JPRS ID: 9019 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9019
4 April 1980
:
USSR R~ ort -
p
POi.ITICAI AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 8/80~
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- JPRS L/9019
4 Apri1 1980
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIO LOGI~AL AFFAIRS
(FOUO s/so)
CO(lTENTS P,~GE -
- NATIONAL
Phenomenon of I1`ya Gla2unov
(Igor' Golomshtok; SINTAKSIS, No 4, 1979) 1
National Pride, Unity of Soviet Peoples Described
(Aleksandr Gavrilov; DRUZHBA NARODOV, No 12, 1979)..... 12
REGIONAL
r Georgian Roundtable on New Economic Mechanism ~
(SAKARTVELOS KOMtTNISTI, Jan 80) 22 '
Book Reviews New Life Styles in Islam Areas
(NOVYY BYT I ISLAM, 1979) 40
- a ' [III - U5SR - 35 FOUO] ~
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NATIONAL
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PHF.~VOMENOPJ OF IL' YA GLAaUNO
Paris SINTAKSIS in Russian No 4, 1979 pp I19-138
[Article by Igor' Golomshtok: "The Fhenomenon of Glazunov"]
[Text] 1'here would be no reason to write about the painter Il'ya Glazuno~
except for two considerationa.
Firat, an entire legend has been created around his personality both in the
USSR and abroad. The epithets "unofficial," "oppositional," "underground,"
"persecuted" were firmly attached to the name of the pain~ter on the pages
of the foreign press, while at the same time I1'ya Glazunov is the creator
of a gallery of portrsita of the Soviet upper cruat, culminating in L.
Brezhnev himself. On the one haad, he is an apoatle of national and reli-
gioue rebiYth, almost a spiritual twin of Solzheniteya, while, on the other,
a conatant traveler abroad~ a correspondent for ROMS~IOL'SKAYA PRAVDA in
Vietnam~ a personal f~riend of the deceased Chilean Prasident Allende. A
year ago NEWSWEEK magazine publiahed an article about him with a character-
iatic title: "Leonid Brezhnev, the Kiag of Sweden and Gina Lollobrigida
Have Som~thiag in Co~mon: All of Them Had Their Port'ra3.ts Painted by I1'qa
Glazuaov01--the authors of this article write and continue: "His succesa
among the top has made him a privileged citizen. Ttte dining room in hia
Moscaw apartment is full of French furniture in the style of the Empire $nd
- portraits of the tsars; his two-atory workahop ie sufficientlq capacious to
cantain 3,000 pictures and a portion of an old wooden hut."1 The American
journalist Barron ia hia recently published book "KGB" talks of these priv-
ileges as a raward for tbe fact that Glazunov has beea "intor~iag against
. _
Soviet intellectuals aad fareisnera," but the Russi.an National Association
aad the monarchiatic ~oumal CHASOVOY have raised their voicee in defeuse
of Glazu~ov, declaring him a martyr for the "Russian cause." -
The cr~ative path of Glazunov has been enshrouded in the dense atmosphere
of the ideological mystic and the political detective. A glanc~ at his
creative work could bring us to the second consideration--to that which
transforms this rather ordinary,but not rather bold, painter into a kind of
"cultural phenom~enon," who is at the center of attention of the presently
inflamed "argument about Russia."
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This argument ie long-etanding and ramified; it has aesumed the form of a
ptiiloaophic literary polemic bet~aeen Weaterniets and Slavophiles, that
which tranalated into the language of politica, finds ita embodiment in
party decr~es decrying "Great-Russian chauvinism" or "forelorn cosmopolitan-
iem. At the present stage it looks somewhat different. The gist of thia
argument--in ita polemical extremess--boile dawn actually to one main ques-
tion: ia it that dark coadition which has enmeshed d~e country for 60 years,
_ a direct consequence of cectain featurea of the Ruas3an character, specific
aepecte of the country's hiatory, or is it something foreign to Ruseia,
brought from without--from the West? Directed at the sphere of culture,
thie argument is conducted somewhat on the same plane: are the ideologq
anal language of Soviet art an extenaion of the national artist tradition or
has the communist regime one thing or another from the modernist movement,
= which began to take shape in Europe toward the end of the last century?
And--~ts a consequence of all this: should Rusaian art follaw the common
path or should itfinally overcome renaissance indi�~idualism and European
moderniam and return to iconic conciliarism [sobornoat'J.2 In this sense-
leae argwnent, Glazunov's art bggina to fulfill the funetion of a chief
ideological argument, as it seemingly indicates a way out of a logical dead-
end~ pointe out the poasibility of a path~ which Ruesian artie tic culture
has eeemingly already aeaumed and which will return it to the ephere of
national originality. All this permits one to epeak of the "Glazunov phen-
omenon"--a straage menifestation, occurring in an aCmosphere of a cultural
. vacuum and ideologic~l conformism and nurtured equally by an idealistic
noetalgia for the paet and by quite material considerations for ~he future,
which would b e impoesible in a normal society. �
Glazunov~'s name was first thundered in Moscow, in the Central Building of
- Art Workera, when an exhibition wae opened of this quite unknawn painter, !
_ who at the time was atill a student at the Institute imeni Repin of the
. Academy of Arts in Leningrad. The halle of this building, ~ammed with -
enthusiastic crawda displayed his illuatratione for postoyevskiy, landscapes~
figure campositiona... It was mostlp drawings and to a lesaer degree paint-
inge. A certain freedom of dealing with form was for thoae times unusual~
_ and all this initially seemed atriking and original. But only at firet
glaace. For one quickly gets the feeling in the proceas of exa~inin3 these
things that there ia something familiar, that through the external garish-
nesa of form there begin to show long familiar (principally from reproduc-
tion~ found in old ~ournals) images. Thus, the theme of his graphic series
"The Leningrad Blockade" would appear to be something experienced in Che -
life of the artist, but it ia difficult to find in his artistic embodiment
something reminiscent of an individual approach, an individual intonation
by the author. The pedaled play of contrasts, the striking stroke, the
heightened expression of the emaciated faces of children and old women--
all this to the smallesc detail reminded one of individual aheets taken
from "The Weavers' Uprising" by Rathe Rollwitz, done in 1897. Another group
of Glazunov's early works is also connected with a peraonal theme--the un-
toward side of Leningrad (or Petersburg): denae massea of houses, graphic
- pattern~s of cobblestones in the light of white nights, reflections in canals
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and man--amall and lonely in this ghost-city~ octopus-city, poem-city. Al1 -
this would have been very good if it had not been depicted 50 years before
Glazunov by such artists as Dobuzhin~akiy, A. Benoit, Laacere... In aome
cases the resemblance to the originals was so close that the artist could ~
be suspected of plagiariam.
If we were to speak of the etylisti~c eources of Glazunov's work, they would '
be first fo~d in the work of the "'World of Art~" ~ movement arising in Ru~~-
eia towaYd the end of the last cent:ury as a reaction to the national seclu- -
sion and esthetic conservatiem of 1:h2 Glanderere [peredvizhniki] and having
for ite purpose "th rowing br~dges !Erom Ruseia to Europe." There can be no
mention of a"Rusaisn idea'" in Glazunov's early work: the consciouenese of _
that generation was atill aware of the bacchanalia of Stalinist patriotiam
and the image of "Russia as the motherland of ele~~.ants." The public would
not have taken to such ideas. Let us remember that in those times the -
paintera of the "World of Art" were considered as re presentatives of "reac-
tionary Western modernism" and their works had already been gathering dust
in museun atorerooma, hidden even from specialists. It is ther~fore not
surprising that the public greeted the imitation of these examples as the
birth of a new art. It ia namely that this, unknown by anyone as a sanr
tioned, exhibit aerved as the basis for the legend of Glazunov as an inn~i-
vative painter, an oppositionist and unrecognized genius.
The Soviet artistic administration reacted to the ~xhibit correapondingly,
but not too eeverely: he was accuaed of modernism and wa~ given a grade
of three (paesing markj on hia final examination. But I1'ya Glazunov's
star did not set.
At the outs~t of 1963, shortly aftex Khruehchev's ..program at the Moscow
Manege of Young Artists-Nonconformiata, which set from that tim~ on the
b ugbear df Western moderniam (the world masters [miriakusniki] had been
bq that time, albeit posthumously~ but nonetheless partiallq rehabilitated),
Glazunov ehawed up in Italy, where he opened his own large and personal
e~ibit. In his interviews with the Weatern press, Glazunov stated that
- he was not a propoaent of moderniam, moreover, he opposed its lack of spa~
itut~lity and at the same time was contending againet Staliniat naturaliam _
for the rebirth of truly national, Russian cultural values. Glazunov had
chosen a very succesaf ul time for such enunciations: the leftist and pro-
= S~~viet ptess picked up hie statements, which made it posaible to give the
iLtpreasion that in the Soviet Uaion regular discussions were going on on
queatione of art within th~ framework of f ree exchange of opinion and that
diesident artiets were in no way being suppresaed in their rights-- they
could even travel abroad and set up there their own exhibitions. The legend
of Glazunov as an oppositionist became popular even in Western leftiet
circles. -
But through a very atrang~ comb ination of circumstances, a year latar (in
July 1964) a tremendous pereonal exhibit of I1'ya Glazunov opened in Mos-
ca,T's Maunege, where only a ahort while back Khruehchev had covered with
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. spittle R. Fal'k, E. Neizvestnyy and other modernists--old and youngy The -
- occaeion h:as unprecedented: even the biggest socialist realists had not
~ been granted such an honor, including Glazunov's teacher--the then presi-
~ dent of the USSR Academy of Arts B, Ioganaon. This exhibit dif.fered from
the preceding one, but its content was also extraordinary. At the Manege, -
in the center of Soviet offi~ial preaentation (ofitsioz]~ there peered from
the walls atylized facea of saints~ church cupolas, covered with gold leaf~
glittered, the head of the murdered Tsarevich Dmitriy reigned in space.
But the highlight of the e~ibit was to be found in the large~ atrikingl~
depicted portraits: elegant ladies with slightly elongated proportiona and
exagg~ratedly large eyes~ occupying almoet half the side of the face, affect-
- ed the imagination of the viewera with the daring of the manner of painting
_ and external spirituality. The eyes eapecially, appearing almost withaut
change in portrait after portrait, produced an almost hypnotic effect
through their multiplicity. e~nother group of Glazunov's works was connected
with the historical theme~ the theme of motherland, people, patriotism: an-
cient Russian heroes, princes, wariors~ boyars, Tatars... And while the ~
_ author her~ did not manage to be without pictorial exceases and elem~ents of
church props, theae works s trangely remineded one of the ~ingoistic patrio-
tism found on the canvasea oi StaZin's time, promoting greatnese, power and
priority of the socialiat motherland in all apherea of human activity.
Here works were hanging dealing with completely orthodox themes~-tribute
to officialdom (auch as Lenin in exile or komsomols at a conatruction pro-
~ect--I no longer can recal~i).
After three days, the exhibit was closrd dawn. Indignant viewers arranged
a ait-dawn strike at the Manege building. On whose instructiona this
atrange exhibit was opened and who ordered to close it ahead of time remain
in the realm of the unknown.3 In any case~ Glazunov's reputation as a
painter, on the one hand, hounded and, on the other, great--was decieively
enhanced. Then after a year, perhapa two, follawing a long resistance of _
the relatively liberal, then Moazow branch of the Artists Union, he was
accepted as a member of this organization. -
_ About thie time, Glazunov matured as an artist. Some time in 1962-63 his
'~tuesian theme" appeared; and since then his creative personality became
defined and it has not changed even up to the middle of the 70's. All the '
rather copious arti~ttic productiona made by him in this period may be arbi~-
trarily broken daan into several groups.
_ /The continuing Peteraburg theme/.* It is sometimes enriched by Roman -
bridges or French castles; occasionally the view af the city becomFa a
form of illuatration. But neither graphic style nor the emotional imaqery
of the nlates of Glazunov show change because of this. This pattern f~r
him continues to be Dobuzhinskiy and other artiats of the World of Art,
to whose vision Glazunov fails to add a grain of anything new, while tag-
ging significantly behind rhem in mastery.
* Text enclosed in Rlash lines is in italics.
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/~orcraita Their rang~e ie tremendous : f rom Sergey Mikhalkov to Federico
_ Fellini and from the celebrated kolkhoz farmer Pelageya Ko~rova to Maria
Kazares. Vladimir Osipov in his anthusiastic article on Glazunov tells.how he
did portraits of Italiam cinema stars at the time of the Moscaw cinema
festival af 1961: "The Europeane were definitely overcome ae soon as I1'ya
began to paint. In two hours, four portraits were completed. Gina's ~or-
trait was done in 20 minutes. Astonished, they invited him to Ita~q."
Actually, the abi~.ity to render quickly a portrait likeness and include it
in this or that esthetic atereotype (lyric, dram~tic~ ealon or festive) is
characteristic of Glazunov's astute bruehwork. But there was no particular
reason for the Europea~s to be so setonished. Every evening in London in
_ ~'rafalgar Square (in Montmartre in Paris, Spaniah Square in Rome...) paint-
- ers bring out their easels ~nd invite passersby to have their portraits
made in a few minutes. Of courae, motion-picture stars do not come here,
which is a pity: it would have proved to be cheaper, and the effect would
- have been the same.
/Illustrations/. They frequently aerve as a camouflage for Glazunov, which
provides him with th~ posaibility of passing through censorship the semifor~-
bidden ~cclesiaetic ecttourage. It would be very difficult to weed them out
- of the general corpue of his works~ b~cause the descriptive illustrative
chasacter ia the main characteristic of the artist, being manif~a ted in
everything emanating from his brush or pen. But the illuatrations of Rus-
aian cla~sics display etill another trait of Glazunov: the absence of an
~ individual artiatic viaion, the stamp of awareness of the generalized
- cliches of Ruseian and Soviet realistic graphica. It is true that there
are sometimes added to these cliches "audacious" borrawinga from the arsenal
of Soviet ^.inematography; USSR People's Artiet B. Cherkaeov in the role of
Ivr~n the ~errible in the secand part o~ the Eisens tein film (illus tration
for A.K. Tolstoy'n novel "Prince Serebryaayy," 1969), the artist Yakovlev
~ (a 1956 ~lluetration for postoyevskiy's "Idiot") and so on.
/Ruasia, more accurately--Rus'/. Since 1963 this theme has became the
chief one for Glazunov; ita treatment determines in the final analyeis
the character of that which could be called the "phenomenon of Glazunov."
Oae muet give one's due to Glazunov: he wae the firat artist of his gener-
atian to underatand the attractive force for the heart of the Russian indi-
vidual of this theme, which had been neglected since the times of the pomp-
oua historical compositiona of the Stalin prize ~inners, who eomewhat ahift-
ed the axis of ite content from state patriotism in the direction of Ortho-
dox national traita and who was ab le to b ring them into the halls of offi-
cial exhibition buildings (incidentally, it would appear that so far he ia
- the only ~one to make use of this privilege). All this, possibly, allowe
one to speak of Glazunov as a Russian patriot, but patriotism by itself,
juet like any other civic virtue, dces not make an artist of a peraon. To
be such, it is necessary firet of all to find one's own form and style, ex-
pressing a non-banal attitude (provided it exists). But the capacity to ,
create a new form is not among Glazunov's talenta. The stylistic range in
which he resolves the "Russian them~" is rather broad but doea no~ exceed
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ready-made patterns and forms. Here is the soft lyricism of early Nesterov
and Kuetodiyev with their realietic birches, expanses~ secluded monaeteries,
religious pilgrims and the cupolae of churchea (in the case of Glazunov~
all thi8 ie traneformed either in to a realietic etude or into an ingratiat-
- ing allegory)~ or a Roerichlike almoet ornamental atylization, or the monu-
mental iconic character of Pavel Korin. The entire range of his worka could
- be included under what is called "kitsch" ~n th~ West--a p~oduct intended
for maas coneumption, which is lawer in taste than any exiating cultural
~ standards or simply not considered as auch (something like the very old
~ bazar rugs with swans and beautiful maidens cm them). A tygical example:
the series "Russian beauties" by Glazunov--in caxefully executed pegrls ~nd
- kokoshniks gilded and silver-plated, againsti tt~e background of cupolas,
tawera and icons. Kitsch elements can be fou~3 also in m~ny of the histor-
ical and religious canvases of the artisto Ttzey ame to be distinguished
from the atylization of Che usual (say, Kustodiyev) type in terms of the
meaningfulness and persur.ision of the. authar ir~ the ~enuine besuty of hfs
models (or materials--gold~ pearls, si~.ve~e), when when put on canvas are
suffi~ient ~o make of it a work of ar~. Incidentally, in this case one
could entertain a doubt about Glazunov'a seriousness; these ar.~ more likely
_ exotic fabrications for foreigners of some demand on the Western market to-
gether with bast sandals, samovars and balalaikas.
/Finally--Soviet etyle work/. With it, G1r~zunov, like some per�ectly of-
�icial Soviet poets, balances his esthetic opposition. "At the very begin-
_ ning of his creative career, Glazunov tun:ed to the Lenin theme. As a
student, he painted a work 'The Return of V.I. Lenin to ~etrugrad. A por-
trait of V.I. Lenin by Glazunov is to be found in the State Muaeum of the
Rev~lution. Hawever, even Co~sy, tr,e artist contir~ues fio work on the image
of t~z laader, trying to emb~dy in the portrait all the diversity of Vlad-
imir I1�ich Lenin's genius." From time to time, he goea on creative trips
--to Central-Asian kolkhozes, to the construction of s~ hydroelectric power
A tation--and, simultaneously wi th the other-world faces of Sergey Radonezh-
skiy and Tsarevich Dimitriy, creates galleries of fully socialist-re~list
imagea of outstanding cottongrowers and electz~c welders. In 1967, Glazu- ~
nov went to North Vietnam as a correspondent for KOMSOMOL~SKAY.A PRAVDA.
His travel aketches and easel worka are no better nor no worse than the
numerous comparable series by Goryayev, Ossovskiy and others.
Quite possib ly, the entire corpus of works by Glazunov executed up to the
middle of the 70's can be included in th3s range of themes, images and
~tylistic devices.
A curious detail exisCs in Glazunov!s breatht~lcing career--from the three
in h is graduation examination to the portraitist of Brezhnev and the Swed-
- ish king. A lot has been written about him in the Soe~iet press, and most ~
of it has been in an enthusiastic and encourating rather than in a critical ~
tone. Fle has been written up by VECHERNYAYA MOSKVA and the magazine OGONEK, ~
by engineers, physicists, write rs and generals. But not a aingle special- ~
ized ~ournal--be it the official ISKUSSTVO or the more liberal TVORCHES7'VO
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--has had a eerious art critic mention his r.ame in a poaitive context. The
eame appliee to Glazunov'e foreign judgee~ to which hie defenders like to
- reter. Here Indira Gandhi~ and Italian cinema etare, and tha ruler of
Laoe~ and the wivea of varioua premiere, chancellora~ presidents... of per-
sons aesociated with art~ mention is only to be found in Paolo Ricci, who -
pub lished a monograph on him in Italy, and a friend of Glazunov the late
Alfaro Sikeiros--a fiery fighter for freedom, who in the lasr years of hia
life had the idea of decorating the Berlin wall with frescos. In this in-
stance it ie not a matter of professional ~ealousy or a conspiracy of si-
- lence, ~s is asserted by those same partisans of the painter. It is simply
- that the "value" of his work elicits no doubt tQ a professional apecialistti.
This applies to the ability acq~.ired in commissio~ (it is of no importance
whether thev e.ome from the Ministry of Cultuxe or from diplomatic ladies) ,
to the craftemBn making able use of cliches, imitating s tyles that are not
- familiar to the broad public and playing on themes that are not encoura~ed
at a given moment by the Soviet suthoritiea. If what he has creatQd re-
_ quires eame kind of sieaignation, then that designation would be socialist
realism, hut ane that is thickly encrus~ed with the salon. The salon has
_ siways been popular witr the broad public. It is also in demand in the West.
The Worth here is in G~azunov's national kitsches and atylizatione utiliz-
ing old Russian images that are little knawn to the Western public. Some-
one has even called him a aucc~senr of Andrey Rublev. _
Three years ago, Glazunov decided to expand the apan of his creative work.
He was dra~n to the solution of world probleme--to cs~vases that were epic,
, ideological and even philosophical. La.sC year he brought to the FRG (o~-
according to other information--he made it there xnd brought it back) a
- tremendous--3 by 6 meters--canvas entitled "The Mystery of the 20th Century,"
- including among its personages Lenin, Nicholas II, Trotskiq, Stalin, Mao,
_ Christ~ Solzheniteyn, Churchill, Einetein and many others. On arriving in
Moscow, Glazunov announced that he would refuae to have a personal exhibit "
- if it did not include his new chef d'oeuvre--the fruit of ten yeara of
thinkiag. A part of the foreign press assessed this as a new persecution ~
of the talented painter, akeptics also could not understand why Glazunov
found a need for this new hullabaloo around his name and to what degree of
- his profess~onal career it would take him. Eut the fog soon cleared up:
Glazunov came up with a new statement in which he accused the Western press
- of distortinR his words and shortly~ on 2 July 1978, the exhibit of his
works opened with pomp in Moscaw (and again in the Manege!).
"Th~ Mystery of the 20th Gantury" was naturally absent from it. But to make
up for it, it would aeem, the central place was occupied by his canvas `'~,e
Return of the Prodigal Son." A comparison of these two works could thraw
light on Che development of the "Ruasian idea" in the form in which it has
been inter~reted in the most recent stage of Glazunov's work.
As written by Glazunov's adherents, in "The Mystery of the 20th Centurq,"
"the artist draws back the curtain and, as it were, invitES the viewer ta
look at the world in which he has lived and still livea."6 This world is
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immersed in ar~ Apocalyptic gloom in whicli idols of Western civilization
hold away (Albe rt Eins tein is openly shawing his tongue to the public,
Charlie l~aplir~ is cavorting an the stage), political demagogs, false
propheta~ material moderniets... enemies of ttie people... hirelinga of
atheis~n... haters of Russia. When you attempt to analyze the content of
this picture~ you inevitably are eucked into the murk cf Soviet ideological
cliches and hyeterical elogane~ where only certain aspecta are preaented, -
- where only certain words are replaced by others without the meaning being
cl~anged.
In "The Return of the Prodigal Son," the emph asis is on the positive ideal.
The .foreground cantaina fat pigs in mud, a modern-day skyscraper and a ~
- Cable conveyor given in compressed perspective on which the borly of a man
is s tretched out in the midst of the remains of a banquet (a detail barrawed
= from the fresco of Sikeiros). This is that same contemporary world, apirit-
ually corrupt and wallowing in brutality. In the background--crooked huts
and church cupolas. And in the center--a seminakad man in ~eans is clinging
~ to the arm of the Good Shepherd in the streaming cloak of St. George the
Victorious. Behind them--in the upper left corner of the picture--the se- -
vere faces of figures of Russian state, science and literature are frozen
_ in hieratic immobiliCy. It would be poesible to speak ~f the "iconic char-
acter" of such compositiona of Glazunov only in the sense of putting in
iconic form cerCain ideas and personagesy which~ incidentally, is a perais- �
tent tradition of Soviet art that is to be found in a1Z the 60 years of its
development; only in place of the f.aces of Marx, Lenin and Stalin, we are
ahown new sainte: Pe trI, Sergey Radonezhskiy, Suvorov, Pushkin~ Yeaenin
dea cending like light f rom G,r,$ce in atonement of sins and in the salvation -
of our thoroughly rotten civilization.
_ The meaning of these ideological allegoriea is rather transparent. The ~
Mosca~ priest Dmitriy Dudko expressed a universal enthusiasm for the last
exhibitian~ reiter~ting: "Here is to be found the Russian apirit, here you
can smell Kuseia." Glazunov's Russia does indeed smell, but the odor is
bad: with hate taward everything foreign and with chauvinistic intoxica-
tion, the Stalin-Prize winners A. Gerasimov, Avflov, Bubnov... sinking into
oblivion: here indeed contemporary Ruasia ia frothing and seething9 fall-
ing from the complex of social inferiority into the sin of national pride.
' This, possibly, consti tutes the "phena~enon of Glazunov"--to attribute as
an inveterate instinct all the "ains of our moth~rland eternal" to spies,
saboteurs, Trotskiyista, Jews and--nvw--to the pkagues and ills of Western
civilization eating away at the body of Holy Russia. But these sides of
the "phenomenon of Glazunov" are outside the province of artiAtic examina- -
= tion and sphere of competence of the author of this article. .
If this phen~men~n be considered in the context of development of Russian ~
artietic culture, it would the:i come comp]etely within the design of its
- evolution: cyclea of disconnection of Russian culture, its turning to the
West, its understanding of itself as a part of the Eurapean whole, alter-
nate with cycles of it turning within, its opposition to all other human
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culture. T'hus, in r,he middle of the last century, the Wanderers reverted
~ Russian art to national problems; the subsequent generation--the next gen-
eration--the painters of the "World of Art" (Glazunov's first teae.~era)-- -
turned their eyes ta the West, and thia procees eventually led to the un*~e- -
strained internationalism of the Russian avant garde of the TO's and 20's;
next~ ttie Stalinist socialiet realiate blocked of� the country with the
Chineae Wall end the Iron Curtain from any and all foreign influence; final-
ly~ ahoote of fr~e creativity began to emerge on the scorched earth of Rus- -
aian cultuze, expanding in the laet 20 years into a powerful movement ~f
unoffici8l art. Represeatatives of the latter have tried to restore the -
sundered ties and xo dzaw upon the whole depository of world culture. Gla-
zunov's oppoeitton is directed not so much against an already sufficiently ~
_ decrepit socialist naturalism as againat thoae tendencies in the direction -
~ of liberation of the new culture tgking shape in Rusa{a. "While his col-
leaguee of the brush and confreres of the pea, in aspiring to the "heigh ts
of contemporaneity," were becoming drunk on Kafka and were being overcome
- with the daubings of the unfettered Picasso, who t~$d taken the bit between
his teeth in his f light from nationalism, I1'ya Glazunov apoke of Russi a
- and made people listen."$ Tfiis is how another partisan of the "Rue~ian
_ idea," V. Osipov, perceived Glazunov's work; in approximately the same way--
and thia is what constitutes the om~.nous paradox of the contemporary Russian
situation--it is even accepted by Soviet official circles, wi~~~h had con-
demned Vladimir Osipov to 8 years of camps but given the green light to the
production of I1'ya Glazunov. But Glazunov is counting on this oppoaitian ?
to unofficial culture. He propoaes a seturn from the cosmopolitical home-
lesanesa of Western cu?ture to th~ people, to ~he blood, ~o the eoil; from ~
ita formalietic affectations to pl.sin language, which ia understandal~le to
the broad popular massea, shifting the old slogans of the Staliniet times
' in the course of thiugs into a new key. In this lies the e~rnlanation (p ro-
vided one keeps in view the exclusively artistic of this pr~blem) for his
~ official aupport and the inflation of his reputation.
Nationality, love of everything Ruesian, natiomalism... Thia hae been ex-
; cellently described by Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandel'shtam: "'The World of Art~`
~ and'Jack of Diamond~' ['Bubnovyy valet'J in painting were a time of the
gathering together of forces, a period of learning frmn the West, when many
capable people mastered the elementary skills of the noble craft, decorating
them with elements of primitiv~ Russicism and wietche,~ nationalistir. tenden-
cies, which never find their way to the forefront ~'uring a time of real -
flourishing of painting. Cezanne never concerned himself with adding to his
work specifically French traits. Both the R~ussian icari and Rublev's work ~
have traits of great European traditiona through which the soil and man of
old Rus' b~eak through. Russian tradition and nation~lism constitute a b as-
ic layer of coasciousneas. When it emerges into the foreground, obseuring ~
the foundation, it is a symptom of sickness rather than r,ealth, of ahallow-
ness rather than depth. "9
In the 20th centt~ry, the movement for xhe creation o� a national original
culture has usually been acco~paaied by a atruggle for political -
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sel�-determination of dependent~ backward, poorly-developed countries.
~ Striving for independence~ these peoples and countries oppose the grown-
- decrPpit culture of the Weatern (or American) persuasion with healthy na-
; tional forces and inexhaustible potentials rooted in ancient traditian that
- at one time h ad been b roken away from and are turning from contemporary mod-
ernism to idolA, pyramids~ pharaohs and icone. Such a movement~ ~ahich gets
- ite ene~gy f rom the transient slogans of political struggle, may provide a
brief splash 3ut, as a rule~ eoon becomes a peripheral phenomenon not ~ust
- for world culture but even for the art of these very countries, becauae con-
temporcary art as a whole in its "heedless flight from national art" turna to ~
- these aame roots ~ malcing them an integral part of itself (recall the "Afri-
_ can period" of Picasso's wark or the iconta influence cm Matisse). Sucl~. a ~ -
precipiCous as cent and ~ast as rapid a descent, for example, was expe~ienced
by the Mexican sc:?ool of monumental painting in the beginning of the 20's,
the'Yndigenous" movement in Brazil and several other countries of Latin Am-
erica. In our days, comparable movements have been observed aanong sa-called -
- progressive painters of the new Arab and African states, ccrming up li~Ce
- mushrooms after a rain.
With this his torical informational note, we end ttie article on the "phenom--
enon of Glazunov," which it might have been better not to have started at
all.
F00 TN OTES
1. N~WSWEEK, Jun 6, 1977, p 10.
2. See co~cerning this, for example: B. Mikhaylov, "The Art of Agitprop," -
VESTNIK RUSSKOGO I~RISTIANSKOGO DVIZHENIYA, No 125, 2, 1978, pp 214-231. -
_ 3. To an opinion I once utCered (but not for the pre~s) to the effect that
thia exhibition (like the preceding one) had been approved by some high-
er powers located outaide the country's arti~tic life, I wae rebutted
with the stern rebuke: "One would have to think that these are pawera
in whose existence Golrnnshtok does not believe; the power of Ruasian
national aelf-cons~iousness, the power of the painter will be this aelf-
consciousness in the souls of broad spheres of the public not well con-
versant in matters of art; the e ternal power of Russia; ("Rusakaya idea
- ili KG~?�t [Russian Idea or the KGB?], a publication of the 3ournal CHA-
SOVOY, p 67) . Do~!~ the editos of CHA~OVOY really think that exhibitions
in the USS R are opened ~y the will of the "broad pub lic" in whom nation-
al self-c~nnsciousness has awakened? Or do they sacrosanctly believe in
the existence in the Soviet upper crust of certain liberal protectors
of the movement of spiritual rebirth and Orthodoxy? IC is aurprising
how perais tent among partisans of the "Russian idea" is the belief- in
- the "good Russian tsar," even of a Soviet one.
4. The ~ournal VE(~IE, No 6. Cited according_to ARKHIV SAMI ZDATA, No 1599, _
p 166.
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5� I. Yazykova, "I1'ya G~,azunov." Moscow, izdatel'stvo "izobrazitel'noye
iskueatvo', 1973. (In this strange monoRraph, filled with de~criptions
of the pictures of Glazunov and a senseless selection nf Soviet stampa,
the pages For some reascm or other ar~ not numbered.
6. "Russkaya ideya ili KGB", op cit, p 80.
7. RUSSKAYA MYSL', 24 Aug 1978.
~~i. ARKHIV SAMIZDATA, No 1599, p 161.
_ 9. N. Mandel'ahtam, "Vtoraya Icniga" [Seccmd Bo~ok] ~ YMCA Press, 1972, p 44.
Golomshtok, Igor' Naumovich--was born in 192~. Graduated from the depart-
ment of h~atory of arts of Moecow University. Worked as senior scientific
essociation at the Museua~ of Fine ~1rts in Moscow. Taught at Moscaw State
University, worked for the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Tech-
nical Eathetics. Was a member of the Soviet Artists Union. Author of a
_ nwober of books and monographs on questions, history and theory of West-
European art. Has resided in England since 1972.
COPYRIGHT: ~intaksis, 1979
7697
CSO: 8044/~0806
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- NAT ION.4L
NATIONAL PRIDE, III~ITY OF $09IbTP PBOPLES DPSCRIBID
Mogoat DHII7.HH~ NeRODOV in Ru$sian DTo 12,1979 PP ~ 75-182 -
~~rticle by Alelae~andr GaPrilo~v: "A Ne~r World of IInity] ~
� .
_ ~icoerpt~ A lave Yor their fellor~ maa and internati~naliam are integral
oba,raoterietiae of th~ Soviet peogles. The air that we breathe and a11
eooialiat reality are filled xith theee oharaateristics. The Srnriet man :
io raieed from ohildhood. in a apirit of friendehip with o~her peoplee. The
ideae of the proletariaa interrlationa].iam and the friendshi~ of peoplee
ha.ve become an important eocial factor aad e prnrerflxl maring foroe for ~he
develop~ent of Soviet society. ~e cloee cooperation of peoples, whiah .
w~a born out of the Great October eooialiet revolntion, forged in the fire
of the oivil rrar and World Wu II and vhiah achieved thorough developa!ent
~ during the oonstruction of soaialiem, rras ons of the most important pre-
requisitse for the building oP e developed eooialist eooiety and for the ~
auooesetlil building of co~muaiem in the Saviet IInion. '
The etrength and vitality of the brotherly alose aooperation of the peoples I
- of the II$SR are inherent to e eooialiet public order, vhere a. I,eniafst rlar- '
_ tioaal policy ie subeequently being pareued. The victory of eoaialiem.in ;
the USSR deotroyed oppresaion and all forms of national oppres- '
sion, oreated ob~ective conditione for overooming hostility and elienatfon ~
between nationalities, and united worksra of varians nationalitias. ~"Phe
- old xorld, the world of national oppression, national squabbling or nar- ~
_ tional ieolation," xrote V. I. Lenia, "i~ contre~sted by the vorkers with
the new rorld of unity of the xorkere o4' a11 na,tiona~ in vhiah there is no
- room for priveleg~e or for anpr oppreseion of man by maa." '
V. I. I,enin areatively developed the baeio ideas of K. Ma.rx and F. Eng+els~
areated ari ordered study o~ the aational problem, and devieed a nationaa.
prograat and Party poliay, Mhich were aimed at unif~riag the xorkers oF a11
Soviet nationalitiee into e,tulited revolutionary force. The Great October
Sooialiet Revolution~ Noa under the banner of proletarian internationali~m~
dieplayed to the entire world an esample for the eubaequent implementation ~
of the Lenir~iet program fo~ eolving the netional problem in org~ic unity
xith aarrying out flindam,ental ~oaiallet reforms ia the eaonam~y~ politiae~
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oulture~ and in all other spheres of publia li.fe. V. I. Lenin aleo fore-
e~r thst the moet important poai~ion for the Party to take aonoerning the
r3.~Rht of n~tione to,eeli' determi~ation w$e made a reality not by alienating
peoplee bnt by bring~ing them oloeer tog~ether ead ~oinirzg them together to
etraggle for the building of a ne~v soaiety.
Oae of the prime~ry re~ults of ths aatober Re~volution was that it iavolved _
_ all people~s ia the pureuit of eoaial progress. The nezt etage of develop-
- ment Mas th~e creation of the IInion of 8aviet SoaiaList Republics. The prin-
aiplee of prolet~,rian internation~l.iem in the politieal, national-,g~vernmen-
tal, eaonomia and cultural conatr~alf.on were the realistic practice of the
Saviet gav~trnment. Questione concerning Saviet national-,g+avernmental ar- -
' rang~emnents were eolv~d in the apirit of Leniniet prinaiplee oY eocialist
federal3em~ wllloh pravides s trnly democratic aombining of aonomaon intereste
of the multinational IISSR end the intereate of the republiee eomprising the
IISSR, each �republic of rrhi.eh is aa ec~ual end saverei~t state. The Satriet
IInion personifiee the atate unity of i~e people aud ~oins tog+ether all ne,-
tiona erid peopl~,e for the ~oint building of communi~m: The IISSR hae becoms
the hi~eet forn~ of soaialist cooperation between peoples, which org~aaioally
combines the mutual in~erests of a11 So~viet people with the apecific peculi-
axitf.ee of 'eaah nat3on and nationality.
~ The flouri~hi.ng ~nd rapproahement of nations end nationalitiee are inter-
conneated e~nd interaonditional. Their economio baeis ie the soaialiet me- -
thod of prdduation; ~heir politSaal baais ia the Soviet syetem of g~crvern-
_ ment; and their ideological baeie is Marxiem-Leniniem.
~+he forcie eementing the unity of Soviet peoplea~ which Ma~ formed following
the viotory of the 03tober Revolution, ~ras the aorking cla~s rrkiich is in- -
ternational in po~.nt of view and. aompoeition; the leaderehip of the Com-
mnmi.st P~s~ty waa the pledg+e of this uafty and ~oining tog~ether i.n the
etruggle f~r eoais:.fem. The subsequeut 4cco~li~h~e~t of the principles of
proletarian internationaliam in the organi$at3.ona1 building and work of the
Com~o~unist Par'ty of ~he Soviet Union was of deaiaive importance for the de-
velopment of e,n unifyring mrnrement of 5oviet peoplee and their achieving of
aatval equ4lity~ flcyurieh3ag and tbe caming together of the ns.tiQns and -
natimialities of the IISSB.
In areati~g a n~r kind of Party Y. I. Lenin relied upon the faat that "all
eoonomic a~d politioal conditiona in ~eia reqn.i.re abeolutely of social
demoarac.y~ 'the ao~dncting of the ~overging of workere of sll nstionalitiee in
all proletarian organizetion~ withaut ezaeptioa (politioal, profeesional~
. cooperative, educational~ eta., ete.). Neither ~h~ federation in the Party
~tructure ~or the formation of na.tiomal eocial-dsmoara~ gzoup~~ but the
. unity of proletariate of all netions of a given locstion with the caricluct- `
ir~g of prop~ganda, ~and agitation in a11 languag~ee~ of the looa7. proletarist,
with the ~oint etraggle ~f �the workers of a11 nstions against a11 natfonal
pritreleges~ with the auton~pr, of loosl ~nd oblast Party orgaaiz~tione."
Elserrhere he ~rrote, '~ile are partiaularly fond of tke elogaa for uni~y of
all and ev~ery organi~atian of work~sre of a7.1 nationa7.itiea, whiah waia~ p~u,t
to a practiaal test in onr social demooratfo org~~ni$ation."
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The intolerance of V. I. Lenin and his follawers t~ward separatisR? and
federa~iam of variouB nationalie~ic groupings and their stubborn and lengt~y
etruggle ag~ainet nationaliem, ri~t and "left" x~avieioniem and opportuniem
led to the viotory af the principlee af proletaxian internationaliem in the
building of the Party. Thie~ in turn, wae an important aondition for c~arry-
ing out the Party~e avangard role in the revolntion, in defending ite a,ohieve-
mente, in eetablishing brotherly aooperation between the peoples of the mul- ~
tinational Soviat etate, and in etrsngthening the aolidarity with e11 van- -
guards of the world communiet movement.
Today the Co~unist Party of the Soviet Union, Whiah Y. I. Lenin created aad
fostered, ie the living embodiment of internationaliems within its ranks
are the finest eoaie and daughtere of all nations and peoples of the IISSR.
03es Gonchar, a delegate to the 25th CPSII Congrees and IIlaca3nian Wri~er,
with great pride for our Party and people chara,cterizes the atmosphere
that prevailed in the Great gz~emlin Palace during the congresss "1 sovereign
- maa of labor, the Leniniet friendship of the peoples of our nation~ the
- spiritual growth of personality, the reality of new, socialist relations be-
t~een people - this reality is here in this auditorium. I see the sone aad
daug~ters of onr mu].tinational Fatherland, who have come from various re-
publiae of the Soviet IInion= I eee the workere~ who ha~e won the respeat
of the Party and the people throngh their responeible labor. I reoogniae
among them in the glitter of inedalss the miner and ~armer~ the poet and
coemonaut; I reaognize thoee I have met on the froat roade and thoee mo-
deet l~ights of labor whoee bravery was praised in the blinding eteppea
of the Kherean campaign dnring the heated battle for the Ukratnian billion."
Al1 work of the 25th CPSII Congress demonetrated the steadfast loyalty of
Lenin'g Party to the pxinciples of eocialiet interna.tionalism~ which re-
aeived fl~rther develop~ent at the aongrees. From the rostrum of the Party
forum eonnded the words that the defense of prnletarian internationaliem ie
the eacred obligatio~ oY e~very l~arziet-I,eniniet. IAirm reeolve vae aontirm-
ed to do everythiag aeoess4ry in the flitnre ~o strengt~en the poeitions of
soaialism in the world arena, to expand tiee with the brotherly parties~ aad
~ to etrengthen the unity aad aoheeioa of the interaational coannuniet movement.
A program was autlined for the fl~rther struggle for peaae and i.nternationsl
cooperation, which was aimed at bridlix~g the forcea of war and ag~easion,
- for ensuring the righta of people to freedom~ independence and social pro-
greae. In the declaration "Freedam to the prisoners of imperialiem aad
reac~tion", which xas pase~d by the Congrees, it statess "The CP3II, the
people~ of tho IISSB will in the Puture steadfastly adhere to the I,einist -
~ traditione of etfective aolidarity With their comradea-in-~rn~e in the etrug~
gle for the great and noble goale and will ~lw~yre be true to the cause of
proletarian internationalism." The monument, xhich will be erected in ac-
cordauce with a decieian of the Party in Moeco~r~r in memor~� of the heroee of
the interna,tional aommunist aad workers~ movement ~ho fell at the handa of '
the class enem~, will be a symbol ~.f the unchau~ed loyalty of the Party
to the great aauee of proletarian i:iternationaliem.
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L. I. Brezhriev has said that the "Party unites leading repreeen~ativee o~ all
_ nationa and nationalities of the S~viet Union. It ie the clear emba~iment of
- the militan~ comradeship arid frieadehip of the workera of the IISS& and the
tnviolable ua~ity of the entire $oviet people. All of our communiete, regard-
1~~~ nf the r~tiwulity to vhioh thhr bsYong. are memb~re of a unifisd L~- -
nini~t part~. Th~y he~ve the rame righte and obligatione aad a~re equ~l.ly re-
eponeibls for ths fata of their aountry."
The interaationalism of our wa3r of life is manifeet primarily in the eelf-
eaarificing labor of the Savlat people. The aombined creative efiorte of -
- millione have led to the energstic ~nd thorou~ development of a11 repablice. _
The IIkraine, Beloruaeiea, Georgia,Azerbaijan, Armeuia, Moldavia~ Lithnania~
I,atvia and Petonia have become republice with a vell-developed industry and
a larg~e-ec~le meahauized agricultnre, Former feudal and semi-feudal outly- _
ing dietricte of czariet Rnasia, such ae Sazakhstan,;IIzbekistan, Sirghiz,
Tadzhikistaa and Turkmenia, have flonriahed. In all nnion republics indua-
try ie providing more thaa half, and in eome more thaa two thirde of gross
public inoome.
1111 nations and people8 of the II3S8 recogniae the outataading role of the
8uesian people in socomplishing these remarkable eocialist reforme. The
revolutionaty snergy~ selt e~?arilice~ induetry and profonnd intern,ationaliem
' ot the Hna~iau people haie rightf~lly rari the eincere reepeat oi a11 peoplse
ot the 8aviet IInion.
Ae early aa 1918 D. I. Lenin eigaed a Dearee conoernfng the organizstion of
- irrigation rork in Tarkestaa. The hietorical doannent ~oarked the beginning
of ra~ical reform in the eometines baclarard national o~utlying dietriata,
snoh ae I~idd].e Lia aud Kaaakhstaa were. The young 3oviet republia, in
epite of inaredible di~ficnlties, thea allocated 50 million rables for i~
rigatian rork. Thue rrith the very firatstepe of Soviet parer the I~eniniet
na,tiomal policy beaame a reality; brotherly aeeistance of Raesia~e vork-
~ ing clase Kas extended to the Workers of Turkestan.
- During the First Five-Year Plan a rem4rkable form of mutn~7. aes{.etanae and
econca~i.a aooperation of the union republice oame into beings the prodnc-
tion and technical leaderehip of in.dividual enterpriees, induetrial aities, _
regions and oblaets of the RSF'SR over the developing eeators of indnatr~r o~
iadividual aitiee aad regions of Middle Asia~ Sazakhetaa and the Tz~,ne-
Caucasian sepablias. Workera from MoscoW aad I.eningrad became eome of the
firet bosees in the nation. Planta in theae citiea helped to aeseoble the
eqnip~ent for the nev induetrial pro~ects in vario~s rep~bliae. The bos-
ses took ordere for tools aad technical eervicing; they sent teahnioal do-
- cumentation; and they sent rrorkers aad engineering and technical epecial-
iets from their plant~ on detaahed dnty. Follawing the lead of thoee trom
Moscaw and Isningrad~ workers from the Donet~k Baiain, Srivoy Hog, the IIrale,
B~]cu aad other indnctrial aentere took the leaderehip over Kaxakhstan and
the repablioe of Middle As~:a.
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Todey, follawing the complete and dacisive victory of eocialism and the cre-
a�iion in the IISSR of a detreloped eoaialiet eooiety, a11 Soviet republioe have
achieved highly developed produation foroes. Eaah of the republiae has mo-
dern induetzy and a large-eaale meoh~ni,zed ag~ciculture and ie making an in_
creasing coatribution to the creation of tha material and technical baee
of comm?uiism. The uaity nnitual aesiatance of the peoples, who are led by
the Leniniet Party, have uapreaeclently hastened the eocial aud eoonomic
progrese of the republics. Al1 of them have entered the aeventh deaade of
Soviet power with a highly developed econonpr aud culture. It is lrnown that
th~ actual equalizing of the levels of development of the various republics
wa,e achie~ed due to the particularly rapid rise of those republics that were
previously the backvard outlying dietriate of czariet Ruseia. Whereas the
total of the IISSR~e induetrial produotion increaaed during the years of
Soviet power by 145 timeg as compared with before the revolution, in Sazakh-
etan~ for example, there xae a 223-fold increase, and in Molds.via a 250~-fold -
inoreaee and in Armenia and Kirghizbetter than a 30~fold increase. Along
with the gigantic groxth in prodnetion forces~ the spiritual Qast of mind
of the people has changed beyond recognition; in their conecioueneee and
way of li~e internationali$m is firmly entrenched; the enriched national
cultures~ which comprise a unified Soviet eocialiat culture, have mutually
' flouriahed.
In these conditions the economic cooperation oP the peop~es of the IISSR has
acquired a alearly erpreesed form of eocialist combined labor based on the
divieion of labor with considera.tion given to the rational use of praduc-
tion forces, natnral richee and labor reaourcee of the Soviet republica on
an alI-union acale. Whi1e accomplishing economic poliay at the preaent
stag^e, the CPSII relieg upon the unity of the a11-union and na,tionaliet in-
tereste; what is more a1l~nion intereate are the determining factor in
- so~.ving practical ma,tter~a, For esample, when building a large pro~ect con-
_ eid~ratian ie given to its value not only for that region, but aleo for
etrengthening international tiea and atrengthening the economic aaid defenee
posture of the Fatherland.
In developing the sectore of the econon~y xith considera.tion of natural
- riahee, the aocialist nations ~.e.~ gronps of nationalitie] ma,ke their
_ con�tribution to the a1l~utiion econon~r, which thousands of visible and in- -
vieible threada ~oin together into a unified na,tional economic mechaaiam.
T~e output of ar~y larg+e enterprieee is the frai~ of the collective labor
_ o~ peoples of varioua nationalities, who live in different regions of the
country; as a consequence, the interests and needa of the Soviet people
are closely interwoven.
"Druzhba"~ as the gigantic oil pipeline is called, pa,saes through mar~r
- oblasta of the RSFSR~ the IIl~aine and Belorussia. Representatives of 50 -
Soviet nationalitiee equipped the Bra,tskaya Y~ydroelectric po~?er station~
which is the larg~egt in the world. Workere representing more than 70 ner
tionalitiee are naw rrorking on the construction of the KamAZ ~Yama, Traak
P1an]; almost the entire nation worked on the planning. Representativee
from all republice are xorking on the Baykal-Amar Ma3nl,ine~
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Harmonious ~oint work ia a remarkable achool for the international eduaation
of workere. The etea~y grawth of the econom~, the assimilation of new in-
dnetrial ead agrici:ltural regione.of the Soviet IInion leads to the interr~-
tionelization of the compoaition of population in the republios, l~ay~, aad
oblaets. The living embodiment of the Leniniat national policy and Ghe ideas
ot eocialiet interaatioxial.iam ie the Azerbai~an city of Sumgait, which the
psople call gomeomolek-on-the-Ca,i~pien Sea. Dua to the f~iendehip~ eutual,
aaeietance aad ~aint labor of the Saviet people, the city in ~uet aver
the quarter aentnzy of ite ezie~enceg hae become a large induetrial and nul-
tnral aenter of the repablic with a population grea,ter thaa 160,000. Repre-
eentativee oi 7o nation~ and peoplee live and work here.
The internationaliem of the Soviet people ie particnlarly graphically mani-
_ feat in sooialist ao ~petition. Coni;racts for aocialiet oompetition are be-
ing made between entire collective~~ oblaste aiad republica. Competition is
_ uadertey~r between the Minek autoaaobile worker~ and workere engag~ed in eimi-
lar work in Moscaw, Kremenc}iug, T,~.thnaaj.a aad Belornsaia, the IIla~a,tne and
Moldavia, Azerbai~az and Ceprgia~ ~rmen~,a and the Tur]amen.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan ca11a for a vigorona rise in the national eaoaoa~r
of the IISSR aad averall and, in eaah repnblio. To achieve these goals it
ie neoeeaary to sldllttil.ly c~mbine repnblio na,tional econom~c interests
with all-~uaioa intereste and to rag~e decieive l~attle againet a11 maaifee-
_ tatio~s of regiona7.iam. It goes Withont e~ying that it ia neaeseary to
ttilfill plaas for interrepublic cooperative deliveries and to maaufacture
a product oi quality on a timely basi~ for the other republios sud for
foraign g+cwernmente.
The for~a,tion and denelop~ent of the interriational features of the charaa-
ter of tbe 3c~viet people are inf].uenced by the diaeeminstion of the aohieve-
mante of caltnre and aeethetic ~alues, by etreng~thening the ties of national
cultvres. 3piritual life in the repnblica is beooming ever richer. Tod~y
they have a hi~ly developed ayetem of hi~er and middle eduaation, larg+e
scientiPio aenters, aa eatensive network of cultu,re~7, aad edncation inati-
tntions. The mutuel influence and flouriehing of natioaal cnltures are
promoted by the gro~wth in rnimbers of books being publiehed, the development
of radio aad tele~vieion broadcasta in the languages of the peoples oP the
USSB, the ezchang+e of artiatic and acientiPic aad technical vaines, as _
r+ell ae tranelations of artistic compositions, national dsys ot' literatnre
and art, ecienae aad teclmology, film festivals, art ezhibitions and toure
of lead.ing theater gron,pe aad m~usical eneembles.
In the eocialist society, where s nerr hietorical co~omunity - the S~vje t
_ people - hae come into being, the feeling of patriotiem exceeds the bounde -
pxb scribed by national belonging and is filled With new me -
Bi'ezhne~ emphasized in his apeech conce L~ I~
rning the fiftieth anniversary of
the Soviet Vnion that K1Qow after 50 yeare since the oreation of the USSR,
we caa with complete ~ustification epeak of the greater underetanding, of
the grea~ patriotic feeling of a11 aur people, of the a1l~ational pride �
of the Soviet msu,"
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The all-national pride of the Soviet man has abeorbed all the beat that has
besn craated by labor and aourag~e aad the creative geniue of m~llione of
Soviet people of varioue nationalities. Soviet all-national pride has no-
thing in common With regionaliem or with nationa.]. pre~udioea and national
aonaeit ~~rhioh F. E~g~ele oonsidered in the fina]. analysie to be agoiem on
a la,rg~e goale. Soviat a11-~national pride ie far removed xrom nation4l
nihiliem, bourg~eoie Qoemopolitanism and loee of feeling fo.r the Fathe~land
ar.d f:~~om ~he hushing or eoftening of class contradictions in the hiators
c~f psoplee, the idealization of th~ patriarchal paet and attempte to mini-
mize the importance of the brotherly mutual aesiatance of the eocialiet
natione. The alY
national pride of the Srnriet people and national pride
work cloeely tog~ether, while atrengthaning the creative activity of the
bu.ildera of como~uniem.
Andriyan Nikol~yev, the pilot and coamonaut, writee, "We are a11 one family,
one p~ople. I do not naed to carry a handf4~1.1 of Chuvaeh eoil with me; for
me the soil near Moecox, where I now live, is 3ust as dear. As long ae I
live I xi~l coneider the eoil of Sarelia~ where I firet entered nqr working
Iife, as a~r o~wn; as I will the eoil of Kirghizia, where I first went aloft in
an airplane; and the eoil of Kazakhetan, from whenae in the mighty roar of
enginee rocketa have t~+iae aarried me into outer apace.
"N~ ~tter Where I an, I will alwq~rs feel that I am a part of the great
Soviet people, a tireleea toiler~ and a fighter for the highest and mogt
- hum~111e ide818, n
The Saviet people~ the tras patriots of their Fatherland~ are at the eame
time patriots for the entire aooialist cooperation and the world aommunist
mrnrement. T~ hie epeech at the 25th CPSII Congress, brigade leader of the
puurifioation meahanized brigade at the Nagornaya mine, gemerovsk~ya Oblaet,
Hero of Soaialiat I.abor, Ye. I. Drozdetekiy on behalf of Soviet Workere
aaid, "We maroh beeide the Morking claes and a11 of the world~s workers.
We Imou ~ell that the international brotherhood of workera, aur unity and
solidarity r+ill inevitably lead to the elimination of oppreaeion and ex-
ploitation. Today at thie high forum of communiets I want to asoure our
br~there by class throughout the xorld that the Srnriet working class, 3ust -
a.s all our people, will until the end be faithflil to the great cause of in-
ternational unity, the etruggle for freedom, aoaialism aud for lasting
peace on earth.^
ThA internationaliem of our people ie reflected in the Party~e foreign po-
1icy, which is directed at relazing international teneior~ and seouring
nnfvereal peace, the ftirther ~oining together of eocialist nations, at
strengthening the unity of the communist movement and a11 anti-3mperialiat
_ forces. The foreign policy purened by the CPSII corresponds to the intereats
of the workers of all na,tions, vho warmly endorae it. The thoug~ts and
feelings of the revolntionary peoples of the world were ezpre~sed at the '
z5~h c~r congreas in the worde of Firgt Secretazy of the Central Committee
of the Communiet Party of Cuba and Premier-Miniater of the Hevolutionazy
Government oP the Republic of Cnba~ Fidel Castros
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a
"I do not epeak on behalf of cthere, but I~ow that from the momen~ that the
Soviet etate wae formed every atru~gling people, be ~hey in h~rope, Asia,
_ Afriea or.Latin A~erica, could~ ~ust as our~people did, rely on the support
and eolidarity of Soviet communiste. And eveiyrrhere xhere there are n~ble
heartw end rrhere there is a eense of ~u~tiae and een~ibility thie will not
_ be iorgottien. Our psople are proud of thair rela~tione Mith your great ooun-
try. They eee themeelve~ as an ezample of the practiae of internationellem,
- mnitna]. wnderetanding, respec~ aad trast. In rendering importaat aeeistence
to aur people, the Saviet Union ha~s never ezacted ar~y demarids of ue, hae
not made stipoilatione or told what We must do. Throu~out the hiatory of
foreign relatione, which for thanean~is of yeare Were driven by eg^oiem atid
force, the're have never been ~uch brotherly relatieaae betti,reen a pawerftiil
nation and a ema11 nation. Only eoaialiam me,kes�auch relations between
peoples poesible."
The internationalisa and patriotism of the Soviet people were foetered by
a7.1 of aar reality aad the socialist style of life. The Communiat Paa-ty de-
eotes much attention to edacatiag workers in the spirit of Savie~ pstrioti~am
and axialist internationaliem~ to the correct underetariding of euch mat-
ters as the g+eneral and garticular in the interrelationshipa between nar-
tionaliti~e~ the internatior~al aad natieazal, the claes approach to e~alnat-
ing the hietoriaal paet of each national group aad the irreconcilability
totrards manifeatations of nationalism.
The thougl~~ of the brotherly unity of the peoplea of onr nation, of the pri-
mary eo~rc~e of our aahievementa, the thaught thet the succeaees of the na^
tiw~al eoono~r oi eaah republic Mere brou~t about by the aelf-eacrifiaing
vork of the xorkers of hundrede of indnetrial enterpriees from nearly a11
union repablice, pasaes like a red thread. throu~ the collected compoeitione
at'I,� I� B~'ezhnev, "In Lenin~s Path". Heroes of varioue nationalitiee ap-
- pear in the reminiecences "l~I~la~ya Zemlya", "Eebirth", ead "Yirgin ]',aade",
= Mhieh open the reeently publiehed~volu~ne 7 of the colleeted w~rka.
_ The political line, xhich vae approved by the Party at the 25th Congreea,
is aimed at developing the eeono~ and aulture, improving the material aad
aultural 13.fe of Workere, and iatproving eoeialist democracy and eeeuring
the brothe'~ly friendehip of a11 national gcoups and peoples of our Father-
land, at atrengthening the defense might of the Soeiet IInion and gecuring
laeting pea,oe and international aecurity,
The Soviet Union devotedly emphasizee its eteadfaet deeire to iive in peace
and t`riendship xith a11 people~ of the earth. With great pride for the
grestne~rs of the Fa,therland and a clear appeal to a11 peoplea of the globe
to strengthen the bonde of friendehip, mutually beneficial cooperation and
iriternationalaecurity, L. I. Brezhnev~ apeaking at the Auguetusburg Castle
cn 4 1~y 1~78 (FRG), said, "Our cauntry ie great. It oaaupiea t~ro conti-
neate. Dozene of national groupe and peoples inhabit it. It ia a nnified,
Priendly family~ It ie peacelaving and hsrd working peopls, g+enerouel~ en-
- dotied vith talents aad kindneas. It doea not hui~g~er Por vhat belonga to
othera. Ita intentions are noble. It ie prepared to live in peace and
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hanmo~r with all peoples, including with the people of the Federal 8epublic
of German,y~"
The book "Virgin La,nds ~Pselin~,~" aontains important observatione on the in-
ternati ~utlization of th~ nation~l culturee of Saviet national groupe aad
peoplee aad note~ the leading role of the Raeaian national aultu~e in thie
_ proceass "Abe4y taught the Kaza]cbe not ~o shut themaelves up and eta~ate,
lrat to enrich thair areativity ~ith the accompliehmenta of the Ruesian and
4ther peoplee. Thie ie important for our time ae well. Ar~y na,tional aul-
ture, whiah is ieolated~ inevitab],y loees the traite of all man]dnd. IIn-
fortunately, everyone does not alwe4ya underetaad this.
- Social3~ long ag~o proved tb~.t the more intensive the grawth of each of the
natianal repablice, the moi~e diatinctive is manifest the proceae of inter-
na.tionalization. Razakhstan, perhaps, is the cleareet eza~ple of this.
The Yirgin Lande has m~de it without ar~y ex~gg+era.tion a"planet of a hun-
dred languag~es". Kaza.kh anlture has developed by iricorporating the best
of other national. cnlturea. Ie this bad or good? ide~ aon~uniete, reply
that it ie grood, very goodl Fox the moet important question concerning nar-
tional traditione and originality cannot be simplified and rednced only to
ethnograpl~r and the etuc~y of morees Tn Rueaia to izbas, round danoea and
kokoahnike and in Kazakhgtan to yurtas and herde of horses."
The Party attaches c~normoue import~nce to the sublime mission of th~ area-
tf~?e intallig~enteia, the noble role of artietic ahape and xord in atren~-
thening and developing the triendship and brotherlq cooperation of the
pe~oplea of o~ur n~,tion. The importaace of thie role is often empheaized by -
the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Preei-
dium of the IISSR Supreme Sotri.~t' b: _ I. Brezhnev. Pery noteWOrt2~}r are the
xorda direated to xritere in the concluding passag~e of the reminisaencest
"Such events are being cxeated before our ~ery eyes. Enarmous masses of
~ people are being moved; multi-aational collectives are being formed; ner?
familiee are being born; charactere are being ehaped; and the heroea of
our time are being tempered. Bread in Kazakhstan has always been a deli-
cacy, a thing of valne. L~ren the mullahe of old said that "The Koran ie
a holy bool~, but one can etep on the gorari if it is neceas~.ry to reach a
crust of bread." Aud now that ~r has bread. An entire way of life ie
changing; the poople ha,ve a nerr psycholog~. Hawr aari the greatnese aud
cira~matism of what has taken place fa.9.1 to excite the tru~e artiat? No one
wi11 understaad us nrn? or in the ttiiture if this epic is not alearly im-
printed for history."
The mul.ti-national Soviet nation is ~ustifiablg called a family of brothe~ -
ly peoples. The people who live in ita boundleas expaneee number more than
a hundrend national groups and peoplee - the children of a airigle mother
of the Fathorlarid. Hi$tory ha,s not lmoxn snch spiritnal kinehip, trust
azid mutu,al aeeistan.ce of peoples. The Soviet people.protect thia greatest
aohievement of socialiat society like an apple of their eye.
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_ While ensuring the .fl~rther develogment of the economic and apiritual power
of the Soviet multi-~e,tione~l. atate and groceeding to ne~r? heighte in the
building of communism and improving the Soviet way of life, aur people under
the leaderehip of the Co~nunist Party are ther~by fnlfilling their patriotic
and internation~l. duty to all vanguarda of the world co~uniat, worker and
na.tional. liberation movement and thl.filling their noble miasion to secure
~ friendship aad Bolidarity with the peoplea of the entire world.
COPYRIC~Ts "~RIIZ~A NARODOY" No 12, 1979 -
s927 .
- CSOt 1800
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REGIONAL
GEORGIAN ROUNDTABLE ON NEW ECONOMIC MECHANISM
Tbilisi SAKARTVELOS KOMUNISTI in Georgian No 1, Jan 80 pp 43-59 ~
[SAKARTVELOS KOMUNISTI roundtable discussion under rubric "Economic
_ Froblems of Developed Socialism": "Improve Planning, Perfect the
Administrative Mechanism"]
[Text] From the editors: In July 1979 the CPSU CC
passed a decree on further improvement of the economic
mechanism and the tasks of party and state organs.
- Also adopted was the CPSU CC and Council of Ministers
joint decree "Improving Planning and Strengthening
the Influence of the Economic Mechanism on Raising
Production Effectiveness and Work Quality." These _
very important decrees are in complete accord with ;
the requirements of developed socialism and are de-
signed to accelerate scientific-technical progress, ,
boost labor productivity, improve product quality,
and on this basis ensure steady enhancement of the
country's economy and the Soviet people's wellbeing.
As L. I. Brezhnev remarked at the November CPSU CC
Plenum, "These documents orient all administrative ~
and planning activities toward achieving high end
economic results and meeting growing social needs ;
more fully." Naturally, the decrees confront our ;
. republic's party and economic organizations, sciPnti-
fic institutions, planning organs, and enterpris~~s
with�new, vital, urgent tasks. ,
At a meeting of the Georgian party-economic aktiv
held in December 1979, special attention was focused -
on the readiness of our enterprises and ministries to
convert to the new system. "This matter is crucial,"
said E. A. Shevardnadze at the meeCing, "because in �
- many case~ the state of planning-economic and finan-
cial work does not meet today's requirements, even ~
the most rudimentary ones. Meanwhile, the scheduled
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transition to the radically new planning indicators
nnd evAluarion criCerin constitures n much more com-
plex and dif.f.ic~lt task."
Our journal has arranged a round table and invited
well-known economists, representatives of party,
economic, a:id planning organs and social organiza-
tions, and plant workers to talk frankly about the _
_ meaning of the decrees and ways and means to imple-
- ment them, about the benefits which practical imple-
mentation of the decrees will give to our society.
V. Melkadze (Professor, Dr of Economic Sciences, Corresponding Member
of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Scientific-Research
- Institute of Economics and Planning of the National Economy): The
building of a developed socialist society has been accompanied by pro- '
found qualitative changes in all spheres of social life, including
economics.
In the lOth Five-Year Plan the Soviet people have systematically imple-
mented measures designed to transform a developed socialist economy
gradually into a communist economy. The party's strategy in the
economic field is the basi~ of this course.
Our country has acquired unique experience in the planned administration
of the national economyf but life and economic practice proceed.
The socialist economy is distinguished by exceptional dynamism, a fast
pace of production, and structural changes. This in turn keeps giving
rise to new problems never before encountered. .
In order to cope with the new tasks, maintain a steady pace, and at the
same time follow a systematic course of intensification it is essential
at all times to ensure the proper proportion between the level of
development of productive forces, production relations, and an effective
economic mechanism.
An outstanding example of taking account of the particularities of the
present stage of developed socialist society and the creative resolution
of urgent economic and social tasks is seen in the well known CPSU CC ~
and Council of Ministers decrees on improvement of the economic
mechanism.
The economic mechanism encompasses the entire system of planning of the
national economy, planning and accounting indicators, performance
evaluation criteria, normative management, financial and credit rela-
tions, prices, the whole incentive system, the organizational structure
of administration, and techniques and equipment. To its links we must -
also assign the objective economic laws and the various interests
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associated with them. In short, the economic mechanism serves to imple- -
ment rhe party's social--economic policy, create the material-technical
base of a communist society, and map out the current and long-range ~
r;asks of thc building of. communism.
The pur.pose nf today's meeting is to approach the current state of our
republic's ef.forts to perfect the economic mechanism, tu look for the
practical bridge, so to speak, via which the party's economic strategy
can be made a concrete, actual reality.
Before we began our discussion of ineasures to perfect the economic
mechanism we probably should answer the question. What objectiv~ circum- _
stances dictated the adoption of these decrees?
A. Guniya (Academician, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Director of the -
Georgian Academy of Sciences Institute of Economics and Law): In our
opinion these historic documents represent a logical continuation of tne
October 1965 CPSU CC Plenum decree "Improving Planning and Strengthening -
the Economic Incentive of Industrial Production." In the almost 14
years that have passed since that decree, extremely important quantita-
tive and qualitative changes have taken place in the USSR's economy.
The scale of production and the country's economic and scientific-
production potential have grown. Big achievements have~been made in
scientific-technical progress. Science has truly become a direct pro- ' ;
ductive force in our developed socialist society. Both intrasector and
a intersector, interterritorial, and interstate economic and production
ti.es have become broader, deeper, and more complex. The qualifications ~ ~
of production-technical personnel have risen appreciably. The quality
indicators and scientific-technical level of production have r.isen.
- Compared with 1965, the~Soviet Uninn's total industrial output in 1978
was 2.5 times greater (from 229.4 billion to 577.7 billion rubles). ~
The volume of capital investments was 1.4 times gr~ater in 1971-1975 ~
compared to 1966-1967. The total gross social product reached 992.1 i
billion rubles in 1978, versus 420 billion in 1965--a 2.4-fold rise; "
the country's fixed capital (including livestock) rose by 2.6 times.
Fundamental quantitative and qualitative changes also took place in
Georgia's economy during that period. In particular, industrial output
in 1978 was 2.4 times higher than in 1965. Fixed productive capital
since 1970--that is, in eight years--increased by 1.6 times. National '
income rose by 2.3 times: In 1978 it totaled 6,632,800,000 rubles,
versus 2,875,000,000 in 1965.
At the same time, as is stated in the decree, the USSR's economy at the
present stage of social development has reached a level where special '
urgency attaches to further improvement of the administration of the
natianal economy. The basic directions in perfecting the economic
. mechanism were spelled out at the 25th CPSU Congress. The necessity of
~ focusing more attention on problems'of planning and administration has -
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been stressed more than once in L. I. Brezhnev's speeches at CPSU CC
plenums. Foc.using special attention on these problems has been dictated
by the vital necessity of making rational use of our country's great
economic and scientific-technical potential. The socialist economy is
developing dynamically, according to plan, in balance. This enables us
to pose and resolve in logical sequence the new and mor~ :omplex
economic and social problems deriving from the present level of develop-
ment of productive forces and production relationships.
V. Melkadze: The decrees represent a new step on the path of democrati-
zation of planning. Now would Comrade Zaur Zadikashvili share his
views with us?
Z. Zadikashvili (Party Committee Secretary, I. V. Stalin Electric Car
Repair Plant): The new decrees ensure the labor collective's active
participation in drawing up both yearly and five-year plans, in monitor-
ing execution. Collective opinion serves as the basis of our economic
plans. =
Under the new conditions, counter plans are playing a bigger and more
important role. Such plans are drawn up on the basis of utilization of
in-plant reserves. One feature of the counter plan is that it is pro-
vided with the necessary material resources. As a rule, the counter
plan is incorporated into the yearly plan and acquires the force of Law.
The practice of adopting counter plans in our plant was instituted in
the First Five-Year Plan. In 1932, special importance was ascribed to
the completion of socialist obligations and counter plans in our outfit.
So we have quite a lot of experience.
_ The discussion and adoption of counter plans is participated in by
shops, departments, the office of economic analysis, the standing pro-
duction conferences, and party, economic, trade union, and Komsomol
organizations. -
= Within set normatives, from now on the amount of worker bonuses will be
_ determined in the crews themselves. This should substantially enhance
, the initiative and responsibility of each crew member.
Our plant has taken specific steps along these lines. In particular,
there is a section of the car repair shop which performs the entire car
repair cycle. Until 1978 six crews were involved in this kind of car
repair work (carpenters, boilermakers, electricians, mechanics, and so
on). As often as not, these crewG got in each other's way. They would
finish up their own work at different times, the technological cycle -
was disrupted. It took them two or three months to repair one car. At
one of the standing production conferences, leading worker Vazha
Kupradze proposed that the crews be consolidated to form an integrated
_ crew. His proposal was accepted. Crew members mastered related trades,
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thus eliminating idleness and improving the quality of repairs. It took
less time to repair cars: Now the crew can repair two or three cars in
a month. Before the crews were consolidated this section employed 28
men. The crew was headed by a deputy shop chief, and there was a fore-
man, a dispatcher, and a warehouseman. Now it employs 23 men and is
headed by just one foreman. Creation of the integrated crew yielded the ~
plant an economic effect of Cens of thousands of rubles. If we now con- i
vert this section to autonomous financing (as the new decrees call for), ,
- the workers will be even more motivated and the plant will benefit even
more.
0. Kakauridze (Deputy Chairman, Georgian SSR State Planning Committee):
Comrade Z. Zadikashvili has focused on the innovation in the decrees
which deals with further democratization of the planning process. How-
ever, we are dealing with a number of other innovations in planning
which must also be analyzed. Allow me to dwell on certain of them.
The decrees state that five-year plans must be based on scientifically '
substantiated technical-economic norms and normatives. In particular, ~
apecial attention must be focused on drawing up prospective norms
governing the use of raw materials, supplies, fuel and energy resources,
and production capacity, and specific capital investments and so on.
For the prospective period, procedural questions of drawing up technical-
economic norms and normatives have been relatively little studied. It
is essential, therefore, that enterprises, ministries, departments, and
other organizations get right to work along these lines in collaboration
with scientific-research institutes.
The decree spells out precisely the procedures for drawing up plans. !
In particular, the scientific-technical progress program is to be drawn ~
up for a 20-year period by forces of the Academy of Sciences and the ~
State Committee for Science and Technology and submitted to higher- j
level directive organs two years before the start of each new five-year ,
plan. On the basis of this the planning committee is to collaborate ~
with the ministries and departmerrts to draw up the basic directions of
economic and social development, which are to be submitted to higher-
level organs 18 months prior to the start of the next five-year plan. ~
As you are well aware, plans have two basic sections: the sector and ~
the territorial. Sometimes in drawing up sector development plans
people completely fail to take account of the needs of the various union ~
republics, economic regions, and other territorial units with regard to ;
integrated development of the national economy. This is what dictates ~
, the necessity of further perfecting the democratic principles of plan- ;
ning, the territorial principles of administration. The decrees bring
_ to the forefront the necessity of ensuring the integrated development ~
of the union republics and economic regions; they broaden the participa- .
tion of the union republics and the Soviets of Pe-ple's Deputies in the `
~
~
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initial stages of drawing up economic and social development plans in
enterprises of union subordination. From now on the union republics'
yearly and �ive-year plans which are to be submitted to higher-level
_ directive org~ns will spell ou[ the basic indicators o� the plans of
Assoct~tions and enterpr.ises l~cated within their terr.itory.
One important feature of the decrees is that they bring social planning -
to the forefront. As far as is known, social development plans in
associations and enterprises have not yet become an organic part of
long-range and current plans. Recently the GCP CC and Council of
Ministers passed a decree on the present state of social development of
the republic's worker collectives and further measures to improve it. -
In the near future, social development plans must become a vital tool
of administration of the worker collectives.
G. Vardosanidze (Editor in Chief of SAKARTVELOS KOMUNISTI): In accor-
dance with the decrees the criteria for evaluating enterprise per-
formance are changed. Emphasis has been shifted to work quality in-
_ dicators; they now have a stronger influence on social production
effectiveness and work quality.
0. Kakauridze: Yes, the array of planned output is also broadened sub-
stantially in the physical indicators. In evaluating enterprise per-
formance a special place is assigned to the product delivery plan in
terms of assortment. This is designed to get the enterprises to observe
contract discipline strictly, to make better use of material~ labor,
and other resources, and to irnprove the quality indicdtors of production.
� According to the decrees the basis for determining labor productivity,
planning the wage fund, and monitoring its disbursement is the normative
net output [normativnaya chistaya produktsiya]. Funds are allocated for
the enterpr.ise to pay its workers in accordance with net output plan
fulfillment.
The advantage of net output is that it makes it possible to determine
quiee precisely eac:~ labor collec~ive's contribution to the national
income and to actively stimulate production gr~wth. The introduction
- of net output indicators in planning practice will help to overcomoe the
shortcomings characteristic of total output indicators. Under normative
net output, planning enhances the labor collectives' motivation to -
reduce material and labor intensiveness in products.
Long-range plans also play a stronger role. From now on, five-year
plans will be the fundamental form of economic and social development
of the country's union republics, ministries, departments, associations,
and enterprises. The five-year period will not be subject to changes
and will serve as the basis for the formation of direct economic ties
between enterprises over the long term. At present the planning
committee is drafting the ilth Five-Year Plan and mapping out the main
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directions of. economic and social developmenC through 1990 i.n full
ac:cordance.with the requirements of the decrees. ~
Special n[tention is being ~ocused on raising the lcvel of scientific
subsrantiation of long-range plans. The decrees call for a stronger
program-goal approach in formulating long-range plans of economic and
social development. The formulation of various kinds of integrated
scientific-technical, economic, and social goal-directed programs must
become a component part of long-range plans. Considerable work has been
done in the republic along these lines, but much remains to be done.
More attention must be paid to the formulation of goal-directed programs
to reduce manual labor, make rational use of labor resources, develop
the productive forces of the republic's mountain and piedmont rayons,
- and so on.
According to the decree, all quality indicators of a plan relate
directly to the normatives. This serves to enhance the motivational
role of the normatives in fulfilling and overfulfilling plans on time.
T. Kopaleishvili (Candidate of Technical Sciences, Department Head in
the Scientific-Research Institute of Economics and Planning of the
National Economy): This is why the CPSU CC's and Council of Ministers'
joint decree focuses special attention on measures to bring scientifi-
cally substantiated norms and morma~ives into line in planning. ;
The joint decree states that the five-year plans must be drawn up on
the basis of scientifically substantiated technical-economic norms and ~
normatives governing the utilization of labor, raw materials, supplies,
- and fuel and energy, also normatives governing the use of productive
capacity and specific capital investments. ;
The use of such a variety of normative information is possible only
- under conditions of the existence of an improved normative base.
The present state of the republic's normative base leaves much to be
desired. It is not up to today's requirements. In a number of
ministries and departments, norms governing the consumption of material ~
resources are calculated sporadically or not at all. In a number of ~
ministries consumption norms are formulated only for the basic opera-
tions and for capital construction. Norms are not formulated for ,
- auxiliary operations, repair and operations work, the manufacture of '
nonstandard equipment, and so on. Some ministries and departments are ~
using the average all-union norms. These are correct and have been '
- worked out on a high sc~entific level, but they do not take account of
the republic's economic specifications. Deadlines for reviewing and
revising formulated norms are frequently not met, and so on.
This state of the riormative base is due chiefly to the level of organi- ~
zation of the republic's normative management [khozyaystvo].
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To this day, most of the republic's ministries and departments do not
have any kind of normative service. The republic's Ministry of iiousing
and Municipal Services, the GSSR Council of Ministers Main Administra-
tion of Capital Construction, and the Tbilisi Gorispolkom are among the
republic's biggest users of material resources, yet not one of them has '
its own special normative service.
The matter of material resource utilization norming is fairly well
settled in the Ministry of Lor.al Industry. There the special planning-
design teehnological office has set up a norming department which
handles norming matters for the whole ministry. Efforts are also under-
way in the ministries of automotive transport, highways, and public
consumer services.
In order to improve the norming of material resources it is essential
that a unified normative management system be set up in the republic to
- combine all the special normative services of enterprises and production
, associations, ministries and departments, and supply-marketing and
planning organs.
The central apparatus and enterprises of the republic's Gosplan and
- State Committee for Material-Technical Supply, also the ministries and
departments, need to set up special structural subunits (departments,
offices, sectors, groups) to deal with norming matters.
To provide systematic management in the formulation of norms and norma- -
tives in the republic, a head scientific-researc;t institute and key
planning-technological organizations should be set apart in the unified
system of normative management.
The unified system of normative management shuuld see to it that
economic-mathematical methods are introduced in calculating norms and
normatives and that an automated system of normatives is'set up as the
next stage in perfecting the republic's normative management. At
present a great deal of work is underway in all the union republics to
set up an automated system of normatives. Some of them--the Ukraine,
Tadzhikistan, and Kazakhstan--have already introduced and are success-
fully operating individual components of an automated system of norma- -
tives. We need this kind of effort in our own republic.
The cr.eation of a GSSR Unified System of Normative Management is an
urgent requirement of today, and is in full accord with the measures
stipulated in the CPSU CC and Council of Ministers decree.
.
V. Melkadze: From now on, a system of scientific-technical effect
indicators is to be set for the enterprises. How is this innovation to
be interpreted?
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G. Malashkhiya (Candidate of Economic Sciences, Department Head in the
Scientific-Research Institute of Economics and Planning of the National
Economy): We might begin discussion of. this matter with an instructive
example. For many years some new machinery lay about in the Sukhumi
Silk Weaving Mill; it was supposed to replace old equipment, but the
mill's plan did not specify the effect of the new equipment. Under
t.hese circumstance~s, ths installation and startup of the new equipment
_ was delayed by two years. The loss of economic effect was considerable. ~
The scale of today's scientific and technical development and it~.
greater role in boosting production and furthering economic and social
progress make the task of perfecting forms of bringing scientific
advances and production together an urgent one. Technical, economic, ~
and social tasks and developments are closely intertwined. It is
essential that the mechanism of aciministering technical progress and
economic processes be well-coordinated and efficient.
These problems are dealt with at iength in the joint decree. Until it
was passed, the plan indicators of economic and social development were
based on the results of scientific-technical development. It could not '
be otherwise. Matters of training scientific cadres, strengthening the
material-technical base, and assimilating scientific-research work and
its findings and so on are subject to state planning. Nevertheless, '
there were defects in the planning of scientific-technical progress.
The economic reform that was carried out could not resolve the task of
creating the kind of economic mechanism that would bring about the
necessary acceleration of technical progress. ,
The matter of unified planning of scientific-research work and practical
implementation of its findings has been around for a long time.
SHparating them in the plan hinders enhancement of the level of
practical adoption ofscientific-technical advances. At present, only
_ one-third ot all completed research work is adopted in practice. It
takes too long to ass~milate innovations--sometimes as Long as 8 to 12 !
years. The national economy suffers considerable loss as a consequence.
The new decree maps out unified planning of scientific-research work '
and the utilization of its findings.
The new equipment adoption plan is an organic part of the social and '
economic development plan. The system of plan indicators is set up so
that �requently it fails to ensure unhindered adoption and dissemination
' of new advances. ;
- V. Melkadze: The link between economic and technical parameters is not '
strong enough, because Che analysis work in plan substantiation is not
adequate. -
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G. Malashkhiya: I agree completely. There was no plan indicator of
the effect of new equipment. The enterprises did not pay enough atten-
tion to formulating the plan of innovation in technical development.
HiRhcr-level organs wauld ~sk the enterpri.ses to draw up lonA-rAnge r~nd -
- currciit technical development plans, but this requesC was by no means
categorical. This is why only a very �ew industrial enCer.prises have
plans of technical innovation adoption. Even a major enterprise suct~
as Tbilisi's Machine Building Plant for years essentially neglected the
calculation and substantiation of the economic effectiveness of new
equipment. People there did not set up the appropriate office. Conse-
quently, production suffered.
The joint decree calls for incorporating the effect of implementing
scientific-technical measures into the plan indicators system. The
purpose of th~s innovation is to enhance the enterprises' motivation
and responsibility with respect to technical progress. But this does
- not exhaust the innovations of the new equipment plan. The whole system
of new equipment plan indicators has been refined and brought into line
with today's requirements. It calls for up-to-date experience and new
developments in our country's economic planning.
As a result, the technical progress plan will be more closely linked to
t~e economic and social development plan system.
Under the joint decree, not only the innovations in technical progress
administration but also the improvement of the whole economic mechanism
are designed to do away with obstacles to accelerated scientific-
technical progress, as one condition for better resolving the tasks o�
economic growth. Present economic mechanism indicators such as sold
[realizovannaya] output, overall profitability, and so on have failed
to promote the broad introduction and use of technical innovations and,
in some cases, actually hindered it. The new decree provides better
solutions to matters of accelerating the assimilation of improved equip-
ment and products and provides better stimulus.
Implementing the decree will require a sharp rise in the scientific
level of efforts in the field of new equipment planning and technical-
economic substantiation. The level is too low now in the various enter-
prises and associations. A big role in methodological promotion of
improvement in the administration of technical progress is assigned to -
offices of the republic's State Committee for Science and Technology.
In our opinion, it is they who must coordinate efforts in implementing
those points of the decree which deal with perfecting the administration
of technical progress.
V. Melkadze: Introducing scientific-technical advances in a timely
manner will appreciably enhance production effectiveness and product
quality. Everyone knows about all the attention the party and govern-
= ment are focusing on this. The 10th Five-Year Plan has been named the
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five-year plan o~ quality and effectiveness. The decree calls for a
- number of innovations with respect to improvement of product quality in
particular: state standards play a bigger role, the indicator is to be
revised, and so on.
N. Ciorgobi3ni (Head of Republic Administration of State Standards):
At the present stage of technical development, the machinery and instru-
ments used in industry are becoming more complicated; operating con-
di[ions are more demanding, speeds and temperatures are high. Higher
standards are being demanded of raw materials, supplies, and component
- parts.
Under these conditions, standards must play a bigger role in enhancing
technical Levels and product quality. Present-day standards must in-
corporate techniques of testing and monitoring product quality and
reliability which will ensure necessary conditions for technical
- progress.
This increased role played by standardization has given rise to new
tasks, foremost among them that~ of raising the scientific-technical -
level of standards and normative-technical documentation. :
- Efforts along these lines were undertaken in our republic even befcre I
the joint decree was adopted. Normative technical documentation now in
effect in industry is being inventoried and its scientific-technical
level evaluated.
The high demands imposed on standardization have made it mandatory to '
convert from individual, particular practical efforts to a complex
system of integrated standardization; this has appreciably enhanced
product quality and technical levels. ~
At the start of the lOth Five-Year Plan our republic was one of the most
backward in terms of product quality and technical level. Products
bearing the Emblem of Quality totaled only 114 million rubles--2.3 ~ _
percent.
_ Now our republic is a leader in the production of goods bearing the
quality emblem. In 1979, for the first time in history our industry's
quality-emblem output volume surpassed one billion rubles--a proportion ~
of 18 percent. ;
In ter.ms of quality, our republic has quite a few leading enterprises.
The whole-month production output bears the Emblem of Quality in the � ~
- Tbilisi Electric Welding Equipment Plant, the Tbilisi Cognac Combine, ~
and the~ Champagne Plant. More than 20 of our republic's enterprises ~
have more than half of their output adorned by the State Emblem of
Quality.
i
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Among various innovations it should be mentioned that fairly high extra
incentive pay has been instituted for the production of highly-effective
goods. A wholesale price premium for high quality and effectiveness is
awardcd to the product for a term of one year, and iE during that time
thc product is given the Emblem of Quality the amount o� the premium
will be retained for the time the Emblem of Quality remains in effec[.
In this way, the product can retain the price premium for a period o�
four years. At the time of recertification the product can retain the
same price premium only if its technical-economic indicators are im-
proved; if the product's quality indicators are not improved the amount
of premium and the time in effect are cut in half at the time of re-
certification.
Another factor is worth mentioning. According to the decree, if the
enterprises fail to meet the requirements of a quality-emblem product,
the Emblem of Quality is to be removed and the amount of incentive
premium deposited in the economic incentive fund during the year is to
be withdrawn.
G. Vardosanidze: Implementation of the CPSU's agrarian policy and
strengthening of the agricultural base, is directly dependent on the
organizational and technical level of rural construction, in par.ticular
capital construction. And as L. I. Brezhnev remarked at the November
CPSU CC Plenum, capital construction "largely determines our economic
indicators, the pace of our country's scientific-technical progress,
and production effectiveness." Capital construction, meanwhile, as you
ar.e aware, is the Achilles' heel of our economy in the economic
mechanism. Dear Ioseb [Kharatishvili], our journal's readers would be
interested in what the decree calls for to enhance its effectiveness in
general and our republic in particular.
I. Kkharatishvili (Georgian SSR Minister of Rural Construction): At
_ the 18th GCP CC Plenum we were justly criticized for our neglect of
economic analysis and our careless attitude toward the planning and
financial activities of organizations subordinate to us.
Our Rural Construction Ministry now faces a serious task--that of
achieving greater effectiveness in capital spending and in perfecting
the organization of labor and production. Such tasks are the main
focus of the joint decree.
In order to radically irnprove the level of rural construction it is
necessary to resolve a complex of economic problems. Let's start with
planning. The contractor must be provided with realistic, balanced,
and stable plans; so far we do not have them.
Until now we have taken the yearly plan's control figures in February
or March of the particular year.
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The ministries and departments have had to allocate capital investments
in ac~ordance with their views, which were frequently in conflict with
- adopted plans. Higher-level bodies, for their part, have given
additianal assignments throughout the year.
- Under such conditions, five-year plans have not been stable; this has
caused difficulties between builders and supplier~. Frequently, yearly
and quarterly plans have been adjusted in the Rural Construction
Ministry itself. ~
The decree declares adopted yearly and five-�year plans to have the
force of law, and for violating the law the relevant personnel will be
held responsible.
The ministry system's administrations and departments have already begun
to draw up the specific plans of contract work for the llth Five-Year
Plan. They call for providing the organizations and enterprises with
manpower, financing, and material-technical resources just as Comrade ~
Z. Zadikashvili has stated: The formulation of yearly plans begins from
below.
Considerable work is called for in the ministry to determine the pro-
ductive capacities of the construction organizations.
Remodeling and technical retooling of working enterprises will help
production output per unit of capital with respect to internal con-
struction operations. ;
The main indicator of construction organization performance is now ~
considered to be the delivery of completed facilities and projects for '
operation. ~
The drafting and implementation of stable five-year plans must be
balanced in accordance with the ministry's matsrial-technical base.
Until now, disproportion has prevailed. The volume of contract work
has risen faster than the ministry's base. ~
G. Vardosanidze: Why is that?
I. Kharatishvili: The ministry's production base is .lagging because
the capital investment quota for its own construction is so low.
Prompt provision of modern, efficient equipment for its own bases is of '
prime concern. ~
The construction organizations are in bad financial shape. The number
of overdue bank loans and unsettled accounts is growing. This is due
to poor performance both by our organizations and those of the client '
organizations.
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Construction is a very complicated technological conveyor, and if just
. one link gets stuck the main capital construction indicator suffers.
As we know, the contractor is fully responsible for construction work
progress. If the plan is not met, the blame goes to him.
So what are we [o do when the resolution of matters is beyond the
builders' control? After all, in many cases delivery of. the completed
facility is delayed because some piece of machinery or equipment is
lacking. Builders and clients should bear equal responsibility for
their own bailiwicks.
Several years ago, for example, the Rural Construction Ministry pro-
posed the creation of a construction-industrial firm within the
ministry. The proposal calls for combining the multifaceted techno-
logical construction works process into one department--the Georgian
SSR Rural Construction Ministry.
The idea of a firm operating within a closed cycle is designed to raise
responsibility for construction work progress, to enhance and define
the rights and duties of Che executor [ispolnitel'].
The purpnse of integrated construction operations is to speed up p.roject
planning, construction, and the delivery of facilities and completed
projects;
to reduce the volume of uncompleted construction and construction prime
cost;
and to r.educe the amount of uninstalled technological equipment.
The matter was discussed in the higher-level organ. Our proposal was
evaluated positively.
Initially, "turnkey" construction should be carried out on f~our or five
new construction starts without any structural changes of the ministry
and on the basis of internal reserves.
Preparatory work for integrated construction will be carr;.ed o~.t before
the end of the lOth Five-Year Plan.
V. Melkadze: The CPSU CC and Council of Ministers decree devotes con-
siderable space to the unity of planning and economic levers.
Autonomous financing and labor collective initiative must be further
developed. New procedures for distributing profits will go into effect.
Signific~nt changes have beem made in the formation of economic incen-
tive funds, and so on.
~
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I. Bakradze (Docent, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Head of Chair of ~
the Economics of Industry and Agriculture, Tbilisi State University):
The decree emphasizes the need to improve the plan indicator system
along lines which will help to broadly launch the efforts of the labor
collectives toward boosting labor productivity, making maximum use of
f.ixed capi[al and conserving material resources, on the one hand, and
enhancing the effectiveness of economic levers and stimuli and making ~
material incentives directly dependent on productive perf~rmance, pro- '
duction effectiveness, and work quatity,'on the other.
All this is reflected in the emphasis placed on quality indicators in
the plan indicator system, in the introduction of new capital-formation '
indicators, in procedures governing the new distribution of profit and
new formation of economic incentives, further development of the
Shchekino Chemical Combine's crew contract principles, development of
autonomous financing, and further enhancement of labor collective ~
~T1~CLdC1V2. _
These matters are closely intertwined and interrelated. Let's begin ,
with a particular principle ~f socialist management: further develop-
ment of autonomous financing on the basis of five-year plan targets and
long-range economic normatives in production and construction organiza-
tions. At the same time, contributions to the state budget must also
increase. An enterprise's economic performance will be evaluated in ~
accordance with new indicators on which economic incentive funds depend: ;
fulfillment of the product delivery plan over the entire products list,
increased labor productivity, increased profits, and improved product ;
quality. This obv.iously entails bringing quality factors to the fore- '
front in autonomous financing and economic stimulation. zt must be ~
added that the production association as the basic economic link in
industry should come to an end in two or three years and autonomous
financing should be introduced in the industrial and construction '
- ministries.
The task is difffcult, but it can be accomplished. It is necessary to~
draw up normative materials and adopt them in production, work out
indicators for evaluating the performance of par.ticular production
sectors, carry out preliminary calculations, and draw up plans of '
organizational-technical measures. A major role here is assigned to ;
_ the economic services and the social councils and offices of economic
profile. ~
Capital-formation indicators will continue to include quality indicators '
such as increased labor producrivity, the production of top-quality
goods, and the delivery plan fulfillment.
The enterprises will have to study the experience of related outfits
working under the new system; they will have to analyze, calculate, and -
submit their own proposals so that the enterprise can map out the
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specific directions of utilization of the economic incentive fund. All
of this is now in the hands of the enterprise's administration and
trade unions. Resources earmarked for these funds, moreover, must be
utilized strictly and accurately for their intended purpose..
And now a few words about strengthening the principles of the Shchekino _
Chemical Combine me[hod. The method has not been adopted fast enough
in the various enterprises, largely because the enterprise's rights
with respect to the use of wage fund savings have been too restricted.
Now this restriction has been lifted. Wage fund savings now remain
with the enterprise and can be used for various premiums--for high
qualifications, trade combining, professional expertise, and so on.
Unused wage funds are to be deposited into the material incentive fund.
As a result, the Shchekino method will be broadly adopted.
Our department will focus attention on problems of perfecting the =
economic mechanism in the curricula plans and study programs, step up -
research along these lines, propagandize the decrees, and help the
various organizations in the economic instruction of cadres and in
implementing the decrees.
V. Melkadze: The joint decree states that the organization of labor
and the crew form of compensation will be decisive starting with the
llth Five-Year Plan. A certain amount of experience has been gained by
our country's leading enterprises and construction projects. In our "
republic, this method is being used successfully by Amiran Gelashvili's
widely known crew. My dear Amiran, what experience do you have in the
organization of labor and compensation?
A. Gelashvili (Integrated Crew Leader, Tbilisi's V. I. Lenin Electric
Locomotive Plant): Today the crew contract, or collective labor, is
vitally necessary for the sake of the end results. Formerly, ~he crew's
operations were scattered among four shops. The work was performed by
several crews and individual workers, including machine operators.
There were frequent cases of having too many of some components and
none at all of others. It was not so much the work that tired me out,
it was the constant searching and pleading for parts.
Our crew members were aware of the successes of Zlobin and his
followers, but that was in construction. It will be too hard to adopt
the Zlobin method here, people said. But we tackled the job and
_ succeeded. Labor productivi.ty doubled. Previously it took 23 men to
turn out 40 to 45 electric stacker casings; now the same number can
turn out 90 units.
Combiniqgthe work cycle did away with all kinds of surprises and idle-
ness. Everyone without exception is thinking about the end result.
_ The crew is like a family; there can be no laggards, because mutual _
monitoring is high.
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Thc~ entcrprise has benef:ited greatly by cr~.ating the integrnted crew,
and crew members are getting apprecisbly highar wages.
~ V. Melkadze: The final year oE the lOth Five-Year Plan is underway; it
must also come to be the year of preparations for adopting measures to
perf.ect Che economic mechanism.
Z. Katsiashvili (Economics Analyst for KOMUNISTI and Television): As
L. I. Brezhnev has said, this year is not only the final year of the ~
five-year plan but also the basis for the coming five-year plan. It is
the year of preparations for the 26th party congress. Clearly, this is '
the standpoint from which we must approach our evaluation of the work
that has been done and tasks of 1980.
The economic reforms of 15 years or so ago have shown that the new
system of planning and economic incentive has been adopted best in those
enterprises which seized the initiative quickly, without waiting for ,
instructions, procedural directives, and help "from higher up."
The November CPSU CC Plenum mapped out four basic directions for
raising the effectiveness of the national economy: all-round elabora-
tion of sociatist competition and orientation of it toward quality
indicat~,rs; support and disseiaination of forms and methods of advanced
experience which will help to boost labor productivity; syste~;atic ~
implementation of conservation efforts and rational use of material and ~
�inancial resources; and efforts against violation of labor discipline, -
blundering, and slackening. ' -
In order to carry out the party's purposes, as was correctly noted, it
is essential to broadly open up the way to initiative from below. -
One of the most important ways to enhance the effectiveness of socialist
competition is to base i.t on autonomous financing. Practice has shown
that many shortcomings in the organization of socialist competition-- ,
poor economic substantiation of obligations, lack of motivation to adopt '
intensive plan targets--are due to the fact that the competition is not '
- always backed up by autonomous financing and is not closely enough
linked to economic levers and stimuli. For example, the initiatives
that have had the greatest effect on competition practice in the past
few years (crew contract, the Shchekino method, integrated crews, and
so on) have been based on autonomous financing, on reliable indicators
which make it possible to determine work quality; these are the main
f.actors in organizing competition. As is well known, the enterprises
are now Einalizing the action programs of the current year and the
draft plans of the coming five-year period; they are inventorying their
in-plant reserves and taking the initiative to adopt new coun[er plans.
The 1980 plans and counter plans must reflect a substantial proportion '
of the measures to perfect the economic mechanism. This will test the ,
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effectiveness of the new principles of economic management. We must do
everything necessary to think creatively and systematically implement
the course of action designed to improve production effectiveness and
work quali[y.
V. Melkadze: The ~ecree deals with a number of other vital matters as
wcll, but we h~ve talked enough f.or one day.
Changing the economic mechanism on this scale and putting it into
practice is a very difficult matter. The main task now is to analyze
the main problems of economic development profoundly in accordance with
the spirit of the decree, in a self-critical manner, from the stand-
point of economic effectiveness and further improvement of quality.
Let me direct the attention of scientists and practitioners to the fact
that about 16 regulations, procedural directives, and drafts are now
- being drawn up on the basis of the decree. Some of them--procedural
directives governing the formulation of Lon$-range normatives of net
output, wages per ruble of output, and so on--have already been
published in the economic press.
It is e'ssential that we thoroughly master normative, directive, and
procedural materials. We must not delay in preparing to adopt them in
economic practice.
The col'lective of the Scientific-Research Institute of Economics and
Planning of the National Economy has already taken the first steps in
this regard.
~ Extensive applied research to perfect the economic mechanism is provided
- for in our institute's research plan for 1980. In particular, we will
be researching procedural and organizational-technical matters involving
the formulation and adoption of progressive norms and narmatives govern-
ing the consumption of raw materials, supplies, fuel, and energy, and
will wark out procedures governing the use of material and financial
resourc~es on the same basis. Our scientific-research thematics call
for scientific analysis of the procedure for determining plan intensive-
ness and generalization of practices of preparation for adopting it in
a numbe~ of the republic's enterprises. The theoretical and practical
groundwork is being laid for the adoption of indicators of long-range
normatives of top-quality output, normative net output, and wages per
- ruble of output. Plans call for investigating the reasons G*hy some of
the republic's enterprises are unprofitable, substantiating the measures
needed to make them profitable, and so on.
Creatively mastering the innovations of the economic mechanism will help
_ to boost Georgia's contribution to the union's economy and successfully
complete the long-range program of accelerated development of our
republic's national economy.
COPYRIGHT: "Sakartvelos Komunisti", 1980
6854
cso: i~io
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a va~ va a yvllau ValL Vl\LL ~
REGIONAL
BOOK REVIEWS NEW LIFE STYLES IN ISLAM'AREAS
Moscow 1VOVYY BYT I ISLAM (ISLAM AND THE NEW LIFE STYLES) in Russian i979 '
signed to press 21 May 79 pp 1-8, 63-64
[Annotation, table of contents and introduction from book by N. Bayramsakhatov,
Politizdat, 64 pp, 75,000 copiesj
[Text] The author of the pamphlet, the chief of the ;
department for propaganda and agitation of the Central
Comanittee of t'~e Com�nunist Party of Tur~nenistan, tells
haw in the course of the socialist transformations of
the living conditians of the Turkmen people new, Soviet
holidays, ceremonies and traditions are being intro- ;
duced into its life, and the influence of the ideology
of Islam on the everyday life of the rural population
_ of the republic is being overcome.
The pamphlet is of interest for party, Komsomol, trade
union workers and propaganda specialists conducting
atheistic work among the population. ,
Table of Contents
Introduction ~ ~ ~ 3 ;
The Radical Transformation of TurlQnen Village Life 9~
Religious Survivals in Everyday Life and Their Conquest ' 24
New Traditions and the Formation of the Communist Life Style 41
_ The Ro1e of the Party and Public Organizations in the Development ~
. of New Ceremonies 52 ~ _
Conclusion 63
~
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Introduction
In the 7~h decade of its existence, our country has become one of the most 4
highly developed pawers of the world. And all peoples of the fraternal
union of Soviet republics experience a feeling of pride because of the path
that has been traversed. In the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU
tv the 25th Party Congress, L. I. Brezhnev said: "Our country and our
people have travelled a path that has not been easy, but glorious. ...Our
road is the road of truth, the road of freedom, it is the road of the hap-
piness of. the people."1 These words expresaed the meaning of the historic
path which all peoples of our country have traversed.
Remarkable changea have taken place during this time also in Soviet Turk-
menistan, being at one time a god-forsaken colonial district of Tsarist
Russia.
As far back as the beginning of the century, the definition of Turlunen as
natives was customary in the language of the Tsarist administration. "The
Russian-native schools," "The Trans-Caspian native newspaper"--these are
the official concepts of that time. The ~xl~nen people, rich in historical
traditions, were condemned to a colonial existence. Only the October Revo-
lution opened up before them room for social and spiritual development. In
the fraternal family of the Soviet peoples, they traversed the road from
semi-nomadic feudal life to developed socialist society.
The absolute ma~ority of Turl~nen encountered the 20th century as their fore-
fathers had the preceding centuries. On scraps of land--and in 1914 more
than 60 percent of the da'ikhans had no more than two dessyatinas of land--
they toiled from morning till night, obtaining wretched harvests. 28.2
percent of the da'ikhan did not have draught animals; 50 percent did not
have agricultural implements. The azal (a wooden plough), the pil (a spade),
the ketmen' (a kind of hoe), the orak (sickle)--these were the simple tools
with the aid of which the Turl~en peasant fought for his right to live.
The anne_~cation of the Trans-Caspian land by Russia, which was accomplished
at the end of the 19th century, resulted in certain advances in the agri-
cultural and spiritual life of the ~rkmens. However, these advances had
an utterly local character. Industry was practically non-existent; the
petroleum extracted was measured in dozens of poods; there was no electric
power at all. The~working class numbered a few hundred people and was
basically linked to the primary processing of agricultural products.
According to a r.eport by Academician V. V. Bartol'd, at the time of the
population census in 1897 an insignificant number of native non-Russians,
i.e., Turkmens, 1,432 people, lived in cities.2
In 1911 the kray had 46 secular schools, in which only 151 students out oF
4,355 were representatives of the ~rlQnen nationality.
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~ ~ ~VJ.~W VV1.1 Vl\Ll
Turkmenia was often called "the boondocks of the boondocks" of Tsarist Russia,
where the oppression of the local feudal-usurious order combined with the
policy of colonial plunder and national oppression was carried out by -
Tsarism. The following comparisons may help to obtain a clear picture of
~rlQnenia as "the boondocks of the boondocks": while literacy among the
Tatars, Kazakhs, and the peoples of the Northern Caucasus ree,ched 1-3 per-
cent in ~zrlunenia, only 7 out of 1,000 people were literate. Before the
October Revolution not a single book was published in the kray, nor a
single newspaper in the Turl~en language; not a single national public
library or other cultural-educational institution was in existence.
_ The Tsarist government allotted meager funds for the needs of education. I
On the eve of the First World War, 12,000 rubles a year were allotted for
the support of schools in Ashkhabad, but 47,000 for the police. The entire
budget of the Tedzhenskiy pristav district amounted to 5,140 rubles, of ~
which more than 4,000 rubles were expended for the police.3
Under these conditions, the influence of religion on the consciousness of
the people was very strong. The territory of the former Trans-Caspian
Oblast nwnbered more than 400 mosques and hundreds of so-called "holy
places." Tens of thousands of mullahs, sheikhs and ishans (community
leaders), khodzhas and sayyids, pirs and sopi "sat on the shoulders" of the
people. TY.e ruling Moslem religion regulated all aspects of life and every-
day existence, beginning with personal family relations and ending with
ci~vil and criminal legislation. In the rural locality the mullah was simul-
~aneously the minister of religion as well as judge, doctor, teacher and
~rioney-lender and, frequently, the only literate individual who could write ~
a letter or petition. And such a situation completely suited Tsarism, which
relied on the aupport of the Mnslem clergy in the execution of its colonial
policy.
The profound social changes that have taken place during 60 years in the
_ rep~sblic became the basis of radical changes in the spiritual life of the
Turl4nen people. A powerful industry has been created, which now accounts
for 51 percent of the gross production of the national econo~y of the re- ~
public. The development of large petroleum and gas deposits led to the
development of such industries as raw-material, chemical, and machine-
building industries. For example, the relative share of the gas industry
in the structure of industrial production of the republic amounted to 12.1 ~
percent in the lOth Five-Year Plan; and the TurlQnen Soviet Socialist Repub-
- lic now accounts for 20 percent of the total volume of gas extracted in the
Soviet Union. Turlflnenia, which had not known electric lights, now has '
became a republic of complete electrification. The cu,rent developed by
its electric power stations is fed into the unified energy system of Central
P.sia.
The products of the industrial enterprises of the republic are known not ~
_ only in our country, but also far beyond its borders.
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- Such a~ump in the development of TurlQnenistan became possible only thanks
to the aid of the fraternal repnblics, which made "sacrifices in the name
of overcoming the backwardness of national borderlands." Especially great,
as L. I. Brezhnev noted, was the assistance of the Russian working class:
"In essence this was the glorious exploit of the e~tire class, the entire
people, achieved in the name of internationalism." -
Let us cite only one eloquent fact: In 1924-1925 i~nediately after the
formation of the republic, the ~zrl~en Soviet Socialist Republic's own
income accounted for slight~.y more than 10 percent of its budget. Soviet
TurlQnenistan represents a historic example of the possibility of swift
socio-economic development on the basis of socialist cooperation and inte-
gration.
The transition of the agricultural production of the republic to collective -
principles was of historic significance and had enormous consequences. Dur-
ing the years of Soviet power the agriculture of Turl~nenistan was transformed.
Primitive manual work has fallen into oblivion, as have the poverty and op-
pression of the rural toiler and constant dependence on climatic conditions,
In ~9~3 69,000 tons of cotton were produced. Nou moxe than 1,100,000 tons
of it are grown on the fields of the republic. And, indeed, not long ago,
15 years ago, the harvest of cotton amounted to 360,000 tons. Turlunenistan
has become the second cotton base of the co~.ntry and the largest supplier
of the best varieties of fine-�iber cotton.7 On the fields tens of thousands
of machines are working, collecting more than 60 percent of the cotton. Veg-
etables and melons, grown on irrigated land, are transported in a never-
ending stream into the all-union fund.
Successes in the sphere of land improvement ha,ve made possible a signifi-
cant increase in the production of grain, which during the 9th Five-Year
Plan alone increased by a factor of 3, including the production of corn--
by a factor of 18. In the southern part of the contemporary map of
Turkmenia a blue thread reaches from the west to the east. This is the -
Karakum Canal imeni V. I. Lenin, the largest artificial water artery in
the world. Almost 25 years were needed for its creation. For a distance
of 1,000 kilometers, the hanclm,ade river carries its waters, irrigating
more than 400,000 hectares of land. Forty-five percent of the cotton pro-
duced by the republic are fed by the waters of the canal. For more than
400 kilameters of its path the canal is navigable. The tempo of construc- -
tion with which it was built was unknown in world practice. -
Nbre than 2.5 million people, the representatives of more than 100 nations
and ne,tionalities, live in �the Turl~nen Soviet Socialist Republic, and in
the fraternal family. With the assistance of all peoples of our i.mmense -
fatherland they produced more than 100 million tons of petroleum and tens
of billions of cubic meters of gas. The industrial products of TurlQnenia
80 ~ 55 countries in the ~rorld.
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~ ~lVL vira.~
Al1 of this is the direct result of socialist development, of the "new"
that was brought into the world by the October Revolution. An important
- achievement of this development are the fundamental changes in the spirit- -
ual and material life of the workers of 'I~rl~nenia. Speaking at the 25th
CPSU Congress, L. I. Brezhnev called an important result of the past 60-
- year period the birth of the new man, Soviet man, "who, passing all tests,
changed himself beyond recognition, combined in himself ideological con-
viction and ~normous life energy, culture, knowledge and the ability to
apply them.
The victory of socialism caused injury to the social roo+s of religion
in Turl~enistan. The new life, the new social relations, the new social
existence have displaced the former religiosity in the consciousness and
everyday life of millions of people; have drawn in all workers--believers
and non-believers--into active social activity, have opened up to them a
wide path for the development of science and culture. Socialist society
guarantees the firm material and moral situation of the individual in
society, frees him from unemployment, hunger, poverty and deprivations,
from fear of tomorrow. In such conditions, the majority of the members -
of our society have moved away from religion, though it must be acknowl-
edged that even today Islam still has a considerable number of followers
- e.mong some oriental peoples in our country, including also the Turl~nens.
In the course of the construction of socialism in Turkmenistan there has
been a sharp reduction in the number of mosques, prayer houses and so-
c~,lled "holy places." This is the result of the weakening of the r~lig-
iosity of the population, of the depar.ture from rel3gion by a multitude -
of people.
Important changes have taken place in the sphere of religious conscious-
ness itself. An analysis of the state of religiosity of the population
on the basis of empirical research conducted in several kolkhozes of the
Kunya-Urgenchskiy, Bayram-Aliyskiy, Iolotanskiy, Tedzhenskiy, Geok-
Tepinskiy, and Takhtinskiy Rayons, in the Soviet Turl~enitany Kolkhoz of
Ashkhabad Rayon show that the process of the destruction of religion as
an integral system of ideas, survivals and actions is moving forward.
The religiosity of people freguently takes the form of the observation
of only isolated elements of Islam.
A sphere of the life of people which is more steadfast and does not yield
as easily to changes is the everyday life, especially the ev~ryday life
of the rural population. A considerable migration into the city has re-
sulted in the fact that elements of the rural everyda,y life have become
consolidated in the life of townspeople who are preserving a link with
the village. "The everyday life is most difficult of all to sub~ect to '
change," wrote M. I. Kalinin. "Political and economic relations have
al.ready changed to a certain extent, but everyday life remains for a
very long time with its remnants...changing everyday life is a very dif-
- ficult task,.and those who think that one can act in an offhand way and '
change everything are severely mistaken."7
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_ Thus, the everyday mode of life is one of the most conservative elements
of social life. A great role in everyday life is played by the historical
traditions of the old generations who promote the preservation of the sur-
vivals c,f the social formations of the past. Nbreover, it is a knourn fact
that the relations of separate people to society are controlled more easily
than the3r relations to one another. Everyday relations affect personal
interests and the feelings of people, and interference in these relations
is not always possible. For this reason they yield to control on the part
of society only with difficulty.
At the same time, it is precisely in everyday practice, in the routine
forms of the regula.tion of everyda,y relations that religious survivals
are rooted most often, This is why the struggle for the transformation
of everyday life on the basis of socialist principles is simultaneously
- a struggle against the survivals of the past and, above all, against
religous survivals.
Islam connected the basic moments of the life of the individual--birth,
marriage, death, and so on--by a chain of religious rituals and ceremon-
ies. And now the observance of these rituals and ceremonies remains a
"life-giving" source of the religiosity of people. To a certain extent,
the reproducti~n of religion occurs with their aid,. The religious ideo-
logues cultivate the belief that the link of religious ceremonies with
the basic moments of the life of the individual reflects age-old family
traditions. In reality they are first and forem~ost the manifestation of
feudalism, which less than a century ago ruled in our kray.
The introduction of new forms of everyday life, which began during the
first years of Soviet pawer, has become an especially active and effec-
tive factor of cammunist education in recent times when generations of
people have formed, who have gone through the Soviet school, who have
enriched themselves with knowledge, who have experienced the internation-
al infl~tence on the part of other fraternal nations of our country.
_ The author set himself the task of investigating the influence of the
ideology of Islam on the everyday life of the rural population; of ob-
serving how in the course of thP socialist transformation of every day
life and the introduction of new, Soviet ceremonies the influence of
Is1am h~,s been consistently undermined; of analyzing the foz~ and
methods of the work of party and other public organizations of Turl~en-
istan, which are promoting the conquest of the survivals of the Islamic
religion in the consciousness of the workers, the formation of a com-
munist life style.
Conclusion
. The introduction of new ceremonies in life, in our view, is a kind of
social experiment. Those ceremonies and traditions which satisf~r con-
temporary spiritual and aesthetic needs of people become established,
are turned into an integral part of the life and the life style of the
individual, and those which are not capable of living, do not affect the
feelings of people, disappear.
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~ v~. v~ ~ aVa~au V~I{~ Vl\LL
1 V~11Y~1L' S
1. "Ma.terialy XXV s"ezda KPSS" [Ma.terials of the 25th CPSU Congress],
- Moscow, 1976, p 88,
2. V. V. Bartol'd, "Iz istorii kul'turnoy zhizni Turkestana" [From the
History of the Cultural Life of ~a.rkestan], Leningrad, 1927, p 169.
3. Cf. B. Ovezov, "Po leninskomu puti" [Along the Leninist Road],
Ashkhabad, 1g64, p 172.
4. L. I. Brezhnev, "0 50-letii Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh
Respublik" [(ln the 50th Anniversarh of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics], Nbscow, 1972, p 13. ~
5� ~~Materialy XXI s"ezda Kommunisticheskoy partii Turlflnenistana" [Ma.ter-
ials of the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of ~.i,rl~nenistan), ~
Ashkhabad, 1976, p 13. '
6. "Materialy XXV s"ezda KPSS" [Materials of the 25th CPSU Congress), ~
P 87�
7� M. I. Kalinin, "0 ko~unisticheskom vospitanii" [On Communist Edu- ~
cation] Nbscow, 1956, pp 64-65. ,
8. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii" [Complete Collected
~ Works], Vol 41, pp 304-305.
~
COPYRIGHT: Politizdat, ~979 ~
8g7o :
CSO: 1800
END
~ -
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