JPRS ID: 9154 USSR REPORT HUMAN RESOURCES

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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~PRS L/9154
19 June 1980
~
USSR Re ort
p
HUMAN RESOURCES
tFOUO aiao~
a
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/91.54
19 June 1980
USSR REPORT _
HUMAN RESOURCES
(FOUO 4/80)
CONTENTS
. E DUCATION
- Cooperation of Universities, Acade~y of Sciences in
Scientific Research
(VES7NIK ARADEMII NAUK SSSR, Apr 80) 1
DEMOGRAPHY
Employment Within Small Tawns Examined
(Ye. Ruzavina; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Apr 80)........ 20
Book on Urb anization in Georgian SS R Reviewed
(V. V. Pokshishevskiy; IZVESTIYA VSESOYUZNOGO
GEOGRAFZf~iESKOQO OB3HC~iESTVA, Jan-Feb 80) 22
Book on Agroindustrial Settlements Reviewed
(B. S. Khorev; IZVESTIYA VSESOYUZNOGO
GEOGRAFI(4iESKOGO OBSH~ESTVA, Jan-Feb 80)........ 27
~
a " ~IrI - USSR - 38c FOUO]
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EDUCATION
COOPE RATION OF UNIVERSITIES, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ~
- Moscox V~TNIIC AKADEMII NAUK SSSR No 4, ~ r' 80 pp 4-17
~eport from the Presidiwa of the U5SR Acadeiqy of Sciences: "Qn ~trengthening
Ties betxeen the Universities and the Scientific Establishments of the USSR
Aca.demy of Sciences"
~ex] A joint convocation of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences
and the Collegium of the U~SR Minisiry of Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education xas held, at which the xork of the univer8ltiss and their interac-
tion with the system of scientific establishments of tho Academy were dis-
cussed.
In its decree, "On the F'urther Developmeat of the University and Increasing
the ~uality of Training of Specialists" (July 19?9)~ the CPSU Central Committee
- and the USSR Council of Ministera recognized the necessity of taking measures -
aimed at further improving the activfties of the universit~r~ exp~d~g~ it~:
role in socio-economic and scientific-technical progresss and furnishing more
skilled cadres to the leading sectors of the nation's economy. The task was
- assigned to ra,ise the level of training of the future specialists. ToHard
these ends, it has been proposed to enlist more broa.dly the academicians and
associa.te members of the USSR Acadelqy of Sciences~ and other leading scien-
tists, for scientific-pedagcigical activities in the WZ's. The decree points
- out the necessity for improving the organization of scientific research work
in the YUZ's and to utilize their scientif~c potential more ~Efectively.
Establishing close creative ties bet~een the Acade~qy of Sciences and the -
university was at the center of ~ttent~on of those participating in the
session~ at which an addre~ss Kas made by V. P. Yelyutin~ USSR Minister of
Highar and 3econdary 3pecial Edccation, and Associate Member of the USSR
Acaden~y of Sciences.
"Bil~tera.l ties betxeen scienae and higher education," said V. P. Yelyutin,
"Is an ob3ective reality of the intellectus7. life of a modern society. In
their historical development they have gone along arm in arai. The modern
~spect of the university assu0ed its present form under the definitive
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influence of science. In the past and at present it continues to reinforce
science xith its graduates~ and in its cagacity as a scientific establisluaer~t
itself actively participa,tes in the process of accumulating new knoxZedge ~
and its practical materialization. Hoxever, our modernity and the entire
pace of further perfecting the society of developed socialism requires a new
concept of the interrelationship of science and education~ and a new approach
to the realization of its creative union.
"Co~rade L. I. Brezhnev stated at the 25th CPSU Congress, that 'The success of -
the scientific-technical revoiution and its beneficial influence on the econon~y
and on all aspects of the life of society cannot be aseured by the efforts of
the sc_sntific Korkers alone. II~liating all those participating in socisl
production in this historically-significant process is a,sswning an ever- -
greatsr role in all sections of the economic mec~hanism.' On the Uasis of the
- principa.l instructions of the party, the ~iuiversj.ty must first of all signif-
icantly increase the level of tra,ining of specialilstsi and ~econdly; support
the enlistment of all of the ~any millions on its staff in the pra~ess of
the scientific quest~ and significantly increase i~;s scientific potential and
the effectiveneas of its utilization.
"Those xho ha,ve gathered here today to discuss the designated problems~"
continue~ V. P. Yelyutin~ "Officials frc~ the Acaden~y of sciences and the
Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education, r~.re carrying out a direct
commission of �the CP3U Central Com~ittee and the USSR Council of Ministers,
which adopted in April 19?8 the decree~ 'On Increasing the Effectiveness of
Scientific Research Work at the Higher Fducation~l. Institutions~' contain~,ng a
host of provisions the realization o~ xhich requires strengthening the con-
tacts betxeen the USSR Acade~y of Sciences and the universities. An extensive
progra,m for perfecting science at the univsrsity~ contained in this docwsent~
proposes further strengthening of the role of the university in the national
' syst~m of' scientific institutions~ and tranaforming it into a powerful inter-
sectorial scientific complex~ capa,ble of conducting active research in prac-
tically all spheres of knoxledge, and~providing for the introduction of these
achievements into the national econonpr.
"Even today an intensive quest for research is being carried on in pr~ctically
all of our 870 universities and institutes, in xh~.ch nearly one-half million
scientific-pedagogical personnel are concentrated. Among these are 18,000
dcctors and 1'75,000 cand.idatea of sciencep and this ia nea,rly half of all the
workers with scholarlq degrees and titles in our country. More than 500
- academicians a.nd assxiate ~embers of the USSR Academy of Sciances, and the
academiss of science of the union republics~ are xorking at the univsrsities.
And here it is fitting to pause on the question of combined 3obs. At dne~time
i,t xas forbidderi to hold ~nore than one offlce in a university, itt ord,er to
weed out abuses in this area. But in fact this has led to a situa.tion Hhere
a significant pa~ of the university�s qualified ca,dres was iost. Subsequently
a number of amendments to the normative act ~rere adopted~ which permit more
latitude in recruiting prominent scholars and xorkers from the various sectors
of the national econoa~y for scientific-pedagogical activities.
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And the 57~000 graduate students at the university ha.ve made no small contri-
bution to sLience; of these~ 1~800 have been enlisted for research work.
"a~ong xith the mc~e than 30~000 facultiea�-the basic link in the academic
organiz~.tion at the WZ -there is an extensive system of scientifi.c institu-
tioizs. Among these are 60 scientific research institutes, about 1,500 problem
and industrial branch laboratories~ as well as computer centers, botanical
gard.ens, observatories~ museums, exp~rimental design bureaus and about 450
_ scientific research sectors. The orga:.ization of the North Ca,ucasus Science
Center~ Which was established through tha combined 9fforts of the university
and the U5SR Academy of Sciences, has proved its ~?orth. Possessing such a
powerful intellectua.l potential and broad organizational capabilities, the
higher educational institutions are expanding their activities in the main
channel of tlze development of Soviet science. They are carrying out a large
amount of the Kork connected with the tasks in the sta,te plans for the eco-
nomic and social development of the USSR and the union republics; with the
various government decrees; with work programs on solving basic scientific
and technical problems; with plans for seientific research in the spheres Df
natural and social sciences; and with the industrial sector and republic
- plans for scientific research xork in utilizing the achievements of science
and technmlogy in manufacturing.
"In the last six years alone, ex~enditures for scientific regearch work in the
system of Minvuz, USSR ~inistry of Higher and Secondary Special Educatio~,
_ have groHn by more than txo times~ and in 1978 xere in excess of 1.102 billion
rubl.es. At the returns to science rendered by the ViJZ's have grown as xell.
In 1978~ for example, scholars at the YUZ's produced more than 3~000 mono-
gra.phs~ ar. equal amount of textbooks and educational materials~ and contrib-
uted 130,000 articles ta all-union and foreigm scientific magazines. More
than 11~000 cextificates of authorahip xere granted for inventione, as well
as 320 foreign gatentsi and a number of licensea have been sold. Industry
= confirms that the economic effect from the use of stu~iies carried out by the
_ VUZ's, in 1978 alone amounted to :~early two billion rubles~ which exceeds by
nearly txo times all the .ex~endii.ures for science in the universities.
_ "Nevertheless," noted V. P. Yelyutin, "The sta.te of scientific research work
in the L;niversities cannot be deemed wholly satisfactory. As was pointed out
in the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers,
On Increasing the Effectiveness of Scientific Research Work in the Higher
Educational Institutions~' the scientific potential of the universities and
their skllled personnel axe not being fully utilized~~in solving the most
- important scientific-technical and socio-economic probl~ms; there are still
fex impurtant, complex research projeets carried out at the higher educational
infititutions. The CPSU Centra,l Committee and the Soviet government have
assigned to the State Committee on Science and Technology, to the Academy of
Sciences, and Minvuz, USSR~ the task of more~eX~tens~veYy involving~the,Yi~~'$,
which possess skilled cadres~ in carrying out basic scientific research and
pra,ctical studies in accordance with state plans for the development of science
and technology.
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"It has been shown~tha,t it is necessary to implement a number af practical
measures for concentra,ting forces and resources on the most important problems
of science and technology= to provide for fundamental improvements in the _
planning and coordinating of scientific resea.rch work in thw WZ's~ and to
create the conditions for strengthening the ties betxeen the processes of
education and research."
In this rega.rd~ the speaker paid apecial attention to tre development of
basic research at the university. It is xell-knoWn that accelerating the rate
of scientific and technical progresg is not possible without advanced develop-
ment of fundamental and exploratary research~ the results of which serve as
the basis for highly-efficient tschnical solutions and the creation of prin-
cipally new~ progressive technological processes. The development of such
resea.rch in the universities is required~ in order to train skilled special-
ists with a broad background. Hoxever, the proportion of fundamental scien-
tific ~+ork in the total volume of scientific research work in the WZ's is
constantly declining~ primaxily as a result of insufficient funding of ~~ience
at:~the VU7's in the state lrudget, the amount of xhich in 1978 totalled little
more than 14 percent of all funds received by the VUZ's from various sources.
The YUZ's monies are for the most part fixed by contract and they cannot be
used for fundamental research.
Experience shoWS that by far the most scientific research in the areas of the
natural and the social sciences is found in those VUZ's which actively collab-
orate With the scientific institutions af the USSR Aca.demy of Sciences and
the academies of sciences of the union republics.
- 'I'he speaker consider$ that bh the Who1e~ the stste of the creative tiee
between the higher educational instituticns and the institutions of the Acad- -
emy must be rated favorably. The Presidium of the USSR Aca.de~y of Sciences
continually renders assistance to the universities. A significant contribu- 1
tion to increasing the level of training of s~ecialists Has raade in the imple-
menting of the plan xorked out jointly by the Minwz and the USSR Academy of
Sciences, containing measures for carrying out the decree of the CPSU Central
Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers~ "On Measures for the Further
' Perfection of Higher Education in the Nation." The educational plans and
programs of the WZ's have been reexa.mined by scholars from the scientific
ir.stitutions; and twelve scientific-methodological councils and commiasions
un the disciplines taught in the VUZ's are headed by acadamieians and assoc-
iate members of the tJSSR Academy of S~iences.
The close collabora.tion of th~ institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences
and the YUZ's is the cre~tive basis on xhich instruction was organized in an
entire series of new sub~~~ts; also established were special departments for
refresher training of the ~adres :n the nek, for~+ard-looking directions of
science and technology. It is co~~isidered exceptionally important that,tha
specialists are being trained in these departments ~n the most up-to-date,
rapidly-developing directions of fundamental science and new technology~
such as the physics and technology of magnetic memoryi the theory and tech- -
nology of laser communications; automation of experimental reseaxch; robots
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and manipulators; optimization of engineering solutions; uninterrupted control
methods; and so forth. Taking pa,rt in the work of the departments are scholars
- from the institutions of the Academy~ specialists who ha,ve mastered the very
- latest achievements in the corresponding areas of knoxledge.
At the same time, V.P. Yelyutin believes, these departments can be utilized
for increasing the qualifications of the research fello~rs of the Academy of
Sciences itself~ for training groups of special-purpose specialists in par-
ticular, with the aim of supporting the introduction of the results of scien-
_ tific research into manufacturing~ The first such experience~ wh~eh concerns `
a nex area of acience and technology-powdered metallurgy-is already being
cond ucted ; simultaneously, nex equipment is being introduced and specia~ists
are being trained xho will use the nex technology and equipment.
Collaboration with the WZ's on the paxt of prominent scholars of the USSR
Academy of Sciences in organizing the educational process and conducting
scientific research ha,s become a tradition. In the 1977-7$ aca,d.emi.c year
alone more than 650 reseaxch felloxs at the institutions of the academy,
among whom are 30 academicians and 47 associate members of the USSR Academy
of Sciences~ tra.veled to the higher educational institutions to deliver lec-
tures to the students~ and assisted the professorial-inatructor staff of the
VUZ's in their educational and scienti.fic xork.
Scholars at the aca.demy's scientific institutions are taking an active gart
in creating textbooks and educational materials ~r the universities. During
this five-year plan~ for exa,mple~ there were 37 academicians and six associate
members of the USSR Academy of Sciences among the authors of books for univer-
sity students. "It is a pleasure to note~" the spea,ker emphasized, "That some
splendid textbooks are being turned out by our prominent scholars. Several of
these, such as 'ObyknovPnnye Differentsial'nye Urovneniya' ~lain Differential
uation~~ by Academician L. S. Pontryagin; and 'Tekhnicheakaya Termodinamika'
~ndustrial `rhermoc~ymamic], by Academicians V. A. Ki
and V. V. Sychev~ xere awarded USSR State Prizes. rillin, A. E. Sheyndlin
Industrial and pra,etical fa.miliarization, and laboratory classes~ are being
organized for students at the facilities of the academy's institutions~ and
Y accredited course work lea.ding to diploma.s is being conducted. Thus, the
University of Novosibirsk and the Moscox Institute of Physics and Engineering
are organizing educational pursuits for upper-level students within the very
Halls of the institutions of the USSR Acauemy of Sciences.
Cooperation with the Aca.demy of Sciences is also bein~ developed in tha ma,tter
of training ~cience instructor personnel. Many institutes of the .academy are
cunducting special-purpose tra,ining for graduate students at the provincial and
_ at the nex VUZ's, At the same time training of special grad.uats students in
a number of specialities is being conducted in the lea.d.ing VUZ's for the
republic academies of sciences. And the USSR Aca~.demy of Sci~nces is renderin~
assistance to Minvuz, USSR, in increasing the qualifications of the instruc-
tors.
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V. P. Yelyutln reported, that scholazs at the higher educational institutions
are becoming oriented toward opportunitiea far more active pa,rticipation in
xork in accordance xith the plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the
academies of sciences of the union republics. As a result of this~ and oxing
_ to the cooperation of the departments and scientific councils of the USSR
Academy of Sciences the number of scientific reseaxch projects in the WZ's
coord.inated by the academy is groxing year by year. Whereas in 1975 there
xere feNer than 4,300,i.n 1978 there were 6,000 projects.
Scholars at the universities and the Academy of Sciences are cooperating
successfully ~n publishing the results of scientific research, in the prepa,ra-
tion of monographs and collections of scientific ~rorks; an~ in organization of
regional, aZl-union and internationa2 scientific-technical conferences,�con-
gresses and symposia.
It is especially fitting to speak of the nox-traditional ties betxeen the
social science scholass of the L'SSR Academy of Sciences, INiEL ~arx-E~gels-
Lenin Institut] at the EPSU Centra,l Committee~ the academies of sciences~bf
the union republics and the higher educati~~na,l institutions of the nation. ~
The fruitfulness of these ties is manifested. in particulaz� in the prepa.ration
and publication of basic text~ooks on Marxist-Leninist theory. Thus, text-
books were prepe:red and published on acientific communism, edited by Academi-
- cian P. N. Fedoseev; on political economics, edited by Academician A. M.
Rumyantsev; on Maxxist-Leninist philosop~y, edited by F. V. Konstantinov; and
on the history of the CPSU~ ed.itedl~by B. N. Ponomarev. The aforementioned
textbooks have gorie through several editions and xere translated in ma,ny
socialist countries. Qne can say r+ithout exaggera.tion tha.t these books have
become familiax to all who are study Marxist-Leninist theory.
4 number of VUZ collectives have been ~ecruited by acaciemy depa.rtments as co-
executors in working out actual~ far-reaching scientific problems. The speaker
expressed the desire, that this work will become still more deeply rooted and
tha.t it will be coordinated with the problem councils ~f the USSR Aca.demy of
5ciences.
Concerning the scale of student pa.rticipa,tion in scientific research projects~
:in the opinion of V. P. Yelyutin, the results of the annual all-union competi-
ti.ons for the best student scientific work 3~n the natural, technical and hum-
_ anitarian sciences are good examples. The ir.crease in popularit,y pf these
campetitions is to no small degree promoted by the establishment of the
medals of the Aca.demy of Sciences~ with prizes for the studenta at the high- ~
er educational institutions. �~'he VASKhNIL ~11-Union Academy of Agricultural
Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin~~ the Aca.d.emy of Medical Sciences~ and the USSR
Academy of Pedagogical Sciences followed the example of the "great" aca.demy
in this respect and have also established meda,ls for the best student scien-
tific work in their respective areas. In all, 400 such meda.ls have been
estabZished.
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A s a rule it is possible to solve the ma,jor scientific problems and mak~: the
fundamental discoveries capa,ble of accomplishing ~reat changes in science a.-~d
technology~ at the modern stage of the scientific-technical revolution~ only
through the efforts of lar~e scientific collectives and associations of spec-
ialists of diverse ba.ckgrounds, xho possess capa,cious laboratories and experi-
mental facilities. "It is just for this reason," the speaker confirmed~
~ "Tha.t we ascribe especially great significance to th~ organization of joint
research by scientists at the universities and at the scientific establish-
ments of the academy. There are numerous shinind examples of such ,joint
research work~ xhich ha,ve provided grea,t seientific and practical results.
3uffice it to say that a significant amount of the work for which Lenin and
State Prizos have been awarded and which has been registered as scientific ~
discoveries, Was carried out by sc:ientists at higher educational institutes
with the co-authorship of scientists of the institutions of the academy."
Thus far~ the material-technical b~se of the depa.rtments and scientific
institutions of the VUZ's and the condition of equipping them with unique
_ and costly instruments and computer facilities, still lags far behind that ~
of the lea.ding institutions of the academy and the industrial sectors.
_ Creative cooperation among the collectives of the VUZ and the scientific
research institutes of the academy permits use of the l~boratory and experi-
mental facilities xhile car~ying out joint research projects at the lnost
modern methodological and technical-experimental level. As examples~ V. P.
Yelyutin cited the work carried out by the staff of scientists at the Physical
- Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the ~:JSSR Academy of jciences, the Atomic
Energy Institute imeni P. N~ Lebedev~ and at the Uni.versity of Moscow on
_ developing the physical principles and on creating and researching gas ].asers
energized with the use of ionized evolution. The use of instruments of the
Byurakanskaya Astronomical O~ervatory of the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences,
as the speaker stated, permitted the scientists at the University of Yerev~n
to solve a number of the most important problems in astrophysics.
While evaluating the condition of the ties of the university with the USSR
- Aeademy of Sciences a.s good, V. P. Yelyutin nevertheless acknoxledged tha,t
� in this area everything is far from finished, and by fax not all the existing
capabilities have been utilized. One would hope that the academy's scholars
would participate more in the educational-training process in the YUZ's and -
- in training and increasing the qua,lifications of the scientific research
cadres. This task requires impartin~ to the ties y long-term, systema.tic ~
character. In tha draft resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of
_ Sciences and the Collegium of Minv~iz~ USSR, a proposal Has included on
creating a special joint organiza,tion for coordinating the contacts between
the universities and the USSR Academy of Sciences~ for defining the long-term
directions of joint scientific research work, and for generalization and
- disseminat6~on of progressive experience in this area. At the same time, it
is proper to provide closer cooperation between the scientific problem councils
of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the section of the Scientific -Technical
_ Council of Minvuz, USSR. Mutua,l representation in them of scientists from
the universities and the institutes of the academy must be expa.nded; th~
conducting of joint sessions should be put into pra,ctice; in a word, perma-
nent business contacts should be established in this axea as well.
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worthy of attention is the propoeal on organizing comnlex scientific assdc-
iationa composed of institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences~ higher
educational institutions, industrial bran^h design organizations and the
industrial enterprises khich ha,ve been designated for working out concrete~
- long-term problems. There is alrea.dy positive experience to substantiate
this proposal. A tripartite agreement on the introduction of electronic ray
technology is being successfully implemented among the Kursk Poly~echnical
Institute~ the "Akkumulyatory" Plant and the Electric Welding Institute
imeni 0. Paton of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences. A similar agreemen~ is
being concluded between the Krasnoyarsk VTIJZ ~echnical VU] Plant, its base
enterprise a.nd the Inatitute of Physics of the Siberian Department~ USSR ~
Academy of Sciences.
Still another important question is conne~ted with the praetfce of concluding
~omplex long-term agreements on coopera.tion between the higher educationa,l
institutions and the institutes of the USSR Academy of 5ciences~ which has
become Nidespread in recent years. It xould be expeclient to conduct thoxQUgh
~,oint analysis of the existing experience, and ma~ke recommendations for broad
utilization of this intelYigent f4rm of standaxd agreement on creative coop-
eration betxeen the VUZ's and the scientifia establishmentc of the system of
the Academy of Sciences, enbra.cing all aspecta of the joint activities: the ~
educational process, training of the scientific-pedagogical cadres~ and the
s cientific research.
. The joint session, dedicate~ to L:~e strengthening and development of creative -
t ies between the USSR aca.demy ~ic Sciences and the university, is being held
for the first time. The spea~er introduced a proposal to recommend to the
ministries of higher and secondary special education of the union republics
and to the presidiums of the repub~!ic aca~iemy of sciences. to hold similar
meetings as xell. Their resuits will open new possibilities for developing -
creative ties among the VU2's and thg scientific institutions.
Each fozrtrard step made by science requires new forward movement in the area
of education. But the success of scientific though depends also on the rate '
of progress in education. "Permit me to express my conviction," V. P, Yelyutin
stated at the conclusion of his report, "That the collectives of the WZ's
and the scientific institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, jointly
- s trengthening their creative co~peration, xill make a xorthy contribution
t award the ~oint development of our native science; toward the acceleration of
_ t;he scientific-technical a.nd socio-economic progress of Soviet society; and
toward raising the standard of living of the people and strengthening the
might of our Motherland. "
~
During the discussion of the report~ Vice President of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, A~ca,demician G. I. Marchuk, called attention ico the f~ct tha,t the
number of instructors and resea.rch fellows in the universities i.s much greater
tha,n the nwnber of scientists in the systera of the aca.d.emy. "Here he said ~
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"We have a matter of eno�moss scientific potential rrhich we are not utilizing
completely, although sci.ence has put doxn deep roots in a number of VUZ's,
nnt only in Moscox and Lenin,grad but in the p.rovinces as well. For example,
in Tomsk there are two first-class scientific research institutes: the
Siberian Physico-Technical Institute and the Institute of Nuclear Physics.
These institutes~ xhich are at higher educational institutions, are playing
a very great role~ and according to the level of research being conducted -
are in no way inferior to the academy.
- "When speaking of the training of cadres in the university for the Academy of
Sciences, one must note that the close ties of t!'.e academy's institutions with
the WZ's--especially in Moscow~ Leningrad and Novosibirsk-permit selection
of intelligent people for scisnce; but their state of preparedness is not
adequate.
"The party requires that the ~cientists find nex concrete forms for the ties
between academy and WZ science. In the Siberian Department of the USSR Acad-
emy of 5c~ences regional programs have become bases for this crorki in particu- _
lar, the entire complex of the 'Sibir' program~ in which a large number of
scientists have been active ir.cluding those of the YUZ. Joint preparations
are bzing made for scientific conferences~ to include international conferences.
"For the VUZ's in the provinces a well-placed special-~nzrpose graduate program
- in the scientific institutions of the Aeademy is especially impnrtant; this is -
also one of the forms of contact between the Academy and the universities.
The Siberian Department has established ten chairs in the universities and
institutes; of Siberia and the Far East. And Minvuz, USSR, has taken special
note of 'chis initiative."
ftttight. now, in five cities in which there are affiliates of the Siberian Depa.rt-
ment of the USSR Academy of Sciences, there are five universities; the activi-
- ties of these and others are Well-coordinated. "They have hardly done every-
_ thing possible," G. I. Maxchuk considers; "But it is better to begin with the
_ concretei for exa,mple~ Kith the. estab]~ishment of joint expeditions; expanding
special-purpose graduate fello~;ships at the VUZ's; and organizing workers'
confexences on determining the direction for research." _
_ Deputy Minister of Higher and Secondary Special Fducation~ RSFSR, E. K.
Kalinin~ speaking on the subject of xha,t ha.s been done by the higher educa- -
~ tional institutions and Minvuz of the Rusaian Federation, for strengthening
cooperation between the university a,nd the USSR Academy of Sciences~ reported -
tha.t; "Specifically, in 1978 scholars at the YUZ's ha.d conducted research on
1,414 topics which were included in the coordinated plans of the Academy. -
New educa~tional and scient3~ic cv~g~css..~Pe h~in~ established ~ointly. One of .
those functioning successfully is organi~ed on the facilities of severa,l
- faculty depa.rtments of the Irkutsk Folytechnical Institute and the Siberian -
Power Engineering Institute of the Siberian Department, USSR Academy of
3ciences. In general, very good cooperation has been established between the
VUZ's and the institu~es of the Academy in Siberia; the agreement concluded
earlier in 1979 between Minvuz~ RSFSR, and the Siberian Department is taking
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on special signific.a:~ce. In addition t~ that which has already been mentioned,
they envisag~~ for example~ ~oint use of experimental facilities and collective
use of unique equipment. The most important aspect of the agreement is the
organization of a number of programs for regional complexes by Minvuz, RSFSR~
and the Siberiax~ Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences on developing the
- natural resources of Siberia. A complex program on automation of scientific
_ research is bei;Zg organized jointly with the USSR Academy of Sciences. The
goal of this progra.m is to develop the means of automation in the interest of
the Academy and the university. And there iQ preliminary agreement with the
_ Academy for organizing yet another complex program on power engineering.
- "Preparations are in progress for development and manufacturing in the lOth
Five Year Plan of unique and hard-to-get scientific equipment and instruments
for joint research. It is envisaged tha.t no matter xhat kind of instrument is ~
_ developed in the university, its ma.nufacture in quantities required for both
the university and the Academy of Sciences xill be assured. And the Academy
will do the same.
"Proposals are also being developed concerning scientific-educationa.l centers
- for the Academy and M{nvuz along the Yolga, in Siberia and the Far East. The
question has been decided concernirig organization of such a center at the -
Kuybyshev Institute of Aviation. At the initial stage it is proposed to create
a laboratory of the Academy on automation of scientific research there. The
corresponding departments of the VUZ will be attached to it~ as well as exper-
lmental production facilities. Being structurally a subdivision of the VUZ
for planning and methodology~ this laboratory s!^,ould be placed under the
USSR Academy of Sciences."
"The general directions of the resea.rch, the principles of cooperation and
coordination of the xork in the area of the social sciences~" said Vice
President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician P. N. Fedoseyev, "Is _
- determined for the long run in each five-year plan at joint sessions of the
USSR Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special
Education of the USSR, and then is defined coneretely by problem councils of
the Academy. In this manner, significant results ha.ve been achieved on a
number of important scientific problems, especially on questions of the
history of the USSR, the history of social thought~ and literature. At the
~ sa~ne time it is fitting to point to the fact that the activity of the scien-
- tific counci.ls concerns primarily the scientists #.n~-MosCcstr and tihe~'VUZ's in
the capital cities. For example, in Saxatov there is the respectable
Povolzhskiy Scientific Council-or, to put it more aptly~ center for social
sciences--which beings together hundred.s of skilled specialists in the social
sciences from the Volga axea. But the Academy's problem councils are not
well connected with these. The complaints expressed to the Academy's councils
on this matter by the workers of the provincial WZ's are completely justi-
fied. And after all~ in solving economic problems, cooperation in socio-
logical research is especially important, not only Kith the capital but also
with the provincial higher educational institutions. And the same can be
said of questions on the history of the USSR.
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"The fruitful cooperation of the scientists of the Academy and the universities
in working out the 'Sibir' program was already spoken of at the conference.
But during ~the study of the problems of the Non-chernozem Belt such cvoperation
was, unfortunately~ lacking; although support to the VUZ cadres of sociola,-~
gists~ economists and especially a,grarian economists, is sorely needed.
"It is obviously appropriats to think through and define a system and struc-
ture for the ties betWeen the ~?cademy's councils on scientific problems and
the extensive system of VUZ's~ bearing in mind that representation of one VUZ
or another at the corincil xill still not solve the problem since a11 VUZ's
cannot be included in this manner. Evidently~ the councils should depend on
an association of certain YUZ's ln their work. In general~ the questions of
the work~ the composition~ functions~ tasks and obligations of the Academy's
councils on scientific problems should be among the most important.
"And still another remaxks It is very important to deliniate in the scientific
work those crash programs and those ~ectors, where the assistance of the VUZ
cadres is especially needed."
Vice President of the US~R Academy of Sciences~ Academician B. N. Petrov, ~
expressed his opinion tha.t the Academy's scientific councils have played a
large role in bringing together the scientists and Horkers of the various
ministries and departments, as well as the universities. The creation of the
gamma telescope~ which was accomplished by the efforts of the Institute of
_ Sgace Research of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a number of other Academy
and VUZ organizations, can serve as an exa.mple. A good beginning Kas made _
with the ox~anization of a scientific association in Leningrad, composed of =
the gcientific research computer center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, thF "
I.eningrad Electrical EngineerlnR Institute and the "Kraenaya Zarya" Ae~or,iA-
tion, for the ~tudy of problems associated with the use of computer teahno-
logy in scientific reseaxch pro~ects. A large project~ in which a number of
the Academy's scientists are participating~ is being conducted by the Moscow
Institute of Aviation.
The activity of ma.ny scientific councils~ in pa,rticular the Scientific Coun-
_ cil of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Problems of Traffic Control and Naviga- -
tion~ is organized such that a nuraber of sections are headed ny scientists
from the VUZ's. The USSR National Committee on Automatic Control has its
- own territorial groups in all the republics and the largest regions of the
nation. Many VUZ's~ institutes and independent laboratories of the VUZ's
= have already achieved a hi h level of work. Take for example, the Institute
of Mechanics of the MGU Moscow State University]. In terms of the depth
:of.the research, this is an Academy institute, and that is why the activity
of the institute is reflected in the cooriiinated. plans of the USSR Academy
of Sciences~ All of these are individua.l examples~ and one could have cited
more. .
mhe undertaking of Minvuz connected with developing complex programs deserves
high marks~ particularly tha.t on the automation of scientific research.
Obviously, such programs could become the basis for establishing experimental
scientific-technical associations of the Aca.demy, the university and industry.
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An important role is played by discussing at the VUZ's the research being
carried out at one or another of the Aca,demy's institutions. The Depa,rtment
of MecYianic~ and Control Processes, and thE Department of Physical Chemistry
and the 'Cechnology of Inorganic Materials of the USSR Academy of Sciences have
conducted guest sessions at the MAI ~oscow Aviation Institut] and at the
Moscow Institute of Chem2cal Technology imeni D. I. Mendeleyev (MKhTI). The
work of a number of laboratories was carefully examined there, and one could
become acquainted xith variou~ concrete studies. Such guest conferences
should be held more often.
It is und.aubtedly proper to support the initlative of Minvuz in the plan for
creating educational-scientific eenters. But this initiative is being d.elayed -
because of the lack of accommodations and proper equipment. Equipment for
such centers was demonstrated in Moscow at an exhibit devoted to joint projects
of the socialist nations in the area, of computer technology. A selectic~n of
such equipment could have been made the basis for equipping the VUZ educational-
scientific centers with modern instruments and computer technology facilities.
The Rector of MKhTI imeni D. I. Mendeleyev, Associate Member of the USSR Acad-
emy of Sciences, G. A. Yagodin~ stressed the necessity for expanding an_ri
strengthening the creative cooperation of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the
university in solving the historic problem of combining the gains of the scien-
tific-technical revolution with the advantages of the socialist system of man-
agement, and the necessity for studying and disseminating the experience of
the progressive VUZ's in this axea. Scientific research work in the VUZ's is
an important means for improving the quality of training of specialists. It
has an in~'luence on the entire peda.gogical pracess, on the quality of the
lectures and practical studies, and on the phychology of the instructors and
the students. The active coopera.tion of the WZ's with the USSR Aca.demy of
Sciencey is an effective method for increasing the topicality and quality of
the scientific research conducted at the university.
Ties between MKhTI and the tlcademy of Sciences ha.ve become a tradition; seven
of its graduates have.become acadam~.cians and 17, asso~iate members of the USSR
Academy of Sciences. Work on special-purpose scientifical-technical programs
is going ~rell at the institute. There axe 18 such programs at the institute,
and they bring together 65 themes the development of which occupies more than
- a third of the professorial-instructor staff. In its work, MKhTI is assoc-
i~.ted with 20 institutes of the USSR and the republic academies of sciences.
Th~ Academy's institutes have offered the "Mendeleyevka" the opportunity to
utilize their unique equipment. Research fellows at the institute publish up
to 1,000 articles per year~ about half of them in the ma,gazines of the USSR
Acadeiny of Sciences. Scientist~ at the institue are worAing in 16 of it~,
problem councils and are members of a number of the editor~al boards of the
- Acadeiqy's magazines.
V. V. Rzhevskiy, rector of the Moscow Mining Institute~ spoke of the necessity
of enlisting specialists of various backgrounds from Moscow's VUZ's for work
on the coorclinated plans of the Academy oF Sciences. He stressed. the import-
ance of the VUZ's scientists and students in exploratory research ~(gm~3~~ts in
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applied science are also carried out under economic agreements)~ as well as
in introducing the results of basic scientific work into practics. "Perhaps~"
- he said, "For these purposes it makes sense to conclude agreements on cooper-
ation betxeen the VUZ's of an industrial sector and the corresponding institu-
tions of the Academy."
Academician Secretary of the Department of Geology~ Geophysics and Geochemistry~ _
B. S. Sokolov~ considers that ~dther the WZ's nor the Academy's scientific
potential is yet being used effectively: "The WZ's and the Academy have much
in common, above all the fact tha.t the students at the VUZ's represent the
future of all Soviet science. Their training must be conducted at a strictly
modern level. At the same time many depa.rtments in our WZ's are poor in
terms of research equipment; in some of them it has not been modernized in
decades. Furthermore, both the instructors and the students are weighted
down by the ma.nda~ory academic 'obligations'. A person who must teach from
700 to 800 hours during an acad.emic year cannot be profitably occupied with
science; for, in practice the number of hours is doubled and even tripled~
Obviously~ Minwz itself must reevaluate in the most serious manner the system
of academic workload of the instructors and the students~ significantly inereas- -
ing the latter's time for independent work. At the same time it is fitting to
increase the pa,rticipation of personnel at the Academy's institutions in the
educational process, On this plane~ the University of Novosibirsk can serve
as an example: Its students, beginning with their sophomore year~ perfect
their knowledge in the institutes of the Academy. Here~ the ~ra,ining of
s~ecialists by the piece ha,s become a reality~ if one may put it that way.
The same could be achieved in a number of the VUZ's of Moscow~ Leningra.d,
Kiev and other cities, xhere there is a strong academic and industrial branch
_ scientific research ba,se."
The rector of the Moscow Higher Technical School imeni N. E. Bauman, Academi-
- cian G. A. Nikolayev~ expressed agreement with the speaker quoted above, with
regard to tra,ining scientific personnel in the VUZ's. However, he considers
the system of tra.ining engineers for the national economy-designers~ technol-
_ ogists~ economists and so on-has its own peculiar features. "I am particularly
impressed~" said G. A. Nikolayev, "t~lith the proposal made at the session on
creatin associations among the Academy, the VUZ's~ the OKB ~pecial Design
Burea~and manufacturing. At the same time, of course, one need not necess-
arily have an entire VUZ in mind; this can apply to only a certain individual
direction of its work."
From the point of view of the speaker, science should not be~separated into
Academy science or VUZ science; science is one, although there are special
features. Therefore, the ba.sis for an idea. on joint work should originate at
the Academy~ be thoroughly developed at the VUZ~ and then be sent to the OKB
and subsequently to manufacturing.
G. A. Nikolayev welcomed the establishment of base VLTZ departments at the -
institutes of the Academy, and at the same time called attention to the admin- -
istration of the fundamental disciplines by the depa.rtments (ma,thematics,
physics, chemistry), which are very seldom headed by members of the Academy.
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- In this sphere, the Aca.demy's assistance has been essential. And, evidently~
it is necessary to indicate the need for close ties - above all betKeen the
Aca.demy and ti~c so-c~liea basic VUZ's~ xhich should become foremost with
respect to the scientific~ It would also be useful to organize a special
section in the Moacox Counoil of Rectora to deal with questions of ties with _
the scientific establishments of the Academy.
Vice President of the USSR Aca.demy of Sciences~ Academician A. V. Siderenko~
declared that, "The question examined at the conference is especially important
just now~ at the present stage of coordination of the efforts of all of Soviet
science directed toxard develQpment of the national economy.~~
- "The various geological councils of the Academy~" the speaker reported, "To
a great degree consist of scientists from the Academy and from the university
and ha.ve never been divided ixi te~ms of departmental subordination by anyone.
But that~is at the center~ whereas in the provinces the situation is somewhat
different. Therefore~ the prestig~.ous councils on scientific problems would
be well advised to devote some thought to organieing a complex of scientific
establishments of the Academy and the university-corresponding with the
branches of the councils in t~he localities. The editorial staff of the maga-
zines xhich axe published along the lines of 'Sections of Eaxth Science~' as
a rule are made up not acoording to departmental criteria but according to
the prestige of the scientifie personnel. This practice should be expanded.
"The USSR Ministry of Geology at one time had established base geological
administrations and expeditions for conducting student practical work. The
utiZity of this measure was never in doubt. Course work completed by the
students at the basic geolo~ical organizations, in a number~of cases served
as the ba.sis for future degree work and candid.a.te dissertations. It would
be fittin~ to ma,ke eertain scientific research institutes into bases for
conducting probationaxy work for mastering new methodsj having specified in -
special documents the appropriate tie~ between the Ministry of Geology and
r[invuz, between Minvuz and the Academy of Sciences~ and between the depart- -
ments of the VUZ's and the subordinate units of the scientific research
institutes."
A. V. Siderenko stated tha.t~ in his opinion, there is one essential mistake
in the training of the professorial-instructor staff of the VUZ's that must
be corrected: year in, year out it is made up of its own gradua.tes. Very
few instructors have completed a good industrial school or, school for scien-
tific work in the system of the Academy.
It Vrould be expedient to enlist more widely the outsta~ding scientists~ to
de'liver lectures in the VUZ's on scientific problems; to teach sma,ll indepen-
dent courses where the fundamentals of the most important achievements of
modern science could be brought to lir~ht, This would facilitate enhancing
the knowledge of the professors and iristructors as well as the students.
Proba.bly every member of the Presidium of the USSR Aca.demy of~Sciences, and
every prominent scientist would be able to take part in this work.
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Rect~r of the Kuybyshev Institute of Aviation~ V. P. Lukachev~ dedicated his
speech to one of the new forms of ties between the Acade~ay and the un#.versity
Fie reported that in Kuybyshev there are bout 74,000 stud~nts; tha,t the c1.ty's
higher educational inatitutions are xorking on dozens of ~acienti~'ic pro~;rams
which hav~, industrial branch~ republic and union significance, and that the _
Kuybyshev VUZ's have begun to take part in pro~ects which are beinp, oarriAd out
~ointly with a number of ministries, and with many industrial branch arld
Academy institutions. In order to better and more fully utilize the existing
scientific potentia.l, the speaker proposed organizing in the Volga area special
scientific-educational centers in the university framework, which would coog-
erate in conducting research in accordance with the programs of the US5R Acad--
emy of Sciences. 'nTith the establishment of Academy labora,tories in the VUZ's~
it is necessary to strengthen their material ba.se as well. This base can be
used also for better training of specialists for the national economy,
The Academician Secretary of the Depa.rtment of Biochemistry~ Biphysi.cs and
Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds, A. A. f3ayev, stressed the .'~mport-
ance of scier.tific projects and programs as the basis for joint work hy the
Acad.emy of Sciences and the university,
The question of the quality of training of specialists by the univer.sities
was formulated by Academician N. N. Inozemtsev, "Appa,rently," he said, "The -
:~ituation varies accordin~ to the various disciplines; but the situation with
respect. to trainin~ economists cannot be considered satisfactory. One of the
main reasons is the unsatisfactory level of the basic instructor staf.f at the
university. And the fact that the overwhelming number of graduate stud.ents in
~ economics are concentrated in the VUZ's which have an insufficient ;iumber of
- highly-qua.lified instructors leads to a proliferation of poorly-prepared spec-
ialists. Incidentally~ in such Academy institutes as the Institute of Wor.ld
Economics and International Relations, the yearly .flow of graduate students
is only ten people. And this, with 75 doctors of science! It ~.s by aIl
accounts expedient to sharply redistribute the spaces for graduate students
in favor of those scientific institutions which are able to provide the
required level of training for specialists. It is high time to do this, if
_ we are genuinely concerned about ~the future of science, and about the future
of higher education.
_ "As fax as special-purpose gradua.te fellowships are conc~rned, these should
also be restructured. Because right now~ if you call a spade a spa,de~ there
are two types of graduate students: those who have passed through competition,
and the 'sedentary types' to whom pa,ssing an examination with a score of three
is sufficient, in order to rema.in in graduate school. Are there really only
a few talented people in the aountry? Should not genuine competition be set
up for everyone so that those selected for graduate school are truly the best?"
In his summary of the ~iscussion, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences~
Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, remarked tha,t: "The most important task of the
~sssion was to promote the capability of the higher educational institutions
wa turn out specialists who are capa.ble of creative work. And such a genus of
:~?ecialists can be tra,ined for our science, industry and agriculture only in
'v::e process of creative reseaxch activity in the VUZ's an~ the institutes of
tn-~ Academy. "
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F~om the many questions raised during the discussion of V. P. Yelyutin's
report~ the ~resident selected the question of equipping the VUZ's with
modern research technology. "Obviously~'� he said~ "This problem will be
solved more quickly in the Aca.demy will take it up together with the VUZ's.
This will permit enli~ting the student-designers in the affair also, and
will permit overcoming the difficulties connected xith productng the instru-
ments in small lots." The Academy is transferring a pa.rt of its equipment to
the VUZ's, "But in addition," said A. P. Aleksandrov, "We are asking that
the equipment which is transferred be handled with caxe. And the Academies
of Sciences and VUZ's now must pay the most serious attention to automa,tion
of experiments in physics, chemistry~ biology and the other sciences. The
complex of instruments manufactu~ed by the industry of the socialist countries -
_ permits extensive automation of experiments." A. P. Aleksandrov stressed the
need for a unified ideology~ and standardization in establishing the facilities
for a mechanical experiment.
In the opinion of the president~ familiarity with computer systems and techno-
logy used in the Acadamy's institutes is of great advantage to future WZ
graduates. Thus, the young specialist entering industry will ha,ve mastered
mod.ern systems and can pa,rticipate in work on introducing the results of
basic research into the national economy~,
In conclusion~ A. P. Aleksandrov suggested tha,t those pa.rticipating in the
conference who did not have the opportunity to speak, submit their proposals
in writing so that they might be taken into consideration in the resolution
concerning the question which Kas discussed.
, *
In the resolution which was adopted.~ it was noted tha,t up to now the forms of
cooperation between the university and the USSR Aca.demy of Scienoes which have
- taken shape have fully ,justified themselves: such as~ pa,rticipation of the
VUZ's in joint research with the scientific establishments of the USSR Academy
of Sciences on coordinated plans in the area of the na.tura,l and social sciences;
conducting scientific research work on the ba,sis of agreements on scientific
cooperation; publication of joint scientific pro3ectsi pa.rticipa,tion of VUZ
scientists in drawing up programs on solution of the most important problems
3.n the area of the natural and the social sciences for the years 1976-1990;
tours by members of the departments of the USSR Aca.d.emy of Sciences to the
provincial VUZ's for ~amiliarization with organizing educational and scientific
work in the localities~ rendering scientific and methodological assistance,
and delivering lectures; jointly conducting international congresses, all-union -
conferences, seminars and symposia; and pa.rtici;pation of scientists of the
USSR Academy of Scientists in tra~nin~ highly-skilled scientific cadres,
through special-purpose graduate fellox$hips at the nation's higher educational
- institutions.
However~ the resolution points out, there are serious shortcomings and unused
capa,bilities in the development of coopQration between the university and the
USSR Academy of Sciences. Highly qua,lified scientific-pedagogical cadres at
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the university are not fully utilized in research projects on the most import-
ant scientific-technical and socioeconomic problems; and far from every WZ iri
the country has been enlisted to perform scientific work in accordance with
the coordi.nated plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences. There are still few
important complex research projects carried out in the VUZ'ss The subject
matter of the reseaxch projects carried out in accordance with economic
agree;a~ents with enterprises and organizations~ in a number of instances~ are
_ of a casu.al nature.
University personnel are ina.d.equat~ly enlisted to perform joint research pro-
jects on the facilities of the Academy's scientific establishments~ and in
particular for work on the unique installations the USSR Academy of Sciences
possesses. The proven practice of establishing branch university chairs at
the leading institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences is not yet sufficiently
developed. Prominent scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences seldom take
part in preparing up-to-da,te textbooks and educational ma,terials,nor in the
work of increasing the skills of the WZ instructors.
_ In the interests of furthering the development of scientific research in the
nation's higher educational institutions, and strengthening the ties between
the university and the scientific establishments of the USSR Academy of Sciences~
the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Collegium of the USSR
Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education ha.ve resolved to approve
the activity of the sectors of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
- of the depa.rtments, scientific reseaxch establishments and scientific councils
on problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences; the Scientific-Technical Council
and its sections; the Ma,in Administra,tion of Scientific Research Work, the
Educational-Methodological Administration on Higher Education~ the Administra-
tion for the Leading and 5cientific-Pedago~ical Cadres of Minwz~ USSR, and
Higher Educational Institutions, for strengthening the cooperat~hn between
the USSR Academy of Sciences and the university, and to recommend that they
take every measure for further expa,nsion and perfection of this cooperation;
proceeding from the tasks defined in the decree of the CPSU Central Committee
and USSR Council of Ministers, "On Inereasing the Effectiveness of Scientific
Research Work in the Higher Educational Institutions."
It has been deemed expedient to form at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of
Sciences and Minvuz, USSR, a council on ties between the USSR Academy of
Sciences and the university for solving the problems concerning strengthenin~
and perfecting the scientific and scientific-pedagogical cooperation between
the VUZ's and the sCientific establishments of the USSR Academy of Sciences~
as well as long-term planning for training scientific cadres. The ba,sic taslts
of the council have been defined. Tts leadership ha.s been placed on Vice
President of the USSR Academy of Sciences a.nd Rector of the Moscow State
University, Academician A. A. Logunov.
It ha.s been recommended to the scientific problem councils of the USSR Academy
of Sciences and to the sections of the Scientific-Techni.cal Council of Minvuz~
USSR, to constantly ma.intain close contact in working out coordinated plans~
and defining the prospects and directions of joint scientific research projects
by the Academy's scientific establishments and the VU'L's, etc.
17
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A request has been made to the Scientific Council of Prorlems of Scientific-
~ Technical and Socioeconomic Forecasting at the Presidium of the USSR Academy
of Sciences and the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology (Academician
A. A. Kotel'nikov)~ ~o examine the question of more extensively enlisting the
VUZ's in developing the Complex Program for Scientific-Technical r'rogress for
the Next Twenty Years~ in the interests of more completely reflecting the con-
tribution of the university in the development of the nation's science, tech-
- nology~ economy~ and culture.
It has been deemed expedient to conduct at 3oint sessions of the Presidium of
~.ha ll;~`;l1 Acad~my of Sci~noee and the Collegium of Minvuz ~ USSR, ao w~l l r~s
those of the presidium of the union reptablic academies of science and the
colle~ia of the republic Minvuz's~ periodic discussions of the results of
scientific research work and the pros~ects for development within the frame-
work of coordinated plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the academies
of sciences of the union r~publics.
- It ha,s been decided to expand the practice of concluding long-term agreements
on creative cooperation between the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences
and the VUZ's; at the same time, having provided the necessary conditions for
enlisting the provincial VUZ's for scientific research; providing thetr re-
search fellows long-term temporary assignments for work on the unique installa-
tions at the Academy's scientific establishments; expanding the praceice~of
al"lowing students at the WZ's and above all at the universities to complete
work towards their deg~ee at the scientific establishments of the USSR Academy
of Sciences.
Tbe Personnel Administration of the U5SR Academy of Sciences~ together with
the Adminiatration for Management and Scientific-Peda~ogical Cadres of Mlnvuz~
US~R~ havo baen commisaloned to xork out a unified plan for VU7 instructors to -
do their probationary work at the scientific establishments of the USSR Acad-
~my of Sciences; and, by means of special-purpose graduate fell.owships, train
the scholars ~ith the highest qualifications ~~-.for~ ~the .neH. ~and the insufficiently
staffed specialties.
It ha.s been sug$ested tha.t the depa.rtments of the USSR Academy of Sciences
take pa,rt in improving educational plans and programs on the basis of increas-
inn the importance of the fundamental sciences in the theoretical and profes-
sional training of speciali.sts with a broa.d background; by more completely
reflecting the nexest achievements of science and progressive experience while
training cadres for all sectors of the national economy~ for science and for
culture; ha,ving stipulated in the educational-methodological documentation the
organization of training the cadres and rationally combining theoretical know-
ledge with the ability to solve practical problems.
The Council on Ties between the USSR Academy of Sciences and the University
must assure more active pa.rticipa.tion by the scientific establishments and
the scientists of the US5R Aca.demy of Seiences in prepaxing textbooks and
educational ma.terials, and in working out educatsonal plans and programs for
the~universities on the natura,l and social sciences.
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It ha.s been recommended that the higher educational institutions regularly
invite prominent scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences to deliver
lectures at the VUZ's to the professorial-instructor staff~ to graduate stud-
e:~ts, and to the undergraduates, and also at VLiZ depa,rtments for increasing
their qua,lifications; or independent short courses on the most important
achievements of modern science, It has been proposed tha,t the departments
and scientific establishments of the USSR Academy of Sciences give the VUZ's
all possible assistance in these measures.
It has been decided to encourage independent participa,tion by the personnel
at the VUZ's and at the Aca.demy's scientific establishments at the scientific
conferences~ meetin~s, seminars and symposia conducted by the USSR Academy of
Sciences and Minvuz.
The depa.rtment of scientific instrument ma.nufacturing of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, together with the Main Adm3nistration for Scientific Research Work
of Minvuz, have been commissioned to carry out work on bringing to light
completed original development of new instruments for the purpose of speeding
up their ma.nufacturing at the enterprises of the USSR Academy of Science~ and
Minvuz, and transfer of pa.rts of them for assimilation into industry.
A request ha.s been made to the academies of science of the union republics
to discuss the questions touched on in the present resolution with the
republic Minwz's. It has been deemed necessary to examine at the session
of the Council on Coord.ination of Scientific Activities of the Academies of
Science of the Union Republics the results of the aforementioned discussions
and to plan measures for developing scientific research in the VU7.'s of the
union republics and strengthenin~ the ties between the universities and the
republic academies of scienees, taking into consideration the positive ex-
periences in~cooperation of the academies of sciences of the Ukrainian SSR,
Belorussian aSR and Lithuanian SSR and the higher educational institutions of.
these republics.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka"~ "Vestnik Akademii 13auk SSSR"~ 1980
9006
_ CSO: 1828
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DErDGRAPHY
EMPLOYMENT WITHIN SMALL TOWNS E%AMINED
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 4, Apr 80 pp 1~2-153
[Review by Ye. Ruzavina of the book "Zanyatost' v Nebol'shikh Gorodakh
(Ekonomiko-Demograficheskiy Aspekt)" [Employment in Small Towns (Economic-
Demographic Aspect] by A. E. Kotlyar, V. D. Zinchenko, I. N. Kirpa, and
0. P. Kochetkov. Doctor of Economic Sciences A. E. Kotlyar editor.
Izdatel'stvo Statistika, 1978, 207 pages]
[Text] In the final account, the study of the utilization of the labor
resources in small towns is related to finding Che sources of extensive
economic growth. However, complicating the interconnection between inten-
sive and extensive factors of expanded reproduclion, economic intensifica-
tion does not exclude in the least the effect of the latter. As in the
past, society remains interested in the fullest possible utilization of
_ the labor mass in the national economy and in its absolute annual increase.
This calls for the development of instruments for actively influencing
manpower resources in small towns, for "population reproduction problems,"
as the monograph authors justifiably write, "frequently turn out, in the
final account, to be problems of manpower reproduction."
:Zhe main purpose of the book is to explain the reverse influence of
employment in small towns on the population reproduction system and, above
all, on its sex/age structure (p 35). "In terms of sex the 'economic-
demographic optimum' corresponds to the balanced use of male and female
labor in the urban economy, in providing conditions for developing the
necessary base for living resources for the family and, on this basis, a
base for the normal development of demographic processes" (p 82).
The employment breakdown by sex in small towns is analyzed in accordance
with the sectorial characteristics of the manpower used, the territory to
which the population is "bound," and the population structure (p 49). The
age structure of the working population is determined by the age structure
of the population at large, and the breakdown of those employed by sex,
reflecting socioeconomic disparities and sectorial characteristics of the
application of labor from the viewpoint of the physical qualities of the
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manpower and education and skill levels. As a whole, a consideration of
the interrelationship l~etween sex and age shows that differences amang
sectors, based on sex, are less drastic compared with age (p 52).
' The work provides extensive data describing the dependence of the popula-
tion structure and its reproduction systems on the structure of the man-
power used and, above all, its sex and age characteristics. The authors
draw che conclusion that the sex disproportion in the population s[ructure
corresponds to its breakdown among those employed (Table 18). They
similarly trace the clear correlaCion between the structure of thnse
~~mpl~,yed by s~x ~nd thnse c!mploye~d in privat@ wnrk (Table 24), and ~he
indicators of marital status (Table 26), birth and death rate and natural
population increase (Tables 9, 28), and the results of migration computed
on the basis of the settlement coefficient (Table 27).
The study showed that the disproportion in the use of male and female
labor has its most adverse effect on the demographic structure of small
towns when the share of women among those employed is lower than the 47
percent level and higher than the 55 percent level (pp 99-100). Singling
out the group of cities ranging between 49 and 53 percent of the share of
women among those employed, the authors consider that demographic pro-
cesses in such cities develop favorably. It is precisely such cities
that should be considered comprehensive in terms of the utilization of
male and female labor (p 100). -
The authors consider the formulation of an active economic policy toward
small and medium-sized towns. The work offers a good work tool for
"interested people"--developers of systems for rayon planning, regtonal
population plans, general urban plans~ and plans for territorial-producti~n
compl~~xes. Thu~, the monogrgph offers breai:;owns and statiscical ~ssess-
men[s of employment factors based on sex, and a mathematical model for
developing an employment structure by sex. Let us also single out
Chapter 4 which offers a functional classification of small towns and
defines the "requirements" of the various realms of labor in terms of the
demographic characteristics of the manpower, describing the specific
types of production facilities aimed at equalizing the employment struc-
ture by sex, and substantiating methods for estimating additional job
openings.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
5003
CSO: 1828
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D!~iOGRA,P'HY
BOOR ON URBANIZATION IN GBORGIAN S58 RE'DIE1~)ID ~
Leningrad IZPESTIYA YSESOYUZAOGO G~OC~A~C~KOCO OBSSG'~S''PYA in Russian
No 112, Jan-Feb 80 pp 80-82
~Book review by P.V. PokshishevBkiy of book "Urbanizatsiya Gruzii" (Urbaniza-
tion of Georgia) by V. Sh. Dzhaoshvili, Tbilisi, "Metsniyereba", 1978/
~ezt~ In the abundaat flaa of recently pu.blished g~eog~cap~3.c literature de-
dicated to problems of urbanization~ moat have interpreted individual me-
thodologioal matters and cast so~e li~t (scm~etimes in region~al ezmmples
and so~netimes an a global ba8is) on perticular aspects of this important
social-geographic process. A substautial gap has been the almost total lack
of comprehensive manographs whioh ch~racterize an adequately rcpresentativ~e
terri.tory of a11 aspects of urbanizatian "straig~it forwardly" aad then in
their interrelatiamships. A happ~ ezception to this is the recently publish-
ed manograph of the well-kaaNn Georgian g~eographer V. Sh. Dzhaoshvili. The
baok is called "The IIrbanizatian of Georgia", which is brok,en dawn into sub-
sections entitled "Genesis"~ "Processea" and "Problems".. The book ia much
more compreheasive thaa is apparent fram these three snbsectione. *
The main thing I wieh to point out is the fhndamental nature of the book,
which is seen in its thoraugh treatment and the quality of the eaamination
of the maz~y a~pects of urbanization and the fact that the author constantly
supports hia characterizations with a solid base of eco~~nic ind3cators (in
passing I will note that becanse of this the author was able, as if inci..
dentally~ "througi~ the phe~nomenon of urbanizatiann, to larg+ely vraracterize
' the economic g~eography of Georg3a - at least in the section on ita indus-
~trial features, bat partially ite agricu7.tural features). The riahness by -
econom:i.c aualysis is sho~wn in the logical adherence to the underlying prin-
ciples of the Marxist explaaation of the growth of cities as aenters for
the realization of the territorial diMaion of labor (these principles axe
somnetimes "forgotten" in newer worka whoae authors are concerned With the ~
rn~rely sociological aspects of urbanization while interpreting urbanization
= in isolation t`rom the basis~, Dzhaoahvili shaws the final stipul.ation of
the forms of settling apart by the territorial org~.ization
~ The comprehensiv+eness is characteristic of other previaus works of V.Sh.
Dzhaoshvili~ particularly his ma~nograph co~ncerning the population of
Georgl.a (1) ~ which won the Gold Medal irnen.i P. P. Semenav~ and also his
books an ~'bilisi (2), gutaisi (3) aau other Georgian cities.
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of production by the functional-genetic diagram of the classification of _
citiea, the basie for which is one of the important achie~trements of Soviet
geograpby of pc~p~7.ationo
Dzhaoshvili gave his monograph the follawring struature. Follar~ing a g+eneral
characterization of modern nrbanization (ahapter 1) there ie an eaamin~,tion
in Chapter IT of the hietorical atag~ea of the developoient of ci~ies in -
Georgia ("Genesis"). Then there is a care�~al ezamination in their city-
forming eignificance of the aectors ot the national ecano~ of Georg3a
Chapter III), an averall revie~+ of the co~nrse of Georgia~s urbanization
Chapter IY)~ and ita demog~raphic aspecte (Chapter Y); a11 of this is
covered in the subtitle "Procesees". The ne~ct fanr c,haptera pro~vide a
sy~tematfc-etracntral aualyais of the proceae of urbauization and caat -
li~it up~ its reg3oa~a1 aapecte aad the formatioa of aggla~nnerati~s; these
c~apters also e=amine t~e social-ecaalaaia ooneeqnen~es of urbaaization (in
the field of using labor resources, the dePelop~ment of an int~strnctvre
and so forth) and the problems that arise in aan~nection rrith urbaaization~
in particalar "the etrategy of urbaaizatiam" of Georgia aad the more raP
tianal utilizatio~a of city apaoe; * these chaptere form the final seation
of the book, which is called "Problems".
The stru.cture itaelf shaws how comprehensive the book is aad that the au~-
thor follan~rs the best traditians of Sattiet studies oai cities. Bat in the
interpretation, it wauld see~, of the already established theoretical hy-
potheaea the anthor~ due to the depth of his analysis~ finds substantial
nev nuances, the formalation of xhich enrich the theory. I aha.11 give sev-
eral eaamples - this is a11 the more appropriate that ~hese formulations'
Which are sPread o~ut thro~ugho~nt the book~ are sometimes lost in the expaad-
ed teat~ xhich may seem to be "quit e traditianal".
In etudying the ~eneaie of cities~ Dzhaos~hvili ciireats attention to the
eul~etautial historiasl "emptineas" betxeen the dev~elop~ent of pre-capital~
ist cities and cities whose gro~rth depended upon industrial flmctions. The
rich histry of Georgia~s cities privides many e~ramples of the inaonstancy~
fZ-equent fa11 in the past of those popnlated areas ~ the city-forc~ing fac-
tors of which were primarily theis military aad political flxnctions. Th~.s -
principle borderline the author~ of caurse, divides as if "vithin" the bar
sic atage of city formatian based upan the seperation of seve~al. nan-agxicvl-
t~ra1 flznctians ~o~ agriculture. With great eapr~ssion it is ghown that
"without modern induatry there would be no modern citiee" (p 69)~ 3uet
as "a11 formation of modern citd lizatiam took place predomi.nately in ~he
~ city env-ironment" (p 90); morernrer urbaaization. sactends not anly the pos-
sibilities for the production of material aad spiritual. g~ood~ but a1.so
their carisumption. (p 6~
* This aspect is particularly important in GeoTgia; according tc~f~ e author~s
estimates (p 2f�) city land occupies up to 4 percent of the repnblic~s in-
_ habdted lan~, for which on the whole is ahara.ateristic~ on the oae hand~ a
great need for land and, an the other ~ud, an increased value of land for
agrienltur~al and recreational p~urposea.
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Tn the bool: we .�ind harsh criticism of popular efforts to use formal math-
ematical theories to compare the growth rates of cities of different sizes
(pp 108-11~~. The author shows that not only is it unfair to comparc3 the
~ynarnics of. the number of citiea of variws olaeseg (in view of the varia-
bility of the coanpositian of cities compriaing theae classea), but also the
the c~ynamics of the population in constant graape of cities: after a11 in
- each of them a portion of the sma11 cities "grow in,to" larg+e cities. The
author correctl;~ concludea that "on the basis of ~the growth of cities of
different cl.asses reat~ not the size of the city but th~ place occupied by
the city in the entire system of aettling apart. Populatian ie the reault
- not the rea,aon for the developmaent of a aity (p 11~~." The ~peaifio oon- ~
ditions for the growth of cities of a~r class come about "in relation to -
how new industrial enterprises or other city-forming pro~ects are sited
(p 110)." All of this is expreasively shown in the piature of the develop-
ment of ~09 preaent (1975-1976) city aettlements of Georgia (the Table in
the Appendi.x is very valuable for displayirig the flanctional-g+enetic types
of a11 of these settlementa).
Dzha.oehvili attaches much i.mportance to the f~inctional-~g+enetic characteris-
tice in evaluati.ng the process of urbatii.zation, so mnah so tha,t he concludes
_rhapter YI (Concerning the S~stema,tic-Strnctural Analy~sis of the Eatire Pra- ~
cesa of IIrbanization) with a classifica.tion of Georgian cities based on these
two iradicators. In this chapter we see qu.ite a few new formul.ations which
enrich the theory of geographical study of cities. Tmportant among these
formulations are the linked examination of the wii.ts of settling apart and
t~he sectoral links of the nation,al. econo~r (p 157) and hie pointing out of
the great complexity of understanding the "external e~vironment" in applying
to social eystems and of the importance of the etabi].i~ty of theix t~es With
it (p 161).
City a,gg~.offierations are interpreted by the author in the mannex of the
writing~ of G. M. Lappo (4~ and F, M. Listengurta (5), but he reaom~nends
claxif~*ing~ t;~eir proposed criteria by using eeveral other indicators (the
formula i~ on pag~e 185). The recommenda,tions are aa original contribution
by Dzha.nshvi.li to the discussion oP the far f`ram solved question concern,ing
the delimiting of agglomerations. Tn Georgia the author defines four
"fixst rank" agglomeratians (Tbilisi~ gntaisi, Ba~um3. and Sukhumi~; the
13
near nature of the last two is well shon~a. He also names amaller a~~glo-
a~erations tha.t are nrn,r being fo~ed; I believ~e that the anthor has mie-
takenly fa3led to eaamine the praapeot of the "grawing~~ of the local ,~gg].o- _
meratians of Chiatura-Sakheri and Zestafoni-Shorapaai into the Kutaisi
_ " macroagglomeration".
IYr.haoshvili is no strang~er to the v~ry "latest" methodological approaches '
to urbariization as a central modera phenomenon of city g~eograp~yr. The mo-
nogra~.~h devotss adequa,te space to the analyais of Geor~qian cities us3s~ a
mathematical madel of theix eystem aceordi~ng to Zipf-~tedvedkov. Bat the
autho~� does not absoluti.ze the mathematical ratios. In noting tha,t "Mathe-
- mati.cal ar~alyais is oail,.y a way to conYfrm truth obtained by "co~on
sense" concernis~g the "great gap 3n popu].ation of Tbi],isi aud the other
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cities of Georgia" (p 169), he seeks if ~n7.y correlative ties between the
degree of urbanization of the econo~ic reg3or~ of Georgia and the per-capi-
ta vo'.lume of gross public product or national incane (p 179). The obtained
coeffiaients of the ra~ked correlation (.542 aad o595 respectively) are not
g.reat and the author ags,in g3ves the uaual econoonic and g+eographi ~ expXan,ar-
tians for thie "based on caanmari sen$e" (p 179).
The ~obernesa of the entire aualysis is most apparent when Dzhaoshvili fo~
mulates constructive tasks for the fhture "etra,tegy of urbaaization". In
re~ecting both the doctrine of optimal aizes for ci~ties aad the unlimited
grawth of lerg~e citiea, he domanetrates that for practical purposes the re-
pnblio will in the f`u~ture need "a~y" aitiee depending upon their role in
- the territorial divisian of labor and specific city-forming factors. The
manag+ement of the cou.rse of urbanization must be linked with the develop~ent
of productfon forces (pp 226 - 227), The author sketches a flxt~e (for the
~ year 2000) hierarct~y of the aities of Georgia ~.n this mantiers the capitol
polyflinctiorlal center vith a popalation of up to 1.5 mi1.13on; large indus-
trial and pclyftiinctional citiea (Kutaiei and Rustavi with a pro~ec~ed popa-
lst3on of 220~000 to 300~000 ~nd Batumi aad ~k~mi - up to 180~000 inhabi- -
tants}; medi~ sized citiea - regiomal. centera (with 50,000 residenta);
mini.ng and extracting centers (of 30~000 to 40~000 people); "reareation
cities" (up to 30~000 or 35~000 reaidenta); centers of "regulax" admini-
strative rayons (up to 15,000 to 25,000 people), The linear~ystematic
- grouping of cities in the basins between mountains aad a1o~g the sea aoaats
ie emphasized.
"The IIrbanizatiaai of Georgia" mast be highly Irraised, One oan, of avurse~
make sa~e critical commenta about it~ (but there are few of them). For
example, an pag+e 127 he has ueed aatdated data cm population grawth and 3n-
duetrial produot in eeveral foreign ootmtries. On pag~e 135 the au.thor
hasdlyarnnes up with an accurate depiction of the intlux of populat3aa into
the cities of Georgia as "spantaneaus", since it xas determined by the
planned deveZopdment of city-foxmi.ng pro3ects; he ahrnil.d have frnmd another,
more adequate defini.tion far the mi.gration that has taken place. I~om an `
editorial point of view the phra,sing on pag+e 137 is unfortnnate: "The pos-
it3ve balaace of migratioa f`ro~ iri.thout the republic...sinae 1957 haa a1-
rea,c~y taken on negative indicatore". The drawings on pag~es 160 and 238
a.dd very little to the text.
A more serious compla3nt ~i~t be ~hat the cities of Georgia are viewed aJ,-
most completely apart .f~am the entire "macroregiaa~a~." system of cities of
the Trans-Caucasus (or eve~n -Ghe Caucasns), althongh the ties here are neas~
"close rang~e" and far. But perhaps we sho~a7.d view this aaonplaint as an
"order" for the author to write aaother book?
Fb(Y!'NOTES
(1) Dzhaoahv3.li V. Sh. The Popalation of Georgi,a. Tbilisi ~ 1968.
(2) Dzha,oshvi.li V. Sh,. Tbilisi, Tbilisi~ 1971.
25
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(3) Dzhaoshvili V. Sh. Kuta3ei, Tbilisi~ 1962 (i.n the Georgian langu~-~ge).
(4) Lappo G. M. The Develop~tent of City Agglaa~era,tions in the IISSR~ -
Moscow, 1978,
(5) Liatengurt F. M. Criteria far Apportioning Large-Sca1e Agglanerations
~ in the USSR. Izv. AA SSSR. Ser. g~eograf., ~9?5, No 1.
COPYRI(~iT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka" Izvestiya vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo
~ obshchestva", 1980
8927
CS 0 : 182 8
~ u
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DFI~tOGRAP~'Y �
BOOK ON aGROINDIISTRIAL SETTI,II~iTS RE~IE~ED
LeninBrad IZPE~1.'IYA VSESOYIIZNOGO GDOGHAI~ICSPSKOGO O~SHC~iESTVA in Russian
No 112~ Jan-Feb 80 pp 85-87
[Review by B. S. Khorev of book "Problemy agroindustrial'nykh poseleniy"
(Problems of Agroindustrial Settlements) by V. R. Belenkiy, Moscow, "Mysl"]
~ext~ In the book of one of the moat i.mportarit Soviet specialists in the
field of the atuc~y of r~ral settlement the economic-geographic aspects of
the de~v~elopmuent aad forenation of the network of rural settlements, which
reflect the more characteristic soaial-economic ah3.fts in the agrarian sec-
_ tor and particularly the entire proaess of agrasian-industrial integration
and the urbanization of the villag~e~ are examin~d.
The task of transforming the rural settlement takes on particular importance since
in accordance with the CPSII Central Comimittee Decree "Concerning the flir-
ther development of specialization and the concentration of agricultural
prod.uction an the basia of inter-farm cooperatian and agroindvstrial inte-
gration" (1976) the switch framn the isolated in an orgaaizational sense in the
developonent of the sectore of agricultvre and the proceseing induatry to
their orgazLic co~ubining, the integ~^~; ^M e�' ~grarian and industrial sec-
- tor of the econosqr, is extensively taking place.
It must be said straight a~ay tha,t the conteats.of the book are ao~nsiderably
more extensive than its titles The book alao ezamines auch important~ more
g+eneral questions of rural settlement suoh as its strnctural-fluictional
aaalysis~ the place of rura7. popalated areaa in the aettlement strtxcturp of
society, the problems of raral aettlement throughant the IISSR aud in indi-
v'idual regicxi~s, 3n cand.itians of the urbaaization of the villag~e and agzar-
ian-industrial integrati.;m. Quite a bit attention ia d.evoted to questions
_ of basi.ng rural settlement in the drafta of regio~l planning~ of the admini-
etrative regiams, to the g+oale and cantent of optimized estimatea~ to the
principles aad methodological frnmda,tians of the total orga~i.zatio~n of rural
~ettlement etructurea, to the variaat analysia of lon~-te~a with3.n-faxm set-
tlemen~~ to the criteria and.qtun~titative ind3,cators for eval~a,ting the -
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the lor~teriu variants using the econo~ic-mathematical apparatu$. Hawever, -
the author~ naturally~ devotes most attention to the planning of agrarian-
industrial aettlemente and to the influence of the entire process of ag:ro--
industrial integration upon the development of rural eettlements in the IISSR.
Moreover questiane of the interrelationehip of raral and city eettlement
are ezamined both in a methodological aud methodical manner; partictil.arly
at the level of the centers of the grass-roota a,~mini.stratitre reg:iona ~
where the basic, vitally important and. presaing problems of the villag+e
are haudled. The anthor un,derstande aad clearly de~v~alops his thought aan-
cerning the fact that to analyze the network of rural settlementa withont
the city-regi.onal centers is to give an unrealistic picture of rural set-
tlement. Therefore, one can with satisfaction note that in the theoretical
aud methodological sense the anthor has taken the correct pa.th in examir~i.ng
the problem of a~oindustrial settlements not in isolation but thrangh the
prism of their place and role in the network of rural pop~],ated points aad
what is more in the unified eyatem of popalation settlement of the IISSP. an _
~he Whole. The author~s theoretical canpmtations~ which divide the settle-
ment of popalation as a relatively integral snbgy~ste~ of more extensive
systems encompa,aeing social aad ecoai~nic factora, are deaerving of particu-
lar attention; the systeme which reeord the ties af this subsystem with
related wnits xhiah disclose the aomposition aad atracture of the settle--
ment network itaelf.
In analyzing tha prospecte of t~e villag+e~ the author with co~plete ~na~i-
fication devotea partioular attentio~ to s~ariaa-indnstrial integration
as a factur in the urbanizing of s~a~cal areas. In viewing this process as
a qualitatively new atag~e in the developonent of the agrarian eector of the
IISSR~ the anthor aaalyzes the preeent disparity in varioue regions of the
evolved forms of rural settlement in relation to the requirementa of the
developing production base and tbe eocial faators in the life of the rural
population. On the baeis of this the author makes a clear differentiation
of the content and aeverity of the problem of rural settlement. The latter
is of particulas practical si~ificance for it makes it poasible to specify
~he goa1, tasks and trenda in the reconatruction of the rural aettlement
network by regions and zones of the IISSR.
In continuing the logical c~evelopment of his topic, the author provides
~eneral ccmcepti.ons of the territorial ag~arian-induetrial eomplex as an
integral social-economic spa,tial system and examines the composition and
characteristic features of the basic functional types of settlements within
suoh a complez; he also analyzes the tendencies of population development
in the agrarian-indn.strial centers and evalua,tes the syetem-formirig' signif-
icance of the latter. It must be emphasized that in this case the author
uses rich factual material; for his analysie he nees quantitative methods
- a mn].ti-factor correlative analysis.
The methodical founda~ions for the opti.mization of the settlement of the
territorial a~carian-i.ndustrial Qomplexes in the regional lay-out are
thoroughly revealed in th~ book. He not only enumerates the queations to
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be solved (xhich usually li.mit the platmers and city builders), but also
provides eztensive recommendations for solving these questions. The compre-
hensine criterion proposed by the author for evalua.ting the efficiency of
the variants of settlement, the outline and logic oP the justifications,
the methods for estima,tin.g individual kinde of erpenditures, - a11 of this
comprisss a totally definitive~ original and practical contribution to the
methodical basis for solvi.ng questions of xural settlement in a regional
lay-out. Also of value is the fact that in his methodical work-ups the
author is orientated on modern mathematical nethods and. computers~ while _
formulating in terms of c~ynamic programming the task of the economic-mathe-
mn.tioal modeling of optimal eettlement in the territorial agrarian-induet-
ria1. complexes, with the eimultaneous ~ustification of the by-stage trane-
formation of the rural settlement netr~+ork.
The book conclurles xith a g+eneralization of +he experience of specific jus-
tification: ,of the flxture settlement in territorial agrarian-indnstrial com-
plexes not oiil.y i.n the IISSR but in several other aocialist countries. Of
particular interest are the work-~ps for Moldavia and the sugar beet plant-
ing regions of Orlrnrskaya Oblast~ ~,rhich were done with the direct participe,-
tion of the author according to a methodology proposed by him.
Such a rich in content, comprehensive and rich in its use of inethodical de-
vices work must reach individual conclusions, which~ poesibly, will serve
~as an ob~ect of discusaion or criticism. The author correctly notes that
..on the strength of several ob3ective and to a laxge extent aubjective
reasons answere are not provided for a11 queations cannected rrith the dy-
namics of the settlement structure in the agrarian-industrial complexes of
various typea. Some positions will seem to some readers to ineufficiently
convincing; in some cases other points of view are entirely poasible which
do not co:lncide with the opinione preeented in thia book. Obviously~ it iA
unrealistic to expect in thi.s monograph fin~l aolutiona without suitable
and c~iscussion positions" ~ p 175).
It seems to the reviewer9 however, that we are not speaking of the positions
o~ the author, whose monograph is distinguished for its depth of conviction
in disputing the basic points of view on various queations~ but~ wha,t is most
important, for its scientific soundness of the positions t~ad recommendations
= contained in the book, which, unfortuna,tely, is not always the case for all
books in the field of lor.~-term rural settle~ent. Thus, we are not so con-
cerned with the author'a positions as With the fact that at the preaent
atag~e the basic questions of the formation of rural settlement in the USSR~
such as the maxi.mum sizes of rural populated points~ the questi on of enlax~-
i.ng villages and of the so-called collec~ive settling, the promise and lack
of promise of various kinds of populated poi.nts~ of the rates and scala of
- reconstruction, of the trends for capital investments and the use of inter-
na1 resource~ of the village fo~ its social forma,tion, of the f5~ttetions and
place of the villag~e in the unified system of population - a11 of these
questions must be considered as unsolved and very contrrnrersial and even
very involved.
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For several of these questions the author~ in m~y opi.nion~ convincingly and
more importaxstly scientifical.ly vindi.cates the following positions. The
village in the fliture must occupy in the unified system of settlement a
position of a f~ll and atructv.ral element, the develog~ment of which will -
be closely alligned with the c~ynamias of a network of cities, but which
will differ in its specific features. The concept of the development of
the rural settlement netMrork derives from the apportionment in the compo-
sition of the esieting network of rural populated points of a limited num-
- ber of strong centera~ in Which there must be concentrated a basic amount
of new production, houaing and cultural and conaumer conetruction, but
along with this for the remaining r~ral settlementa it is proposed not
- that they be eliminated at an accelerated rate but that there be a gradual
- evolution of the entire network ~+ith scales and ra,tes of rebuilding tha.t
best satisfy the intereats of efficient economic assimilation of a specific
territory and xhich take into conaideration the demographic situation of
the modern village in the variou~ republics and regione of the IISSR, the
ma.terial and financial capabilities of replaci.ng the existing fixed assets -
' xith new ones. In realizing this concept there is need for a specific,
limited construction and repai.r of livi.ng and other buildings in those ra-
ral populated points which will be preserved for a long period of time.
There is also provision for the development of inter-farm systems of set-
tlements in rural regions (2 - 4 systems per region~~ which is the conse-
quence of the process of a growing inter-farm cooperation and the various
forms of the association of agrarian and i.ndustrial kinds of activity in
~he rur~l location. Therefore there is a noticeable gro~wth in the number
of ea-called "m3~ced" by national economuc fhnctions rural settlements.
There wiZ1 also be a growth in the nttmber of non-agricultural pop~at-
ed paints (t3.mber, transport and e~pecially those connected with the recre-
ational use of a territory). It is thou~t wise to preaerve a portion of
the ena1.1 agricultural villag~ea and towne, which are aituated near the lar-
ger villag+es or cities having convenient traastportation and having a stable
po~ulation at the present time.
By tradition when revieWing a book it is necessary to point out the short-
comings, Thie monograph does have shortca~inge. Thus~ i.n our opinion~ the
author shoald have outlined his conceptual positions in comparison with the
concepts of other authora, without avoiding polemics that mi.ght be even a
bi~ harsh. The author does not always defend his correct positione - this
refers especially to queations of enlarging arld collective settling.
Hoxever~ on the vhole the book ia based on good quslity~ well worked-out
material. It contains not only neir methodological~ theoretical and methodi-
ca1 positions, but makee a substantial cantribution to the g~eograp~}r of i-ti- -
ra1 settlement, regional lay-out and the plaaning of rural settlements. The -
monograph is xritten in a gnod literary laaguag+e and reade easily.
Tn conc:lnsion I want to express one regret cancerning the fact that the
book was published in a very ama11 edition and that as soon as it appeared
on the shelf it beceme a hard book to find,
COPYRI(~`P s Izda.tel' atvo "NAIII~A" ~"IZP~TIYA 11'ST~,SOYO'?,NOGO G~OGRAFICSESKOGO
oBSHC~sTVA", 198o nvn
a927 30
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