JPRS ID: 9211 USSR REPORT HUMAN RESOURCES

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200070042-6
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• Original Classification: U
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONI.Y
JPRS L/904~
21 April 1980
- USSR Re ort -
p
- CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATICaN TECHNOLOGY _
CFOUO 6/80)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICF
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NOTE
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. JPRS L/9049 ~
21, Apri 19 80
- USSR REPORT
- CY9ERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY -
(FOUO 6/80) _
This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articles and newa
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific subjects
reflected in the table of contentg.
photodu~lications of foreign-language source~ may be obtained from the
P'hotoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540.
_ Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS _
HARDWARE
A Parallel Computer Syatem for MK-Programs .....e 1
. Optico-Electronic Functional Transducer 1
Current Pulse Shaper For Address ~ele~tion Device 2
_ A Teaching Matrix Structure 2
Arithmetic-Logic Device 3
Device for Control of Data Input-Output Operations 3
Device for Correcting the Position of the Photoreading Elem~nt of
an Automa.tic Reading Device 4
- Plotting Boar.d for Reading Graptiical Information 5
Multiplication Device 5
Computer Diagnostic Device 6
Device for Multiplication and Division of Normalized Numbers 6
SOFTWARE
Automatic Construction of Parallel Programs, Paralleling of
Expressions and Cycles 7
- a- jIII - USSR - 21C S&T FOUO]
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FoR oFriciai. us~ U1VL1
CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Postulation of the Cycle Realization Problem in a Class of
Computers 7
Automatic Construction of a Frequency Dictionary of Stems Based
ASIOR Files 8
Designing a FOREX Translator for the AS-6 Central Processor 8
_ Modern Dialogue Editors 9
The Dispat~her in the Faust System, Part 1, The Structure of the
Dispatcher, Memory and Processor Control 9
The Dialogue System of Working With Symbolic Libraries in the
Operating System of the Unified Computer System 10
Expanding the Capabilities of FORTRAN-IV Language of the YeS-1010 . 10
Introducing Compiler for CDL for Compilers on the BESM-6
Computer 11 -
- Realizing the Analytica.l Conversion Language on a BESM-6 Type
Computer ................a...................................... 11
Control of Data Flows in Computer Networks 12
- Block-Schematic Microprogramming Language and So~ne Problems of
Reali~ing It 12 -
_ Postulation and Investigation of Some Operational Control
Problems in Programming Complexes 13
Publication on Research in t~achine Trai~s~.ation -
(0. S. Kulagina; ISSLEDOVANIYA PO MASHINNOMiJ PEREVODU,
1.979) 14
The Structure of Electronic Computers 16
Technological Aspects of Developing Program Systems 17
Util_izing Comp~ater Technology
(Mikhail Moiseyevich Rapoport; EKSPLUATATSIYA VYCHISLITEL'-
NOY TEKHNIKI, 1978) 18
Algorithms
(D. M. Gafurova.; ALGORITMY, No 33, 1978) 21
. Algorithms
(D. M. Gafurova; ALGORITMY, No 35, 1978) 26
A System for Processing Statistical Information on a Computer .
(Vera Vladimirovna Braga, et al; SISTEMA OBRABOTKI
STATISTICHESKOY INFORMATSII NA EVM, 1977) 31
Publications in Cybernetics
(ALGORITMY I PROGRAMMY, No 1, 1980) 35
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Cybernetics in the Service of Communism. Volume 9. Information _
and Control
(I. Berg; KIBERNETIKU - NA SLUZHBU KOMMUNIZMU. TOM 9. -
UPRAVLENIYE I INi~'ORMATSIYA, 1978) 49
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Hardware
USSR UDC 681.322.01
A PARALLEL COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR MK-PROGRAMS
Khar'kov PROBLEMY BIONIKI [Problems of Bionics] in Russian No 23, 1979 pp
85-92
- KOLUBAY, S. K.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B11] ~
~
[Text] The structta e of a parallel computer system for processing MK-pro-
grams, in which the principle of inemory separaf.ion into passive and active ~
is realized, is proposed. Data and reeults are stored in the cla~sical type
passiv~ memory. Th~ programs (MK-programs) to ':e processed are st~red in
the active memory, constructed in a special manner. The active memory is
called the processor-memory. The possibilitie~ of realizing a processor- -
memory cell and of the entire block as a whole are discussed. Figures 4;
_ tables 4; referencas 2. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.335.~(088.8) (47)
QP`iICO-EL~CTRONIC FUNCTIONAL TRANSDUCER
USSR Patent No 642732, claimed 17 Mar 76, No 2348003, published 15 Jan 79
BAKHMUTSKIY, V. F., KONOVALOV, S. M., SHEPTEBAN', R. Z., YAKUSH�V, V. S., _
- Special Design Office of Microelectronics in Instrument Buildinf;
[From REFER.ATIVNYY ZHURNAL, A4i0MATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCH?SLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISL~TEL'N?.YA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract J~B533P]
[Text] An optico-electronic functional transducer containing a series- -
0
connected light amplifier, electrooptical transducer, optical signal pr~-
cessing block and phofoelectronic transducer whose output is conneGted to
- the input of the next analog-code transducer is proposed. [195-6521]
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USSR UDC 681.327.67(088.8)(47)
CURRENT PULS~ SHAPER FOR ADDRESS SELECTT.ON DEVICE -
USSR Patent No 652611, claimed 14 Sep 77, No 2526178, publiahed 19 Mar 79 ~
BORISOVA, A. L., GOLOVKOV, V. M., RYBIN, I. M. and FIDOROV, A. S., Institute
of Electronic Control Machines
[From REFER.ATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA `
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 1'L, 1979 Abstract 12B326P]
[Text] Th~ shaper contains a transistor and a pulse transforme'r with three
windings, the first of which is connected to the input line. The transistor
collector is connected to the first output line. To increase reliability,
the device contains a second output line which is connected to the beginning
- of the third and the end of the second winding of the pulse transformer
_ whose beginning is connected to the transistor base and the end of. the third
winding is connected to the transistor emitter. Figures 1. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.325.59(088.8)(47)
A TEACHING MATRIX STRUCTURE
USSR Patent No 662970, cl~imed 26 Nov 76, No 2423557, published 18 May 79
DOMIN, V. A., MAZO, B. L..and RAYEV, V. K., Institute of Electronic Control ,
Machines
i
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, T~LEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA _
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abfitract 12B246P]
[Text] The device contains thin magnetic films with easy m$gnetization axes
- along their length, excitation lines located along the thin magnetic films
_ and conducting coils located near the ends of the thin magnetic fil~:~ per-
pendicular to the easy magnetization axes. Forbid lines located perpendicu- _
lar to the easy magnetization axes of the thin magnetic films were intro-
duced into the device in order to improve the reliability and to'~reduce
the error of the adaptive structure. Figures 5. [195-6521]
,
2
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- US:iR UDC 681.325.5(088.8)(47)
ARITHMETIC-LOGIC DEVICE
USSR Patent No 648979, claimed 2 Jun 76, No 2367316, published. 25 Feb 79
SOLKHIN, A. A. and FILIN, A. V., Institute of Electronic Control Machines
[From REFERATIVNYY zHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEI~tEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
T~KHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract No 12B239P]
[Text] The device conta{ns registers of the first and second operands, a
carrry propagation block, two-input adder and a first logic switch whose
digit inputs are connected to the outputs of the direct and inverse values
of the register digits of the first and second operands. Second, third and
fourth logic switches, an AND element block and result register were intro-
duced to the device in order to increase its speed when performing multipli-
cation and division operations. Each digit of the first logic awitch con-
taine seven AND elements and two OR-NOT elements. Each digit of the second -
logic switch contains an AND element and an OR-NOT element whose output is
connected to the output of the logic switch and whose inputs are connected
to the second input of the lo~ic switch and the output of the AND element,
whose inpute are connected to the fiist and third inputs of the second logic
switch. Figures 2. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.326.3
DEVICE FOR CONTROL OF DATA INPUT-OUTPUT OPERATIONS
i3SSR ~atent No 641435, claimed 12 Aug 76, No 2396944, published 7 Jan 79
BOYARCHENKOV, M. A., BEREZENKO, A. I., KONTAREV, V. YA., KORYAGIN, L. N.,
KRYLOV, G. A., LENGNIK, L. M., SHATS, S. A. anrl FEL'DMAN, B. YA., Institute
of Electronic Control Machines
(From REFERATIVNYY ZH'JRNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITII,'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B204P]
[Text] A device for controlling data input-output operations, containing a _
processor, storage block and coupling block 3oined by two-way information
contacts, is proposed and the control output of the procesaor is connected
to the control inputs of the memory and coupling blocks whose inputs and
outputs are connected to the inputs and outputs of the device, respectively.
- A time signal shaping block whose first control input is connected to the
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proceaeor control output, a consequent con~.rol input of the time eignal
shaping block and the control input of the processor are connected to the
control input of the device and the output of the time si.gnal shaping block
is connected to the timing input of the processor, is introduced in order
to increase the speed and to provide universal application for a wide range
of external devices and computers. A devic~e is proposed in which the time
signal shaping block contains a register, comparison circuit, calculating
- subassembly and pulse g~nerator whose output is connected to the counting
input of the counting subassembly whose outputs and th~e outputs of the
register are connected to the inputs of the compressive circuit, respective-
ly. The register input and the first input of the ~ounting subassembly are
connected to the first control input of the block, the second input of the
- counting subassembly is connected to the second control input of the block
- and the third input is joined to the output of the block and is connected
to the output of the comparison circuit. Figures 4; references 2.
[195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.327.4'21:621.391.63(088.8)(47) -
DEVICE FOR CORRECTING THE POSITION OF THE PHOTOREADING ELEMENT OF AN AUTO-
MATIC READING DEVICE
USSR Patent No 647615, claimed 29 May 75, No 2139493~, published 18 Feb 79
- VOZIYANOV, A. F., GIMMEL'FARB, G. L., KOVALEVSKIY, V. A., PETRUSENKO, V. K.
and SEMENOVSKIY, A. G., Institute of Cybernetics of the Ukrainian SSR Acade-
my of Sciences
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AJTOM4TIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B381P]
[Text] A device is proposed for correcting the position of the photoreading
element of an automatic reading device, which contains a drive connected to
the photoreading element whose output is connected to the identification
block, and an amplif ication block connected to the drive. The device con-
tains a functional transducer connected to Che identification block, a sig-
nal shaping block of the operating system connected to the drive and a com-
- parison block whose inputs are connected to the functional transducer and -
the signal shaping block of the operating system, while the output is con-
nected to the amplification block. The functional transducer contains a -
series-connected decoder, AND elements and a logic subasse~ebly. Figures 1;
references 2. [195-6521J
~ 4 ~
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USSR L'DC 681.327.12 (088.8)
PLOTTING BOARD FOR READING GRAPHICAL INFORMATION
USSR Patent No 647705, claimed 22 Apr 77, No 2478961, published 18 Feb 79
KOSHCHEY, A. M., Special Design and Technological Office [SKTB] of Computer
Equipment
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELIIrIEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B503P]
[Text] A plotting board is known which contains a resistive plate with co-
ordinate lines connected to a power supply source and a transparent clamping
plate. The purpose of the invention is to increase the speed of the plotting
board. A conducting plate located between the clamping and resistive platea
and a movable magnetically sensitive contact located in the gap between the
resistive and conducting plates have been introduced to it for this purpose.
Figures 1; references 2. [195-65~1]
- USSR UDC 681.335.5(088.8)(47)
MUI,TIPLICATION DEVICE
USSR Patent No 651359, claimed 6 Jul 77, No 2504460, published 5 Mar 79
BABAYAN, R. R. and MOROZOV, V. P., Institute of Control Problems
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VXCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B516~]
[Text] The device contains a multiplier element with controlled transcon-
ductance and paraphase outputs, the first of which is connected to the in-
verting input of the operational amplifier and through a first scale resis-
tor to the output of the device. An additional operational amplifier whose
inverting input is connected to the second output of the multiplier element
and whose output is connected through second and third scale resistors ~to
the first and second outputs of the multipler element was introduced into
the device in order to increa~e the accuracy of multiplication. Figures 1.
' [195-6521]
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USSR UDC 681.326.7(088.8)(47)
COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE
USSR Patent No 641453, claimed 3 Dec 76, No 2436513, pu'ulished 7 Jan 79
MKRTUMYAN, I. B., KARAKHANYAN, M. 0., AKOPYAN, E. V. and DZHILIAVYAN, S. T.
[Fran REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
. TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL`NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B210P] -
[Text] The device contains a memory block, adjustable data register, opera-
tions decoder, switch, register of state, register of zone and two coff~pari-
son circuits. A preventive checking register, counter, address selection
block and voltage level switching block whose input is connected to the out-
put of the preventive checking register are introduced into the device to
increase the repairability of a compu~er. Figures 1. [195-6521]
_ i
~
USSR UDC 681.325.57(088.8)(47) ~
DEVICE FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF NORMALIZED NUMBERS
USSR Patent No 648980, claimed 19 Apr 76, No 2349039, published 25 Feb 79
BAKI,AN, B. A. , Statc: All-Union Design and Technological Cffice on Design of
Calculating Machines, Expeiimental Plant _
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA ~
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLI~EL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B231p]
[Text] The device contains a partial product adder, a first register, a
ser_ond register, iirverae value calculation block, control block, paztial '
product formation block and accumulator register. An AND and a multipZier -
switch whose f irst input is connected to the output of the control block
were introduced to the device in order to simplify it and to increase the
" speed during division. Figures 1. [195-6521] _
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Sof tware
USSR UDC 681.~22.013 -
AUTOMATIC C~NSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL PROGRAMS, PARALLELING OF EXPRESSIONS AND -
CYCLES
Unknown VYCHTSLITEL'NIY TSENTR SIBIRSKOGO OTDELENIYA AN SSSR [The Computer
Center of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint]
in Russian No 146, 1979
VAL'KOVSKIY, V. A. and ROTOV, V. YE.
[From REFERATIVNYY ~HURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMERHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA =
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHIdIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B30]
[Text] Methods of automatic construction of parallel algorithms and pro-
grams are surveyed. Some sufficiently complete and systematic classifica-
tion of paralleling methods are given in the introduction. The survey of -
papers on restructurization o.f expressions for subsequent parallel perform-
ance is offered in section 1 and the second aection is devoted to parallel-
ing of cyclic structures. [195-6521]
- USSR UDC 681.322.068
POSTULATION OF THE CYCLE REALIZATION PROBLEM IN A CI.ASS OF COMPUTERS
Unknown INSTITUT PRIKLADNOY MATEMATIKI AN SSSR [Institute of Applied Mathe-
matics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint] No 101, 1979
GORELIK, A. M., LYUBIMSKIY, E. Z., MITASIi~LTNAS, A. YU. and TARASOV, V. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMAT~.LKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEK~iNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAY~ TEKHNIKA No 12, 1~79 Abstract 12B70]
[Text] Formal postulation of the problem of cycle realization in a class
of computers is proposed. The principles of formalizing the indexing capa-
bilities of computers are described. A theorem which 3emonstrates the eff i-
ciency of the proposed apparatus is proved. [195-6521]
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_ USSR UDC 025.43(~38)
AUTOMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY DICTIONARY OF STEMS BASID ON ASIOR
FILES
Moscaw 3NFORMATIKA in Rusaian Institute of Applied Mz;thematica of the USSR
; Academy of Sciences 1979
AVRAMENKO, V. S.
[From REFE1t~,TIVNYY ZHURNAL, INFORMATIKt'. No 11, 1979 Abstract 11I197K]
[Text] A method of constructing a frequency dictionary of stems ("zero
thesaurus") based on files introduced into the ASIOR information retrieval
syszem and numbering approximately 260,000 documents is described. A method
of administering the dictionary of stems is outlined. The program for crea- _
tion of the dictionary of stems is written in BEMSh autocode (BESM-6). The
dictionary provides specific search functions and the irput vocabulary check-
ing function in the ASIOR-M information retrieval system. Figures 5; refer-
ences 5. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.3.06
DESIGNING A FOREX TRANSLATOR FOR THE AS-6 CENTRAL PROCESSOR
Unknown INSTITUT PRIKLADN~~ MATEMATIKI AN SSSR [Institute of Appliea Mathe-
matics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint] in Russian No 59, 1979
GALATENKO, V. A. and KHODULEV, A. B.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKI~TIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B68] ~
[Text] Design of the FOREX Fortran compiler for the AN-6 central processor
is described. Brief characteristics of the AS-6 central processor are given.
Agreements on the relationships between subprograms are described. Compara-
. tive data on the operation of th~ translator for the BESM-6 and the central
processor are presented. [195-6521]
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- USSR UDC 681.322.015 `
MODERN DIALOGUE IDITORS
- Moscow IN~TITUT PRIKLADNOY MATEMATIKI AN SSSR [Institute of Applied Mathe-
matics of the USSR Academy of Sciences] in Russian 1979
LYUBIMSKIY, E. Z. and MALINKIN, A. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
- TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 19~9 Abstract 12B77K]
[Text] A systematic survey of the facilities available to the user of mod-
- ern dialogue editors of pYogram texts is given. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.327.067 _
THE DISPATCHER IN THE FAUST SYSTEM, PART 1, THE STRUCTURE OF THE ~iISPATCHER,
MEMORY AND PROCESSOR CONTROL
Serpukhov INSTITUT FIZIKI VYSOKIKH ENERGIY [Inatitute of High-Energy Physics,
Preprint] in Russian No 79, 1979
BOYTSOV, V. N., VONCH-OSMOLOVSKIY, A. L., IVANOV, YU. N., SYCHEV, A. YU. and
SHCHERBAKOV, YE. D.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract I2B7)
[Text] A dispatcher which performs the function of a standard. real-time
operating system in the FAUST system is considered. The structure, composi- ~
= tion and characteristics of the dispatcher related to the specifics of multi-
access organization in the system of projectors connected to ICL-1903A type -
computers are described. References 13. [195-6521]
- 9
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Fox or�r~lcl~ u5~ uNLY
- USSR UDC 681.322.06.6 =
THE DIALOGUE SYSTIIri OF WORKING WITH SYMBOLIC LIBRARIES IN THE OPERATING
SYSTEM OF THE UNIFIID COMPUTER SYSTEM
Serpukhov INSTITUT FIZIKI VYSOKYKH ENERGIY [Institute of High-Energy Physics]
in Russian No OMBT-56, 1979 ~ -
VOSKRESENSKIY; N~. A., KUL'MAN, N. YU. and KtTL'MAN, T. N.
~ ~:~~!~~~,7r
[From REFEF.~T_IVIJXY ZHURNAL, A~'TOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCIiISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TIIZHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B63] -
~ [Text] The REBUS system, designed to work with symbolic libraries af the
unified opexa.ting system in the dialogue mode is described. There are dif-
ferent possibilities of working with aections and also a convenient text
editor. References 3. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.322.068
EXPANDING THE CAPABILITIES OF FORTRAN-IV LANGUAGE OF THE YeS-1010
DUBNA OB`YENINENYY INSTITUT YADERNYKH ISSLEDOVANIYE [Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research, Communication) in Russian No 10-12358, 1959
~ SERGEYEV, S. V.
(Fram REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELF~IEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B93]
[Text] Subprograms which permit the program carried out in FORTRAN-IV
language to utilize more completely the capabilities offered to the user of
the YeS-1010 operating system have been developed. The subprograms LA, MEM
and MOVE permit the call progr~m access to the monitor tables, to dynamical-
~ ly create and utilize data files located in an arbitrary place of the memo-
_ ry, to work with the user address of the memory and to accomplish interaction
of programs connected to different interrupt levels of the YeS-1010 system.
The DCIO subprogram exchanges data with any zone of ~he system ma~netic _
disc. The ARIN subprogram permits introduction of numbers in a format with _
floating decimal, changing the FORTRQN~IV format input system. The given
subprogr$ms facilitate the use of high-level FORTRAN-IV language in writing
programs for reception and preliminary processing of physical information
for the YeS-1010. [195-6521] -
10 -
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USSR UDC 681.322.068
INTRODUCING COMPILER FOR CDi FOR COMPILERS ON THE BESM-6 COMPUTEIt _
Dubna OB'YEDINENYY INSTITUT YADERNYKH ISSLIDOVANIYE [Joint Institute of
Nuclear Research, Preprint] in Rusaian No P11-12340, 1979 _
MAKARENKOVA, A. D., NAZAROV, YU. A. and KHOSHENKO, A. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHUANAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELF.MEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA -
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B72]
[Text] The most typical properties of the declaration language of CDL [Com-
puter description language] translators are considered. A two-pass circuit
for converting the CDL transmitter from a CDC-6500 computer to a BESM-6 com-
puter and ita main operating characteristics during operation of the trans- _
lator in the Dubna operating system are presented. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.322.068
REALIZING THE ANALYTICAL CONVERSION LANGUAGE ON A BESM-6 TYPE COMPUTER _
_ Dimitrovgrad NII ATOMNYKH REAKTOROV [Scientific Research Institute of Atomic
Reactors, Preprint) in Russian No 17 (376), 1979
MARKOV, YU. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TEL~iEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B92]
[Text] Realization of analytical conversion language on a BESM-6 type com- _
puter is described. The values of the variable language may be matrices as
the elements of which not only numbers but al.so analytical expressions are
permitted. The assignment and transformation operators are determined for
those variables in the language. Main attention in realization is devoted
to the efficiency of processing large analytical expressions. [195-6521]
11
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USSR UDC 581.326.3
- CONTROL OF DATA FLOWS IN COMPUTER NETk'ORKS '
~ Moecow IZMERENIYA, KONTROL', AVTOMATIZATSIYA [Measurement, Control and Auto-
; mation] in Russian No 4/2Q, 1979 pp 34-41, 55
BOGUSLA~ISKIY, L..B., KOGAN, YA. A~. and MARTIROSYAN, V. A.
[From ~EFERATIVNYY ZI~URN~,L, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, V1CHI5I.ITEL'NAYA.TEKHNIKA vo 12, 1979 Abstract 12B3~9 by V. T.
Mitroshina]
[Text] Problems of flow control of computer networks in the postal service -
are considered. The goals and tasks of the flow control are determinPd.
Classification of the flow control mechanisms and their general character-
istics are givsr~. The mechanisms for prevention of bottlenecks are described.
Such basic mechanisms of flow control as that of information processors in
ARPANET at the level of tranaport stations, mechanisme of adaptive flow con-
trol and isorhythmic control, the mechanism of uaing resources of network
- data flow processea, the "window" mechaniam and two-level control of chan-
nels in a virtually commutated channel and mechanisms of limiting th~ load
in channels are described. The variety of flow control mechanisms is de-
termined by diff erences in the designation and purposes of the poatal ser-
vice, the configuration of protocols, so�tware and hardware and methods of
switching different computer networks. Figures 1; references 30. [195-6521]
USSR UDC 681.3:519.68
BLOCK-SCHIIKATIC MICROPROGRArIl~1ING LANGTJAGE AND SOME PROBLEMS OF REALIZING IT
Riga TSIFROVTYA USTROYSTVA I MIKROPROTSESSORY [Digital Devices and Micro-
processors] in Russian No 3, 1979 pp 102-126
MARIN, A. V. ana SRORUBSKIY, V. I. ,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B47]
[Text] The genexal characteristics of ad~ustable high-level microprogram-
ming languages (YaMP) are considered and an informal description of the
block-schematic cnicroprogramming language belonging to a oiven class of
microprogramming langua~;�as is presented. The main problems which occur in
construction of a translator from block-schematic microprogramming language
are determined. Figures 2; tables 1; references 9. [195-6521]
12
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l
USSR UDC 62-501.72
POSTULATION AND INVESTIGATION OF SOME OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROBLEMS IN PRO-
GRAMrIING COMPLEXES
~ Moecow POSTANOVKA I ISSLIDOVANIYE NEKOTORYKH ZADACH OPERATIVNOGO UPRAVLENIYA
V PROGRAMMNYKH KOMPLEKSAKH in Ruseian 1979, 32 pp (manuscript deposited in �
VINITI, No 271:~-79, 19 Jul 79)
MARKUV, V. V., Institute of Control Problems of USSR Academy of Sciences
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAI., AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
- TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHIQIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B17 DEP. Author's
abstract]
[TextJ Problems of operational control of a complex program system oriented -
- toward solution of applied large-dimension problems are considered. The
p~~ogram cample:c consists of a control program (resident) and a aet of load
modules which are procedures performing specif ic calculating functions and
which do not contain working files recorded from the dimensions of the prob- -
lem in their body. Working files are allocated for each procedure dur~ng
the time of ita operation at a free point of the internal storage and are
not retained upon emerging from the procedure. Information is exchanged
between procedures through common information filea stored during problem-
solving. The atrategy of dynamic diatribution of the internal storage be- .
longing to a packet with the absence af fragmentation has been selected
and ~ustified. The operating maies of the control program are investigated
as a function of the volume of the dynamically distributed region of the in-
ternal storage and the composition of the load modules ~n the procedures
circuit. The problem of designation of checking points at a given time in-
terval has been postulated and solved to monitor the quality of the calcula-
tion process in each program unit by the control program. References 4. -
[195-6521] -
13 '
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PUBLICATION ON RESEARCH IN MACHINE TRANSLATION
Moscow ISSLEDOVANIYA PO MASHINI"IOMU PEREVODU i~n Russian 1979, pp 1, 2, 318-320
[Annotation and table of contents from book by 0. S. Kulagina, Nauka, 1950
copies, 324 pp] _
[Text] USSR Academy of Sciences
Order of Lenin
~ Institute of Applied Mathematics imeni M. V. Keldysha -
Scientific Council on the Complex Problem "Kibernetika"
UDC S19.76.651.926; 681.3: 801.5 _
Kulagina, 0. S. Research in machine translation. Moscow, "Nauka," 1979, -
324 pp. The book describes the development of research in machine trans-
lation (MP). It defines the fundamental concepts in MP, gives ~the history of
MP as a scienti:tc tool, and gives a review of Soviet and forelgn MP
systems.
The French system of machine translation FR-II, an experimental system of
MP from French to Russian is examined in detail. Morphological, and syn-
tactic analysis and synthesa.s, transformations and the computer realization
of the FR-II system are described. Examples of translations performed by
_ the computer are given and their quality evaluated.
This edition is intended for specialists in automatic processing of natural
language texts, mathematicians and linguists.
34 tables, 5 illustrations and 124 titles of bibliography. 1950 copies.
CONTENTS
[Excerpts]
Part one _
Machine Tranalation. Concepts, History, Result
14
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Chapter one.
The concept of "machine translation"
1. On the term machine translation
2. On the formulation of the probiem of machine translation and
approaches to ita eolution.
3. The history of machine translation
Chapter two.
The development of machine translation
_ 1. On the generations of machine translation systems
2. The development of the linguiatic aspect =
3. The developmer.t of the mathematical aspect
4. The development of the programming aspect .
5. Prospects for development
Chapter three.
The mathematical aspect of systems of machine translation
1. Koch`s algorithm
- 2. Woods' network grammars
3. Q-systems and the Q-trans~ormer
4. Sof tware of the GETA group
Chapter four.
Some systems of machine translation
1. The FR-I system of French-Russia translation
= 2. The transition from first to second generation systems
3. Practically operating systems of machine translation
4. The FR-II system of Russian-French translation
5. A system using the Preference Semantic
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: lzdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1979
~ 202-9825]
9825
CSO: 1863
15
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FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY
USSR UDC 68I.322.01
THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
Leningrad STRUKT[JRA ELEKTRONIKH V~CHISLITEL'NYKH MASHTN [The Structure of
Electronic Computers] in Rusaian Izdatel'stvo Maehinoatroyeniye 1979 -
MAYOROV, S. A. and NOVIKOV, G. I.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCAISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCiiISLtTEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B16K by S. G.
Romanova]
[Text] The principles of con8truction and the methods of circuit engineer-
ing design of computers and digital computer devices are outlined. The struc-
tures of general-purpose, mini- and microcomputers are described. Methods _
of designing the block and schematic diagrams of processors, input-output
channels and external control equipment and methods of synthesizing opera-
tional and control automatons are considered. The principle of priority of
functions with regard to structures is the basis of the method ~f outlining,
from which it follows that the camputer structure, i.e., the circuit config-
uration, is predetermined by the corciputer function. Unlike the traditional
_ approach when ~he princi.ples of computer construction and design are con-
sidered from components and termimate in a description of the computer as a
whole, the material is outlined in reverse order: the computer functions
are initially determined, which are then detailed to separate devices, sub-
assemblies and components. It is noted that this procedure of outlining is
more efficient because it coincides with the procedure of computer design
and aimpiifies the study of the bases of computer technology, aince in this
case each circuit engineering solution is perceived as a necessary one pre-
determined by previous solutions.
[195-6521]
- r
~
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USSR UDC 681.322.068
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPING PROGRAM SYSTEMS
Moscow TEKHNOLOGICHESKIYE ASPEKTY SOZDANIYA PROGRAMMNYKH SISTEM in Russian
Izdatel'stvo Statistika 1979
~'UKSMAN, A. L.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELII~IANIKA I VYCHISLITII.'NAYA
TEKHNIKA, VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA No 12, 1979 Abstract 12B60K by T. M.
Kuznetaova]
[Text] The main problems arising in development of program syatems are con-
sidered. Variant networks as a means of determining the ~ustification for
- a pro~ect and operating routes with examples of their practical application
are described. The bases and technology of vertical stratif ication of pro-
grama and the instrument complex are outlined. A number of stages of devel-
opment of programming language is presented and the language of INSTR in�-
_ ~ strument programming is described. A retrospective analyeis af the techno-
logical aspects of developing program systems ie given. [195-6521]
17
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UTILIZING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Moscow EKSPLUATA751YA VYCHiSLITEL'NOY TEiWNIKI in Russian 1978 pp 230,
231
[Annotation and table of contents from the book "Ekspluatatsiya Vychisli-
tel'noy Tekhniki" by Mikhail Moiseyevich Rapeport~ Izdatel'stvo Vysshaya
Shkola, signed to press 9 August 1978, 20,000 copies, 231 pages]
[Text] ANNOTATION
In this textbook the author describes the purpose and technical operating
characteristics of keyboard and punchcard computers, as well as organiza-
tianal forms for the use of computer technology. He also present methods
and programs for worki ng wi th computers .
Tha book also contains an explanation of the principles of accounting, ra- -
- tional calculation methods and procedures, percentage calculations, and
proportional division.
This textbook is intended for the training of keyboard and punchcard com- ,
puter operators in professional and technical education institutions and
can also be useful to people receiving professional training while on the ~
job. '
TABLE OF CONTEN7S
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Section l. Principles of Accounting
Chapter l. SubJect artd f~ethods of Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. Purpose and Goals of Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. The Account i ng Bal anc~: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Accounts and Double Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b ~
4. Principles of the Classification of Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ,
Chapter 2. Techniques and Forms of Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
18
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~
Page
- 5. Ac~ounting Docwnents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
_ 6. Forms of Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Section 2. Computation Techniquas
- Chapter 3. Abbraviated and Approximate Computations . . . . . . . . . . 27
7. Methods for Abbreviated Computations . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . 27
' 8. Approximate Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 4. Computation of~Percentages and Average Values. 32
9. Percentage Computations, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10. Average Values a~d Proportional Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3b
_ i l . International System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 5. Means of Simplifying and Mechanizing Computations. 43
12. Computation Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13. Office Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14. The S1 i de Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Section 3. Keyboard Compute~s and Calculatars
Chapter 6. Add i ng Mach i nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
15. General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
16. Ten-Key Adding Machinas With~Printout on a~Narrow Car~iage. 50
17. Ten-Key Adding Machines With Printout on a Wide Carriage. 54
18, Organizing the Operator's Position and Preparing the Machine for
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5$
19. Performing the Basic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 7. Calculatocs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
20. General Cha~acteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . 65
21. Electromechanical Ten-Key Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
22. Electromechanical Multikey Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
23. Electronic Keyboard Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
24. Organizing the Operator's Position and Preparing the Machine for
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
25. Rational Methods of Working With~Calculators. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 8. Bi 11 ing Calculators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
26. Electromechanical Billing Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
- 27. Electronic Automatic (Billing) Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
28. Organizing the Operator's Position and P~eparing the Machine for
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 9. Accounting Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
29. Electromechanical Accounting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
30. Electronic Accounting Machines. . . . . . . . . . . 120
31. Organlzing the Operato~'s Position and~Preparing the~Machi~e~for
Ope~ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
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Pag~
- Section 4. Punchcard Computers
Chapter 10. Keypunch Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . 127 -
32. The Keypunch Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
33. Manual Keypunch Mach i nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
34. Automatic Keypunch Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1~+3
- 35. Organizing the Operator's Position and Preparing the Machine for
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter I1. Machines for Monitoring and Selecting Punchcards. 155
36, Essenttal Factors in the Monitoring of Punchcards 155
37. Punchcard Verifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15b
38. Organizc~g the Operator's Position and~Preparing the~Punchca~d~Ver-
i fier for Ope~ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
39. Sorters . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
40. Crganizing the Operator's Position and Preparing the~Sorter for Op-
- eration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
41. Collators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
- Chapter 12. Tabulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
- 42. Digi tal Tabulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 -
43. Alphanumeric Tabulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
44. Organizing the Operator's Position and Preparing the Machine~for
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 13. Special Punthcard Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
45, Punchca~d Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4b. Electronic Punchcard Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
47. Electronic Computing Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Section 5. Organizational Forms for Utilizing Computer Technology
_ Chapter 14. Organizi~g Computer Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
48. Forms of Computer Installatlons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
49. Bas i c Space Requi rements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Chapter 15~ Principles of the Mechanization of Acco~rnting and Computa-
tional Work . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . 211
50. Technological Processes in the Mechanized Processing of Information 211
51. Principles in Planning the Mechanization of Accounting. 222
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya Shkola," 1978
[ 100-1 ~l 746]
i 1746
CsO: 1863 =
20 -
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ALGORITHMS
Tashkent ALGORITMY in Russian No 33 191$ pp 2, 92-97
[Annotation, abstracts and autho~ information from the ir~egularly pub-
lished periodical "Algoritmy," edited by D.M. Gafurova, Editorial and Pub-
lishing Council, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent~ signed tQ p~ess
12 May 1978, 500 copies, 97 pages~
[Text] ANNOTATION
This collection of works contains algorithms and desc~iptions of programs
and systems of programs from the Fund of Aigorithms and Programs (FAP) of
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of Cybe~netics and Computer
Center (IK s VTs AN UZSSR). They are concerned with questions of system
and theoretical programning, automatton of the programming process, the
technology of ASU [autanati~ control system] software~ the automatioR and
op~timization of the planning p~ocess~ applied mathematics~ linea ~ algebra,
statistics~ and so on.
This collection is intended for the use of sclentific workers in resea~ch
institutes and planning organizations, as well as graduate students and -
students in advanced courses at VUZ's oriented toward economics and mathe-
matics.
The programs can be obtained by sending official requests to the FAP of the
IK s VTs AN UzSSR.
Editorial Board: Academician af the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences V.K. _
Kabulov (editor-in-chief), A. Abdugafarov~ F.B. Abutaliyev (deputy editor-
_ in-chief)~ T. Bu~iyev., F.M. Garayev, S. Karimberdiyeva~ N. Mukhidinov~ R.A.
Sadykov (chief secretary), Corresponding Membet- of the Uzbek SSR Academy of
Sciences A.N. Filatov.
ABSTRACTS AND AUTHOR INFORMATION
~
21
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uoC 681.3:518.5
REALIZATION OF A DIALOG INTERPRETER OF AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL LANGUAGE
SHATROV, VALERIY FEDOROVICH~ sector chief~ Computer Centar, TashGU ~Tash-
kent State University]~ and DRUKH~ PAVEL TSALEVICH, student~ Ta~shGU. -
The authors describe the reallzation of a dialog systam for formu~ating re-
trieval inquiries in an automated library comptex. They descrtbe a method
for optimizir.g the retrieval algorithm. References 5. -
- UDC 6$1.31.01
ON ONE METiit~G FOR ORGANiZiNG INFORMATION FILES
LEVIN~ YURIY VIKTOROVICH~ dlvision chief, Information-Computer Center, Uz-
bek SSR Ministry of Industrial Co~struction~ Tashkent. -
The author discusses one method of organizing information files that con-
tain both fixed and rec~rrent data. The structure of the files can be
changed at any moment by a user who is no2 a progrartmer. The processing
programs have the capability of automatically adJusting themselves to a new
information file structure. References 7.
u~C 518.5
AN ALGORITHM AND A PROGRAM FOR CLASSIFYING FEATURES BY THE METHOD OF MULTI-
� STEP PROBABILITY ESTIMATION
ABUTALIYEV, FARADEY BASYROVICH~ doctor of physical and mathematical sclen-
ces~ laboratory chief, IK s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent, and AKHATOV~ YURIY KON-
STANTINOVICH, Junior scientific worke~, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The algorithm and the program are intended far the solution of problems
having to do with the probability selection of the values of a feature in a
_ regular grid, gtven its known values at any points in the area and allowing ;
- for their interaction. References 2.
UDC 624.073 -
ON THE QUESTION OF CONSTRUCTING AN ELEMENT RIGIDITY MATRIX
KURMANBAYEV, ~ALTABAY, candidate of physical a~d mathematical sciences, de- _
pa~tment head, TashGU, and POLATOV, ASKHAD MUKHAMEDZHANOVICH~ graduate stu-
_ dent, TashGU.
The authors describe a technique for constructing an element rigidity ma-
trix with differing numbers of nodes. For the realization of the algorithm
they propose a speclai form of coding for the terms of the interpolation
polynomial. References 8.
22
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- uDC 519.3
CALCULATING STEADY-STATE FILTRATION BY THE METHOD OF FINITE ELEMENTS
SADYKOV, RAVIL' ABDUGANIYEVICH~ candidate of physical and mathematical sct- _
ences~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent, and USMANOV, KHAKIM KHAMIDOVICN~ g~adu-
ate student, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors discuss the use of the method of finite clements to solve plane
, problems of steady-state filtr~tion where boundary conditions of the ftrst~ -
second or third type can be given on the boundary of the area. The varia-
tional problem of minimizing the enargy functio~al is reduced to an equiva-
lent problem of the solution of a system of nonlinear algeb~alc equations.
In order to find the solution, the authors use Newr.on's method i, combina-
tion with the matrix dispersion method.
The calculation program is written in ALGOL-60 for use with a BESM-6 high-
speed computer and is d~awn up in the form of a pc-ocedure. References 2.
= uDC 532.546.013.2
A PROGRAM FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF NON-STEADY-STATE FILTRATION IN TWO- ~
LAYERED, GAS-DYNAMICALLY INTERACTIN~ STRATA
ADYLOV, ANVAROYEK KAYUMOVICH, ~unior scientific workzr, IK s VTs AN UzSSR,
Tashkent, and BABAKAYEV, SALIY NAPESOVICH, junior scienttfic worker, IK s
VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent.
The authars discuss the non-steady-state influx of gas into a c~entral well
that is imperfeet with respect to the degree of cove~age unde~ conditions
of tiyd~odynamic interaction with the adJacent stratum, the filtration pa-
rameters of which can be lower by several orders of magnitude than those of
the bed being developed. The computationa) plan for the calculattons on a
computer is based on the theory of economic plans as it applies to multi-
dlrnensional (quasi-three-dimensional) boundary-value problems for nonlinear
- p~raboltc systems. The a~~thors present the results of computer calcula-
tions in the form of tables. The program is writte~ in ALGOL-60 for use
with a BESM-6 high-speed computer. References 3.
UDC 518.5.66.081
A PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE PROBLEM OF ION-EXCHANGE FILTRATION ACCORDING
TO THE SAMARSKIY-FRYAZANOV METHOD
RAKHIMOV, MAKHMUD YADGAROVICH, senior engineer~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent.
The author presents an algarithm for calculating the problem of ion-
, exchange filtration wtth land improvement by siit depositl~n. The system
of plain differential equations that describes the filtration process is
solved by the (Kutt-Merson) method, while the ion-exchange sorption equa-
_ tions are approximated by Samarskiy-Fryazanov's method and the system of
23
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algebraic equations that is obtained is solved by the joint dispersion
method. The computation error with respect to the mate~ial balance equa-
tions is calculated in each temparal layer. References 2.
- UDC 626.814:624,824
A PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING RUNNING TIME DURING THE MODELING OF RIVER DRAIN- -
AGE `
ABDURAIMOV, M.~ and ALIMOV, SH.A. [no information]
The authors propose a program for calculating wave running time by the dis- -
_ persion method. It is written in ALGOL-60~ for use with a BESM-6 high-
speed computer. References 2.
UDC 62-522:628.14/15:681.3
- AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS OF COMPLICATED~ MULTIRING
WA?ER SUPPLY LINE NETWORKS WITH SEVERAL FEE~-IN SOURCES
SADULLAYEV, RAKHMATULLO SADJLLAYEVICH, candidate of technical sciences, -
laboratory chief, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent, and SUKHANAYEVA, LILIYA
DZHALILOVNA~ graduate student~ Tashkent Polytechnical Institute, Tashkent.
This integrated prograr~ for hydraulic calculations is Fntended zo be used
- for the hydraulic correlation of complex~ multiring water supply line net- ~
works �Nith several wate~ sources and more than 50U sections.
The rarogram makes it possible to correlate the netw4~k not only with re-
spect to the rings, but also with respect to selected directions of the
flow from one water source to another. The values of the piezometric marks
and the free heads are determined at each Junction in the network. The -
program is d~awn up in codes used by the M-220 computer and has been regis- -
tered as a standard one. References 3.
uoC 621.39.052
ON ONE METHOD OF CALCULATING AN INFORMATION TRANSMISSION NETWORK _
ADYLOVA~ ZUKHRA TUYCHIYEVA, candidat~ of t~chnical sciences~ laboratory
head, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, and KABULOV, BAKHROM TAKHIROVICH~ graduate stu-
dent, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors ~olve the probl2m of the distribution of an information flow
over comnunication channels. They present an expression for the maximum
- value of the intensity of the total flow of information of each priority
and the conditions for the use of a communication channel to transmit mes-
- sages of a given priority. The algorithm is realized in the form of a pro-
gram written in BASIC FORTRAN for a Ye5-1020 compute~. References 1.
uDC 338.984+62-5
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CALCULATING THE TEMPORAL PARAMETERS OF A NETWORK MODEL
BALAKHONOV, VLADIMIR NIKOLAYEVICH~ senior engineer~ ASU SPKB [Special Plan-
ning and Design Office]~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent, and VILENCHIK, VITA-
lIY BORISOVICH~ candidate of physical and matk~ematical sciences~ software
- project designer, ASU SPKB~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent.
This complex Is intended for the calculatton of a network's temporal param-
eters. In addition, when the initial information is givan the follawing
type~ of e~rors ~re detected: assignment of two initial network events,
assignment of two final events, the presence of a cycle, the presence of _
- truncated events, the lack of an initial event.
The complex consists of seven program units written in FORTRAN-IV for use
with a Minsk-32 computer. References 1.
UDC 681.3,06
ALGORITHM AND PROGRAM FOR THE HARMONIC PERFECTION OF THE PROPERTIES AND RE- -
LATIONSHIPS OF OBJECTS �
AKHMEDOV, ERKIN ISLAMOVICH~ senior engineer~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The author prop4ses an algorithm and a program for consolidating and dis-
tinguishing ha rnionic, beautiful �nd abnorma) properties, qualities, things
- and relationships. He introduces formalized concepts of good, evil, harmo-
ny~ beauty, abnormality an~ perfection. He also discusses the systems ap-
proach to determining the level of development of objects and their quali
ties for the purpose of harmonic imp~ovement. References 3.
UDC 33~.115:65.012.2
HIGH-SPEED ALGORITHM FOR APPROXIMATING THE ELEMENTS OF A MULTIDIMENSIONAL
MATRIX
MIRZAKHMEDOV, ERIK A., chief, Computer Center, Central Asian Railroad Ad-
- ministration~ Tashkent
The author describes a high-speed algorithm for approximating the elements
of a multidimensional matrix. The algorithm is realized on Minsk-32 and
YeS-1022 computers and provides a solution to the problem of correlating
technical and State plans for freight shipme~ts on the Central Asian Rail-
rnad. The solution time for th~ee-dimensional 10 x 28 x 50 matrices is
- about 0.5 minutes, while for two~dimensional 50 x 50 matrices it is 0.1
minutes.
COPYRIGHT: Redaktsionno-Izdatel-skiy Sovet AN UzSSR, 1978
[146-11746]
11746
Cso: 1863
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J ~
ALGORITHMS � ' ~
Tashkent AL~~RITMY.in Ru'ssien No 35 1978 pp Z~ 99-104
[Annotation~ abstracts and author inforn~ation from the irregularly pub-
lished periodical !'Algoritmy," edited by D.M. Gafurova, Editortal and Pub-
'~~li~hing Council, Uibek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent~ signed to press 8
- December 1978, 500 copies, 104 pages]
[Text] ANNOTATION
This collection of works contains algorithms and descriptlons of programs
- �and systems of programs from the Fund of Algo~rithms ~nd Prog~ams (FAP) of
-the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of Cybernetics and Computer
Center (IK s VTs AN UzSSR). They are concerned with questions of system _
and theoretical progrartming~ automation of the programming process~ the
technology of ASU [automatic control system] softwa~e~ the automation and
optimiaation of the planning process~ applied marhematics, linear algebra,
statistics~ and so on.
This cotlection is intended for the use of scientific workers in research
institutes and planning o~~anizations~ as well as graduate students and
students in advanced courses at VUZ's oriented toward economics and mathe-
matics.
the programs can be obtained by sending official requasts to the FAP of the
IK s VTs AN UzSSR.
ABSTRACTS AND AU7HOR INFORMATION
uoc 54t.i24/128(075.8)
ALGORITHMS FOR THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE KINETICS OF CHEMICAL PRO-
CESSES
AYUPOV, RAVSHAN KHAMDAMOVICH, senior engineer, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent,
and GONTAR', VLADIMIR GRIGOR'YEVICH, candidate of chemicai sciences~ divi-
sior~ hnad~ SKTB [Special Design and Technological Office], institute of
Electronics, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences~ Tashkant. `
26
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The authors explain the algorithms of an automated system fo~ the statisti-
cal analysis of experimental data on the kinetics of complex chemical pro-
ce~ses. These algorithms include the automatic fo~mulation and solution of
all the equations of a problem in statistical analysis i~ connection with -
- the selection of the mechanisrc~ for the occu~rence of a chemical process
that adequately describes the expnrimental data. References 4. -
UDC 681.142.2
ON ONE VERSiON OF THE DISPAK OPERATING SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION
WITH DtFFERENT SYMBOL CODINGS
INOYATOV~ AKRAM INOYATOVICH, candidate of technical sciences, labo~atory
chfef, IK s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent, and ARTYKOV, SAKIDZHAN, and PAK~ ALEK-
SANDR VASIL'YEVICH, senior engineers~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors describe the operating principles of a new version of the
DISPAK operating system for processing information with arbitrary encoding _
of the symbols. They give a brief description of the MUL'TIDOSTUP [multi-
ple access] "man-machine" dialog system. References 4.
uoC 621.019.3.001.57
AN ALGORITH~1 FOR FORMING RANDOM STATES OF ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX CONTROL
, SYSTEM
ISKHAKOV, DAVRAN MUINOVICH, candidate of technical sciences~ Junior scien-
tific worker~ !K s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tashkent, and GLUSHCHENKO, OL'GA NIKOLA-
YEVNA~ engineer, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors p~opose a standard procedure for forming random states of ele-
ments of a complex control system (SSU) according to the ~eliability fea-
ture: capable of working or failure. Se~ondary failures of elements are
taken into consideration. The procedure can be used when evaluating an
SSU's capability for work~ r~liability level and efficiency. A test prob-
lem is solved, using as an example the control system of the drying and ab-
sorption process in sulfuric acid production. References 1.
uDC 681.325
MODELING THE CENTRAL CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROBLEMS IN
A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM
MUKHAMEDOV, BATYR MANSUROVICH, candidate of technical sciences, senior sci-
entific worker, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent, and SAMANDAROV, VAKHITZHAN IS-
_ KANDAROVICH~ graduate student~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors discuss a progrartaning model that makes it possibie to evaluate
the central control algorithms for the distribution of the programmed ele-
ments of users' problems among the processors of a multiprocesso~ computer
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system. They calculate the average program implementation time for each
variant of the central control process.
- The program is written in FORTRAN, for use with a BESM-6 high-speed comput-
er. References 3.
uDC 539.413:681.3.~57
PROGRAM FOR AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION OF THIN, ELAS-
TIC PLATES BY THE METHOD OF VARIABCE DIRECTIONS
. .
BURIYEV~ TOZHIBOY~ doctor of phy~tcal end mathnmatical scinnces, professor~
laboratory cnief;. hK's `Il~'s: AN :UzSSR~ � Tashkent.
The author describes the algorithm~ block diag~am and programming instruc-
tions fa~ an automatic system for the dynamic calculation of thin, elastic
plates in orthogonal, curvilinear coordinates. The algorithm is based on
the finite-difference method of variable directions with second-order accu-
racy. There is alsa a discussion of different supporting conditions for a -
plate: binding, freely resting, free edge. Ref~Tences 5.
UDC 621.01
ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING THE SEISMIC STABILITY OF CONCRETE DAMS OF TI~E
CANTILEVER TYPE
MUKHUTDINOVA, RAKHIMA KHUSNUTDINOVNA, candidate of physical and mathemati-
cal sciences, laboratory chief, Institute of the Mechanics and Seismic Sta-
bility of Structures~ Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, and KARIMOV,
ALLOYAR SHERMETOVICH~ Junior scientific worker~ Institute of the Mechanics
and Seismic Stability of Structures, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tash-
- kent.
_ The authors present algorithms and a description of a program for calculat-
ing the seismic stability of cantilever-type concrete dams on a yielding
foundation that have a flat pressure face. An actual accelerogram is used
in the calculations. ~eferences 3. -
UDC 662.276.518:5
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE WEIGHTS OF FACTORS IN POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS THAT ARE USED TO IDENTIFY OBJECTS
SADULLAYEV, RAKHMATULLO SADULLAYEVICH, candidate of technical sciences,
laboratory chief, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent, and TISHLIKOV, ABDURAIM PAR-
DAYEVICH~ graduate student, IK s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
The authors present an integ~ated program for calculating the weights of
factors that is based on a combined potential function and component analy-
sis method for identifying producing wells that provide the required effect
, on the development of gas and oil deposits. They present the results of
28
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their calculations and the analysis of these results on a computer for gas
and oil deposit development problems. References 3.
_ UDC 625.282
ALGORITHM FOR CALCUI.ATING OPERATIONAL WORK MEASUREMENT FACTORS IN CONNEC-
TION WITH TRAIN MOVEMENTS
NAZAROV~ ABDURAKHMAN PIRMUKHAMEDOVICH, senlor englneer, ASU SPKB ~au~omated
control system Special Planning and Design office]K s VTs AN UzSSR, Tashkent.
This algorithm is used to determine the operational work measurement fac- -
= tors during the movement of trains with given weight norms, as well as with
an ave~age daily amount of movement of freight trains and number of axles
on the trains. It is also used to solve problems relating to the prospect-
ive development and location of iocomotive management projects. References
3.
UDC 621.314.001.57
PROGRAMS FOR ANALYZING TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN LINEAR AND VALVE-TYPE ELEC-
TRICAL CIRCUITS
SMIRNOV, VLADIMIR PAVLOVICH, candidate of technical sc~ences~ reader, -
TashPl [Tashkent Polytechnical Institute]~ Tashkent, and AKBAROV, GAFUR AK-
BAROVICH, Junior scientific wo~ker~ TashPl~ Tashkent.
The authors present algorlthms and programs for analyzing transient proces-
ses in linear a~d valve-type electrical circuits. They were developed on
the basis of homogeneous canonical and noncanonical bases of nodal voltages. -
Piece~tse-linear approximation of the static characteristic of valves (in
the form Rmi~, R~x) and an implicit numerical integration formula after
Euler are used. The programs make it possible to analyze valve systems
with quitc large dimensions by using computers from the YeS EVM [Unified
System of ComputersJ series with minimal internal storage capacities. Ref-
erences 4.
UDC 519.854.3
REALIZATION OF A COMPLETELY WHOLE-NUMBER LINEAR-PLANNING ALGORITHM ON A
COMPUTER
URAZBAYEV~ TEMIRLAN VALIYEVICH, candidate of technical sciences~ director,
ZAKSHEVSKIY, ALEKSANDR GEORGIYEVICH,~division chief, and BIRYUKOV, STANI-
SLAV MIKHAYLOVICH, group leader, GasNIlSredazpromzerryoproyekt~ Alma-Ata.
The authors present a completely whole-tnteger algorithm for solving the
problem of whole-integer programming that distinguishes itself favorably
from (Gomori's) method from the viewpoint of realization on a computer.
References 5,
29
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~ _
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~ UDC 517.949.8
PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE QEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS OF MULTISTRATUFt GAS DE-
POSITS WITH ACTIVE 80UNDARY WATERS
ALIMOV~ ISMAILOZHAN, candidate of technica) sciences, Junior scientific
worker~ IK s VTs AN UzSSR~ Tash~Cent. _
The author formulates the problem and a program (in ALGOL~ for a BESM-6 _
htgh-speed computer) for calculating the basic development parameters of
- hydrodynamically nonconnected, multistratum gas deposits that are being ex-
ploited with due consideration for their acttve boundary waters. Referen-
ces 5. -
COPYRIGHT: RedaktsionRO-Izdatel'skiy Soviet AN UzSSR, 1978
[147-11746] .
11746 ~
- CSO: 1863
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q SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING STATISTICAL INFORMATION ON A COMPUTER
Moscow SISTEMA OBRABOTKI STATISTiCHESKOY INFORMATSII NA EVM in Russian 1977
PP 2. 1, 207-208
[Annotation~ excerpt from introduction and ta~ble of contents f~om the book
"Sistema Obrabotki Statisticheskoy Informatsii na EVM" by Vera ~Iladimi~ovna
B~aga and Tamara Petrovna Panyushkina Izdatel'stvo Statistika, signed to ~
press 22 June 1977, 24~000 copies, 20~ pa~ges]
[Text] ANNOTATION
In this book the authors explain the principles of the planning and crea- -
tion of an automated state statistical sy~tem (ASGS) and desc~ibe its
interaction with other automated systems.
Questtons on the creation of classifiers for statistical i~formation and
the standardization of the forms of statistical documentation ara stated in
accordsnce with the ASGS's requirements.
This handbook is i~tended for workers at computer installations in the USSR
TsSU [Central Statistical Administration] system, as well as those in other
ministries and departments.
It can also be useful to specialists who are engaged in organizing and
planning automatic control systems.
INTRODUCTION
During the development and int~oduction of an ASU [automatic control sys-
tem] there can arise a series of difficulties that sometimes make it impos-
sible to obtain ~he necessary efficiency. This happens frequently where
- they are created without the proper deg~ee of preparedness: without im-
- proving the production processes~ planning methodology and material and
_ technical supply system, and without the necessary attitude toward pe~son-
nel and materlel. Ftrst of all, the leader of the ente~p~ise or organiza-
tion must be interested in the creation of an ASU. It is also necessary to
retraln the personnel for the organization of the ASU. In orde~ to obtain
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FOR or~r~IC1aL u5~ u~vLY
the maxirnum benefit from the use of a computer, the control workers must
eliminate ~a psychological barrier. During the creation of an ASU~ such an
_ important question as investigating the information base (as a result of
which the connections between sepa~ate problems are found, so that they can
be combined into complexes) is avoided. It is now clear that the proper
effect from the int~oduction of an ASU is obtained only when there is an
intsgrated approach to the solution of probUems; this is particularly im-
portant when the problems concern prospecti~?e planning and operational con-
trol.
In some cases problems that are solvable with the help of punchca~d equtp-
ment~ without expanding *~a development program and using the automated da-
ta bank~ are "blindly" assigned to a computer. Until now there have been
no clea~cut criteria defining the parameters for processing individual
- problems with the help of differerrt classes of computer equipment.
There are also several shortcomings in the organization of computer soft-
ware. The standard programs are poorly prepared; programs are frequently
dup~icated by different organizations~ methods for automating programming
_ are used poorly, and the training of programmers is inadequately organized.
The USSR Council of Ministers' State Committee on Science and Tachnology
has approved the software p~ograms for the computers being produced at the
present time. This means that the user receives gua~anteed software pro-
grams together with the computer. An integrated plan of p~oJects fo~ cre-
ating software for the YeS EVM [Unified System of Computers] machines has
also been approved. The autonort~ously financed Tsentrprogrammsistem scien-
tific production association has been set up in Kalinin. This specialized
organization is a base for the development of packages of applied programs
that can be used by different computer installations throughout the coun-
try.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I nt roduct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
l. SubJect and.Content of the Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. The Statewide Autc:rr.:,~ed Information~Colle~,tion and Processing Sys-
tem a New Stage ir~ Raising the Level of Control of the !:ational
_ E conomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1. Basic Principles of the Creation~of the ASGS 10
1. Cha~acteristics of the State Statistical System. . . . . . . . . . . 10
- 2. USSR TsSU's Computer System the Technical Basis of the ASGS 16
3. Creation of the ASGS a Further Imp~ovement in Statistical Work. . 21
4. Stages in the Planning and Introduction of the ASGS. 24
5. Structure of the ASGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. Interaction of the ASGS With Other Automated Control Systems 29
Chapter 2. Functtonal Subsystems of the ASGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1. Charaeteristics of the Functional Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2. Methodological Principles of the Formalized Desc~iption of an
Economic-Statistics Complex . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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Page
Chapter 3, Information Base of the ASGS . , . . . . . . . . . . . 47
l. Concept and General Description of the Information Base. 47
2, Statistical Information as an Information Base Ob~ject. 48
3. Encoding of Statistical Information and C~eati~n of All-Union Class-
ifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 -
4. Standardization of Statistical Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5. Machine Informatlon Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 4. ASGS Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
1 . Concept and Purpose of Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2. Organization of Standard ASGS Software . . . . . . . . . . . 9b
3. Compilation of SpecifOcations and a Working Pian for an Electronic
Processing Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4. Principles of Automation of~Programming and the Concept of Algorith-
mi c Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5. The KOBOL Algorithmic~Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 5. ASGS Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
l. General Info~mation on Keyboard~and~Punchcard Computers. 121
2. Electronic Computers . . . . . . . . . . . 126 _
3. Characteristics of Office~Facilities,~Devices a~d~Data Collection
and P rocess i ng Eq~ i pmen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chpater 6. The 7echnological Process of Information Processing in th~
ASGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 k8
. . . . .
1. Development of the Technology for Processing Statistical Info~mation 148
2. Preparing Statistical Information for Machine Processing . 151
3. Receiving~ Checking and Reco~ding Statistical Information in a Mech-
anized Development Section (Sector) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4. Preparing and Checking Machine Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5. Processing Information on a Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6. Monitoring and Output. . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7. Some Standard Layouts for the~Te~hnological~Process of the Automated
Processing of Statistical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Chapter 7. Examples of the Electronic Processing of Statistical Prob-
1 ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
1. Subsystem for~lndustrial Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Electronic Processing Complex for Current�Reports of industrial En- _
terprises on Fulfillrreent of the Labor Plan, f. No 2-5. 171
Machine Processing f. No 1-p (pe~iodic) of plan 1-m, 8-m, 1-m and
8-m (branch) 8, 3~ 10, 16, 1-p . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
2. Subsystem for Material and Technical Supply Statiytics 183
- Machine Processing of Reports on Su~pluses, Reception and Expendi-
ture of Materials in Capital Construction, f. No 2-sn. 183
- 3. Subsystem for Statistics on New Mate riel . . 191
Machine Processing of the Documentation of lnvestigations for~Reno-
vating Industrial Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4. Subsystem for Commercial Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 -
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Page
Machine Processing of Reports on Fabric Production, in Product
Assortment, f. No 2-p (Commodi ties) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 -
5. Subsystem for Cultural Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . 201
Machine Processing of Reports From Sctentific~lnstitutions According
_ to f. No 5-nk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika," ~977
[l01-11746] -
11746
Cso: 1863
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PUBLICATIONS IN CYBERNETICS
Moscow ALGORITMY I PROGRAMMY in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 3-160
[Following is a list of entries in ALGORITMY I PROGR~IMMY (Algorithms and
Programs), a bibliographfc publicatton GPNTB SSSR. This listing is from -
Vol. 1, No. 1, 1980]
[Excerpts]
3. Issues in the modeling of complex systems/Ukrainian Academy of Sciences,
Institute of Cybernetics--Kiev, 1979-92 p.
From contents: Y. L. Sokolovskiy. An engineering approach to the selec-
tion of configurations of one class at an early stage of design [NIDIS,
BESM-6], pp 3-15; I. G. Kolosovskiy, S. A. Petrosyan. On the processing
of lists in the language PL/l, pp. 25-31; S. S. Azarov. On the modeling,
ueing the facilities of GASP-IV, of a single generalized problem in the _
management of stock, pp. 32-39; S. S. Azarov, M. A. Sakhnyuk, A. V.
Shemshur. The use of the GASP-IV package in the Operating Syatem of the
Unified System Computer, pp. 39-48; A. G. Akhlamov, Yu. B. Pigarev. On the .
construction of interactive problem-oriented systems for modeling discrete
processes. [POSIMEYA language], pp. 49-56. A. G. Akhlamov et al. Method-
ological aspects of the construction of simulation models in the GPSS/FORTRAN _
modeling system. [Unif. Syst. Comp.], pp. 56-63; V. G. Kvachev, L. P.
Yakovenko. On special pro~ects in simulation models of data processing
systems. [NEDIS pp. 64-72; V. A. Pepelyayev. Issues in the automation
of the conatruction of tests for combination circuits by means of the NEDIS
[BESM-6], pp 73-79; V. A. Pepelyayev. Several issues in the modeling of
combinative circuits with faults by means of the NEDIS language. [BESM-6]
PP 80-88.
8. Catalogue of the centralized store of inettiodological material; Compiled
on 1 Jan 1979/Min. of Instrument Building, Means of Automation and Systems
- of Control of the USSR. Soyuzsistemprom. Sci-indust. Assoc. "Tzentrpro-
grammsistem."--Kalinin, 1970-40 pp.
The store contains methodological materials (MM) relating to designing -
Automated Control Systems (ASU), improving the organizational structure of
systems of control of pro3ects taking into account the possibilities of
35
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contemporary means of automated control etc. Provision of organizational
users of MM is effected by contract for aubacription to the MM of a certain
series, by one-time requests based on a bonded letter.
10. Komadrovskiy, V. G. Theory of computer systems. Part 2. Computer
systems, working in parallel modes: Lecture synopsis--Moscow, 1979--76 pp.
Super heading: Moscow Instit. Petrotech. and Gas Industry. TSibliog. 8
titles.. ~
14. A calculat~on of~`the efficacy of multimach~ne computer complexes/ B. Ya. _
Nadler., I. Patratiy, A. I. Stepin, S. A. Khramov.--In bk: The creation
of a Republic-wide automated ~system of control/Sci. Res. Inst. of Design.
Kishinev, 1979, pp 116-124.--Bib: 5 titles.
Obtains the functions which permit a rational selection of the camposition
of a collective use computer center and the evaluat.ion of the expenditures
for its creation ar~d use.
18. The technical resources of mini- and micro-computers/Ukr. Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Counc. on Prob. "Kibernetika." Inst. Cyber.--Kiev, 1979--92 pp.
Biblio. at end of articles. ,
A description of the architecture and structure microprocessors and
- micro-computers and systems based on them. Issu~s relating to the automa-
tion of a scientific experiment, an algorithm for solving finite-difference
equations and its use in digital nets are considered.
20. :akubaytis, Z. A. The architecture of ~pen systema.--Riga, 1979--59
pp--(Preprint/Latvian Acad. Sci. Inst. Elect. and Comput. Techn; TV RO-8).
Biblio: 6 titles.
Th~ logical and program structure of open systems, including a seven level
model, a description of each level and requirements on the system records.
45. Vlasov, A. I. An algorithm for the solution of large low density sys-
tems of linear algebraic equation3--Automation of planning in electxon:
Repub. Interdepartmental Sci-Tech. Collect., 1979, Vol 19, pp 3-6--Biblio:
4 titles.
An algorithm is realized in ALGOL and FORTRAN and used in an experimental
coMplex of programs MTM-222 and in a system of programs for the analysis of
SPARS radioelectronic circuits in combination with procedures for solving
' large low~density.systems of linear algebraic equations with real and
complex non-zero coefficients.
53. Paskonov, V. M., Roslyakov, G. S. The architecture of a package of
applied programs for the solution of ~roblems in aerodynamics--comput `
methods and program: Col. Works/Moscow State Univ./Sci. Res. Comput. Inst.,
1979, Vol 30. Numerical methods in the mechanics of continua, pp 140-157--
Biblio: 2 titles. 36
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The organization of the package makes it possible to broaden its contents--
increase the number of programs, edit programs and store the dat~. for
numerical calculations. All components of the package are caritten in
generally accepted, standard programming languages (e.g., ALGOL and FORTRAN),
which makes it posaible to use the package on different computer models.
69. A package of applied programs "Syatem of automated plannin~ of
technological proceases" (PPP "Tekhnologiya") on the basis of Diak Operating
System of the Unified System: Short description of use/USSR Min. of Inatru-
ment Building, of Automation Devices and Control Systems. Soyuzsistemprom.
Sci.-Indust. Assoc. "Tzentroprogrammsistem."--Kalinin, 1979--6 pp.
Run time of the programs of the package realized in COBOL, with output on -
~ the Alphanumeric printer of operational and route maps of the mechano-
_ processing of five components is 15 min. Address questions about the
acquisition of the package to section 214 at the address: 170023, Kalinin,
Zhdanova St, 10, Tel: 4-44-94.
88. Tabarnyy V. G., Shabel'nikova, D. G. An algorithm for arrangement of
the logical elements of a NIDP (microchannel disk) BIS (large scale inte-
~ grated microcircuit) on a surface.--The Automation of Design in Electronics:
Repub. Inter-Agency Sci.-Tech. Collect., 1979, Vol. 19, pp. 52-57.--Biblio: _
2 titles. -
The algorithm is realized in the program PLACE and contains ca. 700 state-
ments in the PL/1 language. The program is included in the software of an
interactive system for automated pZanning of NIDP BIS.
104. Interactive applied programs in the SETL language/V. G. Glagoleva,
T. A. Vaynshteyn, A. V. Velichko, et al.--Novosibirsk, 1979.--27 p.
(Preprint/Siber. Dept. USSR Acad. Sci. Comp. Cent.; No. 170. Educ.
= Informat. Sci.; Vol. 13).--Biblio at end of chaps.
- 105. Levin, D. Ya. An experiment in the use of a very high level language
(several results)--Novosibirsk, 1979--35 pp. (Preprint/Siber. Dept. USSR
- Acad. Sci. Comp. Cent.; No. 197, Project SETL; Vol. 4) Biblio.: 26 titles. -
- 106. Cheblakov, V. G. The principle of expandibility of programming
systems as a method of increasing efficacy.--Novosibirsk, 1979.--18 pp.--
(Preprint/Siber. Dept. USSR Acad. Sci. Comp, Cent.; No. 180. Project SETL;
Vol. 3)--Biblio: 13 titles.
_ Considers approaches to increasing the e~ficacy o~ planni,ng prpgzamming
systems and issues in the realization of �ixed data types~ Focus moyes ~
from the planning of the architecture of the system to mechan~sms for
expanding and describing the process of development of the system.
Problems of realization are considered in the order in which they arise and
- are solved at di�ferent stages of the creation and development of the system
of programming. The first stage consists of a precise description o~ _
- semantics of the language, which to a great extent is determ~.ned by the
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fixed data types. The second stage is the creation of the minimal nucleus -
of the system satisfying the given sp~cifications. Later there takes place
. an expansion of the semantic basis of the system because of the inclusion
of new variants of representations and realizations of the abstract types of
data taking into account the class of executable programs; iseues related
to the engineering characteristics of the semantic base; the selection of
appropriate representations for the conerete ob~ects of the program. _
115. Voskoboynikov, Yu. E., Itrlcovich, Ye. I. A package of subprograms
fer the construction of smoothing cubic splines. Materials on computer
software.--Novosibirsk, 1979--29.pp..(Preprint/siber. Dept. USSR Acad.
Sci. Instit. Thermophys~ics; No:' 46-79). Biblio: 6 titles.
Gives desr,ription and texts of a FORTRAN subprogram for smoothing and
differentiating tabular functions.
126. Agapov, A. V., Kolosov, B. I., Churayev, R. S. The injection of an -
- electronic beam into a plasma half-space: numerical modeling of a station-
ary process.--Moscow, 1979.--46 pp.--(Preprint/USSR Acad. Sci. I.nst. of "
Space Research; No. PR-50~). Biblio: 9 titles.
The constructio*~ of numerical methods is based on the theory.of iteratively _
regularized diff.erence circuits, providing convergence of solution in
Sobolev's metric. As a result of the calculations performed, oscillation
spectra and the functions of distribution of particles in the beam are
- obtained for large typical relaxation lengths. The derivation of the
fundamental equations and the text of the FORTRAN program are given.
131. Anisimov, V. I., Sokolova, V. V. A problem-oriented package of
applied programs (POPPP) '~r automated design of electronic circuits.---
Proc. of Leningrad Electrotech. Inst., 1979, Vol. 235, Automation of design
and radioelectron. and instrument building, pp. 3-7--Biblio: 3 titles.
- The POPPP in FORTRAN and the Unified System Computer assemblex haye a
modular structure which makes it expandable.
133. Babikov, P. Xe~ Subprograms foz the construct~on of a system o~
orthogonal curv~linear coordinates on an arbitrary surface w~.th continuous
curvature.--Trans/Cent. Aerohydrodynam. Inst~ 1979, Vol~ 2003~ ~erodynam. -
of Heating at Supersoni,c Speeds of Flow: Co11ec. of arts, Qp, 35~78~ -
- FORTRAN-programs GEOPOL, FULER, LAME for the constxucti,on of geodesic polar
coordinates, calculation of Lame coefficients and matrices for convezs~on =
of data of external flow into new coordinates. _
134. Babikov, P. Ye. A program for the calculation of thermophysical -
parameters of actua~ air.---Trans/Cent~ Aerohydrodyn. Inst., 1979~ Vo1. 2003.
Aerodynam. Heating at Supersonic Speeds of Flow; Collect. art., p~. 147-159~*-
Biblio: 5 titles.
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FORTFtAN program fox computation of the values approximating functions and
coefficients of transfer of air, ~Tith error no worae than 1% in the range
of variation of preasure of 10-10~ Pa. and of temperature of 100-6000 K.
The time for this calculation ie SI maec. per calculation point with a
computer speed of 1 million operations per sec., the size of working
' memory being 500 cells.
146. Leont'yev, V. A., Deynega, Ye. P. Methodology for preparing initial -
information for calculation of the motion of a flexible blade of the main
rotor of a helicopter--Moscow, 1979.--17 pp.--Trana/Cent. Aerohydrodyn.
Inst., Vol. 2023.
Gives a FORTRAN program for calculating the motion of a blade with a hinged
and rigid fastening to the bushing of the main rotor. The results of the
calculation for the blade of the Mi-8 helicopter confirm the fact that the
given method is accurate enough for practical use.
178. 2adiraka, V. K., Mikhalevich, V. S., Sergiyenko, I. V. Issues in the
development of software for solving problems in the statistical processing
of data.--Kiev, 1979--47 p. (Preprint/Ukr. Acad. Sci., Inst. Cyber: No.
79-50).--Biblio: 19 titles.
Describes algorithms for evaluating probability characteristics of random
_ quantities and processes in FORTRAN (for the BESM-6 computer) and on the -
Unified System computer. Considers the distinguishing features of the
methods of statistics, consisting of the selection of the most effective
evaluations and in the description of all possible errors in the computer
processing of data. -
186. Aksenov, V. V., Voronin, Yu. A., Mazhul~, G. R. A package of applied
- programs of the subsystem "Progress of wurk report" (Formalization of control -
, o~ bCi~ntifi,c research woxk and exper~mental des:ign work).~-Novosi,bi.xsli:
1979--29 pp. (Preprint/S3,bex. Dept. USSR Acad. Sci., Comput. Cent.;
No. 193).--Bi,blio: 3 titles,
. Gives a FORTRAN-program in the form of a listing of the FORTRAN tranalator.
Size of magnetic core storage 256k bytes with three disk drives.
194. Ivanov, B. V. Development of a program of statistical modeling of `
nonlinear effects in a mosaic of an electronic-semiconductor apparatus.--
Proc. Leningr. Electrotech. Inst., 1979, Vol. 235. Automation of planni.ng ~
in raciioelectron and instrument building, pp. 74-78. Biblio: 10 tit?es.
Describes a FORTRAN program of statistical mode],ing~ taking account o~ the
influence of diffusi,on and recomtzi.nation on the magnification ~actox o~ the
mozaic. Gives calculations illustrat~ng several poss~,ble programs,
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203. Razevig, V. D. Interactive programs for calculating electronic
circuits on a computer,--Trans. Moec, Elect, Inst., 1979, Vol. 418. -
Methods and apparatue for producing and procesaing radio aignals: Thematic -
coll., pp. 154-156.--B~blio: 4 titlea.
Basic reqL,irements for interactive programs. Describes a program in BASIC,
the calculation of frequency and transient characteristics of
- electronic circuits, realizing as a dialogue in the form of questions and
answers. Key words. BASIC, HP-2000, interactive programs, time sharing
modes, linear electronic circuits. .
209. Boyarov, 0. D., Kleshchev, A. S., Lifshits, A. Yu. REAL-a programming
language of 4ppli~d systems of artificial int~lligence: Preprint--
- Vladivostok, 1979,--20 pp. Overheading: USSR Acad. Sci. Dal'nevost.
(Far Eastern) Sci. Cent. Inst. of Automation and Processes of Control.
Biblio: 12 titles.
Describes the problem-oriented REAL language for systems based on familiar
formalism for the representation of knowledge--declarative (predicate
calculus), semantic, procedural (actors) and synthesized declarative-pro-
cedural (frames).
210. Vorontsov. V. N. The "Interactions" system of mathematical methods
for computer modeling. Elements of a theory.--Moscow, 1979,--59 pp.-- -
Overheading: Inst. Probs. Cont. Biblio: 40 titles.
Problems in the synthesis of models of complex systems in research and
_ development work; prospects for development of theoretical studies and the
solution of practical problems using mathematical methods of modeling.
Considers elements of a general theory of interaction.
211. Vorontsov, I. N., Gr~shilov, M. M. The "Interactions~' system of
mathematical methods of computer modeling, The language of the system~
The version realized on the VM~3. Library of operators and proceduxes:
Commun. 1.--Moscow, 1979,--37 pp.--Overheading: Inst. Prob. Cont.
Biblio: 5 titles.
Description of the operators and procedures, included in the libxary of the _
"interactions" system (machine version realized on the VM~3): functional
operators, operators for integratio~y operators analyzing subsystems,
operators for input of initial data, [word illegible] functions, operators
_ for changing the features of elements in the process of their functtons.
212. Voronts~v, I. N., Greshilov, M. M. The "Interactions" system of
mathematical methods of computer modeling. The language of the system--
Machine version realized on the VM-3. Moscow, 1979,--75 pp.--Overheading:
Inst. Prob. of Contr. Biblio: 3 titles.
Fundamental syntactic constructions of the language, making it possible to
describe a model o;: complex systems and organizational procedures of
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modeling. In the description of the modeling complex, intended for input
into a concrete computer, there are specific operators for interaction with
- a concrete operational ayatem, usable at a~iven moment in the computer
complpx.
213. Vorontsov, I. N., Greshilov, M. P1. The "Interactions" syetem of _
mathematical methods for computer modeling. Language of the theory and
language of the system. Moscow, 1979,--47 pp.--Overheading: Inst. Prob.
Cont. Biblio: 13 titles. -
Ways to generate syntactic constructions, corresponding to the fundamental
concepts of the theory and individual instances of the description of
physical processes, characteristics of the organization of the study of the
models.
217. Kutsenko, A. V., Stupin, Yu. V. Automation of scientific research
based on the FIAN cumputer complex.--Trans./USSR Acad. Sci. Phys. Inst.,
1979, Vol. 112. Systems of automation of sci. res. and their software,
pp. 3-7. Biblio: 5 titles.
Principles of construction of systems of automation and processing of data
from physics studies, basic trends in automation, the structure of software
on the mini-computers TRA/1 (Elektronika-1000I), PDP-11, Nova-2, M-6000.
218. Kutsenko, A. V. A model of a system of complex automation of large
research installations on the basis of a mini-computer net.--Trans./USSR
Acad. Sci., Phys. Inst., 1979, Vol. 112. Systems of automation of sci.
research and their sof tware, pp. 8-12. Biblio: 8 titles. ~
The model is based on the principle of multi-user computers and multiprocessor
work with a common pool of users. Spatial-temporal transformations of com-
puter resources take place by means of sequential ring mains. An essential
condition for the realization of the system is the use of the C AMAC system.
221. A multicomputer system of automation of a powerful laser apparatus~
"Del'fin," for purposes of study of thermonuclear synthesis (pro~ect)/ -
N. G. Basov, 0. N. Krokhin, A, V. Kut�.enko et al. Trans./USSR
Acad. Sci. Phys. Inst., 1979, Vol. 112. Systems oP automat~,on o� sc~,~
research and their software, pp. 13-48. Biblio: 7 titles.
The "Del'fin" apparatus is a complex automation project and contains ti30
points of control, from which information is obtained or over which control
is exercised. The system of automation is based on the use of several
mini-computers, working for a co~tunon pool of users. The system has been
constructed according to the AMA ideology with the use of sequential
mains and a crate System (transl~ation unknown).
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_ 223. An automatiqn system for the crystallization appax'atus "Sapfir"/Kh. S.
Bagdasarov, A. I. Bardybakhin, Ye. D~ Bulatov et al.--Trans./USSR Acad.
Sci. Phys. znst., 1979, Vol. 112. Systems of automation of sci. research
and their software, pp. 97-102. Biblio: 3 titles.
Reqi~irements for systems of automated control of schedules of work of
cryatallization apparatus. Cites systems constructed on the basis of
digital technology using mini- or micro-computers of standard modules of
the (;AMAC type. Describes the initial data on the basis of which the
configuration of digital syatem of automated regulation was coiistructec~,
the work algorithm of the system.and its software. ~ ~
224. Devices a:~3 methods for putting together a PS-300 UVK (process control
computer system): Methodological instructions. Sect. 2. Software/Tbilisi,
Sci. Res. Inst. of instrument buil ding and automation devices, Sci-indust.
- assoc. "Elva"--Tbilisi, 1979--245 pp.
Purpose, description and area of application of internal and applied soft-
ware on the Mnemonic Code PS-300. Gives short functional and technical ~
, descriptions of the drives, control problems, packages and individual
_ modules.
225. Shevchenko, A. N. Programming of the structure of solution of _
boundary-value problems in the RL-I language.--Khar'kov, 1979, 24 pp.
� (Preprint/Ukran. Acad. Sci. Inst. Probs. of Machine bui.lding; No. 132)--
Biblio: 6 titles.
Description of the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of a specialized~pro-
gramming language, RL-I, which automates the process of programming and
solution of boundary-value problems in mathematical physics. Examples
show methods for programming standard solution structures, realization of
the program in the representation of geometric information in analytic
form and the processor for translation from the RL-I language.
247. Anistratenko, A. A., Migulyan, Yu. P, Nazarov, A. N. Input of infor-
mation from a digital multichannel tape recorder to a M-4030 computer.
Research in the Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Physics of the Sun/Siber. Dept.
USSR Acad. Sci., Inst. Terrest. Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave
Propagation, 1979, Vol. 49, Physics of the sun, pp. 168-170.
- A system has been created in standard CAMAC which makes it possible to
connect up to 24 terminals and to organize their interaction with the
computer in a multiplexor mode.
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249. Catalogue of the central store of algorithms and programs of automated
systems of control. Listing for the 4th quarter of 1978/Minist. Instru- -
- ment building, Automation Devicea and Control Systems of the USSR. Union
of Induat. Syetems. Sci-indust. Aesoc. "Tzentrprogrammsistem"--Kalinin,
1979--41 pp.
- 250. Package of applied programs (PPP) for "Development and incorporation
of programmed devices, providing preparation and processing of information -
among remote pro~ects using communication channels" (PPP software system
for transmission of information M-5010) on the basis of the DOS PVK (Disk
_ operating system punchcard computer complex) M-5010: A short description
of its use/Minist. of Instrument building, Automation Devices, and Control
Systems of USSR Union of Indust. Sys. Sci-indust. Assoc. "Tzentrprogramm-
- sistem"--Kalinin, 1979--8 pp.
255. Gorelik, A. M., Kharitonova, Ye. B. Study of the influence of
optimizing transformations on the efficacy of programs, generated by _
translators--Moscow, 1979--15 pp.--(Preprint/USSR Acad. Sci. Instit.
App. Math.' No. 1s4--Biblio: 10 titles.
- A comparative analysis of optimizing versions of tk?e FORShAG translator on
the basis of the ALMO language, and earlier versions of FORShAG and the
FOREX translator.
257. Zakharov, A. Yu. Some results of a comparison of the effectiveness
- of solutions to systems of ordinary differential equations.--Moscow,
- 1979--32 pp.--(Preprint/Inst. App. Math. No. 125). Biblio: 25 titles.
For a predetermined range of accuracy a comparison of nine programs is
made on the solution or 25 model problems on a BESM-6 computer.
258. Zel'dinova, S. A. The program resources of the DISPAK operating .
system for work with 29 megabyte disks.--Moscow, 1979--7 pp.--(Preprint/
USSR Acad. Sci. Inst. App. Math.; No. 149)--Biblio: 2 titles.
259. Kopytov, M. A., Tyurin, V. F. The BAMOS programming system--DISPAK -
for the BECM-6: Users handbook.--Moscow, 1979--117 pp. (Report on computer
software/USSR Acad. Sci. Inst. App. Math Comput. Center) Biblio: 44 titles.
A combination of two systems of internal software for the BESM--6: VL~OS
(a development of the specialists of East Germany) and DIS~AK~ proVides
for users in the USSR the possibility of using, without any adaptionsa
programs and applied program packages developed in Eas~ Gexmany.
262. Markov, Yu. V., Savochkina, 0. A., Temnoyeva, T. A, The TERM -
terminal system for the BESM-6.--Dimitrovgrad, 1979~-14 pp. (Preprint/
Sci. Res. Inst. Atom Reactors; No. 6(365))--Biblio: 9 titles.
43
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The TERM sygtem allows ~he user, in an interactive mode, to edit files and
submit ,jobs in a batch mode to the DISPAK operating system. The system ie
realized in the BYeMSh macrocode and uses 10 sheets of working memory.
263. Nazarova, M. V., Solntsev~ V. A. An evaluation of the effectiveneas
of an algorithm fo~ Computing the strength of a space charge for cylindrical
areae--Proc. Lening.'E1'ectro. ~ech. Inet., 1979, Vol 235:`~~Automatior?'b~
planning in radio eYectronics and instrument building~ pp'88~91-=Biblio: 6
titl.ea. -
_ Compares the eff~ctiveness of three different programs for solving Poisson's
equations in cylindrical areas of simple geometry on a BESM-6 computer. So- -
lution time for direct methods is ti0.97 for each 100 nodes of the net which
correaponds to two iterations of the method of depth-breath search.
264. Onopchuk, Yu. N. Features of the construction on a simulation system
for study of phystological processes with a digital computer.--Cybernetics
and Comput. Tech. Repub. Interag. Collect./Ukr. Acad. Sci. Inst. Cyber., 1979, -
Vol 45. Inter. Cyber., pp 103-106--Biblio: 7 titles.
A simulation model on the BESM-6 computer studies the dynam~i,ca of mass trans-
fer of gasea in the organism of humana and sea animals in the context of vari-
ous disturbances in the environment using as a synthesizing medium a model of
_ the organism itself.
271. Machine graphics and their use: collect. sci. studies/Siber. Dept.
USSR Acad. Sci. Comput. Cent.--Novosibirsk, 1979--137 pp--Biblio at end of
arts.
A new graphic system SIGAr~ is constructed according to modular principles =
and posseses a well-developed system af graphic archives and libraries.
The system of control ~f output takes place through direct output on a
graghic information apparatus. An interactive graphic channel has been -
developed. Adaptation of the SMOG system to the Unified System Computer,
M-4030 and BESM-4M has been accomplished. A representation of surfaces of -
revolution and methods for using the SMOG system have been used for output
of ineterological information.
278. Fronchak, V. An applied program package on the method of branches and
boundaries as one of the trends in the programming realization integration
of planning of work in discrete production.--Sci-Stud./Mosc. Inst. Control,
1979, Vol 143. Theory of Automated Systems of Control, pp 156-159.
282. A realization of applied programs on the Unif ied System Computer/V. P.
Kotok, A. M. Mikhaylov, A. V. Tartakovskiy et al--Novosibirsk, 1979--18 pp--
_ (Preprint/Siber. Dept- USSR Acad. Sci Comput. Cent.; No 171. Educ. informa.-
- tion sciences, Vul 4). Biblio at end of chapt.
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- 291. A package of applied programs. "A system of communications among in-
formation bases" (PPPSSIB) on the basis of the Unified System Operating
System: A short description of ita use./Min. of Instrument Building, Auto-
mation Devices and Systems of Control of the USSR Union of indust. syetems.
- Sci-Indust. Aseoc. "Taentrprogrammaistem"--Kalinin, 1979, 8 pp.
The PPPSSIB is designed for tranaformation of the S10D-1, SlOD-2 and S10D-
05 data bases into data bases handled by resources of the ISU-1 PPP.
301. The "Spros" package of applted programs on the basis of the Unified
- System Operating System: A short description of its use/Min. of Instrument
Building, Automation Devices and Control Systems of the USSR. Union of
Indust. Syst, Sci-Indust. Assoc. "Tsentrprogrammsistem."--Ka.linin, 1979--
- 15 pp.
Questions about obtaining the package should be addressed to division 214
at the address: 170001, Kalinin, Proletarka, 94, telephone: 2-28-36
304. A catalogue of the centralized store of algorithms and programs for
automated systems of control (TaFAP ASU): Listing for lst quarter of 1979/ -
Minist. of Instrument Building, Automation Devices and Control Systems of `
_ the liSSR. Union of Indust. Syst. Sci-indust. Assoc. "Tsentrprogrammsistem." _
--Kalinin, 1979--29 pp.
315. Software for the automated subsystem for research on the BOR-60 reactor
- using a computer--Dimitrovgrad, 1979--9 pp--(Preprint/Sci. Res. Inst. of
Atomic Reactors; No 29 (388)) Biblio: 2 titles.
316. Recording and processing on a computer of physical information ob-
tained at the Tyan'-Shan~skiy complex installation for the study of extend-
ed atmospheric showers of cosmic rays/V. S. Aseykin, V. K. Adamenko, 0. G.
Golovanov et al. Trans/USSR Acad. Sci. Phys. Inst. 1979, Vol 112. System
of automation of sci. research and their software, pp 49-63, Biblio: 3
titles.
The system for recording and processing data on a computer contains a de-
v!ce for collection of data from 2500 detectors of charged particles and
writing of the data on magnetic tape and devices for reproducing data and -
inputting them to the camputer. The entry of data takes place by the meth-
od of return to zero along four tracks on tape of 2, 6 and 6D of 6.25 mm
width. With a writing density of 7 lines/mm and speed of tape movement
of 762 mm/sec there is full compatibility with tape recorders. Devices
for the input of data into the BESM-4, M-220, Nairi and Nairi-2 computers
have been developed.
317. Comparison of characteristics of translators from FORTRAN/USSR Acad.
Sci. Inst. App. Math.--Moscow, 1979--15 pp--Biblio: 7 titles. .
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320. Bogdanov, A. I. Methodology and results of calculation on the compu- -
ter of statietical stability of SVP (Vessels on an air cushion) of a Skeg
type (translation unknown)--Trans/Cent. Sci. Res. Inst. of the �
Maritime Fleet, 1979, Vol. 246. Strength of the hull and stability
of the vessel, pp. 97-103--Biblio: 4 titles.
Describes the "Kren" program ("a program for calculating boarding,
stability and unsinkability of SSVP (skeg vessels on an air cushion) in
the AKI-T language. Calculation time of the diagram of stability of the
SSVP on the Minsk-22M computgr on the average: by the air cushion
method is 30 ~nin..,;by,the~displacement method is 30-40 min. On the Minsk-32
computer the ~aTculation time is 3-4 times shorter.
321. Methoduiogical directions for using mathematical economic methods
and models for future planning of the development of associations (enter-
prises) of sectors/Cent. Sci. Res. Inst. "Electronika."--Moscow, 1979--
356 pp.--Biblio: 13 titles.
Description of mathematical-economic models and methods of solution of
problems in five-year and long term planning of the development of indus-
trial sectors; sets of programs for solvi:~g these problems on the Minsk~32
computer; :ecommendations for their use and preparation of data for the
calculationa.
324. An automated system of control for filling out documents/Yu. V.
~ Zasykhin, Yu. V. Ivanov, Yu. B. Pod"yachev, V. N. Shamarayev.--Moscow,
= 1979--66 pp. (Methodological materials. Series: Economics and Systems of
Control/Cent. Sci. Res. Inst. "Elektronika," Vol. 3(74)).
Principlea of construction of automated systems of control for filling out -
documents (ASKI) as subsystem of the automated system of control; the work
of the ASKI (input and processing of initial information, printing the
results); order of input in the operation of the ASKI. Gives ASKI programs _
in the Analitik language, instructions to operators and test examples.
329. Pr~kof'yev, V. A. Programming on mini-computers--Moscow: Sov. Radio,
1979--79 pp.--Biblio: 5 titles.
Manual in programming for the mini-computers Elektronika-C50 and ISKRA-125
for beginning programmers. Describes their technical characteristics and
programming devices.
330. Interactive system of representing graphic information/S. P. Vikulov,
V. V. Romantsev, A. V. Foygel', 0. Ye. Shushpanov--Moscow, 1979--28 pp.
(Preprint/USSR Acad. Sci. Inst. Radiotechn. 4nd Electronic, No. 18 (274))--
Biblio: 1 title.
- The system serves a group of mini-computers Wang~2200 VP-~graph cons~xuctor
TEKTRONIX-4662:--graph display TEKTRONIX--4000 and is intended for represen~
tation in graphic form of data which can be given in the form of a table _
(disk file) or in the form of a function (program for its computation).
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339. Kudryashov, A. B,, Panin, V. F. Study of the stress-deformed state
of a three layer panel with a honeycomb filler with a crosswise bend.--
Trans./Cent. Aerohydrodyn. Inst., 1979, Vol. 2012, pp. 66-73.--Biblio:
3 titles. _
Influence of various constructive solutions on the stress deformed state
oP a panel in the end zone. The study is based on calculation by the
method of the final element and an experi~~nt. All calculations were . -
performed with the help of a complex program for the ICL-4 computer.
344. Mel'nichenko, I. M., Shkobin, N. Yu. The preparation of photo-
_ originals of printed circuits on the semiautomatic ADMAP-Dubna, 1979--15
pp. (Commun. United Inst. of Nucl. Res., No. 11-12291)--Biblio: 6 titles.
The structure and operating principle of the FOTON program for the PDP-84
computer. The obtaining of a set of control tapes, serving the photo-
process, optimization of the independent working of the photohead. The
program is equipped with a system of diagnostics helpful in use.
348. Batanov, L. A., Kovrigin, B. N. Construction of models of digital
elements in a system of automated planning of digital computers. Eng-math.
_ methods in physics and cybernetics/Moscow Eng-Phys. Inst., 1976, Vol. 5,
pp. 56-59. Biblio: 4 titles.
A set of program models on an M-220 computer arbitrary digital structures
containing up to 1500 elements in an interval in 10~ units of time. The
modeling of a digital device containing ti500 logical and flip-flop elements
required 14 min. of machine time.
= 349. Bel'man, L. B., Lavrikov, S. A. A study of algorithms of control of
a random parameter by the method of statistical modeling.--Eng-math. Methods
in Physics and Cybernetics/Mosc. Eng-Phys. Inst., 1976, Vol. 5, pp. 59-64--
Biblio: 5 titles.
A mathematical model of a system defines and studies the criteria of its
functioning, defines the laws governing the distribution of the parameter
with various correlated functions for various strategies, of the functioning
of the system and for an arbitrary algorithm for computing the correcting
signal, derives the dependence of the criteria introduced on the parameters
of the random process and the temporal intervals with accuracy of 0.2%.
The model is realized on the M-220. The program occupies ti1000 ce11s of
memory. The tin~e to obtain one value of M or K530 secs.
363. The modeling of one problem in the control of a movable ob~ect using
the NEDIS language/Yu. I. Grinenko, N. A. Zelenskaya, A. B. Shemshur,
T. N. Yarovitsaya.--Kiev, 1978,--18 pp. (Preprint/Ukr. Acad. Sci. Inst.
Cyber.' No. 78-40).
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Gives a program in the NEDIS language for modeling of one of the problems
of control of the flight of a flying apparatus~ The resulr~s of the modeling
showed the advantages of the NEDIS language in comparison with other
languages.
376. Translation of the Applied Program Package SIOD-2 from NrID Unified
Syetem--5056 to NNID Unified System 5061. Recommendations for use/Min.
Instrument building, tiutomation Devices and Control Systems of the USSR.
Union Indust. Syst.-Sci.-Indust. Assoc. "Tsentrprogrammsistem"--Kalinin,
1978--10 pp.
378. PROChNOST'-75--A system of sof tware for calculating spatial
constructions. Part 1 General description of the system: Users' manual/
Ukr. Acad. Sci. Special Design Bureau for Math. Machines and Systems of
' Inst. Cyber., Ukr. Repub. Store of Algorithms and Programs.--Kiev, 1978--
178 pp.--Biblio: 21 titles.
Describes the structure, purpose and principles of construction of the
fundamental subsystems of the set of applied programs for calculating
spatial constructions in FORTRAN, the set of problem oriented languages
and the supporting translator and subsystems for graphic representation
of information and an interacLive monitor.
COPYRIGHT: Gosudarstvennaya publichnaya nauchnotekhnicheskaya biblioteka -
= SSSR (GPNTBSSSR), 1980
[194-9285]
9285
CSO: 1863-R
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UDC 007 _
CYBERNETICS IN THE SERVIC~ OF COMMUNISM. VOLUI�iE 9. INFORMATION AND CONTROL
Moscow KIBERNET'IKU - NA SLUZHBU KOMMUNIZMU. TOM 9. UPRAVLENIYE I INFORMAT-
SIYA in Russian 1978 si.gned to press 13 Oct 78 pp 5-10, 109-128, 237-239
[Annotation, introduction, on2 chapter and table of contents from book
edited by I. Berg, Energiya, 2300 copies]
[Text] ANNOTATION .
This book contains survey-type, problem-oriented articles on a number of
� basic areas of theoretical, technical and applied cybernetics. A study
is made of some of the problems of the mathematical problematics of cyber-
netics (queuing theory) and also the theory of finite automata, f inite con-
trol, adaptive systems and vector optimization. The results obtained in
information theory and its applications are analyzed in a separate article. -
The problems of computer engineering are represented by an article on uni- -
form computer structures, media, systema and neta. In the article on experi-
mental planning the methoda of thia area of cybernetics are investigated as
a way to improve the efficiency of basic and applied research. Articles
are presented on the analysis and synthesis of electric power systems, the
results of bionic developments in the USSR and the "artificial intellect."
The book will be useful to a broad class of specialists working in various
- ~ areas of ap~lication of mathematical cybernetic methods.
INTRODUCTION _
The modern phase of development of c.ybernetics is characterized by the
transition to broad use of powerful data processing means in practice in
all areas of science, the national economy and culture. The primary tech-
nical means which provide for the solution of the most complicated control -
problems in various areas of human activity is the computer with data trans-
mission channels. The theoretical base of cybernetics research i.s applied
mathematics, information theory, optimization theory, the methods of mathe- _
matical programming and a number of other important disciplines.
In world practice the computer has passed through the "special usage" phase
- in which at each given point in time the machine could be used by only one
person, and it has gone into the collective-use phase in which large groups
of people can access the computer system simultaneously and independently.
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The application of effective methods of information tran.smission offers the
possibility of remote use of con~puters and control machines and data input
to them, from territorialJ_y removed sources. Computer networks have been
built which, analogously to power networks, permit redistribution of the
computer resources among the points in the system as they are needed. The
difficulties which must be overcome in building such systems are well known.
~ It must be emphasized, in addition, that efficient automated control systems
~ can be built or?ly on the basis of modern electronic engineering permitting
not only computational transformations, but also remote, to a significant
degree automatec~ information input and output. In this case the automated
control systems are provided with powerful software which offers the uaer -
the possibility of accessing the aystem in a convenient language close to
natural language:.~~ 'The,,po,~s~bility is opening up for efficient solution of
control problems on the basis not only of the mathematical methods of =
strict optir.~ization, but also the heuristic methods of finding suboptimal
solutions, including the dialog man-machine me*hods of finding the solu-
tions. If the automated control system does permit the solution of
such problems, it turns out to be nothing but an expensive, poorly used
calculator on which the simplest problems such as wage calculations are -
- solved by a huge collective of highly qualified specialists th~t are in
short supply.
This volume contains survey-type, Froblem-oriented articles on theoretical
and technical cybernetics and some of the urgent areas of the application -
of the science of control processes and information processing connected
with the creation of modern information complexes. These articles reflect
the results of the work done by Soviet specialists in the mentioned areas
in the last few years. In the articlea the reader will find a discussion
_ and evaluation of the results obtained in such research areas as queuing
theory, relay theory and the theory of finite automata, the problematics
of finite control, adaptive systems and vector optimization, information
theory and its applications, and the mathematical theory of expectation. -
A separate article is included on the problems of the development of uniform
computer structure, media, systems and networks. Applied cybernetics is
represented by an article on the problems of the eff ective analysis and _
synthesis of large electric power systems.
One of the articles is on the analysis of the results and the lines of de-
velopment of bionics as, in a defined sense, a"daughter" branch of cyber-
netics. Finally, the reader of the "Cybernetics in the Service of Commun-
ism" collection will find a detailed survey of Soviet research in the field
of the so-called artificial intellect.
In a defined sense, this collection continues Vol 5 of the present continu-
- ing edition published by Energiya Press in 1967. However, whereas the men-
tioned volume encompassed all of the basic areas of cybernetics and its
application as these areas had developed at the time of its preparation, -
the given book does not set that goal~ during the time since 1967 the
studies in the field of cybernetics have been so enriched, expanded and
deepened that reflection of them into one book of a sur~~ey-type, problem-
oriented nature has simply become impossible. This pertains, in particular,
- to technical cybernetics, which has now become an extraordinarily ramified
area of science and technical practice enriched with new results. It is
also possible to do the same thing about the mathematical methods of .
= cybernetics. 50 -
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All of this must be considered when reading the collection. Out of the
mathematical problems of cybernetics, for example, the book contains an -
article on only one of the mathematical theories of the cybernetic area--
queuing theory. The outline of achievements in technical cybernetics also
does not claim to completeness. The problems of the application of the
� ideas and means of mathematics and cybernetics in the sciencea of -
paychology, human behavior and training are not represented at all;
biocybernetics and semiotics are miasing; mathematical economics and the
general methodological aspects of cybernetics have not been reflected.
It is proposed that the next volume of the given continuing edition be
devoted to these areas. _
- The article by B. V. Gnedenko "2~fathematical Methods of Cybernetica. Queu-
- ing Theory" begins with a brief characteristic of the mathematical methods
of cybernetics as a whole. Then follows a survey of the results and an
_ analysis of the problems of queuing theory which is a natural, important
part of cybernetics and finds numerous, varied applications. The sphere
of the applied problems of the given theory has greatly expanded in recent -
years. The ideas and methods of queuirig theory are being successfully
used in en~ineering, production organization, various branches of the _
- national economy, including transportation and the population service
sphere, in scientific research, when planning, desi~nin~ and utilizing
computer and information control engineering.
The width and variety of practical problems in which the methods of queu-
ing theory find application are giving rise to the first deveiopment of its -
software, the development of inethods adequate to the newly occurring applied
problems. In our country this theory is attracting ever-increasing atten-
t~.on on the part of the researchers in the most varied fields of interest, _
from engineering and technical workers at the enterprises and on the commun-
_ ications lines to mathematicians working in the purely abstract areas of
their science. The article by B. V. Gnedenko indicates in what direction
the given theory is developing in the work of the Soviet scientists
researchera who are deriving the statements of new problema from practice
~ and creating method~ of investigation permitting the solution of the prob- _
lems previously excluded from the mentioned theory.
The problems of information theory and its applications are discussed in
an article by V. I. Siforov, R. L. Dobrushin, S. I. Samoylenko, -
B. S. Tsybakov, I. M. Boyarinov, S. I. Gel'fand, V. N. ICoshelev and
Yu. M. Shtar'kov. Its authors begin with the fact that the central problem
of information theory is the problem of using the available technical means
for information transmission, conversion and storage in a manner that is -
optimal from the point of view of speed, reliability and efficiency. In
this article it is demonstrated that in recent years the center of gravity
of information theory has shifted from the general theorems of existence -
of encoding methods with the necessary properties to the problems of -
developing specific coding techniques permitting actual data transmission
with high reliability and sufficiently high speed. The significance of
_ such abstract problems as the various approaches to the definition of the
= concept of information, from which the algorithmic approach developed in
Soviet science is derived, is also analyzed.
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In the investigated article there is a systematic discussion and analysis
of the results obtained by Soviet specialists in information theory in
the construction of codes with code distance linearly gro~�Ting together
- ~oith the length of the code; the study of minimum complexity ~f coding
_ and decoding processes; the extension of the theory to the complex informa-
tion tranamission systems and computer networks. In six sections of this
article the reader will find surveys pertaining to all principal areas of thia
rapidly developing.mathematical and applied theory the problems of coding
the sources of inessages, information transmission over channels with noise,
the problema of complexity and reliability~of coding and decoding, -
algebraic and arithmetic codes. A special study ie made of the coding
problems in computer networks, which are highly important from the point ~
of view of the development of cybernetics as a whole.
The set of problems of technical cybernetics is the subject of an article
by A. G. Butkovskiy, t~i. A. Gavrilov, A. S. Krasnenker, A. S. Poznyak
and Ya. Z. Tsypkin. From the broad class of technical cybernetic problems,
this article takes up some knotty topics the theory of relays and f inite
automata, the theory of finite and adaptive systems, and the theory of
syste~is that learn during the course of their operation. In the article
it is noted that in recent years the applications of the theory of relay
assemblies and f inite automata have expanded in various engineering fields.
Arising from the technical applications of boolean algebra and the model
of a di~ital data processing device the f inite automaton at the present
time the given theary has become the basis for solving the most varied
problems of technical cybernetics. It is used, in particular, for logical
, design of digital devices, for the construction of tests zo check out the
latter, and f:~r decomposition of the systems, and so on. Fast development
is taking place in such branche~ of theory as the investigation of
- indeterminate and probability automa.ta, the study of the collective behavior
of automata, theoretical problems pertaining to experiments with automata,
and so on.
In the article by A. G. Butkovskiy, et al., the reader will find an investi-
gation of some of the main problems of the theory of finite automata as
they were solved in thC works of Soviet scientists in recenr years. The
_ analogous investigations have also been performed for the "conti.nuous"
part of technical cybernetics (finite control, adaptive systems). In
connection with the theory of finite automata, special attention is being ,
given to the problem of the automation of the desi~n of digital devices,
inasmuch as they have the greatest influence on the development of this
- division of technical cybernetics. The automation of logical design, the ;
authors of the article point out, implies significant reexamination of
the methods of the classical theory of relays and finite automata, the
purpose of which consists in the transition from operation by individual -
inputs, internal and output states of the automata to operation by sets -
of states. This leads to the problem of going from exact methods of finding
optimal solutions to a directional search for solutions close to optimal.
A consequence of these shifts is the expansion of the mathematical base
of the theory which includes at the present time such divisions of modern
mathematics as set theory, graph theory, coding theory, combinatory
analysis, and so on. -
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Computer engineering is the mo~t important means of realizing cybernetic
goals, the basis for the large information processing and control systems.
One of the prospective areas of its development is the development of _
_ uniform computer structures, media, systems and networks. The uniform
structtires and media, as is noted in the article by I. V. Prangishvili
included in the collection, will permit achievement of high output
capacity, reliability and economicalness of the computers. They are the
basis for the previously developed fourth-generation computers. In the
article by I. V. Prangishvili, which contains a survey of Soviet work in
the given field there is a discussion o~ the prospects f or the development
of computer engineering and the role of research aimed at creating uniform
programmable and adjustable microelectronic computer structures and means,
the development of inethods of analyzing and synthesizing them, and rhe -
construction of uniform, distributed computer systems.
In the article by G. K. Krug "Experimental Planning the Way to Improving
the Efficiency of Basic and Applied Research" a survey is presented of the
theoretical results and applied developments of Soviet scientists in the
f ield of the theory of experimentation. In the three divisions of this
article "Theoretical Research," "Application of Computers in the Solution -
of the Problems of Planning and Automation of Experimentation" and .
"Applied Research" it is convincingly demonstrated that the achievements
of the mathematical theory of experimentation and the capabilities of a
computer used ,jointly will permit formalization and optimization of the
- process of exgerimental research under the conditions of indeterminacy,
minimization of the expenditures of time and means, and improvement of the -
reliability of the experimental data.
A survey of the state of the art with regard to the problems of analysis
and synthesis of electric power systems ~nvestigated in the light of -
cybernetic concepts appears in the article by V. A. Venikov, R. G. Savchenko
and V. A. Stroyev "Problem of Efficient Description, Analysis and Synthesis
of Large Electric Power Systems. A Survey of the Modern State of the Art."
In it the reader will find an important example of the application of the
cybernetic systems approach to the simulation of. the behavior of standard
large systems such as electric power systems, and the analysis of the
problems of controlling such systems under optimal operating conditions.
The modern problems of bionics are the subject of an article by
- V. M. Akhutin, V. S. Gurfinkel, V. I. Gusel'nikov, V. N. Yemel'yanov,
A. B. Kogan, B. A. Levenko, I. B. Litinetskiy and G. N. Simkin. A discussion
is presented in it of the results obtained in r.ecent years by Soviet (and
in part by f~rej.gn) scientists in the bionic studies of the receptors and -
analyzers, the simulation of neurons and neuron nets, the study of loca-
tion, orientation, navigati~n and communication in the animal world. The
work with respect to the creation of biotechnical systems and studies in
_ the field of biomechanics are discussed in special sections. An outline
� of the historical development of bi~nics is also presented in the article
which brings the reader to an understanding of the basic outlines of this
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L' V L\ V L' L' 1 V t AL V J Li v.~ i 1
complex scientific area which is organically involved in cybernetic .
ideas.
In the concluding article of this collection by G. S. Pospelov and
D. A. Pospelov, the "artificial intellect" research performed in our coun-
try is investigated. It must be noted that the work on this problem is
among the areas of cybernetice which will undoubtedly be given ever-
increasing.attention, 'In~this article it is correctly noted that although
it is;difficu~z to formulate a definition of the term "artificial intellect"
- and clearly.defitie t'he boundaries of the area denoted by us at the preaent
- time, it is.nevertheless possible to indicate the lines of research which
- undoubtedly belong t4 it. The authors of the article characterize these
lines, giving ~~tention, in particular, to the methods of solving the
creative ~roblems, `the problems of automation of the proofs of theorems
and the solution of game problems, the problematics of the "representation
of knowledge" in the computer and automatic formulation of concepts, _
machine simulation of behavior, and.problems connected with the building
of robots
This book creates a broad, although not exhaustive picture of cybernetic
research in our country. Zt make~ it possible to get an idea about the
trends in the development and the urgent problems of cybernetics in its
theoretical, technical and applied areas. The areas of cybernetic research
- which have great scientific and national economic signif icance and must
receive broad development in the near future include the following: -
The development of inethods of f inding optimal and suboptimal solutions for
problems of large dimensionality, the construction of man-machine control
complexea for cor~plex systems;
The development of inethods, algorithms and the software for the automation
of design in various areas;
The creation of ir.dustrial robots with "artificial intellect" elements;
The development and broad introduction of the remote data processing means
based on computers with communication channels;
- The study of the methods of constructing efficient computer networks for
~ the distribution of computer capability and the creation of Iarge collective-
use computer systems based on them;
The search for methods of constructing algorithmic languages similar to
natural language to use them in dialog man-machine systems;
The development of the methods of insuring high noiseproofness of informa- -
tion transmission and storage systems with simple software and hardware,
and their application in the computer networks;
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The development of inethods of utilizing data processin~ systems to improve
human work effictency in various areas (scientific research work, planning
and organizational administration, power engineering, transportation,
industry, agriculture, public health, law, and so on).
The work in the indicated areas will promote improved efficiency in the
_ work of the individual man and human cellectives in many areas of their
~ activity. Therefore no effort or means should be spared in their develop-
ment. The advancea~ents in these areas will have a significant influence
on the overall scientific-technical and economic potential of the country~
There is no doubt that the next few years will enrich cybernetics with
new achievements achievements necessary for it to make its maximum
contributior~ to the solution of the goals set for our national economy,
science and culture by the resolutions of the 25th Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
A. I. Berg -
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. , ~
_ , , .
UNIFORM COMPUTER STRUCTURES, MEDIA~ SYSTEP4S AND NETWORKS
[Chapter by I. V. Prangishvili]
One of the prospective and actively developing areas in computer engineer-
ing is the development of uniform computer structures, means, systems and
networks. The fourth-generation computers can be realized on the basis of
uniform microelectronic structures and means permitting insurance of high
output capacity, reliability, viability and low cost of computer circuits.
As for uniform optoelectronic media, obviously they will serve as the basis
for building f ifth-generation computers. �
The studies in the field of uniform computer structures, media, systems
and networks are being performed in the following basic areas. The theory
and technical means of high-output and reliable uniform computers, computer
systems and networks, and distributed computer systems are being developed.
Studies are being made of the principles of the organizstion of the com-
puting process in the decentralized computer systems. The methods of
controlling computer processes in uniform structures are being investigated.
I~[ethoda of estimating the eff iciency of uniform computers and systems
operating in real time are being developed. Studies are being made of the =
problems of organizing parallel computations in uniform collective-use
multiprocessor systems, the principles of the organization of uniform com-
puter networks; the principles of the construction and the technical means _
of realizing uniform d~~gital integrating structures and processes. Hybrid -
computing str.uctures and means are being built. Studies are being made of ~
the methods of synthesis, the problems of the reliability of monitoring ~
uniform computer structures and systems. The element base and the tech-
nolobical support of uniform structures, means and systems are also a sub-
- ject of development. Research is being conducted in the field of opto- '
electronic computer means and structures. The applications of uniform com-
putin~ structures, means and systems are being studied.
tlew-Generation Computers ~
When building the hardware and the software for modern third-generation
computers insufficient consideration was given to the requirements of their
systems application. Obviously, the systems analysis of the use of com-
puters will permit more complete determination of the act~ial requirements -
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of the users and the decision as to which new-generation computers should
be built and with what characteristics.
There is still no defined or sufficiently expressed "ideology" of the
structure of the computers of future generations. The most varied opiniona
= of the problem o� the development of hardware and software for auch
computers are frequantly encountered. However, apecialists do have a
united opinion regarding a number of the indexes of computers of following
generations. It is possible to propose that the fourth-generation computers _
will be the result of evolutionary and not revolutionary developmsnt of
computer en~ineering. The development and introduction of such computers
will take place gra3ually, and over the course of some period of time the
new computers will exist along with the second and third generation com-
puters. This arises from a number of causes, the main ones of which are
the following. _
- The experience in using computers has been acquired on the basis of presently
available hardware and sof tware. This does not permit the users to make a
complete evaluation of the volume of their requirements which can be satis-
fied as a result of new computer hardware. The users have become accustomed
to computer systems based on second and third generation computers, and
they are not ready psychologically or in practice for the adda.ncement of
substantiated, radically new requirements for the hardware and sof tware
of fourth-generation machines. Many of the computer users are inclined to
require that the developers make simple improvements in the characteris-
tics of the third-generation computers rather than radical alteration of
the computers, inasmuch as such alterations would face them with the -
necessity for mastering the procedure of eff icient systems utilization of
the new machines. For basic reconstruction of computer engineering and
the development of new, significantly higher requirements on the computers
of future generations, it is necessary that the computer users overcome
the psychological barrier, they recognize the capabilities of new computers
and those of their requirements which can be satisfied as a result of the
systems application of the fourth-generation computers.
Furthermore, the expenditures on computer hardware and software and the
training of the users have at the present time reached such dimensions that
the gradual development of computer engineering is advantageous for those
- who have access to the computers the creation of machines in which,
along with the characteristics of the fourth-generation regimes, will
retain all of the positive characteristics of the third-generation com-
puters and also the software of the latter.
- For improvement of computer engineering it is necessary more completely to
consider the aspects of the software and the probleMS of improving the
relation between the cost of the computer and output capacity. It is
known, for example, that modern third-generation computers are little
suited to executing the programs generated by the compilers; this, in
particular, is connected with the fact that the developers of the computers
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(including their software) usually do not know what instructions will be
the most frequently executed by the latter. In modern computer systems
no measures are taken to optimize the instruction system of the computer
to obtain a program of minimum length. In addition, accoYding to the _
available data 80% of all of the programs can be written using a total of -
only 20% of the machine instructions; therefora the system must be
organized so that these 20% are execu~ed by the hardware quickly and
reliably and the remaining 80% of the machine instructions can be
executed by microprogram and take more time.
In order to improve'the efficiency of the computer systems by improving _
the output capacity of the sof tware and hardware, it is necessary to
systematically work on measuring and analyzing the loading of the hardware
and the operatioz systems of the computer; this work will influence the
methodolo83 of the development of software and hardware, and it will pro-
mote more complete understanding of the properties of the software.
Up to now the paths of development of computer engineering have basically
been determined by the builders and not the users of the machines. One of _
the causes preventing broad introduction of the third-~eneration computers
is the unadaptability of the existing computers to the problems for which
they were not designed, to the problems about which the designers of the _
ma.chines have no idea when they designed them. At the present time it is
becoming obvious that the computer designer must built a machine which, on -
the one hand, satisfies the existing demands of the users to the maximum,
~ and on the other hand, will be suitable for the solution of problems which
will appear in the next 10 years after the beginning of series production
of the machine.
In the opinion of many specialists, at the present time there is a large
difference between the number of reco~nized (already existing), proposed
and active (potential) users of the computer. The modern third-generation -
machines can, according to their characteristics, satisfy 95% of the
recognized users, 50% of the proposed users, and a~ tatal of only 10% of
the effective users. ~bviously in order that the effective users become
recognized users it is necessary to know how to solve the basic mass of
their problems on the computer. For this purpose computers of a new
generation are needed machines with new capabilities and high technical-
economic parameters.
Modern cor~put~rs of classical architecture are oriented with respect to the
~ principles of their construction and structural solutions toward the
efficient solution of computing problems requiring the performance of the
set of arithmetic operations, and they are little suited for solving
noncomputational problems (game problems, recognition and classification
problems, information retrieval problems, and so on). In this, they
differ significantly fram a man, who, on the contrary, solves noncomputa-
tional problems more efficiently than purely computational problems.
- Problems of the following important classes cannot be solved on modern
computers of traditional architecture or they are solved with low eff iciency.
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(1) Nonformalized problems for which it is in practice impossible to
put together precise mathematical models and, consequently, solution
algorithms. These include certain pattern recognition problems (for
example, the problems of reoognizing moving or deforming targets)
the recognition of speech and complex signals;
(2) In practice nonformalized problems, that is, problems for which it -
is theoretically possible to create mathematical models, but these models
turn out to be so complex and awkward that the solution of the corresponding
problems by modern computer engineering means ia impossible or has low
ef f iciency;
(3) Formalizable, but algorithmic~lly unresolvable problems, that is,
problems for which it is possible to create mathematical models but
theoretically inpossible to construct the algorithm of the solution. These _
include many game problems; -
(4) Problems with complex solution algorithms, that is, algorithms the r
execution of which requires such awkward software that they are difficult -
to use in practice;
(5) Problems requiring the sorting of a large number of versions. Such
problems usually occur during efforts to discover hidden laws in experi-
mental research data, when constructing economic, biological, ecological
and other models. The satisfactory solution of "sorting" problems on a
computer of traditional architecture even with high speed turns out to be
impossible.
For the solution of problems of all these types to the degree to which
their machine solution is posaible in general radical alteration of the
architecture and the operating principles of the computers is necessary.
The fourth-generation computers obviously as before will remain basically
a system which reduces the solution of the problems to a series of logical
and arithmetic operations. Such a machine will realize only a process for
which it is possible to construct a mathematical model and which can be
- described in advance by a series of standard mathematical and 'ogical
operations. However, much that is new will appear in the functioning of _
such machines. Thus, in the investigation of new machine architectures
for the fourth-generation computers, at present a great deal of attention
is being given to multiprocessor structures and adjustable uniform computer -
media designed for simultaneous processing and solution of problems per-
mitting paralleling on the most different levels. The basis for the struc-
tural principles of such structures and means is the model o~ the human-
computer collective performing a large number of logical and arithmetic
operations in parallel.
In recent times it has become obvious that the parallel processing of
information has a direct relation to hi~hly varied applications of computers
and that for a large number of classes of problems such processing has
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rux urrl~~u. u~L ~..L1
obvious advantages. For example, many problems in engineering contain a
large number of partial diff erential equations, and processing of them
can take place in parallel. As another example we have the parallel pro-
cessing of large files, which is possible as a result of the fact that the
_ operations on the files in the majority turn out to be independent of the
order of their execution. rlany in practice significant problems belong
to a class naturally accessible to solution by using "parallel" algorithms;
- other problems require complex paralleling algorithms on different levels. _
Thus, the problem of programming several parts of the same problems solved
in parallel or several probl.ema solved in parallel arises. The complexity
of this problem its etat~ment is meaningful in the case of multiprocessor
computers coiisists in the fact that the a priori estimate of the execu-
tion time of the individual sections of the program is in practice impossible;
therefore during the problem solving process it is necessary to provide for
automatic redistribution and optimization of the load of all the parts
(processors) of the system operating simultaneously. This problem is com-
plicated as the number of processors and programs o;oerating simultaneously
- increases. It is true that the problem is facilitated if individual pro- .
cessors are narrowly specialized, but in this case incompleteness of the
use of the equipment and some tying to the nature of the solved problems
and, consequently, loss of universality of the computer, are unavoidable.
Accordingly, the possibilities of uniform, adjustable structures are of
great interest in which the organization of multiprocessor computers will
not require complex systems for automatic redistribution of the load of the
- processor elements operating in parallel.
It is possible to assume that the fourth-generation multiprocessor computers
will be characterized both by structures with hierarchical subordination
of the processors (where one processor has several others at its disposal)
and by single-level structures, with equivalent processors. For reorganiza-
- tion of the hierarchy and a.lteration of the priority of the subordinate
processors in the system provision is made with the possibility of raising
and lowering the position and the qualifj.cation of the various processors.
The associative principle of information retrieval and processing must '
find broad application of the fourth-generation machines. The computers
will contain an associate ready-access me~ory and processors executed from
large integrated circuits. It is possible to propose that an associative
memory of large information capacity will also be built on magnetic discs
with a head for each track and an electronic retrieval mechanism. Then
the associative retrieval time will be co~patible with the disc access
- time. The appearance of a large-capacity associative memory will basically
change the entire problem of systems designed. Thus, for example, when
developing systems it is not necessary to create long, ordered sequences
of lots of information and to decide how to work them into the f iles.
It will not be necessary to be concerned with indexing. Any data coming
into the system can be placed in any free location in memory without
reordering the information and it will be possible to access the data
independently of where it is placed.
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In contrast to the third-generation computer the operation system of the
f ourth-generation computers will be located not only in the program parts
of the systems, but also in the hardware parts of the systems. It is
possible to expect hardware execution of a significant part of the opera-
tions system and translators, which will lead to increased output capacity
and reliability of the computer.
Finally, in machines of the subsequent generation the capabilities of
human communication with the machines by ordinary voice control will be
expanded significantly; means will be created for efficient implementation
of the dialog mode.
At the present time, using third-generation computers in control problems,
the real, deeply "parallel" situation frequently is converted to a calcula-
tion problem, representing it in the form of a mathematical model, 3nd then
the stated mathematical problem is solved on computers on-~ahich it is
posaible to execute the "series" algorithms efficiently. Yn order to pro-
v ide for the solution of problems in real time under such conditions (which _
is necessary, for example, f~~r automatic control of real processes and _
targets) the speed of the computer elements and modules will be increased
by all possible means. In a number of cases, however, this will lead to
negative results or even t.o deadend solutions.
- In the fifth-generation computers obviously provision will be made for more
~ radical changes in the architecture, in the operating principles and in
the methods of organizing the computation process than in the fourth-
generation machines. This will be connected, on the one hand, with the
development of the technology ot cheap, reliable and effective optoelectronic
and holographic processors, memories and input-output devices, and on the
other hand, with the inclusion of large-format or dimensionality problems
the problems which in practice cannot be solved on third and fourth-
generation computers in the problems solved by the fifth-generation
computers.
In all probability the f ifth-generation machine will have the attributes
of the programless learning computer. The essence o� the progr~m training -
consists in providin~ for a comparison of the actual situation to a
standard situation as a result of internal rearrangement of the structure
of the computer and generating an output reaction corresponding to the
input situation.
Uniform Computer Structures and Media ~
Uniform computer structures and media are one of the prospective means of
b uilding new-generation computers. The possibility of program adjustment
of uniform media permits the realization of a digital automaton in each
specific case, the logical structure of which corresponds to the highest
degree to the structure of the algorithm for solving the.specific p.roblem.
The application of uniform adjastable structures and new logical organiza- ~
. tion when creating digital devices should make the machines of future
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1'V1\ V1~L1Vtt'1L V~.lL a+~~L~
g'enerations functionally flexible, highly productive and viable and
insure high standardization and low cost of them [1, 2J, _
Uniform Multimicroprocessor Computer. The princip~es of the construction
of high-output and viable control computer systems and methods of organizing
the computation and control proceases have been developed on the basis of
uniform programmable microelectronic structurea [3]. The basis for the
"ideology" of the construction of the uniform computer systems is the
principle of rearrangement of their resolving fields processors during
the course of the computations in accordance with the requirements of the
, computation process; the rearrangement is realized as a result of broad
utilization of uniforin; rearrangeable microprocessor structures as the
basic means of hardwar.e~execution of the processors and the control modules
- of the system.
The uniform resolving field is a set of like microprocessors operating in
parallel. The number and the.conf iguration of the simultaneously operating
microprocessors are determined by the requirements of the problems solved
and the size of the resolving field. As a result of the use of uniform
- resolving f ields, it will become possit,le to form the required number of
microprocessors and join them into the configuration conditioned by the
problem during the course of solving the problems; parallel execution of
different operations on different scalar and vector variables will be:.ome
possible; conveyor organization of the computation and control; broad
paralleling ~f the c~mputation and control processes (with respect to _
branches and inside branches). As a result of the high level of the
instructions and their hardware execution, high output capacity wi1.1 also
be insured output capacity which will be an order higher than that of
traditional computers. Therefcre in a number of cases the same output
capacity will be insured by using integrated circuits that operate an
order more slowly and therefore which are cheaper. The adjuRtability of
the resolving field in acr_ordance with the problems of the given specific
application will permit the introduction of new consolidated operators,
new instructions. ~
The use of uniform programmable structures and associative memories for
hardware execution of part of the software will permit the introduction of
changes and additions to the operation system without changes in the system
hardware. The operation system can be rearranged depending on the con-
figuration and classes of problems solved.
Associative Processor. In recent years the principles of the construction
~ of uniform associative parallel processors based on uniform specialized
microelectronic structures have been developed [4]. The associative -
parallel processor is designed for group processing of data files; it
performs identical logical and arithmetic operations simultaneously on
a set of pairs of numbers. This is important for problems where group
- processing of the data files is required. Such problems are encountered
in many f ields of science, engineerin~ and economics; they include the
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problems of classification, identification and recognition of signals and
patterns, technical and medical diagnostics, statistical data processing,
and so on. The associative processor insures two or three orders higher -
output capacity for the computer than *_hat of ordinary computers. The
effective speed of uniform associative parallel procesaors reduced to a
pair of numbers and realized from ordinary integrated circuits of the
"metal-oxide-semiconductor"[MOS] structure approaches 109 operations/sec
when solving digital filtration problems [4].
Uniform Piicrocomputer. On the basis of uniform, freely programmable _
structures, a uniform microcomputer has been developed which is character-
- ized by limited memory size, small word length, small size, simplified
_ software and interface and, as a consequence, low cost [5, 6]. The micro-
computer obviously will become the most mass produced and cheapest
- algorithmically universal computer with microprogram control for local
monitoring and control of individual technological operations or groups of
operations as part of the automated technological process control systems;
such machinea will be used as the computers built into instruments, opera-
tions and technological equipment, as data recorders, as "intelligent -
terminals," 3nd so on. �
The equipment of the uniform microcomputer will include the following:
uniform resolving field performing logical and arithmetic operations and
having input-output information, ad~usting and control buses; ready-access
memory of the cassette type executed from shift registers; permanent memory
for storing instructions (operators) containing codes for adjusting the
uniform resolving field; permanent (semipermanent) memory for program
~ storage; a control jet including a module for ad~usting the uniform resolv-
in~ field and, finally, the input-output and monitoring device.
The possibility of adjusting the resolving f ield in each computation cycle
to the required processor configu~ation gives rise to a high level of
machine language for the uniform microcomputer. If primary characteristic
is that the elementary instructions (operators of the uniform computer
the instructions of the type of multiplication, extracting a root, vector
addition, and so on correspond with respect to content to the micro-
- programs of ordinary microcomputers. This "consolidated-operator" system
of instructions permits simplif ication of programming and reduction of the
program memory of the microcomputer, The hardware execution of the
operaGors in a uniform resolving field and the possibility of organizing
several parallel flows of computation will increase the output capacity of
the computer. The simplicity of building up the resolving field and the -
cassette structure of the ready-access memory will permit the configura-
tion of the microcomputer to be altered, creating various versions of it.
The structural principles of the high-output uniform computer for group
data processing have been developed on the basis of the rearrangeable
uniform associative structures [7,8]. Such a computer will provide high
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1' V n V L' 1' 1l~ 1L~J.a U J li . ~ a~ 1
efficiency of the solution of not only computational problems, but also
information retrieval problems. The nigh technical-econom-~c indexes of _
such a computer must be achieved as a result of using the following: -
uniform associative resolving field in which search, sorting, row by bow
two and three-dimensional processing of the operands are easily realized; -
distributed local microprogram control permitting sharp reduction of the
number of references to the ready-acceas memory and a decrease in the pro- -
gram size by an order; and the structural programming of the problems
insuring a reduction in the number of instructions in the programa. The
high viability, reliability and noiaeproofness of the computer are achieved
as a result of the capacity of the computer struc*_ure to be rearranged and
the use of noise-proof coding.
Such a high-output computer together with an ordinary digital computer will "
form a com~,uting system in which the digital computer ~vill serve as the
dispatcher and the control unit for the peripheral devices. Such a system
- is capable of processing information in real time; it is effective in the
solution of matrix problems, the problems of sp~ctral processing of signals,
the solution of systems of partial differential equations, pattern recog-
nition and pattern processing problems, economic problems, and information
retrieval problems.
The computer with parallel structure for group data processing consists of
some number of identical microprocessor elements which simultaneously
execute the same instructions given by common microprogram control. The
microprocessor elements are connected to each other by regular couplings -
providing for interaction with the nearest neighbors; as a result of the
' address couplings each element ia coupled to the other. Each microprocessor
element includeo a computing module and a correlation device providing for
ad~justment of the regular and address couplings between the computer modules.
The regular coupling channel is used for parallel sending of data simul-
taneously between all the computer modules. During the exchange of data
= between the microprocessor elements over the address channel, the sent data _
= is accompanied by names. The microprocessor elements, the contents of the
~ address register of wl~ich coincide with the name of the data coming into
the address channel, generate a signal permitting reception of the data in
the corresponding register of these microprocessor elements. Each computer
module will modify or block the execution of individual arithmetic or logi-
cal operations from a given set, realizing only part of the exchange -
_ operations.
Stiuctural riodels. Radio Pulse Computers. The programming of problems on
such computers is accomplished by the structural method. The program formed
in the control unit for the given class of problems gives the operator
for conversion of the data coming to the input of the computer module and
also the nature of the regu~ar and address couplings between the computers
in accordance with the topology of the solved problem. The programming -
3 of the solution of the problems on the computer will therefore becume
- analogous to the structural programming used in analog computers.
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The use of uniform media as rearrangeable structural models is highly
efficient. t1s a result of the variable structure, the uniform medium will
permit investigation of the models of possible versions of the devices
and will make it poasible to find a more efficient version without large
expenditures of ineans and time. The use of uniform means as a simulator
is prospective for PERT problema. The application of auch means will per- ~
mit tlie solution of the probleme of optimizing PERT charta in a clear,
easily understood ferm. The search for the shortest path in this case is
realized in the time of propagation of the excitation waves between the
_ corresponding modes of the multidimensional graph depicted in the medium
[2l�
Great possibilities axe in~cluded in the application of the uniform media
to construct radio pulse computers in the microwave band. The uniform
radio pulse computers can insure a speed of 109 operations/sec without
difficulty [9J.
The radio pulse uniform camputer media are an efficient means of rea:lizing
_ digiral devices for processing radio signals. At the present time a model
_ o~ a radio pulse medium has been developed and investigated. The cells
of the medium are made for para~eters, the information carrier in which -
is the superhigh frequency signal phase, A cell of the medium ~~~~�forms
' the logical "AND" (conjunction), "OR" (disjunction), "AND-NC'C" (~~~heffer
stroke), "OR-NOT" (Nico stroke) functiox~s of two variables and the ma~orital
function. In addition, it realizes the functions of coupling and uncoupling
the direct or inverse data tranamission channels [9].
The functional part of the cell of the medium is executed in the form of
one hybrid-film integrated circuit using f ilm inductance coils in the
oecillatory systems of the parametrons. The ad~ustable part of the cell _
contains an optoelectronic input device and a logical circuit for selecting
the excitation phase of the parametrons; it is constructed on the basis of
photodiodes.
The experimental studies of the microelectronic markup of the radio pulse -
- medium confirm the practical possibility of processing radio signals
- directly an the carrier frequency in real time in digital form which can ~
essentially change the structure of the modern radio technical complexes,
simplify and decrease the cost of their construction. The possibility of
direct processin~ of the signals on the carrier frequency will permit the
= use of radio pulse uniform media in radioholography, in devices for
- detection and reception of phase-pulse signals and signals with digital
frequency modulation, and so on.
Digital Integrating Structures. One of the prospective paths permitting
_ most complete consideration of the requirements of output capacity, tech- _
nological nature, reliability, economicalness of the computer structures
is the development of uniform digital integrating structures [10].
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The uniform digital integrating structure consists of like processors
called reaolving modules (integrators) and like switching elements forming -
the electronic commutation system; by using this system, the resolving
modules are adjusted to execute various f unctions, and the processes are
coupled to each other in accordance with the solved problem. _
In order to increase the efficiency of the use of uniform integrating
_ structures, software has been developed the primary purpose of which is
automation of. the,process of the preparation and solution of a broad class
of problems. It'includes the structure and program automation system,
problem-orientied l~nguage, operation system and library of standard pro-
grams with special functiohs. The software permits automatic transition
from the initiai system of clifferential equations to the system of Shannon
equations,~a~~d from it to the commutation program for the resolving module
and calculation of the initial data of the equations. The effort to exclude
the universal computer from the system toward which with the ordinary
approach the entire sof~ware system is oriented, leads to the necessity for
- hardware execution of the software in the uniform digital integrating
stxucture [11].
Along with the development of the processors of uniform digital integrating
structure, work is being done to create commutation elements and systems
providing for automatic coupling of processors in the structure. The
deeper studies of the problems arising when constructing channels for trans-
_ mission of digital data in uniform structures has led to the creation of �
uniform automated co~nutation registers for them. The development af such
structures will permit not only the solLtion of the problem of automated
construction of the communications channels which vary in time in accordance
with the variation of the external eff ect, but also advancement in the
- very important problem of synthesizing automata with programmable structure.
For expansion of the functional possibilities of the uniform digital
integrating structures and improvement of their speed, integro-arithmetic _
structures have been developed which use the idea of matching the calcula-
tion of continuous var'_ables on the basis of numerical integration of the
systems of generating equations with the solution of arithmetic and logical
problems by the methods of approximate calculations.
- At the present time a large complex of experimental design operations
have been carried out to create operating models and examples of uniform
digital integrating and integro-arithmetic structures. The further
expansion and deepening of the studies in the field of uniform computing
structures has been aimed, in particular, at the development of the theory -
of automata with progra~able structure, including automated register
commutation systems, and the theory of uniform neuron-like computing -
structures. In addition, the plan calls for the creation and introduction
of the desk model computer into the national economy and also the single-
_ crystal processor of the uniform computing structure, on the basis of
which a new-generation uniforn computer structure can be created [11].
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ilonalgorithmic Bit Structures. The most important goal of the modern theory
and technology of computer engineering is the development of technical
means, the speed of which will not depend on the complexity of the solved
- problem (as occurs in the analo~ computers). High accuracy of the process-
ing of the information characteri:ettic of digital computers would be main-
tained. One of the possible paths,of the solution of this problem is the -
transition to hybrid type structures organically combining the digital
form of representation of the machine variables with the nonalgorithmic
method of operation. Such computer structures were called nonalgorithmic
oitstructures [12]. If such structures are implemented on the basis of the
element base of digital machines, they unconditionally are called non-
algorithmic digital structures, and if on the element base of the analog
machines, then bit analog.
At the present time the structural principles have been developed for the
nonalgorithmic bit structures, and methods of solving standard mathematical
problems on them have been proposed. Expedient areas of application of
such structures and the possibilities of the practical realization of non-
algorithmic machines designed for defined classes of problems requiring
solution in real time or lead time are def ined.
Adaptive Functional Structures. The modern phase of development of computer ~
- en~ineering is characterized by the transition to the construction of com-
puters based on large (5000 to 10000 components in a crystal) and super-
large (hundreds of thousands of components in a crystal) integrated circuits.
However, with an increase in level of integration, the percentage output of
- good circuits is reduced sharply. This inhibits the wide application of
- integrated circuits with high integration level. Accordingly, in order to
increase the profitableness of the production and insure the prospectiveness
of the further increase in integration level it is necessary to develop
principles for the construction of computers which will insure the possibil-
ity of effective use of the circuits having failed components. In this
= respect, Che creation of adaptive functional modules modules in which ~
the adjustment to the execution of the given function is made using an
- adaptation procedure as a result of which the failed components are auto-
matically bypassed or blocked is prespe.ctive. The adaptive adjustment
excludes the necessity for diagnostic control measurements, for in this
case detection of the failed components is not required. The adaptive
- methods also open up the path to programless solution of problems.
In recent years a study has been made of the adaptive uniform structures
constructed from pulse threshold elements with refractoriness. In the
presence of a variable threshold such structures can be adaptively adjusted
to the execution of the required functions. It is demonstrated that such
structures have automaton completeness. They can be executed by modern
microelectronic means. When constructing adaptive uniform structures, the
processes of self-reproduction and self-asseMbly of the elements can be
used [13] . -
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rux urrl~lt~L u~~ ~.~Lr.
Problems of Logical Synthesis of Autom3ta and Their Reliability. The
theoretical studies in the field of uniform atructures ar.d media have led to
development of inethode of analysis and synthesis of uniform s~ructurea, the
methods of realizin~ them on the basis of the integrated circuits and also
the methode of organizin~ the procesa of so~ving problems of different
classea. Formalized methods of synthes~zing automata in uniform etructures
have been developed and investigated.
- As is known, any automaton can be given usin~ structural or algorithmic
description. For structural description the functional diagram of the
- automaton is given in the form of a logical circuit or system of boolean
functions. For algorithmic description of the automa.ton in one of the
initial langudges, an al~orithm is presented for its functioning. Depend-
ing on what is realized the functional dia~ram of the automaton or its
operating algorithm - two groups of procedures for logical synthesis of
automata in a uniform medium are isolated. In the first synthesis ~
procedure first the classical synthesis of t:ie functional diagram of t~e
automaton is carried out on the basis of the elements of uniform medium
considering some of its peculiarities; then by using formal.ized methods,
= the "imbedding" of the functional diagr3m obtained in the uniform medium
is realized. With the second procedure formalized placement of the
algorithm for the functioning of the automaton in the uniform medium is
realized so that the medium will simulate ita individual states in turn
[14].
The uniform media, as a result of the principles of variability and uni- _
formity inherent in them, permit significant increase in the physical
reliability of the elements, simplif ication of the process of:~mcnitoring
end diagnosing the circuits, an increase in the functional reliability of
the devices which are executed from them. In order to increase the
reliability and viability, highly effective methods of monitoring and
diagnosing the uniform m~dia have been developed. The uni~ormity and
- variability of the structure permit the application of the same algorithm -
immediately to a large number of elements, which leads to a noticeable
reduction in the failed element search and control time. The uniformity
of the structure combined with the possibility of programmed rearrangement
- of it will permit simplification of the procedure used to find the failed
elements by more than an order. At the present time studies are being
made of various methods of improving the reliability of the structures _
executed on the basis of uniform structures. Here, local and global
methods of rearranging the structures to exclude the failed elements from
the executed circuit have been developed [2].
Summing up the results, it is possible to state that in the work of -
Soviet and foreign scientists at the present time the scientific and
technical principles of the construction of programmable microelectronic
uniform structures and digital devices based on them have been laid down.
The structural principles and the methods of execution of computer cir-
cuitry based on uniform structures have been developed, and the methods
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of organizing computational processes in them have been investigated.
Several procedures have been developed for the physical execution of the
elements of uniform structures on the basis of the integrated P40S technology.
At the present time studies are being made of the possibility of the exe-
cution of uniform media with parallel input of the adjustment information
by meana of microoptoelectronics [15].
In spite of tiie significanl- progress in the creation of tlie fundamentals
of the theory and engineerin~ of uniform structures, many of the scientific
problems connected with it still await aolution. Among them it is
necessary to note the problems of the development of a convenient language
for describing the functionin~ of the uniform structure and its elements;
the creation of inethods of throu~h synthesis of the devices based on uniform
structures, satisfying the giv2n criteria; the construction of algorithmic
languages oriented to give algorithms to solve problems in uniform struc-
tures; the develop~ent of effective methods of structural simulation of
the complex problems in uniform structures and the methods of their effec-
tive solution; determination of class of problems solved optimally on
- the uniform structures; the creation of effective optoelectronic uniform -
media and methods of parallel adjustment of their structure.
- Uniform Computer Systems and Networks
For a number of the complex coraputer systems, the placement of the computers
or Che centers at significant distances from each other while maintaining
connectedness of their elements is characteristic. For such systems there
are two types of problems: local problems, that is, the problems which
are solved by individual elements of the system, and global problems
solved by the system as a whole. For the solution of both local and
global problems it is expedient to use uniform distributed computers, the
basis for the construction of which is the distributed model of the com-
puter collective [lOj.
The distributed computer system using the model of the collective of
computers is based on the principles of parallel execution of the operation,
variabiiity of the logical.structure and the structural uniformity. The
uni�orm computer networks are a special case of uniform distributed
computer systems. ~
At the present time the construction of the distributed computer system
with relatively simple structure and outp~:t capacity approachind the product -
of the number of the machines in the system times the productivity of an
individual machine is an important scientific and technical problem. This
distributed computer system must behave as one lar~e computer system with
total output capacity and total basic and external memory size. For
achievement of th~s goal it is proposed that the conveyor method of
information processin~ be used considering the possibility of the joint
- operation of the input-output channel and the machine [16].
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rux urrt~t~ u~~ v~vLY
Uniform Distributed I~Iicroprocessor Control Computer Systems. The modern
state of the art and the prospects for the development of uniform
distributed computer systems will permit the statement and solution of
the proble~^ rf the development of distributed control systems.
The distributed controlling computer systems can be provisionally broken
down into two types. The f irst type includes the functionally or terri-
torially distributed systems where in order to increase the viability and
economicalness of the control system the circuits making~it up (the micro=
computer, the microprocessor syatems, minicomputer, and so on) are terri-
torially (f.unctionally) distributed with reapect to the entire o~~ect of
control.
The occurrence of such systems is no accident. With the appearance and
broad ass i~nilation in recent years of microprocessors, microcomputers and
other nicroprocessor systems, a trend is bein~ observed in the control ~
strategy toward the transition from strongly centralized control systems -
to distributed systems in which the small microprocessor modules, in
accordance with the fur~~tional principle, are located near the objects of
control. Such multimicromachine systemG provide for increased technical-
economic indexes as a result of reducing the connecting lines to the objects
_ of control and on the basis of the fact that a failure in the functioning
of any microcomputer cause� a failure not of the entire system but only a
small part of it.
The second type of distributed control computer systems includes the terri-
torially concentrated multimachine or multiprocessor control computer sys-
- tems in which in order to increase the output capacity the solved problem
is distributed among several computers or processors. The output capacity
of this computer system must approach the product of a number of machines
(procesaors) in the system times the output capacity of the individual
mactiine. Thia computer Qystem behaves as one large computing machine with
total output ~apacity and total basic and external memory size.
The uniform multimachine (multiprocessor) control computer systems can have
centralized, decentralized and mixed control.
The uniform multimachine (multiprocessor) control computer system with
centralized control is characterized by hierarchical subordination of
machines (processors). This system will contain a specially segregated
control m:3chine (processor) which realizes the control in which all the
machines (processors) of the system are combined into a unit whole. If
the system provides for the possibility of raising or lowering the posi-
tion and the qualification of the various processors (machines;, then the
reorganization of the hierarchy and variation of the priorities of the
subordinate machines (processors) are possible.
In the uniform control computer system with centralized control and uiatrix
of electronic computers (processors) the central control machine controls
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the information load of the like computers (see Fig 1). Each computer
exchanges data f iles with the input-output units and external memories
through the central control computer. If in a matrix of n computers
(Fig 1) one and the same instruction is executed on 2n diff erent numbers
simultaneously, the effective output capacity of the uniform computer
system increases by n times. A standard representative of the uniform =
computer system with centralized control is the well known ILLIAC IV
- system,
~ '
~
~ ,
i ~P ~P ~
i
i i
~ , _
. i i
i ~
.rse ~ ~
I I
I ~
u.rM ~ i
. ~ I
B3y ~
I I
i I
~ I
~ ~ !1 P ~P ~
I
i ~ -
- ~ I
L------------------
Figure 1. Structure of a u~^iform matrix computer system with
centralized control.
y~9 input-output unit; B3Y external memory;
IIJ'M centraJ control computer; fIP processor
Figure 2. Uniform ring computer system with decentralized
= control
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- 3BM f
38M 38M
Figure 3. Uniform toroidal Figure 4. Structural diagram of a
(matrix) computer system with uniform multimicroprocessor computer
decentralized control POPSY with decentralized control -
Key :
l. computer '
.YnpaB,neHUe
B~auMO-
O~MCHOM~1
~2~
(lan.nmb -
M;t;;po- MlT 09Y
npoapa~n+
Figure 5. Structural dia.gram of one module (microcomputer)
of the POPSY computer system
microprocessor; ready-access memory
Key:
l. mutual exchange control
2. microprogram memory
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The computer system with decentralized control contains equivalent machines
(processors) and excludes their hierarchical cosubordination. Such a system
has no unique, clearly fixed machine (processor) which controls the solution
of the problems in the system. Each machine entering into the eystem with
decentralized control is independent in its actiona, but ita overall organi-
- zation and the control programs in each of the machines are such that the
system of machines can provide for the execution of a united program. ~
In the computer systems with decentralized control all of the operations
connected with information input and output are realized autonomously by
- all of the computers er.tering into it. The packa~e processing mode is
realized for each computer independently of the others. When solving the
problem of increasing the output capacity of such control computer systems
the information exchange with the "external environment" remains the worst
bottleneck.
The block diagram of the simplest uniform computer system of the ring type
with decentralized control is presented in Fig 2. From the figure it is
obvious that in such a system all of its computers are connected in a ring.
Fig 3 shows the block diagram of a more complex toroidal or matrix uniform
computer system with decentralized control.
The standard representative of the uniform computer system with decentralized
control is the POPSY system created in the United States [17J. The developers
of this system pursued two goals: simplification of its software and a re-
duction of the requirements on programming quality. The structure of the
multimicromachine computer system POPSY made up of 16 modules (microcomputers)
is repreaented by the block diagram depicted in Fig 4, and the structure of
one module is presented in Fig 5. As is obvious from the f igure, the struc-
ture of the given system is a two-dimensional array of micromodules (micro-
computers). ~ach module is executed from metal-oxide-semiconductor crystals
(MOS-crystals) and is made up of a microprocessor, the microprogram memory,
the ready-access memory and the control crystal which permits programming of
the couplings between the modules in the system.
The information command exchange in each microprocessor module with four
neighbors with respect to the array is realized through the intermodular
coupling control crysts:L: In the POPSY system it is possible to switch the.
shift and carry circuits of the adders of the individual micromodules, which
will permit operation with long numbers and with rows of data. The possi-
bility of rearrangement of the system structure permits program simulation
(emulation) of the architecture of "conveyor" computers. As follows from
- what has been stated above, the foundation of the elemental base of the
module of the given system is the integrated circuit with programmable
functions or the microprocessor and the integrated control circuit programming
(switching) the connections between adjacent models of the system.
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An interesting characteristic of POPSY system is the fact that its builders
rejected the multiprogramming and time sharing modes (a large part of the
operation system in ordinary series computers is busy with the servicing
of these processing); as proposed, the system will operate in a united
multiuse mode. Each problem or each user has at hia dieposal one or aeveral
modules of the syetem. It is true that the problem can turn out to be ao
complex that its solution will occupy the entire system as a whole.
The syatem designed to process radar data [17] can serve as an example of a -
_ uniform multiprocessor compt~ter system with mixed control. The system con-
tains 64 operating and 4 reserve micromodules (microcomputers) of the type
presented ~,n Fig~S,w~.th average characteristics. Each micromodule has a
coupl3ng to the other three. The data accounting and transmission are
realized in parallel. The input-output is realized through a common channel.
The control is two-level; one level is formed by the general instructions
issued by the central control computer, and the other level, by the instruc-
_ tions generated inside each module. The output ca~pacity of such systems is
proportional to the number of micromodules. In order to increase the -
' reliability of the system, four reserve micromodules are used, and the
communications network i;s closed in a rinp.
It appears that the properties of the microprocessor large integrated circuits
with programmable functions of the modules and intermodular couplings can be
- fully used when building the data processing systems of fourth-generation
- computers based on the principles o.f parallel processing, the programmable
structure and the structural uniformity.
Estimation of the Efficiency of the Comput~r Systems. A large number of
parameters and facts characterizing the methods of organizing the computer
process in uniform computer systems make the problem of estimating their
efficiency highly multidimensional. In addition, depending on the goals
_ which face the computer system, various criteria can be used to estimate the -
effectiveness. These facts complicate the statement of the problem of
- analyzing the efficiency of computer systems and methods of organizing
parallel calculations in general form. Accordingly, partial estimates of
the efficiency of the computer systems are made. The studies in this area
have made it possible to perform design calculations to estimate the
efficiency of the structure of the multiprocessor and multicomputer computing
systems by the criterion of variation of output capacity of the computer ~
system by comparison with the total output capacity of the component
- machines [18J. Here the efficiency estimate reduced to the problem of
analyzing the efficiency of the interaction in the parallel co~puter proeesses
considering the expenditures on the organization of the calculations,
informalCiori exchange and the losses when using the common memory.
The complex problems, the effective solution of which requires paralleling
can be classlfied by a number of attributes. The most significant among
them is the admissible depth (degree) of paralleling and connectedness of
the parallel-executed branches of the computin~ process. These qualities
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' determine the effectiveness of the application of certain technical pro-
graumiing means or others for the ,~rganization of parallel computer pro-
cesses. The presence of a common field in the ready-access memory for
several processors makes it possible ~o have an efficient processing pro-
cedure with any organization of parallel computations, including with
strong connectedness of the individual procesaes, for there is no neceaeity
to ahift the data during information exchange, and there is a possibility
of using common information and program f iles. However, the admissible
number of processors in such systems is significantly limited, which
excludes deep paralleling [19]. The introduction of the direct exchange
channel between the machine and the peripheral devices will permit an
increase in the number of processors using the common memory field, which
means the admissible degree of paralleling. However, the total effective-
ness of such a system is achieved only with suff iciently little interaction
of the parallel-executed progra~ branches.
At the present time the procedure for determining the number of machines
(processors) in the uniform computer system based on utilizing the model
not taking into account the productivity losses caused by references to
memory has been well developed. However, in real systems significant
losses of productivity occur as a result of references to memory, especially
the external memory. In order to eliminate this deficiency, a model of the
computer system was subjected to investigation in which the ~oint function-
ing of several computers having a defined volume of ready-access and
external memory is taken into account. It is demonstrated that the output
capacity of such a system is determined by the number of exchanges between
the computer and the externa~ memory and between the computer and the
computer. A procedure has been developed which permits efficient selection
of the volume of the ready-access memory and the average access time to the
external memory with a f~.xed number of computers and also the choice of
other system characteristics [20].
- A basic characteristic of the uniform computer system is the presence of
intensive interactions between the machines data exchange, exchange of
control signals, requests and responses. The isolation of the centraliz.ed
~ unit for controlling interactions leads to disturbance of the functional
uniformity, a reduction in viability and efficiency of the system. The
- decentralization of control leads to specific methods of resolving conflicts
between the different interacting subsystems on the basis of local (in
space or time) information and the corresponding losses [21]. Accordingly,
three different decentralized interaction disciplines were investigated:
priority, circular and mixed. The priority discipline presupposes that all
the machines are ordered with reapect to priority, and it is known at each
time which machines interact and how many co~unications channels are free.
The machines receive channels by priority if the required partners do not
interact. The circular discipline presupposes that each machine operates
in the multiprogram mode and has a buffer to accumulate an internal queue
of requests. The requests are serviced by the machine after the transfer
of system control to it. After servicing its requests, the machine
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~ transfers control to the next machine. The circiilar discipline, in contrast
to the priority, doea not cause algorithmic conflicts and, conaequently,
- losses. With a mixed discipline the control is transferred each time to
the machine ~which has accumulated more requests in its queue.
The development of uniform computer systems made up of r~any computers and
microcomputers is one of the new quickly developing areas of computer
engineering. The construction of highly efficient and viable uniform
systems from many computers and microcomputers is expandin~ as an area of
application of computer engineering and in many cases is excluding the
necessity for using universal medium and hi~h power computers.
The analysis of the Computer systems known from the literature indicates
that they h~Ye a number of disadvantages. These include the fact that the
systems are built on the principles of parallelness of execution of logical
and arithmetic operations as a result of paraJ.leling on the operations
level, large losses of reserves occur for synchronizing the machfnes and
transmission of information between them, and this complicates the organi-
zation of an efficient parallel computation process; on the basis of the
presence of a common control unit, the re]_iability and viability of such
- systems are low. In order to eliminate ehe indicated def iciencies, a method
was proposed for constructing the comput2r systems made up of many computers
which is based on the principle of parallelness of operation of the machines
when solving complex problems in the multiprogramming modes, on the one
hand, and the principle of programmability and regularity of the =
structure of the communication network between ~the machines, on the other _
hand. It is demonstrated that with relatively little additional hardware
and software expenditures it is possible to build a uniform computer system
~ with a variable number of machines, with high output capacity and viability;
the industrial designs of the MItdItfAX [22] and aUI~~A [23] computer systems
have been developed.
The active development of research in the field of uniform adjustable
microelectronic structures and media is having a stronger and stronger
influence on microelec*_ronics and fourth-generat_ion computer engineering.
The further progress in this area must lead to the creation of qualitatively
- new multimicroprocessor computer systems of sub~equent generations.
The foundation of the element base of the high-output uniform ~ultimicro-
processor computer systems is the large integrated circuit with programmable _
(adjustable) functions or the microprocessor and integrated control circuit _
permitt~.ng programming of the couplings between the c?icroprocessor modules.
The positive characteristics of the large microprocessor integr~ted cir-
cuits will be used to the highest degree in the control computer systems
of the fourth and f ifth generation ~ased on the principles of parallel
processing, programanability of structure and structural uniformity.
The creators of the prospective multimicroprocessor computer system are
pursuing several goals, among which it is necessaryto note the increase
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in output capacity and viability of the systems, simplification of the
software anc? a reduction of the requirements on programming quality. With
the appearance and assimilation of microprocessor systems in the control
equipment, a trend ts obaerved toward the transition from highly centralized
control systems to distributed control systems, in which the small micro-
processor modules are located directly at the ob~ects of control, which
improvea the technical-economic indexea of the syatems. However, it must -
be noted tha~ in spite of significant progress in the creation of the theory
and the engineering of uniform ad3ustable computer structure, media and
systems, many acientific and engineering problems in this area await solu-
tion. Among them, above all, it ia neceasary to note the problems of the
development of effective methods of structural simulation and the solution
of complex problems in the uniform structures and systems, determination
of the class of problems efficiently solved on uniform computer structures
and the creation of effective means of parallel adjustment of the medium
and new methods of improving reliability.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Prangishvili, I. V.; Abramova, N. A., et al. MIKROELEKTRONIKA I
ODt10RODNYYE STRUKTURY DLYA POSTROYENIYA LO~ICHESKIKH I VYC~iISLITEL'NYKH
USTROYSTV [Microelectronics and Uniform Structures for the Construc-
tion of Logical and Computer Devices], Moscow, Nauka, 1967, 350 pp.
2. Yevreinov, E. V.; Prangishvili, I. V. TSIFROVYYE AVTOMATY S
NASTRAIVAYE'c�::� STRUKTUROY [Digital Automata with Ad3ustable Structure],
Moscow, Energiya, 1974, 238 pp with illustrations.
3. Prangishvili, I. V.; Vilenkin, S. Ya., et al. "Ad,justable Computer -
_ Control Syatems Based on Uniform Structures," 4I VSESOYUZNOYE
SOVESIiCHAidIYE PO PROBLII~lAM UPRAVLENIYA. REFERATY DOKLADOV L
[Sixth All-Union Conference on Control Problems. Revie;as of Reports],
Part II, Moscow, Nauka, 1974, pp 2~J6-208.
_ 4. Prangishvili, I. V.; Popova, G. M., et al. ODNORODNYYE ASSOTSIATIVNYYE
t~IKROELEKTROI~NYYE PROTSESSORY [Uniform Associative Microelectronics =
~rocessors], Moscow, Sovetskoye radio, 1974, 271 pp.
5. Prangishvili, I. V.; Babicheva, Ye. V., et al. "Peculiar ities of the
Uniform t4icrocomputer. Microprocessors," TEZISY DOKLADOV VSESOYUZNOGO ~
SOVESHCHANIYA [Topics of Reports of the All-Union Conference], Riga, -
Zinate, 1975, pp 55-57.
6. Prangishvili, I. V.; Babicheva, Ye. V., et al. "Struc.tural Principles
- of riicrocomputers based on a Uniform Ad~ustable Struc+_ure,"
ODIJORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SISTEt4Y I SRIDY. MATER7ALY IV
VSESOYUZNOY KONFERENTSII [Uniform Computer Systems a.nd Piedia. Materials
of the 4th All-Union Conference], Part 1, Kiev, Na~:kova dumka, 1975,
PP 221-222.
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r~ux ur~r~l~ltu. u~~; u~~L~
_ 7. I+fedvedev, I. L.; Prangishvili, I. V.; Chudin, A. A. "Specialized
I~fultiprocessor Computer Sys~em with Adjustabie Structures," _
- OD~dOROLNIYE VYCHISLI TEL'NYYE SISTEMY I SREDX. I~IATERIALY IV
VSESOYUZNOY KONFERENTSII [Uniform Computer Systems a~d t4edia. Materials
of the 4th Al1-Union Conference], Part 1, Kiev, idaukova dumka,
1975, pp 142-143. -
8, riedvedev, I. K.; Prangishvili, I. V.; Chudin, A. A. "Multiprocessor
Computer Systems with Ad~ustable Structure," preprint, Institute of
- Control Problems, i4oscow, 1975, 70 pp with illustrations.
9. Gubarev, L. t�i.; Struko~, A. Z. "Microelectronic Radio Pulse Uniform
Computer St.ructures," ODNORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'i1YYE SISTEMY I SREDY.
i~SATERIALY IV VSESOYUZidOY KOIJFERENTSII [Uniform Computer Systems and
Piedia. Materials of the 4th All-Union Conf erence], Part 1, Kiev,
- Naukova dumka, 1975, pp 245-247. -
10. Kalyayev, A. V. TEORIYA TSIFROVYKH INTEGRIRUYUSFICHIKH MASFIIId I
STRUKTUR [Theory of Digital Integrating P~Iachines and Structures],
t�Icacow, Sovetskoye radio, 1970, 294 np,
11. Kalyayev, A. V. "Automata with Programmable Structure and Commutation,"
_ :~EODi10RODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'T~1'YE SISTF.~fY [Nonuniform Computer Systems],
- Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1975, pp 20-31. _
- 12. Pukhov, G. Ye. "Ilonalgorithmic Computer Si:ructures," VYCHISLITEL'NYYE
SISTEMY I SREDY [Computer Systems and I~edia], Taganrog, izd.
TAGANROGSICOGO RADIOTEKHNICH~SKOGO INSTITUTA, '_972, pp 63-65.
13. Kashkovskiy, V. L. "Problems of the Development of Adaptive Uniform
Systems," ODNORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SISTII`lY I SREDY. MATE:2IALY IV
VSESOYUZPdOY KONFERENT~II, Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1975, pp 145-147.
i4. Lazarev, V. G. "Principles of the Realization and Peculi.arities of
the Synthesis of Automata on the Basis of Uniform Media," DISKRETNXYE
SISTEhIY. MEZHDUNARODIdYY SIMPOZIUM [Digital Systems. International '
Symposium], Vol 2, Riga, Zinatiye, 1974, pp 25-28.
15. Bykhovskiy, V. K.; 24irzoyan, G. A., et al. "Methods of Optical _
_ Data Input in a Microelectronic Uniform Medium," DOKLADY NA I
VSESOYUZtdOY KOi1FERF.iVTSII PO GOLOGRAFII [Reports at the lst All-Union _
Conferenc:e on Holography], Tbilisi, izd. rioskovskogo instituta
- radioelektroniki i avtomatiki, 1973, pp 85-88.
- 16. Yevreinov, E. V.; Zhiratkov, V. I. "Distributed Computer Systems,"
ODNORnDI1YYE VFCHISLIT~L'NYYE SISTII~IY I SREDY. MATERIALY I~1
VS~SOYUZNOY KONFEREIITSII, Part 1, Kiev, Naukova, dumka, 1975, pp 3-5.
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17. "Micr~processors and Data Processing Systems (a Survey),"
ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA [Foreign Radioelectronics], No 9, 1975,
pp 31-60.
18. Lipayev, V. V.; Shtrik, A. A. "Efficiency of Uniform Computer Systems
Operating in Real Time," ODNORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SISTEMY I
SRIDY. i~ATERIALY IV VSESOYUZNOY KONFERENTSII, Part 1, Kiev, Naukova
dumka, 1975, pp 9-11.
19. Zamorin, A. P.; Loshkin, Ya. P.; Solov`yev, S. P. "Axtalysis of the
Methods of Executing Parallel Calcul.ations in the Integrated Computer
System," ODNORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE S~STEMY I SREDY. MATERIALY IV
VSESOYUZPlOY K~JNFERENTSII, Yart 1, Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1975, pp 13-14.
20. Shuviyev, V. I.; $e.nlcin, V. A. "Determination of the Number of
Computers in Uniform P~iultiprogram Computing Complexes," ODNOROD2~I'YE
VYCHISLITEL',IYYE SISTEMY I ~REDY. MATERIALY IV VSESOYUZNOY
KONFERENTSII, Part 1, Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1975, p 21.
21. Vorob'yev, V. A.; Sedukhin, S. G.; Kashun, I. N. "Study of
Decentralized Disciplines of Interaction Between Elementary Computers
(ErI) of a Uniform Computer Syatem (OVS)," ODNORODI~'YE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE
SISTEMY I SREDY. I~IATERIALY IV VSESOYUZNOY KONFEREPdTSII, Part 1, Kiev,
Ilaukova dumka, 1975, p 36.
22. Dmitriyev, Yu. K.; Ignatenko, L. K., et al. "Systems Circuitry of the
Uniform Computer System MINIMAX," ODNORODNYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SISTII~IY
I SREDY. t~lAT~RIALY IV VSESOYUZNOY KONFERENTSII, Part 1, Kiev,
Naukova dumka, 1975, pp 56-58.
23. Dmitriyev, Yu. K.; Khoroshovskiy, V. G.; Shum, L. S. "Uniform
Computer Systems Made up of t4inicomputers," ODNORODNYY VYCHISLITEL'NYYE
- SISTEMY I SREDY. :~ATERIALY IV VSESOYUZNOY KONFEREPI'TSII, Part 1, Kiev,
� Naukova dumka, 1975, pp ~t1-42.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
. Page
Foreword by A. I. Berg 5
, ,
B. V. Gnedenko.~ Mathe~atical Methods of Cybernetics. Queuing
Theo:y . ~ ~ 11
Basic Peculiarities of the Theory 13
Some Incoming Request Flows 16
Classical Queuing Systems 19
Some New Problems 23
Bibliography 26
V. 1C. Siforov, R. L. Dobrushin, S. I. Samoylenko, B. S. Tsybakov,
I. M. Boyarinov, S. I. Gel'fand, V. N. Koshelev, Yu. M. Shtar'kov.
Information Transmission Theory and Its Applications 28
Coding Message Sources 30 _
Information Transmission over Channels with Noise 35
Cotr.plexity of Coding and Decoding. Construction of Reliable
Memories 3$
Algebraic Codes 40
Coding in Computer Networks 44
Arithmetic Codes 46
~ Bibliography 50
A. G. Butkovskiy, M. A. Gavrilov, A. S. Krasnenker, A. S. Poznyak,
Ya. Z. Tsypkin. Same Problems of Technical Cybernetics 58
Theory of Relays and Pinite Automata 60
Finite Control 73
Adaptive Systems 79
Learning Automata 86 _
V~ctor Optimization 96
Bibliography 102
I. V. Prangishvili. Uniform Computer Structures, Media,
Systems and Networks 109
New-Generation Computers 109
Uniform Computer Structures and i~: ia 113
Uniform Computer Systems and Netw;;-ks 120
Bibliography 127
G. K. Krug. Planning and Automation of Experimentation
Way to Improve the Efficiency of Basic ~nd Applied Research 129
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r~ux urrl~lr~. u~r, ~1vL~
Theoretical Reaearch 130
Application of Computers when Solving the Prob~.ems o� Planning
and Automation of Experimentation 131
Applied Research 134
- ~ibliography 138
V. A. Venikov, R. G. Savchenko, V. A. Stroyev, Problem of _
Effective Description, Analysis and Synthesis of Large Electric
Power Systems 141
Optimization of the Development and the Operating Conditions of _
Electric Power Systems 143
Reliability Problems 147
Analysis of the Operating Conditions of Electric Power Systems 150
Automatic Regulation of Powerful Power Units and Emergency
Automation in Electric Power Systems 154
Automation of the Design of Electric Power Systems 157
Improvement of Electric Power Transmission Linea 160
Autonomoue Electric Power System 161
Automation of Agricultural Power Systems based on Cybernetic Methods 163
_ Bibliography 165
V. M. Akhutin, V. S. Gurfinkel', V. I. Gusel'nikov, V. M. Yemel'yanov,
- A. B. Kogan, B. A. Levenko, I. B. Litinetskiy, G. N. Sirakin. Modern
Problems of Bionics 176
History of Bionics 177
~ Receptors and Analyzers 182
Neurons and Neuron Nets 190
Location, Orientation, Na~ igation and Cammunication 195
Biotechnical Systems 198
Biomechanics 203 -
Bibliography 207
G. S. Pospelov, D. A. Pospelov. Artificial Intellect Research in ~
the USSR 212
Solution of Creative Problems 212
Psychonic Research 227 `
Man-Machine Systems 230
Bibliography 233
[180-A-10845]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," 1978
10845 _
CSO: 1863-R ~ END ~
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