JPRS ID: 8889 USSR REPORT ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT

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~8 ~Af~UARY 19~0 tFaUO 1~'807 1 aF ~
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JPRS Li88g9
28 January 1980
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- USSR ~e ort
p
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENi
(FOUO 1 /80) _
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JPRS L/8889
28 January 1980 .
~ USSR REPORT
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT ~
(FOUO i/8o) -
This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articles and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific sub~ecta
reflected in the table of contents.
Photoduplications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
Photoduplication Service, Lib~ary of Congress, Washington, D. C. 2U540.
Requests should-provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS PAG~
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
Solar Energy Converter Surfaces
(Mark Mikhaylovich Koltun; SELEKTIVNYYE OPTICHESKIYE
POVERKHNOSTI PREOBRAZOVATELEY SOLNECHNOY ENERGII, 1979)...... 1
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Balancers for Machine Rotors
(Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Gusaree,et al.; AVTOMATICHESKAYA
- BALANSIROVKA ROTOROV MASHIN, 1979) 4
Predicting the Strengt;n of Machine Components
- (PROGNOZIROV~~PTIYE PROCHNOSTI MAT~RIALOV I KONSTRUKTIVNYKH
KOMPONENTOV '.~ASHIN BOL'SHOGO RESUR.SA, 1977) 7 '
HIGH ENERGY DEVICES, OPTICS AND PHOTOGRAPHY ~
Influence of Vibrations on Via~,lal Resolution and Identification
of Ob~ects of Complex Form -
(V.A. Kosnikovskiy; I4VESTI�A VYSSHII~i UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY, .
PRIBOROSTROYENIYE, No 8, 1979) 10
- a- [III - USSR - 21F S&T FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Directors for Measurement of Power Generation in Reactors
(Mikhai?_ Grigor'yevich Mif.el'man, et al.; DETEKTORY
DLYA VNUTRIREAKTORNYKH IZMERENIY EHNERGROVYDELENI~A, 1977).. 15
Radiation Shielding in Nuclear Power Stations
(Viktor Viktorovich Bolyatko, et al.; RADIATSIONNAYA -
ZASHCHITA NA ATOMNYKH ELEKTROSTANTSIYAKH, 1978) lg
ENGINEERII~G AND EQUIPMENT
Aeronautical and Space 2t
Nuclear Energy............ . 22
. Non-Nuclear Energy . 24
Industrial Technology 26
Turbine and Engine Design......... 28
Navigation and Guidance Systems 51
Fluid Mechanics . 54
Mechanics of Solids......... 101
Testing and Materials 110
~ . -
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NON-NUCI.EAR ENERGY
UDC 621.472:621.383.2
SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTER SURFACES
Moscow SELEKTIVNYYE OPTICHESKIYE POVERKHNOSTI PREOBRAZOVATELEY SOLNECHNOY
ENERGII (Selective Optical Surfaces of Solar Energy Converters) in Russian
1979 signed to press 20 Mar 79 pp 4, 214-215
/Annotation and table of contents from book by Mark Mikhaylovich Koltun,
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1,600 copies, 216 pages/
/Text/ Questions of developing optical aurfaces and coatings with selective
spectral characteristics for semicondLCtor solar cells and arrays, which are
used extensively in the autonomous obta~lning of electric pc�;oer in space and
on earth, are covered in the monograph. The properties of selective coat-
ings for concentrators, r~diators, transparent heat-reflecting windows and
thermal collectors of solar radiation are described. Methods of calculat- -
ing the main optical, electrical and thermal parametere of converters with
the optimum selective surfaces and coatings are presented.
The book is intended for specialists in solar energy, semiconductor instru-
ments and optical coatings.
Tables--25, figures--85, references--213.
Contents page
Fo rewo rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter l. Optimization and Calcular_ion of the Optical Characteristics
of Selective Surfaces and Coatings
1.1. Main Ratios for Calculating the Coefficients of Reflection and
Transmission of a Mult3,layer Thin-Film Optical System. 10
1.2. Calculation of the Ef�iciency of lqultilayer Antiref~2ction ~
Coatings of Semiconductor Photoelectric Converters of Solar
Ene r gy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3. Optimization of the Parameters of Semiconductor Photocells,
Whicfi Are Transparent Beyond the Long-Wave Fringe of the
Main Band of Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1 -
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Contents (continued) Page
- 1.4. Heat-Reflecting Coatinge of Photocells Which Are Tranr~parent
Seyond the Long-Wave Fringe of the Main Band of Absorption. 36
1.5. Calculation of the Optical Characteristics of the Multilayer
Selective Coatings of the Converters of Solar Radiation Into
Thermal Er,.ergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
_ 1.6. Optimization of the Parameters of Antireflection Coatings of
Thin-Film HeterophotocelZs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.7. On the Question of the Efficiency of the Coating of Metals
With Transparent Dielectric Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SG
~ Chapter 2. Selective Optical Surfaces of the Converters of Solar
Energy Into Electric Power
2.1. Coating of the Surface of Photocells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2. Temperature Stabilization and Protection of Silicon Photocells
From Radiation by Using Optical Coatings. . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.3. Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter 3. Selective Optical Surfaces of Converters of Solar Radiation
Into Thermal Energy
3.1. Demands on Selective Surfaces of Collectors of Solar Radiation. 110
_ 3.~. Main Types of Selective Coatings, Which Absoa-b in the Area of
the Solar Spectrwn and Reflect in the Area of the Surface's
Own Thermal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.3. The Structure, Optical Properties and Technology of Obtaining
Selective Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4. The Development of Ttao- and Three-Layer Selective Coatings. 138
3.5. The Development of Multilayer Coatings of the Collectors of
_ Solar Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
~.6. Determination of the Integral Optical Charac:teristics of S~lec- _
tive Surfaces in the Presence of Compact and Highex Than Usual
Temperatures. . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.7. Selective Coatings of Radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
_ 3.8. Determination of the Optical Chardcteristics and Stability
of Selective Coatings in Space Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . 157
~ 3.9. Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 4. Selective Optical Surfaces of Combined Solar Energy Converters
4.1. Protective and Selective Coati.ngs of Concentrators of Solar
Radiatian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.2. Selective Optical Coatings of Transparent Insulation of Solar
Energy Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.3. Multilayer and Semiconductor Selective Coatings for Stabiliz- `
ing and Regulating tha Temperature of Solar Energy Converters . 178
4.4. Selective Optical Coatings of Cascade Solar Cells, Thermo-
photoelectric and Photothermic Solar Energy Converters. 18'9
4.5e Study of the Efficiency and Stability of Optical Coatings and
Photocells of Combined Solar Energy Converters. 195
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Contents (continued) page
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
BibllograE'hy. . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
%7807-459/
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- 7807
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TNDIJS'fRIAI, TECHNOLOGY
_ UDC 62-755:620.1.05:621.525:534.24
BALANCERS FOR MACHINE ROTORS
Moscow AVTOMATICHESKAYA BALANSIROVKA ROTOROV MASHIN (Automatic Balancing of
Machine Rotors) in Russian 1979 signed to press 9 Apr 79 pp 2, 150-151
/Annotation and table of contents from book by Anatoliy Aleksandrevich Gusa-
rov, Valeriy Ivanovich Susanin, Lev Nikolayevich Shatalov, Boria Mikhaylo- _
vich Grushin, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1s150 copies, 152 pages/
/Text/ The main materials on automatic balancing are systematized, the -
main demands on automatic balancers are formulated, the principle of con-
struction of fully variable automatic balancers is set forth. Along with
a description of the designs of a number of types of automatic balancers
questions of theory, which concern the operation of the~e devices, are
~overed.
The book is intended for engineers and scientists, who are studying ques-
tions of increasing the life and reliability of high-speed rator machines,
as well as are engaged in the development of the theory and designs of
automatic balancers. The materials set forth may also be useful to instruc-
tors of higher technical educational institutions, to students of the upper
grades and post-graduate students. Tables--1, figures--86, references--75.
~ Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter I. Principles of the Automatic Balancing of Rotors � 5 ,
1.1. Principles of the Appearance of the Imbalance of Rotors. Unbal-
ancing of Rotors Under Operating Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Main Demands on Automatic Balancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3. A Brief Survey of Known Automatic Balancers. 11
1.4. The Efficiency of the Use of Automatic Balancers in Industry 14
- Chapter II. Principles of the Theory of Automatic Balancing. 16 ~
2.1. Convergence of the Process of Balancing a Rigid Rotor in the
Alternate Automatic Minimization of Disbalances on Two Correction
Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 -
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Contents (continued) page ,
2.2. I2iagrams of the Servo Mechanisms of Automatic Balancers and the
Surface of Response of the Procesa of Balancing. The Selection
of the Method of Seeking the Minimum Values of Disbalances of
Ro tors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3. General Evaluation of the Precision of Automatic Balancea 25
Chapter III. Automatic Balancers With the Free Movement of the
Balancing ~Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1. Leblan Liquid Automatic Balancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2. Duncan Liquid Automatic Balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3. (Sirel) Liquid Automatic Balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4. Pendulum and Ring Automatic B~lancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5. Ball Automatic Balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.6. Sensing Elements of Automatic Balancers With Servosystems and
Their ldealtzation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.7. Determination of the Possible Positions of the Pendulum Which
Is in the Field of Centrifugal Forces. ~uestions of the Pre-
cision of the Sensin~ Elements of Automatic Balancers 53
3.8. Oscillations of the Pendulum Which Is in the Field of Centri- -
fugal Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.9. The Condition for Rotor Systems Being Balanced, Which Ensures
the Stability of the Positions Occupied by the Sensing Elements
of Servosystems. Its Technical Execution . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter IV. The Method of the Programmed Search for the Positions of
the Correcting Masses of Automatic Balancers or the Main Axis of Iner-
- tia of the Rotor, in Case of Which Permissible Disbalances Are
Achieved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
~ 4.1. The Method of Random Search as a Prototype of the Method�of _
Programmed Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2. The Use of the Method of Progra~ned Search ir. Positive Centering
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 -
= 4.3. An Example of the Execution of a Control System of Automatic
Balancers, Which Operates According to the Method of Programmed
Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.4. An Experimental Model of an Automatic Balancer With Progratmned
Search and a Stand for Testing Balancers. o. 85
_ 4.5. The Results of the Experimental Study of Automatic Balancers
With Progra~ned Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter V. The Method of the Directed Movement of Correcting Masses
With Allowance Made for the Dyaamic Properties of the System. 92
5.1. An Automatic Balancer Which Is Controlled Directly by Means of
Deviations of the Balance P.otor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2. An Automatic Balancer With a Servosystem and One Sensing Ele-
ment Which Takes Into Account the Dynamic Properties of the
Rotor System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.3. Analysis of the Stability of Operation of Automatic Balancers . 97
S ~
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Contents (continued) PBge
5.4. An Automatic Balancer With ~t,ro Servosystems and Sensitive Ele-
ments Which Take Into Account the Dynami~ Properties of the
Rotor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.5. Functional Diagrame of the Contoura of the Ad,justment of the
Servosyetems of Automatic Balancers and Questiona of the Pre-
_ cision of Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
- 5.6. The Influence of Strain in the Rotor System on the Precision of _
Balancing Using Automatic Balancers With Servosystems 113
5.7. Examination of the Frocess of Balancing With the Use of Optimiz-
ing Systems of Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.8. An Experimental Modei. of an Automatic Balancer With Servosystems
and a Stand for Testing Automatic Balancers . . . . . . . . . . 119
' S.9. Results of the Experimental Study of Automatic Balancers With
Servosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter VI. The Method of the Positive Application of Correcting
Masses to the Rotor Being Balanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.1. Auto~?atic Balancers With the Use of Correcting Masses Made From
a Solid Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 125
6.2. Automatic Balancers With the Use of Liquid Substances as�Cor-'
recting Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3. Automatic Balancers With the Use of the Electrohydraulic Effect
and a Pulsed Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
, 6.4. A C~.osed System of Control of Automatic Balancers With Che Use
- of the Electrohydraulic Effect and a Pulsed Magnetic Field. 141
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
/7807-465%
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INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
UDC 539.4
PREpICTING THE STRENGTH OF MACHINE COI~ONENTS
Kiev PROGNOZIROVANIYE PROCHNOSTI MATERIALOV I KONSTRUKTIVNYKH KOMPONENTOV
MASHIN BOL'SHOGO RESURSA (Prediction of the Strength of Materials and Struc-
tural Components of Machines With a Long Life) in Russian 1977 signed to
press 7 Sep 77 pp 2, 251-252 .
/Annotation and table of cont~flnts from book edited by V._T. Troshchenko et ~
al., Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 850 copies, 264 pages/ -
/Text/ The results of studies on the development of inethods of predicting
- the.strength of the materials and structural components of machines wiCh a
long life are presented in the collection. The :nethods of predicting the
strength and durability of materials under the conditions of long-term
static and cyclical loading with allowance made for the influence of tem-
perature and time factors are examined. The conditions of the limiting
J state of bodies with cracks are analyzed. The possibilities of using�physi-
cal methods for predicting the process of the accumulation of defects in -
various materials with allowance ma~e for their real structure are examined..
The data on the prediction of the strength and durability of structural conr
ponents with allowance made for the real conditions of their uae are cited.
It i~ intended for scientists, designers and materials technologists, who
work in the area of the development and study of materials and the designing
of machines and components.
Contents Page
Fo rewo rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Long-Term Strength and Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
_ V. I. Kovpak, M. V. Baumshteyn. The Application of the Methods of.
Similarity Theory to the Sol ution of Problems of the Temperature and .
Time Prediction of the Characteristics of the High-Temperature -
Strength of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. V. Stanyukovich, V. K. Adamovich, Ye. F. Fridman. 'I'he Reliabil-
ity of the Direct Verification of the Methods of Long-Range Extra-
polation. The Choice of the Optimum M~ethod of Prediction 16
7
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Contents (continued) page _
A. A. Chizhik. The Study of the Characteristics of the High-
Temperature Strength of 20Kh12VNMF Steel During Long-Term Tests
(70,000-100,000 Hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
I. S. Tsvilyuk. Prediction of the Long-Term Strength of Refractory
Metals and Alloys by Temperature and Time Methods 31
G. F. Lepin, V. F. Gorpinich, V. M. Nesterenko. An Analytical
Means of Predicting the Strength and Plasticity of Metallic Mate-
rials Und~r Higher Than Usual Temperature and Different Conditions
of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 -
V. N. Geminov, V. A. Yermishkin, Z. G. Fridman. The Operational _
Estimate Prediction of the Characteristics of High-Temperature
Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
V. V. Krivenyuk.. The Us? of Short-Term Mechanical Characteristics
for Predicting the Characteristics of Long-Term Strength. 54
I. I. Trunin, A. A. Chizhik. The Laws of Creep and the Prediction
of the Life of Trouble-Free Operation of the Comnonents of Power
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
r~. F. Nikitenko, V. V. Rubanov, 0. V. Sosnin. The Time Until Break-
down in the Case of Cyclical Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Fatigue and Brittle Strength
- S. V. Serensen, N. A. Makhutov, A. N. Romanov, M. M. Gadenin. The
Ac~umulation of Defects in Single- and Dual-Frequency High-Temperature
Elastoplastic Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
V. T. Troshchen~CO, L. A. iChamaza, G. V. Tsybaneyev. On the Express
- Determinatiorz of the Fatigue Limit of Metals According to the Char-
acteristics of Cyclical Inelastic Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
V. A. Strizhalo. Prediction of the Durability of Metals in the
Presence of Small-Cycle Loading ilnder the Conditions of Cyclical
Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
L. B. Getsov. The Strain Criterion of Destruction and the Estima-
- tion of the Cyclical Durability of Models and Parts With Complex
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 ~
Yu. F. Balandin, A. V. Guts, A. F. Malygin, A. M. Simonov, Yu. V.
Yankovskiy. The High-Temperature Strength and Heat Fatigue of Re
factory Alloys at 900-1,200�i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.29
I. N. Shkanov. Laws of the Breakdown of.Construction Materials -
With Different Types of Strain as Applied to the Real Conditions =
of Operation of the Components of Aircraft Designs. 137 -
A. N. Petukhov, R. N. Sizova, A. F. Orlov, N. P. Vil'ter. Features
_ of the Prediction of the Durability of the.Parts of Gas Turbine En-
- gines Made From Titanum Alloys With Cyclical Loading. 143
N. I. Grinenko, L. A. Shefer, V. G. Yezhov, I. G. Zavalich. Pre- -
diction of the Fatigue Properties of Materials With Random Loading. 152
Kh. B. Kordonskiy, Ya. F. Fridman. Comparative Analysis of Hyp~-
theses on the Distribution of Fatigue Durability. 161
A. G. Krayev, V. M. Markochev. The Use of Regressive Anal.ysia for
Predicting the Increase of Fatigue Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 -
8
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Contents (continued) page
V. V. Fanasyuk, A. Ye. Andreykiv. Fatigue Propagation of Cr.acks
in a Quasibrittle Body With Cyclical Loading. . . . . . . . . . 169 -
S. D. Volkov, G. I. Dubrovina. Prediction of the Stability of the
Proceas of the Accumulation of Defecta in Technical Materials 178
- Physical Methods
V. T. TrosHchenko, Ye. E. Zasimchuk, L. A. Khamaza, N. D. Vega, G. V.
Tsybanev. Determination of the Fatigue Damage of Metals Using the
X-Ray Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
T~ V. N. Kuranov, V. I. Ivanov, S. I. Tishin, V. S. Makarov. Study of
the Laws of the Increase of Fatigue Cracks and the Resistance to
Fracturing by the Methods of Acoustic Emission and Electric Poten-
tia~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 _
M. G. Lozinskiy, A. N. Romanov, V. V. Malov. Structural Parameters ~
of Small-Cycle Strain and Fracturing of Austenite Steels With In-
tensive Strain Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Structural Components of Machines
_ B. A. Gryaznov, S. S. Gorodetskiy, Yu. S. Nalimov. The Vibration
Strain, Durability and Vulnerability to Damage During Operation of
the Moving Blades of Gas Turbine Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 .
G. N. Tret'yachenko, L. V. Kravchuk, R. I. Kuriat. The Use of the
~ Methods of M~odeling for Studying the Vulnerability to Damage of the
Components of Designs With Thermocyclical Loading . . . . . . . . . 217
L. P. Lozitskiy, A. N. Vetrov, V. F. Lapshov, M. M. Osintsev, A. N.
_ Koveshnikov. Determination of the Durability of the Blades of ~he -
Turbines of Gas Turbine Engines With Nonstationary Complex Loading. 228
- Yu. I. Likhachev, A. A. Proshkin, A. N. Tuzov. Some problems of
Predicting the Working Capacity of the Fuel Elements of Fast
Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Yu. V. Denisov, B. N. Polyakov. A Statistical Method of Estimating
the Operational Durability of Equipment of Heavy Machine Building . 244
./7807-460/
COPYRIGHT; Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1977
7807
CSO: 1861 -
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� .
HIGH ENERGY DEVICES, OPTICS AND PHOTOGRAPHY
- UDC 535.317.25:535.81
INFLUENCE OF VIBRATIONS ON.VISUAL RESOLUTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
OBJECTS 0~ COMPLEX FORM
Moscow IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENTY, PRIBOROSTRaYENIYE in Russian
No 8, 1979 pp 71-74 manuscript received 5 Feb 78
~[Article by V.A. Kosnikovskiy, Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics
and Optics] ~
[Text] Experimental consideration is given to the influence of harmoni~
vibrations on resolution and the ability to identify objects of complex
form of an optical instrument - observer system. It is demonstrated that
the resolution of the 5ystem drops with an increase in the amplitude an3
- frequency of vibrations, and in the range of ~ to 12 Hz the influence of
the frequency on resolution is evidenced more slightly. -
The question of the influence of harmonic vibrations on resolution and of -
the ability of an optical instrument -.huma.n being system to identify ob~ects
of simple form with a low amplitude of vibrations has been studied in sufficient
detail, e.g., in [1,2]. In [4] it is indicated that in the vibration frequency
range of 3~to 2S Hz the eye maintains its keenness of vision and the maximum
permissible amplitude of vibrations equals 15' and 10'.to 0.5' at frequenc-~es
- of 1 to 8 and 10 to 30 Hz, respectively. In [5] is demonstrated the,ability
to improve the resolution of an optical pro~ection system with the vibration
of a matte screen in the image plane at a frequency of not more than 24 to
25 Hz. The increase in resolution was caused by smoothing out of inhomo-
geneities on the screen's surface. The maximum size of inhomogeneities in
cross section reaches 40 to 50 u.
In this paper is discussed the influence of vibrations on resolution and the -
identificatior, of objects of complex form over a wide range of variation of
the amplitude of vibrations. A diagram of~the experiment is shown in fig 1.
An image of the test ob~ect, 2, set in the focal plane of lens fi (f' = 400 mm,
D= 40 ~n) was observed through optical system 7 with a magnification of
G= 20X The radiation source, 1, provided a 3 to 4 nit illumination =
brightness for the ob~ect. Displacements of the image of the test ob~ect
occurred during vibrations of mirror 3 around the axis perpendicular to the ~
~ 10
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plane of the sketch.. The mirror was ~astened on a single axia Frl.th a wire _
loop, 4, placed in a constant magnetic field, 5. The loop vibrated with _
the passaRe through if of alternating current wliose frequency and amplitude
were reaulated by an infralow-frequency o~cilYator. This arrangement made it
possible to vary amoothly the frequency, f, and amplitude, A, of vibraCiocia
of the image over a range of 0< f< t00 Hz ar~d 0< A < 18 minutes of angle
with an accuracy of 0.1 and 0.2 percent, respectively.
T
~ ~p -
2
6 7 -
S
S - -
h ~
Figure 1. Diagram of Experiment _
In studying the influenc~ of vibrations on the system's resolution, as a
test object were used elements of an absolute-contrast No 3 Foucault hatched =
~ optical resolution chart, oriented perpendicularly to the direction of vibra-
tion.
In these experiments the amplitude of vibrations of the test object was varied
over a range of zero to approximately B, where S ti 15' equals half the
angle of the instrument's field o~ view. Observations demonstrate~ that
- a considerable influence of frequency on resolution was evidenced beginning
with values of 2 to 3 Hz for all tne vibration amplitudes~studied, and the
rate of the drop in resolution.increased with an increase in amplitude. In- 4
_ creasing the vibration frequency higher than 30 Hz does not result in a
further drop in resolution. ~ _
In observing test objects the amplitude of whose vibration was greater than
their angular dimensions, a frequency range was observed (8 to 12 Hz) in -
which resolution depended less on trequency than in other sections studied.
With an in~rease in amplitude to 15 to 16 minutes o~ angle, this effect is .
diminished to a considerable extent. ~
The results of the experiment are shown in the f~rm of graphs in fig 2.
- It is obvious that the dependence of resolution on frequency with low am-
plitudes. o~ vibrations (up to approximately 10 seconds of angle) is of a
smooth nature and is similar to the dependences obtained in the studies
in [1]. The resolution drops threefold with an increase in frequency to ~
11
,
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30 H^. With vibrations with an amplitude within the range of 10" to 16'
is evidenced a section of a alighter influence of frequency (from 8 to 16 ~
Hz) on resolution, which is evidenced most distinctly with an amplitude of
A ti 5.3' and practically disappears with A ti 16' .
~
,~.~p~
- 1)
. ~
/ ~ ~
~ - .
~ .
~
~
-
- ~
l ~ ~ ^ 2~
ro
io to ~ y~j`,~
F~gure 2. Dependence of Resolution on Frequency and Amplitude of ~
Vibrations: 1--A = 16'; 2--A = 8'; 3--A = 5.3'; 4--
. A=18"
Key:
1. Seconds of angle 2. Hz
In studying the influence of vibrations on the ability to identify, serving
as test objects were contrasting.silhouettes of various types of real objects
(a ship, automobile or airplane) with different angularXdimensions. The _
magnification of the observation.system then equaled 10 . Observatlons were
made by an operator not having apriori information, who then had to indicate
on a board the type of object presented for identification.
- The experiments demonstrated that depending on the amplitude of vibrations
three main situation~ must be distinguished.
1. The amplitude of vibr.ations is greater than half the field of view and
the extreme positions of thla test object are not visible to the operator.
In this case the ability to identify is determined by the eye's ability to
�ollow the moving image [3], and in our case was limited by a vibration
- frequency of approximately 3 to 4 Hz with A= 16 minutes of angle and
2S = 0.5�. A further increase in frequency requires for the purpose of identi-
_ fication an increase in the dimensions of the object (threefold for 6 Hz),
and at a frequency of f> 8 Hz ident3.fication was impossible under the
conditions of the experiment.
2. The arnplitude o~ vibration~ lie8 within the range of 0.5k < A
JANUARY 1~8~ CFQUO 1~$0? 2 OF ~

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~
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,
USSR UDC 533.697.4
- EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A TURBULENT SUBMERGED JET FLOWING BETWEEN
PARALLEL PLANE SURFACES -
- Tal.lin TURBUL~NTNYYE STRUYNYYE TECHENIYA. MATERIALY TRET'YEGO VSESOYiJ7,NOG0
NAUCFiNOGO SOVESHCIIANIYA PO TEORETICHESKIM I PRIKLADNYM ASPEKTAM TUKSiJLENT-
NYKH TECHENIY [Turbulent Jet Flows. Materials of the Third All-Union Sci-
entif ic Conference on the Tt;eoretical and Anv:.ied Aspects of Turbulent Flows]
in Russian Part 1, 1979 pp 115-121
L;:VIN, V. S. and OSTROVSKIY, V. L.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATEI.,I No 8, 1979
Abstract No 8.347.97]
[Text] The findi~ngs of an experimental investigation of the expansion of
a turbulent submerged jet flowing between parallel plane surfaces are pre-
sented. The principal aim of the study is to investigate the effect uf the
distance between the surfaces on ~the pattern of variation in the axial
velocity of the jet dnd in the velocity distribution profile. Figures 6;
- reEerences 4.
[447-13R.6J
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CSO: 1861
- 93
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '
USSR UDC 533.697.4
INT'LUENCE THAT THE END OF A SUPERSONIC NOZZLE HAS ON FLOW IN THE SUBSONIC
PAIt'f OI' AN OV ER 1:XPANI~ED J ET
Tallin TURBULENTNYYE STRUYNNE TECHENIYA. MATERIALY TRET'YEGO VSESOYUZNOGO -
NAUCHNOGO SOVESHCHANIYA PO TEORETICHESKIM I PRIKLADIdYM ASPERTAM TURBULENT-
NYKH TECHENIY [Turbulent Jet Flows. Materials of the Third All-Union Sci-
entif ic Conference on the Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Turbulent
Flows] in Russian Part 1, 1979 pp 209-217
BELOV, I. V., KAPUSTIN, YE. A., NESHCHERET, P. A. and SHLIKH. 0. E.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DV~GATELI No 8, 1979
Abstract No 8.34.162]
[Text] Systematic research has established that the pressure fields in the
_ subsonic part of an overexpanded jet vary wir.h variation in nozzle face di-
ameter in a near'ly harmonic oscillating dependence~ Measurements of parame-
ters in cross sectional areas show that the variation in pressur~~ is in-
versely proportional to the variation in the turbulence coefficier~L, which
_ also makes it possible to derive that coefficient from the proposed rela-
~ tions. Variation in nozzle face diameter may alter the turb~~lence coeffi-
cient within the range of 0.06-0.11. Figures 5; references 10.
[447-1386]
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, CSO: 1861
4
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rux urrt~tt~, u~r. u?vLY
_ ussR unc 532.si~ -
"I~QUIVALENT SMOOTHNESS" OF ROUGH SURFACES IN THE PR1'SENC~ OF TURBULENT
MOTION NEAR A WALL
Ufa VOPROSY TEORIl I RASCHETA RABOCHIKH PROTSESSOV TEPLOVYKH DVIGATELEY
[Problems of Theory and Design of Heat Engine Processes) in Russian No 2,
1978 pp 15-26
GALIMZYANOV, F. G. and GALIMZYANOV, R. F.
- [From REFERATIVN'~Y ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 3.34.8] _
[Text] It is shown that the "equivalent sand roughness" adopted in the semi-
~ empircal theory of wall turbulence displays a number of shortcomings. Analy-
sis of turbulent mo~ion in smooth and rough tubes leads to recommending the
employmer.t of "equivalent smoothness" in the capacity of "equivalent rough-
~ ness," since then the crit~rion is independent of the roughness of a particu-
lar tube. The equivalenC of tube roughness is represented by the thickness
of the viscous subla~er of turbulent motion in hydraulically smooth tubes.
Then the "equi.valent smoothness" of a rough tube is determined as a functi~n
~f the equivalence of width of the dissipative layer in rough and smooth
tubes. This condition corresponds to equality of the coefficients of fric-
tional drag and dimensionless mean velocity in smooth and rough tub~s. The
_ special features of t~srbulent motion in the transition zone are considered.
Figures 2; references 5.
[448-1386]
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USSR UDC 621.438
_ OPTIMAL GEOME'TRY OF THE COOLING DUCT QF A DEFLECTOR NOZZLE BLADE
_ Uf~3 VOPRUSY TLORII I RASHCHETA BABOCHIKH PROTS~SSOV TEPLOVYKH DVIGATELEY
[Problems of Theory and Design of Heat Engine Processes] in Russian No 2, _
1978 pp 63-66
ISKAKOV, K. M. and TItUSHIN, V. A.
_ ~From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DV~GATELI No 6, 1976
.~,bst.ract No 6.34.32]
[Text] A method for determining the geometry of the cooling duct ~i a de- -
flector nozzle blade with a uniform temperature field along the periphery
of its shape is presented. In the calculations the flaw rate of air re-
quired to cool the blade is matched to the flow rate possible for a given
_ geometry, with the aid of hydraulic calculations. Sample calculations per-
formed with the aid of the M-222 computer are presented. Figures 4; refer-
~ ences 8.
[448-1386]
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~
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i
- USSR UDC 532.525.2:533.6.011.51 ~
FORMATION OF LATERAL FORCES DUE TO PLANE NOZZLE ASYMMETRY `
Ufa VOPROSY TEORII I RASCHETA RABOCHIKH PROTSESSaV TEPLOVYKH DVIGATELEY
- [Problems of Theory and Design of Heat Engine Processes] in Russian No 2, -
1978 pp 128-133 _
1
~
ARSLANOVA, M. Z., GALIIrIICHANOV, N. KH., KLEVANSKIY, V. M., KOLOBKOV, A. V.,
SMIRNOV, YU. V. and KHABIROV, S. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKFTNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract PIo 6.36.46] ^
_ [TextJ A mathematical model serving to compute the pressure drop at nozzle
_ walls in the presence of asymmetrical flow is presented. A supersonic plane
nozzle with a curved critical cross-sectiun i~ considered. The equation of
plane potential f low is linearized on the basis of the assumption of one-
- dimensionality of flow. The problem is solv~ed numerically by the met~od
of characteristics. The findings indicate that the dependence of pressure _
drop distribution between the walls along the length of the nozzle is of an
_ alternating nature. Gas was blown through plane models of nozzles. The
agreement between theoretical and experimental findings was satisfactory.
Figures 3; references 3.
[448-1386]
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!
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 629.7.036.3:532.5
CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW AROUND AN AXIAL-FLOW
TURBOMACHINERY BLADE RING
Novosibirsk ZHURNAL PRIKLADNUY MEKHANIKI I TEKHNICHF.SKOY FIZIKI in Russian
No 2, 1979 pp 119-127
RY.ABCHENKO, V. P.
[F'rom REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAkETYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.27]
[T2xt] A numerical method for computing the aerodynamic characterics of
steady-state flow of an incompressible fluid around a blade ring is pro-
posed; the method is based on the vortical theory of the helix and of a
finite-span wing. With the aid of numerical analysis ths effect of the
parameters of the cascade and blade shape on the aerodynamic forces acting
both on the entire blade and on its cross section over its height is in-
vestigated. It is found that in the case of moderately and very close blade
spacing in cascades, there is a considerable difference in the results of
- calculations with consideration of the third dimension and in the two-dimen-
- sional approximation, whereas this difference is insignificazt in the case
of blades spaced far apart. Figures 6; references 14.
[448-1386]
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- CSO: 1861
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r~Ult UFFiCIAL USE UNLY
USSR UDC 621.438-55(088.825)
FLUIDIC TIME ANALYZER
USSR Author's Certificate C1. G 06 D 1/00, No 637803 filed 24 May 76, pub-
li~hed 15 Dec 78
BELUKOV, A. A., VANSKIY, YU. V., KASIMOVA, A. M. and PEYSAKHOVICH, A. I.
- [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 6, 1979 Abstract No 6.39.146 Pj
[Text] A fluid-logic time analyzer designed for automatic gas-turbine-
engine control systems assembled from fluid logic elements is proposed. The
fluid-logic time analyzer contains a phase discriminator whose first and
second outputs connect to the integrator inputs. To broaden its range of
applications, the analyzer contains pulsers, an OR element, a threshold ele-
ment, flip-flops, switches, and amplifiers. The integrator outputs connect
to the first and second pulsers and to the inputs of the OR element, whose
output connects via the threshold element to the firs~ inputs of the flip-
flops. The second inputs of the flip-flops connect to the outputs of the
correspc,nding pulsers. The output of the first flip-flop connec:�s to the
_ first input of the second switch whose second input connects via the corres-
ponding amplifier to the second output of the phase discriminator. The out- ~
put of the second flip-flop connects to the first input of the first switch
- whose second input connects via the cc:-responding amplifier to the first
output of the phase discriminator, with the switch outputs representing the
outputs of the analyzer. Figure 1.
[451-1386]
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USSR UDC 629.7.036.3-55(088.8)
FLOW CONTROLLER '
USSR Author's Certificate C1 F 15 C 1/O8, No 640054 fi~ed 28 Nov 77 pub-
lished 30 Dec 78 -
ZOLOTAREVSKIY, S. A., BELUKOV, A. A. and PEYSIKHOVICH, A. I.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AUTATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 8, 1979
Abstract No 8.34.111 PJ
[Text] A flow control device containing a fluidic amplifier whose output
channels are connected to the outputs of the device, 2 swirl chambers, a
flow supply channel, and the input channels of the device, is proposed.
To broaden the operating range of the device, the tangential channels of
its swirl chambers are connected to the control channels of the fluidic
amplifier, while the central channels of these chambers are connected to
the input channels of the device. Figure 1.
[447-1386]
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~
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- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Mechanics of Solids
USSR UDC 629.78.064.3
STRENGTH OF PIPELINES CARRYING A LIQUID _
Khar'kov DINAMIKA SISTEM NESUSHCHYKH PODVIZHNUYU RASPREDELENNUYU NAGRUZFCTJ
[Dynamics of Systems Carrying a Mobile Distributed Load] in Russian No 1,
1978 pp 51-56
SUPRUNENKO, N. A., DOTSENKO, P. D. and KASHEVAROV, G. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL: RAKETOSTROYENIYE No 9, Sep 79 Abstract No
9.41.164J
[Text] Some problems of strength are considered relative to rectilinear
and curvilinear segments of pipelines carrying a stream of liquid. The
dependence of stresses in the pipe walls on the velocity and the pressure
of the liquid is examined. The weight of pipe and liquid is taken into
- account. Pipes made of alloys AMG-6 and MA-2-1 respectively are compared.
The problem of strength is solved f.,r various modes of fastening of a pipe-
line carrying an ideal or a viscous liquid. The effect of curvature of the
pipe axis on the magnitude of stresses is also examined. Figures 3; refer-
ences 5. _
~ ~453-2~;15] '
2415
- CSO: 1861
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USSR UDC 629.78.015.4
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE DYNAMICS OF SHELLS CARRYING A LIQUID
Khar'kov DINAMIKA SiSTEM NESUSHCHYKH PODVIZANUYU PASPREDELENNUYU NAGRUZKU
[Dynamics of Systems Carrying a Mobile Distributed Load] in Russian No 1,
1978 pp 102-109
DOTSENKO, P. D. and DZYUBENKO, 0. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL: RAI:ETOSTROYENIYE No 9, Sep 79 Abstract No
9.41.165]
[TextJ Equations of motion ar~ derived for three-dim~nsionally curvilinear _
shelZs carrying a liquid. The liquid in the stream is assumed to be viscous _
and compressible. Transient motion is considered. The equations appear in
vector form. Figures 2; references 3. _
[453-2415] '
2415
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 621.78.011
CERTAIN PATTERNS OF THE THERMALLY STRESSED STATE OF A HEATED POROUS CYLINDER
WITH TRANSLATIONAL WALL COOLING _
Minsk IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK BS3R. SERIYA FIZIKO-TEKHNLCHESKIKH NAUK in
_ Russian No 2, 1979 pp 82-84
TRET'YAK, M. S.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 8, 1979
Abstract No 8.34.36]
[TextJ Th~ paper gives the findings of a theoretical investigation of the
elastoplastic state of a hollow porous cylinder that arises as a result of
_ steady heat flux to the inside surface of the cylinder with simultaneous
wall cooling by means of a gas supplied counter to the heat flux via wall
pores. Figures 3; references 5,
- [447-1386]
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 621.438-233.2
CERTAIN DESIGN FEATURES OF RADIAL ROLLER BEARINGS AND THEI.R EFFECT ON
RELATIVE SLIP
Kuybyshev KONTAKTNO-GIDRODINAMICHESKAYA TEO~tIYA SMAZKI I YEYE PRAKTICHESKOYE
PRIMENENIYE V TEKHNIKE. MATERIALY VTOROY VS~SOYUZI30Y NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKOY
KONFERENTSII [Contact-Hydrodynamic Theory of Lubrication and its Practical
Application in Technology. Materials of the Second All-Union Scientific and
Technical Conference] in Russian No 2, 1978 pp 107-113
SOKOLOV, YU. G., DANIL'CHENKO, A. I. and LITVINOV, YE. M.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 6, 1979 Abstract No 6.49.136]
[Text] The condition of slip-free movement of rollers is examined, as is
the effect of various modifications, tolerance adjustments, and surface
roughness on the ma;nitude of relative slip. The findings of an experimental
investigation are presented. Figures 7; references 8.
[451-1386J
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CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 629.78.015.4
DESIGN OF A MULTIPASS FORMING OPERATION FOR AXISYNI~IETRIC THIN-WALLED SHELLS
Kuybyshev POVYSHENIYE NADEZHNOSTI IZDELIY AVIASTROITEL'STVA TEKHNOLOGICHESKIMI
METODAMI [Improving the Reliability of Aircraft Construction Parts by Techno-
logical Methods] in Russian 1978 pp 70-78
MORDASOV, V. I. and ARYSHENSKIY, V. YU.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL: RAKETOSTROYENIYE No 6, Jun 79 Abstract No
6.41.150] _
[Text] Multipass forming of an axisymmetric thin shell is considered in the
case of an anisotropic material and a variable wall thickness. The problem
is solved in accordance with the principle of inechanics of continuous media.
A program is shown for calculation of acting stresses with the aid of a digi-
tal computer. Figures l; tables 1; references 9.
[454-2415]
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 629.78.015.4
EXPERIMCNTAL STUDY PERTAINING TO THE STATE OF' STR~SS AND STRAIN OF A CYLINDRI-
CAL SH~LL ON NONLINEARLY ELASTIC INTE1tMEDIATE SUPPORTS
Khar'kov PR~CHNOST' KONSTRt.JKTSIY LFTATEL'NYKH APPARATOV [Strength of Flight-
craft CoTponents] in Russian No 5, 1978 pp 115-118
MEKA, A. I .
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL: RAKETOSTROYENIYE No 6, Jun 79 Abstract No 6.41.144]
[Text] The state of stress and strain of a cylindrical shell on nonlinearly
elastic supports was studied by experi.mental methods. Here the experimental
data pertaining to such a structure under various kinds of loa3s are present-
ed and compared with theoretical data. Figures 2; tables 3; references 4.
[454-2415]
2415
CSO: 1851
USSR UDC 629.7.036.3:539.
OSCILLATIONS OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION RIGIDLY JOINED TO ANOTHER BODY ALONG A
CURVILINEAR CONTOUR
Kuybyshev PROYEKTIROVANIYE I DOVODKA AVIATSIONNYKH GAZOTURBINNYKH DVIGATELEY -
[Design and Adjustment of Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines] in Russian 1978 pp
47-59
KONDRASHOV, N. S.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL AVIATSIONNYYE I RA.KTENYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
. Abstract No 6.34.22]
[Text] The problem of steady-state harmonic oscillations of a thin-walled ~
_ shell of revolution and a body rigidly joined to it is considered. By virtue
_ of linearity of the problem, its solution reduces to f inding the fundamental
and perturbed stressed and deformed states. The perturbed state is deter-
mined by the forces of interaction between the shell and the body ~oined to
it, which are derived from a solution of an integral Fredholm's equation of
the f irst kind. Green's ma.trices are consistently used in the solution of
104
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the problem. Hence a numerical method for determining Green's matrices is
proposed for the implementation of the algorithm. Figure 1; referenc~s 9.
[448-1386]
1386
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 629.7.036.3:539.4
APPLICATION OF THE DYNAMIC RIGIDITY METHOD TO THE CALCULATION OF THINWALLED
HOUSINGS
Kuybyshev PROYEKTIROVANIYE I DOVODKA AVIATSIONNYKH GAZOTURBINNYKH DVIGATELEY
[Design and Adjustment of Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines] in Russian 1978 pp
59-79
xormi~sxov, N. s.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIA.TSIONI3YYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.23]
[TextJ A numerical method for computing free and forced--due to the actian
_ of local loads--vibrations of thinwalled shell housings is described. The
algorithm is based on the dynamic rigidity matrix method. Two variants of
the algorithm are developed: for finned cylindrical shells with discretely
lengthwise varying geometry and properties of the material, and for finned -
shells of revolution with continuously varying characteristics. The latter
variant may also apply to a cylindrical shell as a particular case of a
shell of revolution. The results of the application of the continuous vari-
ant to computing f inned cylindrical shells with piecewise-constant thickness
are presented. Figures 13; references 8.
[448-1386]
1386
- CSO: 1$61
105
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 629.7.036.3-226.539.4
D~FORMATION OF TURBOMACHINERY BLADES FOLLOWING MACHINING r'
~ Kuybyshev VOPROSY PROCHNOSTI I DOLGOVECHNOSTI ELEMENTOV AVIATSIONNYKH KON-
STRUKTSIY [Problems of Strength and Durability of Aircraft Structural Ele-
ments] in Russian No 4, 1978 pp 72-79
BUKATYY, S. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.34]
[Text] A relatic~nship is established between the deformations of twisted
blades and the residual stresses arising in their surface layer as a resu~t
of machining. It is shown that the change in the curvature of profile due
" to residual stresses causes a change in twist angle even for elongated and
minimally twisted blades. The presented theory is co.rroborated by experi-
ments on gas-turbine blades. Figures 3; references 7.
[448-1386]
1386
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 621.643.02:539.4
SPATIAL FLEXURE OF A CURVILINEAR PIPE WITH ALLOWANCE FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
AND ARBITRARY SHAPE OF CROSS SECTIONAL CONTOUR
Khar'kov VOPROSY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SAMOLETNYKH KONSTRUKTSIY [Problems of De-
signing Aircraft Structural Elements] in Russian No l, 1978 pp 64-70
URBANOVICH, V. A. and SHELOMOV, N. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 8, 1979
Abstract No 8.34.37]
[Text] An algorithm for determining the stress-strain state of a curvilinear
pipe with an arbitrary shape of cross-sectional contour is presented, taking
into account small deviations from the theoretical contour under a bending
load in two planes ~nd under the load of internal pressure. A system of
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differential equations derived by a variational method is solved with the
aid of M. B. Vakhitov's integratictg matrix method. Figure~ 2; references
- 7.
[447-1386]
1386
_ CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 62-135-233.2-762
CALCULATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-LEVEL CYLINDRICAL GAS-STATIC
SEAL BEARINGS
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power Plants] in
Russian No l, 1978 pp 3-10 _
TREMASOV, V. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 8, 1979 Abstract No 8.49.133]
~[Text] The paper points out the feasibility of using two-leveJ. cylindrical
gas-static bearings with simple feed holes simultaneously as bearings and
seals. An analysis is made of the computational formulas and a technique
is developed for practical calculation of the main characteristics of seal
bearings. Figures 6; references 11.
[445-6610]
6610
CSO: 1861
107
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USSR UDC 621.438-233.2.001.2~~
. CALCULATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAT ANNULAR GAS-STATIC SEAL
BEARINGS
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power Plants] in
Russian No 1, 1978 pp 11-19
KOTYLAR, I. V., TREMASOV, V. V. and SOLOV'YEV, B. I. 1
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 8, 1979 Abstract No 8.49.132] -
[Text] An examination is made of the problem of using flat annular two-
~ level gas-static bearings simultaneously as step bearings and as seals in
turbomachines. Computational formulas are derived for the main character-
istics of seal bearings. An engineering method of calculation is developed. -
. Figures 6; references 14.
[445-6610] -
661~
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 621.822.5.033.001.24
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF TWO-LEVEL CYLINDRICAL GAS-
STATIC SEAL BEARINGS
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power Plants] in
Russian No 1., 1978 pp 49-52
KOTLYAR, I. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBO~TROYENIYE No 8, 1979 Abstract No 8.49.130]
[Text] An analsysis is made of theoretical and experimental curves for the
carrying capacity of a two-level cylindrical gas-static seal bearing with
simple feed holes, and the form of the correcting function is selected for
the coefficient of the carrying capacity of seal bearings over a wide.change
~ in all their parameters. A refined method of calculation was used in d~-
signing turbogrinders. Figures 2; references 6.
[445-6610]
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
_ USSR UDC 621.822.5:621.1
~ NUMERICAL M~THOD OF CALCULATING GAS-STATIC TWO-LEVEL RADIAL BEARINGS
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power PlantsJ in
Russian No l, 1978 pp 115-121 r
[I'rom REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURnOSTROYENIYE No 8, 1978 Abstract No 8.49.131]
_ [Text] The paper gives the derivation of basic characteristics of gas-static
two-level radial bearings with internal compensation, and also the results
and analysis of calculation carried out for a specific bearing on a Minsk-
22M computer. Figures 3; references 11.
[445-6610]
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109
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Testing and Mat~rials
USSR UDC 536.532
COMBINATION COUNTER FOR MEASURING STAGNATION PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ~N A
STREAM FILAMENT
Kazan' GAZODINAMIKA DVIGATELEY LETATEL'NYKH APPARATOV [Gasdynamics of Flight-
craft EnginesJ in Russian No l, 1978 pp 105-108
VERCHENOV, A. A., KITAYTSEV, V. A., KLIMNYUK, YU. I. and SIROTKO, I. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 8, 1979 -
Abstract No 3.34.138]
[Text] The f indings of an investigation of a combination counter designed
to measure stagnation pressures and temperatures in a stream filament are
presented. It is shown that the combination counter can be designed to have -
the same frontal dimensions as the conventional counters used for separate
- determination of parameters. A comparison of the parameters measured by
means of the combination counter with the parameters measured by means of ~
conventional counters demonstrates a satisfactory fit. It is concluded that
combination counters can be expediently used in measurements of stagnation
pressures and temperatures in the gas-air duct of gas-turbine engines as
well as in aerodynamic research. Figures 3; references
[447-1386]
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CSO: 1861
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 629.7.036.-55
AUTO-OSCILLATION SIGNALING DEVICES FOR P_;;TOMATIC MONITORING SYSTEMS
Kuybyshev PROYEKTIROVANIYE I DOVODKA AVIATSIONNYKH GAZOTURBINNYKH DVIGATELEY
[Design and Ad~ustment of Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines] in Russian 1978 pp -
85-91
PIS'MENNYY, I. L.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.63] -
[Text] The general design principles of automatic systems for monitoring
the output of auto-oscillation control processes are examined. A comparative
analysis of the errors of signaling devices with linear and logarithmic data
sensors is presented. Recommendations for error specification in data sen-
sors incorporated in auto-oscillation signaling devices are given. Figures
3; references 4.
_ [448-13~6]
- 1386
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 629.7.036.3:531.7
CaMBINED S~NSOR FOR MEASURING THE PARAMETERS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN THE GAS
TURBINE ENGINE DUCT
Kuybyshev PROYEKTIROVANIYE I DOVODKA AVIATSIONNYKH GAZOTURBINNYKH DVIGATELEY
[Design and Adjustment of Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines] in Russian 1978 pp
97-100
DYAGILEV, V. N. and KLIMNYUK, YU. N.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1.979 -
Abstract No 6.34.100]
[Text] The basic diagram of a special pressure sensor .Ls presented along ~
with the procedure for processing measurements to calculate certain unsteady-
state characteristics of gas flow serving to estimate the effect of unsteady
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. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ state on the gas-dynamic stability of engine components as well as to compare
the effectiveness of ineasures to ~ncrease the eff iciency and stability of -
engine components. Figure 1; references 4. -
[448-1386]
1386
- CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 621.165-722
RE-USE OF WASHING OIL IN TURBOMACHINES
- SCHMIERUNGSTECHNIiC in German Vol 10 No 3, 1979 p 86 _
GABBERT, H.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 7, 1979 Abstract No 7.49.96
by V. V. Kulichikhin]
[Text] Washing oil is used to clean the foreign inclusions from the impor-
tant components of turbomachines, including the lubrication system and the ~
regulating system, after instal~ation or overhaul. To reduce losses on
this technological operation, it is recommended that the oil be used repeat-
edly for washing several turbine units when storage facilities are available. _
Recommendations are made on cleaning the foreign inclusions from the oil _
and on checking its properties before re-use.
[446-6610]
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CSO: 1861
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' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 621.438-181.48
EX1'1?RIMENTAL STUDIES Or THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROTURBINE5 ON A STAND WIT}1
CAS-LUIiItICATf:D BEARINCS -
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power Plants] in
Russian No 1, 1978 pp 52-55
KONCHAKOV, YE. I.
_ [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 8, 1979 Abstract No 8.49.142]
[Text] A description is given of an experimental stand for studying air
turbines. The investigated turbine had an outside diameter of 45 mm, width
of the turbine blades was 7 mm, length of the blades was 3 mm and partiality
of admission is 9% (one nozzle). The load turbine had an outside diameter
of 30 mm, blade width of 7 mm, blade length of 2 mm, partiality of 100%.
- The bearing was 25 mm in diameter and 80 mm long. The stand provides satis-
factory accuracy in studying microturbines in the speed range from zero to
racing speeds. Figures 2; reference 1.
[445-6610]
6610
CSO: 1861
- ~
USSR UDC 621.438
AN EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY FOR STUDYING MICRONOZZLES
Vladivostok SUDOVYYE ENERGETICHESKIYE USTANOVKI [Marine Power Plants] in
Russian No 1, 1978 pp 141-145
CHEKHRANOV, S. V. and RASSKAZOV, V. YE.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, TURBOSTROYENIYE No 8, 1979 Abstract No 8.49,140]
~ [Text] An analysis is made of the designs of micronozzles and the possi-
bilities for improving their eff iciency. One of the ways to increase effi-
ciency is to reduce losses in the nozzle and in the stage as a whole by op-
timizing the rounding radius of the nozzle. A unit is described for testing
isolated nnzzles. A distinguishing feature of this facility is gas-static
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bearings that increase measurement precision in the nozzle by an order of
magnitude as compared with a facility on bal.l bearings. `
[445-6610] �
6610 ~
CSO: 1861
USSR UDC 629.7.036.002.3
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMOTRONS FOR MATERIALS TESTING
Moscow TRUDY CHETVERTYKH CHTENIY, POSVYASHCHENNYKH RAZRABOTKE NAUCHNOGO
NASLEDIYA I RAZVITIYU IDEY F. A. TSANDERA. SEKTSIYA 'TE6RIYA I KONSTRUKT-
SIYA DVIGATELEY I LETATEL'NYKH APPARATOV' [Proceedings of the Fourth Read-
ings Dedicated to Development of the Scientif ic Heritage and Elaboration
of the Ideas of F. A. Tsander. Section on the Theory and Design of Engines
and Flightcraft] in Russian 1978 pp 14-25
GONOPOL'SKIY, A. N. and SLOBODKINA, F. A.
[I'rom REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.112J
[Text] On the basis of a solution of the variational problem the channeZ
shape design and the selection of other control parameters are adapted to
maximizing the plasmotron power (or the gas reservoir enthalpy at the out-
put). The flow in the channel is presumed to be subsonic. Its description
is based on the previously prope~~d quasi-one-dimensional model. Figures
3; references 7.
[448-1386] _
�
- 1386
CSO: 1861
114
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USSR UDC 629.7.036.54:662.75
DEVELOPMENT OF F. A. TSANDER`S IDEAS CONGERNING THE UTILIZATION OF HIGH-
ENERGY FUELS
Moscow TRUDY CHETVERTYKH CHTENIY, POSVYASHCHENNYKH RAZRABOTKE NAUCHNOGO ~
NASLEDIYA I RAZVITIYU IDEY F. A, TSANDERA. SEKTSIYA 'TEORIYA I KONSTRUKT-
SIYA DVIGATELEY I LETATEL'NYKH APPARATOV' [Proceedings of the Fourth Read-
ings Dedicated to Development of the Scientific Heritage and Elaboration -
_ of the Ideas of F. ~A. Tsander. Section on the Theory and Design of Engines
and Flightcraft] in Russian 1978 pp 76-82 =
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.124] ; -
[Text] The properties of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for liquid-propellant
thrusters are considered--hydrogen slush, hydrogen gel, hydrogen in the -
form of a dry metal hydride, atami~~ hydrogen, and radicals. Figure 1; ref- -
erences 7.
~ [448-1386]
1386
CSO: 1861
USSR� UDC 629.7.036.3:662.75
USE OF HYDROGEN IN GAS TURBINE ENGINES
- Moscow VOPROSY ATOMNOY NAUKI TEKHNIKI. ATOMNO-VODORODNOY ENERGETIKI [Prob-
lems of Nuclear Science and Engineering. Atomic-Hydrogen Power EngineeringJ
- in Russian No 1/5, 1979 pp 119-121
VARSHAVSKIY, I. L., KANILO, P. M. and MALEVANYY, A. P. ,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVIATSIONNYYE I RAKETNYYE DVIGATELI No 6, 1979
Abstract No 6.34.87]
[Text] Treatment with hydrogen affects decisively the process of the igni--
tion and efii~ient combustion of the basic hydrocarbon fuel of gas turbine -
engines. This is due to the unique properties of hydrogen as a fuel (broad
range of inflammability, rapid rate and temperature of combustion, minimum
ignition energy, rapid rate of diffusion, good miscibility with air,
115 -
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generation of active particles--OH, H, 0 and of steam as the principal pro-
duct of the combustion of hydrogen). All this reduces the emission of CO
and Cy~Hy with spent gases as well as the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels
and broadens the stable operating range of combustion chambers. The test
findings on the operation af the AI-9 gas turbine engine in a mode simulat-
ing the low-gas mode of the AI-25 aircraft gas turbine engine demonstrate ~ -
that the addition of SX of hydrogen by weight of the consumption of hydro-
carbon fuel to the combustion chamber reduces roughly to one-third the re-
lease of CO with the spent gases, and it also reduces to one-sixth the re-
lease of benzapyrene. MoreovQr, the addition of such a proportion of hydro-
gen reduces by 15-20% t~ie consumption of hydrocarbon fuel.
[448-1386]
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CSO: 1861
- END -
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