JPRS ID: 9132 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060018-4
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 18
• Content Type: REPORTS

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i4 MRRCH i988 CFOUO 2188) 1 OF 1
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JPRS L/897?
14 March 1980 -
IJSSR Re ort
p
M~~TERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
CFOUO 2/80)
FBIS F'OREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATIOI~ SERVI~E
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NOTE
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JPRS L/8977
14 March 1980
USSR REPORT
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
(FOUO 2/so>
This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articles and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific sub~ects
reflected in the table of contents.
P'hotoreproductions ~f foreign-language sources may be cbtained from the
Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540,
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS PAGE
FERROUS METALLURGY
Tmproved Planning and Incentives in the Ferrous Metals Industry
(I.A. Vashchenko; METALLURG, Dec 79) 1
NON-FERROUS METALLURGY -
Non-Ferrous Metal Mining, Extraction, Processing Goals Discussed
(A.P. Snurnikov; TSVETNYY METALLY, Dec 79) 7
~ NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Alloys for Atomic Energy -
(SPLAVY DLYA ATOMf10Y ENERGETIKI, 1979) 20
REFRACTORY MATERIALS
Corundum Ceramics Reinforced With Filamentary Crystals of Mullite
(D.N. Karpinos, et al; OGNEUPORY, No 12, 1979)......... 24
' a- [ I I I - US SR 21 G S& T~'OUC~ ]
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'
CONTENTS (Continued) Page
MISCELLANEOUS -
Efficient Utilization of Resources Urged
~ (A.P. Snurmikov; TSVLTNYYE METALLY, Nov 79)............ 29
T~ao Stages in the Process of Cleavage Failure
(A.M. Molodeta, A.N. Dremin; DOKLAnY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR,
Vol 249 No 6, 1979) 39 ~
Diffusion Mechanisms of Vari~tion of the Abaorptivity of Metals
During Laser Heating in the Air
(V.I. Boyko; DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Vol 250 No 1,
198Q). 46
-b-
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FERROUS METALLURGY
IMPROVED PLANNING AND INCENTIVES IN THE FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY
Moscow METALLURG in ~tussian No 12, Dec i9 pp 1-2 .
[Article by I. A. Vashchenko, chief of the economic planning administra-
tion of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy, entitled: "Improving
Planning in Ferrous Metallurgy."]
[Text] The decree of the Central Committee CPSU and the USSR Couneil of
Ministers "About the improvement of planning and the reinforcement of the
influence of the economic mechanism on raising the efficiency of produc-
tion and the quality of work" contains a comprehensive program for the
further improvement of planning guidance by means of economics, for the
development of democratic principles in the administration of production,
and for raising the creative activity of personnel.
Measures are stipulated in the decree for further increasing the efficien-
cy of production and the quality of work, for the achievement of high -
gross national production throu~h an acceleration of scientific and tech-
nical progress and a growth in the productivity of labor, for improving
the quality of production, and for assuring a steady lift to the economy
of the country and with this, to the basic welfare of the Soviet people.
Specific measures for improving planning were defined and ways were out-
lined for increasing the effectiveness of capital investments. The role of
self-support, economic leverage, and incentives in the administration of
production is being heightened.
. The decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers proceeds from
the ba.sic conclusions on the improvement of the administration of the
_ national economy in the modern stage as determined by the 25th party cong-
ress, by the subsequent Plenums of the CC CPSU, and by the speeches of
Comrade L. I. Brezhnev. The decree is a further development and realiza-
tion of those conclusions. Accomplishment of the measures stipulated in
the decree requires carr~ying out a sequence of systema.tic and organiza-
tional ~.ctYOns .
The administrations of the Ministry, the All-Union industrial associations,
the enterprises, and the scientific research and planning institutes in
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ferrous metallurgy are faced with carrying out a great deal of important =
work in drafting new normative documents and revising existing industry -
documents (instructions, conditions, methodical directives and so on)
about planning, capital construction, self-support, and economic incentive. _
The solution of the problems in raising the level of planning woxk and
raising the quality of the planning goals being drafted, occupies the cen-
tral place in this work.
For the past fifteen years important work has been done in the industry on
improving planning, improving the analysis of enterprise production activ- -
ity, and improving the methodology of pZanning estimates. However, the
plans being drafted for the social and economic development of the indus-
try, the All-Union industrial associations, and the enterprises still do
not respond fully to today's demands. The plans are not always uniformly
intensive for the months or quarters. Cases of incomplete coordination of
planning goals occur. Enterprises and associations do insufficient work on
the substantiation of the designs of the plans being submitt~d. -
The development of plaruzing goals still is not supported at all enter-
prises by the necessary organization f or their fulfillment. As a result,
the established quetas for consumption of raw ma.terials, fuel, and metal
are not observed. Also, the plans for intra-industry cooperation are not
fulfilled which upsets p1_anned balances and causes serious difficulties in
the fulfillment of the 2pproved production plan.
At the same time, the solution of the problems stipulated by the decree on
the improvement of planning requires, at all levels from enterprise to the
ministry, constant work on identifying the resources resulting from in-
creased efficiency of production and on using them in drafting planning
goals. Also, plan discipline must constantly be reinforced and the impor-
tance and role of planning goals must be heightened by all possible means.
_ For increasing the soundness of planning goals, the decree established ~
that five-year and annual plans must be developed on the basis of economic
and engineering estimates employing progressive technical and economic
standards for the use of production capacities in conformity with the
passport of an enterprise whi~h coiitains the indexes needed for drafting
plans.
- In this connection, the administrations of the ministry and the institutes
have begun work on the preparation of standard forms, and instructions for
filling them out, tha,t are applicable to all subdivisions of the ferrous
metal industry. These forms must be completed with all indexes by all en-
terprises and associations in 1980. This is a very serious matter as the
passport must be the basic technical and normative document in the draft-
ing of plans. Therefore, to the extent tha.t the indexes needed for the
calculation of the plan will have been fully and correctly taken into ac-
count, and to the extent that they will have been correctly reported in
the filling out of the passports, to an important degree will depend the
quality of drafted planning goals and, consequently the success of each ~
enterprise and the industry as a whole.
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- In recent years, gross value indexes have undergone sharp criticism in the ~
press. T}ie criticism is not without foundation. To eliminate the negative
aspect o:E gross value indexes, the decree stipulates~first of all~ an in-
crease iri the role of normativE net production in planning the productiv- -
ity of labor and wages. In a whole series of industries, especially in
ma.chine building, this index eliminates many of the shortcomings of gross -
or commcxiity production.
For ferrous metallurgy, as a raw ma.terial branch of industry, the index of
normative net production does not eliminate the shortcomings of commodity
production, but aggravates them.
At the same time that the application of normative n~t production does not `
eliminate the shortcomings of commodity production, it additionally re-
quires labor-consuming work on the development of standards for working �
out wholesale prices, and it will double the volume of calculating work.
Therefore it is stipulated that the necessary research and preparations be
. carried out in 1980, and, in 1981 at separate enterprises, that experi-
mental tests be made of other indexes which could provide a more accurate
reflection of the tempo of the growth of both the volume of production and
the productivity of labor, and whi~h could take into account most fully
the specifics of ferrous metallurgy while at the same time reducing the
negative aspects of grc,ss or commodity production.
The solution of this problem is very important to the proper reflection of
the results of the operations of the industry�s enterprises, and especially
for planning the growth of the productivity of labor and wage funds.
According to the decree, the cha.nge-over of scientific research and plan-
ning institutes and enteLprises to the self -supporting system of managing
operations for the creation, assimilation, and introduction of new tech-
nol~gy on the basis of supply authorizations and contracts must be com-
- pleted in 1980. So also must be completed the change-over to the financ-
ing from a single fund for science and technology of scien~ific researcli,
experimental construction, technological work, alid reimbursement for ex-
penditures related to development and assimilation of new forms of produc-
_ tion and technological processes. For accomplishment of this change-over,
work already is going forward on the preparation of appropriate standards
and conditions for the creation of the single fund for science and tech-
_ nology, and for the formation of a fund for economic incentives and others.
The decree of the CC CPSU and the i1~~R Council of Ministers stipulates,
. that the measures for improvement of planning must clearly be supported ty
further development of self-support, by rei:~rorcement of the role of eco-
nomic incentives, and by raising the level of economic operations. In
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recent years, new indexes for planning and evaluating the activities of the
structural subdivisions of an enterprise ha.ve been developed and introduced. -
New, improved systems have been introduced for accounting tetween shops on
the quality of production, and for the delivery of supplies on schedule for
maximum production and so on. New conditions are in effect on rewarding
workers, engineers and technicians, and office workers which reinforce the
role of material incentives in raising the efficiency of production. Thus,
at the K~uznetsk metallur@ical combine, and at tile Krasnyy Oktyabr', Chere-
povetsk, Azovstal', Novolipetsk, Nikopol'sk Yuzhnotrubnyy, Donetsk, and
many other plants, self-support has become an effective factor in raising
the labor activity of the working ma.sses, in drawing them into production
ma.nagement and the economie structure, and, to an important degree, pro-
moting the .fulfillment of planning goals .
~
However, the system of interplant self-support is not everywhere effect-
- ively influencing the improvement of technical and economic indexes, and
still, there is not at all enterprises a clearly developed system for anal-
ysis and review of the results of the economic activi~ies of its own shops
and services. Therefore, the necessary steps must be taken to reinforce
the role of economic leverage (profits, prices, finances, and mateiial in-
centive systems) so tha.t the whole system of self-support of an enterprise
is directed more fully toward combining the interests of each worker with
the interests of the enterprise, and the interests of the enterprise with
_ the interests of the state. In this wa.y the economic interest of every
worker is increased in lowering produc~ion costs, in conserving ma,terial, -
� labor, and financial resources~ in more fully using production funds, in
~delivering products of high quality, in assimilating new kinds of produc-
- tion, and in expanding the assortment of it.
By July 1980 the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy together with the insti-
_ tutes wiil develop the conditions for the management of the self -support
of enterprises and of the associations which must help the enterprises.
In the All-Union industrial associations work is being done on further
~ improvement of self -supporting methods of work and on introducing them in-
to the activities of the Ministry.
The decree stipulated an increase in the amount of the bonuses in whole-
sale prices for products having the state Mark of Quality,and a reduction
of the wholesale price on the order of 50% for products in the second
category of quality or not certified as to quality within the established -
periods. Thus, enterprises achieving improved quality in production, or
increasing the output of products with the Mark of Quality receive the
opportunity of increasing allotments to the funds for economic incentive.
Experience shows that the economic methods of influence make a substantial
improvement in the quality of production and at the same time permit en-
terprises to increase the incentive funds significantly. However,the use
of this means by the industry is still insufficient - there are some dif -
ficulties in agreement with the consumer about the price increase for
products with the Mark of Quality. However, wherever all services of an
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e nterprise are actively included in this work, there are well-defined
results.
The industry�s scientific research institutes have been entrusted with the
preparation of a proposal for wide development of the brigade form of man-
agement and s timulation of labor. A review is planned of the standard
conditions f or rewarding workers, supervisors, engineers, technicians, and
office workers to bring them into conformity with the requirements of the
decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of tlinisters.
The institute of economics of TsNIIchermet [The Central Scientific Re-
search Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy] is doing work on the analysis of
the formation of economic incentive funds and, on this basis, proposals
are being prepared on fund-forming indexes for enterprises, associations,
and the Minis try as a whole f or the llth Five-year plan. Much remains to
be done at the enterprises and in the associations on working out the
economic foundations of the standards for wo~icing capital, and also on the
measures for bringing the amaunts of internal working capital up to the
established standards.
For organizing the work in the industry to accomplish the measures stipu-
lated by the decree, in October of this year the Ministry conducted a
group meeting of workers from the economic,services of the enterprises of
the Central, Southern, and Eastern regions of the country at which approp-
riate recomme ndations were adopted.
Serious problems must be solved in raising the effectiveness of the capi-
tal investme nts chosen for the industry, in accelerating the placing into
operation of production capacities, in reducing the number of buildings
~ being started, in cutting down on uncompleted construction, and in im-
proving the critical analysis of planning decisions. The most important
measure for imprc~ving the management of capital construction is the change
over to the new procedure of accounting between the clier.t and the con-
tractor.
For consideration of the questions of ~~e effectiveness of capital invest-
ments, of the status and quality of planning drafts, and of conditions in
capital construction, it is planned to conduct special meetings with the
workers of industry planning institutes and organizations and the leaders
of the associations and enterprises involved in capital construction. The
institute of economics of TsNIIchermet and Gipromez [The State Union In-
stitute on the Design of Metallurgical Plants] have made an analysis of
the effectiveness of capital investments.
The solution of the problems posed by the decree of the CC CPSU and the
USSR Council of Ministers requires from all units of administration and
from each worker, great initiative and independence in the solution of
economic problems. But this is possible only for economically trained per-
sonnel. Theref ore, special attention must be given to the economic instruc-
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tion of personnel to raise the level of qualification of every worker. -
Much work is being done in the industry on raising the qualifications of
supervisors and engineering and technical workers at seminars, courses,
and so on. But there remains the massive training to be done directly in
the enterprises. This training must not be of a general character, but a
specific one;that is, the principles in the documents being studied must
be related to the problems of a shop, a section, or a plant and so forth.
It is necessary to get each worker to know the basic questions of economics
at his own station.
Simultaneously with the development of the methodical documents and con-
ditions, and with the preparation of the system of indexes and standards, -
the enterprises must do much work on the identification and use of the
resources resulting from the increased efficiency of production; for that
is the aim of the decree in the first place. The personnel of the shops,
sections, and shifts must participate in this work.
- COPYRIGHTs Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgya~~, "Metallurg", 1979
[82 9136]
9136
CSOt 1842
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NON-FERROUS METALLURGY
i
NON-FERROUS METAL MINING, EXTRACTION, PROCESSING GOALS DISCUSSED
Moscow TSVETNYYE METALLY in Russian No 12, Dec 79 pp 1-8
[Article by A.P. Snurnikov: "Speeding Technical Progress, Thorough Utili-
2ation of Raw Material and Intensification of Technological Procesaes--
Key Factars in Improving Production Efficiency"*] ~
[Text] The 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union em-
phaeized with new force the importance of acientific and technical progrese
_ as one of the ma~or conditions for further improving the economic potential
of our country. CPSU Central Committee General Secretary and President of
the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Comrade L.Z. Brezhnev in his sum-
mary report to the 25th Party Congress noted particularly that for the pur-
p0~e of solving the key economi~ problema of the lOth and eubeequent five-
year plan pe~iods there ia only one route--the route of a rapid growth in
labor productivity and of a drastic improvement in tfie ~fficiency of all
social production.
The decree of ttie CPSU Central Committee "On Further Improvement of the
Economic Machinery and the Ob~ectives of Party and State Agencies" and the
decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministera "On the
Improvement of Planning and Strengthening of the Influence of the Economic
Machinery on Improving Production Efficiency and Work Quality"** etupha-
size the growing importance of quality indicators for the purpoae of im-
proving the economic efficiency of production. Great emphasie is placed on
the employment of intensive factors for developing the economy.
USSR Council of Ministers President A.N. Kosygin in his article*** devoted
to improvement of planned management of the country's economy has aleo
specified the necesaity of refraining from outmoded management methods.
*From an address at the industry's non-ferrous metallurgy conference (cf.
information of p 94 of this ~ ournal).
**PRAVDA, 28 Jul 79.
***KOMMUNIST, No 12, 1979, p 16.
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~'The stagnation and adherence in some management teams c~ old approaches
and methods of making economic decisions, when a quantitative growth in
production has been given priority, can only hinder scientific and techni-
cal and economic and social progress, and cause unnecessary expenditurea of
public labor and the loss of what has already been produced. The aurmount-
ing of this approach is an indispensable condition for thE fuller utiliza-
tion of the advantages of advanced aocialism."
Uf courae, the foundation for achieving high quality indicatora is techni-- -
cal progress and the utilization of the lateat achievements of science and -
technology. Therefore today, in fulfilling the decrees of the CPSU Central
Cc~mmittee and USSR Council of Ministers, it is necessary critically, on
the basis c~f these decrees, to evaluate the results achieved in technical
development of the industry and to subject to a detailed analvsis the ap-
proaches and methods of planning, introducing and mastering new technology.
It is necessary in light of the decree to take a look at the level of the -
work of organizers in all teams for the management of technical progress,
to give it a proper evaluation and to draw the appropriate conclusions from -
this.
Ore mini^g is the most labor intensine and expensive area of production in
r.an-ferrous metallurgy. For example, of the total expenaitures of labor
and capital for producing one ton of heavy non-ferrous metals approximately
50 percent belongs to the ahare of mining operations.
The ministry has determined the key trend for improving the efficiency of
ore mining to be the retooling of open-pit mines on Che bssis of high-unit-
capacity mining transportation equipment, and of underground minea on the
basis of combinations of high-effi^iency se~f--propelled equipment.
At the present time the drilling of blast holes in the industry's pits is
performed almost 80 percent by high-efficiency SBSh-250MN and SBSh-320 -
cutting machines with a bit diameter of 243 to 320 mm. In the immediate
future the basic drilling machine at large pits (the Kal'makyrskiy, Koun-
radakiy, Sorsk, etc.) will be SBSh-320 machines and the high-power "Ruslan"
unit with a drilling diameter of 350 to 400 ~n, created by Gipronikel'
[State Institute for the Planning of NickeZ Industry Enterprises].
At ore pits (the Zhdanovskiy, Kal'makyrskiy, Zlatoust-Belovskiy, Kounrad-
skiy, Sorsk, etc.) is being expanded the use~ of modern high-poc+yer excava-
tors with a shovel capacity of 8 an~ 12.5 m, and in the exploitation of
_ a7~luvial deposits, walking draglines with a shovel capacity of 10 and 15
m .
Removal of the ore mass from pits is performed basically (80 percent) by
motor vehicle transportation. A considerable amount is done by dump trucks -
with a load capacity of 40 tons (40 percent). Dump trucks with ~.oad ca-
pacities of 75, 90, 120 and 150 tons are being adopted (the Zhdanovskiy,
Gayskiy, and Mukulanskiy pits and the Yakutalmaz Association~.
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All this powerful equipment makes poesible high efficiency and a savinga ~
only when it is completely utilized.
But at a number of enterpri~ea the capabilities of this equipment are not be-
ing utilized aufficiently:It ie not being furniehed with the requirea oper-
ations front, ie working one or two shifts per 24-h period, and ia not be-
ing overhauled at the proper time. As a result, at some pite the utiliza-
tion factor for lrilling machines, excavators and dump trucka is not great-
er than 0.5. -
5elf-propelled equipment is being introduced extensively in underground
mining operatians. With its use 35 percen~ of the total amount of ore _
mined by the underground method is being produced.
Self-propelled equipment has made it poesible to improve labor productivity
~both in stoping and in cutting mine workings by a factor of 1.5 to two and
more. Especially high figures have been reached at mines of the Achisay,
Dzhezkazgsn, Tyrnyauz, Gayskiy and Almalyk combines.
But at some of them the utilization factor for the available inventory of
machines in terms of time and capacity can be increased and ~rtth the pre-
sent supply of enterprisea with self-propelled equipment the volume of ore
mining done by emploping it can be increased 1.5-fold.
With the old equipment and technology the thorough organization of labor
was atrongly recomm~nded. Thia was reasonable, eince in thie case the
ma~or percentage of the cost of mining ore wae represented by wages (40
to 50 percent), which wae explained by the relatively high cost of
labor and the not too high coat of equipment.
With aelf-propelled equipment the picture has changed drastically. The
main item of expenditure in the cost of mining ore has become outlays for
amortization, overhauling and equipment servicing (50 percent) in view of
the high cost of machinery, and the percentage of wages has been reduced
drastically (to 20 percent) as a result of a eonsiderable growth in labor
- productivity.
From this it follows that equipment ehould be utilized to the maximum de-
gree. This 3s ach~:leved by changing over to a labor specialization arrange-
ment in con~unctioti with multi-face operation.
A typical example in this respect is the work experiment o# V.N. Zhuravko~s
crew in the Dal'polimetall Association, which in Apri1 1979 reached ~n
cutting workinge record labor productivity for a face worker--25.2 m per
man per shift.
,
Exerting a great influence on the economics of mining and concentration
enterpriaes are loeses and impoveriahment of ore in mining. For the pur-
vose of reducin~ them, systeme of development,.have been extensively imtro-
duced at the industry's mines which include walling up the exhausted apace,
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the percentage of which has be~ome greater than 20 percent of the total
amount of ore mining by the underground method.
This technology has been well mastered at mines of the Noril'sk, Gayskiy
and Leninogorsk combines. Here high quantity and quality figures have been
re8ched. A high degree of activity in introducing this advanced technology
for thoroughly using lean ore hae been manifested also by workers of the
Achisay Combine, who together with Kazakh Poiytechnical Institute have de-
veloped an efficient method of preparing walling-up mixtures. A great sav- -
ings can be gained also by using binding materials based on slag with a
lo~~ iron content.
Meanwhile, the managers of the Dzhezkazgan Combine and SUBR [Severoural'sk
Bauxite Mines], wheie very precious ore is being mined, have underrated the
new techrtfllogy and have slowly made the changeover to systems which 3nclude
walling up.
Great prospects for the fuller utilizati.on of mineral resources and a re-
duction of losses and impoverishment are inherent in the introduction of
radiometric methods of assaying, sorting and preconcentrating ore. A work
experiment at the mines of the Pechengan3kel' Combine, the Khrustal'nenskiy
GOK [Mining and Concentration Combine] and Zyryanovskiy Combine has con-
firmed this. However, the introduction of this advanced technology has
been delayed by a shortage of instruments and separators. Obviously it is
necessary conaiderably to speed the performance of ineasures indicated by
the ministry r~lating to arranging for the production of instruments and
. separators and to conducting extensive research.
~ Improvement of the utilization of expensive equipment, the reduction of
~losses and impoverishment of ore, and the expansion of the employment of
advanced syatems of ~levelopin$ deposits, for production-procesa assaying
and sorting in the mining of ore even under conditions of a systematic
lowering of the content of inetals in ore will make it possible to improve
the economic etficiency of mining pi~~luction proc~eses in the induatry.
In connection with the worsening of the quality of ore in terms of inetal
content and mineralogical structu*e, concentration conversion has been -
considerably complicated. The amount of ore to be refined has increased
~ and additional production operations have arisen, Under these conditions
special attention should be paid to making the preparation of ore less
expehsive, to expanding the scale of employment of such processes as the
self-crushing of ore and preconcentration of it fn heavy media, as well as -
to the investigation of radiometric methods of concentrating ore.
The efficiency of the self-crushing process is determined by the fact that
two operations are eliminated f~om the production cycle--medium and fine
_ crushing--and expenditures for balls and rods have been eliminated. In
addition, in a number of casea the changeover from ball crushing to the _
self-crushing of ore has reduced sl3ming and has improved flotation condi-
tiona.
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The self-crushing of ore is being rapidly extended to the practice of con-
centrating diamond-~ and gold-containing ore. However, for ore of other -
non-ferrous metals (the Balkhashskiy, Zangezurskiy and Tyrnyauz combinea)
the adoption of this process is being carried out slowly.
- Qn the whole the process of self-crushin~ of ore has proved itself and its
tect~nology has been mastered, but the quality of the equipment produced -
atill rema3ns low, as a result of which the advance ratio of mi11a hae not
ex~eeded 70 percent.
At plants of the non-ferrous metallurgy industry the method of preconcen-
trating ore by using heavy media and other physical methods of concentra-
tion has been mastered,~and the amount of ore refined by this technologq
has reached tens of millions of tons per year. -
_ _ - -
These processes could produce a great savings at other enterprises also;
for example, the Tyrnyauz deposit contains scarn marble and the yield of
calcite from the process will make it possible to produce a mare concen-
trated heavy fraction of ore and incidentally produce marble chips for con-
~structior? purposes. Gipronikel' and Mekhanobr [All-Union Scientific Re-
search and Planning Institute of the Mechanical Processing of Minerals]
muat speed up the plan development and the Soyuzredmet Association must
solve the problem of introduction.
The ministry has systematically been following a general line toward the
introduction of oxygen in technological processes for the pr~duction of
non-ferroua metals.
A great number of non-ferrous metals are being produced annually by using
oxygen. Oxygen has been most widely used in smelting copper and nickel,
. in roastir~g zinc concentrate and in producing lead.
When oxygen is used in metallurgy the process is intensified and the con-
sumption of fuel is reduced. For example, shaft smelting using an oxygen
blast results in savings of about a quarter of a million tons of inetallurg-
ical coke per year.
_ _ -
The economic efficiency of using oxygen is now widely recognized. All the
oxygen plants constructed are being run at full capacity. However there
is one enterprise--the Severonikel' Combine--at which the 12,000-m3/h- -
capacity oxygen plant built in 1976 has up to thie time not found a custo-
mer for its products. As paradoxical as it is, at the Severonikel' Combine
it is thought that when the plant is not operating it produces fewer losses ~
than while it is being used.
The Gipronikel' Institute, which designed this plant, and the Severonikel'
Combine must reconsider their incorrect position and find a solution for
the intelligent utillzation of oxygen in the combine's production. ~
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Of eapecially great importance for improving the efficiency of the produc-
tion of heavy non-ferroua metal~ is the introduction of new oxygen pro-
ceeeae. Thia has been damonatrated by mar~ than a d~cada exp~x~i~nc.@ ~.n
the operaCion of a commercial furnace Por the oxqgen-~et smelting of copper _
concentratea at the Almalyk Crnabine. Energy coste for the production of _
unrefined copper by this method are 27 percent lower than when smelting in
a reverberatory furnace.
; An engineering pro~ect has been developed for total conversion of the A1-
malyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine to oxygen-~et amelting. After im-
plementation of this pro~ect the extraction of sulfur from gases in the
form of sulfuric acid at this enterprise wi11 be increased to 96 percent
and there will be an opportunity to increase the processing of gold-con-
- taining fluxes and to increase the extraction of precious metals from
Kal'makyrskiy ore.
_ Since 1975 an industrial plant for the oxygen electrothermal smelting
("Kivtset") of copper-zinc concentrates has been in operation at the Irtyshsk ' -
Complex Ore Combine and the reconstruction is under way on this combine's
copper smelting plant, based on the "Kivtset" technology. This technology
makes possible the high extraction of precious components, considerably
improves labor productivity and effectively solves the problem of protecting
the environment.
- Engineering pro~ects are being carried out for reconstruction of lead pro-
~ duction capacities according to the "Kivtset" technology at the Far East
Mining and Metallurgical Combine and the Elektrotsink Plant. The construc-
tion of such a unit is under way at the Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Com-
bine.
The reconstruction of these enterprises will make it possible to extract
_ from raw material an additional many thous4nd tons of zinc and copper,
will produce about 100,000 tons of sulfuric acid per year, and will realize
- an additional annual profit of approximatelq nine million rubles.
Autogenous processes, in spite of their high efficien~~y, are being intro-
duced so slowly that they tc~ a considerable extent have become obaolete and
are being replaced by new processes even before they are mastered. For
example, a new autogenous process is being developed at the Nori1'sk Mining
and Metallurgical Combine as well as in a unit at the experimental Gint-
svetmet Plant in Ryazan'.
The decree of the CPSU Centra~mmiftee and USSR ~ouncil of Ministers
according to which the USSR Gosplan, ministries and departments must allo-
cate capital investments primarily for the reconstruction and retooling of -
enterprises will make it possible for production subdivisions, as well as
for conetruction organizations, to speed the introduction of high-efficien- _
cy autogenous processes in production, and there is reason to expect that
the pace of introduction of this a~dvanced technology wi11 increase.
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. `
The thorough utilization o~ raw material has an en~rmous xole in the 3m-
provement oP the economic efficiency o~ production and is evidenced in a
savings of ~abor~ and capital, i.e., in an increase in the product-
ivity of social labor, acceleration in the gr~wth of total product output,
more efficient utiliaation of capital investments, a reduction in product
coet, and in a nuiaber of other factors.
i`~~ Improvement in the com~leteness of the sxtraction of inetals and in the
thoroughneae of the utilization of raw ore has exerted a direct influenee
� on the improvement of technical and economic indicators of production. For
~ example, at the Uet'-Kamenogorak Lead and Zinc Combine the profitability of -
the ma~ority of types of byproducts has far surpasaed the profit.abi~.ity of
- basic products. ~'or example, the production of cadmium ie 3.4 t~mea and the
production of aulfuric acid is 13 times more profitable than the production
of zinc. The production of unrefined copper from raw lead ore ia 5.8 times -
more pxofitable than the production of lead.
A considerable savinga from improving the thoroughness of the utilization
' of raw material has been g~ined at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical
Combine. As the result of a systematic increase in the output of bypro-
~ ducts, their ahare of the total of commodity products hae exceeded 25 per-
cent.
A great influence on the industry's operating resulta with regard to the
~~it~rough utilization of raw materia]s has been exerted by the CPSU Central
_ Cnmmittee's decree "On the Work of Party Organizatione of the Ust'-Kameno-
- gorsk Lead and Zinc and Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Combines Relating
to the Mobilization of Collectives for the Achievement of High Indicators
for the.Thorough Utilization of Raw Ore." Non-ferrous metallurRy enter-
prisea and inetitutes have begun purposefully, actively and o~~ec~ively
work on improving the utilization of raw material. The advanced know-how
of ~he Ust'-K.amenogorsk and Balkhash combinea, approved by the CPSU Central
Committee, has begun to be employed extensively at other enterpriaes of the
induatry.
Important results have been achieved by concentratora at Ural plante, e.g.,
in the concentration of copper and zinc ore at the Uchalinakiy, Sredne-
ural'sk, Karabash and Kirovgrad plants on account of the introduction of
multi-stage flotation systems, aeration and conditioning of pulp, and ef-
fective methods of refining unrefined concentratea.
In 1978 versus 1977 there has been an increase in extraction of copp~r of
3.6 percent and of zinc of 6.5 percent at the Karabash Plant, and of zinc ~
of 2.4 percent at the Sredneural'sk Pla;rt.
Because of further mastery of the technology of extracting secondary com-
ponents, in the copper industry the yi~1d of molybdenum concentratea has
been increased by 20 percent, in tlie tin industry that of copper concen-
trates by 30 percent, and of zinc by 65 percent, and the production og a
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lead concentrafie has been arranged for; in the tungsten and molybdenum sub- ~
industry the output of a bismuth product has been increased by 11 percent,
and in the rare metals subi~idustry, that of mica concentrates by seven per-
cent and of quartz molding sand by nine percent.
- At the same time today it is neceesary to direct epecial attention and ef-
fort to eliminating existing shortcomings. Still many concentration plants
continue in 1979 to underfu1fi11 the plan quotas for the extraction of ine-
tals. The greatest number of plants which do not fulfill their extraction
quotae are under the direction of Kazmintsvetmet [Kazakh SSR Ministry of
Non-Ferrous Metallurgy] and the Soyuzmed', Soyuzzoloto and Soyuzpolitnetall
all-Union industrial associations, among them the Tekeli, Kentau, Almalyk,
- Kirovgrad and Sredneural'sk concentration plants.
The positive results of the work of the ma~ority of plants have been to a
considerable degree depreciated for the national economy by the unsatis-
~factorily working enterprises.
Above-quota losses of inetals are the result of poorly organized technologi-
cal sampling of deposits, an uneven-paced delivery of ore to plants, and
deviations from the planned chemical and material composition of ore to be
refined. It is obviously necessary to plan and monitor the stable quality
of ore being recovered. At a number of enterprises the preparation of pro- _
duction for the receipt of ore with a modified composition is being enacted
more and more unsatisfactorily. The role of the crushing and pulverizing
of ore is being underrated; production process discipline is being violated;
and different grades of ore are being mixed unjustifiably. Reflected in '
extraction figures also are the unsatisfactory servicing of equipment and
frequent unscheduled shutdowns of it.
The considerable potential of concentration plants in this regard is ob-
vious and they must utilize it more rapidXy.
In the current year the ma~ority of inetallurgical enterprises improved
their figures for the extraction of inetals. However, such combines as the
Noril'sk Mining and Metallurgical, Pechenganikel', Severonikel', Yuzhural-
nikel', Krasnoural'sk Copper Smelting and Ufaleyskiy Nickel, as well as the
Sredneural'sk Copper Smelting, the Chimkent Lead, the Elektrotsink and the
Nal'chik Hyrdometallurgical plants, have not fultilled their quotas for the
extraction of inetals.
Of great importance for improvement of the thoroughness of the utilization
of raw material is the more complete processing of production semiproducts
and waste. The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of
Ministers obliges ministries and departments to "develop and incorporate in
the structure of five-year plans plans for the utilization of byproducta
and secondary products, secondary materials and other resources."
Lead plants at the present time have accumulated a great amount of
zinc-containing slag. The extent of its procesaing during the years of
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the f.ive-year p].an period increased almost twofold in 1978 as compared with
1975 and wi11 increase in 1980 by even more than 30 percent. Tn the pro-
_ cessing of slag in the fuming plant of the Ust'-Kam~nogorek Lead and Zinc
Combine the cost of commodity zinc ie approximr~tely twofold lower than the
coet of inetal produced from concentrAtes. Zabor productivity in the ex- -
traction oP metals from slag ia more than twof.;.1d higher than labor pro-
ductivity in the recovery of inetals from raw ore.
However, a number of quotas for the processing of zinc-containing slag are
not being.fulfilled, chiefly because of delays in the conatruction of a
Wae1z complex for proceesing cold slag and of a hydrometallurgical section
for processing zinc cakes at the Leninogorsk Complex Ore Combine. The
construction of the hydrometallurgical section at the Almalyk Mining and
Metallurgical Combine is also being accomplished slowly. The entry into
service of this section would make it possible for the combine to relieve
the capacity of the Waelz section for processing slag from the Chimkent
Lead Plant in an amount of up to 75,000 tons per year.
One great potential for improving the efficiency of production processes is
the most complete utilization of ore deposits and expansion of the raw ma-
terials base by involving in processing unyielding and substandard ore
~lhich ie hard to sub~ect to concentration.
~'his is of especially important significance in the production of copper.
The demand of the national economy for this metal has been increasing con-
tinuously, and the content of copper in mined. and proepected ore ia eteadi-
_ ly decreasing. The price of copper on the world market has been eteadily
increasing and at the preaent time has reached $2000 per ton. In light of -
thie it ia not posaible further to tolera~te underrating of the method of _
compact and eubterranean leaching of beyond-balance and ao-called loat ore.
- Already in operation in the industry are six plants for the compact leach-
ing of copper. The cost of the metal produced by this method, with the
exception of the Almalyk Combine (where the planned capacity of fihe unit =
has not yet been mastered), does not exc~eed the cost of copper in pyrome- ~
tallurgical production. However this method of increasing the output of
copper from inexpensive raw material has clearly been underrated by enter-
priaea of Kazmintsvetmet and Soyuzmed'.
Having been unjustifiably dragged out is the construction in the lOth Five-
Year Plan period of a plant for compact leaching of copper at the Balkhash
,~GMK [Hydrometallurgical Combine], and work has been proceeding at a slow.
pace at the East Kazakhstan Copper Chemical and Krasnoural'sk Copper Smelt-
ing combines. Kazmintsvetmet and Sopuzmed' shou~.d take measures to develop
the production of cement copper at these enterprisee.
The non-ferroua metallurgy industry hae at its disposal great opportunities
for improving the utilization of non-~errous metal scrap and waete and for
involving in production waste s1ag, primarily that with a high metal con-
tent, and zinc cakes and other waste and semiproducts of production, ffie
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well as a potential ~or impxoving the utiliz~,tion q~ exh~u~t gases aiid
waste water. ~
; Tn recent times much has been done to increase the extent o~ the prepara-
tion of non-ferrous metal scrap and waste and to improve their utillzation.
Involved in the area of preparation and production have been new kinde of .
waste, such as tungsten-containing, molybdenum, rhenium-containing and -
others which previously were not utilized. New technological processes
have been developed far proeessing dif~erent kinds of waste. However, the
figures for the extraction of secondary metals at the Soyuzvtortsvetmet
Association are inadequate.
Having taken place are physical losses of aluminum in storage, oxidation
- of it in open areas, as well as heavy losses of inetal along with slag.
_ These causes are characteristic of many enterprises of Soyuzvtortsvetmet.
The work of the industry's VNII'Pvtartsvetmet [All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Processing of Secondary Non-Ferrous Metals] Institute should
be directed primarily, and the concentration of the Soyuzvtortsvetmet Asso-
ciation should be concentrated on elimination of the shortcomings in ar-
rangements for the processing of secondary raw material in the non-ferrous
metallurgy industry.
Copper,secondary raw material is beiug processed chiefly at the Kirovgrad
Copper Smelting Combine with high indicators. Furthermore, a number of
valuable components are b`ing utilized as byproducts.
However, here, too, there is a potential for a more complete and thorough
utilization of raw material. It is necessary to speed construction of the
experimental industrial plant for electrothermal processing of shaft fur-
nace slag for the purpose of extracting from it zinc and tin, to arrange
�or the processing of the entire quantity of tin-containing converter slag,
and to take a number of other measures.
The chief inethod of utilizing sulfur-containing gases at enterprises of the
non-ferrous metallurgy industry is the production of sulfuric acid.
In 1978 the output of sulfuric acid from metallurgical exhaust gases in-
creased almost 30 percent as compared with 1970.
Furthermore, the cost of one ton of sulfuric acid produced from metallurgi-
cal gases is 30 to 40 percent lower than that obtained in chemical plants
from pyrite concentrates and more than 40 percent lower than that produced from
elemental sulfur.
In the industry there is considerable potential ~or increasing the produc-
tion of sulfuric acid. At the present time only 40 percent o~ the sul~ur
from metallurgfcal gase~ is being uttlized.
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One of the reasons for the unsatisfactory utilization of sulfur 3s the
preaence of large aa~ounta of aulfur-containing gases with a 1ow content of
hydrogen aulfide. Radical 3mprovement in the utilizat~on of these gasea
involvea the introductfon o~ autogenous procesaes in the production of
heavy non-ferroue metale. -
At a number of enterpriaes capacities are not being fully utilized for in-
creasing the processing of lean gases with the existing capacities of sul-
furic acid sections. A complex, introduced in 1977, for the utilization of
sintering gases at the Ust'-�Kamenogorak Lead and Zinc Combine, is still not
in full operation. Not totally completed is the reconstruction of sulfur-
trapping units which make it possible to increase the utilization of con-
verter gases at the Sredneural'sk Copper Smelting Plant. Becau~e of the low
concentration of hydrogen sulfide, the utilizatior. of sulfuric acid capacities
at the Severonikel' Combine equals only 51 percent, and the oxygen plant at
thia enterpriae, as already mentioned above, is not operating.
_ _ _ . . _ _
Improvement in the degree of utilization of ~sulfur is not only-of economic,
but also of ecological importance; therefore, great attention should be
paid in 1980 and in the llth Five-Year Plan period to questions relating
to the utilization of sulfur gases.
A leading role ix~ speeding technical progresa and improving production
efficiency belongs to planning and scientific research institutee, ecienti-
tic development directors and chief pro~ect engineers. Their work should
be evidenced not only in the high-quality execution of pro~ecta and in the
introduction through their pro~ects of advanced technology and equipment,
but also in mastery of the planned capacities and technical and economic
iadicators at new and reconstructed enterprises at which their plane and
= di!velopmente are implemented. There are entirely sufficient opportunitiea
for this at institutes (semi-induatrial and industrial teating, the inven-
tor's supervision, base laboratoriea, special teams, etc.).
However, the state of aff~irs ia such that only by an underestimation of
this most important ~ob on the part of directors of planning and scientific
organizations, directors of scientific reaearch studiea and chief pro~ect
- engineera can be explained the long overdue mastery of the planned capaci-
ty of the Kirovabad Aluminum P1ant and the planned figures of the Krasno-
yarsk Plant (VAMI [Ali-i7nion Institute of Aluminum and Magnes3um]); of the
buildir:~ for,the self-c~rushing of ore at the Tyrnyauz Combine and the
Karagayly and Madneul'akapa concentration plants (Mekhanobr); of the capa-
city of the Mukulansaiy Pit, and of the new anodizing section of the
Noril'sk Combine, and the metallurgical and chemical capacities of the
- Severonikel' Combine (Gipronikel'); of the large-ecale sheet section at
the "Krasnyy '~p~orzhete" [Red ElectorJ LPO [Sheet Meta1 ~'roduct3on Aesoci-
ation] and the Kamenak-Ural'akiy and Revda plants of OTsM [Saciety of
Non-~errous Metallurgy] (Giprotsvetmetobrabotka [State Scientific Reeearch
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and Planning ~nstitute of Alloys and Processing o~ Non-~errous Metals]);
and of the Mtsensk Secondary Non--Ferrous Metals ~1ant (VN1IIPvtortsvetmet).
The miniatry is quite strictly making directors of enterprises, institutes
and 3cientific research woxk and chie~ pro~e~t engineers answer for the
non-high-quality execution of pro~ecta or sections of them and for the
overdue mastery of newly introduced capacitiea. gor the purpose of eradi-
cating such cases in the,work pXactiCe of institutes, an intolerant attitude
must be created in teams toward people who unsatisfactorily perform work
given them aad who work without ingenuity and without fervor. Too great
are the negative conaequencea of an irreaponsible attitude toward work.
It is necessary to increase the sense of responsibility of each associate.
The decree discussed,,of the.CPSU Cen~ral Committee and USSR Co~nci~ 6f
' Ministers, obliges the ministry to change over in the llth Five Year Plan
period induatrial institutes to a new form of account3:ng'~for completel.y
executed scientific developments. ~
_ On the basis of the requirements for the thorough planning of scientific
research work, its completion will be considered the introduction of the
results of the research in production with the achievement of all planned
figures. Directors of institutes must very seriously prepare for this,
since the changeover requires a radical restructuring of the organization
of all work and a considerable improvement in the sense of responsibility
of scientific associates for the results of their work.
Production efficiency is inextricably linked with the quality of the re-
sulting product. In the lOth Five-Year Plan period in the industry a great
amount of work has been done on the mastery of the production of new prod-
ucts of higher quality. The output of eversharp hard-alloy blades has been
increased thxeefold, production has been begun on tungsten-free hard alloys, -
and more than 700 types of rolled and drawn products, electrodes with a pro-
tective coating, and new semiconductor materials have been mastered. All
this has produced a considerable savings for the national economy.
- - - - - _ . . -
At metallurgical enterprises, as a result of an improvement in technology,
there has been an increase in the output of higher grades of nickel, cop-
per, zinc, titanium and a number of other met3ls, and as a result of this
enterprises have received additional profit. But the main result consists
in supplying the national economy with high-quality metals and in improving
the technical level of production in consuming branches of industry, in
transportafion and in agriculture.
On the other hand, with regard to the quality of some kinds of products the
demand of the national econom}* is still not being satis~ied totally. The
most importanfi ob~ectives are to improve the quality of primary and second-
ary aluminum and of rolled non-ferrous metals, to develop a technology for
producing electrolytic copper foil, and to expand the production of
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eversharp hard-a11oy bladea tqade of tungsten-~xee hard alloys and having
wear-reeistant coatinge.
Tn 1979 agencies o~ Gosatandart [3tate Bureau o~ Standarda] applied eco-
nomic sanetione to a Yiumber of enterpriees for producing producte with ~he
v3olation of standarde and technical apecificationa. It iB neceaeary to
take meaeures to not tolerate the production of eubstandard products.
It is necessary to strengthen technolog3cal and product~on d3scipline at
enterprises and to enaure the strict observance oP technological rules and
operating modee.
Tn the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress and in the decree of the CPSU
~ Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers great importance has been
attached to ecientific and technical progress.
Aa USSR Gosplan President N.K. Baybakov correctly stated, "Both the produc-
tion plan and the capital construction p1an must be based on the plan for
acientific and technical progress, must become an extension of it and its
materialization in products and fixed capital."
COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO METALLURGIYA, TSVETNXYE METALLY, 1979
- [81-8831]
8g31
C$0: 1842
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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ALLOYS FOR ATOMIC ENERGY
Moscow SPLAVY DLYA ATONWOY ENERGETIKI in Russia.n 1979 signed to press
20 Sep 79 pp 3-4, 210-211
[Foreword and Table of Contents from book edited by Professor, Doctor of
Chemical Sciences 0. S. Ivanov and Candidate of Technical Sciences Z. M.
Alekseyeva, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of
~ Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, 1,000 copies, 215 pages]
[Text] Recent results of t~teoretical and experimental analysis of con-
stitution diagrams of the ~hase composition, structure and properties, in -
the equilibrium and metastable states, of alloys of various systems that are
important for the analysis and development of nuclear fuel and construction
materials for atomic power reactors, are presented in this collection. � .
The first part cantains a survey on the prospect of the thermodynamic method
of calculating constitution diagrams of two- and multico~~~ponent metallic
systems with the aid of the electronic computer, which has undergone con-
siderable development in the last decade. Works of this nature open great
_ opportunities for the further development of the general theory of inetallic
alloys and for the construction of effective constitution diagrams of multi-
component systems, including systems with uranium, plutonium, thorium and
- zirconium.
- The program of studies aimed at the construction of the constitution dia-
gram of the quaternary system U-Pu-C-N by thermodynamic calculation marks
the beginning of the analysis of the behavior of carbonitride uranium-
plutonium fuel during exhaustive burnout.
The results of thermodynamic and analytical methods of the construct~on of
constitution diagrams of multicemponent systems are presented in many
articles. F~r example, calculations of the temperature dependences of the
differences of Gibbs~ thermodynamic potentials between competing uranium,
thorium, plutonium an3 other phases are given; considerable attention is _
devoted to methodological aspects of the construction of constitution dia-
- grams of multicomponent systems; a new analytical approach to such construc-
tion on tiie basis of familiar constitution diagrams of binary systems is set
~ 20
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forth; the vectorial approach to the problem of the thermodynamic calcula-
tion of the constitution diagrams of multicomponent systems is described.
The section includes artiCles that describe the results of an experimental
construction of constitution diagrams, or of their elements, of the
, U-Cr-C, U-Pd-Ni, U-Th-Fe, Th-Pd systems. Interesting experimental data are
presented on the stabilization of uranium monocarbide with excess carbon
and with chromium anc'~ iron additives.
Diagrams of the metastable state are drawn for the development of the ~
thermal processing of uraniw~n alloys in concentration-temperature coordinates
for alloys of several cross sections ~f the tc*~iary U-Zr-Mp,'U-Zr=Nb and
U-Nb- Mo systems, in alloys of which the Y-~ ys + a~ + ab multistep mar-
tensite transformation takes place during hardening. X-ray diffraction
analysis of U-Mo and U-Nb alloys with a third component established~that the
valence factor of the alloying metal exerts the strongest effect on the
change of the crystal structure of the metastable a~, a", y�, ys phases.
The second part pertains to analyses of the concentration dependence of
properties. The radiation strength of inetallic alloys of uranium is ana-
lyzed systematically by way of example of many alloys; the principles of gas
swelling as a function of composition and microstructure are disclosed; the
results of an analysis of the physico-mechanical properties at high tempera-
ture of carbonitride materials that are important for atomic energy are
reported. Arti~les in the book on the analysis of the corrosion resistance
of zirconium alloys pertain to the presently most important range~o� ele-
vated working temperatures. The articles in the collection ar~ original and
previousl.y unpublished.
Editor-in-chief, Professor, Doctor of Chemical Sciences Oleg Sergeyevich
~ Ivanov died unexpectedly during the preparatian of the manuscript for press.
0. S. Ivanov is the leading scientist in the field of the development of the
physico-chemical principles of alloys for atomic energy. Analyses of the
constitution diagrams, phase transformations and properties of alloys of the
most important binary, ternary and quaternary systems based on uranium,
thorium and zirconium, completed with his participation and under his super-
vision, are known widely both in the USSR and abroad. Being an experimenter, -
0. S. Ivanov foresaw that thermodynamic calculation would, in the future,
come to the aid of the researcher, presently constructing constitution dia-
grams through experimental analysis of many alloys, His works in this field
have already been realized for two-component and for some three-component -
systems. All studies conducte d under the supervision of 0. S. Ivanov in
the laboratory of physico-chemi.cal analysis of alloys of the Institute of =
Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov of the USSR Academy of Sciences, were dictated -
' b,y practical problems of the search for new materials necessary for industry
and the national economy. The results of most of these studies have found
~ reflection in thematic symposia and monographs, in journal articles, in -
works of national anc~ i,nt~ational conferences and in a>>thors~ aescriptions
and patents. This eollection is the seventh thematic eollection of works of
the laboratory, which 0. S. Ivanov headed foc 25 years. ~
21
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_ Conr.ents Page
Foreword 3
_ Constitution Diagrams and Phase Conversions .
of U and Zr Alloys
0. S. Ivanov, A. L. Udovskiy _
State of the Art and Prospects of Thermodynamic Calculation of -
Constitution'Diagrams of Me#.a11ic~~Systems 5
A. L. Udovskiy, Z. M. Alekseyeva
Analysis of Phase Equilibria in U-C-UN System 17
A. L. Udovskiy
Thermodynamic Calculation of Constitution Diagram of UC-UN System 27 -
A. L. Udovskiy, A. M. Gaydukov, 0. S. Ivanov
Analytical Method of Drawing and Depicting Constitution Diagrams of
, Multicomponent Systems 33
A. L. Udovskiy
Thermodynamic The~.,ry of First-Kind Phase Transitions of Pure
Components 56
A. M. Gaydukov, A. L. Udovskiy
Utilization of Vectorial Form of Equations of Equilibrium for
Thermodynamic Description and Calculation of Constitution Diagrams
o~ Multicomponent Systems 71
Z, M. Alekseyeva, 0. S. Ivanov
Phase Equilibria and Crystal Structure of Ternary C~mpounds of
U-Cr-C System 86
L. N. Aleksandrova, Z. M. Alekseyeva
Analysis of Polythermal Cross Section UFe2-Th and Crystal Structure
of the Compound UFeZTh2 106
G. I. Teiekhov, I. Sinyakova, 0. S. Ivanov
Constituti~;. Diagram of Alloys of Pd-Ni-U Syst~;m Based on Pd 110
G. I. Terekhov, R. Kh. Tagirova, 0. S. Ivanov
Constitution Diagram of Alloys of Pd-Th System Based on Pd 119 -
T. 0. Malakhova
Analysis of Constitutia~~ Biagram of Zirconium Part of Zr-Fe,
Zr-Cr-Fe and Zr-Cr-Cu Systems . 123
R. M. Sofronova, A. G. Nikolayev, E. M. Lyutina, Ye. A. Voytekhova
Influence of Additives of A1, Mn, Pd, Ir and Pt on Y-~ ab Martensite
Transf~rmation in Uranium Alloys 131 ~
. R. M. Sofronova, A. G. Nikolayev, A. N. Kobylkin
Metastable Constitution Diagrams for All~ys of Certain Cross Sections _
~of Ternary Systems of U w:.*h inv, Nb and Zr 135
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R, M. Sofronova, A. G. Nikolayev
- Monoclinic Metastable Phase ab in U-Nb-V and U-Mo-V Systems 139
G. K. Alekseyenko ~ .
Influence of V and Fe on Distribution of Metastable Phases in
- Zr-Nb System 144
- Properties of Alloys of Uranium and Zirconium
L. I. Gomozov
Dependence of Gas Swelling of Uranium Alloys on Composition and
Temperature 149
_ A. I. Dedyurin, L. I. Gomozov, 0. S. Ivanov
Strength of Sintered Carbide Materials in Region of Brittle Failure 160
L. I. Gomozov, A. I. Dedyurin, 0. S. Ivanov
Influence of High-Temperature Annealing on Structure and Properties
of Carbide Materials 169
L. I. Gomozov
Physico-Chemical Principles of Change of Parameters of Electron-
~ Phonon Interaction in Metals and Compounds l~g =
Yu. V. Vamberskiy
Reac~ion of Exchange of Uranium Alloys with Molten Chloride
- Electrolyte 200
G. K. Alekseyenko, N. V. Korotkova
Influence of Tempering on Mechanical Properties of Zr-Nb Alloys 204
A. S. Adamova, B. G. Parfenov, Yu. M. Yermakov, V. A. Maslennikov,
~ L. T. Rudenskaya, A. N. Semenov
Coxrosion Resistance of Zr-Cu Alloys with Mo, Cr, V and Fe ir~
Superheated Steam at 450�C Zp~
COP'YRIG1iT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979
[76-7872]
7872
CSO: 1842
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REFRACTORY MATERIALS
?
UDC 666.762.11.017:536.495
CORUNDUM CERAMICS REINFORCID WITH FILAMENTARy CRYSTAT,S OF MULLITE
Moscow OGNEUPORY in Russian No 12, 1,979 pp 34-36
[Article by D. N. Karpinos, Ye. P. Mikhashchuk and V. M. Grosheva,
Institute of Problems of Materials 5cienc~ of the Ukrainian SSR Academy
of Sciences, and V. I. Kalinichenko, Dnepropetrovsk State University]
[Text] Corundum ceramics, which have good physicomechanical properties,
cannot be used under variable thermal conditions at high heating and cool-
ing rates due to their low thermal stability.
It is known that one of the methods of increasing the thermal stability of
_ ceramics is to reinforce them with metal fibers [l, 2], but the use ~f
metal fibers as a reinforcing component leads to weakening of the composites
_ gt high temperatures due to oxidation of the metal.
We conducted investigations to develop a composite material based on alum-
inum oxide with high thermal stability. An aluminum oxide matrix
( Q( -A1203) with grain size less tt~an 2 microns was reinforced with 5, 10,
- 15 and 20 percent (by~volume) of filamentary crystala of mullite (3 A1203�
�2 Si02) [3), whose indices are presented below:
Refractive indices:
~ Nq 1.654
Bifraction 1.642
Angle 2V, degre~ 0�012
Lattice constants, A; 52
- a
, b 7.55 _
' 7.69
c
- Crystal size, microns: 5'~~ ~
length 350,r1,000
thickness
Density, g/cm3 3-5
Meltin 3.1
g point, �c 1,900+20
Tensile strength, MPa
Heat-transfer coefficient 0~�106 in the ranqe of 1,700
20-1,000�C, �C-1 5.3
' 24
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Filamentary crystals of mullite were produoed by a technique developed at
the Inetitute of Problems of Materials Science of the Ukrainian SSR
Academy of Sciences [4~ .
The propertiea of reinforced ceramices are affected by the physicomechani-
cal properties of filamentary crystals, the degree of their uniform dis-
tribution in the composite, the technology of manufacturing the articles
and the number of filamentary crystals introduced.
The uniform distribution of filamentary crystal3 of mullite in the com-
posite depends on the method of mixing tha initial components. High dis-
persion of filamentary crystals of mullite causes nodulfzation of tnem
during lixiviation from the melt, which considerably worsens�uniform
distribution of the composite fibers during preparation of the charge.
Mullite accumulations weaken the products.
Pulverization of the mullite crystals, which occurs upon mixing of the
initial components, also reduces the strength of the composite. The best ~
distribution of mullite crystals in the charge is achieved during dross
mixing of the components in a"mixer"-type stirrer. The moisture content
of the dross is 42 percent and the length of mixing is 20 minutes. The
billets dehydrated in gypaum molds were dried at 100�C to~�2 moisture content
of 2-5 percent and were placed aftar.coolinc~ in graphite molde for hot
forming, which was accomplished on PSU-50 and PG-100 hydraulic presses -
with induction heating.
The main factors which affect the properties of the articles during hot
molding are temperature, forming pressure and isothermal aging. Since
graphite prees-molds have comparatively low stre~gth, molding pressure was
- assumed equal to 15~MPal the molding temperature was 1,500�C [5). The
length of isothermal aging at 1,000�C was selected experimentally.
- ~~r . . .
1B -
15
?1
~ 9
6
3
0 JS 30 45 60'
t, ryui~ ' .
Figure 1. Dependence of Open Porosit,y of Compoeite P on Length
of Isothermal Aging ~C During Hot Forming. The
filamentary crystal content in the specimen was 10
percent.
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There is a finite density for each hot-forming temperature which essen-
tially does not vary due to an increase of the length of isothermal aging.
The material is sintered mainly during the first 15 minutes of isothermal
aging during hot forming (Figure 1). Recrystallization sintering under
pressure, which also leads to a significant increase of thermal stability
(Figure 2), occurs with a further increase of aging. The lenqth of iso-
thermal aging is determined in each specific case and depends on the
shape, dimensions and mass of the product.
The content of filamentary crystals of mullite in corundum ceramica con-
siderably affects its porosity and ~hermal stability. The optimum con- -
tent of filamentary crystals of mullite in the composite (10 percent (by
wlume)) provides good indicators of the composite (see table).
(1) 80
60 ?
,
$ 40 .
~
. ~ Q 20 ` 1
.
~
0
15 ~0 4S 60
r,nuN � ~2~
Figure 2. Dependence of Thermal Stability T on the Length of -
Isothetmal Aging ~ During Hot Forming: 1--A1203
specimeris witho~it gdditive; 2 and 3--composites with
5(2) and 10 percent 3A1203�2Si02(3)
Key: � .
1. T (1,300�C--water), thermal cycling
2. Minutes
An increase in the thermal stability of reinforced Corundum ceramics is
caused by blocking of crack propagation occurring during thermal impact by
the fibera. Corundum reinforcement with filamentary crystals af mullite
_ also inCreases the static (compressive and bending strength) a:~d dynamic
strenqth of the material (impact bending strength). However, an increase
of strength is observed only with an increase of the mullite crystal con-
- tent in the composite up to 10 percent; a further increase reduces ~uq.
. strength, which is explained by an increase of the porosity of the
composite:
The compressive strength is determined on cubic specimens with sides of
10 mm, bending strength is determined on bara 10 x 10 mm in cross-section
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and 60 mm long and impact bending strength is determined on apecimene
10 x 10 mm in cross-section and 50 mm long.
The compressive, bending and impact bending strength are determined due to
the effect of breaking stress para11e1 to the direction of the pressing
force.
Physicomechanical Properties of Reinforced Corundum Ceramics*
Content, percent
Open Strength, MPa
Filamentary Porosity,
Crystals of percent �
Corundum 3A1203�2Si02 Compressive Bending**
100 0.7 1,300 193 (0.4)
95 5 0.55 1,293 217 (0.51)
90 10 0.24 1,200 301.7 (1.03)
85 15 5.8 1,100 211.2
80 20 20.0 900 i 57.2
*
The ceramics were produced by hot forming at 1,500�C with aging for
15 minutes.
- The impact bending strenqth, J/cm2, is indicated in pa~entheses.
, The microstructure of corundum reinforced by filamentary crystals of
mullite was studied in transparent microsections obtained in the plane
perpendicular to the direction of the pressing force (Figure 3).
Based on the results of the investigations, the design office of the insti-
tute manufactured components of an intersectional insulator which is
subjected during operation to the effect of radiation and convective heat
, fluxes. The parts were manufactured by the hot forming method in the form
of billets 100 mm high with outer diameter of 85 mm and inner diameter of
45 mm and were machined by diamond tools on metal-cutting machines.
Semi-industrial tests showed the promise of using corundum ceramics rein-
forced with filamentary crystals of mullite under variable thermal load
conditions.
Conclusions
The technoloqy of producing highly heat-resistant dense corundum materials
reinforced with filamentary crystals of mullite was developed. The optimum
number of filamentary crystals of mullite in the composite was determin~d.
It was established that reinforcement of the ceramics with filamentary
crystals of mullite permits an increase of its strength.
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. i�
r ~ ~M,;
~
w-'
Figure 3. Microstructure of Corundum Ceramics Reinforced With
Filamentary Crystals of Mullite. X120.~Yansmitted
light. Without analyzer.
The promise of using reinforced corundum as a structural material operat-
ing under variable thermal load conditions was shown.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Hoffman, U. H., BER. DTSCH. KERAN[� GES., No 43, 1966.
2. Vasilos and E. G. Wolff, N~TALS, Vol 19, No 5, 1960.
3. Karpinos, D. M., Ye. P. Mikhashchuk, V. M. Grosheva, V. M. Panasevich
et al, Inventor's Certificate 279409 (USSR), OTKRYTIYA, IZOBRETENIYE,
PRO?4YSHLENIYA OBRAZTSY, TOVARNIYY ZNAKI, No 26, 1970.
4. Panasevich, V. M., "Synthesis and Investigation of the.Main Proper-
ties of Filamentary Crystals of Mullite," Author's Abstract of
Candidate Dissertation, Kiev, 1968.
5. Mikhashchuk, Ye. P., "Investigating the Technology of Producing Com-
posite Materials Qf Increased Thermal Stability Based on Commercial
Alumina," Author's Abstract of Candidate Dissertation, Kiev, 1972.
[85-6521]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", "Ogneupory", 1979
6521 28
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MISCELLANEOUS
UDC: 669.2:338.9
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES URGED
Moscow TSVETNYYE METALLY in Russian No 1], Nov 79 pp 9-15
[Article by A. P, Snurnikov: "Efficient Utilization of Resources One of
the Principal Tasks of the Scientific and Technical Community"]
[Text] "No matter how the wealth of our society may grow,
- the strictest economy and thri~t remain among the most im-
portant conditions for growth and development of the na-
tion`s economy and improving living standards of the
people" (From speech by CPS�U Central Committee General
Secretary Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th CPSU Congress)
- Following are the principal directions being taken in the area of efficient
utilization of raw material and fuel-energy resources in nonferrous metal-
~.lurgy: improvement in the level of comprehensiveness of raw materials utili-
zation, development of waste-free industrial processes, conservation of
~ fuel and electric power, and protection of equipment and structures against
corrosion.
Guided by the CPSU Central Committee decree entitled "On the Work of the
Party Organizations of the Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc and Balkhash Mining-
Metallurgical Combines on Mobilization of Work Forces to Achieve High Per-
forniances in Comnrehensive Utilization of Raw Ore," ferrous metallurgical
enterprises and institutes are working systematically on improving utiliza-
tion of raw materials and increasing extraction of inetals.
In recent years the advanced know-how of the above-mentioned combinea,
approved by the CPSU Central Committee, has been disseminated throughout
this branch of industry with the aid of scientific research institutes,
primary organizations, republic and oblast Scientific and Technical So-
ciety boards. The scale of application of advanced industrial processes,
which are boosting fi~ures on comprehensive utilization of raw materials,
has expanded.
In 1978 there was a 17% increase in volume of ore processing with emp~.oy-
ment of preliminary concentration in heavy media. This process is
presently being set up at the ore concentration mills at the Tekeli ~ead-
..Zinc and Leninogorsk Polymetal combines.
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Volume of ore processing employing self-grinding and ore-pebb~.e grinding
has increased by several million tons. Layouts for selective flotation
of combined hard-to-dress ores are being perfected.
Multistage arrangements for pulp flotation, aeration and conditioning
have been adopted in concentrating copper-zinc ores at the Uchaly, '
Sredneural'sl 0; D(T) = Doexp ( T>'
Here the diffusion coefficient of the impurity atoms D in (1) depends on
the temperature T of the surface layer. This function is determined pri-
marily by the exponential term [7]. Inasmuch as during the process of
laser heating the target temperature varies with time T=T(t), equation (1)
must be solved for an arbitrary time function of the diffusion coefficient
D=D(t).
Ir is necessary to add the boundary and initial conditions defined by the
statement of the problem to the system of equations (1). In the problem
of laser cleaning we shall consider that the initial distribution of the
impurities in the surface layer of the metal is described by the normal
law
~2) N~z~ ~r=o - Noexp(-z=/zo), aN = 0, N = 0.
az ~ ==o I~=_
a .
0,2
f 2
0,1
o ~1)
4 B 1Z 16 t, t
Figure 1. Experimental (1) and theoretical (2) dependence
of the variation of the absorptivity A(t). The calculation
was performed for the parameters of a specific experiment in
[13]: P=15.8 watts, m=87.13 mg, s=0.3 cm2, A01=0.05, A02=0.1,
n=1.5, k=A.019, n=2.22x10-3 watts/cm2��C~, Qp=0.415
Td=11000�K, d~=3�10'3 cm2/sec, TQ=10000K; 4D/z~=10~-sec'1.
Key:
1. t, sec
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A J00 30r0 70_~0 l000 ~�C
0,1
� ~
0.1 - Z
0
: u 6 B t,C ~l) r
Figure 2. Theoretical dependence of the variation of the
absorptivity of a thermally thin plate of titanium during
its heating in the air by the emission of a C02-laser.
The calculation was performed for the following values of
the parameters: P=20 watts, m=50 mg, s=0.3 cm2, A01=0.05,
ApZ=0.1, n=2.6, k=0.045, Td=33000K, d~=104 cm2/sec,
T0=18000K, Dp=3�10-3 cm2/sec
Key:
1. t, sec
The solution of equations (1), (2) has the form [8]
~
r
o ( z
0 0
(3) N(z. t} = exp - ~p j ex ( ldr.
r+~ ~ Zo~~ +~P)~ zo o p\ T~T)/
. For the problem of saturation of the metal surface with oxygen of the air,
the initial and boundary conditions for equation (1) have the form
~4~ N~z't~~r o~=0, N(z.t)Is_o=No, N(z,t)IZ_~=0.
Solving equations (1) with condition (4), we obtain [8]
( l r
~5~ N~z, r) = No (1 -~l2 ~/J' 9= Do f~ exp ( T,~T~I dr,
~ ~ i
~(x) is the probability integral [9].
Let us first consider the absorption of the radiation by the metal surface
in the case of a normal skin effect. On satisfaction of the condition
wT� 1(w is the radiation frequenc~~, T is the relaxation time of the
electrons of the metal) the absorpt`.vity of the metal Ap is def ined by the
expression [10]
~6) Ao = nQ , o= an ~~f ~ =Naup~
1 + y /~y
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where Q is the conductivity of the metal, Qp is the conductivity of
the pure metal, Yef is the f requency of the electron-phonon collisions,
yn is the frequency.o� the electron collisions with the impurities, N is
_ the concentration of the impurity atoms, vF is the velocity of the
conduction electrons on a Fermi surface, a is the scattering cross section
~ of the electrons on the impurities.
~ ,
Formula (6) describes the absorptivity of the metal when N=const within
' the limits of the thickness of the skin layer which is not satisfied for
the investigated class of problems. For determination of Ap in this case ~
it is necessary to calculate the surface impedance of the metal Z for the
given impurity distribution N=N(z) (formulas (3), (5)).
Let us consider the important special case Sp/zp �l, yn/Yef �1. In this
- approximation by the ordinary method [11] from formulas (3), (6) we obtain
the following expression for the impedance
Z_ I+i + N~�~� l, bo = c
' Qo zo ` 27�~ f+,p~ 2naow
Hence, for absorptivity of the metal target we have
(8) Ao(t)=.4o, + q 4D~ J P(- T0 ) 1-~/z
~ oz Ao ~ I+ zo o eX T(r) dT/ ,
where A~I and A02 are the absorptivitins of the cleaned me:al and the
metal contaminated with impurities, respectively, where
c Ao~ -Aoi No~~
(9~ Ao~ - aoobo' Aoi �j ~
y
In the investigated approximation d~� z~, Yn�Yef the same reault csn be
obtained, substituting the valuF. of the impurity concentration (3) with
respect to the thick.ness of the skin layer 8 in (6),
(1~) (11~= ~ 6(w>~ _
S((N)) o N(z, t)dz.
In the middle infrared range for the ma~ority of inetals there is a weak
anomalous skin effect [12]. Here instead of formula (6) for the
absorptivity of the target it is necessary to use the e:cpression [10, 6]
' (11) Ao =Az + ` er+ +
Wp
where wp is the plasma frequency.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060018-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060018-4
I~'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Using (3), (10), (11), it is possible to see that for d0 � z~ for the
absorptivity the expression is obtained which coincides with respect to
form with (8) in which, however, the coefficients Apl and A02 are related
to tt~e microscopic characteristics of tl~e metal differently than by (9).
liere, !t L5 not necessary for tlu~ conditlon Yn�=