JPRS ID: 9113 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9113
28 May 1980
~ Sub-Saharan Af rica Report
- r=0U0 No. 676
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iPRS L/911.3
_ 28 May 1980
~
Sl1B--SA!lARAN AFRI CA REF'QRT
FoUO r1o. 676
CONTENTS
iN'il:R-AFR TLAN !3FFi:?RS
Iiackgraund of Arab-African Cooperation Examined
(JEIJNNE AFRIQLTG, 9 Apr 80) 1 Poliryo uf Cooperation
Sub-Saharan VJ.ew, by Siradiou Diallo
Real, Imaginary Obstacles, by Habib Boular.es
ZEMVi Research on Tse-tse Flies, Trypanosomes Reported (MARCHE5 TROPICAUX ET MEDI7`ERRANEENS, 2$ idar 80) 11
Rri_efs
Possible OI.CMA-OCLALAV Merger 15
- ANGOLA
Arazi"Lian Infl.uence Seen Dangerous
_ (AFRIQUE-ASIE, 31 Mar-13 Apr 80) 1.6
BIiefs -
' I'rencn Textile Training 17
GI;:d7'I;F.L AFRICaN REPUBLIC -
FEC Gi.>>es Detai ls of Aid to Previoijs Regime
(YLARCHES TROPICAUX ET NIEDTTERRANEENS, 14 Mar 80) 18
. iMF Credit To Support Economic, rinancial Propram
(TfARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 14 Mar 80) 19
Deta9.7_:; af 1GL80 Bud;et Given
(11UItC"rth'S TROYTCAUX ET rfE:llITERRANFENS, 14 Mar BO) 20
_ Detai2s on 1980-19$1 Ecenomic, Social Recovery P1an
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDI'PERRANEENS, 11 Apr 80) 21
- a- CIZI NE & A- 120 FOUO]
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CONTIsid'TS (Cont' d)
Briefs
French lnfrastructure Aid 25
~ Repatriation of Soviet Teachers 25
CHAD
Goulcc.uni Threatens To Accept Libyan Aid
(Goukouni OueddPi Interview; PARIS MATCH, 25 Apr 80). 26
~
. Frenc'n Should Continue To Play Humanitarian Role for Present
(Editorial; MARCHES TROPICAi1X ET MEDITERRANEENS,
11 Apr 80) 2$
Pro-Libyan Role Ylayed by Acyl Ahmat Noted -
(Francois Soudan; JEWiE AFRIQUE, 23 Apr 80) 31
CONGO
State Fistiing, Glass Companies Strengthened -
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 14 Mar 80) 33
i3riefs
ATC Occupation Training Center 34
.
Opango Under House Arrest 34
VC A(30N
Bongo Accused of Abetting French Neo-Colonialism
(Antonia Blis; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 31 Mar-13 Apr 80) 35
Finance Minister OutZi.nes Future Economic Policies
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 4 Apr 80) 38
KEMfA
rEC Loans Aid Projects Reviewed
(MARCHFS TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 14 Mar 80) 41
Tana River Dredging Equipment Request
(14ARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 11 Apr 80) 42
I.IBE:RIA
Nation Believed To Be Moving Toward Multiparty System
(Jos-Blaise Alima; JEUNE AFRTQUE, 23 Apr 80) 43
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C0NTENTS (Cont'd)
Seen as Warning to African Governments
(Si_radiou Diallo; JEiFNE AFRIQUE, 23 Apr 80) 47
MALI
Salvation To Ite ,4chieved From Both Inside, Foreign Sources
- (Sennan Andriamirado; JEUNE AFRIQUE, 9 Apr 80) 49
Economist Aavocates Measures for New Economic Order
(rfARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITEKRANEENS, 4 Apr 80) 52
_ i3rief.s Saudi Arabian Health Assistance 54
- Cuban Agricultural Assistance 54
- MC)Ze'! i~ffi IQU E
t3riefs
French Credit for Boats, Energy 55
NIGi?R
AnB Financing of Sonichar Electricity Project
Reviewed
(MARCNES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS,
14 Mar 80)
56
SENEGAL
Council of Ministers Examine 1980-1981 Draft
Budget
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS,
11 Apr 80)
58
New Housing Bank Estab lished
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS,
14 Mar 80)
59
New Installation for Dakar-Marine
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS,
14 Mar 80)
61
Briefs
Truck Gardening Project
63
IDA Credit
63
Army Strength Increase
E3
ONCAD Embezzlement
63
SOMALlA
` Siad Barre's ?'rice for U.S. Bases
(JEUNE AFRIQUE, 9 Apr 80)

64
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CONTi:NTS ((:ontinued)
'CAN7.AN IA
Development of Forestry Production Discussed
(MARCHEf; TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 11 Apr 80) 65
FRG Sponsored Irrigation Program
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 11 Apr 80) 66
Briefs
Work on Capital 67
Hydrocarbon Price Increase 67
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INTRR-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
BACKGROUND OF ARAB-AFRICAN COOPERATION EXAMINID
Paris .TEUNE AFRIQUE in French 9 Apr 80 p 61
Poiicy of Cooperation
[Text] Three years after the establishment of Arab-African
cooperation, that cooperation now-constitutes a fundamental
concept in the policy oi the countries concerned. The
_ first African econamic aummit of the OAU (Organization of
African Unity), which will be reld at Largoa on 28, 29
April 1980, will have to examine, among other things, the
development of this cooperation. What is its historical,
human and pelitical backgroiind? At the present time, what
is the record of aid from Arab countries to African countries
south of the Sahara? How dues public opinion in the latter
region view that cooperation? These are the questions that
_ these article.s are trying to answer.
Sub-Saharan Vlew
Pa rie JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 9 Apr 80 pp 63-65
[Article by Siradiou Diallo]
[Tex;;j More than ever, Arab-African cooperation is at the center of political
rea iicy on the black c,r,,.;itinent. Since the spectacular snlits between almost
all of the sub-Saharan capitals and Israel, the Africans have abandoned thetr
pos itian of expectation, aa a result of the October 1973 war, if not from
atavi.stic indiffexence to the struggles arid convulsions that are destroying
. the Arab k*orld, Everything is happening as if the warning shot heard in
- October 1973 h,ad pro>>cked in them a veritable burst of conscience.
I i a.zy cj~,,RH., s:tnce t'tien, the sligritest event affecting the Mideast--patti.cularly
Arab declarations, behavior, and decisions concerning black Africa--is closely
folluwed, couanent-ed upon and debated. Often passionately. Some express
i.he ir aatisfaction with "the motivating role which the Arab nations, esgecially
the Palesti.nians are playing in the struggle against l.mperialist domination;"
otherb are zeproaching "the arrogance of the 'nouveaux riches' who prefer to
_ pixL their petrodol,lars in western banks rather than invest them prof itably
~ iIl Af "L'ir8. t~
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Certainly, nll sub-Saharans do not view the Dsabs in the same way. Far from
it. Slight nuances, if not serious differences, in judgment appear according
to geographic location, intellectual level, politicaa and ideolog ical options.
But simply, it can be said, that in the Sudan-Sahel region, which extends from
Cap Vert to the Horn of Africa, the centuries-old influence of Islam has
played an important role in the rapprochanent, to say nothing of the under-
atanding, between Africans and Arabs. So much so, that in spite of the wars
and conflicts of all sorts that have marked their relat.ions, the former
consider the latter as "coreligion ists with whom cohabitation is certainly
not easy," but toward whom they have no inhibltions. The peoples of central
- Africa, who have long kept to themselves, view the Arabs, if not with
suspicion, at least as "partnere with whom they ahould be on guard." On the
other hand, traumatized by the horrible slave trade which devasted all of
- East Africa today, the people living along the shores of the Indian Ocean
still harbor a stubborn resentment toward them.
A Common Destiny
However, at the present time, sub--Saharan public opinion.generally concurs in
the belief that Africans and Arabs share a common destiny. In spite of the
distortions and artificial mirages deriving from the oil manna, young people
- and intellectuals less often consider the Arabs as "false brothers," or, with
greater reason, as people from another planet. To make it clear that their
situa.tions are identical, many of them are recalling the wounds of colonialism
_ suffered by our peoples in the past, believing that today Africans and Arabs
_ still share the same bitter fruits of exp loitation and underdevelopment.
- According to the iiew generation of African historians, like Guinean Thierno
- Mouctar Bah, assistant prof essor at the Universitq of Yaounde, and his Cameroon ian
colleague, Eimnanuel Ghomai, a prof essor at the Ecole Normale Superieure
[College of Education] in the same city, relations between the Moslem
. world and the Bilad es-Soudan (the Black nations) go back very far in history.
Over the centuries, they say, "the wagons of the Garamantes, then the camel
caravane braved the immense desert, which, in truth, has never been a barrier.
E1s early as the eighth century, after the conquest of North Africa by the
Onn:iads, Arab merchants have crossed the Sahara, attracted by the gold of
the Sudan."
- As for the Bilad es-Sudan, continue our two historians, this intensive inter-
national trade was also the occasion for transmittal of new technoiogy. In
_ add ition to trading commodities, it is important to consider the mobility
of inen, the 3pread of customs and the exchange of ideas. Therefore, they
say that through the Arabs, the penetration of knowledge and new methods
bepan and accelerated throughout the centuries, affecting different fields of
- human activity. This is especially true in architecture where the Sudan-
_ Saheli.an style, charactetistic of the buildings in Timbuktu, Gao or Djenne,
in spite of their originality, show a definite Maghrebine influence. It is
- also true of military tecllnolagy, where it is an established fact, according
to our two academicians, that the nations of the Sudan were dependent on the
Moslem world of the North for their equipment, especially for their armor.
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Without denying thzir contribution to the development of precolonial Africa,
some people, like the Senegalese Doudou Gueye, one of bhe leaders of the
�ormer AM (,4frican Democratic Rally, of which the Ivorian Houphouet-Boigny
wae pret,;,t) believe that "today, the Arabs have no model to offer us."
Because, tiiuy say, they have oi.iy money and fanaticisin. And Dr poudou Gueye
cites the destabilizing actiona, the arrogance and the attempts at corruption
being carried on throughout Africa by Colonel Qadhdhafi. Our Senegalese
epeaker also etates that Arab-Afric,an relattons will never be entirely sound
as lor.g as the Axabs r_efuse to renounce their dream of domination of b"iar_k
- Af r ic a .
A Common Course
This type of mistrust dates frQm the era of slavery, notes Prof Owona Joseph,
director of the Yaounde Institute of International Relations. In his opinioti,
- the peoples living in different parts of the Sahara, far from having a quarrel
to settle today, have, on the contrary, mutual interests to defend and have
available a aolid foundation for nourishing cooperation. Eben more se since
"Ialam is en integral part of some of blac k Africa." The only question, he
says, is that we sometimes have the impression that the Arabs are too clos2ly
linked to the western economic system. It is on such grounds that one won3ers
whether the well-known "trialogue" aimed at conr.ecting Africa and the Arab
world to Europe w ill not end in a reactivation of the old compact. Because,
it is we, the Afxicans, who, once more, will pay the cost of the operation.
There is no reason to nake accusations against the Arabs, says Prof Bibombe
Muamba of the facu lty of Law at Lubumbashi (Zaire). There are, h.e says,
Westerners who, in ard er to better pursue their policy of domination, foster
the suspicions and prej udices of Africans against Arabs. If this were not
the case, everything speaks in favor of a sound and fruitful cooperation
between the two populations.
- This is slso the opinion of the president of the African Development Bank,
Mr Goodall Edward Gondwee (Malawi). In his opinion, Arab-African cooperation
- has already traveled a long and fruitful road. Consequently, it is proper to
eliminate all misunderstandings in order to "pursue our common course."
Becacse, he adds, Arabs and Africans have a"common destiny" which far exceeds
the alleged give-and-take imagi,zed arounc3 the breaking off of Afri.can relations
: with the atate of Israel. This cooperation, he concludes, is in the "nature
of things."
- On the whole, one could state without fear of being contradicted, that the
prlnc4ple of Arab-African cooperation has won the approval of all of sub-
- 3aharan Afrj.ca. Cer_tainry, f.rom time to time the suffering related to racism,
01hich AfL_tcar�. r.:irJ_nmats ancl 9tlldf:I1tS were the object in some Arab c4untry,
:[s brought up. Fut similar "flashes" wi1l not alter the tree of caoperation
whose roots plunge de2ply into hearts and minds everywhere. Didn't the eminent
- Mailan scholar, Hampate Ba say that it is impassible to understand African
languages and civ ilization without calling on Arabic? And that this language
is to us, the Af.ricans, whzt Latin is to Eti:.�opeans. Undoubtedly, this is a
hasty generalization, since the Sudan-Sahe1 region is not a11 of Africa.
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This does not prevent the solidarity which is being recreateci today, in spite
- of criticism and obstacles, from being based on principles and a foundation
which no one can deny any longer. Not only because from two sides of the
Sahara the people fully approve of them, but because they are as sound as
they are anc ient .
Real, Imaginary Qbstacles
Paris JEUDIE AFRIQUE in FYench 9 Apr 80 pp 67-71
(ArLicle in HabiU Boulares: "Real and Imaginary Obstacles to Sound CooperationJ
[Text] Is Arab-African cooperation limited to the flow of money which could _
aid in the development of Africa? To hear the critics and the speech-makers,
everything is reduced to the level of penn ies, a lot of pennies, no doubt,
but sti11, pennies! Is the attitude of black African countries toward Israel -
_ political? It is also sometimes presented as a"set-off" of an acquired or
desired flow of money. According to some people, the inadequacy and delays
of that f inancial flow could cause a change in attitude.
Oil, which is a source of r,,evenue for some, and a source of aixroyance for
others, is not left out of`the debate, even at J.A., where the editorial
board f eels that it is impossible to present documentation of Arab-African
cooperat ion without a chapter on oil.
There is only one way to clarify this fairly confused business: open a free -
atzd uncomplicated debate by introducing, pell-nell if necessary, anything that
seems Lo be obviously related to the area of Arab-African cooperation, with
the actora--all of the Africans and all of the Arabs--being responsible for
- evaluating the specific importance of each of the factors.
Arab-African cooperation? First of all, the subject appears to be equivocal:
which Africans? Which Arabs? The Africa laid out in the atlas is well-lrnown; -
but are all of its inhabitants aware of belonging to a single unit? How
- many times have North Africans, citizens of the Maghreb cour.tries, felt _
themselves to be excluded when listening to black Africans speak of Africa,
as if the continent began at the Senegal River and extended to the southern
- part of the Sahara? This span of burning, but not uninhabited, sands--has
it really separated tropical Africa from Mediterranean Africa throughout
history--as it is of ten said? And aven if this were the case, what is to
be sa id of the Arab countries located to the east of the Sahara, of the
Sudan, mixed and black; of Somalia and Djibouti, members of the Arab League,
in spite of their specific charaeter? How can the finest scholars in black _
Africa g ive lip service to the fact that the Egyptian civilization of the
pharaohs was of negro origin, and reject the Egypt of the present day as
_ being non-African in political discourse? -
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This withdrawal of the acceptance of the words Africa and African aggravates
and maintains the confusion in peoplea' minds. Oddly enough, the more the
Arabe sofr_en their criterian of Arabic nationa7.ity, by admitting to cultursl
mixing, as s:�ith the Somali� the more queations they raise. 4.'hy wouldn't Lrcy
- admit t'rz :;o;Y:oriane and the Chadians under those circumstances? Une must
- agree that this behavior is not easy to understand.
Are black Africans alone responeible for this? Def initely not! The Africans
- from the Med iterranean, be:Lng Arabs or Axabized, consider themselves more
Arabic than African, even if the latter dispute over the designation annuys
than. In Tunisia, they willingly remember that the name Africa criginally
meant the region around Carthage, although this affiliation for the narne daes
not imply the establishment of a truly African policy. Perception of an
Africa larger than the Arab-Berber region was clearer before colonization.
For example, they sing about the bravery of the Tauregs and their attachment
to freedom. Abdel Kerim, hero of the Rif, adopted as a war chant a poem
beginning with these words; "Hail Africa!".
Today, scarcely anyone but Algeria, among Mediterranean Africans, is developing
a policy on the continental scale. Libyan interventionism is too marked by
- territorial or denominationEil ambitions to serve as a means of reconc'Lliation.
Egypt is too much a prisuner of its fundamenta'1 or con tingent problems to
take up the thread of a cooperation judged ambitious in the time of Nasser.
And, at Dakar, we still remember the ambassador from Moroecc who expressed
his joy to President Senghor at "finding himself for the first time in Af.rica?"
Restrict ions in vocabulary which exgress the collectiv e unconsciousness do
not etop there. Because, alt.hough the Maghrebs are noC always considered as
Afrl.cans, they are no longer placed entirely in the same category as Axabs
by the black Africans. When a black African leader calls for Afro.-Arabian
cooperation, the second epithEt is applied, in his mind, ta the Mideast,
scaxcely to North Africa.
Finally, anyone whu speaks of cooperation
hig words translated as: black Africans
of Eastern Arabs is understuod: wealthy
au'lomaticall.y understood.
The Golden Calf
between Arabs and fl.fricans finds
and Eastern Arabs. Unless in place
Arabs; in which case, L9_bya is
A1.asl money has stolen some of the richest aspects of true cooperat3.on
between black Africans, Arabic Africans and Fastern Arabs. Over simplif icat ioris
have def initely identified the Arab with Croesus. Hok ever, the reality is
far from tlze myth. Of the 21 indenendent states makj.ng up the Arab Leapue,
only i are large expa.r.ters of uil: Algeri.a and Li.bya in Africa; Saudi Arabia,
the United Arab Em:trates, Qatar y Kuwait and Iraq in the Mideast. E1nd, among
these fortunate 7, only 4 countries have a surplus c,f inoney; Libya, Saudi
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Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates: 17 million citizens are
considered to be rich out of more than 149 million Arabs.* Less than one-
tenth of the total.
' Thie figure must be remembered when spea.king about Arab money: a gold en tree -
which hidea a forest of lead. Ie it known that in terms of 1977, the revenue
_ of aYl Arabs taken together would only distr ibute $1,000 per capita, per
- year, that is, as much as the average Alger ian income? It is hardly lrnown
that three members of the Arab League number among the poorest countries in
the worl&: Sudan, Mauritania, and Somalia. However, at the time of the -
- eatablishment of the BADEA (Arab Bank for African Economic Development), -
~ all of the members of the league ehared in the capital of that Institution,
fncluding those with the least money; without expecting anything from them,
- aince it was decided that that organization will lend to any Arab country, _
if it is African and poor. This is not a form of self-sacrifice: the FADES
_ (Arab Economic and Social DeveloFment Fund) will lend only to Arabs. This _
is a meana of channeling the flow. Yes, but oil money is cursed. It can
only be enjoyed by paying a zakat, the tithing for purification which Islam
imposes to make the prof its'legitimate.
However, the Arabs are not the only oil exporters: Nigeria and Gabon are also
_ members of OPEC. Other countries, without being exportere, produce enough .
for their own needs. It is true that Africa is importing oil which is becoming
_ more and more expensive; but Africa also exports oil which is becoming more
' and more expensive.
- Why are these problems of development only asked in terms of oil? And ivhy are
- the problems related to oil only aEked in Arab-Afr3can terms? In this area -
- too, we aee extremely dangerous simplifications of vocabulary: develapment
= money m oil = Arabs! -
- The Past Rewarded
In truth, the question of oil must be put in either a broader or more African
context; the non-African Arabs muat p'j-ay an auxiliary role, certainly not
inconaiderable, but not determinative. Angola, Algeria, the Congo, Gabon, -
Libya, and Nigeria are a11 African countries whose exportation of oil
represents more than 50 percent of foreign receipts. Tunisia and Egypt,
_ although they are not large-scale producers, export a surplus of crude oil,
but also import some becauae of differences in quality. Burundi, and the -
Sudan are small-scale producers, but expor.t some refined oil. Kenya,
Mozambique and Senegal import cr.ude oil and export petroleum products.
Cameroan rightfully expects to become self-suff icient very soon. In all, 20
*The figures in the atlas of the World Bank show that in 1977 there were 3n -
the member countries of the Arab League 149,512,000 inhabitants, including
17,355,000 in the 4 countries with surplus currency. It is necessary to stress -
again that the figures do not include Arabs who have emigrated to Europe or
to America, or nearly 5 million.
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African ,�ountries (or more than half of the population, considexing N iger ia
and Egypt) are either exporters or aelt-auffj:cient. This is why it seems
queationrthle to continue to pose thG pr.obl.em of Arab--African cooperation in
- cermo oi + I
This country has enormous agricultural reeources. We know that. Tts mineral
wealth is also well known. 3ut this is only potential wealth becauae there
hae always been a shortage of inveatment. 4Tho can inveat? First of all the
- Malians themselvas, thoae busineaemen with a reputation for being aggressive _
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and who are directing (or perhaps destroying) the national treasury; the -
Maliana of the diaspora, who are living in neighboring countries and to whom .
it haa never occurred that they might be able to enrich their own country.
Let them invest, yea, but also let the state permit them to do so.
Malians are not the only ones responsible; neither for their past or for
their future. That they ehould set up a government of national salvation
in order to climb out of their abyas, would be a courageoua act of violence
on Cheir part. And such a governttient would still have to have the means to
act, to carry out projecte, to invest, to produce. Why? Decause, actually,
if Mali today is the victim of itself, it ie aleo the principal victim of
- the selfishness which has become the establiahed method for enrichment em- _
ployed in all we11-endowed countries.
Since ita beginning, Mali has served as an international showcase of under-
development. The universal model of poverty, since, probably, one was neededo
International cooperation? It came late. To financ