JPRS ID: 8820 USSR REPORT PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

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i7 DECEM6ER i9T9 CFOUO ?!79) i OF i
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JPRS L/8820 r
17 Decer~ber i 979
~
e
USSR Re ort -
_ ~ -
PFiYSICS AND MATHEMATICS -
(F~OUO ~/79)
r
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORM~4T'IOOV SERVICE
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_ NOTE .
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JPRS L/8820
_ 17 December 1979
USSR REPORT
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
(FOUO 7/79)
This serial pubiication contains articles, abstracts of articles and news -
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific subjects
_ reflected in the table of contents.
- Photoreproductions of foreign-language sources may be obtained f.rom the
PhotodupZication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540.
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individnal article(s) desired.
CONTENTS PA,G~:
LASERS AND MASERS
Experimental Investigation of a Mixing-Type Gas
Dynamic C02 Laser
- . (B. A. Vyskubenko et a1; DOKLADY AKADEMII Nr~UK SSSR
No 1, 1979) 1 _
PUBLICATIONS
Magnetic Fluids-Natural Convection and Heat Exchange
- (V. Ye. Fertman; MAGNITNYYE ZHIDKOSTI--YESTESTVENNAYA
KONVEKTSIYA I TEPLOOBMEN, 1978) ....................o. 5
Theory of Jets in Ideal Fluids
(Maksim Isidorovich Gurevich; TEORIYA STRUY IDEAL'NOY ~
- ZHIDKOSTI, 1979) 8
E~cperimental Investigations of the Boundary Laper
(L. F. Kozlov, V. V. Babenko; EKSPERIMENTAI,'NYYE
ISSLEDOVANIYA POGRANIG'f~NOGO SLOYA, 1978) 15 -
MHD-Waves in th e Near-Earth Plasma
(A. V. Gul'el'miy; MGD-VOLNY V OKOLOZLMNOY PLAZME,
1979) .............................o.................. 2.0 '
- a- i:III - USSR - 21H S&T FOUO)
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Electronic Properties of 'Joped Semiconductors "
(Boris Ionovich Shklovskiy, Aleksey L'vovich Efros; -
ELEKTRONNYYE SVOYSTVA LEGIROVAI3NYKH POLUPROVODNIKOV
1979) 23 -
~
NUCLEAR FHYSICS
Role of Dubna Nuclear Research Institute in Hungarian Science
(Dezso Kiss; MAGYAR TUDOMANY, 1979) 29 -
Hungarian-Soviet Cooperation in Solid State P'hysics
(Tivadar Siklos; MAGYAR TUDOMANY, 1979) 45
~
- b -
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LASERS AND MASERS
tIDC 621.3"15.826
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A MIXINCrTYPE GAS DYNAMIC C02 LASER _
_ Moscow DOKLAUY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 248, No 1, 1979, pp 81-83
[Article by B. A. Vyskubenko, Ye. T. Demenyuk, G. A. Kirillov, Yu. V. Kolobyanin,
S. B. Kormer, N. A. Nitochkin, received 10 June 1979; presented by academician
Yu. B. Khariton on 17 February 1979)]
[Text] It is possible to increase the efficiency of a gas-dynamic laser
[1) if vibrationally excited nitrogen is mixed rapidly with cold carbon
dioxide in a supersonic nozzle [2] inasmuch as the rela~:ation time determin-
ing the losses of vibrational energy, and together witk~ this efficiency of
the nozzle, is appreciably greater for pure nitrogen than for mixtures con-
taining C02, He, or H2O. However, it has �not yet been possible to realize
the advantages of the mixitig type gas-dynamic laser, judging by the published
data [3, 4], for the achievement of high radiation power is prevented by a
decrease in the specific energy pickup w~th an increase in the braking pres--
sure of the nitrogen at the entrance to the nozzle. Thus, for the version of
the mixing gas-dynamic laser presented in reference [4], the specific energy
pickup and radiation power are reduced, beginning with the pressures of 5-6
atmospheres, which ~explains the low value of the reduced power obtained (12.5
watts/cm2)*. In reference [3] a specific energy pickup of 20 ~oules/g and
a reduced power of 33 watts/cm~ were achieved at a pressure of 9 atmospheres.
� The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the electrical characteris- _
tics of a mixing gas-dynamic laser with a flat nozzle at pressures to 50
atmospheres and temperatures to 3 kK. The schematic of the experimental set-
up is presented in Figure 1. For heating nitrogen, just as in reference [5],
an electric explosion in the chamber 1, 5 meters in volume, was used. After ~
rupture of the diaphragm 2, the nitrogen, which was expanded in the flat,
supersonic nozzle 3, reached the resonator 4. The height of the critical -
cross section of the nozzle h* = 0.16 cm, th~ width was 17 cm. The geometric
degree of expansion of the nozzle is 15.5. -
* By reduced power we mean the ratio of the radiation power to the area of
the exit cross section of the nozzle.
1
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- In the initial ~~ersion the injector was anal.ogous to the one used in reference
[3]. The mixture of C02 and He was mixed in advance in the "mixer" 5 and was
released to the injector through the high speed valve 6. In order to obtain
- generation, two single-passage resonators were used arranged in series one
after the other. The iasonators were in the form of flat dielectric mirrors -
7 with a backing made of BaF2 and a transmission coefficient on a wave length
of 10.6 microns of 12-32 percent for the first and 7-lU percent for the second.
_ The blind copper mirrors 8 were made of three rectangular 4 x 4 cro spherical
mirrors 10 m(sic] in radius fasten.ed to a common backing so that their axes -
' were parallel. The edge of ~~he mirror of the f3.rst resonator ~as at a dis-
tance of 5 cm from the critic~.l cross section of the nozzle; the total length
of the active part of the resonator along the flow was 24 cm. The radiation
energy was measured by calorimeters 9 located at the focal point of the '
spherical mirror 10. Part of the radiation scattered by the calorimeters
was collected by the spherical mirror 11 and was directed aC the opening in
the germanium photo resistax~ce 12 for recording the shape of the radiation
pulse in time. _
- In the basic and the mixing chan~bers the gas pressure was measured during the
escape process by inductive sensors 13. The temperature and flow rate of the
nitrogen and also the mixture of C02 and He wer.e found from the pressure by
the procedure described in [5J. The specific energy pickup was obtained by .
dividing the instantaneous radiation power by the instantaneous flow rate of
the nitrogen--the carrier of the thermal energy--as was done in [3, 4]. The _
experimental setup made it possible to obtain the radiation power as a func- -
tion of the braking parameters and composition of the operating mixtur~ in
- � -
= one experiment. �
� ~ _
~ ~ rr s ~
F~
t
. F
y O 9
- Figure 1. Diagram of the tj ' -
Experimenzal Setup ' u
6 �
~ .
I ' Ol
, ~ .
The optimal mixture with respect to specific energy pickup, with which the ~
series of experiments was performed with different initial pressures and
discharge energy in the chamber and the relations for the energy character-
istics as a function of the braking parameters were defined (Figure 2, the ,
light dots), was found by multifactor optiimization. It is abvious that the
reduced power increases with an increase in pressure to 30-40 atmospheres, -
2.
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and then it begins to decreasP. The maximum reduced power was N 90 watts/cm2.
The value of the maximum specific energy pickup of 18 joules/g agrees well
with the data in reference [3J.
The decrease in energy characteristics with an increase in pressure indicates
the strong influence of the relaxation processes in the mixing zone. The
basic factors determining the relaxation losses in the mixing gas-dynamic
- laser are the extent along the flow of the mixing zone and the gas-dynamic
disturbances connected with the structural elements of the injector and in-
teraction of the injected jets with the basic f3ow. Here the three-dimen-
sional nozzle lattice described in reference [6] is of interest. The uni�orm
distribution on the injection points with respect to transverse cross section,
and the small pitch of the lattice insure short extent of the mixing zone
along the flow, and injection almost in the wakes makes it possible to reduce
the level of gas dynamic disturbances to a minimum. The indicated advantages -
made it possible to obtain a specific energy pickup of 26 joules/g in [6]
_ at high pressure (50 atmospheres). The basic deficiency of this system is
_ the high degree of expansion of the nozzles, which limits the reduced power
(100-110 watts/cm2) in spite of the high gas pressure at the entrance to the
nozzle unit and it leads to high losses of total pxessure in the flow.
We have improved the flat mixing nozzle with C02 and He in~ection in the
vi~inity of the critical cross section aimed at decreasing the mixing length
and reducing the level of gas dynamic disturbances, The results of the
experiments with the improved nozzle are presented in Figure 2(the dark points). _
poi.nts) .
As is obvious from Figure 2, the energy characteristics of the mixing gas-
dynamic ~aser increased significantly. The maximum reduced power was 275
watts/cm with a speci.fic energy pickup of 26 joules/g. The maximum spe- .
_ cific energy pickup reached 54 joules/g (32.3 joules/g with respect to the
flow rate of the entire mixture). With an increase in pressure from 6 to
30 atmospheres the value of the specific energy pickup is approxiniately cut
in half, which corresponds to an increase in the relar.ation losses connected
with an increase in pressure. The spPCific energy pickup of the investigated
mixing gas dynamic laser at high pressure can obviously be increased by using
a nozzle with large geometric degree of expansion. This is confirmed by the
results of the experiments pe~:formed with an increase in the helium concen-
tration in the mixture (CO2 'de = 1: 6). At a pressure of 8 atmospheres
and a temperature of 2.48 kK, the maximum specific energy pickup of 55.6
joules/g was obtained (37.8 ;jaules/g with respect to the flow rate of the
- entire mixture.
A comparison of the mixing gas-dynamic laser presented in this paper with
the best homogeneous gas-dynamic lasers presented in the literature [5, 7J
indicates that in the investigated range of parameters, the mixing gas-
dynamic laser is sunerior with respect to the specific energy characteris-
tics to the homogeneous one. The maximum values of the specific energy
pickup and the reduced radiation power are record values for the gas-dynamic -
C02 lasers.
3
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(1) -
No,Br~tMY ~3~ N; Q~c/r
~ ~ . ~
1
ZSO 50 0 � p
~ ~ d
. 100 . y0 � '
� � � f
_ f30 . 30 �
!00 . ~ ~ 20 ~ � ~ ~
50 ~ � ~ ~ ~p
0
~ 0 f0 ?0 .~0 ; 40 P,aTM )~0 fD 20 d0 40 P,oTw (2)
Figure 2. Energy characteristics of the mixing gas-dynamic laser as a func-
tion of the braking parameters. Mixture composition: 7.5-14.5 percet~t CO2 ;
C02 : He = 1: 4, N-- the rest. The area of the exit cross section of tfie
nozzle is 55.2 cm2.2 T= 1.5 (1); 2.0 (2); 2.2 (3); 2.5 (4) and 3.0 kK (5).
Key: (1) N~ Watts/cm2
(2) P, atmospheres
~
(3) N*, joules/g
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_ l. B. K. Konyukhov, A. M. Prokhorov, PIS'MA ZHETF [Letters to the Journal
of Experimental and Technical Physics], Vol 3, 1966, p 436. -
2. N. G. Basov, A. I. Orayevskiy, V. A. Shcheglov,ZHETF [Journal of Experi-
mental and Theoretical Physics], Volume 37, No 2, 1967, page 339.
3. Y. P. E. Taran, M. Charpenel, R. Borgi, AIAA PAPER, No 73, 1973, p 622.
4. A. V. Krauklis, V. I. Kroshko, et al, FIZ. GORENIYA I VZRYVA [Combustion
and Explosion Physics], Vol 12, No 5, 1976, p 792.
5. B. A. Vyskubenko, Ye. T. Demenyuk, et al., KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA
[Quantum Electronics], Vol 5, No 10, 1978, p 2154.
6. P. Kassadi, Dzh. N'yuton, P. Rouz, RAKETNAYA TEKHNIKA I KOSMONAVTIKA
[Rocket Engineering and Cosmonautics], Vol 16, No 4, 1978, p 29.
7. D. M. Kuehn., APPL. PHYS. LETT, Vol 21, No 3, 1972, p 112. -
COPYRIGHT: Izadetl'stvo "Nauka," "Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1979. !
4
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PUBLICATIONS
- UDC 536.25:538.4
~
MAGNETIC FLUIDS-NATURAL CONVECTION AND HEAT EXCHANGE
Minsk MAGNITNYYE ZHIDKOSTI--YESTESTVENNAYA KONVEKTSIYA I TEPLOOBMEN
in Russian 1978 signed to press 6 Jul 78 pp 2,3,4, 205-206
[Annotation, Foreword, Table of Contents of book by V. Ye. Fertman, -
Izdatel'stvo "Nanka i tekhnika," 206 pages, 100 copies]
[Text] The principal methods of synthesizing magnetic
fluids and the physical properties of these fluids are
examined in this book. Original results of research on
- convective heat exchange in the layers of a magnetic
fluid of distinct configuration, which are found in
nonuniform magnetic fields, are presented. The vigorous
development of the thermomechanics of magnetic fluids, -
which arose at the j unction of the fields of inechanics
and the electrodynaamics of continuous media, is character- -
ized by the widespread introduction into industry of a -
new material--the magnetic fluid. Publication of these -
results will familiarize a large group of specialists with
the properties of magnetic fluids and possibly extend
their use.
TYee book is intended for scientific workers and engineers
working in the fields of thermophysics, fluid mechanics
- and heat engir.eering; it may be useful to students in -
institutions of higher learning.
, three tables; 51 illustrations; 187 titles in the -
Bibliography.
FOREWORD
The growth of contemporary technology is accompanied by attempts to create
new working media which permit effectivP use of power equipment and to re-
work the original technological processes and the designs of technological _
equipment. On the other hand, scientific investigations in the area of ~
the transfer of energy (heat) and mass of material are directed at estab-
lishing the interdependence of comparatively independent processes.
5
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A. V. Lykov noted this tendency already at the beginning of the 1960's.
In particular, the study of the interaction between electromagnetic
fields and fluids and gaseous media has been especially productive.
, -
In the last decade the attention of a large group of researchers has
been drawn to a new technological material--the magnetic: fluid, whose
interaction with the outer magnet~c field is conditione.d by its strong -
magnetic properties. Ferro-hydrodynamics, as it is known, is occupied
with the study of this interaction. Extending the traditional domain
' of magnetohydrodynamics, it is located at the junction of inechanics and
the electrodynamics of continuous media.
Taking into account the interdependence of the temperature conditions of
the medium and the electrodynamic interaction of the magnetic fluid with
the field, questions which we relate to the thermomechanics of magnetic
fluids are examined in the book. Major attention is focused on eluci-
dation of the peculiarities of convective heat exchan~e in magnetic
fluids, but along with this is given a great deal of information about
the physical properties of such fluids and an attempt is also made to
systematize the theoretical models.
In the present work, of course, since it is of an introductory nature,
attention is not given to a discussion of many important problems. The
author hopes, however, that the book will help the reader to form a suffi-
ciently complete picture of the development of this comparatively new ;
problem in fluid mechanics. '
_ Materials prenared by the following colleagues were used in writing the i
sections indicated: V. K. Rakhuba and N. P. Matusevich, paragraph 1.2
of Chapter 1; V. G. Bashtovyy and M. I. Pavlinovyy, paragraph 3.2 of
Chapter 3; A. N. Vislovich, Appendix 1; V. K. Polevikovyy, Appendix 2.
B. E. Kashevskiy participated in the writing of Chapter 2.
The author expresses his gratitude to all the colleagues mentioned above.
- The author is deeply indebted to Docto r of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences B. M. Berkovskiy, who proposed the idea of writing the book, _
for his constant attention and scientific assistance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Fo rewo rd 3
- Principal Notation 5
- Chapter l. Preparation and Properties of Magnetic Fluids 5 ;
I
1.1 ThQ magnetic fluid--an artificially created medium 7 ~
6
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1.2 Methods of preparing magnetic fluids 16 -
1.3 Static magnetic properties 2~
- 1.4 Electrical properties 40 -
1.5 Viscosity 43
1.6 Thermal conductivity and thermal capacity Sl
1.7 Use of magnetic fluids 55
1.8 Magnetic f luid--a heat-transfer agent with long-range
potential 61
- Chapter 2. Principal Equations of the Thermomechanics of
Magnetic Fluids 64
2.1 Laws of conservation I.n continuous media 64
2.2 Quasi-stationary isotropic model 69
2.3 Kinetics of magnetization gl
- 2.4 Equations of therr.iomechanics, taking into account
internal rotations 85
Chapter 3. Convective Heat Exchange in Magnetic Fluids 95 -
3.1 Criterion of th e convective stability of an aniso-
thermal magnetic fluid 95
3.2 Convective instability, taking into account per-
turbations of the magnetic field 100
3.3 Vertical layer, heated from the side, in a magnetic
- field with const4nt lapse rate of intensity 113
3.4 Influence of constant horizontal gradient of
intensity on heat exchange in a vertical layer 118
3.5 Heat exchange in annular layers located in magnetic
fields with variable gradient of intensity 126
3.6 Thermal convection in a vertical layer in the
~ magnetic field of a current-carrying plate 144
3.7 Heat exchange in forced convection 152
Appendix 1. Influence of Asymmetrical Properties on Natural
Convection of a Magnetic Fluid 160
~
Appendix 2. Methods of Numerical Solution of Problems of
Convective Heat Exchange of Magnetic Fluids 177
Bibliography 192
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka i tekhnika," 1978
8886
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PUBLICATIONS _
- THEORY OF JETS IN IDEAL FLUIDS
Moscow TEORIYA STRUX IDEAL'NOY ZHIDKOSTI (Theory of an Ideal Fluid Jet) in
Russian 19?9 signed to press 1 Feb 79 pp 2, 3-~+, 5-9
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book by Maksim Isidorovich
Gurevich, revised, supplemented second edition, Nauka, 3,700 copies, 536
pages]
[Text] The book has been written by a prominent scientist who has made a ~
substantial contribution to the development of the theory of an inviscid
fluid jet and cavity flows. It contains an exposition of the basic ideas
_ and results of this theory, as well as a solution to numerous problems which
are of practical use. The secandT posthumous edition of the book has been ~
supplemented by new materials of' the author's colleagues included at his
- request and concerned with the jet flow around various o"bstacles, unsteady ~
currents, consideration af the forces of gravity and surface tension and
other questions. The bibliography has been significantly augmented. ~
The book is of interest for scientific workers, engineers and graduate
students working in the area of fluid and gas mech~~,nics and its applica- _
tions.
The book has 42 tables, 300 illustrations, and a bi'~~liography of 661 entries.
- Cont ent s -
' Page
Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Q
Chapter 1. Introduction to the Theory of Jets of Flat Steady Flows . 13
�l. Certain Information from the Kinematics of Flat Steady Flows. 13
�2. Basic Suppositions of Jet Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
� 3 � The Kirchhoff Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 -
The Zhukovskiy Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
~5� The Chaplygin Separate Points Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 -
8 -
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Page
Chapter 2. Flow Out of a Vessel , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 50
�h. Flow Out of a Vessel with Sloping Walls . . . . . . . . . . . 50
~7. A Symmetrical Open:.ng in a Rectangular Vessel 55
~8. Flow from a Slit between Two Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
~9� A Vessel with a Funnel-Shaped Bottom and the Bord Attachment. 60
_ ~10. Lateral Flow from a Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
gll. F1.ow from a Rec~angular Vessel with an Opening below and
to the Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 -
Chapter 3. Free Flow over Polygonal Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
~ 12. Flow Around a Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
- g13. On Replacing Critical Points with Static Areas 90
- ~:4. Flow Around a Plate with a Break in the Jet on Its Upper.
Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
- ~15. On a Critique of Jet Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 4. Flow Around Curvalinear Obstac]_es . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
~16. The Levi-Chivita Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
�17. Flow Around a Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
�18. The Villat and Nekr~,sov Integro-Differential Equations.
Q,uestions of Solvability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
" �19. The Sedov Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1~+4
_ ~20. The Inverse Prohlem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11~7 _
_ Chapter Cavity Flow of Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
~21. The Cavitation Phenomenon. Positing of the Problem 150
- �22. Cavity Flow of a Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
�23� Various Schemes of the Cavity Flow of a Plate 176
g24. Cavity Flow of a Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
�25� Cavity Flow of a Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
�26. A Linear Theory of Cavity Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 -
Chapter 6. Flow Around Obstacles by Limited Flows 230
_ ~27. Flow Around a Wedge by a Flow of Limited Width 230
g28. Curvalinear Obstacles in a Limited Flow . . . . . . . . . 242
~29. Flow-Around of a Plate in a Channel According to the
- Zhukovskiy--Roshko System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~+8
~30. Jet Flow of a Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
�31. Cavity Flow of a Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Chapter 'T. Gliding Surfaces and Hydrofoils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
~32. The Gliding Phenomenon. A Gliding Plate . . . . . . . . . . . 272
� 33 � The Hydrofoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
g34. Cavity Flow of a Plate u.nder a Free Surface 289
9 -
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Page -
Chapter 8. Various Problems on Free Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
�35� The Collision o~' Jets. Flows with an Internal Line ef
- Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 -
~36. Applications of the Jet Collision Problem to Armor
Piercing and to Jet Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
�37� Jet Flows with Particular Features Inside the Fluid 318
~38� Flows Under an Air Cushion Device and P.cross Steps on the -
- Bottom of a Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
�39� Various Problems of Jet Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~+~+
_ Chapter 9. Unsteady Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
~40. A Flat Plate in an Accelerated Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
~41. Impact of a Contour Flowed Around with a Break in the Jet 361
�~+2. Slightly Disturbed Jet Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
g43. The Submergine of a Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
- Chapter 10. Jet Flows of a Compressable Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+06
g44. Chaplygin Equations for a Flat Steady Gas Flow .......~+06 '
~45. Precise Solutions of Chaplygin Equations with Subsonic _
Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+10 -
~~+6. The Chaplygin Approximation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+26 ~
~~+7. A Review of Generalizations of the Chaplygin Approximation ~
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+35 ~
_ I
Chapter 11. Axial-Symmetric Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+~+1+ I_
~48. The Positing of the Problem and Approximation Methods for ,
Solving It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k~+4
�~9� Review of Various Works on Axial-Symmetric Jet Currents ...~+53
g50. Asymptotic Law for the Broadening of the Jet ........~+58 -
Chapter ~2. ,Tet Flaws of a Heavy ~'luid. CaZculation of the Forces '
of Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k72 '
_ ~51. The Positing of the Problem and Certain Precise Solutions ..~+72
g52. The Small Parameter Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+78
�53. Questions of Solvability. N~erical Solutions . . . . . . . . k83
g54. Various Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~9~+
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1+99
Maksim Isidorovich Gurevich. Biographical Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . 526
- List of Scientific Works by M. I. Gurevich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Sub j ect Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53~+
10
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Foreword to the Second Edition
= The first edition of the book by M. I. Gurevich was pubiished in 1961. The _
book was highly praised by speciali~ts, and became widel;;� known. In 1~6~+,
it was awarded the Prize imeni S. A. Chaplygin; in 1965, it was published -
abroad in an English translation.
The book contained new positings of proble~ns ana fu.ndamer~tal tt~.eoretical
conclusions obtained in the theory of jets in ideal fluids over the 100
years since its founding. Alor~g with the we11 known book by G. Birkhoff
and E. Sarantonello[36], it provided an exhaustive exposition of jet theory
_ up to the time of its publication, however in a more accessible form and
with a detailed examination of the achievements of the Soviet school of
hydrodynamics. It is not surprising that this book became a desk refer-
ence not only for speci~.lists in the area of hydrodynamics, but also for
_ engineers concerned with numerous applications of jet theory. Since the -
time of the first edition, a number of new interesting works have appeared
- on the theory of jets in ideal fluids, including those by the author him-
self as well as his students and colleagues. These works relate to the
cavity theory of a hydrofoil, to c~.lculating the forces of gravitiy and sur-
face tension, to unsteady flows and to various general and applied ques- _
tions of fluid and gas mechanics. The designated questions have been re- -
- flected in the subjects of special conferences, and in particular, they
were examined at the International Symposium on the Applicatior. of ~'unctions
_ Theory in Flow Mechanics (Tbilisi, 17-23 September 1963), at the All-Union
' Conference on Boundary Yroblems and Their Applications in Fluid ar~d Gas
MecY~anics (Kazan', 28-31 May 196g), at the International Symposium on
Unsteady F'lows of Water at High Velocities (Leningrad, 22-26 Juize 1971),
and at the all-Union congresses and international congresses on t~eoretical -
_ and applied mechanics. We must note the very informative reviews of new
_ works on jet theory, and above all those of the author himself [92, 9~+~,
as well as G. Birkhoff L35a] and Wu Yao-tsu [5~+]. The questions of the
theory and technical applications of ,jet and cavity flows a.re tz~ken up irz ~
- special books [117, 16~+, 2~+4, 263, 265 and others], as well as in various =
periodicals and series. -
The urgent need for republishing the book of M. I. Gurevich has long existed.
The author had previously begun collecting new material~ and working on the
- book, however the completion of it was prevented by his severe illness and -
_ untimely death. _
The overall structure and style of the book have been kept as much as pos-
sible according to the author's plans; at the same time it has undergone
substantial reworking. Upon the request of M. I. Gurevich, some of his -
students and colleagues kindly agreed to participate in this work, and they -
provided their own materials and reworked a number of sections of the book
for its second edition. -
11
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- The second edition (like the first) consists of 12 chapters. The first four -
- chapi.ers were prepared for publishing by the author himself. _
Chapter 1, from the exasnple of the classic problem, gives a comparative ex-
position of the methods of C. Kirchhof~, N. Ye. Zhukovskiy and S. A.
Chaplygin. It describes the general particular features of the theoretical
methods of S. A. Chaplygin and reestablishes his primacy in wor.king out a
new method of jet theory.
Chapter 2 solves a group of very simple problems on the flow of streams
from vessels with rectilinear sides. The given group of problems histori- �
cally was the first to obtain practical application in science and tech-
nology. The value of solving the problems of a jet flow around obstaclas _
was discovered significantly later. Chapter 3 is devoted to these problems,
and it examines the�flow around polygonal obstacles, and above all a wedge.
- In a number of exam:ples, the poss:ibility is analyzed of constructing vari-
ous systems of a jet flow a,round the same obstacle, and this was discovered
for the first time by S. A. Chaplygin. In line with the solving of the
- Chaplygin problem, the use of the theta function device is shown, and this
_ is used predominantly in the second edition of the book. There is a special
discussion of the familiar erroneous critique of ,jet theory which for a
~ long time reduced the theory to the level of a mathematical theory without
� the possibility of practical application. -
= Chapter studies a jet flow around curvalinear obstacles using the Kirchhoff
system; the Levi-Chivita method is described; the integrodifferential equa-
tions of Villat and Nekrasov are derived; the well known method [290] of
finding th~ flow around of an arbitrary number of curvalinear obstacles is
described.
The questions of the existence and uniqueness of solving jet problems are _
examined in the description by L. M. Kotlyar in a new and somewhat more
detailed manner than in the first edition, and the classic device of func-
~ tional analysis is employed.
- Chapter 5 deals with the cavity flow of bodies. On the basis of a brief
description of the cavitation phenomenon, the reasons are brought out why ;
the theory of jets in ideal fluids for long time was subjected to un- !
_ merited criticism, and it is pointed out for what conditions and flow-
around modes jet theory provides solutions which conform satisfactorily to
- experience. The positing of a problem is given for a cavity flow with a ~
pressure in the cavity that differs from the pressure in the incident flow
(with a cavitation number not equal to zero)., and a comparison of various '
cavitation systems is given. M. I. Gurevich was responsible for detailPd
research on these systems, including the system of D. A. Efros which has
recently been given a new interpretation and application. The author also '
restored the primacy of N. Ye. Zhukovskiy for the system which significantly
later was developed by A. Roshko. For the second edition, Chapter 5 was
completely reworked by A. G. Terent'yev; it includes a comparative review
12
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of certain'~new systems, and in particular, the system with a cavity termin-
ating in two infinite spiral coils.
~ The chapter ends with a brief exposition of a linear theory of cavity flow- ~
around of a thin profile at a low angle oY' incidence and this in recent
years has undergone significant development and practical application.
, Chapters 6 and 7 which have also been significantly supplemented and pre-
pared for republication by A. G. Terent'yev examine various problems of the
cavitation flow around obstacles in limited flows (channels and jets witr
a finite expenditure), gliding theory and hydrofoil theory. It must be
emphasized that M. I. Gurevich was one of the first to begin to be concerned
with gliding theory and made a significant contribution to its development.
In the substantially supplemented Chapter 8, various particular probl.ems of
- jet theory are described and which have basically gained practical applica- _
tion. First of al~ the problems are examined of the colliding of jets and
on currents with an internal line of failure; these problems are used in
the theory of armor piercing and in the hydrodynamic theory of jet automa-
tion (pheumonics). These problems have beer~ described for the second edition
by P. M. Belotserkovskiy. The new section prepared by G. Yu. Stepanov
with the participation of Ya. R. Berman involves the c~,l~ulating of the
jet currents under an air cushion device and across steps on the bottom of -
_ a channel. In this section various systems of cavity currents for the first
time axe discussed comparatively.
'I`his ends the exposition of the first, classic part of the theory of flat
stead,y jet currents of an ideal weightless uncompressable fluid.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the theory of uns~eady flows. The problems are
examined of a flat plate in an accelerated flow, on the hitting of a con-
tour flowed around with a break in the ~et, on slightly disturbed ~et flows
and the submerging of a wedge. The exposition of the last two questions
has been improved by A. V. Kuznetsov who wrote �~+2 and by A. G. Terent'yev
who supplemented �43. A more detailed exposition of certain new results -
in the theory oi nonstationary disturbed f~ows of a fluid witY~ free Loun-
daries is given in the book [195]�
- Chapter 10 describes the theory of subsonic gas jets the founder of which
was S. A. Chaplygin. This chapter has been supplemented with certain new
references by L. M. Kotlyar and G. A. Dombrovskiy.
Chapter 11 which deals with the theary of axial-symmetric currents gives
the approxima,tion solutions.and certain general theo~etical results, in-
cluding belonging to the author; of the latter the most important is the
- law of the asymptotic expansion of the jet. Chapter 11 has been the least
altered since the development of this theory has basicaliy occurred in the
areas of numerical analysis and semiimperical systems which do not conform
to the overall style of the book.
13
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The last, 12th chapter describes the ,~et flows of a heavy fluid, and pro- -
vides a calculation for the influence of the forces of surface tension.
This chapter has been completely reworked by 0. M. Kiselev. Due to the
lar~e number of new articles and results in tlie designated area, the chap-
ter has assumed largely a review nature. The additional references and the
detailed exposition of the questions of the theory of ~et flows of a heavy ~
fluid can be found in the monograph [161]. �
Supersonic jets and stalled flows of a viscous fluid as before are not spz-
cially examined in the sec~nd edition of the book. In line with this it
must be pointed out that the hydrodynamics of an ideal fluid does not lose -
its significance, but on the contrary, becomes a necessary component element \
in the modern theor~r of the ~et and stalled currents of a viscous fluid with
high Reynolds numbers, For a general familiarization with the state of
this question, it is possible to reco~runend the reviews [65] and [322] as
well as the book [396].
' The list of literature has been substantially enlarged, and the bibliography
of the first edition has been completely kept. As regards the.additions
made, it must be pointed out that the literature on ~et theory over the last
- two decades has attained such a volume that it was virtually impossible to
reflect not only all the new works but even all the essential areas of re- -
- search. Naturally, preference was given to the works close to the book in =
- terms of its specific concern, as well as to the works of the students and
co-workers of the author.
i
The book ends with a brief bibliographical sketch and a complete list of ,
the works of M. I. Gurevich.
The general layout and scientific editing of the book were carried out by
G. Yu. Stepanov. He also was responsible for a number of supplements, the ,f
most substantial ones being in ~13, 25 and 3~. Ya. R. Berman systematized
the author's materials prepared by him for the republishing of the book,
and also read the manuscript and made many useful comments and corrections. ,
' Special thanks should be paid to the publishing house editor G. M. Il'ichev
in whose able hands the text of the book assumed its final form. She was -
not only concerned with improving the text, but also delved profoundly into
its essence and made a number of corrections.
Because of the circlunstances of publication, the book obviously is not de- -
void of shortcomings; some of them are clear from the given foreword, while
others will not escape careful readers. All COTriTriPntS and requests on the
content and format of t}:e book will be received with gratitude. ,
L. I. Sedov and G. Yu. Stepanov
[40-10272]
- COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy literatury izdatel'stva
"Nauka", 1979
_ 10272
- CSO: 1862 14
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PUBLICATIONS UDC 532.526
- EXPE~tIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
Kiev EKSPERIMENTAL'NYYE ISSLEDOVANIYA POGRANICHNOGO SLOYA in Russian 1978
signed to press 27 Mar 78 pp 2, 3-4, 183-184
[Annotation, Foreword and Table of Contents of book by L. F. Kozlov and
V. V. Babenko, 184 pages, 1650 copies]
[Text] In this monograph the results of experimental "
studies of hydrodynamic stability and artificial pertur-
bation of the boundary layer are systematized. Peculiari-
ties in the transition of a laminar boundary layer to a
turbulent one in two-dimensional and three-dimensional -
streamline flow and, likewise, methods of modelling in
experimental studies of hydrodynamic resistance in a
- model basin are examined. The effect of suction and the -
- shape of the bow tip of the models on the characteristics
of the boundary layer and on hydroaerodynamic resistance ~
is studied. The procedure; apparatus and results of the
- hydrodynamic experiment are described.
The book is intended for scientific and engineering and
technical personnel, and also for teachers, graduate and
undergraduate students in institutions of higher learning
in the appropriate specialties.
~ Foreword
Experience 3n the study of the history of science testifies to the fact that
progress in the field of fluid and gas mechanics at the various stages of . _
its development has always ioeen stimulated and to a significant degree
been dependent upon accomplishments in experimental studies. In this
connection it is sufficient to recall the emergence and development of -
boundary layer and turbulence theory. The qualitative and quantitative
experimental data obtained were essential in shaping fluid and gas mechanics,
- first of all in the creation of mathematical models of the phenomenon under
= investigation. Such models permitted formulation of the principal quantitative
relationships, including differential and integral equations, which describe -
15
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the phenomenon with sufficient accuracy and which it would be possible to -
integrate in the final analytical form desired. At the same time, experi-
mental data always served as the fundamental criterion in verifying the
theories being developed. It is appropriate to take special note of the
decisive role of the hydrodynamic experiment in the creation and working
out of various engineering structures and designs and likewise of their
individual components.
In the present monograph are presented results of experimental studies of
= certain characteristics of the boundary layer and hydroaerodynamic resistance
which were carried out by the authors in collaboration with their colleagues.
Great attention in these investigations was devoted to study of the phenomenon
of the transition of a laminar boundary layer to a turbulent one and
especially the first stage of this--the onset of hydrodynamic instability. _
The above--mentioned direction of the studies was not accidental since,
in ~he opinion of the authors, it is namely this problem that until recently
has been the least researched in the field of boundary layer studies. Also ~
included in the monograph are the results of exper~mental studies of hydro- -
dynamic stability in rigid and flexible-damping surfaces and the means of
having an effect on the boundary layer. In particular, certain questions
_ have been examined that are related to the use of passive flexible-damping
surfaces, of boundary layer suction, and to the study of the shape of the
bow tip of the body and the preheating of the plate surface in towing tests
in an aquatic medium. i__
i
~ The methodological arrangement of the book was devised by L. F. Kozlov. He
also wrote Sections 7 and 8 of Chapter II, Sections 1 and 3-6 of Chapter IV,
Chapter V, and Section 1 of Chapter VI. He wrote Section 2 of Chapter II ,
with V. V. Babenko. V. V. Babenl~o wrote Chapters I, II, III, Section 2 of
Chapter IV and Section 2 of Chapter VI. ;
The authors are deeply indebted to the science editor of the book Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR I. L. Povokh, the ~
reviewers Doctors of Technical Sciences Yu. I. Shvets and I. K. Nikitin and
Candidate of Technical Sciences M. M. Nazarchuk, and also to our younger
' colleague N. F. Yurchenko for familiarizing themselves with the manuscript
and making many useful comments. The authors are likewise deeply indebted ~F
to Candidates of Technical Sciences A. I. Tsyganyuk, Engineers N. A. j
Gnitetskiy and V. I. Korobov for placing certain materials at our disposal !
and also for their part in setting up and processing the experiments.
Table of Con~ents
- Foreword 3 ~
- Principal Nota.tion 5 _
Chapter I. Exper3niental set-up, apparatus and procedure of
studi~s of hydrodynamic stability 7
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l. Hydrodynamic test bench of low turbulence 7
2. Methodology of conducting measurements of hydrodynamic
stability 10
3. Preparation of telluric wires 12
_ 4. Setting up the te5ts and technique of the measurements 13
5. Measurement of turbulence of the hydrodynamic test bench 17 -
Chapter II. Examination of hydrodynamic stability and transition -
of laminar boundary layer to a turbulent one in a
- rigid surface 19
1. Neutral curves and methods of plotting them 19
2. Effect of. the turbulence of reference flow and amplitude
parameter on hydrodynamic stability 26
_ 3. Increase of perturbing flow 32
_ 4. Measures according to thickness of the boundary layer.
_ Kinetic energy of the perturbing flow. 36 -
5. Hydrodynamic stability with positive pressure gradient 44
6. Hydrodynamic stabil3ty with asinusoidal character of the ;
perturbing flow 50
r
7. Transition of the laminar boundary layer to a turbulent
_ one in a plate in a wind tunnel and a model basin 54
8. Effect of preheating of the surface on viscous drag 62
9. Overall physical pattern of the stages in the onset of
turbulence 63
Chapter III. Examination of the hydrodynamic stability of rigid
surfaces 73
1. The construction of rigid surfacES and apparatus for
conducting measurements of their mechanical properties 73
2. Principal characteristics of rigid surfaces. Similarity
cr3teria. 76
3. Hydrodynamic stability in flow past simple membranous
surfaces 84 _
17
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4. Hydrodynamic stability in flow past composite -
membranous surfaces 91
5. Hydrodynamic stability in flow past viscous-elastic
surfaces 95
6. Increase of perturbing flow in flow past rigid surfaces 99 ~
7. Measurements according to thickness of the boundary layer.
Energy of the perturbing flow. 101
8. Hydrodynamic stability in asinusoidal perturbing flow and =
preheating of the surface. Measurement of the velocity
profiles. 109
9. Principal results of the studies carried out 114
10. Some theoretical investigations by other authors 124
_ Chapter IV. Introduction of turbulence in the boundary layer
of models in a test bas3n 129
l. Visualization of a laminar segment of the boundary layer of
- models in a test basin 129
i
2. Visualization of flow past models by the tellurium i
method 135 ~
3. Electrothermal anemometer method of investigation of the _
transition of a laminar boundary layer to a turbulent one 136
4. Spontaneous introduction of turbulence in the boundary -
layer of the models 141
5. Effect of wire vortex generators on resistance and bonndary
layer of the models 146
6. Study of the intrinsic resistance of the wire vortex
generators 150
_ Chapter V. Effect of suction on resistance and the boundary layex 154
1. Effect of slotted suction on transition of a laminar -
boundary layer to a turbulent one in a model in air
and water currents 154
- 2. Eff ect of distributed suction on the resistance of a _
model 158
18 -
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- 3. Effe'ct of distribut~ad suction on the characteristics
of the turbulent bolindary layer of a plate 161
Chapter VI. Effect of the shape of the bow tip of the body on
hydrodynamic resistance 165
1. Effect of an ensiform tip on hydrodynamic resistance 165
2. Effect of elongation of the ensiform tip on hydrodynamic
resistance 171
Bibliographq
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka," Kiev, 1978
8886
CSO: 1862
C
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PUBLICATIONS
~ UDC 550.38
MHD-WAVES IN THE NEAR-EARTH PLASrfA
- Moscow MGD-VOLNY V OKOLOZEMNOY PLAZME in Russian 1979 signed to press
21 Mar 79 pp 2, 3-4, 138-139
[Annotation, Foreword, Table of Contents of book by A. V. Gul'el'miy, _
"Nauka" Publishers, 139 pages, 900 copies]
[Text] In the monograph are examined questions regard-
ing the theory of the generation and diffusion of
magnetohydrodynamic waves in various regions of near-
_ earth outer space (in the radiation belt, at the lead-
ing edge of the magnetosphere, in solar wind). Funda-
mental consideration is given to comparison of the
conclusions of the~ry with data provided by surface and
satellite observations.
The book is intended for geophysicists involved in the
study of near-earth space and also for ~physicists inter-
ested in geophysical applications of the electrodynamics
of plasma. .
58 illustrations; 288 titles in the Bibliography
FOREWORD
_ This book is devoted to the theory of the generation and diffusion of _
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in various regions of near-earth space: `
in the radiation belt, at the leadtng edge of a near-earth shock wave,
in the tail of the magnetosphere and in solar wind. The general princi-
ples of the theory of waves in a plasma have been set out in detail in
many surveys and monographs published in recent years. In the present
- work fundamental consideration is given to elucidation of the relation-
ships between the theories and observations by means of analysis of
specific types of low-frequency electromagnetic emissions.
20
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The order of presentation is as follows. After a short introduction, the
most significant particular instances of longitudinal (Chapter 2) and -
lateral (Chapter 3) diffusion of Alfven and magnetoacoustical waves are
examined. In longitudinal diffusion waves are generated as a result of -
cyclotron instability in the first harmonics of the hydrofrequency of
ions. In lateral diffusion instability occurs at high cyclotron harmon-
ics. Instability at zero harmonic (Cherenkov instability) is possible in
diffusion at an angle to the magnetic field. The case of diagonal diffu-
- sion is examined in Chapter 4. With this is completed the analysis of .
ionic instabilities of a uniform plasma leading to the generation of
MHD-waves and connected with nonequilibrium character of diffusion of -
particles according to velocities (anisotropy of temperatures, cluster,
nonmonotonic dependence of diff~ision on energy). The nonuniformity of
the near-earth medium in these instances does not have fundamental impor-
_ tance; one can disregard it or allow for appropriate modifications of the
theory, for example, through the use of Wenzel-Kramers-Brillouin -
approximations.
On the other hand, a large class of drift instabilities related to non-
uniformity of the plasma is known. One example of this type of insta-
bility is subjected to qualitative analysis in Section 3 of Chapter 4.
_ Instability is an i.mportant mechanism, but not the sole one in the gene-
ration of NZfiD-waves. To complete the picture, we examine in Chapter 5
generation produced by outside sources.
A chapter in which various nonlinear effects are discussed completes the
~ book.
In the selection o~ material, consideration was given to those theoreti-
cal results which were easiest to compare with the observations. Complex
or cumbersome calculations have been omitted as far as possible.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor V. A. Troitska for
her interest in this work. It is my pleasant duty to thank my collzagues
at the Borok Geophysical Observatory, institute of Physics of the Earth -
Imeni Shmidt, Academy of Sciences of the USSR: N. M. Bondarenko, V. K.
, Veretennikova, B. V. Dovben', A. L. Kalisher, B. I. Klayn and'V. N.
Repin, A. M. D'Kosta, N. A. Zolotukhina and A. S. Potapov. A portion
of the results set forth in the book was obtained together with these
colleagues, I want to express my gratitude to N. A. Kokareva, G. A.
Mironova and A. K. Selezneva for their assistance in preparation of the
manuscript.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Fo rewo rd 3 -
Notation 5
Chapter l. Introduction
l. Preliminary remarks 7
2. Equations of the electrodynamics of plasma 12
Chapter 2. Cyclotron Instability (k 1= 0)
l. Dispersion equation l~
2. Radiation belt 19
3. Solar wind 34
4. Cluster of reflected protons 41
Chapter 3. Cyclotron Instability (kZ = 0)
1. Magnetoacoustical chann2l under the vault of the ~
plasmasphere 51 i
2. l~ispersion equation 52 ~
3. Increment of instability 54
4. Formation of nonmonotonic distribution of
- protons during magnetic storms 56 I
5. Nonlinear interaction of waves 61
6. Comparison with the data of the observations ~5
Chapter 4. Cherenkov Instability
l. Geomagnetic pulsations of increasing frequency (Ipdp) 68 -
- 2. Mechanism of generation of Ipdp 70
~ 3. Geomagnetic pulsatians of the type Pi2C 78 -
�
Chapter S. Generation by Outside Currents
- 1. Cherenkov generation of Alfven waves 83
2. Artificial generatior.
Chapter 6. Nonlinear Waves
1. Parabolic equation 94
2. Nonlinear distortion factor 95
3. MHD-solitony in near-ear~.�h plasma 100
4. Other nonlinear effects 106 -
_ Appendix - Ilynamic spectra of MHD-emissions at the polar contact 117
Bibliography 126 -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1979
22
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- P(JF~LICATIONS
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF DOPED SIl~IICONDUCTORS
Moscow ELEKTRONNYYE SVOYSTVA LEGIROVANNYKH POLUPROVODNIKOV (Electronic
Properties of Doped Semiconductors) in Russian 1979 signed to press 31 Jan
79 pp 2, 3-6, ~+14-416
' [Annotatiori, foreword and table of contents from the book by Boris Ionovich -
- Shklovskiy and Aleksey L'~sovich Efros, Nauka, 4,500 copies, ~+16 pages]
[Text] The book examines the physical phenomena in doped semiconductors,
and for a description of these it is essential to consider that the electrons -
_ are in the chaotic field of the donors and acceptors. Among these phenomena -
are th~ Anderson localization of electrons, hopping conductivity, the transi-
tion from metallic conductivity to activation with a change in the degree
of doping and compensation, and the optical phenomena related to the density-
_ of-states tails. A modern approach to the designated problems to a signifi- _
cant degree is based upon percolation theory. The book provides the first _
review in monographic literature of this new mathematical discipline. There
is a detailed discussion of the method of calculating electroconductivity -
of heayily homogeneous media based on percolation theory. A theory of
j hopping conductivity constructed using this method has been described sys- `
_ tematically. Great attention has been given to comparing its results with -
experimentation. Unsolved problems of the theory are also discussed.
The book has 13 tables, bibliography with 358 entries, and 8~ gra,phics.
_ Foreword
The first generation semiconductors could not be termed doped. They were =
simply very impure. Th~ uncontrollable inpurities did not make it possible
to ascertain the physical regularities, and this misled the researchers -
and caused ridicule and pessimism in the proud representatives of the "pure"
physical disciplines which were rapidly developing at that time. When they ~
succeeded in overcoming this "impurity," a new age began in the development
of semiconductor physics. This age has occurred under the motto of "purity."
It brought the outstanding successes of the 1950's, and as a result of these
- a new area of technology arose which was called "semiconductor electronics." .
23 _
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Experirnents with pure crystals provided a powerful impetus for the develop-
ment of semiconductor theory, At this time thz method of the effective
mass for complex zones, the theory of impure states, and the theory of kinetic
phenomena were developed and tested out. -
. -
In essence, these achievements also comprise what has presently come to
be called semiconductor physics. However, in the last 15 years, a tangible
shift has occurred in the direction of impure semiconductors. The fact is
- that precisely the impure properties are responsible ior the work of a
whole seri_es of major semiconductor devices, and for this reason technology
requires impure semiconductors. In contrast to the first generation semi- '
conductars, they are termed not impure but rather doped, emphasizing by
this that the engineers within certain limits are able to control the im- '
purity composition.
New problems have arisen iiz the theory of the electron states of doped
" semiconductors. These examine the electron located not in the periodic
field of the crystal atoms, but rather in the chaotic field af the impurities,
and the potential energy of this field cannot be considered slight. With
low temperatures, the doped crystal semiconductor is a disordered system ,
which in terms of its general properties is reminiscent of amorphous systems.
This applies not only to the heavily doped but also to the light doped -
semiconductors. The lighter the doping, the lower the temperatures at
which these properties axe manifested.
i_
The aim of the present book is to provide a consistent exposition of the ~
I
theory of electron states and conductivity of doped semiconductors at low
temperatures, that is, in that range where the properties of the electron -
~ states differ shaxply from the properties of Bloch waves.
Depending upon the doping, the electronic properties of the conductor at a
_ zero temperature can be localized or delocalized. An important merit of
the theory of disordered systems is the so-called Anderson theorem which
asserts that under certain conditions strictly localized states exist.
The exposition of the properties of electron states actually starts with
the detailed discussion of this question (Chapter 2). A specific feature
- of the theory which distinguishes it from the theory of the electron prop- .
erties of an ideal crystal is the necessity of considering the electron- ~
- electron interaction even with very small electron concentrations. In this
regard a theory of nonlinear electron screening has been worked out (Chapter
3, �13) based on the method of the self-consistent field. In the immediate
, proximity of the Fermi level, this method does.not work and the density of ~
states shows interesting features (Chapter 10).
If the Permi level ia among the localize~ states, then electroconductivity
is carried out by electron hops and in an exponential manner depends on the -
temperature and concentration of impurities. The hopping conductivity
phenomenon has long been known, however in the last decade definite advances
have been made in this area. A theory was constructed wnich provides a good
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quantitative description of the temperature, conceni;ration and magnetic
field dependences. The young mathematical discipline termed percolation
theory has been the basis for these advances. For studying low-temperature
~ conductivity, the percolation method has come to play the same role as tl~e
kinetic equation method for zone conductivity. The term "percolation -
level" is employed in the corresponding literature ~just as frequently as ~
~ "relaxation time." There axe good reviews on percolation theory which we
have quoted in Chapter 5. However, in the first place, these reviews were
Frritten ~omparatively long ago, and secondly, they are not "in the same key"
as is r~quired for describing hopping conductivity. For this reason we have
conside.red it necessary to write a special chapter (Chapter 5) which would
give the basic results of percolation theory and provide a bibliography of -
works on this subject. -
In all the chapters concerned with hopping conductivity, a detailed compari-
son has been made between theory and experimentation. The results of t'riis
comparison seem, as a whole, good to us. We have endeavored to note particu-
larly those instances in which discrepancies arise as well as the theoretical ~
problems which seem unresolved to us.
The book is devoted to crystal semiconductors, however the ideas and methods
given in it are so close to the theory of amorphous semiconductors that "
"amorphous motives" inevitably are woven into the exposition. Sometimes
(see Chapter 9) we have used experimental material obtained for amorphous
semiconductors to affirm various concepts.
The scope of the book did not allow us to incorporate in it such questions -
as the dependence of hopping conductivity upon the frequency and tension of
the electric field. The reader can become acquainted with them from the
_ reviews of Pollak [1] and Btittger and Bryksin [2], as well as from the re-
views of Mott quoted in the book. -
The given book has been conceived of not only as a monograph for specialists,
but also as a continuation of the regular course of semiconductor theory
which takes up a new range of questions. Chapter 1, �l~+ as well as g35
should serve as the connecting links between this book and the canonical
courses on the theory of "pure" semiconductors. The book is designed for
a broad range of readers including theoretical and experimer.tal physicists,
graduate students and engineer.s who know the principles of solid state
physics. It can be read in a simplified version by omitting ~�3, 7-9, 19,
20, 28, 33, 3~+, 37, 40 and ~+6. It is also important to bear in mind that
- all the basic questions, as a rule, are given twice, initially on a quali-
tative level and then on a quantitative one. The reader who is not interested
in the mathematics can continue reading the book in limiting himself to the
qualitative explanation. The places which can be omitted are usually indi-
cated in the text.
As a majority of the scientists working in this area, we are under the in-
fluence of the ideas of Prof N. F. Mott, and pay tribute to him by this book.
His remarkable books and reviews awakened our interest in the theory of dis-
ordered systems.
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Constant contact with the experimenting physicists at the semiconductor
' laboratories of the FTI [Physics En~ineering Institute) imeni A. F. Ioffe
and the MGPI [Moscow Sta.te Pedagogical Institute] imeni V. I. Lenin played
_ an important stimulating role in our work. We are also grateful to all
the participants at the theoretical seminar~ of the FTI imeni A. F. Ioffe
- and the IFP [Institute of Physics Problems] imeni S. I. Vavilov which regu-
, larly discussed our work. We are gratef~Zl to all Soviet and foreign col-
lea~gues who worked with us and sent their works for discussion prior to
publicati.on. We are grateful to S. D. Baranovskiy, A. G. Zabredskiy, M. A. ~
Krivoglaz, Nguyen Wan Lien, G. Ye. Pikus and I. I. Fel'dman who assumed the ~
work of reading the manuscript partially or completely and who made a num- ~
_ ber of valuable comments. With pa-rticular affection we weuld thank our re-
lations M. M. Margolina, D. Ye. Shklovskaya and N. I. Efros for support and
unstinting aid in preparing the manuscript for publication. -
Contents
~ page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part I. Lightly Doped Semiconductors -
Chapter l. Structure of Isolated Impurity States . . . . . . . . . . 7
�Z. Small Impurities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
�2. Impurity Levels Close to the Undegenerated Zone 10 -
�3. Impurity Levels Near the Point of Zone Degeneration 20
�4. Asymptotics of Wave Functions of Impurity Levels 30
Chapter 2. Localization of Electron States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
�5. Narrow Zones and the Mott Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
�6. The Anderson Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+5 '
~7. Examples of Anderson Trarisitions. Electroconductivity and
Wave Functions Near the Transit'_~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
~ �8. Certain Aspects of the Anderson Transition Theory 58
~9� Localization in the Lifshits Mo3e1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
_ Chapter 3. The Structure of the Impurity Zone of Lightly Doped
Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
~10. General Comments . . . . . . . 69
�11. The Impurity Zone in.the.Case of.a.Low.Degree of ~
Compensat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71+ '
~7.2. Large-Scale Potential with a Small Degree of Compensation 83 ~
�13. The Impurity Zone with a High Degree of Compensation 88 ;
- I
_ Chapter A General Notion of Hopping Electroconductivity in
Lightly Doped Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ~
~
I
~l . Basic Experimental Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 i
g15. The Miller and Abrahams Model of Resistance Grid 111
~
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, Page
Chapter 5. Percolation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
" g16. Lattice Problems . , . . , . . ~ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 126
~ 1'7. Continual Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
�18. Problems in Random Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 _
~19. The Theory of Critical Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
�20. Electroconductivity of Random Grids from Conducting and
Nonconducting Elements and the Topology of an Infinite
Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~66
~21. Percolation Theory and Electroconductivity of Strongly
- Heterogeneous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Chapter 6. Dependence of Hopping Conductivity Upon Impurity
Concentration and Crystal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
_ ~22. Specific Resistance p3 for Semiconductors with Isotropic
W~,ve Functions of Impurity States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
�23. Specific Resistance p3 for Semiconductors with Anisotropic
Impurity States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
- Chapter 7. Hopping Conductivity in Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . 207
�24. Resistance of Ri~ Element in a Magnetic Field 207
~25. Calculating Magnetic Resistance and Discussion of
Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter 8. Activation Energy of Hopping Conductivity 237
�26. Activation Energy e3 with Weak Compensation . . . . . . . . . 237
~27. Activation Energy el and e3 with Strong Compensation 21+5
y28. The Small Pertubation Method in Percolation Theory and a
General Theory of Activation Energy e3 . . . . . . . . . . . 252 =
Chapter 9. Hopping Conductivity with a Variable Hop Length 263
� 29. The Mott Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
g30. Magnetic Resistance in the Area of Action of the Mott Law 273
�31. Dependence of Hopping Conductivity of Amorphous Films on
Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
g32. Pre-exponential Factor of Hopping Conductivity 284 -
Chapter 10: The Influence of Correlation Effects on the Density of
States and Hopping Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . e . . 288
�33. The Coulomb Gap in the Density of States . . . . . . . . . . 289
~3~+� The Role of Multiparticle Correlations in Hopping
_ Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
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Page
Part II. Heavily Doped AlloyG
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . � � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31~+
_ Ch~,pter 11. Electron States in Heavily P~~ped Semiconductors 316
~35� The Theory of Linear Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
�36. Density of States Near the Bottom of the Conductivity 7one . 321
~37� The Derivation of a Quasiclassic Formula for Density of
States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Chapter 12. The Deep Density-of-States Tail and the Interzone
Absorption of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
�38. The Method of Op~timum Fluctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 -
_ g39� Approximation of an E~renly Charged Sphere. Spectrum of
- Basic Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 =
~40. Precise Distribution of Impurities in Optimimm Fluctuations . 34~+ ~
~1+1. The Spectrum of Nonbasic Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
5~+2. The Theory of the Interzone Absorption of Light 357
Chapter 13. The Theory of Heavily Doped and Hc:a~r:ily Compensated
Semiconductors (HDCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
�~+3. Noncorrelation Distribution of Impurities . . . . . . . . . . 367
�4~+. Correlation Distribution of Impurities . . . . , . . . . . . 378
�~+5. Kinetic Properties of HDCS . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . 381
~~+6. A Fully Compensated Semiconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39~ _
l. Calculating the Indicator for the Exponent of the Energy
Overlap Integral Ii~ in a Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . 390
2. Activation Energy e3 in the Event of Anisotropic Wave -
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3. Estima~i,e of ti and n~l Coefficients in Formulas (30.2).and
(30.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 ~ _
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
[40-10272] ~
COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy literatury izdatel'stva
"Nauka" , 1.979
10272
cso: 1862
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,
'
NUCLEAR P'HYSICS
ROLE OF DUBNA NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN HUNGARIAN SCIENCE
Budapest MAGYAR TUDCMANY in Hungarian Nos 8-9, 1979 pp 585-597
[Article by Dezso Kiss, Academician, vice director of Dubna Joint Nuclear
Research Ins~itute: "The Role of the Dubna United Nuclear Research Institute
in Hungarian Science"] _
[Text] Within the fascinating pace of development of the natural sciences
in the past few decades an especially outstanding place is occupied by a
few areas of physics which we might sum up--with some imprecision--under -
the name of "nuclear physics" research. The ultimate goal of this research -
is to discover and understand the most elementary, most basic.building
blocks of the material world around us and the laws holding them together.
Looking more cl osely at this part of science we find three fields of science:
1. Particle physics (or high-energy physics),
2~ Nuclear physic,Q, and .
3. The cultivation of solid state physics with nuclear phyaics methods (a
part of neutraon physics).
Although these three fields differ from one anothex in many respects in
_ regard to their themes and methods of work they have many common aspects
which tie them together. In what follows let us look more closely at these
common aspects.l
" a. It is a common characteristic of all three fields that they belong to
the sphere of basic research or "big science," they are fundamental. Their
primary goal is to discover the laws or phenomena of na~ure, to develop the
= world picture of man; possible practical applications appear only secondarily
~as a by-product.
Although in my opinion it is not superfluous to clarify the place, necessity
= and importance of basic research in Hungary, I think that this is not the task
of this article. Still, let me note--as an ilTustration of the fact, for
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example, of what sto~y progress human awareness has lived through in the
area of particle physics in recent years--that a uni�ied theory has been
found for two different interactions, the weak and electrom~gnetic inter-
actions. Zfiis scientific aiscovery is comparable in its significance to
that milestone in the history of science when Maxwell created the unified
electromagnetic theory out of two similarly independent theories (the _
- theories for electric and for magnetic phenomena). This theory made possible
those technical inventions (e.g., the electric motor, the dynamo, telephone,
radio and television) which fundamentally changed the life of mankind and cut
through our everyday lives, without which life would be difficult to imagine '
for modern man. It appears that this is only a first step; we are obviously
progressing on the best road toward the creation of a universal theory which
w ill incorporate all the interactions, the practical result of which is as ~
yet immeasurable. -
Another line of development is the strength~ning of our faith in the existence -
of the most elementary building blocks of matter, the quarks. What is
involved is that after the elementary nature of atoms we have become aware `
of an elementary particle layer lying even deeper--the nucleons and electrons
making up the atoms. We are now storming the structure of the nucleons and
it appears that the nucleons themselves are composite particles bui1C up from
a few quarks. We are digging deeper and deep~r in discovering the structure
of matter and it is difficult to say today whether we have arrived at the
- deepest level or whether the number of these is inexhaustible. Whether the
one or the other such investigations can revolutionize our world picture.
The goal and significance of experimental research being done in this ;
direction can be compared to the alpha scattering measurements performed by ~
_ Rutherford at the beginning of our century, now considered a classic, as a ~
result of which we learned that the atom was not uniform, learning for the
first time of the existence of the atomic nucleus. It can be imagined that
our new information today represent~ the threshold of a similarly new, as
- yet unimaginable technical age.
A recognition of the significance of the new achievements, which can be called
revolutionary without any exaggeration, is reflected in the fact that a large _
number of the leading countries of the world are turning a significant
proportion of their scientific budgets to studies of this character. The
importance of it can be read from the fact, for example, that a recognition
_ of the i~portance of basic research received a place at the congress of the -
CPSU too. ("The river of the scientific and technological revolution would
dry up if it were not constantly fed by fundamental research." "There is
nothing more important for practice than good theory.") -
~ It is an interesting index of the swift speed of development that in these
areas there is no sense in writing lexicons; as soon as they appear most of
the information is obsolete and the newest and most exciting discoveries,
understandably, could not have a place in them.
- b. Another common aspect of the three fields is that research is extraordinarily
expensive. The energy of accelerators has developed swiftly in recent years and,
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naturally, together with this their size and cost. The cost of seetimg up
the super-accelerator to be built in the Soviet Union in the near future
will not be much less than half a billion rubles. Similar sums are spent
in the western countries too. Although the accelexators represent the -
biggest investment of modern nuclear research setting up modern detector
systems (e.g., large bubble chambers, counter equipment comp2exes, multiple
level computer systems, etc.) which require a much smaller investment can
cost nearly 10 million rubles (or dollars) each. Dozens of these are set
, up for each accelerator. Despite the extraordinary expense most countries
of the world consider it necessary and important to support this research
_ which promises so much.
i c. It follows directly from what has been said above that for a small country
like ours (and the number of these is large) building accelerators of the
necessary energy (or even a modern detector or computer system) is an
unachievable dream for material reasons and because of the industrial back-
ground for the cost of setting up an accelerator would take an excessively
large proportion of the national income. In this situation the only realistic
solution is to join forces, that is to create. an international research center.
This is the point where science must necessarily step beyond national frameworks.
International collaboration is extraordinarily importanti and most product~.ve _
in any area of science but here it is simply vital. So the third essential
characteristic is internationality. This was the guide when the socialist -
countries, at the proposal of the Soviet Union, established the United Nuclear
Research Institute (EAI) in Dubna, a little town of about 20,000 inhabitants
130 kilometers north of Moscow. The goal--which follows from the foregoing-- -
was to make it possible for the scientists of those socialist countries which
did not have the necessary matexial resources to participate in experimental
work in the area of nuclear research. In addition, the tasks of the EAI
included handing on the experience and results acquired here as a contribution
to the development of domestic physics in the member countries. Without the
existence of the EAI the researchers of the socialist countries (with the -
obvious exception of the Soviet Union) would be deprived of research giving
such basic new infoxmation. So the creation of the EAI was an extraordinarily
significant step from the viewpoint of the scientific life of the socialist _
countries. At the same time it is necessary to throw a proper light on
another side of the question--the existence of the EAI is a political question
of great import also. The EAI~is the first and largest joint institute of the
socialist camp. In accordance with this questionsconnected with the EAI
must be treated with an awareness of their political importance, as well as
their scientific significance.
- At present the EAI has I1 member countries. In addition to the European
socialist countries these are Korea, Cuba, Mo:~golia and Vietnam. The
individual countries contribute to the costs of maintenance or development
in proportion to their national incomes. To give an idea of the magnitudes
involved, 200 million rubles are at the disposal of the EAI in a single
five-year plan (investment, budget and wages) of which the Soviet Union
provides 74 percent and Hungary provides 2.6 percent. It should not be
forgotten that in addition to covering three quarters of the maintenance
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coets the Soviet Union made available to the institute, without recompense,
the two large accelerators which constitute the basic equipment of the Dubna
~ institute and it supports the institute through many other channels also. _
For example, the EAI uses about one third of the time of the Soviet accelerator
in Serpukhov, which has an energy 7 times greater than those in Dubna, and
does so free of charge. In the near future the Soviet Union will build a
3,000 GeV accelerator complex, the only one of its kind in the world, out
of its own resources, but the EAI will have access to it. In addition it is
- practically alone responsible for the infrastructure of Dubna as a town,
from housing through the clinic to the sport facilities. It would appear
that a larger than justified part of the development of basic research rests
on the shoulders of the Soviet Union--in addition to the other problems of
the socialist camp. In many respects the situation is analogous in space
research (Interkozmos).
At practically the same time as Dubna the western European countries also
- established an international institute, CERN (Conseil Europeen pour la
Recherche Nucleaire), which works in Geneva and involves 12 western European
= countries. Actually expensive particle physics research can be done now in -
five places in the world--in the United States, in West Europe, in the Soviet
_ Union, at Dubna and in Japan. Thus the world is di.vided into five "regions" 4
' and a few years ago an international organization, the ICFA (International
Committee for Future Accelerators), was formed with representatives of the
five regions to work on ideas for the distant future. It seems clear that
despitP the respectable efforts of individual countries (our homeland ~
excluded) new steps, that is, for example, the construction of an accelerator
offering possibilities greater by one order of magnitude, exeeed not only the '
possibilities of individual countries (even if they are large industrial
powers) but also the possibilities of the individual regions. So it can
be imagined that the only realistic solution is the construction of one -
large, joint, international accelerator the costs of which would be divided
up among the states of the participating regions. This would cerCainly be
a great step forward for science but its political significance might be
even more important. It also seems clear that the creation of such a new
accelerator will require the solution of innumerable problems, not primarily
scientific and technical ones but rather political and financial ones, and '
= for the time being it is uncertain when this might be done. In any case *_his
is the area where it is possible to cooperate without essential conflicts of
interest and it might be a model for international cooperation extending to
_ the whole world. This would raise scientific integration to an even higher
level, to the level of integration embracing the entire world. Although
the new large accelerator and research center is still in the distant future
it already has a name--the VBA (Very Big Accelerator).
Returning to=the EAI in I?ubna, which interests us more directly, it is worth
noting the place of the EAI in the world. The research possibilities offered
by the EAY exceed by several orders of magnitude the possibilities of. the -
member countries. From this point of view the existence of Dubna is well
established in every respect. As for international comparisons, Aubna will -
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- take first place in the world in the area of neutron physics thanks to the
large capacity unique impulse reactor now being built. This is a wonderful
possibility for domestic neutron physicists. Dubna is also in a good position
in regard to nuclear physics in the stricter sense; it has achieved outstanding
results in the synthesis of transuranic elements, in the search for super-
- heavy elements, in the study of special, very rare decays and in high energy
heavy ion physics, which it is customary to call relativistic nuclear physics.
The situation is much more camplex in the area of particle physics. When
_ I?ubna was established it stood in the first rank in the world in regard to
acceleration energies. Later accelerators with higher energies were built
el.sewhere in the world and the role of Dubna declined. In the early 1970's,
thanks to the putting into operation of the Serpukhov accelerator, Dubna
again attained front rank in world science and held this position for about
5 years. Since then new large accelerators have been built in the west,
which makes Dubna's present situation less favorable. Under such circumstances
the way out for the Dubna institute in the area of particle physics is to
participate as a collaborating partner in other accelerator centers, for
example in the measurements being made in CERN or in the United States. The
Dubna institute prepares scxne of the measuring equipment and sends it out to
the accelerators and physicists from Dubna (including Hungarians) participate
in the measurements. Naturally, a real solution can come from a new "wave"--
the constructian of the previously mentioned 3,000 GeV super-accelerator (UNK)2
which will occupy a unique position in the world in r~gard to energy. Then
- the Du~na and Hungarian physicists will again be capable of studying questions
in the front rank of science in this area also. It is probable that this ne~
period will last for a long time and it can be well exploited by our
- domestic physicists.
Organizational Structure of the Dubna Institute
- The chief guiding organ of the institute is the so-called "Committee of
Plenipotentiary Government Delegates" which meets once a year and~decides
the most important questions (investment, budget, annual and five-year plans,
- lo*~g-range plans, etc.). Every member country is represented by a delegate
aC the deputy minister level; our country is now represen`ed by Academician
Istvan Lang, deputy first secretary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Financial activity is supei-vised by the Finance and Audit Committee. In
quesCions connected with scientific research the highest level forum is the
_ scientific council (which meets twice a year) which submits its propasals
for final approval to the Committee of Plenipotentiary Government Delegates.
= Every member country is entitled to three seats in the scientific council.
Hungary is now represented by Academician Denes Berenyi, Norbert Kroo, doctor
of physical sciences, and Karoly 5zego, candidate in physical sciences.
The activity of the scientific council is aided by the high energy, low
energy and theoretical sections. Various committees (a total of six) support
the work Uf these. Representatives of the member countries, including our
homeZand, participate in the work of both the.sections and the committess.
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A three member international directorate takes care of operational guidance
of the institute; it is responsible to the Committee of Plenipotentiary
Government Delegates. At present the director of the institute is Academician
N, N. Bogolyubov, who was recently elected to be an honorary member of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His two vice directors are the Polish profeasor
M. Sowinski and the author of this article.
The vice directors always come fron the member countries. In general the
appointment is for 3 years and generally circulates among the member countries.
According to the division of labor which has developed one of the vice
directors guides high energy physir_s acEivi~y and international contacts
(at present Dezso Kiss) and the other supervises low energy physics activity
and personnel matters.
The research activity of the institute takes place in six scientific laboratories
and one independent scientific department. Each of these corresponds to a
separate institute with several hundred or even a ttiousand workers. The
laboratory directors guide the work of the laboratories, generally with the
help of three deputy directors. One of the deputy directors is not Soviet.
So it can be seen that the representatives of the Hungarians (and, naturally,
of ev~ry member country in general) are represented at every level of both
operational guidance and corporate guidance in addition to the scientific
work in the stricter sense.
The atmosphere of the institute is extraordinarily favorable. Among other
things this can be attributed to the fact that the EAI can ensure very good,
- balanced working conditions. The structural system of the institute is much
more stable than is customary in our homeland; there has been no substantial
organizational change in the past 23 years. Compared to the domestic practice
_ the number of administrative personnel is low; the bureaucratic burden is
- relatively not too great. One of the gratifying consequences of this (and,
understandably, it is one of the attractions of Dubna for leading scientific
researchers) is that physicists occupying various posts in the scientific
leadership aze able to do their own research work too--to a much greater
degree and with greater intensity than in our homeland. -
In what follows I will list the various laboratories; with special regard to
the activity of the Hungarians.
1. Theoretical Physics Laboratory (LFT)
Academician D. I. Blohintsev, an honorary member of MTA, was director until
his death in 1979. The approximately 170 workers of the laboratory study
primarily the interactions of the symmetry properties of elementary particles
within the framework of the theory of elementary particles and they study
theoretical problems of the atomic nucleus in regard to both nuclear structure
and nuclear reactions. A smaller group does research in connection with a
quantum statistics model of condensed matter. ~ao internationally significant
theoretical schools have devel~ped in this laboratory over the decades, the -
schools of academicians Bogulyobov and Blohinstsev. Hungarian theoretical
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, ~
physicists have worked actively in this laboratory practically since the
founding of~the institute, in all three scientific fields. Many have -
defended their candidate dissertation here or on the basis of their work
here and the number of publications by Hungarian researchers is around 100.3 ~
- It is very difficult ~to select only a few f~om among the many outstanding
theoretical achievements. But it mig:?t not be unjustified to mention the
work done with group theory questions and soliton solutions of non-linear
interaction equations, which won the first degree of the EAI Institute
Prize.
2. High Energy Laboratory (LVE)
_ The director is Academician A. M. Baldin. Its large piece of equipment is
the 10 GeV synchrophasotrnn which in recent years was adapted to acceleration -
of heavy ions also. They can now create here relativistic heavy ions (all
the way up to carbon) of the highest energies (5 GeV per nucleon). Some of
the more than 1,000 workers of the laboratory deal with high energy particle
physics problems. Some of this work is being done on the accelerators of
other institutes, primarily in Serpukhov but to a smaller degree in the CERN
and in the Fermi Laboratory (Batavia, USA). The research being done w ith
the synchrophasotron is shifting more and more toward a new field of science
which is a"no-man's land" between high energy physics and low energy or
medium energy.nuclear physics, the so-called relativistic nuclear physics -
or relativistic heavy ion physics.
The broad cooperation which has developed with the member countries ia
characteristic of the work of the laboratory. This cooperation is made
- necessary by the processing of the results of the high energy experiments
(the evaluation of nuclear emulsions, bubble chamber photographs and results
recorded on magnetic tape and the computer processing of data--"remote" physics),
From the beginning Hungarian experimental particle physicists have participated
very intensively in the work of this laboratory.4 The measurements are high
energy particle physics measurements so they are not d~ne on the accelerator
_ of the Dubna laboratory but rather on the larger accelerators of other
institutes. But the problematics of the measurement and the ideas originate
in Dubna and the measuring equipment is.made in Dubna.
Between 1967 and 1972 the Serpukhov accelerator was the highest energy particle
accelerator in the world so it is understandable that all of the measurements
r:iade here then aroused broad international interests. 1'he most significant
achievement was establishing that in contrast to the theoretical predictions
the entire effect cross-section of the interactions of particles increased
ith the increase in energy. The K~ regeneration experiment was important
:z clarifying this so-called "Serpukhov effect" and Hungarian experimental
_ ;hysicists played a sigriificant role in carrying out this experiment (among
other things with the aid of the CDC 3300 computer of the MTA),
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The regeneration experiments performed on hydrogen, deuterium and carbon
_ proved that the "Serpukhov effect" did not contradict the so-called
- Pameranchuk thesis because the effect cross-sections increased in such a
way that the difference between the particle and anti-particle effect cross-
aections decreased. Our results evoked a very lively response at various
large international conferences (Kiev in 1970, Amsterdam in 1971, Batavia
in 1972, Aix-en-Provence in 1973 and London in 1974). The number of publica-
- tions on the theme approaches 40. The members of the group received various
institu~icnal prizes in Dubna and in the KFKI for their work; in 1973 the
Bungarian participants also shared in the Academy Prize. Thus far one
Hungarian researcher has defended his ca:~didate dissertation in the theme
and a doctoral defense is being prepared. The cooperation is continuing
on one of the most exciting themes of our day, research on the new so-called
"difficult" particles. ~
Another area where outstanding successes were achieved is in the study of
the mechanism giving rise to multzple particles, using a two meter bubble
chamber filled with propane, again on the Serpukhov accelerator, its pion
beam. They demonstrated for the first time a linear correlation between
_ the multiplicities of the charged and neutral particles generated and gave ~
a possible interpretation of this with the aid of a simple klaster model. -
The above experimental results met with serious international interest and
- there were numerous references to them, Also among the first to appear in
the literature was the study of two-particle correlations as functions of
various kinematic charges, which is a very important contribution to under-
standing the mechanism giving rise to particles. We can regard as important -
the experimental results pertaining to scale invariance in the central
and fragmentation domains. The multifold results pertaining to an
inconclusive study of the interactions of the pion-carbon nucleus provide
significant data, In this area there have been 25 publications jointly -
with the entire collaboration or with smaller units of it and five publica-
tions appeared in Budapest with only Hungarian authors. The work is referred
to in 250 articles. In 1975 the wo~k was awarded the KFKI Institute Prize.
- One researcher defended his candidate dissertation in Dubna using the results
achieved and two won their university doctoral degrees in Budapest.
At present a series of experiments, extraordinarily interesting from the
scientific point of view, is being conducted in connection with the inflexible
scatter of muons. The essence of the exp~~rimen[ is that we are bombarding
various atomic nuclei with high energy muon:, and we are deducing the structure
of the nucleons from the scatter picture. The measurements are very similar
to the classical Rutherford experiment to which we can attribute the formula-
tion and experimental proof of the concept of the atomic nucleus. We know, ~
as a result of similar experiments done with electrons in the SLAC laboratory
_ (in America), that nucleons also have a structure. This experiment is
intended to make more precise the study of this nucleon structure. The _
measurements are being done in collaboration with the CERN, using the 400 =
GeV muon beam of the CERN. The Dubna institute is bearing about one th:rd
of the cost of the experiment, ab~ut 12.5 million Swiss francs, by preparing
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�
the necessary large magnets and the special large and extraordinarily .
senaitive detectors, the so-called proportional chambers. The measuremenC
equipmeat was prepared in record t�ime (four years) and the first test
measurements are now being conducted. The magnets and chambers prepared
at Dubna meet every need and requirement and were prepared in time. In my _
opinion this joint experiment is now the most significant scientific experiment
_ being conducted by the Dubna institute today in the area of particle physics.
We can take pleasure in the fact that Hungarians have been participating in
this work trom the beginning--at the EAI and (as representatives of the EAI)
at the CERN.
In regard to the distant future, this laboratory will probably deal primarily _
with high energy nuclear physics and relativistic heavy ion physics, and the
ratio of expressly super-energy particle physics measurements will substantially -
decrease. According to the long-range ideas they intend to establish, in -
cooperation with the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, a new, large heavy ion
= accelerator (the UKTI)5 with this laboratory as a base; the new accelerator
will be capable of accelerating ions in the entire mass domain from protons to
uranium with energies ranging from 250 MeV per nucleon a11 the way to 10 GeV "
- per nucleon. Tn the latter stage of the development of the UKTI they will
probably use the present synchrophasotron either in its present form or
modernized with supraconducting magnets. Thus far domestic physicists have
_ not shown any special interest in such high energy relativistic nuclear
physics so it can be expected that the participation of the Hungarians in
the work of this laboratory will decrease to a minimum, if not to nothing.
3. Nuclear Problems Laborato:-~ (LJAP) -
T'he director is Academician V. P, Zhelepov. T'he institute's b80 MeV synchro- -
= cyclotron works hereo The larger part of zhe work of the approximately 300
people working in the laboratory is linked to this equipment. The bulk of
the work done with the accelerator deaZs with a study of conservation laws
and interaction symetries and a study of the structure of the atomic nucleus -
with mesons and high energy protons, Significant effort is also turned to
radiochemical and nuclear spectroscopic research within the framework of
whichthey study the properties of isotopes produced with the synchrocyclotron.
Meson chemistry research (in the development of which the laboratory has
played a pioneering role) and oncological experiments performed with protons
and pions complete the research themes. Some of the colleagues of the
laboratory perform their measurements with the Serpukhov accelerator using
- large experimental equipment built here and take part in the joint CERN-Dubna
measurements. So it can be seen that the profile of th2 laboratory is
rather broad, ranging from low energy nuclear spectroscopy through medium -
energies to the high energy measurements done in Serpukhov or in the CERN~
A few years ago the Hungarians working in this laboratory joined in the high
energy measurements at Serpukhov. i~ithin the framework of international
cooperatiun they built a 5 meter "streamer" chamber (RISK or special particle
detector) with unique parameters and dimensions and with which one can study,
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under oustanding conditions, the interactiona of hadrons and multi-particle ~
processes. It is hoped that later it will be possible to deterniine ionization
_ density by the par.ticle tracks, which wo~ild be a substantial step forward in
- identifying particles. At present this is one of the chief areas of coopera-
t ion with I}ubna, The measuring equipment has begun operation successfully
and evaluation of the first photographs is under way. Later the photographs
will be distributed and processed by the lahoratories of the participating -
- member countries, including Hung~ry. Hungary has begun to prepare for this
purpose, in the KFKI, an entirely new type of evaluation equipment (RIMA)
- using the most modern computer technology elements.
In the 1960's the first more significant contact with the Dubna institute in
the area of nuclear physics research developed in the Nuclear Problems
Laboratory. With the aid of the synchrocyclotron colleagues from ATCMKI
produced isotopes which were strongly neutron deficient and carried out
complex nuclear spectroscopic studies of these.
They observed a number of new types of radioactivity and defined about 200
characteristics of gamma radiation not known before; on the basis of this--
with the aid of suitable theoretical calculations--they were able to draw
_ comprehensive conclusions pertaining to the structure of entire atom groups. -
The radiochemistry expertise of the laboratory, w~ich is at the top world
- level, played a large role in the successful conduct of the research program
which lasted several years.
Another nuclear physics research gr asp--consisting of researchers from the ~
KFKI--is now working in the Nuclear Problems Laboratory too and it has achieved
results in the area of inedium energy nuclear physics. Using methods of a new
type they have studied reactions in the course of which deuterons with a very
large impulse emerge from the atomic nucleus under the effect of high energy
protons.
- In the course of the past 5-6 years about 30 researchers have participated for -
briefer or longer times in nuclear physics research at Dubna. Five of these
have won scientific degrees on the basis of research work done here (one
doctoral and four candidates degrees) and a number have been awarded the
Academy Prize. More than one researcher has co-authored works which were
awarded various level prizes of the Dubna institute. The number of publications
on nuclear physics is about 30.
In addition to the synchrocyclotron there has been the possibility for fundamental
nuclear chemistry research which has significant traditions here at home.
Making use of these possibilities a small group of nuclear chemists from the
KFKI has joined intensively in and now actively participates in a study of
the chemistry of Astatine, a helogen which does not ha~re a stable isotope in
nature but which can be produced in accelerators. -
They succeeded in producing and identifying a number of new and previously -
unknown Asatine compounds and studied their properties. We are also interested
in studying the chemistry of the hot Astatine atom. We have a way to study
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the chemical consequences~in organic chemistry systems of the nuclear transforma-
tion of 21~Ru(EC)211At. About 60 scientific publ~.cattons have appeared in
chemical fields; one candi~ates thesis has been defended and two are being
p~epared.
_ Hungarian researchers recently achieved valuable resulta in one of the newest
acientific fields, meso-chemistry research.
About 10 years ago the synchrocyclotron of the laboratory was in the front ~
rank in the world and many pioneering achievements and research in~tiatives
were linked to it, Today, however, the accelerator is quite obs~~Iete and it
has become necessary to reconstruct it. It is hoped that this will be done
_ by the beginning of 1981. Unfortunately the tools are not available for a
reconstruction of such magnitude as to give the accelerator parameters which
w ould surpass other equipment of this type in the world, or malce it comparable _
to them. For this reason the long-range idea is to have the reconstruction
represent merely a"major overhaul" so that the parameters of the rebuilt
accelerator will not be substantially better than the old ones. This will
define the futurc profile of the laboratory; it is clear that under these
conditions the ratio of inedium energy and meson-physics experiments wa.ll be
limited to a minimum and the accelerator will primarily satisfy the nuclear
spectroscopy needs of the member countries, This is a relatively small part
of the.activity of the laboratory so in the near future the emphasis in the
\ research field of the laboratory must be shifted to the field of high energy
particle physicso In practice this process began years ago because, as I
have mentioned already, the laboratory has participated for years in the '
Serpukhov mPasurements (kith Hungarians participating also)o This profile
will now expand substantially and it has already been given an organizational .
form; they have established within the laboratory an indeF:endent main department,
linked directly ta"'the vice director, the chief of which serves as deputy
director of the laboratorya This unit is now regarded as the future center
for high energy particle physics at the institute, In the future high energy
experiments must be concentrated here.
_ The largest scale scientific plan of this laboratory, or ra~her of the above
mentioned high energy main department, is directed at the field of neutrino
physics, a most attractive field which has been developing a revolutionary
way in recent yearso According to the ideas they will establish, in coopera-
tion with the Serpukhov institute, a large scale neutrino detector (neutrino
calorimeter) which will contain many large magnets and several hundred drift -
or proportional chambers, scintillation counters and photonulsion detectors.
This will make possible the exploitation of the most recent achievements in
- .detection technologya According to the ideas the gigantic neutrino detector
should be ready,by 1981-1982; it will then be set up at the Serpukhov accelerator,
the intensity of which will be substantially increased by the use of a so-called
"booster." Later, when they have built the Soviet super accelerator (the
UNK), they will slightly increase the dimensions so that this same equipment "
can.be used for measurements at extra large energies, -
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At present this measurement seems to be the largest scale project at Dubna. _
Since the beginning the Hungarian colleagues have had a role of initiative
in starting this measurement,program and in designing the neutrino detector.
So, in regard to the future, domestic physicists continue to have prospects
in the area of nuclear spectroscopy and neutrino physics and in the cultivation
of high energy particle physics in general within the framework of this
_ laboratory.
4. ~Iuclear Reactions Laboratory (LJAR) ~
The director is Academician G. N. Flyorov. Until recently its chief experimental ~
device was a cyclotron of 310 centimeters diameter for the acceleration of '
heavy ions. They recently dedicated a new heavy ion accelerator (the U-400)
with a diameter of about 400 centimeters. The laboratory has about 360 people, _
dealing most intensively with the production of or search for transuranic and '
super heavy. elements, Applied research plays a limited role in the life of
the laboratory (primarily the production of microfilters with the aid of the
accelerator equipment).
- Historically the interest of the Hungarian colleagues in the work of the
laboratory has been quite small and researchers~have gone out to participate
in this work only individually and as an exception. It can.:be imagined that -
this situation will change in the near future; ATOdrIIZI is planning to do heavy
ion physics research in the laboratory,
;
5. Neutron Physics Laboratory (LNF) ;
The director is Academician and Nobel Prize Winner I. M. Frank. The world's
- only impulse reactor (the IBR-30) works here; construction is nearing comple-
tion of a similar device which is about 100 times larger, the 2MW IBR-2.
Physical initiation has heen done successfully and they are now struggling
- with the problems of the difficult technology of the liquid Sodium cooling
system. The reactor will probably be read~ for physical measurements by the
Qnd of the year or by early 1980. One of the chief work areas of the 520
- workers of the laboratory is nuclear physics research using neutron spectroscopy -
methods (polarization effects, magnetic forces, alpha decay of excited state
nuclei). The study of ultra cold neutrons represents a special but very
_ interesting line of research. 1`he other chief research area is the study of
condensed materials within the framework of which they study the structure
of biological targets. So it can be seen that the profile of the laboratory
is uniform from the viewpoint of the large equipment and particles used; but
in regard to the problematics of physics (the latter including the studies of
a biological and chemical nature which do not yet represent too great a volume).
Aungarian cooperation with this laboratory is traditional. A more significant
link developed in the area of nuclear physics research in the 1960's. At
that time neutron spectroscopy research represented one of the most important
branches of nuclear physics and a research group from the KFKI, making use of
the unique possibilities of the unique impulse reactor just then being placed -
into operation, achieved noteworthy results with tne study of the structure of
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~
isolated resonance levels. 'i'his work was especially significant from the
viewpoint of domestic research because the results acquired here could be
uaed very well in the nuclear physics measurements made wa.th the KFKI
research reactor.
In the past i0 years the interest of the Hungarians has shifted in the
dixection of solid atate physics problems which can be done with neutrons
and for many years there has been an almost complete complex Hungarian group
- working in the laboratory.
Within the framework of cooperation there has been a study, making use of the
Mossbauer effect, of phase transformations in metal alloys. In the course
_ of this they succeeded in clarifying the atomic level aspects of the dual
Curie phenomenon exhibited by iron-aluminum alloys. Significant achievements
included in~the demonstration, with the aid of neutron scattering, of local
magnetic excitement in magnetically contaminated insulators, such as KNiFg(Mn),
- and a determination of one of the characteristics of the Condo effect in
A1(Mn)-dilute alloys, namely the electron which~shields the magnetic momentum
_ of the Mn. Ztao methodological achievements are worthy of note; they built
a small angle neutron scatter studying device and a spectrometer which uses
a pseudostatistical modulation principle for use with the IBtt-30 reactor.
Both inventions improved the experimental possibilities by an order of
~ magnitude.
The putting into operation of the IBK-2 will give a great inpetus to the -
scientific work being done here and the Hungarian researchers have the
instrumentation "ready to jump" when the reactor is ready for measurements. -
_ It is probable that in the future also there will be substantial Hungarian
cooperation with this laboratory in the area of solid state physics research.
~ ~
6. Computer Technology and Automation Laboratory (LVTA)
a The director is Academician M. G.~Meshcheryakov. It now has two large capacity
computers, a CDC-6500 and a BESM-6. In addition several medium and innumerable
small computers aid the carrying out of computer technology tasks. The 570
workers of the laboratory develop the methods necessary for the processing
of theoretical and experimental results and deal with the development of -
cybernetic systems, which are necessary in part for the automation of
experimental equipment but which are also needed to process and zvluate '
measurement data. The operation and development of the central computer _
_ park is an important task of the laboratory,
The Hungarian computer technology industry plays a basic role in the computer
~technology life of Dubna; the TPA small computers and the CAMAC units were
developed and produced primarily in the KFKI. In addition to this essentially
commercial--but extraordinarily important--link Hungarian colleagues have had
an essential role in the development of computer technology culture at Dubna.
_ The computer technology possibilities of the Dubna institute far surpass those
here at home. In the near future they will buy a large capacity, large memory,
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fast CYBER-174 computer, So it seems that over the long run the institute
, will double its computer technology capacity every 4-5 years. They have
already built a system consisting of 15 terminals and this will be developed
aubstantially in the future.
7. New Acceleration Methods Department (ONMU)
The chief is V, P. Sarantsev, doctor of mathematical and physical sciences. -
It was formed to develop acceleration equipment which works on a new
acceleration principle, the so-called collective acceleration principle.
- About 400 people work in the department and their task is to create equipment
capable of accelerating heavy ions.
Since Hungary does not have the necessary acceleration specialists the participa-
tion of the Hungarians in the work of the laboratory has been minimal thus far.
This laboratory recently received the task of developing and producing
proportional chambers of the size needed for the joint CERN-Dubna muon -
measurements and Hungarian experts have joined in this work. In regard to
- the more distant future one can expect further Hungarian cooperation in this
_ area and since chambers of very similar technology and size will be needed
- for the neutrino detectors developmental wcrk in this area will continue.
- 8. The UNK
_ T'he design of the Soviet accelerator to be built at Serpukhov is now in progress.
Responsible experts of the member'countries can participate in this planning
work but they are primarily not physicists but rather engineers. At present
four Hungarian engineers are helping develop plans for the accelerator to be
built. ~
Hungary and the Link:to Dubna
The plenipotentiary delegate directs Hungarian-EAI cooperation, supported in -
this work by the "Dubna Committee." Until the very recent past the system
of links to Dubna belonged entirely in the sphere of authority of the National
Atomic Energy Committee, On the basis of various considerations this has
been transferred to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Certainly many arguments
speak for this decision; in the first place the research being done here is
essentially basic research the caretaker of which in our homeland must be the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In the second place the great majority of
those working here are from some Academy institute. The other side of the -
coin is that this system differs from that of the other countries; with the
exception of Czechoslovakia the Atomic Energy Committee deals with Dubna
questions in every country,
In regard to Hungary the chiet cooperating partners are the K FKI, ATOMICI in ~
Debrecen, the ELTE (Lorand Eotvos Science University) and the SzTAKI (Computer -
Technology and Automation Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences). People sent out from other Hungarian institutions play a role
sporadically.
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In recent years the link between work done by Hungarian experts at Dubna
and domestic research has improved significantly; there is an increasing
volume nf research which is linked more or less organically to themes at
home. Despite this we are far ~rom exploiting the possibilities which the
EAI could o'�fer domestic research. The modest domestic base far basic
research of the type being done at llubna (particle physics, nucle~r physics
and solid state physics are a feev fields which are expreasly of a basic
research character~ plays a deter.nining role in this. From the scientific
point of view this is unjustified for th~ revolutionary progress of the field
can be observed around the world; new achievements are being born which are
radically transforming our world picture. Both the Soviet Union and the
. ~western countries (even little countries:) are tvrning serious material -
assets to this field.
The inadequate support is unjustified from the political point of view too;
the existence of the Dubna institute, its effective use and the successful
work being done here are not only scientific but also political questions. -
We cannot accept the position that by paying the Dubna membership fee we have
"gotten rid" of the problem of care for this area. Both logic and international
experience confirm that an international institute can bring scientific profit -
to the participating countries only if there is a suitable domestic base for
the research being done there. In principle therE are many ways to provide
this base.
In addition to providing a base thought should be given to the idea that the -
MTA should classify particle physics research as a stressed theme at the
authority level. This is supported by the fact that today particle physics
_ is the area of physical research of fundamental significance and it is here `
that more active participation in the work of the Dubna institute is most
' justified for part'rcle physics is today the chief profile of the Dubna
institute.
Ta sum up, we can say that the Dubna EAI, as the first and largest research
institute of the socialist camp, is worthy of especially serious attention
and support. The institute offers an outstanding possibility for the cultiva-
tion of certain domestic.branches of science the conditions for which hardly
exist in our homeland. The work of the Aungarian researchers in the EAI
constitutes an integral part of do~iestic scientific research and we must
strive in the future to see that this is increasingly so.
EOOTNOTES
1. In what follows in illu;,tration of i~ubna problems I will show partiality
tn taking examples from the field of experimental particle physics. This
is partly justified by the fact that historically the Dubna institute started
.as a particle physics research institute and even today about half of the ~
budget of the institute goes to this field. In.the second place, of the
three branches~ of 5cience cultivated, experimental particle physics is
- located on the "most basic" end of the spectrum and thus it is most
characteristic of the activity of the institute. Going beyox~d this, the
_ most problems expressly arise in this field, -
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2. UNK stands for Uskorityelno Nakopitelnii Kompleks~ Accelerator Storage
Ring Complex.
3. In noting publications by Hungarian researchers I have conaidered only
data from the pas~ 5-6 years. '
4. Permit me here, as in the case of the other laboratories, to disregard
the requirement to be complete and to mention only a few of the measurements
of recent years in which the participation of Hungarian researchers was
significant. ;
5. UKTI stands for Uskorityelnii Kompleks Tyazhyelik Ionov.
~
~
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NUCLEAR PHYSICS .
HUNGARIAN-SOVIET CJOPERATION IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Budapest MAGYAR TUD ~I.ANY in Hungarian Nos 8-9, 1979 pp 598-600
~ [Article by Tivadar Siklos, Doctor of Physics, Secretary of the i~ungarian-
Soviet Mixed Committee for Solid State Physics: "Cooperation in Solid State
Physics") -
!
[Text] While there was high level research in the area of solid state physics
in our homeland even before the liberation, the possibilities for modern
experimental solid state research were created in an organized and well
thought out manner only after the liberation. For many years the Hungarian
- Academy of Sciences (MTA) has turned great attention to questions connected -
with the development of solid state research, with special regard to the
immediate economic significance thereof. Thus a significant intellectual
and material capacity has come into being in the severaZ research in~titutes
of the MTA, in university faculties, in industrial research and development
_ institutions and laboratories which is capable of doing high level work in -
~ the area of applied and technological research bringing concrete economic
profit, in add~.tion ta the basic research which had earlier achieved -
significant results ~ven by international standards. This situation was
a justifi~ation for the approval of the chief direction of solid state
~ research hy the Louncil of Ministers, in resolution 1012/1972 ~IV 27), among ~
. the cnief research themes at the national ~evel.
Salid state research in the institutes of the Scientific Academy of the
Sovi~t Union (SZUTA) is very broad and the activity in the areas of semi- ~
_ conductor research, laser research, magnetic materials, metals and alloys ~
is especially important. In several areas good contact and cooperation
developed even earlier between the research institutes of the MTA and SZUTA. ~
But if our institutes were to work effectively on the national chief tasks ~
for "Solid State Research" there was need for a strengtheni.ng of their
international contacts, before all else with the Soviet partner institutes.
Starting from this and taking into consideration the advantages deriving _
from the socialist international division of labor and from th~ coordination
_ of research the idea arose that it would be advantageous to create the
Hungarian-Soviet Mixed Committee for Solid State Physics. The preaidium -
~
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~
of the MTA adopted this proposal at the session of 10 September 1971. The MTA -
aelected the Hungarian members of the committee so as to represent leadera -
- responsible for the guidance of both basic and applied research.
The founding session of the committee was held in Budapest in July 1973; the
final name of the committee was decided on then and the "Operational Rules"
_ Were adopted. ~ -
Since 1973 the Solid State Phyeice Commi~eee of tl~e MTA and the S2UTA hae
guided the cooperation of the scientific research institutes of the MTA and
the SZUTA in the area of research on condensed systems. The "Operational
Rules" define the chief tasks of the committee: ~
--"to designate those most important directions in the area of solid state
physics in which it would be useful to conduct joint research,..."
- --"to coordinate...the prescribed solid state physics research,"
~
~ --"...to make the necessary corrections in the plan,..." and
_ --"to supervise the realization o.f joi.nt research...."
I.
In accordance with Lts tasks the committee worl.ced out in 1974 its proposals
- for a plan ror scientific cooperation between Yts academies for the years
1976-1980 and at the 1979 ses~ion in Yerevan it worked out a scientifi~
~ cooperation propusal for zhe years 1981-1985. It initiates the necessary
corrections to the cooperation plans ~ach year.
~
~ Supervision of the fulfillment of the joint research plans constitutes a I
- significant part of the work of the committee. Each yeaz~ the cooperating
institutes prepare a written report about the r~sults of cooperation and
~ about problems which have arisen. Representatives of the cooperating -
institutes also give verbal reports at tlae session of the committee, on -
themes determined in advance. The organization of sca.entific sessions is
an effective form of supervision.
~ The scientific sessions take place yearly at the same time as meetings of
the co~nittee. In 1978 the scientific session dealt with the results of
semiconductor research; this year's session in Yerevan is devoted to laser
research; and next ye~1r the scientific session will deal with problems of
czystal physics and crystal growth technologies,
~ Z`he Hungarian members of the committee turn great attention to providing the
~ ~oviet members with adequate information about the possibilities of scientific ~
j research work in our homeland. Thus, durisa~ Xhe sessions held in Hungary, -
ftre dalegations have visit~+~ several research institutev of the MTA and ~
university faculties participating in the r:ooperation. W~ have made it
- possible for the Soviet members of the committee to become acquainted with
several industria~l research laboratories too and with the w~rk of plants
- which use and exploit results achieved in the area of solid state researGh.
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In what follows--without trying to be eomplete--I woul.d like to illustrate
the results o~ cooperation with a few examples.
_ 1. Quantum Elec:tronics. The ~oint reszarch results achieved at the Solid
SCate Research Institute Af the Central Physics Research Institute (KFKI)
and at the Phyaics Inst;tute (FIAN) of the SZUTA are especially outstanding
, and have won international recognition. These deal with the observation
and theoretical interpr~tation of multi~photon photoeffect phenomena taking
place on the surface of inetals as a result of ultra-short laser impulses and
with a study of the Mandelstamm-Brillouin diffraction observed in. liquid
~rystals. It is characteristic of the good cooperation that much of the
experimenta'L equipment was developed jointly or with close cooperation
and coordination.
_ In regard to applications there were significant achievements in the area of
- technolagy far zhe production of high melting point doped crystals serving
optical and quantum electronic purposes developed as a result of joint ~
reseax~ch. The joint effarts made possible the domestic development of a few '
new types of lasers and supplementary equipment.
_ 2. Solid State Physics. The vibration magnetometer developed at the KFKI
h,3s for several years served without problems important research in large
magnetic fields at the FIAN. The scientific cooperation of the Crystal
Physics Research Laboratory and the Crystallographic Institute (IKAN) of ~
_ the SZUTA has led to significant resulta in the area of crystal physics,
crystal growth technology and the experimental. investigation of dislocations.
AT(~IKI (the Nuclear Research Institute) and the Nuclear Physics Institute in
Leningrad are raorking jointly on the development of technology foz radiation -
d~tectors and they have jointly developed a spectrometer which can provide
a resolution of 170 eV with an energy of 5.9 keV.
~ In 1978 the KFKI and the Solid State Physic~ Institute of the SZUTA conducted
a st~ady of the phonom dispersion curves of PA~F single crystals and studied _
the structure and dynamic properties of PAA liquid crystals using neutrono- ,
_ graphic methods, As a result of the neutron physics studies they succeeded '
in developing a cluster model for the nematic phase which avoids the
deficieneies of the generally used phenomenological Mayer-Saupe model.
Coaperation has begun also in the area of studying amorphous metals and -
~ in the area of research on organic conducting materials. -
The re~:lar organization of Hungarian-Soviet Solid State Theory Sem:tnars =
proved to be a very effective form of cooperation in the area of solid state
theoretical research but the present level of cooperation has put on the ~
agenda the necessity of developing a new form of cooperation--the creation _
- of solid stare theory creative ~partnerships. �
3. Semiconductor Research. There have been significant achievements as a
result of the cooperation of th? Ioffe Institute in Leningrad and the Technical -
Physics Research Institute (MFKI} of the MTA in the area of studying AIIIBV
type compounds and solid solutions. The MFKI and the Semiconductor Institute
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- of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences are doing successful joint research in
the study of MIS structures. There is effective cooperation between the
KFKI and several Soviet research institutes in research connected with ion
- implantation.
- Naturally these few examples selected at random give only a very sketchy -
picture of the many-sided cooperation which has developed among research
institutes of the MTA and the SZUTA as a result of the coordinating activity
of the Solid State Physics Commi*tee ~~f the MT.~~`and the dZUTA. In recent -
years the significance of research serving the practical application of
scientific achievements has increased greatly. Naturally this also is
reflected in the cooperation with Soviet institutes. Our committee is
prepared to take care of these tasks also.
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