JPRS ID: 9161 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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JPRS L/9161
25 June 1980
USSR Re ort
p
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
~
- CFOUO 1 1 /80)
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JPRS L/9161
25 June 1980
USSR REPORT
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
- (F0~10 11/80)
CONTENTS
t~xnwnxE
Application of Microprocessors in Information-Measuring
Systems and Information and Computing Packa.ges 1
Holography in Information Science Activity (State and
Prospects) 2
Error Detecting Tests for LSI Address Decoder 2
Automation of Design in Microelectronics--Theory,
Methods and Algorithms 3
Problems of the Theory and Construction of Computer Systems...... 8
Automated Design of Digital Equipment 14
Measurement of Dynamic Parameters of Integrated Circuits......... 21
Concerning Realization of Switching Functions in
Microcircuits of Medium Degree of Integration ?7
Parallel Processes in Distributed Computer Systems to Solve
Problems of Great Dimensions 39
- The Application of a Method of Estimates to the Solution
of the Problem of Hardware Placement for Data Storage
in a Computer Center Network 42
_ Synthesis of Asynchronous Microprogram Control ~f
Parallel Processes 43
Elementary Machine of a Homogeneous Computer System With
Prcgrammed Structure 45
A Procedure for Modeling a Robot Moving in a Spatial
Environment 47
A Microprogram Processor 49
' Distributed Process Cantrol in Uniform Computer Systems.......... 50
a- LIII - USSR - 21C S&T FOUO]
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- Channel for Sequential Data Transmission Between
Remote Computers 50
SOFTWARE
Investigation of the Effect of Optimizing Conversions on
the Effectiveness of Translator-Generated Programs 51
Local Optimization of Ob3ect Program in Forex Translator........ 52
Means of Processing Textuai Information for the Fortran
Language 52
The YeS-77 Macrosy5tem 53
Application Program Batch of the "Operational Accounting"
Subsystem 54
Printed Circuit Editing Program 55
Algorithms for Celestial Mechanics (Computer Software
Materials) 56
.
- Programming 58
Database of an Automated Document Execution Monitoring
System 66 ,
Model of a Computing 5ystem on the Level of Interval
Use of Resources 67
Programming in LISP 68 ~
- Sector Archives of Algorithms and Programs 78 I
Algorithms and Programs 84
On the Compilation of One Expansion of ALGOL 98
On One Analytic Model of a Selective Use System 100 -
Identification of Repeated Segments of Microprograms for
Control and Correction of a Computer Proces~ 101
On a Method of Analytic Modeling of Nets of Computer ,
Complexes 103
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, APPLICATIONS '
I
Problems in the Development of Computer Nets~ 105
- Questionnaire Com uter Processin Pro rams.,.~
P g g , 117
Problems of Designing Automated Control Systems for
Local Industry in a Region 119
Improvement of Control of Production Under ASU Conditions...... 123
GENERAL INFORMATION
CONFERENCES
- Basic Areas of Development and Introduction of Programming
_ Technology Tools 130
Problems of Organizing the Follow-Up for the Software .
of the Automated Control Systems in the USSR 138
System for Automation of the Design of Automated Control
_ Systems Based on the General-Systems Packages of Applied
Programs for Automa.ted Control Systems. 145
Development of a System of General-Purpose Software Packages -
(In the Example of the "Spo-Zapros" Sof tware System)......... 147
Computer Methods for Linear Algebra 149
Reserves and Methods for Increasing the Economic Effectiveness
of Automated Control Systems in the Industry of the
Republic, Part 1 151
Reserves and Ways to Increase the Economic Effectiveness of ~
Automated Control Systems in the Industry of Lithuania.
Part 2 lE5
Data Collection and Transmission 169
All-Union Seminar School on Simulation Modelling 174
Proceeding of the Fifth International Seminar on Applied
Aspects of the Theory of Automata 177
Magnetic.~Elements in Automation and Computer Technology.....,., 177
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Correlation-Extreme Systems 179 `
Problems of the Development and Utilizaticn of High-Capacity
Information and Computing Machines 197
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HARDWARE
UDC 681.3:681.518.3
_ APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSORS IN INFORMATION-MEASURING SYSTEMS AND INFORMA-
TION AND CGMPUTING PACKAGES
Leningrad SOSTOYANIVE ELEKTROIZMERITEL'NYKH PRIBOROV I SISTEM NA OSNOVE
SREDSTV VYCHISLITEL'NOY TEKHNIKI (MIKROPROTSESSOROV I MINI-EVAi) [State of
Electrical-Measuring Instruments and Systems Based on Means of Computer
Technology (Microprocessors and Minicomputers)] in Russian 1979 pp 32-42
ANDREYEVA, I. A., PAVLENKO, A. N. and CHEBLOKOV, I. V.
[From REFERATIVNI'Y ZHURNAL. METROLOGIYA I IZMERITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 2,
1980 Abstract N~ 2.32.54)
(Text] Aspects of the effect of microprocessors on the development of in-
formation-measuring systems are considered. Two variants of microprocessor
_ devices designed on the basis of the Soviet K580 microprocessor are described.
The first device is represented by a general and most typical variant of the
microprocessor system, while the second is represented by an elementary data
collection system consisting of a commutator, an analog-to-digital converter,
and a microprocessor. Figures 3.
[222-1386]
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UDC 778.38 -
HOLOGRAPHY IN INFORMATION SCIENCE ACTIVITY (STATE AND PROSPECTS) _
Moscow TEORIYA I PRAKTIKA NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKOY INFORMATSII [Theory and
Practice of Scientific-Technical Information] in Russian 1979 pp 122-123
SHCHUKA, A. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY 7.HtJRNAL. INFORMA'TIKA No 2, 1980 Abstra~t No 2 I245 by
V. L.]
[Text] Coherent methods for information storage display marked advantages
' over their optica~. counterparts owing to the technological nature of the
adjustment of optical systems, the high reliability and rapid readout date
of information, and the possibility of ,toring both digital and analog in-
f.ormation in the same device or co~nbining the functions of storage and
logic in the memory.
The advantages of coherent methods are: simplicity of duplication of holo-
grams, possibility of obtaining a magnifie~i or reduced image, recording of
three-dimensional images, absence of optics in image reconstruction. The _
possibility of using holographic information procassing systems in AIPS
[Automated information retrieval system] dbcr.iment reproducing ~evices, and
equipment for the dissemination of scientific and technical information is
considered. References 7.
[222-1386]
' UDC 681.327.07
ERROR DETECiING TESTS FOR LSI ADDRESS DECODER I
Riga TSIFROVYYE USTROYSTVA I MIKROPROTSESS4RY in Russian No 3, 1979 pp 153-163
GAVRILOV, A. A. and GAVRILOV, V. A. ~
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TEi~EMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAXA `
TEKHNIKA No 1, 1980 Abstract No 1 B235]
[Text] Test sequences for detecting errors in the structure of the BIS OZU
[large-scale integrated microcircuit main storage unit] of the address de-
coder are presented, as are the findings of an analysis of known and new
tests with respect to their ability to dete:ct constant errors of address
_ decoders. Figures 4; tables 1; references 4.
[212-1386)
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AUTQMATION OF DESIGN IN MICROELECTRONICS--THEORY, METHODS AND ALGORITHMS
Novosibirsk AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROYEKTIROVANIYAV MIKROELEKTRONIKA-TEORIYA,
ALGORITMY in Russian 1978 signed to press 30 Nov 78 pp 2, 114-117
[Excerpts from collection "Computing Systems, 77," Scientific Editor, Candi-
date of Technical Sciences V. A. Skorobogatov, Institute of Mathematics,
A Siberian Department of USSF. Academy uf Sciences, 800 copies, 118 pages]
~2l
= The editorial board consists of V. L. Dyatlov, E. V. Yevreinov, Yu. S.
Zav'yalov, N. G. Zagoruyko, Yu. G. Kosarev (editor in chief), V. A. Skoro-
bogatov and V~ G. Khoroshevskiy.
ANNOTATION
Theoretical and methodological problems of automation of design and micro-
electronics are considered in the articles of the collection.
The �irst section of the collect~on is represented by six theoretical papers
in which problems arising in developing effective algorithms of graphs are
discussed. These are analysis of the properties of graphs and hypergraphs
by means of their Fourier transforms, characterization of isometric graphs
_ by means of layer matrices, study of new algorithms of searching for fea-
tures, representation of graphs, properties of module composition and the
effectiveness of random~search algorithms is also studied.
The second group includes two papers which investigate theoretical problems
of programming. ~
The third section is represented by papers devoted to logic design of pro-
grammed logic matrices, modeling of geometric design which describes the -
. topology of LSI and also modeling and calculation of integrated systems. _
The materials of the collection are intended for specialists in the field
of programming and automation of design and development of SAPR (automated
design system) and also for specialists on algorithms and applications of
graph theory.
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UDC 519.1
Analysis of the Properties of Hypergraphs and Graphs by Their Fourier
Trar~sforms, O. L. Bandman and V. P. Markova.
- It is known that the apparatus of harmonic analysis can be used to study
the properties of any complex function determined in an infinite Abelian
group. Based on the isomorphism between hypergraphs and Boolean func-
tions, an attempt is made in the a*-ticle to investigate the properties of
the Fourier transforms of hypergraphs and graphs as a special case of them.
The relationship between Fourier coefficients for hypergraphs and graphs
of some classes are found on the basis of known propositions of harmonic
analysis. References 4, figures 5, tables 1.
UDC 517.17
Layer Matrices and the Isometric Nature of Graphs, V. A. Skorobogatov.
Isometric graphs and some of their properties are considered in the paper
of H. Chartrand and J. Stewart (REFERATIVNIY ZHURNAL KIB~RNETIKA, 128586,
1971). Characterization of isometric graphs which were considered by the
author previously (see "Voprosy obrabotki informatsii pri proyektirovanii
sistem "[Problems of Information Processing in Systems Design] (VYCHIS-
LITEL'NYYE SISTEMY, No 69), Novosibirsk, 1977) is given in the present
paper. It is shown that coincidence of one-spectra of two neographs is a
_ necessary and sufficient condition of their isometric nature. In this case
- a one-spectrum is understood as part of a layer matrix consisting of all
different lines in pairs. References 3, figures 2.
UDC 519.17
Using Relative Divisi~~n for Finding Cliques, Yu. Ye. Besson~v and V. A.
Skorobogatov.
Three clique-finding algorithms based on relative divisions of the graph
into layers are proposed. According to the definition, the vertex u is
found in the i-th layer with respect to vertex v if the distance from u to i
v is'equal to i. It is shown that the time of completing the algorithm ~
for finding all cliques in a graph with p vertices has an order of '
0(p2(1.62)P) in the worst ~~ase and the storage capacity may increase as
0(p2). The dependence of the calculating complexity on some characteris-
tics of the graph are found. Data of experimental irlvestigation of the
time of completing the algorithms on random graphs are presented. Refer-
ences 6, figures 4.
i_
UM: 519.1 ;
Representation of Neographs by Linear Formulas, Yu. Ye. Bessonov.
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Linear formulas (K-formulas) first introduced by A. T. Berztiss (REFERATIV-
NIY ZHURNAL MATEMATIKA, 9B743, 1974) for representation of orgraphs are
distinguished by high compactness of notation. Similar methods of finding
the minimum set of K-formulas of nonoriented graphs and also the nonrecur-
, sive algorithms which restore tk~e neograph by its K-formula representation,
which is a mcrlification of C. Bays algorithms (REFERATIVNIIY ZHURNAL 2-4ATE-
MATIKA, 6V438, 1977), are proposed in the article.
UDC 519.1
Some Numerical Characteristics of Module Composition of Graphs, A. A. -
Timofeyev.
The chromatic number, the chromatic class and the nondensity of the module
composition are considered in the paper. The chromatic number has estimates
expressed by a visible set of characteristics of initial graphs and their
supplements. The chromatic class is expressed by chromatic classes of
initial graphs and their supplements and the chromatic class of a complete
n-~?~rcex graph. A set of conditions is presented in which nondensity of
the module composition asstunes a maximum value. References. _
UDC 519.95
Random Search for an Optimum System of Features, V. G. Ustyu2haninov.
Problems of the effectiveness of algorithms which carry out random search
for an ogtimum sys~~em of features are considered in the paper. References ~
7, figures 1.
UDC 681.142.2
The SMAPS System for Structural Programming in Assembler Language of the
. OS Yes EVM, Arthur A. Krepskiy.
The paper contains description of SMAPS language (A System of Macros and
Procedures for Structured Programming), which is realized by means of
macroassembler language of OS YeS [Operating system of the unified system]
- and is designed to facilitate structural programming in the assembler
language of OS YeS EVM (Operating system of the unified computer system].
References 4.
UDC 519.688
Constructing the Generalized Storage of a R-Machine for Text Information
Processing Problems, Yu. G. Kosarev and N. A. Chuzhanova.
T`ne possibility of organizing information processing based on construction
of a generalized memory of a R-machine is considered, a set of operations
is carried out and the properties of the data structures which determine
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the permissible set of operations and the method of inemory description are
analyzed. References S, figures 2, tables 2.
UDC 681.3.001
The Theoretical-Structural Method of Encoding Microinstructions, S. M.
Achasova.
The article is devo~ed to one of the problems of logic design of programmed
logic matrices, namely to the problem of encoding,the information of the
first level of these matrices. Based on the theoretical-structural prop-
erties of the binary code, properties of encoding and conversion of a system
of Boolean functions are foYmulated as a unified problem of designing pro-
grammed logic matrices. A simple heuristic encoding algorithm which util-
izes the compact representation of algebraic structure is proposed.
References 5.
UDC 621.382.32 -
A r4odel of Geometric Design, V. G. Khrushchev.
A model of geometric design of integrated circuits not containing the prin-
ciple limitations on the shape of the topological components of the inte-
grated circuits is considered for the case when the topology is initially ~
described by a set of boundary circuits of these components. The main
parameters of the described model include the characteristic of the rela-
tive mutual position of the components of the geometric design and consid- ,
eration of the restrictions on the dimensions of the components and the
distance between them. Operations which serve for calculating these par-
ameters are considered. Formulas which permit realization of these oper-
ations in practical applications are presented for the sp~cial case.
References 4, figures 4.
UDC 519.682.6
Comparative Analysis of the Basic Languages of Discrete Modelling, N. I. ~
Dubovskaya.
Analysis of discrete modelling ].anguages, which has become widely used
when investigating complex systems, is presented in the article. The
requirements placed on the modelling languages are outlined and classifi-
cation of languages by the method of describing the dynamics of function-
ing of the system is presented. Languagss which have become most widely
used--CSL, SIMSI~22PT, GPSS, SOL and SIMULA--are considered in this case.
Their characteristic features, advantages and disadvantages are deter-
mined. Special attention is devoted to SIMULA language, which is a rather
powerful tool for modelling processes which occur in parallel. and which
interact with each other. The main principles of constructing the univer-
~ sal SIMULA-67 programming language, whose main property is the possibility
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of orientation to special classes of problems and which is a very inter-
esting attempt to solve the problem of creating a unified standardized ~
_ proqramming language, are also considered. References 8, figures 2,
tables 1.
UDC 6�31.3.06
A 9rogram for Block Modelling of Transient Processes in NIDP IS by Means of
- Con~puters of Type YeS, N. I, Hazarov.
A~rogram for block modelling of NIDP IS with complexity up to 250 transis-
tors by using computers of type YeS is considered. The class of investi-
: gated circuits, ~he nature of the input information, the capabilities and
restrictions are descr.ibed. Rei�erences 1, figures 1.
UDC t21.382
Minimization of Delay in a Circuit of Stage-Connected Logic Components of
the MDP of Integrated Circuits, N. I. Nazarov.
It is suggested that previously established rules f~r modification of
channel widths in each of the components be used when minimizing the delay
in a circuit ~~ith restriction on the sum of widths of the transistor
~ channels. The rules are established from the results of optimizing the
components or from experiment. References 2, figures 2.
(274-6521]
COPYRIGHT: Institutmatematiki SO AN SSSR, 1978
w
6521
CSO: 1863
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PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Novosibirsk VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SISTEMY in Russian No 73, 1978 signed to press
- 3/up-1978, pp 2, 25, 37-39, 168-171
(Excerpts from the collection "Vychislitel'nyye sistemy," Institute of
Mathematics of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
800 ~opies, 172 pages] -
~2~ ,
The editorial board is comprised of V. L. Dyatlov, E. V. Yevreinov, Yu. S.
Zav'yalov, N. G. Zagoruyko, Yu. G. Kosarev (editor in chief), V. A.
Skorobogatov and V. G. Khoroshevskiy.
ANNOTAT ION ~
The collection contains papers devoted to the theory and methods of con- ~
structing homogeneous computing systems (US).
~
The problems and subject of parallel microprogramming and determined. ~
Realization of parallel microprograms in homogeneous microprocessor systems
is described. A method is proposed for checking parallel microprograms
for determinants and also for accomplishing control on the basis of associ-
ative sampling and entry of microprograms into programmed logic matrices.
The results of investigating the macrostructure of homogeneous V5 are pre-
sented. Problems of self-diagnosis of homogeneous systems and the relia-
bility of distributed VS are considered. Problems of software are re~r~-
sented by debugging of parallel proc~rams for MINIMAK5 calculating systems,
by algorithms for deparallelling cycles of files and by estimates of the
time required for operators to achieve parallel programs.
The materials of the collection are of interest to speczalists in the field
of calcul~ting systems and parallel process inq structures.
[25] S. N. Sergeyev, Realization of Parallel Substitution on Algorithms in
Microprocessor Systems
The problem of using para11e1 substitution algorithms for organizing mass
calculations in parallel microprocessor sys tems is considered in the paper. j
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- Operational intermodule interactions in these systems are one of the serious
problems which do not at present have a satisfactory solution. The reason
for this, we feel, is two circumstances: first, the relative newness of _
the problem (the first communications on development of large homogeneous
calculating systems based on microprocessors appeared in 1975 [1]) and
second, the fact that attempts are usually made in solving this problem to
transfer traditional methods of intermachine interactions developed for
_ calculating systems based on large, medium or mini-machines which require
sufficiently developed operational systems for their own realization, to
microprocessor systems, which is not always possible for microprocessor
- systems.
- The closest model to this type of calculating struc~ure is the cage auto-
maton--a uniform aggregate of elementary automatons (cages) connected in an
identical manner to each other and functioning identically. An important
feature of the cage automaton is the locality of information processing:
each automaton exchanges and processes information obtained from a small
number of adjacent automatons. Using the cage automaton as a model of the
class of structures of interest, we should also select the appropriate
algorithm for describii,g the behavior of the cage automaton. Algorithms
of parallel substitutions are used for this purpose in the given paper [2l.
[37-39]
Conclusions
The problem of using parallel substitution algorithms for organization of
intermachine interactions in microprocessor systems is considered in the
article. A class of .f.unctional substitutions which permits more complete
use of the functional capabilities of microprocessors is introduced.
The examples consider_ed in the article ~ermit one to conclude that the use
of the substitution operator is the simplest microoperator for organization
- of mass calculations at the microlevel.permits on the one hand rather easy ~
and compact notation of algorithms and on the other hand does not require
construction of a complex interpretation system.
These advantages of parallel substitutions could be manifested even more
fu~~y ~f i.iie uiicroprocessor structure permitted direct interpretation of
substitution as a microoperation. As can be noted, the functional capabil-
ities of the microprocessor are used only in completing the right side of
the substitution in the given substitution operator microprograms and the
left side is interpreted with time losses; therefore, introduction of the
operation of comparing two codes with development of the comparison feature
~ later used to control the information inputs of the microprocessor to the
microprocessor logic will permit significant simplification of the micro-
programs for realization of the substitution operator.
Some requirements on the st'ructural and logic characteristics of micro-
processors for more effective realization of substitutions c~n be derived
from the considered examples of substitution microprograms.
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1. The greatest possible number of externa.l poles. So-called "bit-slice"
microprocessor sets are the best to be adaptad in this regard For realiza-
tion of substitutions [5]. They have the capability of increasing the
digit capacity and this property of them can be used to increase the ~ .
environment.
2, The microinstruction system should include microinstructions for com-
parison of two codes.
3. The central processor element should contain the greatest possible
number of internal registers. This permits more rapid realization of
substitution. -
~1. Intel-3000 and SBPO 400 more fully meet these requirements among the
known microprocessor series. - ~
I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
1. Scrupski, S. E., "Coming: Cheap, Powerful Computers," ELECTRONICS, ~
Vol 48, No 25, 1975. j
2. Kornev, Yu. N., S. V. Piskunov and S. N. Sergeyev, "Algorithms for
Generalized Substitutions and Problems of Interpreting Them By Networks
of Automatons and Homogeneous Machines," IZV. AN SSSR, TEKHNICHESKAYA '
KIBERNETIKA, No 6, 1971.
3. Bandman, O. L., S. V. Piskunov and S. N. Sergeyev, "Problems of Paral-
lel Microprogramming," See the Present Collection.
4. Kornev, Yu. N., S. V. Piskunov and S. N. Sergeyev, "Algorithms for
Generalized Substitutions and Problems of Interpreting Them,"
TEKHNICHESKAYA KIBERNETIKA, TRUDY SEMINARA, No 4, Kiev, 1970.
5. Makarevich, 0. B., B. G. Spiridonov and P. P. Kravchenko, "Micro-
Computers as a Means of Information Processing, A Survey," ZARUBEZHNAYA ,
ELEKTRONNAYA TEIQ~Il~IIY.A, No 9, 1977.
6. Sergeyev, S. N., "A Homogeneous Processor for Signal Processing," in
"Voprosy teorii i postroyeniya vychislitel'nykh sistem" [Problems of -
the Theory and Construction of Calculating 5ystems] (VYCHISLITEL'NYYE
SISTEMY, No 70), Novosibirsk, 1977. ~
7. IQlvostantsev, M. A., "Microprocessors and Data Processing Systems,"
ZARUBEZHIdAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA, No 9, 1975.
Manuscript received 8 February 1978. '
TO
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[168-171J AFsSTRACTS
UDC 681.322.0:681.3.06
Problems of Parallel Microprogramming, O. L. Bandman, S. V. Piskunov and
S. N. Sergeyev.
The sabject and problems of parallel microprogramming which have arisen as
generalization of traditional (sequential) microprogramming ~or the case of
homogeneous structures of parallel information processing, are considered
in the article. Definitions of the main concepts and descriptions of the
formal models are given and the problems which arise in synthesis of paral- -
lel (asynchronous) microprograms are enumerated. References 21, figures 11.
UDC 681.322.01
Determination of Parallel Graph-Schemes, P. A. Anishev.
. Solution of the problem of checking a system of asynchronous-interacting
processes for determinants, given in the form of a parallel graph-scheme of
algorithms, is proposed. This check is carried out by analyzing the model
of behavior of a parallel graph-scheme (the Petri network) for liveliness
and safety. The rules of converting from a parallel graph-scheme to the
Petri network are determined and it is shown that the property of liveli-
ness and safety of the corresponding Petri network is a sufficient condi-
tion of the determinants of a parallel graph-scheme. An algorithm of
checking for liveliness and safety, based on the theorems previously
proved in Khak's papers, is presented. The complexity of this algorithm
is analyzed. References 6, tables 4, figures 9.
~ UDC 681.325.5
Graph-Program Control Based on Associative Sampling of Instructions and
_ Data, T. Ts. K~~nchev and K. � L. Boyanov. -
The principles of graph-program control are considered in the paper. The
use of inemories with associative access is suggested. The general block-
diagram of a processor with associative sampling of instruction~ and inter-
mediate results has been worked out on the basis of the abstract model of
parallel processing. An algorithm of the operation of the control device
is given. References 12, figures 4.
- UDC 681.3.001
Conversion of Microprograms When They Are Entered in Programmed Logic
Matrices, S. M. Achasova.
_ An heuristic algorithm for conversion of microprograms for reduction to
compact form for subsequent entry of them in programmed logic matrices is
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r~)K UrC 1l.irU. U;~C, viv1.1
proposed in the article. The main algorithm is the algebra of divisions
on a set of binary sets and theoretical-structural representation of an
ordered set of divisions. Modifications of the algorithm are presented and
they are compared to the known methods of compression of logic conditions.
References 6, figures 3.
UllC 517
Logic Synthesis By Means of Fourier Transforms of Boolean Functions,
V. P. Markova.
The possibility of using the apparatus of harmonic analysis in finite
Abelian groups in synthesis of Boolean functions is shown. Theorems are
proved, on the basis of which the algorithm for reducing the d..~.f. of the
Boolean function to simplified form is worked out. The algorithm is real-
ized on the Minsk-32 computer. References 5.
UDC 681.323
Graphs of Intermachine Couplings of Homogeneous Calculating Systems, V. V.
Korneyev and 0. G. Monakhov.
The minimum diameter and average diameter, wnich represents the maximum
required and averaged distance between pairs of vertices, are selected in
the paper as the criterion of optimality of a graph of intermachine coup-
lings. Introduction of the value of engagement g as a parameter in the
proposed set of graphs permits determination of the quasi-optimum structures
of OVS [Homogeneous computing systems] which permit variation of the
number of machines in the system without fundamental breaking of the
existing intermachine couplings. References 18, figures 2.
UDC 681.32.001.4
Self-Diagnosis of Systems of Blocks of the Same Type, Yu. K. Dimitriyev.
Systems of blocks of the same type, capable of automatically determining I
malfunctioning blocks on the basis of analyzing the results of their mutual ~
~ check if the number of these blocks does not exceed a given value t, are ~
considered in the article. The effect of the macrostructure and the
structure of the couplings of a set of blocks which form the diagnostic
nucleus of the system on the diagnostic capabilities of the system is in- (
vestigated. References 7, figures 3.
UDC 681.142.2:681.142.1.01 '
Some Problems of the Reliability of Distributed Calculating Systems, Yu. M.
Volkov.
The functioning of distributed calculating systems (VS) is studied with
regard to the possible failures of components. It is suggested that the
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sy5tem be organized by the type of long-lived or structural-excess functions -
to provide highly reliable calculations. Criteria for analyzing the relia-
bility of these systems are introduced. The results of investigating the
properties of long-lived and structural-excess distributed VS are presented.
References 11, figures 5.
UDC 681.142.2 -
Debugging Programs of Parallel Programs for the MINIMAKS Homogeneous Calcu-
lating System, Yu. I. Ko1~5ova.
The dialogue debugging programs designed to control debugging of parallel
programs are described. The languages of the control directives and the
languages of responses given to the user are considered. The debugging
programs were realized on the M-6000 minicomputer, which is the elementarx
machine for the MINIMAKS OVS. References 7.
UDC 518.5.681.3
Algorithms for Deparallelling a System of Cycles on Files, R. M. Nuriyev.
The criteria for finding the information relationships between iterations -
of cycles are given. A general algorithm for deparallelling cycles in the
presence of a function indicating the relationship of iterations is con-
structed; the unresolvability of the problem of finding these functions
for the general class of program schemes is noted. A simple criterion of
parallel fulfillment of a system of cycles of ALGOL-like programs is given.
An example of a difference scheme which shows that the significant informa-
tion independence of iterations does not always result in the possibility
of parallel realization is presented. References 5, figures 2.
UDC 519.1:519.2:62=529
Estimating the Time of Operators Achieving a Program, V. I. Znak.
The problem of analyzing the structure of branches of a p-program is con-
sidered for determining such characteristics as the probability distribu-
tion and estimate of the time of achieving given operators. The operator
scheme of the p-branch, by which a set of simple (elementary) paths of the
starting operator to a given operator and a set of simple cycles were com-
piled, is used as the object of the investigation. A procedure is worked
aut which permits one to find the required characteristics through the
laboriousness and frequency of realization of simple cycles. The proposed
method of analyzing the schemes was used to analyze the p-branch of a pro-
gram for solving a system of equations, specifically, to find the time
characteristics which determine achievement of a given system-conditional
conversion provided that the branch is started from an initial operator.
The main possibilities of constructing sets of given operators for model-
ling the interactions of the branches of the p-program during realization
of it are considered. References 8, figures 1.
COPYRIGHT: Institut matematiki SO AN SSSR, 1978
[270-6521J
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~
AUTOMATED DESIGN OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
Leningrad AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROYEKTIROVANIYA TSIFROVYKH USTROYSTV in Russian
1979, pp 2-4, 248-249, 253, 254, 259-261
[Annotation, Excerpts, References and Contents from book by Samariy Iosifo-
vic11 Baranov, Sergey Aleksandrovich, Mayorov, Yuriy Petrovich Sakharov and
Viktor Abramovich Selyutin, Leningrad: Sudostroyeniye 1979, 3,700 copies,
254 pages~
[Text] This book presents a number of inethods and algorithms, comprising
the basis for a system for the automated design of digital equipment, in a
form accessible to engineers and developers. The book covers all the prac-
tical stages in the design of digital equipment: development of logical
circuits, modeling of the circuits on a computer, the development of tests
and construction. Attention is focussed on methods suited to engineering
applications and leading to the design of systems of realistic complexity. -
A number of new trends in automated design of digital equipment are reflected.
The book is intended for a wide range of developers of equipment in digital
automatics and computer technology, and also for students and graduate
students in appropriate fields.
PREFACE
[Text] The rate of technological progress is a decisi,ve factor in the devel~
opment of all ssctors of the national economy. However, in recent years,
there has been a tendency for an increase in the length of ti,me ~.nvolved in
� the development of new products, in spite of the uninterrupted growth in
the number of staft members in design-construction organizations. The
principle reason for the increase in time to develop new products is,
evidently, the lack of correspondence between their complexity and out-
moded mathod.s of design. Under modern conditions an increase in the quality
of developments and decrease in design time can be accomplished only on the
basis of widely used mathematical methods and computer technology, i.e. with
a shift to automated design.
Automated design is especially effective in cases where a shift takes place
from separate engineering calculations to the creation of systems of auto-
mated design in which all stages of design, construction and technological
preparation of production are coordinated. This applies first of all, to
14
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the development of devices in digital automatics and computer technology.
The complexity of tY~e structure of these devices is constantly growing.
At the same r.ime, demands for the reliability of such devices, their operat- _
ing speed and development time are becoming more and more stringent. It is
obvious that intuitive methods of design, can no longer fulfill these demands.
'The development of a system of automated design is extremely important in
relation to the organizat~.on in our country of large scientific-industrial
associations. These associations foster the conditions for the development
of complex interrelated systems of automation of scientific experiments,
automated design and technological preparation for production, testing and
production control of complex products. For transition to auComated
design, it is essential to implement development and adoption of progres-
sive methods of design, mathematical models, calculation algorithms and
appropriate software.
At present a wide range ot automated design systems are used, which are
focussed not only on individual design problems but on solution of these
' problems as a complex whole. The number of papers and books devoted to
problems of automated design has grown substantlally. However, the existing
literature, as a rule, is directed to highly trained specialists in th~
field of automation of design or elucidates problems and methods of auto-
mation of separate stages of design. For this reason, in writing this book,
the authors set themselves the task of presenting the complex picture of the
basic ideas and methods of the automated design of digital equipment in a
form accessible to a wide audience. In this attempt, the authors tried to -
reflect new methods, used in this field as well as those which had not been
adequately explained previously. The book basically touches on the algorith-
- mic basis of automation of design and almost fails to consider questions in
the organization of systems of automated design.
The first chapter of the book was written by S. A. Mayorov and ill.uminates
the goals and tasks of the automated design of digital equipment, the prin-
ciple steps in design and general questions relating to the development of
automated design systems. The second chapter, written by S. I. Baranov
(Section 2.2 with Ye. L. Polinyy), considers the elements of the theory of
automata, which is the basis for the automation of the logical stage of
design, presents methods and algorithms for the design of operational and
- control automata with different structural realizations--with strict logic
and on programmed logical matrices. Chapter three written by Yu. P. Sakharov
(3.4, 3.6 and 3.7~ with B, A. Sapozhnikov (3.1-3.3 and 3.5) is devoted to a
consideration of the basic algorithmic methods for developing tests for the
control of combinatorial circuits and circuits with memory. The fourth
chapter, written by Yu. P. Sakharov, presents methods for modeling functional
and logical circuits on a computer. The fifth chapter written by V. A.
Selyutin examines algorithmic methods for solving problems in construction
design of electronic devices.
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- 'Che authors would be grateful for critical comments and suggestions and can
i~e reachecl at the f.ollowing address: 191605, Leningrad, Gogol' St., 8,
"Sudostroyeniye" Press.
CONCLUSION
'Cfie development of. the theory and practice of automated design of digital
equipment is taking place very quickly. It can be established that the
greatest successes have been achieved in the realm of the modeiling of logi-
cal circuits on computers and in the region of automated circuit design. The
theor.etical basis and results of experimental studies along these lines is a
good foundation for the development of software for automated design
systems.
'Phe principle problems in the automation of the synthesis of logical cir-
cuits are obtaining solutions which rival in quality those of a qualified
developer and also the creation of effective procedures for synthesizing
circuits based on the use of multi-function logical elements (microcircuits
and BIS (Large-scale Integrated Circuits)). In spite of isolared good
results, the theory of synthesis of tests for circuits with memory cannot be
considered well formed and in this area, evidently, we can expect material
progress. This is important in connection with the development of systems
based on microprocessor sets.
The main problems in the field of automated circuit design are the develop- _
ment of new models and algorithms for the tracing of connections, develop-
ment of inethods of synthesis for the construction of circuits with irregu-
lar topology (microcircuits, printed boards with different sized elements =
etc.). One of the important trends in the development of the theory of
automated design is the performance of the objective analysis of already
developed design algorithms. This, without a doubt will be facilitated by
the widespread use of the YeS (Unified System) Computer and the unification
of languages for describing circuits and constructions.
REFERENCES
i
Baranov, S. I., Marin, A. V. Microprogramming languages--Zarubezhnaya
_ Radioeletronika, 1977, No 6, pp 85-102. i
Baranov, S. I., Naumov, V. V. Minimization of finite automata (analytic '
review). In bk: Design of digital computers. Leningrad, 1978, vol 6,
pp 5-14.
Baranov, S. I., Rossikov, V. V. Synthesis of abstract automata according
to a graph algorithm. Elektronnaya tekhnika, Ser 3, Mikroelektronika,
1966, vol l, pp 3-17.
Baranov, S. I., Sinev, V. N. Programmed logical matrices in di,gi,tal
systems. Zarubezhnaya Radioelektronika, 1979, No 1, pp 65-82~
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Markosyan, 5. Ye. On the coloring o~ the tops of interval graphs--Voprosy
Radtoelektroniki, Ser 7, Elektron:~aya vychislitel'naya tekhnika, 1972,
vol 4, pp 3-6.
Selyutin, V. A. Models and algorithms in the synthesis of the topology of
circuits with one layer of commutation--Elektronnaya tekhnika. Ser 10,
Mikroelektronnye ustroystva, 1978, vol 1(7), pp 76-82.
CONTENTS
Preface 3
Chapter one. Goals and problems of automation of design of digital
equipment and systems 5
l.l Features of design of complex digital systems
1.1.1 Problems in design (5). 1.1.2 Function and structure.
The role of function in relation to structure (6). 1.1.3
Levels of representation of complex digital equipment and
systems (8).
1.2. Stages in the design of complex digital systems 10
1.2.1 External design (5). 1.2.2 Operational and logical
design (11). 1.2.3 Technical design and technological
preparation for production (12).
1.3. Methods of designing digital systems 14
1.4. Automation of design 15
1.4.1 Problems in automation of design (1(). 1.4.2 Components
of the automated design system (15).
Chapter two. Synthesis of operational and control automata.,........ 18
2.1. Elements of the theory of automata
- 2.1.1 The abstract automaton (18). 2.1.2 The structural
automaton (21). 2.1.3 A tabular method for structurally
synthesizing automata (23). 2.1.4 The synthesis of automata
on D-, T-, RS- and JK-triggers (27). 2.1.5 A graphic method
for the structural synthesis of automata.
2.2 The synthesis of operational automata 32
2.2.1 The operational device. The Microprogram (32).
2.2.2 The synthesis of a logical circuit for an operational
automaton (38).
2.3 Operator diagrams of algor3thms 54
2.3.1 The flowchart of an algorithm (54). 2.3.2 Transition
formulas (28). 2.3.3 The matrix diagram of an algorithm (60).
2�4 The synthesis of microprogram automata on GSA (expansion 61
unknown)
2.4.1 The synthesis of Mili automata. 2.4.2 The synthesis _
of Moore automata (67). 2.4.3 The ~ynthesis of logical circuit
MPA (micro-programmed automata (67). 2.4.4 The decomposiCion of
an MPA (69).
1~
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2.5. "Ch~ synthesis of an MPA (84) on programmed logical m:itrices
~!'l.P1) 78
2.5.1 Programmed logical matrices (78). 2.5.2 The matrix
r~presentation of an MPA. 2.5.3 The synthesis of an MI'A in
standard PLM (97) 2.5.4 The synthesis of an MPA on a PLM -
with memory (105).
Chapter three. Algorithmic methods for constructing tests.......... 112
' 3.1. Problems and methods of control and diagnostics of digital -
circuits
3.1.1 Problems of test construction (112). 3.1.2 Types of
faults of digital devices (,114). 3.1.3 Mathematical models of
digital devices (115). 3.1.4 Principles ~f test construction.
Activization of paths (118).
3.2. 'fhe d-algorithm 119
3.2.1 The concept of cubic coatings and complexes (119).
3.2.2 The distribution of activated paths. The operation of
d-intersection (126). 3.2.3 An algorithm for constructing
tests for combinatorial circuits (128).
3.3. The method of equivalent normal forms 131
3.3.1 The ~onstruction of tests for letters of equivalent
normal form (131). 3.3.2 Armstrong's theorem (132).
3.4. The Boolean-differential met;hod of test construction......... 133 _
3.4.1 Information from Boolean differential calculus (134).
3.4.2 The calculation of Boolean derivatives by a chain
method and according to a bracket form for describing
circuits (136). 3.4.3 An algorithm for test construction
(139).
3.5. Test construction for circuits with memory 143
3.5.1 Features of test construction for circuits with memory
(143). 3.5.2 The elimination of critical competition and risk
of transient error on input test units (145). 3.5.3 The
solution of the adjustment problem (146). 3.5.4 The use of
cubic coverage for the synthesis of tests for circuits with
memory (148).
3.6. Probability methods for checking circuits of digital devices. 149 ;
3.6.1 Pseudorandom generation of input sets of a test (149).
3.6.2 The method of statistical identification (152). ~
3.7 Controllability of digital devices 156
3.7.1 The influence of the T-redundancy of a circuit on its ~
con~rollability (157). 3.7.2 The influezce of descending
= branches in a circuit on its controllability (158). 3.7.3 The
optimal structure of a logical circuit from the point of
view of controllability (160).
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Chapter four. Logical modelling of digital equipment 161
4.1. Problems and principles of the modelling of digital
equipment
4.1.1 Goals and problems of logical modelling (161). 4.1.2
Basic principles of programmed modelling (162).
_ 4.2. Ways to formally describe the functioning and structure of
digital devices. Modelling languages 164
- 4.2.1 Requirements for languages for describing digital
equipment. Features of modelling languages (164). 4.2.2
Languages at the systems level and level of the system of
~ commands (165). 4.2.3 Languages at the level of interregister
swap and microcommands (167). 4.2.4 Languages at the logical
level (172). 4.2.5 Modelling at the level of electric
circuits (176).
4.3 Modelling of circuits with faults 177
4.3.1 Methods of modelling circuits containing faults (178).
4.3.2 Comparison of parallel and deductive approaches to -
modelling of faults (180). 4.3.3 Essentials of hybrid
method of modelling faults (181). 4.3.4 Principal assump-
tions during modelling (183).
Chapter five. Algorithmic methods of construction 184
5.1. Models of a circuit of connections
- 5.1.1 Basic concepts (184). 5.1.2 The algebra of connec-
_ tions (187). 5.1.3 A generalized model of a circuit (189).
5.2. Methods of arranging constructive nodes 192
5.2.1 Posing the question of arrangement (192). 5.2.2
Methods of grouping the elements (194). 5.2.3 Iterative
methods of arrangement (199).
5.3. Mathematical models of problems of arranging elements and
tracing connections 201
5.3.1 A model of a quadratic function (201). 5.3.2 A
problem with narrow spaces (202). 5.3.3 Models which take
account of the realization of connections (202). 5.3.4
Models of linear arrangement and channel tracing (205)
5.3.5 Topological problems in design of circuits of connec-
tions (212). 5.3.6 Models of the arrangement of different
sized elements (214). ,
5.4. Methods of arranging elements and tracing connections.......... 216
5.4.1 A general description of the methods (216). 5.4.2
Minimization of Che loading of channels during arrangement
(221). 5.4.3 Distribution of connections along tri~nk
channels (227). 5.4.4 Several modifications of the wave
algorithm (228). 5.4.5 The algorithm for construction of
the Steiner tree (236).
5.5. A method for designing the topology of circuits with one
layer commutation 239
19
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i~ Ult O1~ F IC I Al. US1: ONl,Y .
5.5.1 A theoretical-graphic approach (239). 5.5.2 An al-
gorithm for planarization of a circuit (240). 5.5.3
Tracing non-planar connections (243).
5.6. The selection of the parameters of the switching field........ 246
Conclusion 248
Index 250
References 253
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye," 1979
[269-9285]
9285
CSO: 1863 '
~
~
~
~
i
i
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MEASUREM~NT OF DYNAMI~ PARAMETERS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Moscow IIl~IERENIYE DINAMICH6KIKH PARAMETROV INTEGRAL'NYKH SKHEM in Russian
1919 signed to press 2 Jan 79 pp 2-4, 78-79, 89-91, 100-103
_ [Annotation, table of contents, foreword, Table 3, section 3.4 and biblio- _
graphy from the book by Vladimir Stepanovich Saprykin, Nikolay I1'ich
- Kuznetsov, Nikolay Ivanovich Dokuchayev and Boris Vladimirovich Ostretsov;
edited by editorial board consisting of V. M. Proleyko (editor-in-chief),
= K. A. Valiyev, V. M. Val'kov, F,. A. Vasenkov, B. F. Vysotskiy, V. I. -
Kotskov, I. V. Lebedev, E. A. Lukin, V. P. Luk'yanov, A. Yu. Malinin, Yu.
R. Nosov, V. F. Sadov, V. I. Stafeyev, V. N. Sretenskiy (deputy editor-in-
chief), Yu. B. Stepanov, G. G. Tatarovskaya, A. F. Trutko and V. N. Fila- -
tov, Izdatel'stvo "5ovetskoye radio~" 16,000 copies, lU4 pages]
[Text] annotation
Methods of ineasuring the dynamic parameters of integrated circuits are sys-
tematized according to the basic principles of ineasurement: time scanning,
- stroboscopic, integrated, time transformation and pulse expansion. The
booklet is intended for a broad circle of specialists involved in the
measurement of the dynamic parameters of integrated circuits and also for
VUZ instructors and students.
C ONTENTS PAGE
Foreword 3
1. Measurement oF the Time Parametars of Integrated Circuits
- in the Nanosecond Range 5
1.1. The principle of time scannings 3
� 1.2. The non-oscillographic principle 8
1.3, The stroboscopic principle 10
1.4. The integrated principle 25
_ 1.5. The ~rinciple of time transformation 34
1.6. Methods of double convers ion 40
2. Measurement of the Amplitude parameter of Tntegrated Circuits
in the Nanosecond Range 46
2.I. The principle of compensation 47
- 21 -
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rvtt vrrl~lrw uou u..,,.
PAGE
2.2. The principle of pulse expansion S8
2.3. The principle of strobing 64
2.G. 'The principle of direct reading 71
3. Instrumentation f or Measurement of the Static and Dynamic
Parameters of Integrated Circuits 73
3.1. Areas of application of automatic instrumentation 75
3.2. Stages in the measurement of integrated circuit parameters 75
3.3. Principal technical characteristics 76
3.4. Additional information about models of automatic instrumentation 89
Conclusion 99 -
B ibl iography 1 cln
. Foreword
It is known that integrated circuits working in the nanosecond range and
inciuued in radio~lectronic apparatus are characterized by dynamic para-
meters. Measurement of the dynamic parameters of integrated circuits
_ permits estimating r.heir quality and, if their drift is taken into consid-
eration, calculating the time diagrams of integrated-circuit logical
devices. The drif t of integrated circuits during their operation is
determined by the length of the transitional processes of the switching ~n
and off of transistors and diodes comprising the circuit, the quantities ~
of the input and output capacitive and inductive components of loads and
internal capacitances stipulated by the integrated-circuit structure. For -
example, such time pa rameters as the delay in switching integrated cir-
cuits on and off tiDd and t~ld are explained by ti~~ presence of parasitic
LC-circuits and also of processes of accumulation and rt~'~~~rption of
minority charge carriers in the basic regions of active instruments form-
ing integrated circuits.
If the values of the given time parameters exceed the norms established in _
the technical specifications for the given integrated circuits, that can
lead to disturbance of the synchronism of the work of separate cascades of
high-speed apparatus and in the final account to unreliable work of~the
entire apparatus. Therefore of undoubted practical interest are the exa-
mination and analysis of inethods of ineasuring the dynamic parameters of
integrated circuits in the nanosecond range, and on the basis of them the
drawing up of recommendations on the use of the most promising of them in
the designing of instrumentation for monitoring certain dynamic parameters
of integrated circuits. The present work is devoted to the solution of
those questions.
To ease the further comprehension of the material, dynamic parameters
sh ould be understood time parameters characterizing t'ne integrated circuit
speed and also the amplitude of the measured pulse. '
~
22
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'I'he brochu~re consists of three chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 include a
cl~ssification and description of the principal methods of ineasuring time
- and amplitude parameters of singular and recurrent pulses of nanosecond
length on integrated circuit inlets and outlets. The most interesting
units and elements of structural circuits have been examined with refer-
ence to the principal circuits.
Chapter 3 gives a short survey of the main technological characteristics of
some models of foreign and domestic instrumentation intended for the mea- -
surement of static and dyna~nic parameters and the testing of the function-
ing of integrated circuits with low, medium and high degrees of integra-
tion. On the basis of analysis of the results of surveying the character-
istics of models of apparatus, generalizing conclusions are drawn regard-
ing the great me~asurement possibilities of the given apparatus and the
principles of their construction.
Thus in the brochure an attempt has been made for the first time to sys-
tematize the material on the measurement of the dynamic parameters of in-
t~grated circuits. In doing so the main attention was given to the most
promising methods of ineasuring both the time and amplitude parameters of -
integrated circuits in the nanosecond range. It is to.precisely those
questions that an unjustifiedly small place is given in the literature on
- radioelectronic measurements, in spite of Che urgency of the questions.
The authors express their appreciation to Candidate of Technical Sciences
V. I. Ignatenko for his valuable comments on the book's contents.
- Comments and suggestions should be sent to "Izdatel'stvo S ovetskoye Radio,"
Box 693, Main Post Office, Moscow.
3.4. Additional Inf ormation About Models of Au tomatic Instrumentation
TheVakhta-l~odel i:,cludes a"Saratov" elec*.~onic computer, an input-output
unit, a computer coupling unit, two double programmed sources of ~:oltage
and currenta, three commutating matrixes, a digital measuring unit, five
measurement panels and a poWer source. The model permits making functional
measurements, classified integrated circuits into 16 groups according to
parameters and measures the static parameters of TsIS and BIS (digital and
large-scale integrated circuits) of the binary type and on MOS instruments
in a wide range of programmed sources of voltage and current, Fig 79 pre-
sents a block diagram of the Vakhta-1 model. The absolute error of estab-
lishment of the reference voltage is not more than 1.6, 16 and 50 mV, de-
pending on the measured range.
The Probability model includes a"Saratov" electronic computer, two separ-
ate mezsurement frames for the measurement of low-f requency and high fre-
quency static parameters of AIS(automated information system) in the frequency -
range of 0,.1-10 mH2, an input-output unit, a communications unit and five
measurement panels. The apparatus automatically establishes the AC regime -
23 _
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- cvi~ vi�.� i~a..w u~~ Vl'ILI.
f~r the signal of modulating and carrier frequencies. The sinusoidal sig-
nal, directed according to program with respect to frequency and amplitude
from the generator of the measurement frame, arrYVes at the input of the
measured AIS. The real value of the signal from the input and output of
the circuit is converteci by a linear converter into direct current and
measured by a digital meter that is included in the measurement frame. The
reEerence voltage is established with an absolute error of not more than
0.5 mV.
The Elekon S-2t~ model contains a unit for monitoring the static parameters
of TsIS, an operator's panel and a programmed control u~iit. The last-
mentioned includes a control unit, an arithmetic unit, a magnetic immedi-
ate-access memory and peripherals (a punched tape input, a puncher and a
printer). The model breaks down the TsIS into 12 groups and measures 50
static parameters of a circuit per second. The absolute error of estab-
lishment of the reference voltage and current does not exceed 1-l0.and 100
mV and 1-100 microamperes respectively.
The Elekon SD has an U K5-2 static parameters monitor, and Elekon U1~
dynamic parameters monitor, an M-6000 computer with an input-output unit,
an engineering station and four measurement panels. The model's capacity
- is 200-500 tests per second in the measurement of static parameters and
100-200 tests per second in that of dynamic parameters. Programs of para- ~
meter measurements and a program for self-checking the good working order
of the model. The reference voltage is established with an absolute error
of not more than 1, 10 and 50 mV.
The E~ekon D1-1 includes a test-pulse generator, a commutating matrix, a '
load equivalent unit, a stroboscopic meter with a matching device, an
aut~matic programming device and a power source and reference voltage unit.
The model measures the following TsIS and BIS dynamic parameters in the '
time range of 3- 104 nanoseconds, ti~ the transition time of the output i
pulse of the circuit from the logicaltstate 1 to logical state 0, and also ~
- tl~a the delay time of the output pulse in a'circuit switched from logi- ~
cal state 1 to logical state 0, and t~d from logical state 0 to logical
state 1. The par~meters are measured stroh~scopically. ~
A block diagram of the Elekon D1-1 model is presented on Fig 80. The test-
pulse generator 1 forms a series of rectangular measurement pulses which '
arrive at the measureu~ent circuit input and the load equivalent 3 through ~
the commutating matrix 2. The same series is fed to one of the inputs of I_
a two-channel stroboscopic meter (With a matching device) 4, and on its ~
other input arrives the output pulse of the measured circuit. At m~ments ~
i
of comparison of the fast and slow saw-toothed voltages the meter 4 issues
a strobe pulse that strobes the output pulse of the circuit of the nano-
second range in amplitude and converts it into a low-frequency interval. .
In that case the automatic programming device forms a program for the con-
trol of the commutating matrix 2, controls the power sources and references -
voltages unit 6, selects the subrange of ineasurement of the meter 4, breaks =
the circuit down in accordanc~ with the established limit of ineasurement
- 24
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1 3 4 J f f 7 +r a ~ s~
1 /0 !0 10 !0 . !0
Fig 79. Block diagram of the Vakhta-1 model.
1-"Saratov" computer 6- I-203A double programmed volt-
2- input-output unit age source
3- coupling with ''Saratov" computer 7- V-202A digital meter
4- K-204 digital control 8- M-201A commutating matrixes (3)
5- I-203B double programmed source 9- I-205A power pack
_ of voltages and currents 10 - portable measurement panels (5) _
/ 2 3
k 6
, S ,
Fig 80. Block diagram of the Elekon D1-1 model.
and remembers the result of ineasurement. The absolute error of establish-
ment of the reference voltage and current does not exceed 30-320 mV and
1-100 microamperes respectively.
In the measurement of integrated-circuit parameters in the Anait-1M model
. the integrated circuits are automatically fed in loading cassettes into the
position of ineasurement. After measurement of the parameters Che integrated
circuits are distribute~d by means of an automatic sorter into two bins by
groups. The dynamic parameters of the c~~cuits (the time of increase of
the pulse front tig~ and the pulse drop t f) are measu red in the range of
time intervals of D.05-50 microseconds: The reference voltage is estab-
lished with an absolute error of no more than 1, 5 and 10 mV and 3�10-3 _
10-2 microamperes respectively.
The IIS-IM model includea a measvrer of the static parameters of an integrat-~
ed circuit, a device for output of the results of ineasurements, a digital
printer and a digital voltmeter. The reference voltage and current iG estab-
lished with an absolute error of no more than 1, 5, 10 mV and 3.10-3-1 ~
microampes respectively.
_ The IIS-3 model includes a functional pulse generator, a measurer of static
integrated circuit parameters with a data input device, a digital printer
and a digital voltmeter. The funrtional pulse generator issues pulses,
25
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26 ,
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Key to Table 3: _
A- Trade name, company, ~ountry 17 -"Elekon S-2M"
B- Types of ineasuremants 18 - TsIS
C- Types of ineasured circuits 19 - Magnetic immediate-access stor-
D- Method of ineasuremenr prog.ram age device with programmed con-
input trol with a capacity of 2046 ,
E- Method of obtaining information 26-digit words
and possibility of processing 20 -"Okay-reject" indication, per��
results of ineasurements f orator, digital printer, pos-
F- Number of integrated-circuit sibility of input of results
outlets of ineasurement into computer
- G- Productivity of model, tests/ storage
second 21 - 0...+1 V, 0...�10 V, 0...+50 V; -
'ri - Range of ineasurement of direct 3 current ranges, from 0...+ 1
voltage (current) on outlets milliampere to 0...+100 milli-
of the circuit amperes
I - Literature 22 - "Elekon SD"
1-"Vakhta-1" 23 - Functional, static, dynamic
2- Functional, static 24 - TsIS, BIS of bipolar type and on
3- BIS of bipolar type and on MOP . ~ devices
i~strument, devices 25 - Model M-6000 computer storage on
4- Magnetic immediate-access punched tape with a capacity of
storage of the "Saratov" com- 8192 16-stigit words
puter with a capacity of 4096 26 -"Okay not--okay" indication,
12-digit words digital printer, digital volt-
5-"Oica,y-re ject" indication, per- meter
forator, ~igital printer, and 27 _ p..,+l V, 0...+10 V, 0...+50 V;
digital measurement unit 6 current ranges, from 0...+1
6- 0...+1.6 V, ~...�16 V, 0... microampere to 0...+100 milli-
+50 V; 8 current ranges, from amperes
0...+1 microamper.e to 0... 28 _"Elekon D1-1" -
+500 miltiamperes 29 - Functional, dynamic
7-"V~royatnost"' (Probability) 30 - TsIS, bipolar BIS
8- The same 31 - Permane~tt storage on semiconduc-
9- AIS, TsIS, S?~ tor diodes with a capacity of
10 - Same as 5 1024 bits
11 - 24 for Ts.LS, 14 f or AIS 32 -"Okay-not-okay," group A- group
- 12 - 5.10'4...5 ~0'1 V without B, :nodel S7-5A strobooscillo-
divider, 5 10-3...5 V with graph
divider , 33 -+(0.1...6) V; 1...100 milliam-
13 -"Integral"' pere; 3...5000 nanosec; 3...
lu - TsIS in housings and on plates 10,000 nanosec.
15 - "Standard not-standard" indi- 34 - "Anait-1M"
cation, perfo-ator, digital 35 - Functional, static, dynamic
printer 36 - TsIS
1G - 0...+1.6V, 0...�16 V; 6 cur- 37 - Permanent storage with capacity
rent ranges, from 0...+1 of 1024 addresses on 110 binary
microampere to 0...�100 digits per address
milliamperes
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. . . . .
34 -''0?:ay not-okay" indication, digital 4~ - 0.1...20 V; 100 nanoamperes
printer, digital voltmeter ...100 milliamperes
39 - 7~J integrated circ~its/hour 50 - IIS
4~J - 0.01...10 V; 50 nanoseconds... 51 - Bipolar TsIS and on MOS in-
50 microsec strument, Mt1E~ devices
41 - IIS-IM dynamic shift registers
42 - Functional, static 52 - Punched cards (256 Measure-
43 - Four punched cards with a capacity ment tests)
of about 6000 bits 53 -"Okay not-okay" indication,
44 -"Okay not-okay" indication, digital digital printer model
printer, digital voltmeter MP-16P; functional pulse
45 -+(0.1...10) V, 0...+5 V+(5...10) generator, digital volt-
V; 100 nanoamperes...100 milliam- meter
peres 54 - 0...�10 V, 0...�30 V;
[~6 - IIS-11 7 current Fanges: 0...� 100
47 - Five punched cards with capacity of milliamperes
7010 bits 55 - Fatmo, Tesla, CCCR
48 -"Okay not-okay" indication, digital Czechoslovak Socialist Republic -
printer ~nodel EUM-2311, digital 56 - TsIS, SIS
voltmeter 57 - Two punched cards
58 - "Okay not-okay" indication,
digital printer, digital
voltmeter
59 - 0...+8 V; 10-2...100 milli-
amperes
the length of which is in the range of 0.2 - 2�104 microseconds. The
length of a machine word of the generator is 16 bits in that case. The
frequency range of the functional measurements is 0.015-625 kHz. The
absolute error in establishment of the reference voltage does not exceed
10 and 20 mV, depending on the range of the measured voltage.
The Fatmo model contains a logical function generator, logical level con- .
verters, comparators of data on change of input currents and output volt-
ages, two storages with an indication of defects on the input and output ~
of the measured circuit, programmed sources of the reference voltage, a
control unit, an integrated-circuit sorter by groups, and a device for the ~
input of programs of input currents, comparison and connection of inputs
and outputs of the measured circuits. Fig 81 presents a block diagram of
the Fatmo model. The absolute error in the establishment of the reference
valtage and current is not more than 10 mV and 1.2�10'3 microamperes re-
spectivel.y.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mirskiy, G. Ya. Radioelektronnyye izmereniya (Radioelectronic measure-
a~e:~ts). Moscow, "Energiya," 1976.
2. "Time interval meter." PRIBORY DLYA NAIICHNYKH ISSLEDOVANIY, 1970, No 5.
3. Kochkonogov, I. M., and Grinyus, P. I. "Converter of short time inter-
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_ izmereniy (Proceedings of the Scientific and Technical Conference on
Radio Measurements)~ Vil'nyus, 1969. (Republican Institute of Scien-
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4. Balashov, V. p., Valitov, R. A., Vikhrov, G. P., et al. Avtomatizatsi-
ya radioizmereniy (Automation of Radio Measurements}. V. P. Balashov,
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5~ Ryabinin,Yu. A. Stroboskopicheskoye ostsillografirovaniye signalov
nanosekundnoy dlitel'nosti (Stroboscopic oscillography of signais of
nanosecond length). Moscow, "Sovetskoye radio," 1972.
6. Ryabinin, Yu. A. "Main stages in the develop~ent of Soviet stroboscopic
oscillography." VOPROSY RADIOELEKTR~NIKI, SER RT, 1967, No 4.
7. Vorob'yev, V. P., and Kostenkov, A. A. "Meter of time par_ameters of
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8. Rondarevskiy, A. S., and Vertyshev, Yu. A. "Measur~ment~and comnuti~g
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~aavitiya tsifrovoy izmeritel'noy tekhniki. Tezisy dokladov" (Scien-
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lograph." VOPR06Y RADIOEIE KTRONIKI. SER RT, 1968, No 3.
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~ . 11. Ginkas, M. L., and Naydenov, A. I. "Contraction of the spectrum of
electrical signals by means of frequency samples." VOPROSY RAAIOEt~EK-
`TRONIKI. SER RT, 1968, No 3.
12. Or~drish, L., and Rikhvitskiy, S. V. "Linear attenuator of nanosecond
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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L VL\ V11 lvllll~ vuu Va~L~
13. Hiagrachev, Z. V., and Tishclienko, N. N. "Linear converter of time
intervals." VOPR06Y RADIOELEKTRONIKI. SER. RT, 1970, No 8.
14. OLengenden, R. C., Serman, V. Z., and Ostapenko, A. A. "Digital
me~er of pulse signals." Preprint of the Institute of Precision
Mechanics and Computer Engineering, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
19b8.
15. Ofitserov, G. M. "Converter circuits for measuring the dynamic para-
meters of integrated circuits." VOl'R06Y RADIOELEKTRONIKI. SER. EVT,
1970, No 8.
16. Grya2nov, M. I., and Potapov, Yu. P. "On measurement of the para-
meters of single nanosecond pulses of low amplitude." VOPROSY RADIO-
ELEKTRONIKI. SER. RT, 1969, No 3.
17. Gryaznov,M.I. "Method of ineasuring the coefficient characterizing
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_ 18. Gryaznov, M. I. "Integral methods of ineasuring some parameters of
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19. Gryaznov, M. I. "Method of ineasuring the amplitude and length of
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SOYUZNOY NAUCHNC/Y SFSSII, P06VYASHCHENNOiY DNYU RADIO (Reports of the
19th All-Union Scientific Session Devoted to the Day of Radio).
NTORES (Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering, Elec-
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NIKA EKSPERIMENTA, 1969, No 1.
21. Sanin, A. A., and Shareyko, P. N. "A broad-range time-amplitude.con-
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Moscow, 1969
22. Gitis, E. I. Preobrazovateli informatsii dlya elektronnykh tsifrovykh
vychislitel'nykh ustroystv (Data Converters for Electronic Digital
Computers).~ Moscow, Gosenergoizdat, 1961.
23. Vedernikova, G. A., I1'yenkov, A. I., Korchagin, I. Ya., et al.
"Digital meter of �-he dynamic characteristics of microcircuits." AVTO-
METYI'{A, 1970, No 1.
24. Franko, G., ~evarra, R., end Fisher, H. "Measurement of nanosecond
time intervals by means of dynamic accumulation of trigger pulses."
TIIER, 1968, Vol 56, No 2. -
30
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i~~R nFRTCTAI, iJSF, nP1LY
25. Mirskiy, G. Ya. Izmereniye vremennykh intervalov (Time Interval Mea-
surement). Moscow-Leningrad, "Energiya," 1964.
26. Denbnovetskiy, S. V. 'Single time interval meter based on remember-
ing electron-beam tubes." In the book: Trudy sedmoy konferentsii po
yadernoy elektronike (Proceedings of the S eventh Conference on Nucle-
ar Electronics). Moscow, Atanizdat, 1970, Vol 1, part 4.
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circuits." In the book: Trudy nauchno-tekhicheskoy konferentsii.
Radioizmereniya (Proceedings of the Scientific-Technical Conference.
Radio Measurements). Vil'nyus, 1969. (Republican Institute of Sci-
entific and Technical Information and Propaganda).
28. I~natenko, V. I., Kuznetsov, N. I., and D okuchayev, N. I. "Measure-
ment of time parameters of integrated circuites by t-~ T-~ A conver-
sion." In the book: Tezisy dokladov XIX nauchno-tekhnicheskoy
mezhvuzovskoy konferentsii (Abstracts of Reports Presented at the ~
19th Scientific-Technical Intervuz ConPerence), Taganrog Radio.En-
gineering Institute, 1973. `
29. Kuznetsov, N. I., Dokuchayev, N. I., and Ostretsov, B. V. "I~ethods
of ineasurement of time parameters of integrated circuits." ELEKTROII-
NAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', 1974, No 10.
30. Gryaznov, M. I., Gurevich, M. L., and Magrachev, E. V. Izmereniye
impul'snykh napryazheniy (Measurement of Pulse Voltages). Moscow,
'S ovetskoye Radio." 1969.
31.. Neustroyev, L. S. Compensation method of ineasuring instantaneous val- ~
ues of pulse voltages by means of electron-beam zero indicator. Can- ~
date's dissertation, VNIIFTRI (All-Union S cientific Research Institute
of Physicotechnical and Radiotechnical Ins truments), 1969.
32. Valitov, R. A., and Sretenskiy, V. N. Radiotekhnicheskiye izmereniya
(Radiotechnical Measurements). Moscow, "S ovetskaya radio," 1970.
33. Karpilovskiy, L. N. "New method of ineasu ring the amplitudes of pulses
of nanosecond length." In the book: Materialy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy
konferentsii LEIS (Materials Presented at the Scientific-Technical
Conference of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communica-
tions imeni M. A. Bonch-Bruyevich), No 2, 1970.
34. Gurevich, M. L. "Method of ineasuring amplitudes of nanosecond pulses
with high precision." VOPROSY RADIOELEKTRONIKI, SER 6, 1966, No 1.
35. Reichel, R. "A transistorized pulse voltmeter on the self-compensa-
- tic~n principle. NACHTRICHTENTTECHNIK, 1963, No 6.
36. JonQS, R. W. "Unusual waveform analyzer aids automatic testing."
ELECTRONI(S , 1963, Vol 36, No 15.
31
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rvic urri~~~w u,,~ v~rL.
31. Gurevich, M. L. "Tunnel diode compensation voltmeter for measure-
~ ment of the amplitude of nanosecond pulses." VO~ROSY RADIOELEK-
TRONIKI. SER 6, 1965, No 2.
38. Kovtun, A. Ak., ~hkuro, A. N., and Reznik, P. M. "Digital meter of
the amplitude of pulses of nanosecond length." PRIBORY I TEKHNIKA
Et6pERIMENTA, 1971, No 4.
39. 1'runov, Yu. A., Dokuchayev, N. I., and Kuznetsov, N. I. "On the con-
struction of apparatus f or monitoring the amplitude parameter of logi-
cal circuits." In the book: Avtomatizatsiya proyektirovaniya REA
(Aatomation of the Designing of Radioelectronic Apparatus). Moscow,
1973 (Collection of Works of the seminar of the Moscow House of Sci-
entific and Technical Propaganda imeni F. E. Dzerzhinskiy).
40. Gryaznov, M. T. "Method of ineasuring the amplitude and length of
nanosecond pulses of low amplitude." VOPROSY RADIO~LEKTRONIKI. SER
6, 1962, No 3.
41. Gryaanov, M. I. Integral'nyy metod izmereniya impul'sov (Integral
Method of Pulse Measurement). Moscow, "Energiya," 1967.
42. 2:~;Za1, A. J. "Integral technique for measurement of pulse duration."
IRr: TRA;VS OF INSTR, 1962, Vol 12, No 1.
43. Ma~rachev, Z. V. Vol'tmetry odinochnykh impul'sov (Single Pulse Volt-
meters). Moscow, "Energiya," 1967.
44. Tsygankov, B. K., and Magrachev, Z. V. "Measurement of the amplitude
of single pulses." VOPR06Y RADIOELEKTRONIKI. SER RT, 1968, No 3.
45. Magrachev, Z. V., and Tsygankov, B. K. "TwQ-channel method of ineasur-
ing the amplitude of single pulses." AVTO,HETRIYA, 1969, No 3.
46. Larsen, R. N. "Nanosecond pulse stretcher." RSI, 1966, Vol 37, No 4.
47. Yelin, M. I., Kurashev, A. S., and Tsygankov, B. K. "The error of the ,
differential-integral method of pulse stretching." VOPROSY RA1)IOELEK-
TRONIKI. SER RT, 1971, No 7.
_ 48. United S tates Patent No 2,707,751, class 250-27. ~
49. Tsitovich, A. P. Yadernaya radioelektronika (Nuclear Radioelectronics).
Moscow, "Nauka," 1967.
50. Magrachev, Z. V., and Tsygankov, B. K. "Measurement of the voltages
of single pulses by means of analog-digital converters." In the book:
Nauchno-tekhnicheskoye soveshchaniye o putyakh razvitiya tsifrovoy
izmeritel'noy tekhniki. Tezisy dokladov (Scientific-Technical Confer-
ence on Paths of Development of Digital Measurem~nt Equipment. Ab-
stracts of Reports. Moscow, 1969 (Central Scientific-Technical Soci-
ety of the Instrument-Building Industry, USSR Ministry of Radio Indus-
try). 32
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- S1. Reuber, C. "Modern scanning methods in Measurement Electronics."
RADIO MENTOR, 1956, Vol 22, No 11.
52. Agouridis, D. S. "Self-sampling system for measurement' of picosecond -
pulse characteristics." REV SCIENT II~6TR, 1962, Vol 33, No 12.
S3. "Random-sampling volttneter HP3406A." ELECTRONIC DESIGN, 1965, V~1 13,
No 13.
54. Gurevich, M. L., and Tolstov, B. S. "S troboscopic analyzer of the
shape of nanosecond pulses based on a tunnel diode~" VOPR06Y RADIO-
ELEKTRONIKI . SER RT, 1968, No 3.
55. Gurevich, M. L. "On one method of converting nanosecond pulses."
VOPROSY RADIOELEKTRONIKI. SER RT, 1968, No 3.
56. Vaysband, M. D. "Converter of the instantaneous value of a signal
- with strobing based on a tunnel dic~de." VOPROBY RADIOELEKTRONIKI. SER
RT, 1968, No 3.
57. Sampling voltmeter Model 153. Catalog. E-H Research Laboratories,
U.S.A., 1970.
58. Dokuchayev, N. I., and Kuznetsov, N. I. "Meter of the dynamic para-
meters of logical circuits." In the book: Sovremennyye metody i
apparatura dlya izmereniya parametrov radiotekhnicheskikh tseley.
Te2isy dokladov Vsesoyuznogo simpoziuma (Contemporary Methods and
Apparetus for Measurement of the Parameters of Radioengineering Cir-
cuits. Abstracts of Reports of the All-Union Symposium). Novo-
sibirsk, 1973.
59. Dokuchayev, N. I., Karasev, A. F., Kuznetsov, N. I., and Ostretsov,
B. V. "Methods of ineasuring the amplitude parameter of integrated
circuits." EiEKTRO,'VNAYA TEKHNIKA. SER III. MIKROELEKTRONIKA, 1973,
No 2.
60. Ostretsov, B. V. "On the construction of automatic instrumentation
for monitoring the parameters of integra ted circuits." ELEKTRONNAYA
TEKHNIKA. SER 8, 1973, No 3.
61. Mnogopozitsionnaya ispytatel'naya sistema staticheskikh parametrov BIS
(Multi-positional system f or testing BIS static parameters). Brochure
Moscow, Gentral Scientific Research Institute "Electronics~" 1972.
62. Avtomaticheskaya sistema dlya ispytaniya integral'nykh skhem (Automat-
ic system f~r testing integrated circuits). 'i"ocliure, Moscow, Central
_ Scientific Research Institute "Electronics~" 1'~72.
33
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63. "Automated universal measuring system controlled by computers." ~:i~El~-
TR(~NNAYA TI:IaINIKA. SER II, 1971, No 2(20). .
64, "The set 'Elekon S-2M~." ELEKTROI~NAYA PRCd~'fYSHLENN06T~~ 1.971~ No 3.
65. Bogoroditskiy, L. A,, aavrilov, Yu. V., Gorchakov, V. S., ~~t al. "The
multi-post set ";Elekon-SD'." Et~KTRONNAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', 1975,
No 1.
66. Popov, P. S. The stroboscopic principle of constructi-on of a semi-
- automatic installation for monitoring the dynamic parameters of in-
tegr.ated circuits. ELEKTRICHESTVO, 1971, No 11.
b7. "The semi-automatic 'Elekon D1-1'." ELEKTRONNAYA PROMYSHLENNO~T',
t971, No 3.
68. Abraamya.~, L. S., Shaumyan, P. L., Sharanbeyan, K. M., et al. Instal-
lation of automatic monitoring and measurement of the parameters of
integrated circuits. Technology and organization of production. Mos-
cow, Central Scientific Research Institute "Electronics~" 1971 (Data
reference sheet No OU01946). .
69. "The IIS -1M integrated circuit tester." Brochure, 1969 (USSR Minis-
try of Elecrronics Industry).
70. Voronov, S. V. "The IIS-II integrated circuit tester." Moscow, Cen-
tral Scientific Research Institute "Electronics," 1969 (Data reference ~
sheet No 000199). ~
71. Mart'yanov, V. M., and Boyarkin, A. G. "The IIS-3 integrated circuit j
tester." ELEKTRONNAYA PROMYSHLENN06T', 1974, No 12. ~
~
72. Gutski, T. "Functional testing of logical integrated circuits." Cen-
tral Scientific Research Institute "ELectronics," 1972 (Translation
ET-8651). i
73. "Fastest LSI tester." EDN, 1971, Vol 6, No 10.
74. Robinton. "Large-scale integrated circuits based on MOS." ~
ELEKTROP7IKA, 1971, No 3. I-
75. "Teradyne's SLO'i For both MOS and bipolar LSI." THE FLECTRONIC ENGIN-
EER, 1970, Vol 29, No 3.
76. 'S eries logical circuit tester." ELEKTRONIKA, 1970, No 5.
77� "Large-scale integrated circuit MOS tester. ELEKTRONIKA, 1969, No 25.
78. "Industrial installa tion f or inspecting large integrated circuits on
MOS structures." ELEKTRONIKA, 1970, No 3.
34 ' _
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79. "Large-5cale integrated circuit." EI,EKTRONIKA, 1970, No 5.
- 90. ~.:ro?ner, E. G. "Testing ~he new ICs: a matter of philosophy." ELEC-
TROf~IC PACKAGING AND PRODUCTION, 1973, Vol Y3, No 4.
81. "Automated test eqiaipment." INSTRUMENT5 AND CONTROL SYSTEMS, 1973,
_ Vol 46, No 3.
82. Fie1~3s. "Universal tester for BIS tests." ELEKTRONIKA, 1971, No 2.
_ 83. "A~atomatsd IC measurement system.'�' SOLID STATE TECHNOL~Y, t970, Vol
13, No 3.
. 84. ~ontrolled computer for morritoring the model J-259. Teradyne brochure.
1968. -
85. "Large-scale integrated circuit." ELEKTRONIKA, 1971, No 20.
No 20.
86. "Automatic systems for testing int~grated circuits." RADIOELEKTRONIKA
R'~BE 7~~IOM, 1969, No 2 7.
d7. Runyon, S. "Focus on N~I/ISI testers." ELECTRONIC DESIGN, 1972, Vol
20, No 17.
I
88. Aleyn. "Instrumentation for testing complex functional circuits. Sur-
vay. Part 2." ELEKTRONIKA, 1972, No 21.
89. "Analyzer for testing complex logical devices." ELEKTRONIKA, 1969,
No 17.
90. "Two very different module testers--on~ fast, one very slo~." EDN,
1971, Vol 16, No 11.
91. Hughes and Beletskiy. "Automated i.ntegr.ated circuit sortin� system."
ELEKTRONIKA, 1969, No 1~3.
- 92. ''I~ test equipaient buyer's guide." SOLI~7 STATE TECHNOL~GY, 1970, Vol -
13, No 3.
Maslennikov, P. N., Ovcharov, ~J, F., and Kholin, G. 0. "Completely
mechanized lines and systems in the production of semiconductor in-
struments and integrated circuits. ZARUBEZiNAYA ELEKTRONNAYA TEKEI-
_ NIKA, 197~+, No 6.
~4. At~tomatic dynamic and functional system constructed on model BD 1401 ~
integrated circuits. Brochure of CRC Schumberger (France), 1971.
9S. Tester. ELECT. COMp, 1971, Vol 12, No 10.
� 96. TTX 945A logical circuits tester. RADIOELEKTRONIKA Zn RUBEZHOM,
1972, No 31.
35
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rvcc ~rri~icw u.,,. vir~.,~
97. "}li~h-ti~,ced IC function tester." JAP ELECTR EN+~, 197~, No 38.
9H. "Autnmalic instrumentation for testing the ~rAmeters ~f integr~~ted
circu!~s. Survey." R4DIOLLEKTRONIKA ZA RU13SZffCJM, 1971, No 33.
99. Az}lotkin, D. I. "Automated systems for control of the parameters
of integrated circuits with a high level of ~ntegration~ Surveys
on Electronic Technology. Ser "Microelectronics," No 3. Central
Scientific Research Institute "Elektronika," 1973.
L00. GOST (All-Union State Standard) 18683-73. Integrated l~gical micro��
circuits. Methods of ineasuring electrical parameters.
101. Yerlashov, V, p., Slivitskiy, Yu. A., and Shibayev, A. A. Apparatus
for output monitoring of digital integrated circuits. Surveys on
Electronic Technology. Ser 'Tlicroelectronics," No 3. Central Sci-
entific Research Institute "Elektronika," 1972. ~ ~
COPYRIGHT; Izdatel'stvo 'Sovetskoye radio", 1979
(23o-2i~4)
2174
CSO: 1863
. i
~
. ~
36
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UDC 51:681.3.01
CONCERNING REALIZATION OF SWITCHING FUNCTIONS IN MICROCIRCUITS OF MEDIUM
- DEGREE OF INTEGRATION
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 72-73 manuscript received 30 May 78
[Excerpts from paper by Mikhail Arkad'yevich Gladshteyn, candidate of techni-
cal sciences, Assistant Professor, Rybinsk Aviation Technological Institute;
Vyacheslav Alekseyevich Baskakov, engineer, Scientific-Research Sector,
Rybinsk Aviation Technological Institute; and Valeriy Mikhaylevich Komarov,
sPnior engineer, Scientif ic-Research Sector, Rybinsk Aviation Technological
Institute]
[Excerpt] A functionally complete set of assemblies of inedium degree of in-
tegration for s3?nthesis of combination systems is considered in the paper.
A formula is presented for estimating the complexity of structures which re-
produce switching functions of a various number of arguments.
_ Modern microelectronic technology has reached the degree of development that
it has become possible to manufacture microcircuits with high degree of in-
tegration. The use of inedium integrated microcircuits (SIS) and especially
of large integrated microcircuits (BIS) permits a significant increase of
reliability and a reduction of the dimensions and weight of the computer
apparatus (EVA).
' However, there is a direct relationship between the degree of integration of
microcircuits and specialization of the functions performed by them. The
latter circumstance leads to a significant increase of the nomenclature of
integrated circuits (IS) produced. For example, series 155 contains seven
namenclatures of counters, four nomenclatures of flip-flops, nine nomencla-
- tures of storage devices and up to 35 nomenclatures of SIS.
At the same time the developer frequently encounters the need to realize in-
dividual switching functions (PF) when designing digital automatons. This
problem is usually resolved by using microcircuits with low degree of inte-
gration (MIS), for example, base logic components of type "AND-N~1T" or "OR-
NOT" for which the we11-developed methods of synthesis are used. This does
not permit the exclusion of MIS from components for construction of EVA and
?eads to a reduction of the degree of integration of the apparatus as a
whol~e. The total composition of series 155 contains 17 nomenclatures of MIS.
: 37
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6
Thus, on the one hand, there are universal MIS which permit realization of
any finite autamaton and on the other hand there are specialized SIS which,
by solving tl~e prablem of mtcrominiaturization of equipment, have no uni-
vc~rsn.ltty c~f MIS.
Development of new methods of realizing PF based on SIS would make it possi-
ble to do away with MIS, which would significantly reduce the nomenclature
of IS used and would lead to an increase of the degree of integration of
microelectronic apparatus as a whole.
To solve this problem, one must:
--select a functionally complete set of SIS for synthesis of combina-
tion circuits;
--develop a method of realizing arbitrary PF on assemblies of a
functionally complete set of SIS.
Series 155 contains microcircuits of inedium degree of integration which
~ realize operations of type (4). They include IS of the following types:
155 KP1--a selector-multiplexer on 16 channels with gating;
155 KP2--a dual selector-multiplexer on four channels; _
155 KPS--a selector-multiplexer on eight channels;
155 KP7--a selector-miiltiplexer on eight channels with gating.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka," "Kibernetika," 1980
[264-6521J
6521 -
CSO: 1863
.
38
i
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UDC 518.5
PARALLEL PItOCESSES IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS OF GREAT DIMENSION
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 6, 1979 pp 60-66 manuscript . received 25
Aug 78
[Excerpts from article by M. Ye. Berkovich)
[Excerpt) 1. Basic concepts. Formulation of the problem.
The form:lized solution of eocnomic problems is primarily based on economic
. and mathematical models. The most complex model is that of optimum planning
of sectors of the national economy. The dimension of input information now
- reaches more than 1012 bytes [1].
Practical solution of an evolved model of an optimum plan can not be handled
by a single computer. In fact, this problem can not be realized by known
methods because of the large volume of input information and the limited
capacity of operative memories. If this difficulty could be surmounted by
breaking the problem down into a series of solvable subproblems of realistic size,
the transmission of all the initial information required for calculation of the plan
would either be too complicated or would sharply reduce the reliability of said
information; calculation per se would be impracticable within an acceptable
tinie;. In the light of this, the idea of the problem of optimum planning as a
~ system of mutually connected economic and mathematical models has become
popular: calculations are realized using several iterative processes. ~
An important source for enhancing the productivity of a data processing system
for such models is the utilization of parallel calculations by means of these
iterative processes. The possibility of deparallelizing the calculation processe is
defined by the structure of the information medium whieh permits simulataneous
change in the values of many variables distributed in space and time.
Theoretical foundations for realization of parallel calculations based on the
principle of a team of calculators was elaborated in [2]. In the same work the
idea was formulated for the first time of a distributed computing system (RVS)
as a convertor of digital information possessing the following properties:
39
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. ticvcral portions of the computationAl process can be performed simu]-
taneously in various devices of the convertor;
. the devices t~re located at a distance from each other where the time of
sign~l propag~tion beween them exceeds the time of execution of the operntion
by the device.
`Che word device implies a basic RVC componei~t: an all-purpose computer. Such
computers will henceforth be called elementary computers (EM). EM can clearly
be interpreted as a computer or complex of computers geographically situated
in the same site.
Arrangement of parallel calculations at the level of problem assignments are
discussed in studies [2]-[4]. In this article, the specifics of economics problems _
of optimum -planning are considered. To relate the detailed and reinforced '
indicators, the method was selected of iterative aggregation L5]. In this method,
the complex of planning models and general iterative scheme of their interaction
formulate a principle of calculation arrangements which would permit each
organ to limit the amount of information it needs to small masses. E~ch orgAn
sl~ould concentrate in its hands only the information, and only to the degree of
aggregation, which is necessary and adequate to solve the problem of planning
and control of subordinate facilities.
Methods of bilevel and unilevel iterative aggregation are analyzed in ths study
as they concern the solution of problems of interproduct balance in various
organizational and economic systems [6]. In describing parallel algorithms, a
convenient language of algorithmic algebras is proposed for structural planning
[7l and the effectiveness of such algorithms is considered.
[66] ,
In conclusion, let us note that the parallel RVC processes considered satisfy the
criterion of effectiveness in the sense of equations (23) and (24); reliability is
enhanced and cost of elaborating a solution of problems is reduced because of ~
the fact that each branch of this process has an identical structure and therefore ~
the branches are mutually replaceable. Furthermore, the sudden decrease in
calculation time makes it possible to increase accuracy by means of additional
iterations. For example, for the interproduct balance a 10-day period of ;
calculation (106 seconds) is tolerable, and in accordance with Table L, we find ~
_ it possible to perform up to 100 iterations. i
The algebraic language used for a formal description of parallel computational ~
processes made it possible to shift from the funetional level of the economic and
rr~athematical model to the structural-computational level of R.VC problem
solution. This method of description promotes further structural programming of
sin~ilar algorithms. The clarity, visibility and natural interpretation of parallel
processes under RVC conditions allows hopes for further practical utilization. ~
The comparison of iterative processes for solving the problem of interproduct
balance cited is not final, since in comparative calculations of effeciiveness of
40
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algorithms several assumptions have been made. More detailed levels of
realization of these algorithms will be studied in the future.
References
1. Avtomatizirovannaya sistema upravleniya otrasl'yu priborostroyeniya "ASU-
Pribor P" [Automated management system for the instrument making sector
"ASU-Pribor P"], Moscow. Izd. TsNII TEI priborostroyeniya, 1376.
2. Yevreinov, E.V., Kosarev, Yu. G. Odnorodnyye universal'nyye vychis-
litel'nyye sistemy vysokoy proizvoditel'nosti [Uniform all-purpose computing
_ systems of high productivity], Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1966.
� 3. Mirenko, N.N. Parallel algorithms for solving problems in uniform
computing systems, In: Vychislitel'nyye sistemy, Novosibirsk, 1973, iss. 57.
4. Mishchenko, V.K. Para~llel computing process control structures in RVS.
Authors abstract of dissertation for degree of candidate in technical sciences,
Novosibirsk: Izd. Elektrotekhnicheskogo instituta, 1974.
5. Dudkin, L.M. Sistema raschetov optimal'nogo narodnokhozyaystvennogo
plana [System of calcul~tions of an optimum national economic plan], Moscow:
Ekonomika, 1972.
6. Vakhutinskiy, I. Ya., Dudkin, L. M. et al. Comparative analysis of iterative
processes of solving the problem of interproduct balance , Moseow: AV-
TOMATIKA I TELEMEKHANIKA No 9, 1976.
Glushkov, V.M., Theory of automatons and formal conversion of micro-
programs. Kiev: KIBERNETIKA No 5, 1~65.
; 8. Arkhangel'skiy, Yu. S., Vakhutinskiy, I. Ya. et al. Numerical investigations
of inethods of iterative aggregation of the problem of interproduct b~lance.
Moscow: AVTOMATIKA I TLEEMEKHANIKA No 7, 1975.
9. Yevreinov, E.V., Khoroshevskiy, V.G. Uniform computing systems.
In: Vychislitel'nyye sistemy, Novosibrisk, 1974, iss. 58.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", 'rKibernetika", 1979
(218-8617]
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1'VL\ ~IL'1'1V1tlL UJL VLtaJ?
UDC 519
'~HE APPLICATION OF A METHOD OF ~STIMAT~S TO THE SOLUTTON OF THE PROBLEM
OF HARUWARE PLACIIrIIENT FOR DATA ~STORAGE IN A COI+~UTER CENTER NETWORK
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR. TEKfIIJICHESKAYA KTBERNETIKA in Russian
No 1, Jan-Feb 80 p 216 data received 10 Apr 78
(Abstract of a paper by~ P.I. Bratukhin, S.A. Piyavsk~y and V.A.
Smirnov, fully deposited in the A11-Union Scientif~c Research Institute
for Scientific and Technical Information under No. 3698-79, 25 Oct 79J
[Text] A mathematical model of the layout of the hardware for automated
data banks (ABD), being designea into a collective-use computer center
(VTsKP) for the storage of group and indiv~dual use data files, is treated.
As a result of the transformation of the target function of the original ~
multiproduct optimization problem, est3mates are derived for the change in :
the criterion value when one of the data files sub~ect to storage is trans- -
fered between two of the ABD~s being created in the VTsKP. The limiting
values of the estimates make it possible to establish the optimum ty~e of
topological structure (centralized and maximally distributed) for tfie
placement of the ABD's in the system of the VTsKP net~rork. For the case ;
where the quantity of ABD's being placed is knoWn to be smaller than the '
number of VTsKP's of a network, but greater than 1, estimates are proposed
which make it possible to realize a directed sorting algorithm for finding
a placement variant close to the optimal. Results are given for calcula-
tions which were performed for a specific computer network being designed.
I
I
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka" "Tzvestiya AN SSSR. Tekhnicheskaya '
kibernetika", 1980 ~
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FOR ~FFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 681.3.OQ1
SYNTHESIS OF ASYNCHRONOUS MICROPROGRAM CONTROL OF PARALLEL PROCESSES
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 p 42 manuscript received 12 Jul 78
[Excerpts from paper by O1'ga Leonidovna Bandman; dr of technical sciences,
senior scientif ic research worker, Institute of Mathematics, Siberian De-
_ partment, USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk]
[Excerpts] The operating efficiency of parallel computer systems and struc-
tures depends on the mechanism which organizes coordinated ~oint operation
of many computers. It becomes necessary to use the asynchronous principle
of controlling the interactions of parallel processes and development of
methods of apparatus and microprogram realization of it. The theory of fin-
ite sutomatons, both synchronous and asynchronous, is limited by considera-
tion of essentially sequential processes and has no means to determine and
take into account the characteristics of parallel operation. A number of
investigations has appeared in this regard durix?g the past few years in
which methods of descriptic~n and synthesis of parallel asynchronous con-
trol which do not use finite-automaton models, are proposed. The two fol-
lowing approaches.were noted. The first approach (the module [1]) consists
_ in the fact that the required set of operators (the basis is introduced such
that control of any system of interacting processes can be described by the
camposition of the basis operators. Synthesis of a control dev..ce reduces
to construction of a system of automatons which perform functions of the
corresponding operators. The second approach utilizes the model of the be-
havior of the control system (usually in the form of a Petri net [2, 3])
with subsequent conversion from this model to a special programmable struc-
ture. Both approaches lead to cumbersome decisions and require development
of new types of large integrated circuits. Thus, systematic investigation
of the capabilities of microprogram interpretation of parallel control is
feasible and the most natural is conversion to equivalent automaton descrip-
tion. First, this permits the use of well-organized methods of finite auto-
maton theory for justifying selection of the variants and postulation of
problems of optimization and second it permits synthesis with orientation
toward the existing component base.
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~1 Farmal method of converting from the initial task of an algorithm in the
form of a para1:1e1 graph-circuit to an equivalent automaton is proposed in
the article. Fetri nets are used as the behavioral model of controlling
calculations. Formal determination af the concept of the equivalents of a
Petri net and of finite automatons which simulate asynchronous parallel
control is given. Theorems on equivalent conversions of Petri nets which
permit them to be reduced are proved. As a result, a method of constructing
an abstract automaton equivalent to the given Petri net is derived. The
case of synthesizing and automaton with identical mapping of a set of net-
work markings to a set of internal states of the automaton is especially de-
termined. It is shown that matrix realization of the automaton is equiva-
lent in this case to homogeneous programmable Patil structure [4]. Esti-
mates of the complexity of matriY realization are found in terms of parame-
ter.s of Petri nets.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka," "Kibernetika," 1980
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UDC 681.31:681.323
ELEMENTARY MACHINE OF A HOMOGENEOUS COMPUTIIt SYSTEM WITH PROGRAMMID STRUCTURE
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 75, 81 manuscript received 5 Jul 78
[Excerpts from paper by Viktor Vladimirovich Rorneyev, candidate in techni-
cal sciences, Junior Research Worker, Institute of Mathematics, Siberian
" Department, USSR Academy of Sc iences, Novosibirsk]
[Excerpt~ A homogeneous computer system (OVS) is a"large collective of
calculators"
[1] whose efficient operation can be organized on the following basis:
--the calculating procedures are given in the form of a set of opera-
tors and ratios between them;
--the condit~_on for the readiness of the operator to perform is comple- -
_ tion of all c?perators which dynamically precede it.
The following requirements are advanced in this case:
1) the result of calculations should not depend on the order of reali-
zation of operators ready for completion;
2) after completion of a calculating procedure, the inputs of all the
components of its operators may not have unused values.
Realization of this method of organization of calculations requires a corres-
ponding software-hardware structure of elementary machines (EM) and inter-
machine couplings.
The purpose of this paper is to select the structure of the elementary ma-
chine and mechanism of organization of intermachine exchanges and also intro-
duction of language means which permit control of the order of realization
of program operators and which permit progra~ning of the hardware-software
interfaces which acc~mplish interregister transfers both inside the EM and
between different EM.
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f~c)It Ol~FI.ClAL U5E ~NLY
Conclusions
The configuration of a homogeneous calculating system provides an idea of
its Eunctioning as of realization of a system of asynclironous processes.
The processes which comprise the operational system of the OVS and the pro-
cesses of the system users interact by means of the same mechanism invari-
ant to the specific conditions of interaction. A synchronizing primitive
adjusted to interact by the given subsets of semaphores, which are its pa-
rameters, has been proposed as this mechanism. Orgnization of intermachine
exchanges by the type of interprocessor communications opens up wide oppor-
tunities on the programmability of the structure of a homogeneous calculat- -
ing system. -
In conclusion the author expresses gratitude to 0. L. Bandman and S. G.
Sedukhin for useful comments during writing of this paper.
BIBI~IOGRAPHY
1. Bandman, 0. L., E. V. Yevreinov, V. V. Korneyev and V. G. Khoroshevskiy,
- "Homogeneous Calculating Systems Based on LIC Microprocessors," in
"Voprosy teorii i postroyeniya vychislitel'nykh sistem: Bychislitel'-
nyye sistemy" [Problems of the Theory and Construction of Calculating
Systems: Calculating Systems], Novosibirsk, IM SO AN SSSR, 1977.
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka," "Kibernetika," 1980
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tJDC ~07:681.327.12
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELTNG A ROBOT MOVING IN A SPATTAL ENVTRONMENT
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMTI NAUK SSSR. TEICHI~ITCHESKAYA KTBERNETIKA in Russian
No 1, Jan-Feb 80 pp 46, 54 manuscript received 26 Oct 78
[Excerpts from paper by D.Ye. Okhotsimskiy, A.K. Platonov and V.Ye.
Pryanichnikov, Moscow]
[Excerpt] Introduction. Mathematical modeling of a walking robot [1],
capable of planning actions and perceiving the enviromnent, was carried
out using the display spstem of the Tnstitute of Applied Mathematics of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, which consi.;t~ vf a BESM-6 and a satellite
computer. To designate this kind of modeling, it was necessary to solve
the problem of constructing a model of the ambient environment (MVS) of
the robot [2, 3~. The software which ~ras developed j4] made it possible
to program ~ust the BESM-6 and produce magnetic films via~an inCerface
channel on the satellite computer for the assessment of the functioning
_ of the robot. The compactness of the ambient enviromnent model [5) made
it possible to come up with a rather efficient modeling technology j6J
for the robot engineering sy~tems, w}iich was utilized, for example, in -
I~l.
A procedure for modeling the environment, obtaining magnetic`films and
organizing the interaction between the experimenter and the systems for
synthesizing the robot images and the environment on the screen of a
_ graphic d~splay with erasure of the invisible line segments (the IZOROBOT
and IZOMVS systems) is treated in this paper.
[Bibliography]
7. Platonov, A.K. and Pryanichnikov, V.Ye., "Modeliravaniqe protsessa
ekholokatsii" j"Modeling the ~cho Sounding Process"], Preprint No 129,
Moscow, Tnstitute of Applied Mathematics of ~he U;3~3fL Academy of Sciences,
1977.
8. Okhotsimskiy, D.Ye., Platonon, A.K., et al., ~'Problemy postroyeniya i
~ modelirovaniya dvizheniya upravlpayemogo operatorom shagayushchego
apparata" ["Problems of Designing and Modeling the 24otion of a Walking
Apparatus Controlled by an Operator"], Preprint No 125, Moscow, "
Tn~t~tute of Applied Mathemat3.cs of tRe USSR Acade~q of Sciences, 1974.
47 .
~pl~ OFF~.G?,AI, USE ONL,X -
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9. 1'oder~;ina, N.V, and Samofalov, V.V. ,''Instruktsiya po rabote s
simvol'nym otladchikom v monitornoy sisterne DUBNA/OS DI'~PAK"
["Instructions for Working with the Symbol Debugger in the DUBNA/OS
DISPAK Monitor System"], Moscow, INFOnMATOR IN-TA PRTKL. MATEM.
AN SSS~t [INFORMATION SERVICE OF THE INSTITUTE OT~ APPLTED MATHEMATICS
OF '1'HE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES], 1978, No. 12,3.
1"L. Gridnev, A.A., "0 mashtnnom predstablenii modeli sred}~ robota v vide
universal'nykh tsennykh spiskov" ["On the Machine Representation of
a Model of the Environment of a Robot in the Form of Universal Value
Lists"], VOPR. RA1)TOELEKTRONIKI [PROBLEMS TN RADTO ELECTRONICS],
Series OT, 1976, No 9.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka" "Izvestipa AN SSSR. Tekhnicheskaya
kibernetika", 1980.
[260-8225]
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rOR OEFICIAL USE ONi,Y
UDC 681, 51: 681, 3
A MICROPROGRAM PROCESSOR
USSR Author's Certificate in Russian C1. G06 F 15/00, No 664173, filed 21
Dec 77, No 2558691, published 28 May 79
DOLKART, V. M. , KRAMFUS, I. R., PURE, R. R. and STEPANOV, V. N.
~ [Frflm REFERATIVNYY ZHUR'�VAL, TEKHNICHESKAYA KIBERNETIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract `
No 2.81.916 P]
~ [Text] The invention pertains to computer technology and, in particular,
to processor design. The traditional m~croprogram compressor contains an
operating unit (OU), an operating memory, a command counter, and a perma-
_ nent memory. However, the operating speed of such a device is fairly low,
because both ttie operating-system programs and tne users' programs are kept
in the operating memory, Closest to the device proposed here, in its essen-
tial technical aspects, is a micr~~program processor containing an OU con-
- nected via its first input and output to the operating memory whose second
output is connected to the input of the command counter, whose output in
turn is connected to the second input of the OU, whose third input is con-
nected to the first output of the OU of microprogram control, whos~ second
output 3s connected to the first input of the address commutator, whose
output in turn is connected to the input of the permanent memory, whose out-
put in turn is connected to the input of the OU of microprogram control.
- A shortcoming of the traditional microprogram processor is the loss of time
on the selection of operating-system commands froin the operating memory.
Ti~is is particularly important to the design of multiprocessor systems,
because in these there may ariae conflict situations in which several pro-
cessors simultaneously require access to the operating memory, The aim of
the invention is to increase the operating speed of the processor. The sim
is accomplished by incorporating in the mieroprogram proce~sor a privileged-
mode flipflop and an AND element whose output is connected to the second
- input oE the address commutator; the first input of the ~ND element is con-
nected to the output of the command counter; the second input, to the fourth
output of the OU; and the third input, to the output of the privileged-mode
flipClop whose input is connected t~ the fifth output of the OU. The fourth
input of the OU is connected to the output of the pernianent memory. Figures
1; references 2.
COPYRIGHT: VIriITI, 1980 '
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H'OR ONE [CIAL USE ~NLY
unc 681.324
~ sl
DISTRIBUTED PROCFSS CONTROL IN UNIFORM COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Kiev GIBRIDNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY I KOMPLEKSY in Russian No l, 1919 -
pp 40-48
VOROB'YEV, V. A, and SEDYUKHIN, S. G. _
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA No 2, 198U Abstract No 2 B18]
J
(Text] Nuclei of an operating system (OS) for a homogeneous computer sys-
tem (OPS) are described. The basic terms relating to the OS of UCS are
described, as is the structure of an OPS of the SUMMA type used to test
these concepts, The effectiveness of the resulting process control system
in SUI~Il~iA type OPS is analyzed, and ways of increasing the capacity of OPS =
_ by abolishing the constraints discovered in the realized s~stem are con-
sidered. Figures 4; ref erences 10.
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1980 -
~zs4-i3s6]
UDC 681.327.8.01
,
CHANNEL FOR SEQUENTIAL DATA TRANSMISSION BETWEEN REMOTE COMPUTERS
ICANAL POSLIDOVATEL'NOYPEREDACHI DANNYKH MEZHDU OTDALENNYMI EVM in Russian,
Preprint No 366(24), Yerevan' Physics znstitute, 1979 16 pp
~ AKOPYAT, A. K., VARTANYAN, S. V., VASINYUK, I. YE., DADYAN, A. T. and
MARTIROSYAN, G, M.
, [From RE~FERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. TEKHNICHESKAYA KIBERNETIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract -
No 2.81.321]
[Text) A description of a sequential data transmission channel assuring bi-
lateral data exchange and interfacing between an NR-2126S computer and a
PllP-9 type computer at a distan~e of about 2 lan is presented. The informa-
tion (16 bits) is transmitted by the pulse-width modulation method via a
coaxial cable. Circuits and operation of the channel are described.
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1980
[283-1386] ~
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SOFTWARE
UDC 681:322.068
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF OPTIMIZING CONVERSIONS ON THE EFF'ECTIVENESS
OF TRANSLATOR-GENERATED PROGRAMS
ISSLEDOVANIYE VLIYANIYA OPTIMIZIRUYUSHCHIKH PREOBRAZOVANIY NA EFFEKTIVNOST'
PROGRAMM, GENERIRUYEMYKH TRANSLYATORAMI in Russian, Institute of Applied
Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint No 154, 1979 15 pp ~
- GORELIK, A. M. and KHARITONOVA, YE. B.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract No 2 B106 by T. M. Kuznetsova] -
[Text] The effect of a number of optimizing conversions on the effectiveness
of translator-generated programs is inveatigated. A~omparative analysis of
= an optimizing version of the FORSHAG translator and its earlier versions as
well as of the FOREX translator is presented. Methods for compar:;ng the ef-
fectiveness of programs generated by different translators are substantia.~ed
and the results of the comparison are analyzed.
[284-1386]
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UDC 681.322.068
I.OCAL OPTIMIZATION OF OBJECT PROGRAM IN FOR3:X TRANSLATOR
LOKAL~NAYA OP'PIMIZATSIYA OB'YEKTNOY PROGRAMMY V TRANSLYATORE FOREX in Russian.,
I.nstitute of Applied Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint No 149,
1979 25 pp
SHTARfG*1AN , V , S .
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract No 2 B107]
[1'ext] Optimization techniques used in the Forex translator to imprnve the
quality of object programs are described. ~
[?_84-1386J
UDC 681.3:002.513.5 ~
MEANS OF PROCESSING TEXTUAL INFORMATION FOR THE FORTRAN LANGUAGE
- SREDSTVA OBRABOTKI TEKSTOVOY INFORMATSII DLYA YAZYKA FORTRAN in Russian,
Institute of Applied Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint No 145,
1979 10 pp
GALATENKO, V. A. and YESINA, N. A.
I
~ [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA No 2, 1980 AbsCract No 2 B120] j
~
[Text] A 5ubroutine is described, realized on a BESM-6 type computer within i
= the framework of the "Dubna" monitoring system and serving to operate with ,
chains of alphabet characters. ~
1
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1980 ~
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UDC 681.322.066
'fN[s YeS-77 MACROSYSTEM
Kishinev YeS-77 MAKROSISTEMA in Russian, Shtiintsa, 1979 193 pp
TODOROY, D. N. and AKHEGUKYAN, A. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKFIIVIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract No 2 B80 K by T. M. Kuznetsova]
[Text] The YeS-77 macrosystem, serving to broaden the potential of computer
software, is described. Overall data on macroprocessors, their circuits and
ranges of application, and macrosystem requirements are presented and the
possibilities for using the YeS-77 macrosystem to expand the PL/1 language
ancl to construct database control systeme are considered.
The macrolanguage and macroprocessing in the YeS-77 macrosystem are analyzed.
Macrorequests, various functional macrodistributions, and means of conditior.-
algeneration are described. Macrolibrary structure, personal macrolibrary
files, and the functions of the MACROLIBRARIAN are examined. Processes of
correction, cataloging, deletion, renaming, updating, compression, distribu-
tion, duplication, etc. are described. The appendices present printout sam-
ples, code tables, examples, and directions.
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1980 -
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UDC 681.322.066
APPLICATION PROGRAM DATCH OF THE "OPERATIONAL ACCOUNTING" SUBSYSTF~I
PAIC~T PRIKLADI~IYKH PROGRAMhi PODSISTEMY "bPERATIVNYY UCHET" in Russian, Pre-
print No 15 3, Computer Center, Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, 1979 29 pp
AKSENOV, V. V., VORONIN, YU. A. and MAZHUL', G. P.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHI~LITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA No 2, 1980 Abstract No 2 B81 by T. M. Kuznetsova]
[TextJ A s et of accounting programs is proposed, designed to handle the
factual par t of the data array with respect to labor expenditures; duration,
cost, and t ime of task implementation for correction of any essential ele-
ment of the data array; for delivery of monthly, quarterly, and annual re-
ports and s ignals on the fu1fi11ment of plan-set projects. The programs '
are realized on a FC series computer with a magnetic main storage capacity
of 256 K by tes and three disc guides. General information is presented on
the batch of programs. Methods for the solution of problems are described.
Block diagrams of the programs and a text in FORTRAN in the form of a list-
ing of the PPORTRAN transl3tors are presented, as are instructions for the
setup of input data, instructions to the operator, and an assessment of the
results of the solution. A reference sample is presented. Figures 15;
references 3.
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1980
[ 28256K, with separate program
generation. The generated programs may include nonstandard operations
associated with the processing of data fi~es and bases in PL/1 language.
676. Volkov, N. G., Go]'tyayeva, 0. N., Churakov, A. K. Resolution of
Multiplets in Two-Dimensiona~ y-Y-Coincidence Spectra, EKSPERIM. METODY
YADER. FIZIKI (Experimental Methods of Nuclear Physics), MIFI, 1979, No. 5,
pp. 17~-176. References: 4.
95
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A I-WRM program for the YeS-1033 computer for an arbitrary nuc~eus, using
fast three-dimensional Fourier transform, is described. The program run-
ning time for a 32 x 32 mesh at a speed of 200,000 c~perations per second
- is 1 min 30 s.
694. Norenkov, I. P., Manichev, V. B., Zhuk, D. M. Application of Elec-
tric Macromodules of Microcircuits in Design of Electronic Eauipment, TR.
MVTU (Proceedings of Moscow Higher Technical, Schoo~ imeni N. E. Bauman),
1979, No. 304, P~anning of Elements of Computer Assemblies a,id Systems,
No. 4, pp. 89-103. References: 2.
695. "Ob Informatsionno-Poiskovykh Sistemakh, Ispoluzuyemykh na EVM Tipa
- M-20" (On Information Retrieva~ Systems Used in Camputers of the M-20
Type), USSR Academy of Sciences, IPM, bioscow, 1979, 12 pages. �
.
The SINKFIRON information system (based on a card file), an on-line facto-
graphic information system (OFIS) and KADR system f~r servicing card files
of the personnel card file type, are examined. _
705. Simonenko, A. D. Application of Computer for Processing High-Pre-
cision Aerial Magnetic Photography Data, "Sovremennyye Metody Obrabotki i
Interpretatsii Geofizicheskikh Materialov" (Modern Methods of Processing
and Interpreting Geophysica~ Materia~s), Kazakh Scientific~Research
Institute of Natura~ Resources, A1ma-Ata, ~979, pp. 62-75. References: 3.
The ASOM-AM automatic aeria~ magnetic prospecting data processing system
for the Minsk-32 computer is described.
710. hflcrtchyan, F. A. Implementation in Mir-2 Computer of Optimum Algo-
rithm for Teaching Statistical Decision Ma.king for Random Variables with
, Normal Distribution, "Voprosy Ma.tematicheskogo Modelirovaniya" (Problems of
Mathematical Modeling), USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Radio �
Engineering and Electronics, Moscow, 1979, pp. 307-3~1. References: 1.
713. Dynamic Memory for the SM600 Microprocessor System, Z. Aleksandrova,
A. Aleksandrov, I. Sar"ivanov, S. Pishcha~ov, AVTOMATIKA I IZCHISLIT. ~
TEKf~VIKA (Automation and Computer Techno~ogy), 7979, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. ~
37-42. References: 4.
A dynamic memory for th~ SM600 microprocessor system is examined. The
advantages of the dynamic memory include high density of information and
low cost per bit. The way the system performs memory cycle~ and experience
in its utilization with several 8K-byte memory modul,es connected are dis-
cussed. `
71,9. "K Voprosu Ispol'zovaniya Rezhima Dia~oga v Sistemakh Matematicheskoy
Obrabotki Fi~'movoy Informatsii'~ (On the Uti~ization of the On-Line Mode in
Systems for Mathematica~ Processing of Fi~med Information), S. G. Badalyan, ~
96
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' N. Iv. Govorun, V. G. Ivanov, et a1,~Dubna, 1979, 9 pages (Reports/OIYaI,
No. ft10-12582). Referen~es: 10. .
On-linc ProgramS for organizing and effectively monit.oring in all stages
thc analysis ol the resu~ts of ineasurements of photographs, for generating _
ap~licd progrzms of the processing system and for teaching clients how to
usc the CDC-6500 computer, are developed.
723. "ASINIT, Avtomatizirovannaya Sistema Informatsii po Nauke i Tekhni.ke
E~o Ne~ublikiiyemym Istachnikam" (ASINIT, Automated Scientific and Techno-
logical In�ormation System Based on Unpublished Sources), VNTITsentr,
_ Moscow, 1979, 1G6 pages.
The ASINIT system was developed for the purpose of improving the efficiency -
of planned, in-progress and completed NIR [Scientific research work] and
OKIt [Experimental design work] on the basis of on-line arid high-quality
_ information support of the processes whereby they are implemented and
adopted. The applied software of the system was adopted on the basis of ~
DOS DPS of the GE-435 computer. All subsystems of~ASINIT are described.
725. Kalinchenko, P. A. "Programmy Rascheta Dvizheniya Chastits v Us-
koritele IFVE" (Programs for Calculating Particle Motion in IFVE
Accclerators), Serpukhov, ~979, 27 pages (Preprint/IFVE, No. OMVT-79-103). _
- References: 19. -
The RVZ pro~ram package inte~rates particle trajectories to an accuracy of -
- lU-~ m through the ~ength of one magnet unit (10.4 m) in 6 s using thA _
ICi,-1J06A computer. The volume of the RV7 programs is 3,099 cells.
72G. "Mikroprotsessornaya Sistema dlya Kalibrovki i Kontro~ya Eksperi-
mental'noy. Apparatury listanovki RISK" (A Microprocessor System for Cali-
br~iting and Testing Ex~erimental Equipment of the RISK Installation), K. P.
Glasnek, Yu. P. Merekov, K. Pishka, et al, Dubna, 19i9, 10 pages (Reports/
OIYaI, No. R10-12555). References: 6.
A self-contained system in the KAMAK standard, based on the Intel-8080
microprocessor, consisting of a loop modu~e, several event modules and a
smzrt module, is described.
735. Kuropatkin, N. P. "Matematicheskoye Obespecheniye dlya Nastroyki
Sistem KAMAK Kollektivnogo Pol'zovaniya" (Software for Adjusting KAMAK
Group Utilization Systems), Leningrad, 1979, 20 pages (Preprint/USSR
Academy of Sciences, LIYaF, iVo. 519. References: 6.
'I'he software was developed for the PDP-11/40 computer with the real-time OS
of the ItSX-11M and can be used in SM-3 and SM-4 class computers. The
rcquired memory is 16K words.
- (:01'YRIGIIT: Gost~darstvennaya publichnaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya biblioteka
SSSit (GPNTB SSSR), 1980
[azs-~s~2~ 97
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r~~~~ c~rrrcrn~. ~rs c~Ni,v
- ON THE COMPILATION OF ONE EXPANSION OF ALGOL
Moscow VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA. SERIYA 15. VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
MATEMATIKA I KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 67-69 manuscript received
= 15 Mar 79
[Article by S. A. Mityugova]
[Excerpts] A language that is an expansion of ALGOL, and with which -
algebraic operations can be done on formulas, derivatives computed and cal- _
culations done by the formulas derived, i.e., with which operations charac-
' teristic of the solution of many applied prob~ems can be performed, is
examined in [1]. An application of this expansion, accomplished in the
BESM [High-speed electronic computer]-ALGOL system by the multiple com- _
" pilation procedure [2], is examined in this article: in the expanded
language a program is translated into an algol program, and the compiler is
written in ALGOL.
_ In this approach the compiler tries to replace all "nonalgol" objects
(formula variables, formu~a expressions, etc.) with adequate algol objects.
In addition to a direct compi~er (a set of statistical procedures) there is
a set ~f functions which perform algebraic operations on formulas, new
standard functions, and functions that predetermine standard ALGOL func-
tions for the case when the argument of a standard function is a formula
expression. These functions are described as an array of algol functional
procedures with assembly language operators. '
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mityugova, S. A., "Introduction of Type FORMULA in ALGOL 60," VESTN.
biOSK. UN-TA. SER. 15. VYCHISL. MATEM. I KIBERN. (Herald of Moscow
University. Series 15. Computer Mathematics and Cybernetics), 1979,
No p 62.
2. Sedankina, G. I., "Multip~e Compi~ation in the ALGOL-BESM System,"
"Problamy Povysheni~a Effektivnosti BESM-6. Ma.teria~y Seminara"
98
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
(Prob~ems of Improving the Efficiency of BESM-6. Materials of a
Seminar), edited by R. I. A~eksandrov, et al, Vil'nyus, 1973. ~
COPYRIGIiT: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta. Vestnik Moskovskogo
universiteta, 1980 ~
[224-7872]
7872
CSO: 1863
r
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UDC 681.3.01:519.152 ~
ON ONF. ANALYTIC M~DEL OF A SELECTIVE USE SYSTEM
Riga AVTOMATIKt1 I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 22-23 r
manuscript received 1 Sep 78
_ [Article by S. F. Yashkov and M. Yu. Kitayev]
[Excerpt~ In the evaluation of the efficlency of computer systems for col-
lective use (VSKP) and of complexes of terminals, an important role is
played by probability models of the VSKP, which are generated through methods
in queuing theory. This work investigates an analytic model of the VSKP
using a cyclical algorithm of dispatching. This method of allocation of
time is widely used in practice. Examples of its use are the JOSS system
(30 terminals), the DIPS-0 (20 terminals) and the GE-635 systems with the
GECOS (200 users) operating system [1, 2]. A full analysis of a queuing
system (SMO), using a dispatching algorithm is possible as a rule with
Poisson-exponential assumptions. However, for operating VSKP's, it is more
- typical to have a situati~n where the processor works witt~ a relatively
small number of terminal devices [4, 5], (i.e., the corresponding SMO has ~
a limited range of sources for incoming flow), and the allocation of service
time differs from the exponential. It is possible to approximate the specified
process in the study of such 3ystems by considering the limiting case of a _
cyclical d~,scipline with an unlimitedly small slice, the so~called discipline
o~ processor al,location introduced by Kleinrock~
COPXRIGHT : Izdatel ~ stvo ~'Z~natne ? '~Avtomati,ka ~i vychisl~tel ~ naya tekhn~.kat, '
1980.
[223-9285]
9285
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I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 681.3.06:51
IDENTIFICATION OF REPEATID SEGMENTS OF MICROPROGRAMS FOR CONTROL AND COR-
RECTION OF A COMPUTER PROCESS
Riga AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Russian No 1, 1980 p 78 manu-
scr ipt received 15 Dec 78
[Article by K. N. Guk]
[Excerpt] A widespread method of correcting a computer pro,cess (VP) in ~
cases of transient error is the repetition of the VP operators, during
execution of which the error occu~red. The repetition may be on the level
~f an individual microcommand, a segment of a microprogram of a certain
' operation, individual commands and also segments of programs or the whole
program [1].
In the design of devices for the implementation of correcting repet~.tions,
- a number of complex problems of hardware and algorithmic nature arise. The
prob lems of hardware, control and diagnostics of the VP have been studied
in depth (i,f., e.g. [2, 3] Some of the most important problems relating
to software are selection of the level of repetition~-for the reliability
required of the results to the solution of the corres~onding functional
problems; time allowed for the correction of the VP; the possibilities of .
the control system, and the necessity for retaining information for the
repeated execution of a particular fragment of the VP.
It is evident that an essential condition for the correct repetition of
- a fragment of a computer program is retention of the source information
(operands, logical variables, addresses etc.), used in the execution of
this fragment. Depending on the type of operator the condition for the
retention of source information can either be achieved naturally or a special
supplemental operator must be introduced to fix the information necessary
for repetition in some region of inemory.
In correction by means of repeating a microcommand or segments of micro-
programs it is frequently not expedient to introduce special operators to
fix essential intermediate variables since this requires additional
registers and it slows the execution of the microprogram to have to execute
the microcommand to enter the intermediate data in these registers and
then to load them back into the working registers.
101
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`�iureover, Lhe possible transient errors during the entry, storag~ and
1.oadinK of the variables is an additional source lowering the reliability
of the execution of the microprogram and sometimes requires expenditure on
additional devices for the establishmeut of control.
In this