JPRS ID: 9021 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200070014-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 14
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9021
7 April 1980
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(FOUO 9/80)
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FBiS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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JPRS L/9021
7 April 1980
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 9/se;
CONTE[dTS PAGE
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Detailed Study of Ohira's Political Methods
(Hokaji Mino; BUSINESS JAPAN, Feb 80} 1 -
JCP Announces New Organizational Setup, Personnel Lineup
(AKAHATA, 15 Mar 80) 7
'TOKYO SHIMEUN' Lists Expected Candidates in Upper House
Elections
(TOKYO SHINIBiJN, 13 Mar 80) ...........................0 10
'YOMIURI' Polls Upper House Members on Coming Election
(YOMIURI SHIMBiJN, 22 Mar 80) 21 -
'AKAHATA' Editorial on Upper House Elections
(JPS, 22 Mar 80) 24
LDP Presidential Election: Calm Before Storm
(Raisuke Honda; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 17 Mar 8G).......... 26 `
'YOMIURI' Reports on LDP's Young Rebels
(Raisuke Honda; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 29 Feb 80).......... 28
Dispute Between JSP and JCP Analyzed
(Hideo Matsuoka; MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 11 t~ar 80)....... 30
Japanese Embassy Entrusting Important Diplomatic Jobs to
American ~nterpri~es _
(Yosha.~isa Komori; THE MAINICHI DAILY NEWS,
_ 3 Mar 80) 33
- - a - [ITI ASIA - 1].l FOUO]
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~ rvi~ VL'L'll~ltll~ UJG U1VLY
CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Budget Making Criticized as Slipshod
(Raisuke Honda; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 7 Mar 80).........,. 36
'YOMIURI' on Administrative Refon-?
(Editorial; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 15 Ma.r $0) 38
ECONQMIC
Expert Forecasts Upward Capital Spanding by Manufacturers
(Hisao Kanamori; NIKKEt BUSINESS, 25 Feb 80).......... 40
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Government S&T Policy C~:iticized, Lack of Head Office,
Master Plan Cited
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, 31 Jan 80) 43
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITI To Set Up Advanced Machine Tool Association
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 21 Feb 80) 47
- Low Temperature Process frr Alumina Ceramics Developed
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBiJN, 30 Aug 79�3����������.�......... 49
Nitride Ceramic Sintering Process Under Developn~ent
(NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBIJN, 20 Oct 79) 51
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ~
DETAILED STUDY OF OHIRA'S POLTTICAL METHODS
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Feb 80 pp 31-33
[Article by Hnkaji Mino, editor of BUSINESS JAPANJ -
- j Text ] AN~ unless he resides on an uninhabited island,
l~~l ~~?ot live a!one. As long as a great number of
people Gve together in a crowd:d soc:aty, people-to-people
contact, social interchange and social intercourse are bound
to occur. In Japanese, such relationships are called en
(karmc relations). Peopte in olden times said, "Even a -
chance meeting is due to the kmnra in a previous life."
Such en or relations, between people grow stronger and
develop into what is known as jinmyaku (a chain oF
relations). In other words, the people-to-people links are
thought of as a sanmyaku, or a series of mountains joined
together. 1n Japan, jinmyaku plays an especially important
role.
Jinneyaku is also to be found in Europe and the United
States, but in Japan it usually takes the form of the
boss-foUower relationship.
The foreigner who engages in business in Japan without
an understanding of this tradition is bound to fail. 1 have
prepared a report on jinmyaku in Japan divided into three
parts. Part I deals with poiiticians, Part lI with business and
financial leaders, and Part 11I with government officials. It
is hoped that this report witl be of some help to foreign
businessmen.
It appears as if Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira is quietly -
seeking to achieve a"charismatic type of rule." This
expression was used by the German sociologist Max Weber
(1864-1920), who in his book Various Patteriis of Rules
defines charisma as follows: (Note: This is a transla~ion of a
1~panese version published by Sobunsha in September
1970). ~
"Charisma is what is regardeJ as the extraordinary trait
of a person (originally, it w�r~ considered to be based on
' magical conditions in the case of a propliet, a medical
practitioner, a man wise in tlie ways uf etie law, a t~unting
~nstructor, or a military hero). Because of such a trait, he is
judged to be blessed witl~ che possession of supernatural.
superhuman, or, at tt~e least, extraordinary strengtli anJ _
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character most people do not have; he might a3so be
considered a messenger from god or a model man, and, for -
this reason, be regarded highly as a leader."
It is doubtful whether Ohira is regarded as a charismatic
leader, and merely because he seeks charisma, it will nut
become a part ot' him. However, it is a fact that Ohira,
against the background of mysterious power, is strongly
evolving his own political metliods.
Frankly speaking, there is no better evidence of this than
the general elections held in October. The preceding Miki
and Fukuda governments which had wanted badly to ~
dissolve the L~iet and hold general elections were finally
unable to do so. But Ohira managed to pull it off. In the
success of the bovine�like Ohira, as c~mpared to the failure -
- of Milci, who fancied himself as the child of the ~arliament,
and Fukuda, called the prince of the political world, we can
sense a power that surpasses reason.
In considering what sustains his charisma-like trait, we
~ cannot disregard Ohira's skiil in jinmyaku-building, his
clever manipulation ~f people, and his audacity in utilizing
connections.
Ohira initially surfaced in a vital political post on July
19, 1960, as Cabinet Secretary in the first Ikeda govern-
ment. At that time, Zenko Suzul:i, Ohira's senior by two _
years in the Ministry of Finance, joined the cabinet as _
Minister of Posts & Telecommunications. Today, he is
positioned at the extreme right wing of the Ohira jinmvaku
and is tne No. 2 man in the Ohira faction.
The Deputy Cahinet Secretary is Heiji Ogaw~a, who is _
also one of the leaders of the Ohira faction. Gl~ira remained
as Cabinet Secretary in the sec~nd Ikeda cabinet establisl~ed _
on December 8 of the same year and in the resl~uffled
third Ikeda cabinet formed on July 18, 1961. He
conceived and introduced ti~~ Ikeda government's c~tch-
phrases "magnanimity and perseverance" and "low pro-
filc."
ln tlie secund reerganized cabinet, Kenji Fuk~inaga, also
Ohlra's senior in the Finance Ministry by a year, became ~
Labor Minister, and Yasuji Hattori, Deputy Cabinet Secre� �
tary. Both Fukunaga an6 Hattori today belong to the Qhira
faction.
Naturally, at the time of the Ikeda administration, an
Ohira faction did not exist. The Ikeda faction (Kochi-kai);
led by the Prime Minister, was at the peak of its strength
and influence. With 55 lower house members, it represented
the largest faction in the LDP.
ln August 1965, Ikeda died and Shigesaburo Maeo took
over the leadership of the faction. Twice, in December
1966 and in November 1968, he stood as a candidate for
the presidency of the LDP, but was defeated. In 1970,
Ohira became the faction's head. The commonly shared �
logic of the LDP Diet members is that anyone who is
unable to become party president (and thus prime minister) ~
is unfit to be the boss of a faction or jinmyaku.
At the time, the Maeo faction consisted of 44 lower
house members whom Ohira managed to place in his own -
qmp. Of all the Maeo faction officers, Zentaro Kosaka is
- practically the only one who is considered today not to
belong to any faction. , Although Maeo and Kiichi
~
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Miyazawa, who is reportedly close to 1~iaeo, belong to 21ie
Ohira faction, they are not necessarily a part of the Ohira
jinrnyaku: Compared to ?enko Suzuki and Kunikich~ Saito,
= they are some distance away.
In any event, Ohira, as generally explained above, took
= over the former Ikeda jinmyaku and, with that as the
footing, c(imbed up to the position of LUP president and
prime minister. The strength of the Tanaka "corps," led by -
his sworn friend Kakuei Tanaka, played a big part, but it
also cannot be denied that Ohira's persistent efforts to
huild jinmyaku connections, without forever depending on
Ikeda legacy, worked in his favor.
For inscance, in the general elections in December 1976, -
a person named Masakata Tozawa was elected to the lower
house for the first time from the tliird electoral district of
- Kanagawa Prefecture. He was the deputy minister of
_ welfare at the time of the rescue of Hiroo Onoda, the last
surviving Japanese soldier on Lubang Island in the Philip-
pines. As soon as he was elected, he was persu~ded to join
- the Ohira faction. When he was the deputy welfare ~
minister, the welfare minister was Kunikichi Saito, who
had also served as deputy m~inister of welfare and was
Togawa's senior in the ministry by many years. Hence, it
was hardly likely that Ohira would overlook such a man.
Ohira is not the only one who engages in such practice;
bosses of all political factions do the same thing. After all,
under the democratic system, numbers count and majority
means strength. ~ ~
- The higher the level of the %inmyaku, with such bosses as
Masayoshi Ohira, Takeo Fukuda and Yasuhir~ Nakasone at
the summit, and the wider it is spread, the easier it is to
acquire the seat, of power. Accordingiy, one theory has it
that "three Ms" sum up to the road to strength in
- democracy. They are: money, majority and machiavel-
lianism.
"Money" is equivalent to kinmyaku (financial connec-
tions) and "majority" to jinmyaku (human connections),
while Ohira's "machiavellianism" is related to the charisma
mentioned at the beginning of this article. Let me explain
the situation as it relates to Ohira with respect to the
above-mentioned "three Ms."
The Ministry of Home Affairs published in the JUly 28,
1979 issue of the Official Gazette the political funds
financial report for fiscal 1978. Ordinarily, the Official
Gazette is hardly read, but this issue became a best-seller
since all the business enterprises which had contributed
funds to the political parties and organizations quickly
sought to c~btain a copy. All copies were bought up
- immediately after they v?+~nt on sale.
According to the report, the Ohira faction's political
- organizations, the "New Industrial Policy Study Group"
and "New Government Financing Study Group," collected
political funds totaling ~�69y,150,000 in 1978, an increase
of 30.3% over. the preceding year. The amount was below
that of the Fukuda faction (~773,465,000, up 23.8%a), but
the growth rate was the highest. That is why newspapers
- that day carried big headlines, such as "Sharp Increase in
Ohira's Moaey Sources."
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It is clear that the LDP's presidential election held in
December 1978 helped "to increase the money sources for
both the Ohira and Fukuda factions.
'Ihe "degree of transparency" with respect to such
money sources becomes more opaque with each passing
year. For example, the aforementioned New Government
F'mancing Study Group collected corporate donations of
- ~�124,970,000, but they were all in units of ~�1 million or
less, and the coanpany names are unknown. The same
situation applies to the other factions.
Should the corporate names be revealed, the fund
sources, directly linked to the various factions' treasury,
� would become known. For this reason, they wrack their
brains to try to keep the contributors' names a secret.
How about expenditures? The published amounts re-
ported to the Ministry of Home Affairs show that ihe Ohira
faction distributed ~30 :~ullion to a political or~anization
consisting of 301ower h~use and 21 upper house members,
the largest of the five LDP factions. More soecifically, in
June and October 1978, cash in units of ~1 million and ~2
million was allocated to the faction's Diet members.
Some members were given ~�1 million on five occasions `
while others ~vere paid ~�3 million or ~�4 million. In July,
~�10 million was contributed to the LDP's Kagawa prefec-
tural chapter, Ohira's home province. In addition, just prior
to ihe party presidential election in October :uid November,
expenditures for materials and advertising escalated.
On four occasions, the afarementioned New Industrial
Policy Study Croup transferred ~�50 million each time to _
the New Government Financing Study Group for a total of
- ~200 mitlion. The amounts were registered in the latter's
_ books as do;~ated income. In general, the Ohira factio;~'s
pay~nents in 1978 wera large in comparison to its income.l4
is unclear, insofar as the accounting records are concerned,
fram what account the ~�400 million or so paid to the
Ohira faction Diet members was drawn.
It can thus be seen that money and majority, i.e., -
kinmyaku and jinmyaku, are the front and back of the
same coin. It is impossible to tell which is which. Since
Oh:ra managed to unseat Fukuda from the prime minis-
tership in the party presidential election, it can be said that
the "two Ms" were extremely effective. ~
What remains is the other "M"-machiavellianism.
As most of you probably known, this term is taken from
Machiavelli (l469-1527), the political scholar who lived
- during the period of the Italian Renaissance. In his book
The Price, he expressed the view that any means, however ,
~ unscrupulous, is justified in achieving political power.
It must be admitted that from the 15th to the 16th
century, various amoral means and stratagems were openly
employed both in Japan and Westem Europe to seize
political power. Needless to say, the wiles of tl~e perio~'
would not apply to the present 20th century; modern-day
machiavellianism is more complex. more suphisticated, and
more clever.
However~ we have had, as usual, some crode intrigues, _
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such as the Watergste affair which drove Nixon tiom the
presidency, the "rollover" land deals (in which the same
property exchanges hands over und over again, each time at
a higher price, before finally being sold and ?egistered in the
final purchaser's name) that led to die downfall of ex-Prime
Minister 'Tanaka, and the Lockheed bribery scandal un-
covered following his departure. Ohira, an ex�Finance -
Mir_istry official and a very cautious man, is unlikely to
commit the blunders of Nixon and Tanaka. -
Nicknamed "Otosan" (Father), Ohira appears sage-like
at a glance and imparts a rustic impression, but, actually, he -
is quite cultured as can be seen from the fact that his
braintrusts include many intellectuals.
Ohira currently has nine different braintrusts advising
him on policies. Including those who overlap,.the members
total 208, the principal ones being Tadao Umesao, Tadao
Uchida, Saburo Okita, Masamichi Inoki, Shichihei
Yamamoto' and Manabu Sasa.
According to a Mainichi Shimbun (Newspaper) report, _
dated July 23, 1979, one of the braintrusts includes
scholars, producers, writers, composers, etc., who are
reportedly against power and the liberal Democratic Party.
If this story is true, how can they be members of Ohira's
braintrust? If they ;+re genuinely against power and the
LDP, they should not have joined initially. But this is not
_ the case. Intellectuals like to say such things, but at heart
they feel differently.
It must be admitted Ohira has a good grasp of �
psychology, he is surely far more clever than the simple-
minded intellectual members of his braintrust who declare
that they are against tt?e LDP.
In any event, it was the idea of this group to have Ohira
attend a rock music concert and to have him say in Kagawa _
Prefecture, his home province, "One becomes an idiot afier
living in Tokyo for three generations: ' By having Ohira
assume a pos!ure of identifying wiih the young and make
remarks thii would be favorably received by voters in the
provinces, the group can only be described as extremely
pro�LDP and not at all anti-LDP.
Changing the subject, the New liberal Club was'recently -
rocked by an internal dispute. Its leader, Yohei Kono, made
a remark t~ the effect that the LDP-especially Ohira's -
- supporters-had contrived the series of internal bickerings
that led up to the departure of former Secretary Ceneral
Takeo Nishioka from the party. Naturally, Nishioka reacted
stro~igly to this statement and even went so far as to
demand a public debate. -
To a third party, the real story as to whether the LDP
was the contriver or not is obscure. But frum the
standpoint of political machiavellianism, it is possible. Just
as Castro's Cuba is a thorn in the side of the United States,
the NLC is an eyesore to the LDP.
I have a different theory about the NLC's internal
squabble. It was, in short, a confrontation and clash ~
between the Kono and Nishioka jinmyaku, or su~porters. It
is said that when three MPs get together, a faction is
created. The NLC was split into th~ Kono and Nishioka
factions.
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rv,. vrL� i~.ieu, uon v~rt~1
At tl~e outsct, thc NLC as a whole was rtgardcd as the
Kono faction, but in reality it was not; a factiun linked to
the Secretary General had been formed. In the ensuing
competition for hegemuny, the Kono faction emerged
victorious and the Nishioka faction retreated in defeat.
During tliis time, it i~ unlikely Ohira did anytliing; for even
standing idly by, the NLC grew weaker by itself. In this
instance, too, 1 felt as if t had cauglu a glimpse of Oliira's
mysterious charisma. p
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Kogyo Shimbun 1980
CSO: 4120
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,
POLIT~ICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
JCP nn'NOUNCES NEW ORGANIZATIONAL SE'r'JP, PERSONNEL LINEUP
OW2q1351 Tokyo AKAHATA in Japanese 15 Mar 80 p 2 OW ~
[14 March announcement by Japan Communist Party Secretariat Chief Tetsuzo
Fuwa at a press conference in the Diet building on new organizational aetup
and personnel lineup of the Japan Communiat Party Central Coum?ittee]
[Text] 1. At its meeting on 14 March, the Presidium of the Central Com-
mittee mad~e the following deciaion on the appointment of secretariat mem-
bers and editorial committee members of the cei~.tral organ and on the new
- organiza':ional setup and personnel lineup of the Central Committe~e :-rnich
was elected at the 15th party congresa.
2. In this new organizational setup, a number of new departments and burea.us
have been established for independent activities with an eye to diaplaying, _
in a more concentrated manner, the leadership of the party center in majcr
fields and in dealing with weighty tasks, based on the policy formulated
at the party congress. Citing examples, the united front promotion committee ~
has been established under the chairmanship of the Presidium vice chairmanr;'~
the labar bureau and the women's and children's bureau have been set up as
independent bureaus; and the residents movement and houaing cdmplex depart-
ment and the aged and handicapped people policy department have also been
eatablished under the mass movement conanittee.
3. At the same time, to promote the overall activity of the party center
effectively the election bureau and the aut~nomy bureau have been amalgamated
as the election and autonomy bureau, and the organization bureau and the
education bureau as the party construction bureau. Showing another example
of amalgamation among departments and bureaus, the finance bureau and the
administrative department have been merged into the finance and administra-
tion bureau.
Secretariat: Chief: Tetauzo Fuwa; Deputy Chiefs; Shoichi Ichikawa,
Mitsuhiro Kaneko, Tadato Miyamoto; Members: Hiroshi Arabori, Nobuo Kuwahara,
Masaru Kojima; Shoji Niihara.
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, Central Organ Editorial Coamiittee: Chairman: Tcshio Sakaki; Membera:
Junichi Konno, Yatsuahi Kitani, Norio Nishii, Yoshinori Yoahioka, Masana
Wada, Masateru Endo, Sukehiro Sato, Takao Sekiguchi, Hiroshi Tsukahira,
Takeo Moritani, Yukie Yamato, Tsuneo Yokota.
' Headquarters for House of Councilors elections: Chief: Tetsuzo
Fuwa; Chief secretary: Yoshiro Hida.
International CommitteE: Chairman: Tomio Nishizawa; International Depart-
ment chief: Hiroshi Tachiki.
_ Policies Committee: Chairman: Koichiro Ueda; Econom~c Policy Committee
chairman: Akira Kudo; Security and Foreign Policy Committee chairman:
Yoshinori Yoshioka.
Diet Policy Committee: Chairman: Senmei Matsumoto.
Unite3 Front Promotion Committee: Chairman: Hiros~i Murakami; Chief
secretary: Junkichi Shimo3i.
Labor Bureau: Chief: Hiroshi Arabori.
Women's and Children's Bureau: Bureau chief: Sadako Ogasawara; Women's
Department ch~ef: Ikuko Yamanaka; Children's Department chief: Yoko Suzuki.
Mass Movement Committee: Chairman: Yasuyosh.i Miyata; Farmers and Fiaher-
a] men Department chief: Sho~iro Omitani; Citizens and Middle-and-Small Enter-
prise Department chief: Izumi Yoshitani; Y~uth and Student Department chief:~
- Noriaki Urata; Reaidents Movement and Housing Complex Department Chief:
Nobul~ide Imai; Peace, Base, and Solidarity Department chief: Hisayoshi
Tsugawa; "Buraku" Measures Department chief: Sabiiro Kimura; Spcrts Policy
Department chief: Iwao Teramae; Measures for Agec1 and Handicapped People
Department chief: Sayaka Tomita.
Culture and Intellectuals Bureau: Bureau chief: Shunichi Niahizawa; Cul-
ture Department chief: Shunichi Nishizawa; Cziltivation Department chief:
Kenjiro Yr~mahara; Science and Technology Department chief: Zenktchi Asami;
- Religion Co~ittee chairman: Shunichi Nishizawa.
Elections and Municipalities Bureau: Buresu chief: Yoshiro Hida; Election
Policy Department chief: Yoshiro Hida; Municipalities Department chief:
Yoshiyuki Kaneko.
~
Propaganda Bureau: Bureau chief: Hiroshi Murakami; Public Relations De-
partment chief: riasuhide Okazaki.
Publishing Bureau: Bureau chief: Fumio Yamashita.
Laws and Regulations Policy Department chief: Eizo Kobayashi. '
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Party Construction Bureau: Bureau chief: Yoshikazu Ibaragi; Education
bepartment chief: Suaumu Wakabayashi.
Organ Records Bureau: Buresu chief; Tadato Miyamoto.
Personnel Bureau: Bureau chief: Shunaho Ebisudani.
- Appeals Committee: Chairman: Makoto Ida.
' Finance and Administration Bureau: Buresu chief: Shinichi Takabara.
_ Social Science Research Institute: Superintendent: Hiroyuki Okamoto.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon KyoRanto Iinkai 1980
C.u~ : 4105
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~ rvll vrrtl,lc~u~ uDG V1VLY
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'TOKYO SHIl~BUN' LISTS EXPECTED CANDIDATES IN UPPER HOUSE ELECTIONS �
OW201252 Tokyo TOKYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 13 Mar 80 Morning Edition P 7 OW
[Excerpts] The most important focal point in the forthcoming House of
Councillors elections is "wheth~r or not they will upset the present balance
of strength between the ruling and eppositioa camps." A majority in the
upper house (252 seats) is 127 seats. Of the seats currently held by the
Liberal-Democratic Party [LDP], 66 are not up for electiuns. Therefore,
if the LDP is to prevent an upset, it has to win 61 or more seats in this
aummer's elections.
Numbers of candidates:
(A indicates total number of candidates, B number of candidates running _
from a national constituency, C number of national constitutency seats up
for election, D number of candidates running from local constituen~ciea, E ~
numrer of local constituency s.eats up for election, F' total number of seate
up for election, G number of seats currently held and not up for election, _
and H the present strength)
A B C D E F G H
LDP 74 23 14 51 44 58 66 124
Soci~list Party 47 11 10 36 17 27 25 52
Komeito 14 9 9 5 5 14 14 28
Communist Party 52 6 6 46 5 11 - 5 16
Democratic Socialist
- Party 10 4 3 6 1 4 6 10
New Liberal Club ~ 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 ~
Socialist Citizens
League 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 3
Various factions and in-
dependents 39 6 3 33 3 6 5 11
Vacancies 4 1 5 5
Total 237 60 50 177 76 126 126 252
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Namelist of expected candidates: ~
, National Conetituency (50 seata up for election):
I,DP (23 candidates) : -
Satoru Eto, 73, former transport minister, incumbent; Hiroshi Okada, 69,
president of the Federation of Military Pension Associations, incumbent;
Yuji Osacia, 62, director general of the Science and Technology Agency, in-
- cumbent; Minoru Genta, 75, chairman of the LDP National Defense Department,
incumbent; Eiza.buro Saito, 66, parliamentary vice miniater of labor, incum-
bent; Shigenobu Sakano, 62, former vice minister of construction, incvmbent;
Akiko Santo, 37, parliamentary vice minister of the Environment Agency, in-
cumbent; Iichiro Hatoyama, 61, former foreign minister, incumb ent; Si~igesada
Maruahige, 63, former director general of the Environment Agenc1?, t:icumbent;
- Teru Miyata, 58, former vice minister of agriculture and fisheries, incum-
bent; Yoshiko Yamaguchi (Official name: Yoshiko Otaka), 60, director of the
LDP Women's Affairs Bureau, incumbent, Tadashi Itagaki, 55, bureau chief of
the Bereaved Families Association, new candidate; Takashi Inoue, 55, former
vice minister of construction, new; Taichiro Okawara, 57, former vice
- minister o~ agriculture and fisheries, new; Saburo Okabe, 53, adviser to the
National Federation uf Land Impruvement Associationa, new;Kiyoshi Ka3iwara,
- 58, former bureau chie.f of the Transport Ministry, new; Keizo Sekiguchi,
53, board member of the Federation of Dentists Associations, new; Tomoharu
- Tazawa, 47, executive officer of an unidentified organization, new; Masami
Tanaka, 62, former health and welfare minister, new; Sachiko Teranuma, 53,
vice chairwoman of the Federation of Nurses Asso~iations, new; Isao Matsuura,
_ former vice minister of home affairs, new; Masakuni Murakami, 47, vice
minister of the "Seicho-no-Ie" group, new; Takahide Myotoma, 45, executive
officer of an unidentified organization, new.
Socialist Party (~1 candidates):
Noboru Agune, 67, vice chairman of the Socialist Party, incumbent; Masaru
Anno, 51, vice chairman of the party's committee on pricea, incumbent
[dropped candidacy after release of this list because of alleged involvement
in the KDD scandal]; Terumi Kasuya, 55, deputy director of the party's edu-
cation departmen~, incumbent; Jinichi Katayama, 57, deputy director of the
party's social and labor affairs department, incumbent; Tetsu Noda, 54,
director of the party's public employee affairs bureau, incumbent; Tomoyuki
Fukuma, 52, adviser to the Federation of Electric Appliance Workers Unions,
incumbent; Eiichi Matsumoto, 59, member of the Executive Committee of the
"Buraku" Liberation League, incimmbent; Kesa~iro Meguro, 57, chairman of the
price countermeasures committee, incumbent; ftideo Yasunaga, 60, chairman of
the party's education committee, incumbent; Shiauo Wada, 53, official of
the Municipality Workers IJnion, incumbent; Kazumi Suzuki, 50, chairman of _
the National Monopoly Corporation Workers Union, new.
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[OW201259) Komeito (9 candi~ates):
Sumio Ota, 46, director of the Komeito Gifu Prefectural headquarters, in-
cumbent; Keiten Shioide, 57, chairman of the science and technology com-
- mittee, incumbent; Kazuhiro Suzuki, 55, Komeito vice chairman, incumbent;
Bunzo Ninomiya, 60, Komeito vice chairman, incumbent; Fusao Fujiwara, S0,
director of the Komeito Miyagi Prefectural headquartera, incumbent; Akinori
Mineyama., 44, chairman of the judicial affairs committee, incumbent; Kiyoyuki
Okawa, member of the party's Central Committee, new; Hiroshi Tauruoka, 47,
member of the party's Central Co~ittee, new; Tetsuzo Nakano, 53, director
of the Komeito Saga Prefectural headquarters, new.
Co~mnunist Party (6 candidates):
Toshio Komaki~ 59, vice chairman of tr.e party's education council, incumbPnt;
- Hiroshi Tachiki, 49, member of the party's Presidium, incumbent; Isao Naito,
49, lawyer, incumbent; Ikuko Yamanaka, 47, director of the paY~ty's women's
affairs department, incumbent; Takeshi Watanabe, 64, member of the party's
Central Committee, incumbent; Tadataka Kondo, 47, lawyer, former upper
houae member.
Democratic Socialist Party (4 candidates):
Michikazu Etani, 55, official of the National Textile Workers Union, incum-
bent; Tetsuya Tabuchi, 54, member of the party's Central Executive Committee, '
incumbent; Nagatoshi Mukai, 69, vice chairman of the party, incumbent; Ikuo
Ito, 49, deputy director flf the party's organizational affairs bureau, new.
1Vew Liberal Club: (Unrlecided)
Socialist Citizens League (1 candidate):
Yutaka Hata, vice chairman of the League, incumbent. -
Various factions, independents (6 candidates):
Tago Kajino, 35, vice chairman of the Marxist Workers League, new; Yukio
Aoshima, 47, writer for radio and television programa, independent, incumbent;
Fusae Ichikawa, 86, official of the Fujin Senkyo Kaikan Hall, independent,
incumbent; Tonosuka Otani, 73, official of the Disabled Veterana Asaocia-
tion, independent, incumbent; Colombia Top (Official name: Yasushi Shimomura),
57, president of the Ma.nzai Comedian's Asaociation, inde~endent, incumbent;
Shigeru Aoki, 57, member of the couunittee of the Salarymen's Aesociation,
independent, i*icumbent.
Loca1 constitutencies (76 seats up for election):
Tokyo metropolis (4 s~ats at state):
?Ciyomasa Kato, 63, former lower house member, Socialist Party, new; Tadao
- Miki, 44, Komeito Labor Affairs Bureau chief, incumbent; Koichiro Ueda, 43,
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JCP vice chairman, incumbent; Hiroomi Kurisu, 60, former chairman of the
joint staff cotmcil oi the Aefense Agency, Democratic Socialis* Party, new;
Yoko Tsuchida, 34, official of the Labor Party, new; Ken Yasui, 68, speaker ~
of the House of Councillors, independent, incumbent (recommended by the LDP).
Kanagawa Prefecture (2 seata at stake):
Akira Hatano, 68, chairman of the LDP Transport Committee, incumbent; Shiro
Takada, vice president of the Socialist Party's Policy Deliberation Council,
incumbent; Hatsue Koizumi, 38, deputy director of the JCP Women's Affairs "
_ Department, new; Keitaro Hironaga, 60, associate professor of Takushoku
University, Democratic Socialist Party, new; Itaru Toma, 36, Kanagawa Pre- -
fectural official of the Labor Party, new; Hiroshi Hara, Kanagak~a Prefectural
chairman of the Marxist Workers League, new; Hiroshi Onishi, former televi-
sion commentator, independent, new lreco~nended by the New Lib~ral Club).
Saitama. Prefecture (2 seats at stake):
Yoshitaka Nao, 62, former speaker of the Saitama Prefectural Assembly, LDP,
new; Hideyuki Seya, 61, adviser to the Saitama Prefectural chapter of the
Socialist PRrty, incumbent; Tsuneo Yajima., 48, chairman of the policy com-
mittee of the ,TCP Saitama Prefectural chapter; Masato Maki, 32, member of
~ the Saitama Prefectural committee of the Marxis~ Workers League, new; Eitaro
Itoyama, 37, parliamentary vice minister of agriculture and fisheries,
independent, inc~imbent.
Chiba Prefecture (2 seats at stake):
(LDP candidates undecided); Misao Akagiri, 59, former chairman of the Chiba
Prefectural Council of Labor Unions, Socialist Party, ir.cumbent; Sachiko
Yoshino, 54, former member of the Nagareyama City Council, JCP, new; Shichiro
Sato, 37, chairman of the Chiba Prefectural chapter of the Labor Party, new;
Hachiro Nishi, 31, official of the Marxist Workers League, new. -
Ibaraki Prefecture (2 seats at atake)
Jir.o Iwakami, 66, chairman of the board of directors of an unidentified
school, LDP, incumbent; Ikuo Soneda, 55, former vice minister of health
and welfare, LDP, new; Osamu Yatabe, 48, chairman of the posts and tele-
couununications committee, Socialist Party, incwnbent; Setsuo Yamada, 32,
chairman of the JCP Ibaraki Prefectural chapter, new.
Tochigi Prefecture (2 seats at stake);
. Tomoharu Oshima, 63, chairman flf the education co~ittee, LDP, incumbent;
Mayumi Moriyama, 52, forr~l,~r Labor Ministry buresu chief, LDP, nPw; Kyo
Otsuka, 62, chairman of the Socialist Party Tochigi Prefectural chapter,
incumbent; Yoshitoki Eguchi, 58, official of the JSP Tochigi Prefectural
chapter, new; Shin Sato, 59, councilor to the Demor,ratic Socialist Party
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Policy Deliberation Council, new; Susumu Hasumi, 47, former secretary of
an unidentified member of the House of Representatives, independent, new. -
Gunma Yrefecture (2 seata at stake):
Suaumu Mogami, 38, vice chairman of the LDP Organizational Committee, in-
cumbent; Koichi Fukuda, secretary of an unidentified member of the House ~
of Representatives, LDP, new; Yuzuru Yamada, 55, official of ~he Gunam Pre-
fectural Workers Cooperative Union, Socialist Party, new; Kurazo Inagaki, _
55, chairman of the education committee of the JCP Gunma Prefectural chapter,
new.
Hokkaido (4 seats at stake)
Masamitsu Iwamoto, S0, former member of the Hokkaido Assembly, LDP, new;
Masaaki Takagi, 50, former member of the Hokkaido Assembly, LDP, new;
Takaaki Tsushima, 55, vice chairman of the Socialist Party Committee on
Prices, incumbent; Takashi Sakashita, 57, former mayor of Hamatonbetsu, _
Socialist Party, new; Takehiko Aizawa, 46~ director of the Komeito Hokkaido
chapter headquarters, incumbent; Sadako Ogasawa~.ra, 59, member of the JCP
Central Committee Presidiimi, ir.cumbent; Taku Sakagi, 30, chairman of the
Marxist Workers League Hoicn~~do chapter, new; Kiyobumi Namekawa, 33, chair- -
man of the Labor Party Hokkaido chapter, new.
Aomori Prefecture (1 sea*_ at stake): -
Tatsuo Yamazaki, 57, director of the LDP Science and Technology Departm~nt,
incumbent; Reizaburo Sagawa, 51, chairman of the Aomori Prefectural Council
of Labor unions, Socialist Party, new; Katsuro Fuji, 37, member of the
Standing Committee of the JCP Aomori Prefectural chapter, new. ~
Twate Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Sakari Masuda, 66, vice chairman of the LDP Agricultural Policy Council,
incumbent; Y~shio Miyawaki, 40, chairman of the Policy Committee of the JCP
Iwate Prefectural chapter, new; Seikichi Takahashi, 56, director of the ,
Iwate Prefectural Government Enterprise Bureau, independent, new (recom-
mended by the Socialist Party).
Miyagi Prefecture (1 seat at s~ake):
Kaname Endo, 64, parliamentary vice minister of finance, LDP, incumbent;
_ Osamu Takahashi, 51, chairmar. of the Miyagi Prefectural Council of Labor
Unions, Socialist Party, new; Goro Shizukuishi, 45, chairman of the policy
committee of the JCP Miyagi Prefectural chapter, new; Zenshichi Saito, 64,
chairman of the Agricultural Cooperative Union of an unidentified municipal-
ity, independent, new.
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Akita Prefectur.e (1 seat at stake): ~
Mitsuru Sasaki, 53, director of the LDP Environment Department, incumbent;
~ Masaha:u Sawada, 57, former member of the House of Representativea, Social-
~ iat Party, former member of the upper house; Shoji Ito, 34, former secre-
tary of an unidentified member of tt~e House of Represent ativea, JCP, new.
- Yamagata Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
~ Tokichi Abiko, 76, director of the LDP Judicial Affairs Department, incumbe�.zt;
Miyako Sudo, 45, former member of the Yamagata Prefectural Assembly, JCP,
_ new; Soichiro Sato, 52, instructor of the NHK Research Institute, indepen-
- denr, new; (jointly recammended by the Socialist Party, Komeito, Democratic
Socialist Party, Socialist Citizens League).
Fukushima Prefecture (2 seats at stake): "
Shogo Suzuki, 68, president of the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of
Forestry Associationa, LDP, incumbent; Eisaku Sato, 40, former vice presi-
dent of the Junior Chamber of CouQnerce, LDP, new; Tadashi Yaoita, 74, former _
member of the Hause of ~iepreaentatives, Socialiat Party, new; Kiyoharu Mogami,
30, member of the Standing Committee of the JCP Fukushima Prefectural chapter,
neF~.
Shizuoka Prefecture (2 seats at stake):
_ Shiya Totsuka, 40, parliamentary vice minister af international trade and ~
industry, LDP, incumbent; Sakae Fujita, 49, Shizuoka Shimbun Editorial
Cammittee member, LDP, new; Shinji Aoki, 53, chairman of the disaster
countermeasures committee, Socialist Party, incumbent; Hiroshi Yamada, 57,
chairman of the education c~mmittee of the JCP Shisuoka Prefectural chapter,
' . new; Hiroshi Shiina, 36, vice chairmar. of the Marxist Workers League, new.
[OW201311] Niigata Prefecture (2 seats at stake):
- Shin Hasegawa, 61, parliamentary vice minister of posts and telecoimnunica-
tions, LDP, incumbent; Hirashi Shitoma, 52, chairman of the audit committee,
_ Socialist Party, incumbent; Hisaaki Maruyama, 41, chairman of the education
committee of the JCP Niigata Prefectural chapter, new. _
Toyama Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Minoru Yoshida, 69, chairman of the energy committee, LDP, incumbent;
- (Socialist Party candidate undecided); Naoki Tanbo, 30, chairman of the '
agriculture and fisheries co~mmittee of the JCP Toyama Prefecture chapter,
new.
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Ishikawa Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Takaaki Yasuda, 63, 4irector of the LDP Labor Affairs Department, incumbent;
(Socialist Party candidate undecided); Ken~i Kawakami, 39, official of the
JCP Ishikawa Prefectural chapter, new.
Fukui Prefecture (1 seat at atake):
Tazaburo Kumagai, 73, former director general of the Science and Technology
_ Agency, LDP, incumbent; Kazuhiko Tsuji, 55, chairman of the Fukui Prefec-
tural Workers and Farmers Association, Socialiat Party, former upper house
member; Kazuo Yoshida, 54, former member of the Fukui Prefectural Assembly,
JCP, new.
Yamanashi Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
_ Taro Nakamura, 62, vice chairman of the LDP Diet Policy Committee, incumbeZt;
Chuzo Hara, 62, former member of the Yamanashi Prefectural Assembly, Social-
ist Party, new; Shinsaku Sakurai, 39, official of the JCP Yamanashi Pre-
fectural chapter; new.
Nagano Prefecture (2 aeats at stake):,
~ Tadao Natsume, 71, parliamentary vice miniater of the Science and Technology
Agency, LDP, incumbent; Ippei Koyama., 65, chairman of the pollution and
transportation committee, Socialist Party, incumbent; Hideo Kijima, 33,
lawyer, JCP, new.
Gifu Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Heigo Fujii, 74, president of the LDP Gifu Prefectural chapter, incumbent;
(Socialist Party candidate undecided); Kyozo Gugihara, 44, official of the
JC� Gifu Prefectural chapter, new.
Aichi Prefecture (3 seats at stake):
Hiroshi Oki, 52, former consul general, LDP, new; Shoji Morishita, 53,
former director of the Socialiat Party C=neral Affairs Bureau, incumbent;
Kazuhiro Nishida, 32, chairman of the policy committee of the JCP Aichi
Prefectural chapter, new; Shigenobu Miharu, 63, chairman of the Democratic
Socialist Party Aichi Prefectural chapter, incumbent; Susumu Tan~, 38,
' vice chairman of the Marxist Workers League, new; Kentaro Takagi, 69, former
president of Nagoya University, independent, new (recommended by Komeito).
Mip Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Juro Saito, 40, chairman of the trade and industry committee, LDP, incumbent;
(Socialist Party candidate undecided): Kazuo Matsubara, 54, director of the
education department of the JCP I~Iie Prefectural chapter, new; Kaoru Sugimoto,
32, official of the Labor Party Mie Prefectural chapter, new,
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Shiga Prefecture (1 aeat at etake):
Kunio Mochizuki, 62, parliamentary vice minister of the National Land Agency,
LDP, incumbent; (Socialist Party candidate undecided); Hisako Ririyama, -
41, director of the women's affairs department of the JCP 5higa Prefectural
chapter, new.
Kyoto (2 seats at stake):
- ~Iinoru Ueda, 65, vice president of the LDP Dietmen's Association, inc~nnbent;
Shozo Sugiyama, 44, deputy director of the Socialist Party International -
Affairs Department; new; Shinnosuke Kamiya, 55, vice chairman of the JCP
Diet Policy Co~ittee, incumbent; Akio Kenjo, 32, chairman of the Labor
Party Kyoto chapter, new (expected to be jointly nominated by Komeito and
the Democratic Socialist Party).
Osaka (3 seats at stake):
Taro Nakayama, 55, chairman of the steering committee, LDP, incumbent;
Masaya Makiuchi, 41, aecretary general of the Socialist Party Kyoto chapter,
new; Giichiro Shiroki, 60, chairman of the Komeito Rpgulatory Co~ittee,
incumbent; Atushi Iiashimoto, 51, vice chaix~an of the JCP Diet Polity Com-
mittee, incumbent; Yasuo Fujita, 30, official of the Labor Party Osaka chap-
ter, new; Akira Yamamoto, 36, chairman of the Marnist Workers League Osaka
chapter, new; Eiichi Nakamura, 50, television personality, new (recommended
by the Democratic Socialist Party and New Liberal Club).
[OW201317] Hyogo Prefecture (3 seats at stake):
Ichiro Nakanishi, 64, vice chairman of the LDP Agricultural Policy Council,
incumbent; Shoji Motooka, 48, chairman of the Hyogo Prefectural Council of
Labor Unions, Socialist Party, new; Hideo Yahara, 50, chairman of the Komeito
Hyogo Prefectural chapter, incumbent; Yoko Yasutake, 51, director of the JCP
Trade and Industry Department, inc~bent; Eiko Nilciyama, 46, lawyer, Demo- -
cratic Socialist Party, new; Toshiaki Asari, 30, chairman of the Labor Party
Hyogo Prefectural chapter; Toshio Yamada, 32, official of the Marxist Work era
League, new.
Nara Prefeceure (1 aeat at stake):
(LDP candidate undecided); Toshimi Kawamoto, 57, former m.ember of the flouse
of Repressntatives, Socialist Party, new; Ranako Kitanos 38, director of
the women's &ffairs department of the JCP Nara Prefectural chapter, new.
Wakayama Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Isao Maeda, 37, deputy director of the LDP Yc?uth Buresu, incinnbent; (Social-
ist Party candidate undecided); Kiyoshi Kuroki, 40, member of the standing
committee of the J~P Wakayama Prefectural chapter, new.
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Tottori Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Jiro Ishiyaburi, 71, chairman of the foreign relatioits co~ittee, LDP,
_ incumbent; Osamu Niimi, 65, farmer member of the Tottori Prefectural Assem-
bly, Socialist Party, riew; Mutsumi Yasuda, 42, vice chairman of the JCP
Tottori Prefectural chapter, new.
Shimane Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Hisaoki Kamei, 40, former vice minister of posts and teleco~nunications,
LDP, incumbent; Daikichi Ishibashi, 48,. chairman of the Shimane Prefectural
chapter of the Local and Municipal Government Workers Union, Socialist Party,
new; Yoichi Katsube, 49, vice chairman of the JCP Shimane Prefectural
chapter, new.
Okayama Prefecture (2 aeats at etake):
i
Takenori Kato, b4, vice chairman of the LDP Dietmen's Association, incum-
bezt; Kumao Terada, 67, adviser to the Socialist Party Okayama Prefectural '
chapter, incumbent; Oooru Oda, 52, official of the JCP Okayama Prefectural i
chapter, new; (the Democratic Socialist Party and Socialist Citizens League
in negotiation on jointly sponsoring a candidate). ~
Hiroshima PrefecturP (2 seats at stakej:
Itsuo Nagano, 61, former governor, LDP, incumbent; Manzo Hamamoto, 59,
adviser to the Socialist Party Hiroshima Prefectural chapter, incumbent; '
- Katsuyoahi Moriwaki, 45, chairman of the welfare committee of Che JCP
Hiroshima Prefectural chapter, new; Hiroyuki Konishi, 43, associate profes- -
sor of Kinki University, Democratic Socialist Party, riew. -
- Yamaguchi Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
(LDP candidate undecided); Tetsuo Hamaniehi, 54, chairman of the district ~
headquarters of the National Communicatione Workers Union, Socialist Party,
new� Yoshio Takahashi, 50, former member of the Hikaru City Council, Commu-
nist Party, new. ~ ,
Tolcushima Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Ken Naito, 47, member of the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly, LDP, new; Akio
Takehara, 52, director of the education department of the JCP Tokuahima
Prefectural chapter, new; Teiichi Maeda, 49, chairman of the Tokush~ma
Prefectural Council c+f Labor Unions, independent, new (recommended by the
Socialist Party).
Kagawa Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
_ Takushi Hirai, 48, parliamentarq vice minister of justice, LDP, incumbent;
(Socialist Party candidate undecided); Shoji Ksshi, 30, official of the JCP
Kagawa Prefectural chapter, new.
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Ehime Prefecture (1 seat at atake):
Yukio Nakagawa, 63, member of the Ehime Prefectural Asaembly, LDP, new;
Yoshizo Saheki, 54, chairman of the Ehime Prefectural Council of Labor
Uniona, Socialist Party, new; Minoru Motooka, 58, vice chairman of the JCP
Ehime Prefectural chapter, new; Taizo Saionji, 45, president of the Book
Stores Aseocfation, independent, new.
Kochi Prefecture (1 aeat at stake):
Kanzo Tanigawa, 59, former memt,er of the House of Representativea, LDP, new;
Masaka Ebuchi, 40, secretary general of the Socialist Partp Kochi Prefectural '
chapter, new; Tadaaki Wada, 40, chairman of the committee on prices of the
_ JCP Kochi Prefectural chapter, new; Shoichi Ban, 56, former miniater to
China, independent, new (recommended by the Democratic Socialiet Party).
Fukuoka Prefecture (3 seats at stake): -
Shuji Kurauchi, 62, former member of the House of Repreaentatives, LDP,
new; Kazuqoshi Rimura, 44, former member of the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembiy,
= LDP, new; Isamu Royanagi, 68, vice chairman of the Socialist Party Policy
Council, incumbent; Yoshiharu Kuwana, 49, member of the Romeito Central
Co~aittee, incumbent; Razuaki Ozawa, 48, vice chairman of the JCP Fukuoka
Prefectural chapter, new; Junji Fujii, 33, official of the Labor Party
Fukuoka Prefectural chapter, new; Hiroshi Masaki, 36, official of the
_ Marxist Workers League, new. =
[OW201321] Saga Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Hidemaro Fukuoka, 70, president of the National Federation of Co~nercial
Organizatioas, LDP, new; Yukihiko Numada, 47, chairman of the Saga Prefec- -
tural Council of Labor Unions, Socialist Party, new; Masakatsu Hirabayashi,
, 32, chairman of the policy committee of the JCP Saga Prefectural chapter, new.
Nagaeaki Prefecture (1 seat at atake):
Takiichiro Hatsumura, 66, chairman of the LDP Co~~.ttee on Offshore Island
Affairs, incumbent; Tatsuhiko Tatsuta, 53, chairman of the Socialist Party
Nagasaki Prefectural chapter, former upper house member; Yasuo Furuki, 48,
director of labor union affairs of the JCP Nagasaki Prefectural chapter, new;
Klmiamoto Prefecture (2 seats at atake):
_ ICiyomitsu Sonoda, 60, director general of the National Land Agency, LDP,
incumbent;~Yukio Tashiro, 63, deputy director of the LDP Trade and Industry
Department, incumbent; Masaomi Uogaeri, 42, director of the secretgri~at of
the Kumamoto Prefectural Council of Labor U'nions, new; Kazuya Awata, 4~+,
chairman of the education co~ittee of the JCP Kumamoto Prefecture, new.
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rv~. vrri~.icw u~~ ~NLi ~
Oita Prefec~ure (1 seat at stake):
Masao Goto, 66, chairman of the committee on local administration, LDP,
incumbent; (the Socialiat Party, Komeito, the Democratic Socialist Party
are negotiating on a joint candidate); Koichi Hamad~, 41, member of the
atanding committee of the JCP Oita Prefectural chapter, new.
Miyazaki Prefecture (1 seat at stake):
Masahisa Kamijo, 59, deputy secretary general of the LDP, incumbent; Hideo -
Shimizu, 53, secretary general of the Socialist Party Miyazaki Prefectural
chapter, new; Koji Hamada, 40, official of the JCP Miyazaki Prefectural
chapter.
Kagoahima Prefecture (2 seats at stake):
Yoshio Inoue, 57, deputy director of the LDP Agriculture and Forestry De-
~ partment, incumbent; Shinjiro Kawahara, 62, official of the Kagoshima Pre-
fectural Federation of Agricultural Administrative Organizations, LDP, new; -
Wataru Kubo, 51, chairman of the social and labor affairs committee, Social-
iat Party, incumbent; Tokuichiro Kameda, 42, lawyer, JCP, new.
Okinawa Prefecture (1 aeat at stake):
~
Shinei Kyan, 67, chairman of the Reformist Joint Struggle Council, inde-
pendent, incumbent (recommended by the Socialist Party, JCP and the Socialist
Masses Party); Hoei Ohama, 52, president of the Okinawa Prefectural Aasocia-
tion of Medical Doctors, independent, new.
COPYRIGHi: 1980 Chu-Nichi Shimbun Tokyo Honsha ~
CSO: 4105
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL -
'YOMIURI' POLIS UPPER HOUSE MEMBERS ON COMING ELECTION
OW260401 Tokyo YOMIUdI SftIl~UN in Japanese 22 Mar 80 Morning Editiou p 6 OW
_ [Tabulation of anewers given by 180 out of the 247 upper house members to
a recent YOMIURI survey on the coming upper houae election]
[Text] [Question] On what issues do you plan to appeal to the electorate
in the coming upper houae election? Please choose only three of the items
listed below: '
[Answer] Total LDP JSP Komei JPS DSP NLC SDL Niin Independents
Fiscal Reconstruc-
tion issue: 41 19 13 2 3 1 1 2
Tax increase issue: 7 1 4 2
Prices, utility
fees, business con-
dition: 118 38 37 21 12 S 1 1 2 1
Rectification of
official disci-
pline: ~2 17 1L 7 7 1 2 4 2
Administrative
reform issue: 31 9 1 7 8 3 1 1 1
Defense issue: 58 29 9 12 5 1 1 1
Resources and
energy issue: 70 42 8 9 7 1 1 1 1
Land and housing
~ issue: 8 3 3 2
Welfare and annuity
issue: 48 13 20 9 2 1 1 1 1
Education issue: 27 12 7 4 1 2 1
Fisheries issue: 23 14 4 3 2
Possible reversal .
of relative ruling,
opuosition
- strength: 28 7 9 9 3 ,
Other issues: 8 3 2 1 2
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~'UK Ur'N1l:lAL USL~ UNLY
[Question] How do you forecast the outc~me of tl:e coming election? We
realize that this is a hard question to anawer.
(AnswerJ Total I.~P JSP Komei JCP DSP NLC SDL Niin Independents 1
ReZative stren.gth
_ of the ruling and
opposition party
will reverse: 5~3 20 26 4 4 2 2
Margin of relative
strength between the
ruling and opposition
parties will further
narrow down: 36 4 20 2 3 2 1 3 1
There will ~a little "
_ change in the rela-
tive strength: 69 59 2 2 3 1 2
An LDP landslide
victory will put an
end to the equi- �
strength complica-
_ tions: 5 5
Others: 5 5
No reply: 7 6 1
[QuestionJ With the formulation of Socialist-Komei and Komei-DSP coalition
concepts, arguments about a coalition are rife. What kind of coalition do ~
- you think desirable?
jAnswer] To*al LDP JSP Komei JCP DSP NLC SDL Niin Independenta
LUP-NLC coalitian: 11 11
LDP-DSP coalition: 8 8
I.DP-Komei coalition: 1 1
_ LDP and multiple .
centrist parties: ~ 4 1 2 1
LDP splinters and -
centrists: 9 3 4 1 1
- LDP splinters and
JSP, Komei, and DSP: 3 2 1
Centrist Komei and
, DSP as center: 3 3
JSP, Komei, DSP as
center: 37 7 26 1 2 1
All opposition with
JSP, JCP as center: 4 1 g
[Table continued on following page]
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Total LDP JSP Komei JCP DSP NLC SDL Niin Independents
Others: (93)
A) LDP alone: ~+7
B) JSP-Komei as
axis: 31
C) Democratic
coalition: I3
D) Others: 2
_ =k
- No reply: 4 1 1 1 1 ~
- (Note: Some respondents gave more than one answer to the same question)
[Abbreviations: LDP, Liberal Democratic Party; JSP, Japan Soci,alist Party;
JCP, Japan Co~unist Party; DSP, T,emocratic Socialist Party; NLC, New
_ Liberal Club; Niin, Niin Club; SDL, Socialist Democratic League- -
COPYRIGHT: Yomiuri Shimbunsha 1980
CSO: 4105
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
~
~
'AKAHATA' EDITORIAL ON UPPER HOUSE ELECTIONS
OW220943 Tokyo JPS in English 0901 GMT 22 Mar 80 OW
["'Condemn Election Campaign Manipulating Religious Groups': 'AKAHATA' ~
~ditorial"--JPS headline]
[Text] Tokyo Mar 22 JPS--In preparation for the House of Councilors ~
election, the first Diet election in the 1980's, some political parties
- and religious organizations are increasing their "campaign manipulating
religious groups."
The Komei Party has Sokagakkai, a Buddhist Nichiren sect organization,
_ as its integral partner in its campaign. Ten out of the 23 candidate-
nominees of the Liberal-Democratic Party for the national constituency
of the House of Councilors elections are enjoying full support from
various religious organizations. The same is true of the Democratic
Socialist Party.
These religious organizations include Seicho-no-iya, the Shinto Shrine
Agency, and the World Salvation Church, tahich are involved in movements
for such fascis.~ic political objectives as the revival of imperial rule
and the state-ownership of Yasukuni Shrine (a Shinto Shrine where war-dead
are enshrined).
AKAHA~'A on March 22 carried an editorial entitled "Condemn Election Campaign
Mani.pulating Religious Groups." In defense of freedom of religion, which _
includes freedom of preaching and of propagation, and the democratic
principle of separation of politics and religion, the editorial said, ~
"Cogether with serious religious people, we fi~nly oppose use of religion
for political purposes." ~
"Of course religious organizations have the right to participate in political
life in broad sense of the word," the editorial said, "but this should have
nothing in common with coercion of support for a particular political party
on the whole membership of a religious organization. Such coercion amounts
- to a double infringement of principle of democracy, to the extent that it
violates ~~e fundamental human rights of adherents, and overrides the
principle of separation of politics an3 religion, which is stipulated in
the constitution (Article 20).
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The editorial said: "All religious people desiring for the happiness and
peace of the people sre urged to cooperate and take action with the people
of each aector in further developing the struggle againat the attempt to ~
- turn Japan into a fascistic country, for the defense of freedom of religion,
separation of politic;s and religion, and for peace and democracy."
CSO: 4120
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- 1'ULI'I'ICAL ANll SOCIOLOGICAL
_ LDP PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: CALM BEFORE STORM
'['oicyc~ T}iL' DAILY YOMIURI in English 17 Mar 80 p 3
lArticle L-rom "Political Beat" column by Raisuke Honda]
~Text]
Antileadership forces within the I.ib- What has made Mike silent over party
er~t-Democratic Party (LDP) such as the aSair$ seems closely related to the moves
Fukuda, Nakasone und Mlki. factions have oi hia most inSuential iac~lon member
recently remaineQ silent, apparently un- Toshio Komoto.
r~ble to pick up their cues to launch a, Komoto, one o! the pmspective candi-
Prontal attack on Prime Minister Ohira dates in the lorthcoming presidential elec-
and his associates. tion of the LDP this autumn, staged very
Ohira, intent on tackling inSation after aggressive drlves for recruiting pro-Komoto
having the fiscai 1980 budget passed party members irom lats last year through
through the House of Representatives, early thia spring. �
appears at ease due to the silence oi his The Komoto Paction's new member re-
rivals. However, there are also signs o! cruitment campaign has proved so suc-
_ _ _ .
another anti-Ohira campaign. cesslul that neariy � 1 milflon of ~he 3
The premier, fn a new bid to consolidate million regisxered members of the LDP
his leadership, is scheduled to hold a series are reportedly I~Omoto s~ipporters.
of talks around the middle of this week Komoto, however, is under heavy flre
with such antileadership .faction leaders irom other LDP iaction members ior
as Yormer premiers Takeo Fukuda and allegedlq having used "tricky" tactics in
Takeo Miki as well as former party sec- having party duea for the new membbrs
retary-general Yasuhiro Ia'pka.sone: The covered witri money of hie own catl~-
_ talks are Por "party unity" before the paigners. _
coming House of Councilors election. Some LDP eoilrces claim that I~Iomotfl
One oP the major reasons for the in- spent as much as ~f`3 billion toward pay-
activeness on the part of the anti-Ohira ing thE-party dues oi the newly rearuited
intraparty forces may be that ex-preanier pro-Komoto members. ~
Miki, who uaed to , call Ohira on im- Although Komoto rias thus become a
portant occasions, has recently remained strong candidate for the LDP presldency,
silent. . hie image as a"money-power "eandidate"
Miki attacked Ohira last autumn tor � has also � grown in and out of the LDP.
- his failure to have an election reform bili ~own� as ~advocator oi
passed through the Diet. fie also played "antimoney-power reform" oi the party
an active role in the 40-day power strug- setup, , has, therefose, been obliged to re-
- gle within the LDP that foilowed a party ~a~ silent. '
setback in the ]ower house election. Meanwhile, FukudA, another atrong
During the past lea~ months, however, ~~1, has aleo remained ailent.'
Miki has remained mute, except for mak- 8hortly befare the paesage of the bud~et
, ing remarks critical oP the party leader- ~'ough ~'the lower house, there was a
ship in connection with the recent dis- ~or that Ful[uda had met secretly with
_ closure o! alleged gambling in I,as Vegas xkko Kasuga, lortner chairman of the
by 7,DP Dietman Koichi Hamada. Democratic=3ocialist Party, presumably in
~ 26 _
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an attempt to defy Ohira by causing con-
lualon over the budf,et issue in the house's
plenary aession.
The plenary sesadon passed the bndget,
however, wlthout any anti-0hira moves
by Fukuda faction ms~bers. .
Another Ohira rival, former LDP sec-
retary-qeneral Nakasorie~ whp fs reDort- ~
edly chagrined at being ouWone by Ho-
moto in the LDP presidential race, seems -
to be doing his~ utmost' to make up the
leeway and cannot a8ord to make any
anti-Ohira moves. ~
Despite the outward tranquility in the
anti-0hira camp, senior me~bers o! each
_ antileadership factton have oltea held
- talks in preparaaon " _ ~
- -
against the party leadership, according to
iniormed sources. _
Attention has thus . been iocnsed on
whether the planned tallts between Ohira
and antileaderslaip isction leadera thls
week will help strengthen party solidarity .
or trigger a frontal attack on Ohin by
his intraparty rlvals.
COPYRIGHT: The Daily Yomiuri 1980
CSO : 4120
> -
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' POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'YUMIUItI' REPORT'S ON LDP'S YOUNG REBELS
'Cokyo 'CHL' llAILY YOMIURI in English 29 Feb 80 p 3
LArticle Ero~u "Political Beat" column by Raisuke Honda~
~1'ext~
A group of younger-generation politi- In fact, the iive major factions have
cians, who aspire to power within the been expanding their strength respeCtive-
Liberal-Democratic Party (LDPI, are en- ly by absorbing minor factions and non-
gaged in behlnd-the-scenes maneuvering faction~l members since the LDP's maior
to destroy the still strong influenGes of setback in the general election last
former prime minister Kakuei Tanaka in
the party and thus "re~uvenate the LDP. a The tiu~ee former prelniers, ~ Takeo
Taking the lead in theae moves are 8hin ~~uda, Takeo Miki and Tanaka have
Kanemaru, the party �Diet policy board been consolidating. their .power bases and
chairman a~ated with the Tanaka fac- continue to have big voices in party de-
tion, und Kaauo Tamaki, an LDP Hou"se cislons-
of Councilors member with no factional Tahaka, in particular, has retained
af~iliation. surprisingly strong inRuence despite the
According to LDP sources, other prlme fact that he now is being tried in the -
movers oi party rejuvens~!on include ~ckheed payoS scandal, so that the cur-
F'lnance Minister Noboru Takeshi~e, o!. tlie
~ Tanaka faction, the party's Policy Board reri~ Ohir~ administration is often called
Chairmo.n Shintaro Abe of tYie Fukuda a"cabinet in the ahadow oi Tanaka:'
faction and iormer agriculture iorestry Under the circumatances, the eources
and flsheries minister Ichiro Nakagawa, say, such "Yuture cand~datCe" 1osa,~ke , poet
aiso o! the Fukuda faction. oP LDP leader as Tak~ahita, ari~ ~l1be may
.And other actfve participants are former well be Browing deaperate: '
member o! the Nakaeone factior~ ~ and if the exiating p~rty ~control" by,..the
former agriculture, forestry and flsherles faction leaders CoriLltltldb� i0l. $eYBTai alOre
minister Michio Watanabe and former years, tYfe younger ,~bjiirente aTe,,bound tQ
education tninister Toshiki Kaifu of tYse have a. very short pe~lod 0~`'~?~e in~ avhich -
Mik1 iaction, ~ the sourcea say. . 'they � Will be . able t+~. qaield t~'ieir ~ ow,A in-
The party sourcea give the tollowksg Suence. , ~ ' N, :
iactors behind the movement to reiuve- The ~e~ctlqn headed, bq~ Tt~?~ka,11t ~iartS+
nate the partq. leaderahip. cul~r, will make~ a~
l
i~
t~ e~ti� to npRi~taln
Since the birth o! the cabi~et led by ifs strong .party 3~e~e. ~.6~V~ ~ttDI?~~
Kakuei Tanaka that iollowed the Sa~o ~ t~e fO~?~ pT~~~~^~ ~!~~'~~e'
- cabinet in 1972, the ruling party has been tlie $ources apecul~Ee,.. ~ +
under the i'igid control oi the Sve major Conalder~ag his'~ A!:`81~ ~
intraparty factiona or the Ohira, Tanaka, succ:eastul in m liie~~~~n.s
- Fukuda Nakasone ~and Miki lactions: strengt#1, wiA be' a1~>.~:. t1~t1e ~0' ~~ert..
Although nearly 10 years have passed strong inSuence ov~r:.:the ~�:~gt~~~tar ,9t
since then, there is ao sign that the least a dozeri more .~oi~ta,~. �
dominance of the flve tact�ons over party ~hould this happbn, t~` ~lt~'libe; 'at3d
a f
P a i r
s m a y b e l o o s e n e d. i n t h
e f
o r e s e e a b l e other youn ger aapisar~te tio�~gtb~ver, w~11 be�
future, the sources point out. � kept in a holding position .tat, toq"~
lon6,
� ~the aourcea say. ` ' ' `
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Takeshita along with Kanemaru, who Kanemaru descnbes Sato's action as
are related to each other, have therefore the ~~grst sigpiflcan~ step iorward" toward
embarked on . the' par 's re reiuvenstion o! the parti? setuP; adding:
;~~q~,oid� t,v ~crul other lil~e-minded "There wlll be v~arY interesting ,clevelop-
Q--
LDP mem'6era, the souTces~ saY~ ~me~ts in~several months to come:'
In~ a related move, the ~~9 A1thQusbr he did not say so ~speciScaIIy.,
Council on Keliglons Matters. oomF~ Kanem~ru appe~trs to be hinting that ~his _
- oi a group o! LDP Dletmen led by Tamald. group wW launch a full-acale, campei8n.
has recently come out wlth a propoaal to liquidabe all intraparty faetiqn with a
calling for both lower and uppex house ~ frontal attack against the leaders of the
LDP members to cut their ties wlth iac- flve major factions.
tions before the iorthcoming upper house It is dli5cult to eay that Kanemaru
election. ax~d his suppotters will be succeasYul since
In � line with the proposal, lower house the faction leaders atill h~ve Yar more
member Takash! Sato o! the Fulcuda fac- inSuence `fa the partq than the younger
tion, who serves as secretarY-Beneral of rebela. ,
the councll, has alreac~y expressed h1s
intention tio secede from tfie fac~ion. _
COPYRIGtIT: The Daily Yomiuri 1980 .
CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
DISPUTE BETWEEN JSP AND JCP ANALYZED
~ Tokyo MAINICHI DAIL~i NEWS in English 11 Mar 80 p 4
[7.ooming-In Column by Hideo Matsuoka: "All-Out Socialist-Communist War?"]
~ Tex t 1 An all-out war has broken out
between the Socialists and COaliti0n
_ Communists of Japan. The The Socialists allied with the
Socialist-Komeito policy Komeiitesprimarilyinthehope
alliance for, a coalition govern- that it would work to their
ment sent the CommunisE
dander up through the roof at advantageinthe coming House
tiie party's recent convention. of Councillors election. The �
I)rawing a bead on the Socialist alliance is explained as "a
~eadership, Corr~munist policy agreement for
Chairman Kenji Miyamoto said establishing a coalition
the Socialist Party was ,government..dtu~~ng the first.
co;rupted, and had walked out half of tife`1980s:"�2h~'~esent
nn the working class apd political situation, however,
t~�ampled on the basic prin- offers no such prospects. It is
ciples af retormism. It was more likely that the proposed
laceratinglanguage. coalition government will stay
The Socialists did not take it just a~ proposal, with the
sitting down. Having lost sight publicized;:policy agreement
of the i�eal enemy, ~which 'ts the never gett(n g a chance to be.
bourgeois government, they practiced; tiy a real govern-
- said, Communists were now ment. The. alliance and the -
publicity.that surrouads it are
lighting into the forces of social more useful in the upcoming~
democracy; revealing their true election than in realizing a
identity as an enemy of coalition gover~tr?ent. ~
democracy. ~ �
T h e c o n f r o n t a t i o n i s At the general meeting of -
escalating withbut an end., We Sohyo cGeneral . Council of
may be see~ng a RUsso-Chinese Trade Un[ops of Japan) in early
proxy war on Japan's political February;. Secretary General
scene. ~ . Mitsuo Tomizuka declared: _
"The coming House of Coun=
Are not Communists riled cillors election is more im-
beyond the Socialists' ex- pp~nt than arguing whether
pectation? In agreeing to ex- the Socialist-Komeita alliance
ciude Communists from the ~me8ns a switch in the Soclalist ~
Socialist-Komeito allfance, the policy line. lf our forces lose
Socialists must have expected this election, there will be no
some angry words from the future for us." It was as good as
Communists, but not the latest saying that the Socia~list-
fusilladeofbarbs. Komeito alliaace was just'for
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own party. Toward that end, �~d ~ the war that Communist ~
they cauld deploy a.variety of y~b ~~~,thep~ustreleased
programs, su~h as , upgrading ~ from Fuchu Prison. called 'at
party members' study prografi the ottice where preparations
to improve membership Werebeingmad~tororganizing
quality, penetration into labor a~~~ p~y, ~nd called for
unions, organizing civlc electoral ,consump on. ~Of
movements and others." course, the Jap~ Socialfst
_ Party ca~uot shelve or ditati tbe
Unrewarding Cheos . aqfance tiigDt atter the electioa . -
as something that h9s~ served
The latest outburst by out its usefulness.~ I[ it ~did. so,
Miyamoto has this passage: "It the party leadership'a morals
only creates an unrewarding would be '~alled intu question.
' chaos to expect any normil So, the alliance will have to live
response from tt~~ Sceialist on. in ~ thus ~ uphold(ng the
Party whicb is fast shifting to alllaace. ~.tlte Soc~alists hoped
the right." This Is what I have that. fhe Comm?mists would
been preaching to: the Com- understand their predkament.
munist's for these~ two years. I Weli, they did not.
.
had thought the Commuaist ~ ~ ~ ' ~
leadets I talked to widerstood ~J(;p Li I,pWer HOUSe '
my jua~nent, althou~ they aki .
not overtly back my theory.. The Japan Communist Party
Judging by the. Communf~t more than doubled its seats~In
outburst at the Socialists, tliee the House of RepresentatJves ia
Commuuist leaders I~ave the last general~election: to~41
talked
t- o did~u~~rstana mY from 19. ~ The~ party, - glo~ving
assertions. Since be[ore. Wor.ld over the victory, had expected
War II, I have known the to have its voice heard better in
_ repeated grou~ing together and the retormist Caa~p . of :the
talling apart ~ among leftist political world.~No way. I~tstead
etements. The Communist of increased respeck ~ elated
leaders would have done better Comm~nists ~were getting �
- by giving ~aore respect to my unfrfendly eliwws ~ f1~om: ~ a11
advice. . ~ ~ arouqd !n ~the refor.mist camp:
If they had heeded ~y advice, Tt?ey~ "were virtuatly being .
the Communists today wotild be ostracized. If this did not make
takin the 3ocialist-Komeito ~he Comm~r?ists: tume, : what :
alliance more coolly, cominced will'! The ~apan Socialist Party
- that the.inevitable Wtimat~has since its~.inceptiun has been a
come. There wi1T be ~ less combination of r~gtitist and
frustration on the part ~ot the leftist factions: The ri~tists;
Communists. It~ was in this after ZO years ur the lntraparty
sense that I said the terocity of limbo. are back 3n leadersliip, _
the Communist wrath ~as a making Communists ~ all 'the-
surprise to me as ~much as it~ more wary ot the Socialist
should have been to the Party. Hec:ce the bitter. C~um-
�Scscialis.s. ~ ~ munist~ocialist conirontatlon..
For the Communist Party, The ferocity of the Com-
however, formation of a mutiist blast a~ the Socialists
people's front is an .a11- . was as much a siuprise to me as
important goal of tiie~, Com- it was to the Socialists. For
munist program. Old stories of . more than two years ~I have _
World War II vintage aside. it ~ been advising high=ranting
. was only two months.aftec the 'Communists at. various
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meelings against atlempts [or a alliance were to be Communists become a truly revo!utionarv
united tronl with Socialists. My and Socialists. Alliance with the party Qf advance guards and
pet preachin~ to Communists at 5~~~~~.,..~ys has been a the Soctalist Yarty to p4rsuc the
sach meet(ngs would run llke cher~sl4ed dream of iche Com- late Saburo Eda's policy of
this: "There is virtually no muniets: The ComrpunlsEs are retorming the nationa~ struc-
possibility Wr a Communist- d~p~ ~ u hold the action ture. If the two arties make
SoCia~llst. tmited itoait;.~ and 7f "is p p
simply a loss ot working energy policy to pursue the dreamed-of their~ difiei'ences clear, there
tor Communists to seek such a So~. even ivhen tt?e,t know t~he W~11 be less confusion in the
iront. Communists, instead, Bet~ral~ ~hv~1'rr~nent Ss gettinF, political tratfic.. .So, far, tb.e
should concentrate their main increasingly fiostile for ~~the traffi~ scene has .been
= energy in strengthening their dream to come true. �When I dominated by orange ligi~ts,
a Commun(st-Soclal3s~common think~ of this Communist ob- with no green and red lights to
(ront. lluring that year, session, ~I can see how they note the dffference for the
Communists made tluee tormal could not qulte give up hope. on nation. _
- approaches to Socialists on the the 3oclalists. They knew the Talk about Eda, �and.~ in. the. ,
subject. � situatioq was getting more and 5ocialist-Komeitp,.: poliey~
Suehiro Nishio of the Socialist more unfavorable ~ for their agreement, there is a. passage
Part received the Communist hope. But ~when the hope did get which says: "We will strive for
-""-~eIe ation once, bu't turned off lost, they blew up with pent-up undoing the Japan-U.S.~securiiy
B anger. arran ement. With this in
the later delegatior~s .~aE : the g
door, sa ing "The number of mind, we will endeavor to build
Y The Socialists say, mean� an international environment
your delegations will not while, they took up with that will.~ tr~ake.~thJS:~.i~pdoing -
change my'no'." Komeiites because they were posslple.'.' This is exactl3! ~what.
not to~win�the House of Coun- Eda had been advocafing ~
P'eople's Front cillors election by all means. It throughout. Saburo Eda has ~
may also be said the Socialists been resurrected in tpe
~Vhen Sanzo Nosaka returned were revealing their real ~in- SocialistParty. ~
to Japan in January~.3946 frum tentians. Whichever the. .case, ~
his exile in Yanan, ~hina; the the_,S''~Cla1~ jnercil~ ,~de'~ The Socialists raust farmally
first thing he ~ proposed was their Communist brothers. r~stare fiim. �Etta may not ,be ,
formation of a democratfc down.: mheir confrontation. compared to L~u Si~aoqi in
people's unfon. It was intended escalated with every tit. for. stature. But the SocIalist Party ;
as the first step toward every ~at, and there seems to be will be impolitic not to restore ~
organizing a nationwide no mending the fence now. The him after borrowing trom his ~
people's front. People's front is confrontation will~ spread to policy lines posthumously.
the oniy vehicle for the minority other fields such as labor, civic; Really, the Social[st Party, for
Communists to ride ~ into cultural ~and dEhet ma?emertfs�.~~ espousing Eda's ideas. owes it
political leadership. It will be an all-out war between ta him~to purge its own "gang of
- Socialists and Commui~ists. four" who engineered his
It was against this back- , ouster. But the party leadership
ground that the Japan Com- ' has said it was agalpst such a
munist Part drew a lat- ~ess COniusion
x ~ P . purge. Well It m~y. But then, it
form on a government of a It will be better tor the order. Sh~d ~t~east set up ap altar,,to
democratic alilance seven W~thln the retormist cam if the forrr~ally honoi the m~n it in-
years ago. Even in that plat- Communist Part chooses to d~reetly kfcked out.
form, the central forces of the y
_ COPYRIGHT: The Mainichi Daily News 1980
_ CSO: 4120
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YOLI'CICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
JAPANGSL CMBASSY I:NTRUSTING IMP02TANT DIPLOMATIC JOBS TO AMERICAN ENTERPRIS~S
'l'okyo 'CHF. MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 3 Mar 80 p 5
[~rticle by Yoshijisa Komori, MAINICHI Correspondent in Washington]
['1'ext ]
On the occasion of the cew Japanese Was6i~bm~ ~~~-cre~wded wlth in-
ambassadoFs arrival at his Was6ingtoti ' vestigation agencies, PR eaterprises,
post, l waild fllce ~o bring yi a quest~qn lobDying ongaa~ns and law offices.
whicD 1 have long hArbored �in rega~d:b Atrq~ e~u ~audl servic~s.
Ja'pan's diplomaGc actlvitiea ; in� ' the Abotte ,alt, t~is roles phyed by law
United States. The question~cpncerns t~e orf~es ar~e~ paracwa~y grear. Besiaes
fact Ebat tbe Japane8e Efibassy sp~ds a ordinacy ~ jadicia~ proeedtn~es, they are
- 1ar~e su~n of moneq to ask loCal ready to conduct, oa behalt of their
Amerlcen ~?t~tprises, aot its own st~t, clients~ a great varieEy oi jobs including
toc0~dq~tvarious~partantjobsneed~d, lobbying activities, gathering in-
tor its d~ioa4atic miasion: ~ formatio4 aeal}'sis. snrqeY, Production
The ~ecAb~sy 6eavDY depend4 W1on ot reports � aod .at~'angin8. meetings
Amet~i~an 6tms to cairy out a~dtk between important American persons
ran~e o!~ tagts sach as ia~?es~igatiaa of. and Japanese vi~ita~s.
Political and economic affalrs, lobbyieg Tbe range imd voiume of diplomatic
- at Congcess, information gathering and jobs whicb the Japanese Embassy is
even tbe Preparadon of speecb teats far~ entrnstlug to Amerkan law offices are
the amba~aior. and Cabiuet members surPri~in~Y g~eat. These "outsIde order'
- trom Tolryo. In embassies oI other jobs are, pot at ~ aU sessitive or pdsely
councries, t~ese jobs are naturalry jyafesaYmaia~lrs tliac ca~ila~be solved �uy
carriedout by theit owu stafLs. by American lawyers. Tde jobs.are such
- For this purpose~ the embassy � is as are actnally being done by the staf is of
sPendiog ~oear~y ~1 million a year. Tbe other embasstes. � Here are some -
Japanese oU'~ce ezaea~s aU ~other em- examples. ~
bassies Ia Was6ingt~ in the field oE such 1: .
`wrtaideorder'diplomacY- The Japanese Embassy is paytng
WhY do thep have to ask outside about ~D.000 a year to the firm Tanaka,
prlvate Crms to carry out what ou~t to Waldars and Ritger. During the Cu'st tialf
be done Dq themselves? This peculiar oi 1979, for example, the registrant c 1)
habit of the Japanese Embassy may be furntshed Iegal and iq~ormational ser-
giving tise to a loss of independence in .vices covering c~ng~esSional activities
- Japan'~ diplomacy toward the United including the trade subcommittee task
States and to the growing triction in iorce of the House . Ways and Means
economic relations between the two Committee reporE bn tlnited States-
nations. . Japan trade, Senate Fiqance Committee
recommendations for legislation imple-
m~nting the antidumping code; c2) re-
~ 33 po~~ on and analyzed developments in
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~va~ vas't~tcu~ alJ1i VLYLL ~
the multilateral trade negotiations professional educational exe~nge
cTokyo Round) iacluding congressional p~~ams; and ,t7) reports .~on energy
activittes. and hearings held relating issues. �
thereto; (3) covered and reported on Example3:
activitles of the office of the Special The embassy is also asking~the ~irm of
Trade Representata~e; (4) reported on . Danzansky, Dickey, Tydings, Qnlnt and
recent determinations under the An- Gordon to report and advise on moves of
t(dumping Act of 1930 and relevant ~e Administration .and the Wngress
deaelopments including TreasurY � concerning problems of~popqlatioa,~ food
Departraent and International Trade supply and trade activities. The annual
Commission actions covering various retainer is $10,000. The office ~cplained
imports, including motorcycles trom that, on bedalf of the client, tt~held t~lks
Japan and steel wlre from Japan; (5) with officials ot the State, Commerce and
reported oa and analyzed presideptial Treasury departments and' those of the
actions iacluding a proposed anti- International~ Trade Commission, and
inflation prngram; t6) reported on also conferred with congresstnen of both
results of 1978 congressional eleCtfons houses. .
and impact of same on future trade Example4:
legislation; and (9) acted as interpreter ~e Daniels, Houlihan and Palmeter
at various meetings (for the embassy firm advised the embassy, formally and
staff).. in[ormally, on legal matters, especially
In addition to the annual-base contract i~ international trade, at a prlce of m~re
business, the ofCce was paid $10,000 by than $20,000 per year. Between 197U
the embassy in Februaiy 1978 for and 1976, the same office was paid a total _
providiag a surveygathering data on and of $88,000 for advfsing and reporting on
analyziag major compoaents of U.S. the current situation with regard to trade
exports. In May the same year, the office policy and problems.
earned about ~9,000 for providing the Example 5:
emba~sy with legal and informational The embassy is receiving advice on
counseling services with respect to U.S. defense, trade and congressional _
taxation matters. prablems from Chapman, Duff and Paul,
_ The reports, analyses and advice, paying $i0,000 each year.
which the Japanese Embassy purchases
fmm ,~merican enterprises are for- Elementary Info
warded to Tohyo as "achievements" of Why don't Japanese diplomats conduct
its activities. such basic activities? None of the em- �
Example2: ' � bassies of other advanced countries like
The Horgan Hartson firm is paid Britaiq, West Germany, Australia a~d
$51,000 per year by the embasey. The ~Italy sQek outsiders' heip . for their
services which the offIce has sold to the diplomatic mission~. Embassies of In� �
embassy include cl) general legal, done~ia, Haiti, Iran and some other
counsel and advlce regarding legislative smaller nations have contracts wIth no
and executive branch d~velopments more than one or two American firms.
affecting the U.S.-Japan ~relationship; Outside orders by the Japanese Em-
c 2) conferences wlth the Department of bassy are nut Dimited to law offices alone.
State regarding diplomatic pmtocol Last year, it paid 56,000 to Bmwn-
matters; (3> continuing conferences with DoWIIng, Ltd. whIch advised the em- _
embasay staff re~;arding air roufe and bassy on the principal of Georglans
fishing rights matters and legislation working for the A~rninistration and
- regarding diplomatic immunity issues; Cabinet members' relationship wlth
(4) conferences with visiting client President Carter. Donald Lerc~h and
government officials, and meetings with Company, Inc. (an investigation firm)
Senator Byrd regarding a~rangements � provided counseling on agricultural
therefor; c5) conferences with embassy issues and other matters as the em-
staff and National Symphony Orchestra bassy requested ~for payment of about
_ personnel and advice regarding spon- $13,000: About $24,000 went to Doremus
sorship of a fund�raising symphony ball; and Company tan investigation and PR
c6~ assistance and advice concerning firm). The re~istrant conducted a survey
34
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oi ~tQe public r~latiohs aad~ Com- Immediately after Pr~sldent Carter
mqnlcatioas actlvit~es ot the embassy took offtce, he announced a glan to wlth-
and;caietdar oitices of Japan 9n the U.S., draw U.S. .gi~ow+d forces from the
and mpn~tored and analyzea U,S. Republlc of Korea, a drastk policy oi
broadcast And prlnt media treatment ot enocmous slgafitcance to Japan. The
Japan `and 'serKed as general public Japaneae Em6assy quickly placed a
rel ations counsel te the embassy. SS,OdO order wIt6 yocys, S~1t81; 9ey.mour
Chapman, Gadsby, Hannah and and peage; The firm pr~at~ed for the
Duff prnvided the embassy with in- embagsy ~ stpdy of the factors which
- formation concerning U.S. presidential histortcally, influeneed and eurrently
primaries. The payment in 1976 was infltieace the Unlted States policy
S24,o00. It concerned elementary in- regaf+dipg tl~ee r~tention ot Its ground
formation about how t~e ~ electioas are forces in ' the Republic of . Korea. It
held and hoi~~candidates are nominated. reviewed publicly available.documents,
The same ofRce also gave~suggestions to inter.i?fewed past sad present members
the emba~sy about the fimctioas of the of Congress and congressional staff `
??l~!.~}?*~32~1QG8i-zn~ .."_"-'"e��"_ ---iuER~iS; -35-S~Z 8S gSSt 2IIu preseni
of the Senate Intecnattonal Relations member~ of the executive dranch, in-
Commission, ,which became in- clud'ing tl~e departmea~s of Defense and
t~rnationaUy known at the ~time of the State. $ere again, a questiou arises over
Lockheed scandal. why Ne embassy cannot carry out such a
In 1977, when � lobby~ttg activities by job by itself.
memtiers of the KoreP:. Central In- The outside order contracts, once
telligence.Agency werc brnnght to li~t, concluded, tend tu co~ttinue endlessly;
the Japan~se Embassy � requested and~tMsis�a major~tetietk of the -
Cladouhas and Brasharee to condact a Japai~ese diplomac~y in Washington.
survey on, the theme oi "lobbyiag ac- Willi~m Tanata of ~'anaka, Waldars and
!tvitles in the ~Urdted States." The cost Ritger has been supplying information to _
was~3;000. t6~ embassy continuously for the past 24
For such inforrriation, which ~hould be yeais. � .
elementary for professional diplomats, Micba~el D. _ Daniels ot Daniels,
- the Japanese_ ~Elnbassy is spending a iioutihan and Palmeter worleed actively
fortu~ witd American firms. as ~a ~obbqist for the Japanese side at the
time~ot't6e U.S.,lapan text~le dispute in
1970. For a yearly reward of;84,000, paid ~
by t~e Japanese textile industry, he
recefved a contract to negotiate with the
Administration and the Congress. As a
result, he toyd Japanese representatives
that the d~spute would be solved only it
Japan voli~tarily controlled its textile
exports. However, when the Japanese
side presented a proposal oc voluntary
COPYRIGH`I': The Mainichi Daily News 1980
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rvi~ vt~l�I.l.ttiL UoG V1Va~I
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
I3UIX~ET MAKING CRITICIZED AS SLIPSHOD
' Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 7 Mar 80 p 3
~Article from "Political Beat" column by Raisuke Honda] '
~'iext~
The Diet impasse on a demand by the The three parties, particularly the DSP,
opposition parties to revise the flacal 1980 raiaPd strong obiections to the govern-
budget has been overcome with an agree- ment's plan to raise the rates oP the
ment between the government and the e;ectricity resources development promo- -
- opposition that modifles the budget by tion tax.
~`141 billion without rewriting it. The tax is imposed on electric power
The budget is certain to be approved in ~ompanies in proportion to their electric!-
a plenary session oi the House of Repre- ty outputs with the aim of securing Punds -
sentaCives and relerred to the House oY for flnancing alternative energy develop-
Councilors Saturday. ment projects as well as facilltating con-
Despite the major compromise the.y struction oY new powPr stations.~ -
made !n the budget, top leaders of the The DSP, in response t~o the urg3n;s
government and Liberal-Democratic Party ;rom power companies and their trade
ILDP) appear satisfled they at least man ~ unions, battled the pianned tax hike with
aged to avoid a formal modiflcation' gormer DSP chairman Ikko Kasuga at the
that would require rewriting the original gorefront.
budget. While acting as a"cat's paw" of the
There has been no previous instance
comparable to this latest budget , revision power companies and related labor unions,
which irripressed us so strongly of the Kasuga made a point o! arguing that the
intricacies of the political world on the Planned~~tax raise be Scrapped since he
threshold of an 'age oi coalition:' clalmed it would lead to turther hikes in
The budget revision strife at this time Power rates and eventuallq all Fommodity"
- was unprecedentedly peculiur in that the P~ces. ~
three political camps-the LDP, the Com- Although the JSP and Komeito were
munist Party (JCP> and the "league" of apparently reluctant to follow suit, the
the Socialist (JSP), Komeito and Demo- two parties were forced to baek the DSP
cratic-Socialist (DSP) parties - were in its campaign against the planned pow-
strongly swayed by their party interests er flrm tax raise, simply to keep th�
with the coming upper house election in three-party cooperation aetup intact.
mind. The government and the LDP resisted
The J3P, Komeito and DSP were in the DSP demand to the last, since with-
particular self-interested throughout the _drawal of the plann..ed tax hike would
impasse. have - necess a ed xewriting the original
The three parties' udamant stance on budget, a big disgrace ior the govern-
the budget revision issue was seemingly ment.
diie to the need they felt to win a ma~or In its effort to persuade the DSP and ,
~;overnment compromise on budget modi- the two other parties to abandon the
fications in order to pave the way for antitax demand, the government wns
- planned cooperation among the three in eventually obliged to make a comprom!s�
tl~e upper house election. offer to the efPect that it would ap-
propriate ~50 biilion more Punds Por
36 .
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measurea to stabilize commodity prices. tu represent the party in ~alks with the
The government oPPer of the additional opposition over the budget, the flnal
~50 billion Antilnflution funds came so agreement~ between the LDP and the
:ibruptly thut the oppoaition members opposition was mpde between LDP Pollc.y _
1~e~d no idea at all how to uAe thut lai�ge Bonrd Chairman 8hintaro Abe and hts
sum oi money. 8ome oi them were eo oppositlon� counterparts !n the absence of
irreaponsible as to tell Finance Minfater Kanemaru.
Noboru Takeshita: "Think out for your- Prime Minister Ohira did nothing all the
selt good purposes Por the use of the while btit say he would llke to see the
_ money, if any." revision issue settled upon the initiatlve
Such moves by the DSP and its two of the LDP.
allies show clearly their narrow-sighted The Finance Ministry, which had earlier _
partisan� mindedness As well as their com- been strongly opposed to any budget
p!Pr,~ lar.k of a sense o! responsibility Po~ modiflcations on the grounds that the
makin6 a budget for the beneflt of tha ministry-planned government flnance re-
nation. habllitation must be carried out, also
The budget revislon row also brought "capitulated" to opposition pressures.
' forth similarl;~ irresponsible responses cn The ministry was so yielding that i*
the part of the government and the LD:P begged the opposition parties to give up
to the opposition demands. their demands for a"formal revision" of
ihe LDP's top of~lcials, such a.g the the ~udget on condition that it would
.,ecretary-general, chairme~ of the Policy accept a"highest possible amount" of
- Board and the Diet Policy Boar�d, as well modiflcations not requiring rewriting the
as the LDP members of the lower houGe original budget.
Budget Committee, acted arbitrarily with- Meanwhile, Prem!.er Ohira remained in- -
out mutual consultation in dealing with active, cnly echoing the minis~ry's stand
" the opposition demands. not �Lo accept the formal revision demand.
The confusion was so ba~ that opposi- The 10-day stoppage of Diet business
tion members grumbled: "We are at sea was, thus c~.~;.;zd by these absurd anrl -
with no onE to negotiate the matter." irresponsible a6titudes toward the budget
Although the LDP later named Diet by both the government-LDP and the
Policy Board Chairman Shin Kanemaru opposition parties.
COPYRIGI~T: The Daily Yomiuri 1980
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v.. v.. . �......u uvu va~ua
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'YOMItlltl' ON ADMINISTRA.TIVE REFORM
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 15 Mar 80 p 2
~Editorial: "Administrative Reform"]
~Text~ ~ .
The Ohira cabinet Friday confirmed that an ad-
miniatration reform draft will be completed by the
end of this month. The draft, being nrepared under
the theme of "scrap at least one local bureau of each
_ ministry and agency," is aimed at getting rid of somc
of the r~gional branches. �
Regions which are expected to be affected have lost
no time in lr.unching campaigns against the plan
with the help of Dietmen from th.e area concernecl
or other influential figures. _
We hope that Prime Minister Ohira, who has ex-
peresaed his determination to carry out the administ-
rative reform, will stick to his word and prove his
leaderahip.
~ Cutting down the number of regional branchea of
the central government organs will certa.inly aerve in
_ eliminating adminiatrative waste and at the same
time promote independence of local governments.
Prior to the compilation of the state budget for
fiscal 1980, the board� of prefectural governors sub-
~ mitted to the government a demand for positive
streamlining of regional branches arguing that corn-
plicated administrative eystem of the central gov-
~ ernment was hampering their independent financisl
inanagement and rationalization of adminiatrative
aetups.
We aupport the local governments' argument. But ; _
- it is strange that the governors never fail to object
to the scrapping of local bra,nches of the central gov-
ernment whenever such a plan is forwarded. ~
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Abandoning Token Geiture ~
When it comes to the zutty.-g?ritti,eB.Q$ admiaidtratiye -
reform, they abandon their token gesture and come
out with their !true leelings..
It ia remarkaMe to note that local govt,rnments
concerned are already arguing over which' of the -
northern and southern regionsl 8t?aricial bu2te~ue .will
be unified as part of the program., In thia senee, the
central ministries and agencies ~1uet also, be blame~~
for their negative attitude becauae they want to make
as minimum a sacrif~ce . as posaible. ~
~ Considering the past experience, the Adminiettative
- Management Agency plana to propoee a liat of officea
which should be abolished or alnalgamated in a bid to
allow each ministry to mal~e its owri ..choicg .~n ~h~ ~
list. Some `~0` 'rcgi`tiln~t 'br~r.~i� ~iriclti~ ~~~~'.~'oC'~1
poatal savings offices of the Poats ai~d Telecommuai~
cations Ministry, about 10 � percent of ' the tot~,l
regional branches, are listed � as targets of $trea~-
lining. .
Matching The Private Sector . -
Considering the present advance communication~
and traffic means, it ehould be posaible to reduce the
niimber of regional branchea by half. If the private ~
sector can abolish its unproductive departments, wh3�
can't the public sector? ~
Administrative reform must be accompanied b,y
substantial results in the form of personnel ,retrench-
ment and reduction in the number of branches, not
just a token gesture. ~
The Finance Ministry and the Adminiatrative
Management A;gency, the two central government
organa which have at times dillydallied in following
such a program; ehould tb.is time take the initiative.
Ohira, as the country's leader, ahould also set an
exa~:iple by ii,~st abolishing the central government's
re~ional branet~es in his constituency.
+ COPYRICHT: The Daily Yomiuri 1980 - -
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a va~ v~. ivicau vvu va~ua
ECONOMIC
EXPERT FORECASTS UPWARD CAPIT,AL SPENDTNG BY MANUFACTURERS
Tokyo NIKKEI BUSINESS in Japanese 25 Feb 80 p 24
[Article by Aisao Kanamori, director of the Japan Economic ResearcY~ Center]
[Text] Many economic forecasts are announced each year. There are years
in which these are a11 similar, and years in which theq are widely diver- -
gent. In 1980 the range of variation is extreme. Among the various fore-
_ casting organs, the lowest growth rate seen is 2.1 percent by Daiwa Secur-
ities, and the highest is 5 percent by the Institute of Research on the
National Economy. Between these two extremes, there are many forecasts con-
centrated at the 3 percent or 4 percent 1eve1. The divergence among indiv-
idual views is even greater. The lowest is the zero growth of Mr Osamu
Shimomura, and the highest is my 6 percent growth.
10 Percent Increase, Though Most Predict a Drop
Why do forecasters using the same statistics and observing the same economic
phenomena have such different views? It may be a difference of perception
and insight, or depth of knowledge and experience, ox simply the result of
a difference of temperment, but while all the predictions present proper-
looking arrays of figures at the beginning of the year, by May or June about
half will have dropped out of the forecasting race. The dropouta may be the
low-growth group or the high-growth group, but in any case, the wise man
will refrain from immediately speaking too confidently, because the sugerior
figures will win out.
- But what surprises me, in spite of this, is that so many see FY 1980 plant
and equipment in.vestment as being extremely low. Of the forecasta announced
at the end of last year, Nomura Research Institute and Daiwa Securities had
decreases from last year of 1.9 gercent and 0.4 percent respectively. Mit-
subishi Research Institute had a mere 0.5 percent i~ncrease. My perception,
insight, knowledge and experience all~make it q+:ite difficult to agree with -
these. I think capital spending may well increase at a real rate of about .
10 percent. Tf judgements of capital aper,ding, which is the driving force
behind economic growth and movement, diffe;� by this much, it is no wonder
that there is great divergence among views of the growth rate. _
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Capital spending is hard to predict. Perhaps it can be predicted uaing the
investment function with the rate of capacity utilization and corporate in-
come as explanatory variables. Certainly the tren3s of the rate of capacity
utilization and corporate income are clues, but they are not adequate by
themselves. Keynes said in his "Gener.al Theory" that deciaions on capital
spending are largely the result of "animal spirit" and are not dependent
on the prospect of profit based on calculations af probability. If the a-
bility to sniff out animal spirit is lacking, forecasts will be wrong.
- Well then, how does one tell whether animal spirit is in a period of uplift
- or stagnation? Since capital spending is done by businesses, the quicke~t
way is not to state difficult theories, but to ask businesses. The figure
shows the resul.ts of the corporate investment trends survey the Economic -
Planning Agency released at the beginning of February. Capital spending in
the manufacturing sector hit bottom in the third quarter of 1978 and bounced
back sharply. After a short breather in the last quarter of 1978 and the _
first quarter of 1979, there are signs of further increase beginning the _
second quarter. Even more important than such capital spending movements
are the decline in the number of companies which consider their own capital. ~
spending excessive and the increase of those which consider theirs inade-
quate. The situation in the last quarter of 1979 is like that in the summer
of 1972. Back then capital spending began to increase rapidlq.
' Stronger "Animal Spirit" of Enterprises
A characteristic of the situation since the suimner of 1978 is that capital
_ shortages have continued even in the midst of increased capital spending.
This is because expansion of capital spending caused an increase of demand
in excess of increased capacity. Usually when this happens the cumulative
process of investment calling for more investment occurs. For example,
capital sp~nding for automobiles increases the demand for machine tools, .
_ and the manufacturers of machine tools invest to expand their capacity.
Juclging from the figure, I think the animal spirit af enterprises will grow
stronger. I cannot go along with those who feel that capital spending will
level off or decline beginning this spring.
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rvn vrri~ieu, UoG V1~LI
~~~R~ r ~~t~~o~~ir~c~~~)
~.as~u~~~i~ ~1~ -
30' ~ -
-~~,~t~u~ (3 ) ^ ~
20 .
10 1 h
0 ta
-10 t ?
~ ~ o
_ ,..2 ~
- 30 - .0. 8
~4Y. _ - ...~l~~l~.l~. .L
~ 46~ 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
" : ~~~:41~~#9~t(S~i4jC~tj?~a L~o~31d'
~4 ~ ~n�ti~~~,rhb cmo~~g~3~~,r_ ~.o~
Figure: Capital Spending and Evaluation of Production Facilities (Manufac- ,
- turing Industriea)
(1) Evaluation of Production Facilities
(2) Capital Spending ;
(3) Trillions of Yen
(4) 1971 1972 1973 . . . 1980
Note: Evaluation of production facilities is found by subtracting
the percentage saying 'inadequate' from the percentage say-
ing 'excessive.'
COPYRIGHi: Nikkei-McGraw-Hi11 Inc. 1980
~ 9601
CSO; 4105
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT S&T POLICY CRITICIZED, LACK OF HEAD OFFICE, MASTER PLAN CITED
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 31 Jan 80 p 1
[TextJ Japan has finally decided to embark on a full-scale research program
of nuclear fusion with the hope that, sometime in the 21st century, it will
be the deicisve factor in solving tne energy crisis. .
Critical plasma test apparatus JT-60 will be built in Naka town, Ibaraki
prefecture for the total sum of 200 billion yen. This experimental equip-
ment, which will gather data needed to design the nuclear fusion reactor,
will be completed in 1984. This is the beginning of a gigantic research
and 3evelopment [R&D] plan since during the next stage of building a test
reactor, trillions of yen will be required and in the future stages, "we
cannot e~~en estimate how many trillions of yen will be needed." (Statement
of Atomic Energy Bureau, Science and Technology (S&T) Agency.)
Nuclear Fusion Is S&T Agency Research Theme
Koji Fushimi, president of the Science Council of Japan, who is an ardent
proponent of this plan is somewhat doubtful, however, that Japan is deter-
mined to earnestly carry out the nuclear fusion research under a master
strategic plan.
"The fact is that even great countries, such as the United States and USSR,
are hesistant to engage in nuclear fusion research because of the unpre-
dictably high costs. If Japan is to take the big step of conducting the
research in earnest, the decision should be made only after cansidering it
from various standpoints. The government, however, did not debate the sub- -
ject much. If nuclear fusion power generation succeeds, a minute amount of
heavy water extracted from 1 liter of ocean water can produce energy equiva-
lent to 300 liters of gasoline. For a country poor in natural resources as
Japan, there is an urgent need to conduct researches which will give prac-
tical applications to power sources such as nuclear fusion and solar energy. ~
President k'ushimi is questioning whether the nation, as a whole, is deter- �
mined and prepared to eventually master the technology, without throwing the
pro~ect overboard, even though huge sums of R&D capital, running into
trillions of yen, might become necessary in the future.
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~
L VL\ VL'L 1VLLLLJ VUL VltLL .
Professor [Keiichi] Oshima of Tokyo University makes the following comments
on this point.. "Japan does not have a master S&T strategy. There are only
policies of the various ministries. Nuclear fusion is only a research theme
under the jurisdiction of the S&T Agency. This situation is true of all S&T
aspects, including R&D of other alternate energy sources."
"Council for Science and Technology"--Only a Formality .
An example is the mud-slinging among the Japan Atomic Energy Couunission S&T
- Agency and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry [MITI] over the
import of the Canadian-type heavy water reactor (CANDU) which was in the
news recently. The nation is not unified on an important enPrgy policy such
as that on atomic energy. Therefore, it is only natural that the MITI and
the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry should be considering separate poli-
cies for the R&D of biological energy, such as "the three on which oil grows."
Not only with nuclear fusion but with basic research in the S&T field, there
is a tendency for the scale to become gradually larger. Even if the country
has become economically strong, there is the danger that it will wind up with
nothing if it is greedy for everything. There is a need for Japan to consider
its international position in the area of resources energy, its national
strength, the level of its researchers, etc. and to place priorities on the
development of new technologies so that efforts can be concentrated on
selected goals. If money and manpower is to be expended, anyway, resulr_s
that would help strengthen Japan's bargaining power with the other countries
should be obtained. _
~
Unification of the country's R&D policies is also important because of the
country's financial status which shows that borrowed money accounts for one-
third of the nation's revenues. Takashi Tan~ka, Budget Bureau Chief of the -
Finance Ministry, complains that "Duplication is noticeable in R&D expendi-
tures between the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the MITI for a medical
information system. Allocation of funds is difficult unless R&D plans are
controlled and priorities determined somewhere."
The obstacles created by the "lack af head office" in the S&T field can no
longer be overlooked. On paper, the Council for Science and Technology
[CS&T] which the prime minister chairs has the role of unifyin~ the country's
S&T policies. What is the actual status of this council which is ~:ade up of
- four cabinet ministers, besides the prime minister, and six academic experts? -
"The council meets about onc~e a year. The meeting lasts about an hour and is -
strictly a ~ormality. Politicians have no interest in it." That ~is the
impression ~~f one of the academic experts on the council. "The CS&T merely
gathers up all the proposals presented by the various ministries and agencies
and does nothing." That is the criticism (of Professor Oshima).
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Insignificant Cabinet Post _
Japan can no longer survive by depending, as in the past, on technological
imports from Europe and the United States. The age has arrived when the
existence of Japan depends on whether it can develop its own technologies
which are second to none in the world. And yet, the head office is in a
pitiful state.
Yoshishige Ashihara, member of the CS&T'and president of The Kansai Electric
Power Company, Inc., claims, "The CS&T should be provided its o~rn funds and
its powers should be greatly strengthened, such as to regulate budget allo-
cations." tlaomi Ezaki proposes, "As an organization with a vision of build- -
ing a technological nation, establish an engineering academy composed of
engineers from the academic, industrial and governmental circles." Toyozo
Kanbara, consultant for Hitachi, Ltd., suggests "Establish an advisory S&T
- organ under the direct jurisdiction of the prime minister." Such i3eas to
assist and strengthen the head office are being presented by various circles.
- Toshio Doko, president of the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations
[Keidanren], who has been a strong S&T supporter says, "Because certain prac-
tices enabled Japan to keep pace in the past with the advanced countries, it
would be a great mistake to think that they would continue working in the
future. The practice of pushing sales throughout the world of cheap pro-
ducts based on imported technology will no longer work. The priority task
is for politicians to realize how import S&T is to Japan." Whenever a new
director of the S&T Agency assumes office, President Doko never fails to make
a courtesy call to give encouragement. However, the offici~l who assumed the
S&T ministerial position is not too happy and regards it as an "insignificant
post" or "conciliatory post" and this attitude is a frank revelation of the
importance attached to it by politicians.
rollowing are the worlds of former Prime Minister Fukuda, repr.esenting the
politi~ians: _
"Coing into the 21st century, Japan must devote all its efforts toward
developing, not "oil substitutes," but new energy sources such as nuclear
fusion and solar energy which do not use oil at all. Regretfully, however,
Japan is not yet prepared. When there are definite prospects for their prac-
tical applications, the negotiating power of the advanced countries vis-a-vis
the oil-producing countries would be strengthened and the oil situation
should completely change. The summit (summit conference of advanced coun-
tries) should have taken up these problems from before."
Former Prime Minister Fukuka Speaks With Fervor
"Suppose that Japan succeeds first in this research. Since it will save aot
only Japan but all of mankind, Japan will gain the instant respect of the
entire world. Instead of being concerned with ShT organizations and mechan-
isms, S&T must be given ~opmost priority in the politics of Japan." Thus `
concluded Fukuda but his trailing remarks were, "but politics as you
know..."
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r~n ~rrt~ltu, U~~ UNLY
Where Is The Japa.nese 3d~ Head Office4
Only vertical relationships maintainedi no horisontal communication.
,
~ lCabinatj~ ~
Prime Minister's Office!
. .
,
- - - - - - - --~Science Council of Japan~
- - - - - - --~Council For 3cience and Technology
Atomic ~ergy Coamission
~Space Developaent Council
~ -
_ _ - , � _
- ~3cience and Technology Agency !Various research institutesl
_ . _
I Po~er Reactor and Nuclear Fuel
CDevelop~aent Corporation I
Ministry of H~ducation I
- - Japan Academy
~ ~ pcademic Deliberation Council
- - _ ~I
r--._
- - Universities ~
_Ministry of Agriculture~and.Forestryl
---rYarious research inatltutes~
'Agriculturs~ Forestry dc Fisher~es';
~Technological Council Y ;
Ministry of International 1`rade a.nd Industry~
. .
Induetrial Technology Councill ~
Agency of Natural ReBOUrces and Ehergy~
. . . _ _ . _
Agency of Industrial 3cience Various research institutesl
8Y . _
- and Technolo _
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications1
( - - Radio Technology Deliberation Council
-
~ _ . . .
~ . Radio Research Laborator~ )
_ . _ -
! ~ Kokusai Denshin Denxa, Co. ! Technology Research Laboratory~
Nippon Telegraph and Ra~d,io Coa~munication T
( Telephone Public Corp. ~ Research Iaborato
. _ . ~"3!.I
= COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1980
91.34 4.6
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5CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITI TO SET UP ADVANCED MACHINE TOOL ASSOCIATION
Tokyo NIKKiiN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 21 Feb 80 p 1
[Text] Through the good offices of MITI, the "Advanced Machine Tool
Technology Promotion Association" is to be set up. Acc~rding to the
disclosure by a related source on the 20th, representatives from widely
extended fields such as Kiyoshi Inoue, president of Japax; Kar,eita Okazaki,
regular adviser for the Japan-China Economical Association; Hiroharu Kobay-
ashi, chairman of Nippon Electric Company, Limited; Toshio Doko, president
of the Federation of Economic Organizations of Japan; and Shinroku Saito,
principal of Tokyo Institute of Technology, promoted the establishment of -
the assoc~ation and submitted an application to MITI for permission to
institute the corgoration. Kiheita Okazaki was installed as chairman of the
_ board of directors. It is expected to start functioning officially in
March.
Facing the gloomy outlook of Japan, which must struggle through the confusing
' 80s lacki.ng direction and troubled with issues beginning with the. energy
problem, fostering and strengthening of the advanced technology industries
such as aircraft, nuclear power, computer, etc on the premise of nationaliza- ~
- tion are anticipated to be the "best" brace for the "state on the basis of
technology." However, to achieve this objective, it is, first of all,
essential to foster peripheral industries, for example, sophistication of
the processing technology which is the foundation for the achievement of
the ob~ective, and the development of advanced materials. With this in
mind, MITI also intends to formulate a policy to back positfvely the promotion
association.
The objective of the Advanced Machine Tool Promotion Assoclation is to
encourage the improvement of machine tools and processing technology through
aiding basic and applicational technical researc~ relating to machine tools
- and the development of their utilization techniques essential to the manu-
facture of aircraft, nuclear machinery and equipment, and other advanced
technical machinery. The substance of activities includes: (1) Aid and
foster basic technicaZ research relating to the development of advanced
- machine tool technology. (2) Aid and foster cesearch and development
of applicational techniques relating to the advance machine tool technolvgy. -
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(3) Investigation and research relating to the trends of the technology
concerned. (4) Propagation of the activities and research results necessary
for the achievement of the ob~ective. The association has decided to invite
private corporationa, groups and individuals who agree with the ob~ective
as patron membere.
According to an interim report on the 1980s' vision of trade and industry in -
our country, especially economical power and technological power in existing
_ fields, we have finally achieved the goal represented by the consistently
. and vehemently pursued postwar slogan, "catch up and overtake" the advanced
European nations and the U.S.A. However, at the same time, we face the
problem of where we should look for a source of new "vitality" in the dawn
of the 1980s. Additionally, when attempting to take another leap into the
future, we must be aware of the circumstances in that whether or not we can
establish our own technology in the area of new fields, such as substitution
energy technology aircraft, nuclear power, computers, etc and the most
advanced industries, will greatly influence the future of Japan. Especially _
~ with the 3-Mile Island nuclear power plant accident which happened last March
in the U.S.A. as a turning point, grave reflection concerning the heavy
reliance on foreign advanced technology is needed.
Meanwhile, in order to establish national technologies in these advanced
industrial fields, it is an indispensable precondition to sophisticate, first -
of all, the processing and material technologies which serve as a foundation
for the achievement of the ultimate ob~ective. Last year, the Processing
Technology Trend Investigation Committee for Technically Advanced Industries,
- an advisory committee for the director of the Machinery and Information Indus-
tries Bureau of MITI, presented an interim report prepared by the working _
group for the investigation of the trends in processing technology for the
aircraft and space industries, and pointed out the current state and the �
problems of the processing technology and machinery focusing on machine
tools and tools necessary for the development of an aircraft industry in our ,
country. _
The following is a list of promoters for the establishment of the "Advanced
Machine Tool Technology Promotion Association": Kiyoshi Inoue, president
of Japax; Mo to yuki Uchida, technology critic; Kiheita Okazaki, regular
adviser for Japan-China Economical Assoeiation; Takaoki Kitano, president
of Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.; Masataka Kiyota, director of the Japax
Research Institute; M~sao Tsubota, vice-chairman of the Machinery Promotion
Association; Hiroharu Kobayashi, chairman of Nippon Electric Company, Limited;
Shinroku Saito, principal of Tokyo Institute of Technology; Toshio Doko,
president of the Federation of Economic Organizations of Japan; Taiji
Nishizawa, professor of Tohoku University; Wasaburo Yamamoto, president of
Ikegai Iron Works; Shigeru Watanabe, rpincipal of Tokyo Metropolitan Junior
College of Engineering; Yae~i Watanabe, director of the Japan-China Economical
Association.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1980 ~
- 8940
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LOW TIIKPERATURE PROCESS FOR ALUMINA CERAMICS DEVELOPED
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 30 Aug 79 p 5
[TextJ NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. (president, Shin3i Ogawa) has succeeded in
sintering high strength alumina ceramics at atmospheric pressure and at a
- low temperature unlike the pre~rlous processes which produced this material
under pressure and at a high temperature. According to the anticipated
merits of t,he developed process, alumina ceramics with a high dimensional
precision and a low dynamic friction coefficient can be manufactured, and
sharp cost reductions (approximately by half) can be realiced, and in addi-
tion, various differently shaped ob~ects can be sintered. The company con-
tends that the use af the alumina ceramics wh3ch had been limited only to
cutting and sha;Ing tools can now be extended widelq even to the structural
parts of machines, and it intends to seek markets in the automobile and ma-
chine industries. They believe that this product will be suitable for the
. labor saving parts of automobiles which are being reduced in weight, and
plan to exert their efforts in testing the utility of such products as
valves and joints. This movement notably opens a fresh outlook for the new
alumina.
According to the company, the hot press sintering method has beer~ regularly
used to date in order to give high strength (for instance above SOkg/mm2 in
bending resistance) to alumina of high purity (above 99 percent). This pro-
cess requires pressure of 200-300kg/cm2 and a high temperature of 1800-1900�C. -
Presently, most of the ceramic cutt{ng and shaving tools of this company are
manufactured by the said hot press process. However, due to equipment re- .
strictions and cost related factors, the use of the ceramics has been lim-
ited.
NGK Spark Plug Co., at this time, found a w�ay to sinte* raw material powders
in finer particles than the conventional ones owing to the development of a
~ new powder preparation process, using tih~ said process as an essential ele- -
~ ment. As a result, it is made poGsible to produce very strong alwnina cera- -
mics using such a low sintering temperature as 1500-1600�C under atmospheric
pressure. Tn ordinary sintering such as this, usually the size o� the par-
ticles grow and bubbles and coarse particles develop, causing problems re-
lated to the density and the strength of the product. This company has at
last resolved these problems by the new raw material powder preparation pro-
cess.
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- The high strength alumina ceramics manufactured by the new process reveal
the following property values; apparent epecific gravity: 3.94, bending
- resiatance: S7kg/mm2, breaking pliability: 26kg/mm-3/2, impact strength:
S.Skgcm/cm. These values are said to be almost equal to the values ob-
tair.ed by the hot press process, except for the apparent specific gravity,
- which falls slightly lower by the new process compared to the conventional
one. Taking a lo~k at the cost, the. hot pre~.aed products are 5-10 times
more expensive than the ordinary alumina products (purity 82 percent), where-
as the products manufactured by the new process reduce the cost practically
by half, and they are 2.5-5 times more expensive than the ordinary ones.
Also, ttie atmospheric pressure sintering makes it possible to manufacture,
at one's disposition, large-size products and various differently shaped
products.
The company projects a policy to take advantage of these two merits, and
will start developing new fields other than cutting and shaving tools. The
~ exploration of the new fields are expected to be primarily in the direction
9 of structural machine parts, especially those which collectively move with
metals. Encouraged by the automobile parts trend which happens to fati�or
~ lighter parts, they have started to make test ~oints and valves which are
essential parts.
CQPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1979
8940
+ CSO: 4105
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SCIEN~E AND TECHNOLOGI
NITRIDE CERAMIC SINTERING PROCESS UNDER DEVEL~:~`_MENT
Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 20 Oct 79 p 3
, [Text) The Science and Technology Agency has dec~ded to pursue comprehen-
sive promotion of research and development for a new sintering process for
- nitride ceramics which are anticipated to be an epocal ultra high tempera-
ture resistant material, and on 1 Oct they announced their intentior~ to lay
out a total of 40 million yen as a special research promotion coordination
expense ~n a 2-y~ar plan starting from this fiscal year. The said sinter-
ing process is devised to bake and solidify high purity nitride po~wders
, directly under high pressure and at ultra high temperature, absolutely with-
out the help of bonding agents. If successful, it is anticipated that the
manufacture of ultra high temperature resistant ceramics with excellent -
characteristics will be realized.
Non-oxide ceramics such as silicon nitride and aluminium nitride, which do
not exist in nature are characteristically very strong, hard and scarcely
breakable even when exposed to high temperatures above 1000�C. In fact,
its strength against high temperatures may possibly be much better than any
other ultra heat resistant allo3~s known to date. It is anticipated that the `
use of nitride ceramics may raise by some 100 degrees the conventior,al gas
turbine operating temperature, which has so far been Iimited to approximate-
ly 1100-1200~C in spite of devised cooling technYques. The heat efficiency
- of a heat engine is proportional to the escalation of the operational tem- ~
~ perature. It appears that ttie gas turbine heat efficiency, which has been
slightly over 40 percent, wi11 immediately leap to over 50 percent. Because
of this prospect, various government re~ated research institutes and makers
are currently proceeding to become actively involved in developing nitride -
ceramics. Also, the gas turbine development project, one of the moonlight
program pro3ects of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of MITI,
- chose the development of this material as an essential theme.
However, in the sintering proces~es used to date, oxide group additives
were primarily added as a sintering assistant, which reacts in the sinter-
ing material under ultra high temperature snd prevents the nitride sinter
, from gaining its proper high tempexature strength. To cope with this prob-
lem, the Science and Technology Agency determined to develop a new sinter-
ing process which will not use additives. Studies have been conducted to
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devise such a sintering process, but they say it has been difficult to pro-
duce sinters due to the vulnerab3.7.ity of the sintering material to high
~ temperatures. The research which has been undertaken at this time attempts
to establish a technique to ainter moldings from finely pulverized raw ma-
. terial of high purity in the nitrogen gas at a pressure of approximately
1000atm and a temperature above 2100~C. _
According to the plan, it is prearranged that the Nagoya Government Indus- ~
_ trial Research Institute of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology -
will share the project with the Inorganic Material Research Institute of the
- Science and Technology Agency, and the former is responsible for studying
the raw material powder manufacturing process, while the latter is assigned
to study the ultra high temperature and high pressure sintering process and
the high temperature characteristics of the nitride ceramics obtained by
the devised process. ~
The Nagoya Government Industrial Research Institute expressed their hope to
investigate and examine powder pulverization which is considered extremely
important for the sintering without additives and also to establish a tech-
nique to classify optimal fine powder. The Tnorganic Material Research In-
stitute is planning to sinter silicon nitride and aluminium nitride using
- an experimental device to be designed and fabricated for the synthesis of -
sinters under an ultra high temperature nitrogen atmosphere at 1000atm and
- above 2100�C, as well as to conduct sintering tests, in parallel to the
above, uiider the ultra high pressure region of approximately SO,OOOatm and
above 2100�C.
The Science and Technology Agency will inaugurate a research committee head-
ed by Professor Mitsue Koizumi of the Industrial Science Research Institute _
of Osaka University, for the comprehensive promotion of this research, and
_ will lay out a special procurement expense of approximately 23 million yen
for this fiscal year and approximately 17,800,000 yen for the following fis-
cal year.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1979
8940
CSO: 4105 END
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