JPRS ID: 9006 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060047-2
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 47
• Content Type: REPORTS

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31 MR~CH 1980 C FOUO 6r88 ) 1 OF 1
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- JPRS L/9006
31 March 1980 ~
USSR Re ort .
p
~
MILIT/'~RY AFFAIRS `
C~OUO 6/80)
- FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST IiVFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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, enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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~ original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
_ Other unattributed parent~etical notes within the body of an .
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
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The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
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For further inzormation on report content
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JPRS L/9006
31 March 1980
USSR REP~RT -
MILITARY AFFAIRS _
~FOUO 6/80; _
CONTENTS PAGE -
General Ksrfyan Discusses the 'Chinese Threat~
(Mikhail Kirtyan Interview; LA STANiPA, 28 Dec 79) 1
Book Excerpts: DOSAAF Training in Uzbekistan
(Ao Khodzhibayev; K NOVYM RUBE2,HAM, 1979) 5
Probability Methods for Eva.luating Armament Effectiveness
(Ao Ao Chervonyy; VEROYATNOSTNYYE METODY OTSENKI
EFF~KTIVNOSTT VOORULHQ~IYA, 1979) ����..........ooo....,..,.. 20 ~
Book Excerpts: U.S. and PL4T0 as War Threats
(N. Petrov, et al.; SShA I NATO: ISTOGHNIKI VOYFNNO~.' UGROZY,
1979)...a.........aooa.ooo...oo ................oo.o...o.a.... 2~+
ERRATUM: In JPRS L~8873, 18 January 1y80 (FOUO 2~80) of this
series, on Table of Contents and p 1 of article ~
"Military Budgets: Soviet and U.S. Budgets Contrasted"
please change source to read EKONOMIG'HESKIYE NAUKI.
?
' a' [III - USS R- 4 FOUO]
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GENERAL KIR'YAN DYSCUSSES THE ~CHINESE THItE.~T'
Turin LA STAMPA in Italian 28 Dec 79 p 3
jInterview with Soviet Ma~ Gen Mi.khail Rir'yan, in Moscow, bp Bernardo
Valli, date nut given: "Moscow's Night.:nare--a Chinese-Japanese-U.S.-
European Axis--Bei~ing's Diabolical Plors"]
[Text] The USSR is afraid o~ being encircled by a tri.continental allianc..
She puts the West on guard against an unpredicatable China which allegedly
dreams cf en~e-rging as the sole m$ster fro~ the smoking ruins of the world.
A general says, "It is imposaible. to destxoy her entire nuclear arsenal."
The Soviets do not trust Carter, and even less do they trust his adviaer -
Brzezin~ski.
The prospect of a Chineae-Japaneae-United Statea--European Western axis
continues to be Moscow's permanent nightmare. Zt will continue to be her ~
specter in the 1980's, too. Such a trlcontinental agreement would mean
"encirclement," wi~Lh all the.consequences, fears and anxieties the word has
- implied since 1917. It is w~thin thi,s obsessive framework that the frenetic _
diplomatic activi,ty be3,ng touched o�f 3,n all directio~s by Moscow must be
seen: in the West, the o~fensi,ve aga~nst the Euro~ean missiles and on behalf
of the American rati~ication o~ SALT II (the treaty on strategic nuclear
weapons), and, in the F~ast, the simultaneous negot~ations with Bei~ing for
the purpose of arriving at an agreetnent between the two nations. The USSR
already feels the vise tightening and is trying to loosen its grip.
The numerous unknowns of the fesred equation (in which the human masses uf
the Ch3,nese and the technology o# the cavit$lists would be placed side by
side like two algebraic expxessions~ are i,nsi.stently stressed. The greatest
- of these unknowns, which is pointed out in conversat~ons wi,th Westerners with
the intention of dissuading them frombecoming fziendlywith the Chinese, is the
"unpredictability" of Be~ijing. "Be careful," the Sovietssay,in.substance,
"playing the Chinese csrd againstthe.USSR could be dangerous. Tomorrow it might
~ be used against you."
This theme is not flattering toti~e Chinese, who are depicted as exploiters
who would like to make use of their anti-Sovietism to assist the West
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but tomorrow would be willing, for all practical purposes, to change their
attitude if they thought it would be advantageous for them. In order to
bring the "four modernizations" (industry, agriculture, defense and educa-
tion) into being, Beijing is in need o� foreign aid in the.form of capital
and technology.
According to the Soviet experts in Far Eastern affairs, the industrialized
a countries with market economies--and particularly the United States, Japan
and the FRG--distributed $23 billion to the PRC in the form of various types
of credit after the fighting between China and Vietnam. But the assistance �
allegedly amounts to very little by comparison with the boundless Chinese
ambition. However, that generosity leaves the successors of Mao indifferent,
for they are not inclined in the slightest to ad~ust their aims permanently
to Western aims.
_ The Chinese are allegedly aiming at obtaining the leadership of the Third
World, and in order to accomplish that pro~ect successfully "they are seeking
to aggravate the contradictions existing between the two different world
systems for the purpose of pr~voking political and miiitary incidents--that
is, an armed conflict between the USSR and the United States." I read those
words in a publication concerned with post-Mao China. The authors, T~eonid
Gudoshinov and Rostislav Neronov, both from the Far Eastern Institute,
assert that the leaders in Beijing are plotting 4 diabolical conspiracy on
a world level. According to these two Muscovite Sinologists, HUA Guo-feng, '
DENG Xiao-ping and company are dreaming of emerging from the smoking ruins
of. tl-ie world as the sole masters.
A warning to the West emerges from this apocalyptic interpretation of Chinese ;
thought: Do not let yourselves be fooled, do not be so naive, msrch along-
side us to contain the Asiatic masses! Stripped of all pxopagandistic
tinsel, the Soviet message is clear: Let us return to the bipolarity which,
in the past few decades, has made it possible fox us to build the relaxation
of tension which now is treatiened.
I spokE of the "Chinese peril" with General Mikhail Kir'yan, and authentic
major general. He has an impeccable uniform, decorations, high boots, well-
combed short hair, a regular profile and grayish-t~lue eyes. In an American
uniform, he could appear in a Hollywood war znovie. But his hands clash with
the rest of his appearance; they are stumpy and knotted, the hands of a
peasant. They are reassuring. I cannot successfully imagine them pushing
the buttons for the third world war--the nuclear one. ~
General Kir'yan has gond sense. He speaks Lhe simple language of military ;
people. "Certainly," he says, "China does ~~ot have a force comparable with ~
rhe Soviet or the NATO forces, but one cannot ignore the presence of such a
neighbor as that." For that reason, a conspi.cuous part of the Red Army is
deployed in the East. The general is particularly concerned with numbers.
He imagines fanatical hordes. i ask him whether it would be possible, _
without too great a risk and at a sinl~le blow, to destroy the entire nuclear
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arsenal of the PRC. Ae replies that the pro~ect cannot be carried out.
In spite of the fact that China has a deterrent force which is inferior
by far to that of the Warsaw Pact or NATO, "it is no~ possible to deatroy
all her nuclear materiel."
It is very probable that the Soviets, like the Americana before their
reconciliation with Beijing, have nursed the idea of depriving China of her
military nuclear materiel. But they no longer can consider doing that.
They have to take into account the development involving Chinese missiles
_ pointed at the USSR, even though that is a slow-moving denelopment. The ~
general did not say that, but that is the conclusion I drew from his discourse.
I also asked him whether the possibility of a Soviet intervention on behalf
of Iianoi had been confronted during t1-~: recent fi~hting between China and
' Yietnam. He replied that the question was not raised after it became evident
that the valor of the Vietna.mese, encouraged by the possession of Soviet
weapons, had sufficed to check the Chinese masses, "driven by fanatici~.~" ~
- and leci by generals "lacking in knowledge of the military arts."
, I persisted~, asking him whether a direct Soviet intervention was possible
_ in theory. In responding, he added a bit of diplomatic ability ~to his
peasant good sense. "We act in such a way as to localize b~.ttles and prevent
large conf3.icts. Certainly, if a war gets larger, nor~e of the big powers
can stay out of it. We cannot leave our brothers--let us say, our younger
, brothers--alone and exposed while the ,Amer~,cans can assist the other side.
Taking such a step can lead to a world war. Ar?yway, I repeat that when
fighting starts we try to limit it."
I asked the general what he thought of the possibility of concerte military
assistance to Bei.jing by the United States? He said that the IIni,ted States
would like to have a strong China, but at the saame time they do not know
"in what direction she will move in the future." The fact is that they dc+
not trust her too much, and therefore they a~void prov:Lding her with conr_rete
military assistance. Like the politi,cians and the experts, the military
also con3ider China to be a treach~rous terrain for the Amexicans, $nd
therefore in a certain sense :it is capablE of being recovered by the Soviets, ~
~ or at least we let thezn think so, with the hope that ~Tash~ngton, assai,led
by do.ubts, will not bet too heavi.ly on the Chinese card.
The first phase of the Sino-So~iet negotiations in Moscow ended in a stale-
mate. After days of exhausting negot~ati,ons, the princip.le of the useful-
ness of and the need for dialog was recogn~,zed.. That was not too outstanding
a result, but it is one whi,ch le$~es a number of possibilities and contin-
gencies open--that is, it lea~es the So~3.ets a certain amount of room for
maneuvering.
The factor of China continues to quali~y Moscow's opi.nions to a large extent.
The Europeans Giscard d'Estai.ng and Helmut Schmidt wexe highly appreci,ated
when they did not imitate Carter in his approaches to the PRC, and it is
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known that the Soviets do not love that great Bei~ingese tarot expert,
~ Zbigniew Brzezinski, the White House's foreign affairs adviser. Carter
does not arouse theiY enthusiasm, either. They think he is irresolute
and that he has unpredictable character traits. But tney often attribute
- what they perceive as negative in him to the influence of Brzezinski. It
ie as if the latter played the baleful role of Mr Hyde in the split
personality of the American preeident, who sometimea succeeda in being the
good Dr Jekyll.
At the Institute of the United States and Canada, an efficient tool of~ the
new Soviet technocracy, the deputy director, Vitaly V~-~imirovich ZuYkin, _
- spoke to me with charm and precision of the American situation--of the
uncertain re-election of Carter and the just as uncertain success of
Kenn~dy. ~ie had just returned from Washington and his obsernations were
- fresh. I~think I can perceive that a defeat of the former--of Carter--would
not be displeasing. Brzezinski, the architect of the dangerous and truly
djfficult Chinese-Japanese-United States-West European axis would leave
the White House along with him. -
COPYRIGHT: 1979 Editr. LA STAMPA S. p. A
9258
- CSO: 3104
-
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BOOK EXCE'RPTS: DOSAAF TRAINING IN UZBEKISTAN
Moscnw K Nt~VYM RUBEZHAM LTO NEW HEIGHT~ in Russian 1979 signed to press
26 Apr 78 pp l, 2, ~-4, 57-71, 72
[Annotation, Table of Contents, Introduction and last chapter from the book
by A. Khodzhibayev, Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF USSR, 50,000 copies, 80 pages]
[Text] The chairman of the Central Committee of the Uzbekistan DOSAAF
describes the development of mass defense and military-patriotic work in
the republic, the creation of training facilities by the DOSAAF organiza-
tions, and the training of young men for military service and equipment
operators for the countryside. .
The book is designed for DOSAAF activists.
Contents Page
' Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Source of Will, Steadfastness, Courage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- So That the Equipment and Weapons Gbey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Technical Knowledge for the Youth! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
a
With Benefit for Military Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Training Facilities--The Guarantee of Success . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Organizational Work, Goals and T.asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Introduction
More than 50 years a~o, a defense society was created in our nation u~on
the initiative of the workers. In working under the leadership of this
Communist Party and in close cooperati,on with the party, soviet, Komsomol
and other social organizations, the Order ~f Lenin and Order of the Red
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Banner All-Union Volunteer Saciety for Assista,nce to the Ar~y, Air Force
and Navy [DOSAAF] has carried out enormous work in the area of propagandiz-
ing and actua.l.~.y realizing Lenin's ideas on the de~ense of the socialist
fatherland. During the years ~f its exi'stence, it has become a truly mass
patriotic organization of
the Soviet people.
The DOSAAF or~ranization of Uzbekistan is one of the det~,chments of this
society. In its rank~: are more than 5 million persons who are members of
20,000 primary organizations. The basic work in the area of ideological
tempering and military-patriotic indoctrination of the workers, and partic- .
ularly the younger generation, is concentrated in these organizations.
The republic DOSAAF each year provides the army and navy with thousands of
skilled drivers of motor vehicles and tractors, electricians, parachutists,
~ radio operators, equipment operators and other specialists. At present one
out of every three ind.uctees receives a military-technical specialty in the
DOSA.4F training organizations. In the activities of the DOSAAF organiza-
tions a great place is givE~i to the training of specialists for the ma,ss
technical ~rofessions in the national econorqy and having a military appli-
cation. The military-technical types of sports are being developed, and
these foster in the young people such qualities as endurance, discipline,
steadfastness and courage.
Within the system of the Uzbek DOSAAF there are 8 sports federations and
16 types of sports are supported. At present around 2.5 ni~illion young men
~nd women are pemanently engaged in parachuting, motor veh.icle, motorcycle,
radio, underwater, boating and shooting sports, as well as model making.
The Uzbek DOSAAF carries out all work in the area of indoctrinating and
, training the young people in the DOSAAF schools and clubs, in their ideo-
logical and moral temperir~g and in the acquiring of military-technical
� knowledge and military specialties in close cooperation with the other re-
public social organizations. This helps to so]_ve comprehensively the prob-
lems of both the indoctrination and training.of future military personnel,
as well as to achieve definite successes in carrying out complicated tasks.
The achievements of the republic DOSAAF in the military-patriotic indoctrin-
ation of the workers and on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the
zormation of DOSAAF were recognized by the Diploma of the Presidium of the
Uzbek Supreme Soviet and the Jubilee Honorary Insignia of the USSR DOSAAF.
This is a great honor for us.
A great deal has been done, and definite successes have been achieved. But
conceit and complacency are alien to us. Life does not stand still, and
the high results are good only for today, but tomorrow they will not meet
the increased demands.
V. I. Lenin taught that one must not be satisfied with what had been
achieved, but rather one must "go constantly onwards, achieve continuously
more, and move constantly from the easier tasks to the more difficult ones."
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These words of Lsnin's have a particular meaning for a11 of us. We see our -
tasks in searching for new, still unused opportunities to f~rther raise the
_ effectiveness and quality of our work. ~
- With enormous enthusiasm the Uzbek DOSAAF members, like all the Soviet -
- people, greeted the Letter of the CPSU Central Co~ittee, the USSR Council ~
of Ministers, the AUCCTU and the Komsomol Central Committee to the party,
soviet, economic, trade union and Komsomol organizations a.nd to the workers
of the USSR "On Developing the Socialist Competition for F~ilfilling and
Overfulfilling the 1978 Plan and Strengthening the Struggle to Increase the
Efficiency of Production and the Quality oP Work." Meetings and assemblies
of the collectives were held in the DOSAAF training and sports organiza-
tions. Their participants spoke of the unanimous desire to celebrate the
third year of the five-year~plan by new successes, to raise the level of
military-patriotic and ma,ss defense work, and to show a thrif`ty and econom-
ic attitude toward the training a.nd sports equipment and a11 property.
This letter literally shook up the entire DOSAAF aktiv, and helped them
develop the socialist competition more widely, as well as to disclose and
eliminate a number of "bottlenecks."
The basis of our work with the personnel has been primaxily a profound ~
elucidation and practical realization of the decisions of the 25th CPSU
_ Congress, the provisions and concl.usions of the reports by t~e General
Secretary of the CPSU Central Co~i.ttee, the Chairman of the Presidium of `
- the USSR Su~reme Soviet L. I. Bre~hnev at the extraordinary Seventh Session
of the USSR Supreme Soviet, the ceremony devoted to the 60th anniversaxy of
- the Great October Socialist Revolution, and the December (1977) Plenum of
the CPSU Central Committee. "I.t is essential," said Comrade L. I. Brezhnev
at the plenum, "to preserve and strengthen the labor zeal and rhythm of the
~ubilee competition. Today we must work better than yesterday, and tomor-
row better than today. This is the slogan of the day. And better means
~ an emphasis on quality, on efficiency, and on a rise in labor productivity.
Precisely here lies the core of the socialist obligations, like generally
all our economic activity."
These words apply fully to us as well, to the workers of the DOSAAF organ-
izations, anfi to all members of the society. .
And we will make every effort to carry out the tasks posed by the party....
Organizational Work, Goals and Tasks
The great effectiveness of all the DOSAAF work depends primarily upon the
good organizational activities of the committees. In recent years the -
Uzbek DOSAAF Central Committee, the oblast, city and rayon committees have
d~ne a great deal to improve the style and methods of thei.r work. They
have begun more effectively to submit urgent questions of mass defense,
- military-patriotic, training and sports work to the sessions of the pre- .
sidiums and plenums, as well as regularly hear the i�eports of the chairmen
of the rayon, city and primary DOSAAF organizations.
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The I;ighth All-Union DOSAAF Congress reemph~.sized that one of the most im-
portant tasks for the committees is a further broadening of the DOSAAF
member~hip, the creation of primary organizations in all labor and educa- -
tional collectives, and the turning of them into centers for mass defense
work among the population. In caxrying out these dema.nds, the Uzbek DOSAAF
Centra.l Committee as wel'1 as the oblast, city and rayon DOSAAF committees
have carried out a number of ineasures to strengthen the primary organiza- _
tions and increase their activities.
These questions have been repeatedly discussed at the presidiums and plen-
_ ums of the committees. Practical help was provided on the spot in creating
the training facilities and in studying and disseminating advanced experi-
ence in defense work. Over the last 2-3 years, more than 2,000 primary
DOSAAF committees have been formed in the republic. Over this time more
- than 800,000 workers, kolkhoz members, white collar personnel and students
have ,joined the organization. This wr~rk assumed a particularly broad scope
during the ~ubilee year of 1977. At present 8~+ percent of the total num-
ber of the r~.public's workers, students and school children are members of ~
DOSAAF, as well as 98 percent of all the Komsomol members.
Greater attention has been paid to the activities of the primary organiza-
tions by the oblast, city and rayon DOSA.AF committees. This applies pri-
marily to Ferganskaya, Andizhanskaya, Na.manganskaya and Tashkentskaya -
oblasts. Here the corresponding comnittees ably direct the primary DOSAAF
organizations. They respond effectively to the needs and requests of the
DOSAAF collectives, and they constantly see to it that the activities of
each of them be energetic and focused.
For example, the primary DOSA~,F organization at the Tashkent Plant i:neni
- Oktyabr'skaya Revolyutsiya (A. Mallayev, chairman) has done good work.
Under the leadership of the party committee and with the support of the
administration, the trade union and the Komsomol organization, the DOSAAF
committee has been able to create the necessaxy conditions for the em-
ployees to master the bases of military knowledge and the military techni-
' cal types of sports. Inductees undergo basic military training at the
- plant training center, shooting and motor vehicle sections are available ~
for them, and a circle of radio and telegraph operators is at work. At
the museum of military and labor glory, meetings are organized between the
youth and party and labor veterans and participants of the Great Patriotic '
War, lectures ana reports are given, and talks are held on military=~ ~
patriotic sub~ects. .
A good word must be said about the primary DOSAAF organization at the
Kolkhoz imeni V. I. ~,enin in Shafirkanskiy Rayon of Bukharskaya Oblast. ~
_ This collective has been the initiator of a social~st competition-among '
the kolkhoz DOSA.AF organizations of the oblast, and has held first place
in it. The Komsomol members and youth of the kolkhoz have made hikes to
Navoi, Bukhara, Samarkand.and Gazli, they have become acquainted with the ~
history of the establishing of Soviet power in these cities, and have
visited the sites of the fierce battles against the Basmach [Anti-Soviet ,
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Bands]. Meetings were held with participants of the revolution, the Civil
and Great Patriotic wars and the labor vetera~s N. Khuzhayev, K. Mustafayev,
M. Khslimov, N. Oblokolov, A. Mukhamediyev, Yu. Safarov, M. Akhadov and
_ others. The DOSA.AF members from ~he kolkhoz have taken an active part in
the measures to hold months and weeks of mass defense work. In the kolkhoz
ha11 of combat glory there are stands and photographic exhibits telling
about the combat feats of the Soviet people and their Armed Forces in the
Great Patriotic War, the labor veterans, the patriotic activities of DOSAAF,
and the work of its local primary organization.
Good facilities have been created for training, and there axe three techni-
cal training classrooms, a 50-meter rifle range, and a weapons storeroom.
In 1976, 306 DOSAAF members received technical specialties, in the follow-
ing year, 165 persons did, and this is 26 percent of the total number of
members in the prima,ry organ~zation.
Around 400 persons paxticipate in the circles for rifle, motorcycle and
motor vehicle sports and in the agplied military polyathalon [All-Round
_ Competitive Tournament]. Ma.ke-up teams are fielded for these types af
sports and they have successfully competed in the rayon matches, constantly -
winning prize places. ~o;~e i8 percent of the participants in the conpeti-
tions have r~ceived sports cal.egories. Some ~36 persons have passed the
_ standards of the GTO [Ready for Labor and Defense] in marksmanship.
The primary DOSAAF organization includes 97 percent of t~e total number of
persons w~orking on the kolkhoz. The plans have been fulfilled in terms of -
members dues and the selling of DOSAAF lottery tickets for 1976-1977.
Due to the constant attention shown by the superior DOSAAF committees, the
activitiF~s of the primary DOSAAF organizations in the V[JZes have increased
significantly. The collective of the Tashkent State University imeni V. I.
Lenin has won first place in the competition for the best organization of
ma.ss d~fense and military-patriotic work among the primary DOSAAF organiaa-
tions. Here ta]_ks, lectures and reports are given regularly on the de-
fense nf the socialist fatherland, on the strengthening of the nation's
defense capability, and on the revolutionaxy, military and labor traditions
of the Soviet people. On the faculties and in the academic groups of the
~ university, there are frequent meetings with war veterans, the Heroes of
the Soviet Union and Heroes of Socialist Labor, and outstanding men in
- military and political training from the trvop units. The university DOSAAF ~
members take an active part in the months and weeks of mass defense work,
as well as in the propagandizing of civil defense knowledge.
The DOSAAF members have equipped a room of military glory on the military
chair, and 12 DOSAAF corners on the faculties. There are 18 sports a.nd
_ technical circles. Systematic training for young men of induction age is
provided with active aid by the defense collective of the university's
militr~,ry chair. Some 2,324 students have passed the standards of the GTO
complex, and 1,809 of them have received mass sports categories.
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, With the support of the DOSA.AF committee, the university administration is
_ building a ~tandard 50-meter rifle range, to supplement the already exist-
~ng 25-meter one. The sports and technical secti~ns work in two training
_ ~:i.assrooms. The organi~ation has constantly fuliilled ahead of time the -
financie.l plan for collecting membership fees and distributing DOSAAF
lottery tickets.
In the republic work is being improved in the school primary defense organ- ~
izations, and tY~ere are around 6,000 of them. They bring to~ether more
than 1.3 million students. A study of ~;he activities of the primary col- ;
lectives in the schools of Tashkentskaya, Ferganskaya, Andizhanskaya, and
Nsmanganskay~,.oblasts has shown that they have acquired interesting and ~
instructive e~cperience.
Thus, the primar~y DOSAAF organization of the secondary school No 32 in
Papskiy Rayon of Namanganskaya Oblast, in participating in the Al1-Union
Competition for the Best Organ.ization of Mass Sports Work in Honor af the
50th Anniversary of DOSA.AF, won first place in the rayon. Here Lenin read-
ings, special-sub~ect evenings and fiLn festivals are constantly held.
Lectures and reports are given in which they explain the legacy oi V. I. ;
Lenin on the defense of the socialist fatherla.nd, the decisions of.the -
_ 25th CPSU Congress and the Eighth All-Union DOSA.AF Congress on further
- strengthe:~ing the defense capability of the nation, and the glorious revo-
lutionary, military r~nd labor traditions of the Soviet people are propagan-
dized.
Il DQSA.AF corner has been set up in the school, and its stands reflect the
development of DOSAAF over the 50 years. Each mon-th a wall newspapex is ;
published entitled "Tt~e Young Patriot." For important dates, photo ex-
hibits on military-patriotic sub~ects and combat leaflets are put out. '
Tn ,just one year, this defense collective trained 320 GTO insignia holders ~
and 2C0 rated athletes. All the graduates of the school have passed the ~
GTO, and 90 percent are rated athletes in shoo~ting.
It would be possible to mention other republic DOSA.AF organizations which
ha-re become centers of mass defense work among the population. The "secret"
of their success consists i.n weJ_1 organized leadership by the rayon, city
and oblast DOSAAF committees which use diverse forms and methods of organi-
_ zational activities for this. This "secret" also consists in the high �
level of organization and efficiency of the DOSAAF workers, in tYte well
organized control over the fulfillment of decisions, in the differentiated ,
_ system of training the activists in practical work, in the effective selec-
= tion of the coimnittee chairmen, in propagandizing the experience of the ~
best, in the providing of aid to the primary organizations by the schools '
and sports and technical clubs, and in professional contacts with the
leaders of the labor collectives.
The republic DOSAAF Central Committee and the oblast committees constantly ~
focus attention on the questions of improving the quality and effectiveness ~
- ~
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of mass defense work in the primary organizations, and they are concerned
that ever new collectives rise to the level of the leading ones. To a sig-
nificant degree the successful solving of these problems has been aided by
the a11-Unior~ competitions dedicated to the 50th anniversary of DOSAAF for
the best organization of mass defense and military-patriotic work in the
training and primary organizations.
In caxrying out the demands o.f the Eighth All-Union DOSAAF Congress, the
republic DOSAAF co~ittees have begun to direct the socialist competition
more concretely, in working to raise its effectiveness, the publicizing ~
- and comparing of results, and in employing moral and material forms of com-,
mending the leaders.
fiaving responded to the initiative of Tul'skaya Oblast and the other DOSAAF
organizations of the country, the DOSAAF orga.nization of our republic has -
~ also assumed increased socialist obligations in honor of the 60th anniver-
sary of Great October. The initiators were the organizations of Fergan-
skaya Oblast, Uychinskiy Rayon (Namanganskaya Oblast), the primaxy organiza- -
tions of the Tashkent Diesel Locomotive and Railway Car Repair Plant imeni ~
Oktyabr'skaya Revo].yutsiya, the Pravda Kolkhoz in Verkhnechirchinkskiy
Rayon (Tashkentskaya Oblast), and the collectives of the Bukhara Unified
Technical School and the Markhamatskiy Sports-Technical Club (Andizhanskaya
Oblast). The DOSAAF coam?ittees have provided constant leadership over the
competition, and have involved the primary, training and sports organiza-
tions in it, in achieving the complete fulfillment of the assumed pledges.
This has made it possible to raise mass defense work to a new level.
Inspired by the report of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Com-
mittee and the Cha,irman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet L. I.
Brezhnev at the extraordinary Seventh Session of the USSR Supreme Soviet,
by the ratification of the Basic Law of the nation, the USSR Constitution,
in our republic the DOSAAF members at the Tashkentkabel' [Tashkent Cable] -
Plant and the Yangiyul' Model DOSAAF Motor Vehicle School in Tashkentskaya ~
Oblast have come forward with a new patriotic initiative~ They have as- ~
sumed increased obligations under the motto: "A Shock Finish for the
Jubilee Year!" The Uzbek DOSAAF committees have carried out great organi-
zational work, and the initiative has been supported everywhere. ~In a'
militant mood and full of inexhaust~ble creative energy, the primary and
training DOSAAF organizations have fought for the high-quality and com-
plete fulfillment of the high obligations. And the results have been good.
The competition helped to activate all the work, and in particular, to im-
prove the quality of training of young persons for service in the Arined
Forces. T.he passi.~g of the e:caminations of the GAI [State Motor Vehicle
Inspectorate] by the students of the training organizations on the first
try is now 98 percen.t, 65 percent of the students have become outstanding
in studies, a]..most 100 percent have won the GTO insignia, and 75 percent
are rated athletes. 'IThe plan for training specialists for the national
economy has been fulfilled. The military arld technical types of sports en-
compass l5 percent of the republic's population. The a~nual income portion
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o~ the financial plan was f~.:l.filled by all the DOSAAF committees by the -
60th anniversary of Great~ October. ,
The competition in the republic DOSA.AF organizations is gaining new
strength. Each of them is endeavoring to reinforce and add to what has ,
been achieved in the ,jubilee year, and to assume new heights in improving
defense work and bettering its quality for all indicators.
:Ln recent years the DOSAAF committees have extended their professional co-
operation with the trade unions, the Komsomol, the Znaniye [Knowledge]
Society, the Soviet War Ve~erans Committee, the railitary commissariats,
the troop units and political bodies, the educational, vocational-technical
training, culture and mass information bodies and the sports organizations.
Together with m~.ny of them, very important mass, military-patriotic meas-
ures are carried out, and iri addition conferences, meetings, competitions
on military-patriotic subjects and so forth are conducted.
This work has picked up particularly during the period of perparing for ~
the 50th anniversary of DOSAAF, the 60th anniversary of the Grea~t October
Socialist P,~volution and the 6Qth anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces.
The coverage of military-patriotic work has been significantly extended on
- the pages of the republic, oblast and rayon newspapers, as well as in the
TV programs and radio broadcasts. Expeditions to the museum of the Red
Banner Turkestan Military District and to the military units have begun to
be held more often, and here the youth becomes acquainted with the military ~
- traditions, th~ equipment and weapons, and sees arn~y life with their own =
eyes. ' -
In turn, the DOSAAF committees along with the other organizations partici-
pate in the mass patriotic movement including the all-Union youth and Kom-
somol hike to the sites of the revolutionaxy, military and labor glory of ~
the Soviet people, in conducting the paramilitary "Zarnitsa" [Summer Li~ht-
ning] and "Orlenok" [Eaglet] games for school children, and in the competi-
t.ions for the best organization of mass sports work in the schools and -
vocational-technical schools.
~ Du.ring the ,jubilee year there was further development of sponsorship ties ~
for the republic DOSAAF schools and clubs by the troop units. The Politi-
cal. Directorate of the Red Banner Turkestan Militaxy Distric~ and the
political bodies constantly participate in conducting measures relating to
the ideological conditioning and moral-political'training of the students
in the DOSAAF training organizations, in the assemblies and seminars with
the leaders of the political exercise groups and the propaganda activists
of DOSAAF, and in meetings of outstanding men in military and political
training with the students of the DOSA,AI~' training organizations. Taking an -
active part in this work are the commander of the Red Banner Turkestan
Niilitary District, Col Gen S. Belonozhko, and the member of the military
council and chief of the district political directorate, Lt Gen V. Rodin,
as well as�other general.s and officers from the district staff and head-
quarters.
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The republi~ DOSAAF coIInnittees together with the trade union and Komsomol
organi.zations, the involved ministries and committees, are working on pre-
- venting crime and a lack of supervision over minors and young people. They
- participate in the work of the police support points a.nd in creating
defense-sports health camps for the youth, a.nd involve the young men in
the technical circles and sports sections.
2'he DOSAAF collectives ~f Ferganskaya, Namanganskaya and Andizhsnskaya
oblasts have been models of professional cooperation with the trade union,
Komsomol,,sports and other organizations. They not only maintain constant
ties with them, but also seek advice on how to better carry out one or a.n- .
other task, tl:ey regularly exchange information, and work out ~oint plans.
The chairmen of the corresponding departments a.nd social organizations axe
elected to the DOSAAF co~aittee, while the DOSAAF activists, in turn, are
members of the leading trade union and Komsomol bodies. It has become a
practice for the DOSAAF committees to apprave ~oint decrees with the trade ~
- unior., Komsomol and sports organi~ations aimed at further improving mass -
defense work. This has provided positive resiilts.
In our republic, ties with the civil defense [CD] staffs a_re t;eing constant-
ly broadened and strengthened. The DOSAAF comm~ittees Pnd the ~D staffs use
diverse forms of verbal a.r.:~~ printed propaganda as well as visual agitation _
for the purposes of explaining to the population their duti2s in caxrying
out CD measures. The DOSAAF co~ittees have begun to take an active paxt
in the conducted CD.months, weeks, 10-day periods and days, as well as in
training the specialists for their formations. Ttie workers form the CD
staffs take an a~tiv~ part in the activities of the DOSAAF committees, the
training centers for basic militaxy training, and the training organiza- ~
tions. It is a pleasure to note that the republic CD chief of staff, Ma~
Gen S. Akhundzhanov, as well as staff workers have repeatedly spoken to the
students of the training orga.nizations as well as in the zonal courses for
training the DUSAAF leadership. ~
Recently ma,ny republic DOSAAF co~ittees have improved their organizational
work. They have leaxned to solve the diverse questions of their practical
activities in a professional, efficient and skilled manner, as well as to
carry out a co~enced matter to its end. Characteristie for such committees
is the a~ility to find the main element in the diverse work oP DO~AAF, to
think out a decision to the last details, and to choose the best *.aays and
- methods i'or carrying it out. These co~ittees also excel in the tenacity
and purposefulness in achieving the designated goals. The leading workers
of the co~ittees ;~ave begun to visit the primary orga.nizations, schools
and sports-technical clubs more often, and to give them practical help
on the spot.
In the republic more attention has begun. to be paid to the recruitment, -
placement and indoctrination of the regu~ar DOSAAF workers a.nd the broad
group of volunteer activists. We constantly see to it that the committees,
the training and sports or.ganizations ase headed by politically mature and
energetic persons who organically combine party loyalty with profound com-.
- , petence, discipline with initiative and a creative approach to the ~ob.
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As whole we have developed an effective system for training the regular
DOSAAF workers. Training courses, seminars and meetings are conducted reg-
ularly with them. On a planned basis and in accord with the set standards
we send them to the central and zonal courses for the retraining of the
UOSA.AF leadership.
In our republic a majority of the leading positions is held by well-trained
persons who have rich vital and practical experience. Among the c;~airmen
of the primary organizations and the rayon and city committees, 80 percent .
are communists and Komsomol members, more than 90 percenti are workers with
a higher and secondary education, and over 75 percent with practical exper-
ience in the defense organizations. The coirunittees have begun to show
greater exactingness for their personnel.
The republic DOSAAF possesses a large activist arr~y. Over 200,000 persons
have been elected to its committees and auditing commissions alone. More
than 4,000 people are members of sports federations and club councils. ~
Some 37,000 people work on the volunteer and lecture groups of the com-
mittees. The leaders of the military-technical circles, the instructors,
coaches, and umpires for the militaxy-technical types of sports comprise
an enormous detachment of activists.
The veterans of the Great Patriotic War have made a significant contribu-
tion to the activities of the DOSA~F organiZations. Actively working in :
our DOSAAF are the Heroes of the Soviet Union, Cols (Ret) B. Babayev and
, Sh. Umarov, Candidate of Historical Sciences and Col (Ret) A. Mamadzhanov,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Docent, Col (Res) K. Zaynulin, Cols
(Res) P1. Bereznyak, M. Shmelev and M. Movsesyants, as well as V. Yefimov, -
V. Nikitin, F. Sayutin and M. Golovach. V. Glebskiy, M. Rogozhin, V. '
Korobtsov, E. Muminov, F. Zhebrovskiy and G. Saidov have put a great deal
of effort into organizing mass defense, military-patriotic, training and
sports work.
The central and oblast DOSAAF committees of the republic regularly hold
plenums and sessions of the presidiums at which they discuss and solve
such ma,jor questions as improving the effectiveness of military-patriotic ~
propaganda, bettering the quality of specialist training for the Armed
Forces and the national economy, developing the socialist competiti.on,
developing the military-technical types of sports, raising capi.tal construc-
tion, the training and indoctrination of personnel, and financi.al-economic
a,ctivities to a higher level, holding DOSA.AF lotteries, and so forth.
A five-man bureau has been chosen from the membership of the Presidium of ~
the Republic DOSAAF Central Committee for directing current wa;~k.. The
previous year affirmed the necessity and utility of this body. At its ~
sessions the bureau discussed the questions of an organizational and execu-
tive nature, and heard reports by the chairmen, the deputy chairmen of the I
DOSA~' committees, the chiefs of the training organiz~.tions and th.e sports-
technical clubs. It organized the preparation of questions to be brought
up at the presidium, it concentrated its attention on checking on the ;
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fulfillment of decisions and plans, and on the recruitment and indoctrina-
tion of personnel, and took measures to strengthen discipline.
In constantly carrying out the principle of collective leadership, the
DOSAAF committees continuously link this to the observance of all the
requi.rements of democratic centralism, and in particu].ar, to the necessity
of raising the personal responsibility of each worker for the assigned ~ob.
The Uzbek DOSAAF Central Committee has constantly strengthened the demands
ma.de upon the staff [regular] workers. At the same time, the best of them
- are syste~?atically co~nended and are submitted for awards of the USSR
DOSAAF Central Committee, as Well as those of the Presidium of the Uzbek
Supreme Soviet and the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet. ~
Over the last 5 years, 2,600 staff workers and activists of t~~e republic
DOSAAF have been awarded the chest DOSAAF insignias "For Active Work,"
8,600 have received diplomas of the USSR DOSAAF Central Committee and the
Uzbek DOSAAF Central Co~nittee, and 22 persons have received the honorary
diplomas of the Presidium of the Uzbek Supreme Soviet. A. Shelukhanov, G.
Saidov and G. Tarasov have received the title of Honored Worker of Physi-
ca1 Culture and Sports of Uzbekistan. Orders have been presented to A. -
Zemzyulin, V. Korobtsov, U. Shakirdzhanov, N. Kharchenko, A. Kogdanin, and
_ others.
With the marked rise in the level of mass organizational work, one of its '
bottlenecks for a long time has been control over the fulfillment of de-
_ cisions taken. In improving the style of work, at present the DOSAAF com- -
mittees are endeavoring first of all to raise the effectiveness of control
and the check on fulfillment as a reliable and tested means of indoctrinat-
ing the personnel, promptly preventing shortcomings, and disclosing and
disseminating advanced experience.
The Uzbek DOSAAF Central Committee in 1977 alone organized comprehensive
c~iecks on the Syrdar'inskaya, Samarkandskaya, Surkhandar'inskaya, Nama.ngan-
skaya and Karakalpakskaya oblast DOSAAF organizations. The commissions be-
cane acquainted with the positive experience gained by these organizations,
they disclosed the existing shortcomings, they took effective measures to
eliminate them, they taught the workers on the spot to carry out their
duties, and passed on knowledge and experience. The results of the checks
were discussed at a session of the Presidium of the Republic DOSAAF Central
Committee.
~ The following fact must also be pointed out. Recently, the practical aid
from the oblast committees to the inferior levels has become more Effec-
tive. Here chief attention has been concentrated on eliminating the short-
comings and errors, on preventing them and training the personnel using -
positive experience. "It is impossible to learn to aolve one's problems by
the new procedures of today," said V. I. Lenin, "if yesterday's experience
has not opened out eyes to the incorrectness of the old procedures." A
profound analysis of the activities of the organizations makes it possible
to find the correct ways for solving the pending tasks.
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We give great significance to efficiency, accounting and reporting. The
Presidium of the Uzbek DOSAAF Central Co~runittee discussed these questions
, at a se~sion. Sharp criticism was directed against the Syrdar'inskaya ~.nd ~
Dzhizakskaya oblast committees for omissior.s in work. The decree approved
by the presidium was discussed rj.t seminars and assemblies with the chair-
men of the oblast, rayon and city committees, the primary organizations,
the chiefs of the schools and sports-technical clubs, and the deputy chair-
men of the oblast committees for mass organizational work and military-
patr~otj~~ propaganda. This made it possible to greatly improve the situa- ~
tion in efficiency, accounting and reporting, and this has told favorably
on all the activities of DOSAAF, including organizational ones. ,
There has been a noticeable increase in organizational work at the Fergan-
skaya, Andizhanskaya, Bukharskaya a.nd Tashkentskaya oblast DOSAAF commit-
tees, the Uichinskiy Rayon committee in Namanganskaya Oblast, the -
Ul'yanovskiy Rayan committee in Kashkadar'inskaya Oblast, and the Nukus,
Yangiyer and Yangiyul' city DOSAAF co-nmittees. They have learned to solve
many questions efficiently and effectively, and to promptly take and imple- .
ment measures to carry out the designated plans and decisions made. At ~
present their workers are more often in the primary organizations, the �
_ schools, sports-technical clubs, and provide them with practical help.
As an example, let us take the DOSAAF committee of Ferganskaya Oblast. In-
herent to it is a constant desire to improve the style of leadership over
the inferior organizations, professionalism, and a creative approach to
solving the pending tasks. Here they skillfully organize the competition,
they effectively direct the fulfillment of the assumed obligations, and
propagandize their results in the verbal and visual agitation. Checks and
- reciprocal checks are organized on the fulfillment of obligations, and pub-
licizing and comparin~ of results are guaranteed.
The sty~e of work has also been improved in the Tashkentskaya DOSAAF com- ~
mittee, and above all in the area of leading the rayon and city committees
and the primary DOSAAF organizations. This has helped to intensify their `
activities. 7.'hus, the Bekabad and Chirchik city DOSAAF committees and
the Leninskiy, Kirovskiy, Ordzhonikidzevskiy and Pskentskiy rayon commit-
tees in the oblast have carried out the planned quotas for training and
sports worlc, for the collecting of inembership dues, and for distributing
DOSAAF lottery tickets. They regularly hold plenums, presidium sessions,
instructional exercises and seminars with the chairmen of the primary or-
- ganizations and the volunteer activists. ~
' Over the last 2 years, the rayon and city DOSAAF committees in the oblast 1
have checked the work of more than 1,500 primary organizations and pro-
vided help to them. Over this same time, the DOSAAF obkom has conducted
a comprehensive check on many of the rayon and city committees and pri- '
mary organizations, all the schools and a ma~ority of the sports-technical
clubs. The results of the checks were reviewed at the presidiums of the i
city, rayon and oblast coimnittees. Work in eliminating the detected short- ~
comings has been planned and organized.
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The oblast DOSAAF committees have devoted a great deal of attention to the
recruitment and indoctrination of the leading cadres. Particulax concern
tias been shown for the persons newly elected and appointed to poaitions.
A~ a rule, t,tiey ~r~: lnvited to the D09AAF abkom where they are acquainted
with the basic leading documents, colloquiums are held, and specific in-
- structions and advice are given. Then the co~.ittee workers travel to the
spot where they give practical aid to the newly appointe3 heaa of the
school, the sports-technical club, to the newly elected committee chairmen,
and they help them become familiar with the ~ob, plan work and organize
contacts,with the appropriate organizations.
The Yangiyul' city DOSAAF committee has acquired good experience in +,he
_ training and indoctrinating of personnel. Here each month exercises axe
~ held with the regular workers and activists, where they are acquainted with
the leading documents of the superior committees, experience is exchanged,
and new ~ssignments are given. The party a.nd soviet leaders often speak
before the DOSAAF activists of the city.
The republic DOSAAr, committees and organizations work in a situation of
constant attention from the party and soviet bodies. The state of our work
has been repea~edly discussed in the Central Committee of the Uzbek Com-
munist Party, the republic Council of Ministers, and at meetings of the
primary party organizations a.nd the party activists of the rayons, cities
and oblasts. The Central Comm~ittee of the Uzbek Communist Party and the
Council of Ministers have approved a special decree aimed at improving
party leadership over the DOuAAF co~ittees and organizations, and at pro-
viding them with help from the soviet, trade union and Komsomol bodies.
The party bodies on the spot, in caxrying out this decree, have done a
_ great deal to improve the organizational activities of the DOSAAF commit-
tees and organizations, as well as the style and methods of their work.
The party bodies in ever~ possible way have increased the feeling of re-
sponsibility for the assigned ~ob among the DOSAAF leadership, and have
- seen to it that the co~unists and Komsomol members take an active part in
. the work of the DOSAAF collectives and help them in organizational and
propaganda activities, and in the recruitment, placement and indoctrina-
tion of the personnel.
In.providing leadership over DOSAAF, the party bodies have indoctrinated
its personnel in a.spirit of high ideological and party loyalty, tenacity -
in achieving the set goal, a fee]_ing for the new, and a critical evaluation
of the results of their own activities.
Life constantly confronts the DOSAAF organizations with ever new tasks.
And each of them requires both a new approach and new methods of solution. '
Hence the necessity arises of constantly i.mproving the forms and methods
of the work of" the commnittees, as well as constantly~mastering the Leni~ist
style of leadership.
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Innovative search, constant progress and dissatisfaction with what has
been achieved--such an attitude toward work has assumed particular urgency
in light of the tasks posed by the 25th CPSt7 Congress, a congress which
focused on the questi~ns of improving quality and efficiency in all spheres
of party, economic and ideological work. As throughout the nation, the
problem of improving quality and efficiency has moved to the forefront in
the activities of DOSAAF. ~
An improvement in the efficiency and quality of work of the DOSAAF organi-
- zations has a concretely expressed purpose. This is to involve all the '
DOSAAF members in active mass defense work, to raise the ideological lev-el
and effectiveness of military-patriotic propaganda and the militancy of
- all the DOSAAF committees and organizations, ar~ to train worthy recruits
for the Soviet Armed Forces and skilled specialists for the national econ-
. om~.
We liave worked and are continuing to work on this....
~ ~ ~
Yes we can certainly say that the Uzbek DOSAAF organizations in .recent
~ years have taken a great step forward. Mass defense work has been improved,
the propagandizing of military knowledge has become more effective, and ~
there have been better results in the military-patriotic indoctrination of
the workers, in the training of youth for military service, as well as
specialists for the mass technical professions for the national ec~nomy.
The military-technical types of sports have gained further development.
The volume of capital construction has risen, the training fr~,cilities have
been improved, economic activities have become better, and the financial
situation of the DOSAAF organizations has become stronger.
_ In working on the fulfillment of the demands of the party and the govern- '
ment a,nd the Eighth All-Union and Fifth Republic DOSA.AF congresses, the
Uzbek DOSAAF organization has become stronger in ideological and organiza-
tional terms, it has acquired rich experience, and has become a noticeable
force in the sociopolitical life of the worker collectives and the student
youth. The primary DOSAAF organizations have become stror..ger in organiza-
tional terms and have intensified their activities. The organizational
work of the corranittees has been further developed, and the style and
methods of work have been improved.
The preparations for and celebr~,ting of the 60th anniversary of the Great ;
October 5ocialist Revolution and the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Arn~y
and Navy have helped to activate mass-defense, training and sports work
and heroic patriotic indoctrination.
The republic DOSAAF members have a feeling.of the greatest pride for their ,
. socialist motherland. They unanimausly approve and wholeheartedly support
the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet state and the indefatigable
practical activities of the CPSU Central Committee and its Politburo headed
by L. I. Brezhnev. ,
18 :
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Inspired by the decisions of the December (1977) Plenum of the CPSU Centr~l
Committee and by the report of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central
Committee and the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet,
L. I. Brezhnev, the DOSAAF members of Uzbekistan are wcrking constantly on
carrying out the tasks confronting them. They are fully determined to
constantly move forward, as V. I. Lenin pointed out, and to constantly at-
tain more.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR, 1979
10272
CSO: 1801
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rvic urrtVlAL USL~ UNLY '
~
PROBABILITY METI30DS FOR EVALUATIlVG ARMAMENT EFFECTIVENESS
Moscow VEROYATNOSTNYYE METODY OTSENKI EFFEKTIVNOSTI VOORUZHENIYA (Probability
Methods of Evaluating Armament Effectiveness) in Russian 1979 signed to press
16 Feb 79 pp 1, 2, 95, 3-4, 5-7
[Annotation, table of contents, and excerpts from book edited by Prof A. A. ~
Chervonyy, Voyenizdat, 1979, 8,000 copies, 95 pages]
[Excerpts] Authors` collective: A. A. Chernovyy, V. A. Shvarts, A. P.
Kozlovtsev, V. A. Chobanyan.
The book presents the basic principles of combat effectiveness theory as ap- '
plicable to field artillery firing. Indices of fire effectiveness and ap-
proximate methods for their evaluation are presented.
The book is intended for officers, students in military academies, and offi-
cer candidates of military schools who are studying questions of armament
combat emp2oyment.
~ Contents Page ~
Introduction ~ ~
_ Tasks and General Principles for Evaluating Combat Effectiveness...... 5
General Analysis of Combat Effectiveness Iadices 7 :
Target Analysis and Determination of Fire Missions 12 '
Selection of Combat Effectiveness Indices 14 '
_ Probability of Target Hit by a Shell and Mathematical Expectancy.of.�� ~
Number of Hits.. ~8 I
Determination of Probability.of�Destroying.a.Small�Target.. ~
30 ~
etermination of
' Probability of ~estroying a Large Target 34 ~
Consideration of Armament Effectiveness in Determ3ning Combat ~
Effectiveness Indices....... 38 ~
Evaluating Armament's Economic Effectiveness.. 44 ~
Statistical Methods for Evaluating Armament Combat.~ffectiveness...... 49
Methods of Evaluating Accuracy and Reliability of Combat Effectiveness
Indices..... 53
Methods of Evaluating.Effectiveness.of�Measures�Conducted~in.Operating ~
Armament........... 56 ~
~
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Methods of Determining Accuracy Requirements for the Fire Control
Means and Methods 61
Appendix. Calculation Tables 72
Bibliography 94
Introduction
Ensuring high effectiveness is one of the urgent problems in the development
of military equipment and armament. The literature on the theory and prac-
tice of evaluating armament effectiveness contains no established definition
of the term "combat effectiveness": i.n the narrow sense, it is an evaluation
of the firepower or effectiveness of the fire of individual models of arma-
= ment whicfi are intended for the destruction of ground targets, and in the
broad sense--reconnaissance, firepower, combat readiness, mobility, fire
~ control, material-technical support, enemy counteraction, and so forth. In ~
this booklet, the combat effectiveness of ar~illery armament is considered
in the narrow meaning.
In the creation and operation of armament, the nece~sity arises to employ
quantitative methods for evaluating its combat and econotnic effective~ess -
which permit the deternination of:
--at the designfng stage--the most efficient design versions and the most
economical methods for their creation.
--in thP course of prov~ng ground and troop.tests--the actunl values of ef-
, fectiveness indices of armament models as well as information necessary to
ensure effectiveness in series production and when put into operation;
--at the operating stage--the qualitative substantiation of decisions adopted -
by the command in questions of the operation of specific axmament models and
planning their combat employment.
Since the methods for combat employment of armament models are worked out on
the basis of an estimate of combat effectiveness, an understanding of the
essence of quantitative effecti:veness indices and the ability to conduct at
leas~ elementr~ry calculations for their eva~luation are required for their
study and successful practical use.
Combat effectiveness indices have a probability nature and, therefore, the
practical recommendations which are worked out on their basis are ~ustified
only on the average with their repeated eraployment. Methods for evaluating
combat effect3.venes~ are especially valuable when comparing individual models
- and methods for their combat employment. As regards absolute estimates of
combat effectiveness, they possess less accuracy and reliability than rela-
tive estimates. Therefore, they should be considered only as initial data
' for making decisions, ar.d not as finished decisions.
Quantitative metfiods for evaluating the combat effectiveness of field artil-
lery should be used with consideration of combat experience i~ employment.
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~
An understanding of the principles in evaluating the combat effectiveness
of field artillery.fire, the norms of shell expenditure on the accomplishment
of combat mis~ions., and methods of fire is a mandatory condition.for the
adoption of the most effective decisions in the planning, preparation, and
conduct of combat operations.
Tasks and General Principles for Evaluating Combat Effectiveness . '
The degree of conformance of possible or obtained results from the combat
employment of armament to the necessary or required results is called the
/combat effectiveness of this armament/ [in boldface]. Combat effectiveness
is the basic characteristic of any arnament's quality.
The /evaluation of combat effectiveness/ [in boldface] is a scientific metMd �
for determining combat effecEiveness indices for armament which are neces-
sary for workir.g out tactical-technical requirements for ne~ly created arma- '
ment and evaluation during its operation.
The basic methods for evaluating the effectiveness of armament were worked
- out in the works of Russian and Soviet scientists-artillerymen. The first
of them was the work by the outstanding Russian artilleryman, V. N.
Shklarevich, "On Means for Establishing the Correct View on the Properties
of Firearms," which was published in 1871. It provided an evaluation of the
effectiveness of field artillery fire and the principles for the use of its
quantitative indices as properties of firearms. The evaluation of
ef.fectiveness as a scientific method for the study of questions in artil-
lery fire was employed from the moment of conception of the theory of fire
(the science of artillery fire).
An especially significant role in evaZuating the effectiveness of fire was
played by the works of Academician A. N. Kolmogorov and, in particular,
"The Number of Hits with Several Shots and General Principles for Evaluating
the Effectiveness of a Firing System," which was published in 1945. These
methods received their further development in the works of Soviet scientists
G. I. Blinov, P. A. Gel'vikh, V. G. D'yakonov, and others.
The evaluation of combat effectiveness can be divided arbitrarily into the
follo~aing stages: ~
--formulation of the evaluation tasks and determination of the initial data
necessary for their accomplishment;
--selection of combat effectiveness indices and the method for their deter- ~
mination; ~ .
---determination of numerical values of the selected combat effectiveness
indices which conform to specific initial data;
--processing th~ results of determining the numerical values of the selected
combat effectiveness indices, analysis of the results obtained, and their :
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presentation in a farm ~hich is practicahle for use in the accomplishment
of practical tasks.
Formulation of the tasks is the most difficult element in evaluating combat
effectiveness and~consists of obtaining numerical values of selected coffibat
effectiveness indices for a model of armament being cansidered with accuracy
and reliability sufficient for practical purposes and with the mi~iimum ex-
penditure of personnel and equipment. The task should be posed in such a
manner that its accomplishment is possible using the indices which can be
determined by relatively simple methods and that all necessary data are ob-
tained as a result of its accomplishment.
The selection of combat effectiveness indices requires an analysis of the
basic properties of the indices being considered, the disclosure of the ties
between them, and the selection of their most effective combination which
ensures obtaining the maximun possible amount of information for the solutial
of practical tasks. Not only the complexity and duration of the studies,
but also the correctness of the solution of practical tasks depend on the ~
effective selection of the indices.
Selection of the method for deterce.ining combat effectiveness indices depends
on the time for the conduct of computational work and the cost price of the
work to be accomplished. The basic method of determination is the computer
method with the employment of electronic computers which is not always pos-
sible among the troops where the deternunation of the indices should be based
on very simple computational means.
When using the results of the evaluation of live firings it should be remem-
bere~i that combat effectiveness indices are probability characteristics and
contain far from cdmplete information on the actual combat effectiveness of
armament. Many factors whicfi exert a subs~antial influence on effECtiveness
do not submit at a11 to mathematic.al description. Therefore, tr~eir numpri-
cal values should also be looked upon as initial data which, along with
other data, can be used in making decisions relative to the combat effective- -
ness of armament and the methods for its combat employment.
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1979
6367
cso: s144/693
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BOOK EXCERPTS: U.S. AND iVATO AS WAR THREATS
- Moscow SShA I NATO: ISTOCHNIKI VOYENNOY UGROZY (The U.S. and NATO: Sources
of Military Threat) in Russian 1979 signed to press 4 Jun 79 pp 2-3, 5-10,
2~+6-252, 253-254, 255 ,
[Annotation, Table of Contents, Introduction and Conclusion from the book
by N. Petrov, N. Sokolov, I. Vladimirov and P. Katin, Voyenizdat, 40,000
copies, 255 pp; the book is published in the series "Imperializm: Sobytiya,
Fakty, Dokumenty" (Imperialism, Events, Facts and Documents)]
[Text] The book ex~anj.nes the aggressivE nature and basic directions of
military policy in the ma~or capitalist states under present-day conditions,
arid brings out the danger of this policy for socialism, for the revolution-
- ary workers and national-liberation movement, and for the entire world.
- On the basis of scientific and factual material, the authors show the paths
- of' militaxization in the United States and the other states of the NATO
military bloc, the reactionary aim and goals of their military oiganiza-
tional development, and the arms racE instituted by them.
~ The book is designed for.a bro~.d range of readers.
Contents ;
page '
Introduction 5
Chapter l. U.S. Imperialism Increases Tension 11
The Aggressiveness and Interventionism of the United States 14
On a Basis of a Position of Strength 35
Allies: Old and New in Relations ' S5
A Brake on B2tente . 69
Chapter 2. NATO--A Soiirce of Danger ~ 79
~ The Military Policy of the Sinister North Atlantic Alliance
The "Hawks" against Military Detente 93
The Strategy of Strengthening the Flanks 111
The Restoration of Bloc Policy 141 ,
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" page ,
Chapter 3. Tension in the "Third World" 157
~ The Crisi~ Situation in tne Near East 158
The Indian Ocean: Confrontation or Cooperation? 179
Chapter The Armies of the Basic NATO Countries 203
The U.S. Armed Forces 215
, The ~.rmed Forces of Great Britain 229
The Armed Forces of th~ FRG 237
Conclusion 21~(
Introduction ~
The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution proclaimed the birth
_ of. a new Soviet society which pr~pounded as its main foreign policy aim
the freeing of mar,kind from war and providing a lasting peace in the world.
For more than 60 years the Soviet Union has Poug?~t consistently and con-
stantly to achieve this goal proposed by the founder of the Communist Party
and the Soviet state, V. I. Lenin. The peace-l~ving goals of Soviet foreign
policy have gained the force of the basic state law and have been offi-
cially set down in the new USSR Constitution. ~ _
The realization of these high and noble aims has been the goal of the spe-
cific foreign policy initiatives undertaken by the Soviet Union within the
framework of the Program for the Further Struggle for Peace and Inter-
national Cooperation and fcr the Liberty and Independence of Peoples ap-
proved by the 25th CPSU Congress. The active and puxposeful policy of the
USSR and the entire socialist co~nonwealth has contributed to the positive
shifts in the world situation, to the ever stronger es~cablishing of the
principle of peaceful coexistence in the practices of international rela-
tions, and~to a lessening of international tension.
The good changes in the world which have been particularly noticeable in
the 1970's have been primarily a consequence of the change in the balance
of forces in the world in the favor of socialism, and an outgrowth of its
greater economic and military might and increased political authority.
They have also been the result of the successes achieved by the inter-
national workers movement and by the forces of national liberation. An
understanding of the new realities by a portion of the ruling circles in
the capitalist world has also played a definite role in realizing a lessen-
ing of international tension.
The historical initiative in the global conflict of the two sociopolitical
systems has shifted into the hands of socialism. One after another world
_ imperialism is losing its positions and can no longer, as before, with im-
punity control the course of world events or impose its will on the peoples
following a path of independent development. A narrowing of the possi-
bilities of imgerialism does not mean, however, that its aggressive essence
has changed. Althou~h a lessening of tension is steadily becoming the
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l~ading trend in world development, it would be premature to feel that the
threat of a world thermonuclear war is past. ~
By its very nature, imperialism is a reactionary system which contains the
sources of aggression and predatory wars. Lenin's evaluation of the basic
content of imperialist policy as a policy aimed at the winning of global
hegemony remains valid. "World domination," wrote V. I. Lenin, "is, to
put it br~iefl~, the content of imperialist policy, the continuation of
which is imperialist war."1 The Marxist approach to an evaluation of im- ~ -
periglism makes it possible for us to feel that the positive changes in
, the world cannot serve as grounds for complacency.
The cumplex intertwining of positive and negative trends in the development '
of' the intex~national situation and the greater attempts by influential re-
actionary circleG in the United States and the other NATO countries to
force the world back to the times of the Cold War show that the process of
- a lessening of tension is no guarantee against momentary delays or even
possibly a titrning back. As was pointed out by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in
his report at +,he joint session of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR ,
Supreme Soviet and the RSFSR Supreme Soviet on 2 November 1977, "inter-
national relations are presently at the crossroads l.eading either ~,.o a
growth of confidence and cooperation or to a growth of mutual fears, sus-
nicions and the stockpi_ling of weapons--paths leading ultimately either to
a lasting peace or at best to a balancing on the brink of war."2
Under present-day conditions, imperialism has not abandoned the idea of '
military force. The bourgeoisie continues to view the arn~y as a powerful
weapon of class rule and aggressive policy. The cult of force was and re- ~
mains a distinguishing feature of the practice ~,nd ideology of the exploit-
ing classes. In the definition of F. Engels, "violence merely preserves
exploitation."3 V. I. Lenin, in emphasizing that an approach of force
stems from the very essence of capitalism, pointed out that "under capital-
ism, any other basis or any other principle of sharing except force is im-
possible."4 The role allocated by imperialism to the factor of force pre-
determines the hi~h place of military policy in the arsenal of ineans used
by the monopolistic bourgeoisie for the attaining of its class goals. '
The sphere of military policy in the imperialist states includes legisla-
- tive enactments and practical measures which encompass two areas. Tn the
first place, the use of military force (or the threat of using it) for ~
achieving the aims of stat~ policy in peacetime and wartime. Secondly, the ~
direct organizational development of the arrned forces as a basis for en-
suring that imperialism will successfully carry out its missions with the ~
aid of force.
The aims of imperialist military policy are determined by the interests of
the mor~opolistie bourgeoisie. Prior to the Great October Socialist Revolu-
tion and the formation of two ~pposing systems in the world, the chief aim .
of imperialistic military policy of any dev~loped state was to ensure mili-
t ary superiority of one capitalist nation over the other for winning world
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domiriation, markets and a sphere for the investment of capital. After -
Great October, in accord with the view of V. I. Lenin, "the reciprocal
relations of peoples and the entire worldwide system of states are deter- _
mined by the struggle of a small group of imperialist nations against the
Soviet movement and the Soviet states headed by Soviet Russia."5 Thus, at -
' the basis of the present-day military policy of imperialism lies a reac-
tionary idea, the essence of which is to eliminatP the world capitalist
system, to enslave the developing nations economicalJ.y and politically,
_ and t~ neutrali.ze the communist and workers movemen~ i~ the developed capi-
talist states.
1
_ The anti-Soviet, reactionary essence of the military policy of imperialism
is manifested most vividly in the c~ynamics of military expenditures. Dur-
ing the time which the NATO bloc has existed, with its mai.n task being the �
preparation for war against the USSR and the other socialist countries, its
members have spent 2.218 trillion dollars for military purposes. In 1976,
- the militaxy allocations of the NATO states surpassed by 37-fold the corres-
ponding expenditures of all countries of the ~orld in 1929. Here the maxi-
mum increase of military expenditures has occurred in recent years.
The ideologists and politicians of imperialism have endeavored to ~ustify
the unprecedented growth of military allocations by false assertions of
the supposed "Soviet threat." Various fabrications have been concocted
that the USSR was supposedly preparing actively to start a nuclear war or
was excessively increasing its weapons.
True reality shows the falseness of all these fabrications. The improving
_ of Soviet defenses is a matter forced on us and caused by the necessity of
defending the victories of socialism. Here Soviet expenditures on defen~e
_ have declined both in absolute figures and in relative terms for the entire
total of the state budget. While in 1971, these expenditures were 17.8.
billion rubles, in 1974, they were 17.6, while in 1976, they had declined ~
to 17.4 billion rubles, and in 1977 and 1978, to 17.2 billion rubles. Cor-
respondingly, the share of military outlays in the Soviet budget over these
years was 11, 9.1, 7.8, 7.2 and 7.0 percent.
::o "3oviet threat" exists. "`PhiS is all a monstrous�lie--from start to
finish," said Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th CPSU Congress. "The
Soviet Union does not intend to attack anyone. The Soviet Union does not
need a wa,r. �The Soviet Union is not increasing its military budget....
Our nation has consistently and unswervingly fought for peace, and has con-
stantly come forward with specific proposals aimed at reducing weapons and
at disarma.ment . "6
The smokescreen of anticommunism and anti-Sovietism cannot conceal the true
purpose of the military and political activities of.imperialism. Aggres-
sive military preparations are growing, and the militarization of the econo-
~y of the capitalist states is intensifying. Ever new types of weapons of
mass destruction axe being developed. The militaristic circles of the
United States and the other imperialist countries have not abandoned the
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hope of achieving military superiority over the USSR, and as result of -
this the threat of aggression against the socialist commonwealth exists,
and this includes the use of strategic nuclear missile forces. On the ter-
ritories of the E~ropean, Asian, African and Latin American countries and
ial the world ocean, foreign milit~ry forces have been deplo,yed and these
rely on e, dense network of military bases and supply points. The numerous
milit~,r,y political blocs are increasing their activities, attempts are be-
in~ made to brin~ new states into the existing reactionary military alli-
ances, and ideas have appeared of creating multilateral aggressive organi-
zations involving the young developin~ nations. For strengthening their
positions in the struggle against world socialism, the imperialist circles
are endeavoring to utilize acute conflict situations and crises in various
"hot spots" of the world. ,
The imperialists endeavor to conceal the criminal nature of their military ,
_ policy by an entire system of carefully elaborated views disseminated by .
bourgeois propaganda in the form of various "theories," "doctrines," and '
"strategies." The anticommunist and anti-Soviet basis of them cannot al-
ways be easily ascertained, since the used lies and falsifications are ex-
tremely shifty. For this reason one must not underestimate the impact of
reactionary views which poison the awareness of people and which give an
incorrect and distorted view of the essence of present-day trends in the
international situation.
The task of progressive mankind in the area of broadening and deepening
detente and extending it to the entire world requires an elucidation of '
t;ho~e factors and causes which underly the resistance to this process. :
A profound understanding of the essence of the military aspects of imerial-
ist policy is an essential condition for solving this problem. In the book ;
offered to the reader, the authors have set as their goal to reveal the
anticommunist and anti-Soviet nature of the military-political concepts of '
the United States, the main driving force of reaction, and the aggressive ~
NATO bloc, the focus of militarism, and using ac'tual material show the
practical deeds of imperialism which under the conditions of detente is,
endeavoring to caxry out its goals primarily by military force.
FOOTNOTES
1V. I. Lenin, Poln. Sobr. Soch." [Complete Collected Works], Vol 30, p 85.
2L. I. Brezhnev, "Velikiy Oktyabr' i Progress Chelovechestva" [Great October
and the Progress of Mankind], Moscow, 1977, p 27.
3K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch." [Works], Vol 20, p 156.
4V. I. Lenin, op. cit., Vol 26, p 353.
STbid., Vol 1+1, p 2~+2.
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6"Materialy XXV S"yezda KPSS" [Materials of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow,
1976, p 22.
Conclusion
The question of war and peace is the main problem and the solution to it to
an enormous degree determines the ftiiture fate of mankind. The threat of a
new world war, if it is not prevented, can end as a tragedy for mankind. _
The military policy of imperialism, in representing a practical expression
of the interests of those influential forces which do not wish to abandon
the bankrupt concepts of the policy of "from a position of strength," com-
plicates the generally positive development of international relations.
The military-industrial complex which brings together militaristic group-
ings, the national and international monopolies producing weapons, govern-
mental and scientific circles involved with military programs, and other
supporters of the Cold War, employs the most refined means to thwart or at
least hold up the process of detente. They have not abandoned the criminal
ideas of unleashing a nuclear war and for the sake of their sel~ish class
interests are ready to sacrifice tens and hundreds of millions of lives.
Nor have the economic roots of the military danger been eliminated. In the
_ capitalist world private ownership of the means of production still exists.
In a situation of inflation, stagnation and crisis phenomena in the ecorio~y,
with an unchecked rise in prices for vital necessities and with the survival
of mass unemployment, sociopolitical contradictions become ever more acute.
The reaction of the capitalist countries sees the way out of the dead end
which has arisen in the ftizrther militarization of all life of society. An
unrestrained arms race is viewed as the most reliable source of enrichment.
The so-called "Soviet military threat" has been proposed as the pretext for
forcing the population to pay for the new~military outlays. The true aims
of the organizers of the hullabaloo in the West over the question of the
supposed "military threat" from the soeialist states are.to create a sort
of propaganda screen for concealing i.mperialist policy. The leaders of our
party and state have spoken repeatedly on the complete absurdity of such
assertions. In an interview with the West German newspaper VORWARTS, Com-
- rade L. I. Brezhnev pointed out: "The Soviet Union for its sake feels that
- approximate equality and parity are sufficient for the needs of defense.
We have not se~ for ourselves the goal of achievin~ military superiority.
We are also aware that this very concept loses any meaning with the present-
day enormous arsenals of already stockpiled nuclear weapons and de].ivery
systems."1
In.the West military force is viewed as one of the most important means for
~nsuring imperialist interests in wars and military conflicts. It is view-
ed as a military potential which includes those forces and means which are
on call as well as those which can be deployed in the event of wa.r. It is
viewed as a means for applying political pressure in peacetime, and as a
' basis and expression of state prestige.
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~ The brunt of the aggressive policy of imperialism is aimed primarily against
the Soviet Union, the bulwark of universal peace and social progress. The
reactionary forces of capitalism see in the Soviet Union and all the socisl- -
- ist co~nonwealth the basic obstacle on the path to realizing their aggres-
sive plans. The main strike ~orce of world reaction is the military in- ;
dustrial complex of the United States, the most powerful capitalist power ,
which has a determining influence on the shaping of the overall strategy of
imperialism. Military force remains the basic instrument in the list of
means used by the American ruling circles for carrying out the tasks of
their global policy. A constant increase of military might, the desire to
strengthen U.S. positions throughout the world by consolidating ties with
allies and activating a bloc policy, and the toying with the surviving con-
flict and crisis situations--all of this involves the permanent threat of
the outbreak of new wars and military conflicts.
U.S. military policy is based upon a principle of "intimidation" which has
provided the "power" base for American foreign policy beginnin~ with the
Cold War period. This is seen in the updating of old aggressive strategic
concepts and the developing of new ones, and the preparation of American
armed forces for a broad range of wars, from nuclear to the so-called
"counterinsurgency," from the increase in the number of army divisions, ;
and the higher military potential of the Air Force and Navy. Precisely
U.S. military policy as the basis of the overall political course of this
country, is the basic brake on the further development of Soviet-American
relations and international detente. As a whole, the military policy of !
American imperialism is characterized by a constant desire to find new ways
and means, forms and methods for using military force, regardless of the -
development of detente in the political relations between the two social
systems.
At the beginning of the 1980's, the aim of the peace-loving forces is to
achieve a triumph of detente everywhere in the world. One of the most im-
portant tasks on this level is the working out of a new Soviet-American
agreement on the limitation of strategic weapons (SALT-2). Such a treaty, '
should it be signed, ratified and put into force, will create a definite ,
barrier on the path to the further stockpiling of the most destructive and
expensive types of weapons. Here the tre~.ty will express the principle of
the equality and equal security of the parties. The coming into force of
the treaty will mean that the process of damping down the arms race which
has been started upon the initiative of the Soviet Union is to continue.
The trzaty, undoubtedly, will have a beneficial influence on the inter-
national climate as a whole. ,
Recent facts show that U.S. policy has been characterized by zig-zag de-
velopment, that is, from the securing of Americ~,n national security by talks,
as can be seen from the achieving oP an agreement on the basic questions of
SALT-2, to the use of threats and the increase of tension. The American
government peri.odically whips up the arms race, and proposes to increase
military force over a period extending beyond the next decade. Attempts
have not ceased to intervene in the internal affairs of the social.ist states
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under the cover of hypocritical campaigns over the supposed "violations of
hurnan rights" in the socialist countries. Such attempts are a flagrant
violation of the generally accepted standards of international law, as well
a:: a viol~.t;ion of the lett~.er and spirit of the T~'ina] Act approved in
Flelsinki.
A~gressive blocs are the basic instrwnent of imperialism in carrying out
its react'ionary military political aims, and among these blocs the most im-
port~.n1: place is assigned to the North Atlantic Alliance. Since the moment
of its birth, this imperialistic alliance has headed an active campaign of
struggle against the socialist commonwealth by carrying out the strategy
of "intimidation." The political and military circles of NATO have been
concerned not with preventing the outbreak of nuclear war in Europe, but
rather what moment is more advantageous for them to squeeze the nuclear
trigger.
The aggressive rssence of the North Atlantic bloc can be seen in the grow-
ing flow of alloca.~?ons for military purposes, in the streng-thening of its
aggressive potential, and in the planning of the arms race for years to
come. The main aim of the steps undertaken by the NATO leadership is to
torpedo the process of detente.
In the middle of the 1970's, within NATO tendencies began to be clearly "
manifested for a strengthening of the bloc in political, economic and mili-
tary terms. For solving this problem, the militaristic circles of the West
have endeavored to tie the Western E~.iropean bloc members even more closely.
. to the United States, to broaden its membership, and extend the zone of its
activities beyond Western Eurape and the North Atlantic. The NATO leader-
ship has pai.d close attention to the flanks of the bloc: in the south of
~ roFe it has intentionally not allowed a further strengthening of influ-
ence of the leftist forces, and in the north it has endeavored to extend
the military presence of the bloc.
The decisions of the May (1978) session of the NATO Council have become
particularly dangerous. At this session of the Atlantic militarists, a
"long-range weapons program" was approved running up to 1993� In accord
with this program, the member nations of this aggressive bloc assumed an
obligation year after year to increase their military expenditures, and
prima.rily,for ever more costly weapons. In the course of the session, the
_ intention was affirmed to extend the "sphere of responsibility" of this
~ bloc to vast regions extending far beyond the limits outlined in the treaty _
on,the setting up of the North Atlantic Alliance. Finally, during the talks
between the leaders of the aggressive alliance, American officials for the
first time overtly proclaimed the link between their interests, the inter-
ests of NATO and the interests of the Chinese leadership which had been
against the policy of detente and called for preparations for war. In the
- press of the nations of the North Atlantic bloc, China is called the "16th
member of NATO." This phrase is to the liking oP the Bei~ing leaders. In
endeavoring,to gain access to the NATO military arsenals, the Chinese
, leaders in every possible way have advertised their hostility to the Soviet
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Iln ic~n, n.ncl hnve ar~;ur~d fc~r fln iznre ;trainec3 arms rnee. Thi ^ E>ol.~ ey is ~,11
Liic mur~~ dan~.;crous in that ii: has been aupportzd by the mo ,t reactionary
circles of the imperialist states. .
Simultaneously with the speeding up of miliqary preparations, the NATO
leadersYiip has endea.vored to gain military advani;ages by diplomacy. At
the Vienna talks aimed at reducing the military confrontation in Central
rurope, no specific results as yet have been achieved. The reason for the
extended discussions has been the absence of any substantial chan~;es in the
I~o::ii,ion of' tlic We::t. The NATO cotmtries h~.ve re,jected the constructive
in:itiativec of the :,ocialist state, ~.nd have continued to insist on unba.l-
~incc~i reducti.ons, tPie realiz~,tion of wYiich would lea,d to an underminin~, of
_ the existin~ approximate equality of forces in Europe, and to the gaining
of one-sided military advantages by the West.
In the developing Asian, African and Latin American states, in the military -
policy of imperialism a major role is assigned to using the surviving con-
flict and crisis situations for its own selfish purposes. Indochina and .
Nicaragua, Zaire and the Near East--here is the global extent of imperial- .
ist military adventures. Everywhere the imperialist countries act hand in
_ hand with the local reactior.ary forces, hoping to strengthen their posi-
tions in the struggle against world socialism.
Recently new foreboding indications of greater aggressiveness have appear-
ed in imperialist policjr. In using hired executioners, criminals and pro-
fessional murderers, the monopolistic bourgeoisie has endeavored to put to-
~;ether "inter-African" and "inter-American" forces or military formations ,
wh.ich Lhc:~ hourgeoi~ie intends to send in to suppress thc liberation move-
rnc~nt:; ~n /lfric~ und Latin ~lmerica. ~
!1 ju:;t ~~eaceful settlement in the Near East is among the most important
tasks in strengthening peace and international stability. There the situa-
tion coritinues to remain complicated. The growth of the Near East crisis
into a new Arab-Israeli armed conflict would be dangerous both for the
nations of this region as well as for the international situation as a whole.
~ As Comrade L. I. Brezhnev pointed out in a speech on 22 September 1978 in
Baku, "the reason for this is the stubborn refusal of Israel and those
forces backing it to consider the legitimate rights and interests of the
Arab peoples, and the desire of Israel by weapons and not by diplomacy,
but in any event from a posit,ion of strength, to impose its will on the
Arabs.
"Recently the basic gambit for achieving this aim has been the method of
behind-the-scenes separate deals with those ready to bargain away the Arab
i.nterests.... ~
"ftegardless of what 'limits' a separate agreement is couched and which con-
ceals the capitulation of one party and strengthens the fruits of aggres-
siori of the other, that is, the aggression of Israel, it can only make the
situation in the Near East more explosive."2
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'i'he exacerbation of tension in the Near and Middle East hra.U been abetted by
t,l~e arms r~,ce stirred up here, as well a.s by the active attempts b,y the
- military of tlie United SLates and the other NAT~ countries to improve i,hcir
military-strategic position on the approaches to the Near East rAgion, both
on the f~editerranean side and on the side of the Indian Ocean.
Great October for the first time in history made it possible to break away
from thc old concepts of omnipotent violence. Qver 60 year~ since the main
event of the century, t}ie sphere of imperialist violence has been continu-
ou:~ly constricted. However this ob,jective reality has encountered rabid
resistance by the international reaction. The desire of certain circles in
the West to breathe life into the policy of "from a position of strength"
requires from the world community a further increase of effort in the strug-
gle for peace and international security, and more energetic actions to
materialize detente. Precisely this is the policy of the CPSU and the
Soviet government, as was convincingly demonstrated by the decisions of the
25th CPSU Congress and all the subsequent practical activities of our state,
Until the positions of materialism have been finally undermined, and as long
as the arms race continues and the aggressive military blocs survive, the
Soviet people and its Armed Forces, along with the peoples and armies of
tt?e ot}~er socialist countries, will strengthen their defense capability,
and their readiness at any time to deal a decisive rebuff to the organizers
of international provocations and adventures, to the supporters of the
polic,y of "from a position of strength," and to the enemies of the peace
- and ser_urity of peoples.
"No onc ~hou].d doubt...," emphasized Comrade L. I. Brezhnev from the rostrum
c~1' t,t~e ?>tYi CPSU Con~;res:~, "that our party will do ever,ythin~; so that the
_ 1;:loriou:: Soviet Armed Forces in the future will possess all the necessary
means for carrying out their responsible mission of guarding the peaceful
labor of' the Soviet people and being a bulwark of universal peace."3
FOOTNOTES
1PRAVDA, 1+ May 1978.
2Ibid., 23 September 1978.
3iMaterialy XXV S"yezda KPSS," p 83.
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1979
10272
CSO: 1801 EN~
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