.t a number of new facts were brought
out as a result of the courage and creative initiati~re of the flight staff.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Baeic theories of the operator~ s functioning . 7
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2. Two approaches to analyzing "man-machine" systems. 10
1.3. General characteristics of functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4. Analyzing operator activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5. Habits and skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.6. Physiological founda,tions of activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7. PlanrLing operator activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 2. Paychological analysis of man's activity in space flight 53
2.1. The direction of psychological reseaxch into the activity of
the cosmonaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
- 2.2. Characteristics of the cosmonaut~s activity durin$ the atage
cf achieving orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3. Chaxacteristics of the cosmonaut~s activity during the orbital
fl~$nt St~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
_ 2.4. Characteristics of the cosmona.ut's activity during the final
stage of space flight - landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 3. Psychological analyais of the piloting process 76
3.1. The role of instrument and non-instrument signals in the
process of instz~ment flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2. Properties of executing combined activities. . . . . . . . . . . 91
3� 3� Spatial orientation in the piloting process. 97
3�4� Properties of the piloting process while using director
ins t rument s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
- Chaptar The chaxacteristics of huma.n actions in emergency situations
associated with equipment faa.Iures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11l~
4.1. The psychological effect of an emergency situation on man
in flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11l~
4.2. Pilot actions on receipt of ambiguous information with a strong
surprising effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
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- 1~.3. Pilot actions in situations of engine failure. 127
4.~+� Pilot actions during receipt of information from the li~t
boaxd and dial signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1l~3
5. Characteristics of pilot actions during breakdowns discovered
through indirect indicatora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1l~7
l~.6. An experimental stuc~y of pilot actions on receipt of verbal
communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~55
Chapter 5. Psychological aspects of assuring the success o� pilot
actions in emergency conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.1. Principles of ccnstructing an emergency signal syatem. 163
5.2. Development of special ha.bite and skills in emergency
fli$ht situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 172
Chapter 6. Ada.pting automa.tic control systems (ACS) to the function-
ing of a mari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.1. The human factor in automatic control systems for flight
cra.ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.2. Psychological properties of pilot activity in automa.ted
flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 -
6.3. The importance of proprioceptive signals for effectiveness
in pilo~ actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 -
6.1~. An investigation of the reliability of pilot actions in
ACS failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.5. En~ineering-psycholog~cal support for pilot actions in
ACS faa.lures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.6. Increasing the effectivenesa of pilot actions with his
involvement in the ~.utomatic control of an aircraft. 210
Chapter 7. The concept of inearuing pY~ysiological responses in the
operator duxing a psychological study of activity. 217
7.1. Basic directions of reseaxch into ~y.siological reactions in
emergency and space ~edicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.2. Physiological reactions as indicies of the emotional state
and operationa.l stress during the work process 221 -
Chapter 8. Flight safety as an engineering-psychological problem 245
Chapter Applied results from psychological reseasch into avia-
tion and space travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.1. Developing a method for engineering-paychological research 272
9.2. Utilizing the results of psychological studies in practice 279
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
COPYRIGHT: Iadatel ~ stvo "Ptauka", 1978
[160-9oo3J
goo3
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' INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS
Moscow PROIZVODSTVENNAYA ERGONOMIKA (Industrial Ergonomics) in
Russian, 1979 signed to press 26 June 79 pp 2, 3-S, 311-312
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book by
S.I. Gorshkov, Moscow, "Meditsina", 6700 copies, 312 pages,
illustrations]
[TextJ The successful development of ergonomics has been based,
to a la rge degree, on its complex approach to the study of the
"man-machine-industrial environment" system. The discipline
has pro~iclecl ait analysis of many factors which characterize the
functioning of this system. In industrial conditions, this com-
plex investigation is directed at the elucidation of undesirable
factors and at attempts to alter them in accordance w~th exgo-
nomic requirements.
_ The book, "Industrial Ergonomics",~presents the fundamental
stages in the development of the interaction bettveen man and
' technology, the ergonomic tasks and the methods used in ergo-
nomic investigations. The authors analyze thorou~hly the hy~;ienic
_ and psychophysiological criteria which are necessary to evalu- _
ate and design industrial equipment and to organize the work
environment.
_ As distinct from other monographs concerned with ergonomic solu-
tions to questions of purely operative forms of labor, this book
focuses on the construction of industrial equipment which will
correspond to the anatomical-physiological and psychological
needs of man in various areas of industrial production: mechani- _
cal engineexing, tube rolling production, textile pro3uction, `
work on conveyor lines, leather productzon and the organization
of the labor of computer operator5.
The monograph is intended for hygeniests, professional natholo-
~ists, physiologists and psychologists of labor.
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_ There are 3J tables, 85 figures and a bibliography of 91 refer-
ences in t}ie book.
Intraduction
Scientific-technical progress~ th.e growth of automataon and
mechanizatior~ of industr.ial processes, which have furnished
induC tries wi th new technology, have altered the nature of lah~ ~r
ar.d t:he interaction of man and technology. As a result, ergonomic
investigations directed at a complex study of the conditidns of
labor in attempts to improve the interaction of "man-machine-
industrial environment" acquire more significance every year.
In a speech ~iven at the 16th Congress, professor comrade L.I.
Brezhnev no~ted that the party considers the improvement of the
conditions of labor and the conversion of all industry to a safe,
comfortable environment for man as central in any te~hnological
re-equiping of in~ustry. These conditions must be guaranteed
to the working ;nan in a socialist soc:~eiy. _
The discipline of ergonomics is concerned with creating an en-
vironment in wliich the social labor process oecurs, or according
to the ~aords of Ntarx, where the smallest possible expenditure
of energy (industrial) occurs and where conditions are the most
suitable for human needs.
The fulf~llment of this goal is possible only when technology
is based on the entire system of knowledge about man or a com-
plete a.nalysis of his anatomical-physiological and psychological
characteristics. This means that the task of ergonomics consists
of optimizing the position of man in the "man-machine-industrial
environment" system and }iumanizing technology by insuring corre-
spondence between construction af industrial equipment and or-
Ranization of the working environment and the anatomical-physio-
logical and psychological nature of man. The principle of
"corr~spondence", resulting from unity of subject (man) and ab-
ject (nature, technology) in the process of labor is the basic
concept of ergonomics.
~t the present time, ergonomics in the USSR is developing pri-
marily in three directions--technological esthetics, engineering
psychology and industrial ergonomics. Technological esthetics
has developed t,ie most in our country. Its goals are axtistic
_ construction o~ ec~uipment and industrial esthetics. The basic
task of engineering psychology is the study of the relation-
ship between construction of control panels ~~f stich important
national economic objects (atomi~, hydro- anci t}iermal-electric
stations, airports, energy-systems, etc.) and the nature of per-
_ ception and processing of information by the operator. The task -
of industrial ergonomics is the realization of the principle of
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r~~ ur~r~l~.~,L u5~ UNLY
corres~ondence between construction of industrial equipment in
factories, plants, mines and other enterprises and the anatomi-
cal-physiological and Psychological characteristics of man.
1'he process of ~radually transforming the industri.at functions
of ~nan by means of technology has attained particulax signifi-
cance in the current period of the scientific technological pro-
gress. This progress has been accompanied by lightening of the :
burdens of labor and eliminating manual labor, but at times has
disturbed the "correspondence" principle, tlie cause for which is
the difficu3ty of including the anatomical-physiological and
psychological needs o� man in the construction of complex modern
equipment. In ~ number of instances, this is caused by an inade-
quate understanding of the nature of man--his anthropometric
cl~aracteristics as applied to the questions of ergonomics, his
_ power and speed potentials, the nature of afferent synthesis,
the mectianisms of perception and processing of information. To
maintain many forms of equipment, workers assume unconfortable
working poses and are required to exert a great amount of ~nergy.
The volume ~f information which they must process has also in-
creased. blonotony and ~ypokinesis occur frequently. In order to
construct industrial equipment which corresponds to the charac-
teristics af man, engineers must understand these characteristics
and include "the human factor" in various aspects of design and
construction.
Incr~Fased security, effectiveness and economy of industry are
the main contributions of ergo:~omics. However, in the course
af dE:veloping ergonomics other difficulties remain such as
met}iodalogic ~roblems. These difficulties, to a large degree,
are related not to anthropometric problems of organizing the work
environment but to problems of the informational interaction of
man with the contemporary complex technology. This topic is also
discussed in the monograph.
The data, presented in the book, were collectec~ by co-workers at
the Section for the Physiology of Labor and Ergonomics o~ the
Scientific-Investigation Institute for the I~ygiene of Labor and
Occupational niseases of the iISSR Academy of A4edical Sciences.
The investigators conducted c:omplex physiological-ergonomic
studies of related enterprises and experimental studies when the -
need to remodel one or another industrial situation occurred.
Contents Page
Introduction--S.I. Gorshkov, N.A.. Kokhanova, I.Pi.Volkova...3 �
r
I. Tl~e origin and nature of ergonomics .....................6
Scientific-technical progress and or~in of ergo-
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nomics. The main stages of development of -
t}iese interactions. T}ie tasks for ergonomics--
~.I. Gorshkov .......................................13
tJnderstanding the "ergonomic system". Classi-
ficatiun of intersystemic relationshiPs--S.I.
~orshkov ............................................21
_ II. Tfethods of studying the ergonomic system--S.I.
' Gorshkov ...............................................30
III. Eiygienic criteria for ergonomics ......................74
The physiologic bases for the Uiological effect
of factors in tlie industrial environment--S.I.
Gorshkov......~ .....................................74
An ergonomic approach to standardization of
factors in the industrial environment--A.I.
Goncharov ...........................................95 -
IV. Psychophysiological cri~eria in ergonomics .............113
Dimensional correspondence in the work environment--
N.A. Kokhanova..........o ...........................113
Calculation of the functional characteristics of
analyzers--N.A. Kokhanova ...........................129
Power and speed characteristics of the human organ-
ism and their role in the construction of control
meclianisms of equipment--N.A. Kokhanova .............139
= Certain characteristics of the ergonomic require-
ments for construction of equipment, designated
for operation by women--S.I. Gorshkov ...............154
_ Output from the functionin~ of indus~rial equip- .
ment--S.I. Gorsl~kov .................................156
The cliaracteristics of informational interaction
durin~ the operation of industrial equipment--
S.I. Gorshkov, I.I!4. Vol;cova .........................174
- Cal~ulation of psychological factors in ergonomics--
S.I. Corshkov, I.A. Goncharov .......................203
V. Scientific-technological progress and thE solution of
ergonomic questions related to specific forms of professional -
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activity ...............................................210
Machine operators in mechanical engineering--
N.A. Kokhanov ......................................2?~
Instrument panels and overhead crane operators
in the tube rolling industry--A.N. Zelenkin....o...230
The work of computer operators at keyboard com-
puters--1:.F. Shardakova ............................248
Conveyor lines with rotation of manual and auto-
mated operation--S.I. Gorshkov, I.A. Gonc}~arov, Ye.
G. Zhakhmetov, P.P. Mozhayev .......................258
Textile weaving production--S.I. Gorshkov, I.Ti.
Volkova ............................................258
Leather production--I.A. Goncharov .................279
VI. Ergonomics as a system to study the hygiene, physiol-
ogy and psychology of labor ..........................~2.98
COPYRIGIIT: Izdatel'stvo "Nieditsina", A4oskva, 1979
[210-9139]
91 39
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. 82 ~
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HUMAN ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY
Moscow II{OLOGICHFSKAYA F7ZIOLOGIYA G`HII,OVEKA. Adapta,tsiya Cheloveka
K Ekstremal'nym Usloviyam Sred,y (Hwnan Ecological Physiology. Human
Adapta,tion to Extreme Conditions) in Russian 1979 signed to press
25 Jan 79 P z~ 3-~, 702-704
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book by 0. G. Gazenko
(ed.), Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 29~0 copies, 222 pages]
~Text] The book presents ma.terials r.eflecting the influence on hwnans -
of such extreme environmenta7. factors as acceleration, weightlessness,
noise and vibration, motion sickness, hypoxia and hyperoxia, hyper- and
hypocapnia, magnetic fields and ionizing ra.diation. The physiological
and psychological reactions of man to extreme environmental conditions
are exa.n?ined; a classification of extreme factors is given, and the
chaxacteristics of the process of adapta.tion to -the influence of these
factors are established.
Editorial Staff of the "Handbook on Physiology" Series
N. P. Bekhtereva (assistant editor), V. A. Kisl akov~ G. P. Konra.di,
P. G. Kostyuk, K. A. Lange (executive secretaxy~, B. F. Lomov, V. I.
Medvedev, A. L. Polenov T. M. Turpayev, A. M. Ugolev, V. N. Cherni-
govskiy (editor-in-chief~, A. I. Shapovalov and M. M. Khananashvili.
Editorial S taff of This Volume
0. G. Gazenko (editor-in-ch'.;f), A. G. Kuznetsov (compiling editor of
volume), N. N. Vasilevskiy, K. P. Ivanov, V. P. Kaznacheyev, K. A.
Lange, V. I. Medti~dev, M. M. Mirrakhimov, E. F. Panchenkova, Ye. Ya.
Sh~pelev.
Foreword
There are two distinct directions in the development of research ir~ ~
modern human ecological physiology.
83
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The goal of ane of them is the stuc~y of the processes of adapta,tion to
different extreme environmental factors, and of the other--of ada.pta.tion
to climatogeographical environmental conciitions.
~y c~ow a larE,e a?nount of materials, observations and experimental
resE:arch on both trends of work has been amassed. The e.olle~ted
matYrials are compiled for publication under the title "Human Ecological
Pl~y~iolog,y" (~~iuman Adapta,tion to Extreme Environmental Conditions" and
"Hwnan Adapta.tion to Natural Environmental Fac-tors") .
This book concerns aspects of the fYrst direction, which relate to the
prublem of human adapta.ti~n to extreme environmental conditions. Works
containing the results of numerous investigations on problems of great
interest for aerospace medicine, underwater and high-altitude ex~editions~
occupational physiology and the hygiene of modern production are
being published for the first time here in the form of a handbook
on physiology. �
Ttie book contains 13 chapters which present materials on the invest:iga-
tion of the influence on the organism of such extreme environmental
factors as overload, weightlessness, motion sickness, noise and
vibration, hypoxia and hyperoxia, hypercapnia and hypocapnia, magnetic
and electxomagnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
The chapter "Natural Gravita.tion and Its Influen~e on the Development
_ and Vita1 Activity of Organisms" contains detailed information on the
evoZutionary genesis, structure and functioning of the organism:'$
antigravlta.tional physiological system. Needless t;o say, natural
gravita.tion can by no means be placed in the category of extreme .
environmental factors. The inclusior_ of this chapter is the product
of an attempt to facilitate the readers' understanding of the rather
complex physiological patterns which determine the organism's reaction
to the influence of a number of extreme mechanical environmental
factors such as acceleration, weightlessness~ motion sickness, vibra-
tion, etc.
The problem of the influence of extreme environment;al factors has
' been little treated. The literature essentially contains no corre-
lating works on the problems of adaptation to extreme environmental �
fac tors .
Tt~e book makes an attempt to examine this problem,and clarify the proper-
ties of physiological and psychological reactions to the indicated
environmental conditions. A classification of extreme factors is
pr.oposed and possible criteria for their evaluation are presented.
Possibly some c:onclusions will seem contradictory ~.nd debatable to
the readers. It must be borne in mind, however, tl-~at the controver-
sial nature of such a ~tatem.ent is undoubtedly cau.~ed by the novelty
and insufficient previous stuc~y of the problem unde~r investigation.
84
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The editorial staff of the volume did not attempt to eliminate or soften
the controversial nature of some opinions and conclusions, feeling that
in interpretation of the problem of aclapta-tion, a problem on the lead.ing
edge of science~ such an opinion may be a stimulating source for the
emergence of new thoughts and new searches.
The present volume consists of works performed in laboratories having
far from the same lines of work and different specializations. This was
reflected in the features of the style of presentation of the materials
and of their interpretations, in judgments on the practical significance
of t.he works and their feasibility. The au~hors' goal included the ob-
servarice of a strictly objective approach to the presentation of the
materials of the chapters~ and in our view~ this task was 'basically
solved successfully.
Works on such extreme factors b.s high and low temperature and chronic
hypoxia which did not fit into the volume axe included for publication
in other volumes of the "Handbook on Physiology" that are close in type. -
The edi torial staff of the volume would be grateful to,~all~who wish to
express critical comments and wishes.
0. G. Gazenko and A. G. Kuznetsov
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Towaxd the Physiology of E~ctreme Influences on the
Or.ganism. A. G. Kuznetsov ..............................................5
1.1 Chaxacteristics of extxeme environmental factors .................s
1.2 Adaptation to environmental conditions of different
modalities .....................................................8
1.3 Adec~uate and inadequate environmental conditions .................9
_ 1.4 The physiological mechanisms of the reaction of an organism
to extreme environmental conditions ...........................il -
1.5 The influence of combined environmenta.l factors on the~organism.ls
Bibliography ...........................................................18
Chaptex~ 2. Natural Gravita.tion and Its Influence on the
Development and Vital Activity of the Organism. B. M. Savin...........21
2.1 Mechanical environmental conditions .............................23
2.2 General biological effects of gravitational influences..........32
2.3 The infl uence of gravitational forces on the pr.ocesses
of embryogenesis and on ultimate boc~y dimensions ..............33
2.4 The role of gravitation in the development of the bony
support system ................................................40
2.5 The development of the skeletal musculature and its anti-
gravitational function .........................................46
2.6 Mechanisms of the regulation of the tonus of the
antigravita.tional musculature .................................49
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2.'l The int'luence of inechanical environmental conditions on the
deveiopment and function of the circulatory system .............52
2.8 The significance of the vector of the gravita,tional~field
in the performance of spatial analysis .........................64
Bibliography 67
.
Chapter 3. The Influence of Acceleration on the Organism.
_ B. M. Savin, Z. K. Sulimo-Sam~}rllo ....................................~.72
3.1 The kinematics of the boc~y and tne physical processes
occurring in it during acceleration ............................73
3.2 Methods of experimental inv~estigation of the influence of
acceleraticm on the organism. Terms and dFfinitions...........79
3.3 Tl-:e influence of overload on the blood circu].ation ...............85
3.4 The influence of overload on respiration .........................96
3~5 The influence of overload on digestion and tt'?e execretory
processes .....................................................1U7
3.6 Z'he infl uence of overload on the activity of the centxal
nervous system and the visual analyzer ........................112
3~7 The mechanism of the influence of acceleration on the organism..128
Bibliography ...........................................................131
Chapter 4. Weightlessness as an Extreme Factor of Cosmic Flight ,
I. D. Pestov ...........................................................138
4.1 General approaches to the investigation of trie influence
of weightlessness on the organism .............................139
l~.2 The reaction of the organism to weightlessness ..................143
4.3 The feasibility of proph;~laxis of undesirable effects of
weightlessness on the organism ................................166
1~.4 Conclusions .....................................................179
Bibliography ...........................................................180
Chapter 5. Motion Sickness. G. L. Komenclantov, N. A. Razsolov........194
5.1 The B~yachek-Kl~ilov Motion SicI~ess Theory axid its Development..195
5.2 The etiology of motion sickness .................................i97
5�3 The pathogenesis of motion sickness .............................199
5.4 T}~e pathokinesis of motion sickness .............................206
5�5 Degree of motion sickness .......................................210
j.6 Basic forms of motion sickness ..................................212
5�7 ~Clinical forms of motio~n sickness ...............................215
- j.8 Modelling motion sickness,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,219
5.9 The theoretical bases of inedical examination of driving
personnel ( within the fra,mewoxk of the , Problem , of ,
motion sickness) ..............................................221
S.lU ~'ropliylaxis and treatment of motion sickness~ ..................225
Bibliograpt~y ...........................................................234
Chapter 6. The Effect on Humans and Animals of Intensive
and Prolonged Noise Influences. G. A. Suvorov, L. rr~ Shkaxinov........240
6.1 Physical characteristics of noises and their expression.........24~
6.2 The effect of noise on Humans and animals .......................2~
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6.3 Variable noises. Ultrasound and infrasound ..................271
6.4 Prophylaxis of the deleterious effect of noise on the
- or~anism ...................................................27?
Bibliography ..............................................~.........286
Chapter 7. The Effect of Yibration on the Human Organism.
C. A. Suvorov. N. N. Malinskaya .....................................292
7.1 The physical characteristics of vibration and
hygienic evaluation of them ................................292
7.2 The effect of vibration on the human organism ................297
7.3 Vibration sickness ...........................................314
7.4 Ways of prophylaxis of the deleterious effect of
vibration ..................................................319
Bihliography ........................................................327
Chapter 8. Acute Hypoxia. V. B. Malkin ............................333
8.1 The classification of hypoxic conditions.....................333
- 8.2 Methods of reproducing hypoxic hypoxia experimentally........335
$.3 The mechanism of the development of hypoxic hypoxia..........336
8.4 Oxygen consumptiono ..........................................349
- 8.5 Blood circulation 3uring hypoxia .............................351
8.6 The electrocaxdiogram ........................................360
8.7 Regional blood circulation ...................................368
8.8 The effect of hypoxia on the central nervous system..........376
8.9 The bioelectrical activity of the human brain....�......�....385
8.10 Mental condition and fitness for work .......................39z
8.11 Altitude sickness ...........................................395
- Bibliography ........................................................400
Chapter 9. The Toxic Action of Oxygen. A. G. Zhironkin............406
9.1 The physiological reaction of the organism to excess
oxygen .....................................................408
9.2 The toxic action of oxygen ...................................422
9�3 Protection against oaqrg~en poisoning ..........................440
9.4 "Adaptat~on" to excess ox,ygen ................................442
$ibliography ........................................................4~b5
Chapter 10. I~ypercapnia and Hypocapnia. Z. K. Sulimo~amuyllo.....454
10.1 The regulation of respiration in hypercapnia ................455
10.2 The internal environment of the organism in hypercapnia.....461
10.3 Changes in blood composition in hypercapnia .................466
10.4 The effect of hypercapnia Qn the cardiovasculax system.......467
10.5 The activity of the central ner~rous system in hypercapnia...472
10.6 Hypercapnia at different oxygen contents ....................475
10.7 Hypercapnia and the effect of other extreme factors.........480
10.8 Maximum permissible concentrations of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere of hermetic chambers .....................483
Bibliography ........................................................486
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Chapter 11. 'Phe Effect of Ma.gnetic and Electxomagr~etic Fields on
the Animal Organism. Z. N. Nakhil' nitskaya, N. P. Smirnova.. ........495
11.1 The nervous system ..........................................496 _
- 11.2 The vegetative functions ....................................513
1i.3 Endocrine glands ............................................521
1~.4 Blood and the hemopoietic organs ............................526
li.~ The coagulating syst,em of the blood... ......................53~
11.6 Meta.bolism ..................................................537
11.7 The pexmeability of biological structures....�..........�...5~8
11.8 The processes of physiological regeneratioii .................5~1
11.9 Conclusions .................................................553
Bibllo~raphy ........................................................555
Chapter 12. Physiological Reactions of the Organism to
the Inf1 uence of Ionizing Radiation. ~u.~G. Grigor'ev ..............570
12.1 Radiation sources ...........................................570
12.2 The functional condition of the nervous system of the
irra.diated organism ........................................575
12,3 Some ways of realizing the orga,nism's reaction to -
irradiation with the participation of the nervous system...592
' 12.4 Radioresista.nce and nonspecific increase in reactivity......595
12.5 Some general physiological conce~~ts concerning the
reaction of the organism to iY2adiation ....................608
Bibliography ........................................................620
_ C}~apter 13. The Psychological Reactions of Humans Under
Extreme Conditions. V. I. Medvedev .................................625
13.1 Definition of the concept of extxemeness ....................625
~ 13.2 Classification of extreme factors.~ .........................631
1~.3 General forms of response to the effect of extreme factors..635
_ 13.4 Causes determining the character (form) of the response.....655
13.~ Tt~e price of reaction .......................................663
13.6 Characteristics of behavioral reactions to certa.in
extreme factors ...................~........................664 -
13.7 Characteristics af collecti ve behavioral reactions..........668
Bibliography ..............................,,........................670
fd~~me Index ..........................................................672
~ubject Index .......................................................6;~8
[26~i-938o]
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PSYCIIOLOGICAL C~NDITIONING DISPLAYED RY PILOTS IN C.RITICAL
- FLIGI(T SITUATIONS
hioscow VOPROSY PSIKtiOLOGII in Russian tJo 6, 1979 pp 114-117 -
[Article by A.A. Oboznov, Moscow]
[Text] Flig}it activity is related to certain aspects of sur-
~ery where the professional is confronted not infrequently
with comrlicated and criEical situations. The most imp~rtant
cor.iitioning for the effectiveness of pilot activity in such
circumstances is opportune detection of the circumstance
which could create comglications. Flight simulation sessions
- have shown that mar~y errors of flight are related to the un-
anticipated occurrence of a critical situation.
In this artic~e, we analyze such typical errors as delayed de-
tection of the potential danger of altitude loss which can -
occur while attempting to extricate a pl~ne from a difficult
flight position. T}ie most grave consec~uences can result from
an error of this nature (3) ,(7) .
We assert tliat a psychological analysis of the cause for un- ~
expecteci occurrences in flight such as danger from altitude
loss, must begin with an examination of the actual nature of
the goal or task (5). If one as~>umes that the pilot formulates
a concrete plan of action for the f.uture sate of the plane's
flight, then this plan, in the functional sense, can be called
tl~e object-fioal (4). Thexefore, one can assume that the object-
- goal determines the sequence and order of perception by the
pilot of the signals which reAister the state of the ~uided _
object.
Accordin~ to the recommendations of several methodologists of
fli~}~t training, extrication of a plane from a complicated
~osition (CP) to horizontal flight means, above all, elimina-
tion of roll and pitch displayed on the gyrohorizon (2). With
this method of training for extrication from a CP, the Pilot
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is given adequately defined dimensions of the roll and pitch
to use as parameters for flight. These parameters acquire
special subjective significance and have a central place in
the object-goal. Tltus, during the process of extrication from ,
a CI', t}ie pilot will direct his main attention to the indices
sho~an on the gyrohorizon and could as a result, loose sight -
of the altitude parameters.
According to our suggested hypothesis, timely detection of
fli~ht danger caused by any kind of ~osition deviation de-
}~ends on the fact that this parameter will occupy a place in
the object-goal--underscoring the subjective signifi~cance of
the parameter to t}ie pilot.
~le thod s
The investigation was conducted in a pilot fli~ht simulator,
consisting of the cabin of a single-seat plane with an instru-
ment panel ancl a steering meclianism. The pilot formulated the
initial flight plan. llfter the plan w~s programmed into the
instrument panel, tl~e panel was covered ~aith an opaque shield. -
T}ier~, utilizing a control panel, the investigator and his aid
programmed into the instruments a complicated flight position
(the pilot could not see the changes made in the instrument
dials). T'tien~ the instrument panel was uncovered and the pilot
was told to extricate the "plane" in the quickest way possible
from the complicated position and return it to horizontal
- flight. 1'he pilot was unaware of the nature of the complica-
tecl ~ositi.on and the order in w}iich the experimental tasks
would be prFSented to him.
For the test, t}ie margin of altitude selected by the pilot in -
his initial flig}~t plan to extricate the plane from a CP was
altered.
Durir~k the ex~~eriment, ttie basi.c parameters o� flight were re-
cordecl on film; steering activity of the pilot; the radio-ex-
chariges between the pilot and the investigator (the conteiit
of the raclio-exci~ange was recorded simultaneously on a tape-
recorcler.~) ; notes on the swi~chinfi on and off of the camera
ap~~aratus used to record the direction of the rilot's gYances
oii the instrument panel. An "NAS'' apparatus was used to film
the ~ilot's glances. Tt~e speed of the filming eqi~alled eight
frames Per second. Data from the film recordinfis were rro-
cessecl in an "Ti-220" computer.
In all, 24 Pilots ~~articipated in the experiment and were ex-
~oseci to 312 experimental tasks for extrication from compli-
cated flight positions.
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Results and Discussion
Analysis of the steering movements of the pilots indicated that
extrication from a complicated position begins with elimination
of t}~e roll by levelling the plane and reducin~ the pitch. The
average time required, from uncovering the screen to the first
control movement to counteract the roll and the first movement
to el.iminate the pitch equalled 1.5 + 0.6 seconds and 3.0 + 1.3
- secnr~ds. - -
Th ese data indicate that in the time required to eliminate the
position deviation caused by roll and pitch, the margin of al- ~
titude was diminislied. In 40 percent of all cases, the loss of
altitude exceeded 1000 meters and in 12.5 percent--2000 meters
an d mor~. During this moderately brief period of time, the safety
of the flight could be threatened. These data once again point
to the significance of timely calculation of altitude for a
safe extrication of the plane from a complicated flight posi-
tion.
6Vhat kincl of attention is drected at t}ie altimeter durinA the
process of extrication? V~e examined the camer recordings of
pilot glar~ces to answer this question (table 1).
. ' Ta6~NUa 1
(lOKA3ATE;iH CGOPA f1NItOTAk(HQ~1 HHmOPMAtIHN ~PLI AbI80J1E
H3 CJIOiF~FIUI'(~ f?n110:i~Ei1NA (YCF~EJ(HEliH6JE ~.AHIfbtE)
~
� lloKa~arcnN CTpyKTyPiI cGepa NU160CYaUNM
1� I
IIpMGODd ' KO.1M4~CTS0 ~NKf~� ~(~lM~~ 1(ONTDAJIP, f(1Cp11NM J(AMTCJIb�
{~NA, 11 % N O(11(tMy ~.l N p(~UIPN}~ ~ Ol'Tb ~NKC84MN,
~ S'~Mf:iy ~NIfC~4MG epeMe:iN KOHTPO:IA ~ c
AaNaropN~o~rr ~ ~ 5p, ~ ~ 80,2 . 2,5
Bd~IN~~Mt7'? 22~8. 9,3 0~5
YK~t:17PJib CKOPOCTN 19.3 ~7,4 0~6
F~e~co~rowep 9~ , 7,8 3,1 0~5
Table 1. Indices of pilot activity durin~ extrication trom a
complicated position (mean da ta)
Key :
- 1. Instrumciit
2. Indices for the nature cf data collected
3. Quantity of fixation, in percent of total number o.f.
filances
4. Z'ime required to regain control, in percent of total
time of cantrol activities
. S, ttean length of fixation in seconds
6. Gyro}iori zon
7. Vertical speed inciicator
8 . Speedome te r -
9. Altimeter
As is evident from the table, the greatest ar~ount of attention
�
durin~ extrication from a complicated flight position was focused
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on the gyrohcrizon, the indices of whicn were focused on in alI ~
experimental cases, without exception. I3y comparison, we noted
that even ir~ those situations when altimeter indices were con-
trolled, an avera~e of only 3,1 percent of the total time of
pilot control of all the instruments was directed at it, where- ~
as the ~yrohorizon was focused on 26 times longer!
In a number of. cases, the subjects reported that they had achieved
horizontal flight while not once controlling the indices of the
altimete r. Ii~ fact, these same pilots did not evaluate the ac-
tual position of the "plane" with regard to altitude margin. -
1'he pilots were not always able to detect at an opportune mo-
n?ent the danger of altitude loss (created by the investigator)
and continueci to operate the steering controls for a period of
8-10 seconds after which time the altitude was already equalled
_ to zero.
Thus, parameters for roll and pitch are cont~�olled immediately
by all pilots during extrication from a CP. Thus, we assume that
these ra7�ameters occupy a central place in and are significant
cor.~}~onents of th~ formulation of the object-goal by the pilots.
In this sense, the garameter of altitude ~n the experimental
sittiations whic}i we created can not be considered the pressing
and si~ni�icant component of the object-g~al.
~f course, the altitude parameter is always included in the con-
tent of tl~e pilot's object-goal in so far as for any rilot there
is an ol~vi.ous need for a c~efined altitude margin to conduct any
fliglit. flowever, this parameter can have a different subjective
significance. In t}iose cases when the very m~iintenance of a de-
finecl altitude of flight is not a direct requirement, but is
nevertheless part of the task, the altitude ~~arameter frequently
hecome~ not a Primary focus. This implies that the changing in-
dices s}~owi~ on the altimeter merely "have a.form" to the ~ilot _
anci are controllec? ~iven a time margin but are of secondary im-
~~ortance. flence, it follows that timely ~letection by the pilot
- of clange r from altitude loss while extricatin g a plane from a
C!' eieJ~eTlds on the subjective significance of the altittide par-
ameter as a com~~onent of the object-~oal.
In orcier to explain the factors which define the varying sub-
jective si~nificance of the altitude parameter we conducted a
s~ecial series ~f inve~ti~;atians.