JPRS ID: 8806 USSR REPORT BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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ii ~ECEMBER i979 CFOUO 7l79~ i OR i
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FnP. ~FFICIAI. USE nNI,Y
JPRS L/8806
1
11 December 1979 ~
~J~SR Re ~rt
p
,
- BIC?MEDlCAL AND BEHAV14RAl SCIENCES
cFOUO ~e79) ~
FB~~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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. JPRS L/8806
~ ~ 11 December 1979 ~
. I
~,~SSR REPORT
BIQMEDICAL A~[D BEHAVI`aRAL SCIENC~S
(FOUO 7/79)
This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articZes and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific sub~ects
reflected in the table of contents.
Photoduplications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540.
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and
_ the individual ar~icle(s)~ desired. ~
= CONTENTS PAGE -
ADVANCED BIOLOGY
, Theoretical Biology: A Specialty Whose Time Has Come -
(N. F. Kast;rikin;' VESTNIK AI~DEMII NAUK SSSR,
' No 7~ 1979) 1 -
_ AGROTECHNOLOGY =
The Morphophysiological Characteristics of Potential and
Actual Productivity in Winter Wheat
- (L. V. Anantyeva, D. A. Doglushin; DOKLADY VASKHNIL,
No 7~ 1979) �
Stability and Performance in a Mounted Multi-Function
Ditching Unit -
(T. P. Bukhnikashvili; DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No 7, 19i9) 9 ~
Effeci; of Mineral Fertilizers on Accumulation of Strontium -
_ 90 in Winter Crop and Potato Harvest -
- (Ye. V. Yudintseva, et al.; DOKI~DY VASY~IVIZ, No 5,
1979) ��~�����~��~~~~~��~~��~~��~��~���~~~~~��~~e~~� Z3
Experience in Visual and Instrumental Inter}?retation
of Aerial Photographs of Cultivated Lanus
(V. L. Andronikov; DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No 4, 1979) 17
- a- [III - JSSR - 2YA S~T FOUOj
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CONTENTS (Continued) ~'ge ~
~ Analysis of the Electrophoretic Mobility of the Structural
Proteins of Classical S~rine Fever Virus
(N. V. Likhachev, et al; DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No
979) 2i -
~ .....a
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENr
New Filming Apparatus for Studying the Swimming
Kinematics of Aquatic Animals
(V. A. Gogolev, et al.; GIDROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL,
No 1+, 1979) 27 -
- Collection of Cybernetic Techniques in Biomedical Research
(KIBERNETICHESKIY PODHIiOD K BIOLOGICHESKIM SISTEMAM,
1976) 35
Experience in the Operation of a Consultative-Diagnostic ~
- ~ Point of a Computer Diagnostic System for Acute -
Cranial-Brain Trauma -
- (Natal'ya Ivanovna Moiseyeva, Grigoriy Danilovich
- Luchko; OPYT RABOTY KONSUL'TATIVNO-
- DIAGNOST.IG~IESKOGO PUNKTA VYCHISLITEL' NOY
~ DIAGNOSTIKI OSTROY CI~EPNO-MOZGOJOY TRAVNT~C,
1977) 39 .
LININOLOGY .
Development of Limnology in the USSR _
= (0. A. Alekin; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 7,
~ ~J I / / � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ � � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ � . ~1
PUBLICATIONS .
Cyclic Nucleotides and Adaptation of the Body
(C. I. Dorofeyev, et al.; TSIKLICHESKIYE NUKLEOTIDY ~
I ADAFlI'ATSIYA ORGANIZMA, 1978) 9
' New~Book on Science's Role in Improving t:~e Environment
(PROBLEMY OPI'IMIZATSII V EKOLOGII, 1978) 53
- Military Medical Training Described in New Book
_ (VOYENNO-MEDI'I'SINSKAYA POI~OTOVKA, 1978) 57
- b -
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- CONTENTS ( Continued ) pt~,~e
� RADI013IOLOGY
= Problems of the Radioecology of Water-Cooled Nuclear
Power Stations
(R. M. Aleksakhin, V. A. Yegorova; EKOLOGIYA,
No 1+~ 1979) 67
VETERINARY MEDICINE
~ -
' The Metabolism of Co6o, Zn65, Fe59 and H3 in Poultry '
- (A. N. Sirotkin, et al.; DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No b,
1979) 70
Determining the Relative Molecular Mass of RNA From
the Classic Swine Fever Virus in Polyacrylamide Gel
.(I. P. Nikolayeva, N. V. Likhachev; DOKLADY _
VASKFINIL, No 7, 1979) . 75
Submicroscopic Organization of Anaerobic Bacteria
P,~thogenic for Animals
(A. V. Kulikovskiy, A. A. P~lyakov; DOKLADY
JASKEINIL, No 7~ 1979) .................t. 7~3
Generating Atoxigenic Clones From Clostridium Botulinum _
Type C Exposed to Physical and Chemical Factors
(A. A. Sh~.khbanov, V. P. Onufriyev; DOKLADY
_ vASKHNIL, No 7~ 1979) 82
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ADVANCED BIOLOGY
L' ~
~ THEORETICAL BIOLOGY: A SPECIALTY WHOSE TIME HAS COME
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, 1979 pp 67-68
[Article by Cand Biol Sci N. F. Kastrikin]
[Text] During the swift development of modern biology certain biological
disciplines accumulated a tremPndous amount of experimental material par-
tianing to certain prob2ems; it is difficult and often even impossible to
_ evaluate and understand this material without integrating data from
- different disciplines. This is the unavoidable result of scientific
specialization. It leads to a unique sort of theoretical "indigestion"
of experimental data, or their excessive accumulation, apparently in
anticipation of the time when another Darwin will appear, capable of
generalizing the mountain5 of boundless and scattered experimental material.
But we would need not just~one Darwin but 10 for this gigantic project. F,nd
- were they to engaqe in this th~oretical work nonprofessionally, in breaks
- between experiments (as modern theoretical biologists must.do), they would
hardly be up to the job. The author of "The Origin of Species," who -
systematically labored over his problem~ for 20 years, was in fact the first
professional theoretical biologist, ard the secret of his success apparently -
lies not only in his genius (which Darwin hi.mself modestly denied) but
,also in his professional approach to theoretical biology.
Today's nonprofessional theoretical biology, which is studied part-ti.me _
" by some experimenters at L-heir own expense and risk, is obviousl~ unable
to complete the complex tasks facing it for the si.mple reason ~hat the
moderr~ experimenter does not have the time needed for serious theoretical
~ analysis; this is not to mention the fact that as the history of science
shows, ~he capabilities for experimentation and for theoretical work are
rarely found together in the same indivi.dual.
- The impression is created that the main obstacle to further development of _
, modern biology is the absence of professional theoretical processing of the
- wealth of various experimental data that have been accumulated. Physics, -
the most developed of the natural sciences, a science which has created, _
through the efforts of professional theoreticians, a theoretical foundation
1
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develo ent for mod8~'n biology. Howet�er, de~pite ~ ~3f'~si.~'�ra.;`.:...:~;~,.".'irFfif~.i
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_ 29 ~
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Figure 3
S 1 !01 7 9 B 6
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Figure 4
The same control console and timer are used in the rwa systems. Three
~ SFK-1 cameras and two SFK-2 cameras can be connected to the control console
simuZtaneously, and they can be controlled separately or simultaneously. The
console .is used to monitor the work of the cameras, to set their exposure
times and the del~ay in tripping of the shutters of successive cameras, and "
_ to prepare the cameras for operation in the foliowing modes:
- 3p -
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a) photographing a series of successive frames at a time interval between
frames of 1.5-15 seconds with one camera, a group of cameras, or all five
cameras with exposure times of 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, and 1/120 for the 5FK-1
_ and 1/50, 1/100, 1/200, and 1/400 for the SF'K-2; -
b) phot~graphing single frames with one camera, a group of cameras, or all
f ive cameras ; ;
c) photograph�ing single frames in the middle of a series ("cutting in"); _
d) photographing single frames or a series with a given delay in operation -
of successive SFK-1 or SFK-2 cameras;
e) photographing single frames with one camera in response to a signal from
a pick.up unit mounted within the fieYd of vision of the operating camera.
The signal panel of the control console can be used to monitor presence of
power, tripping of shutters, movement of film in the cameras, operability
of circuit breakers, the power supply to individual cameras, and the number
_ or ~rames taken by each camera.
The timer is used to determine the actual time intervals between twa
successively operating cameras, and to transmit the measurement results in
binary code to the light diode block of a photorecorder. Knowing the _
actual time intervals, we can eliminate errors caused by instability in
operation of the shutter mechanisms of the cameras; its measurement
accuracy is �1 msec. The measurement results are recorded on the photo-
recorder's film in binary code (Figure 3). ~
The SFK-4 system is intended for stereo photography of marine animals by a
SCUBA diver under water. This automatic stereopliotogrammetric manually _
controlled camera (Figure 4) can be used in natural and artificial illumination.
The camera is easy to use and dependable, and it is watertight. Owing to its
streamlined, elongated shape and its minimum possible frontal resistance,
it is sufficiently maneuverable. It consists of a box, a camera, and a film _
holder.
The box serves as the carrier, and it consists of two halves--housing 1 and
body 2--casted out of AL2 alloy. The joint between the housing and body is
sealed by a hand clamp and a rubber sealing ring fitting in the inner groove _
of the body. The hand clamp consists of a steel cast coupling frame 4: and
a handle 5. The frame can rotate on fixed semi-�~axlas rigidly secured to
the body. When necessary the film holders can be removed for reloading.
~'or this purpose handle 5 is turned until its spherical end emerges from the
_ depression in the central part of housing 1, and frame 4 is tilted in either -
direction as far as stops 10 on body 2. r
A bracket on the housing bear5 a peephole through which the photographer
can see the numbers of.the frame counter. Safety glass 11 in the front
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part of the body ac~mits light rays into the camera. Ornamental frame 12,
secured to the body forward of the safety glass, acts as a lens hood. The
top of the box bears a mechanical viewing device (consisting of frame: 6 and
viewer 7) and two control knobs 8 and 9. Control knob 8 is used to set the
camera's operating mode, and control knob 9 is used to set the exposure
time.
I; The lower part of the box contains a plug connection for an electric flash
~ attachment. The camera is stabilized by two wings and a keel. For operating j
convenience the box bears two handles, with the shutter lever 3 located on
the right one. The camera is secured to the inner part of the box on special
lugs.
Th2 camera is powered by a 6 volt battery block. The camera can take single
frames, and it can be operated automatically.
Average consumed power for one film roll (330 stereo pairs) is 0.6 watts.
- Battery pack capacity consumption is 0.1 amps per film ro11.
~ ~ ~ -
_ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ r ~ ~
' ~
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. 9
8 ' -
_ '
Figure 5 '
Figure 5 shows a typical set-up for recording the swi~ning kinematics of
aquatic animals with or~e SEK-1 outfit. mounted in a water canal or a net channel.
Cameras 1, 2, and 3 are rigidly secured to one of the walls of the water
canal or net channel i.n such a way as to insure the necessary overlap of the
stereoscopic fields of vision of neighboring cameras within the zone of in-
- tended movement of the object to be filmed. The coordinate systems of the
cameras are placed in mutual orientation by photographing a test object in
the MSA-2 complex having the form of a standard cube. The test object is
successively placed in the overlap zones of the stereoscopic fields of
vision of,neighboring cameras, and photographed synchronously.
When an aquatic animal enters the field of vision of one of the cameras at
the far ends (1 or 3) control console 8 is used to transmit a command
successively turning on the other cameras at prescribed time intervals. The
_ 32 ~
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~ y�p~ k'r 3 ''~98 ~ ~kx,b� ,-~.t~-v, wr .
ta RI ,~,t.~^~~~c''~`"~SE~ ; . S
~TOe. ~ ? ~ ~ ~aYS~` :
~b~.ri . x~ :
~ as y~~ ~t
u i
~;sra. ~I~, r i ~ .Y 3^~a~ t~
_ ~~-^~'i: ~f .y y ' .~SF '
,a'~'~4� s. ~
r: ~ ~y'
~4yy
l
~ f~
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Figure 6
latter are computed on the basis of the animal's expected speed and the
distance between the cam~ras.
The control console's electric circuit permits use of pickup elements that
automatically turn on each of the cameras at the moment the object neing
photographed enters the field of vision.
- When photographing in natural lighting, a number oF s~cereo pairs (and,
correspondingly, phases of movement of the object) equal to the number of
= cameras used can be obtained for each path of an aquatic animal. This
does impose certain limitations, though several SFK-1 outfits could be =
used, controllec~ fr~m the same console.
A method described in the literature (3) can be used to increase the number
of phases of animal movement recorded. 5ynchronous contacts mounted on the
control console 8 permit use of the SFK-1 system jointly ~aith strob~scopic
light sources 4, 5, 6, and 7, the control block 9 of whi.ch is connected ~:o
- the camera control console 8.
Figure 6 shows a stereo pair of a dolphin taken by an SFK-1 camera in
natural illumination. The typical points that can also be recorded with
stroboscopic artificial liyhting are marked on the animal's body. The camera
number (No 001), the film number (15), the stereo pair number (0022), and
the photogrammetric focal distance of the objectives are printed in the
interval between frames of the stereo pair.
The SI'K-2 system is suited to the sort of filming operations described in -
(1,2,4). However, the most interesting variant is that af using the SFK-1
and SFK-2 systems together, which insures full investigation of problems
associated with the kinematics of marine ani.mals swimming in an aquatic
environment.
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The first experiment in which the MSA-2 complex was used demonstrated its
great potential as a means for obtaining quaiitatively new experimental
data on the swimming kinematics of aquatic animals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Golgolev, V. A., Dubravin, A. P., Kozlov, L. F., et al., "Use of Film
Recording ro Study the Swimming Parameters of Aquatic Animals in the
Horizontal Plane," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No
- 10, 1976, pp 75-78.
2. Dubravin, A. P., and Kozlov, L. F., "Use of Photogrammetry to Study ~
Dolpnin Kinematics," GIDROBIOL. ZHURN., Vol 10, No 2, 1974, pp 124-126.
3. Dubravin, A. P., and Kozlov, L. F., "Use of Stereoscopic Photography to
- Study Dolphin Swimming Kinematics," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev,
Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No 9, 1975, pp 33-36.
4. Kozlov, L. F., Dubravin, A. P., Gogolev, V. A., et al., "Investigation
of the Swimming Kinemat~cs of Marine Animals by the Stereophotograunnetric
Method," GIDROBIOL. ZHURN., Vol 12, No 6, 1976, pp 94-98.
5. Pyatetskiy, V. Ye., "Kinematic Characteristics of the Swimming of Some
Fast-Swimming Marine Fishes," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo
- Nauk. dumka, No 4, 1970, pp 11-20.
6. Pyatetskiy, W. Ye., et al., "Cord Film Box for Underwater Filming From
~ Moving Vessel," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No 3,
1969, pp 90-96.
7. Pyatetskiy, V. Ye., and Kayan, V. P., "Characteristics of Lake Trout `
Swi.mming," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No 5,
- 1971, pp 13-18.
- 8. Pyatetskiy, V. Ye., and Kayan, V. P., "Some Kinematic Characteristics
of the Swi.mming of the Common Dolphin," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev,
Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No 6, 1972, pp 18-21.
9. Pyatetskiy, V. Ye., Kayan, V. P., and Kravchenko, A. M., "Experimental
Set-Ups,Apparatus, and Methods for Studying the Swimming Hydrodynamics
of Aquatic Animals," in "Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo Nauk dumka,
No 7, 1973, pp 91-101.
10. Semenov, N. P., Babenko, V. V., and Kayan, B. P., "Experimental Inves-
tigation of Some Features of Dolphin Swimminq Hydrodynamics," in ,
"Bionika" (Bionics), Kiev, Izd-vo Nauk. dumka, No 8, 1974, pp 23-31. .
[004-11004]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", "Gidrobiolagicheskiy zhurnal", 1979
lioo4 34
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~ .
~
4 ~
1 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
. .
COLLECTION OF CYBERNETIC TEC~INIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
Mos~ow an~~Leningrad KIBERNETICH~SKIY PODKHOD R BIOLOGICHESKIM
' STSTEMAM in Rnssian 1976 pp 2-4, 157-158
[Annot~ation, preface, and table of contents of book "Kiberneticheskiy
Podkhod k Biologicheakim Sistemara" (The Cybernetic Approach to Biological
Systems) editec! N. I. Moiseyeva]
_ [Excerpts] Annotation
This collection presents summaries of work by associates at the Institute
of Experimental Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR in re-
cent years in the field of biocybernetics and the application of com-
puter technology in biomedical research.
The collection contains the results of studies concerning the problems
- of collecting signals of biologicaT origin, feed�uzg them to the computer,
and mathematical ana.lysis of them. It describes a large number of .
techniques of analyzing various types of data, from investigating neuron
activity to program-based stereotaxic operations on the brain.
= The articles in the main section of the anthology are atevoted to inves-
. tigations of biological systems for adaptive regulation. ~
This anthology will be of great interest to specialists in various fields:
biologists, physiologists, medical scientists, engineers, and mathe-
maticians, who are working on questions of analyzing biomedical informa--
tion using computers, as well as persons interestecl in the processes of
regulation in biological systems.
[The book was published in an ed3tion of 1,000]
Preface
During the struggle in the formative stage of the field of cybernetics
Academician A. Rolmogorov defined his attitu~e towards its potential ir~
_ the form of a statement: "I am one of the absolutely confirmed
35
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_ FOB OFFICTAL IISE ONLY ~
cyberneticists who sees no fundamental limitations in the cybernetic ap-
proach to the problems of life and believes that it is possible to ana-
?~,yze life in all its fullness, including the human consciouaness in all
its complexity, by the methods of cybernetice."* Today there is no need
to establish the importance of cybernetics for the study o� biological
eystems, but there ie an unqueationable need to develop and improve cy-
bernetic appro~ches in or~er to find answers to the traditional quea-
tions of the science of life: how and why. How and why doea a bio-
logical aystem'function? How can the data of biological studies be ana-
- lyZea~
The present collection of articles, which summarizes the work of research-
ers at t,~e Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Medic ine of the
Academy of Med3cal Sciences USSR in recent years in the field of cyber-
netics and the application of computer technology and biomedical research,
~ was compiled to answer these questians. But this, of course, does not
~ mean in general, but rather in application to specific problems. _
The first sect~ions of the book present results from studies concerned ~
with the problems of organizing the collection of signals of biological �
origin, feeding them to the digitai computer, and mathematical proc-
~ssing techniques.
~ These developments have quite a broad range of application, from tech-
niques foi studying neuron activity and multicellular activity to `
methods of evaluating the actions of a human operator; from pro~cedures
for determining the parameters c:: superposed peaks of the gas-
cnromatogrdph curve to programmed sterotaxic operations on a h~;.~man
being performed for purposes of rese~rch and therapy.
- The articles in the third section of the book investigate systems of '
adaptive regulation with feedback not only for the purpose of under- _
_ standing how and why the biological system functions but also to formu- i
late c~ays to control the state of the human brain by infiuencing its
h~meostatic systems. '
Thus, the articles in this collection are very diverse, which to so~e
- extent reflect the current tendency in the developments of cyberr.etics,
- which has not borne out hopes that it would bring about an integration
of diverse knowledge in specialized sciences, which instead are experi-
enced in a process of differentiation. Nonetheless, all the articles '
ar.e joined by a common goal; the search to optimize study of the _
par~meters of bi~logical systems.
- Table of Contents
- I. Improving Methods of Feeding and Representing Data in the Computer
- * IColmogorov, A., "Automata and Life," in "Vozmozhnoye v Kibernetike" _
_ [The Potent ial of Cybernetics], Moscow, 1963, p 11.
36 . -
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Moiseyeva, N. I., Ampilov, B. A., S~rgeyev, V. A., Simonov, M. Yu., -
, Syauyev, V. M., and Khoptyar, V. P., "Ways to Optimize Machine
Processing of the Data of the Biomedi~al Scientific ResearCh
- In~titute" . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Simonov, M. Yu., and Raminskiy, Yu. L., "The Organization of Collec-
tion and Feeding Bioelectric Signals to the Digital Computer". . 18
Romanov, Sw.. F., and Shelemekha, A. S., "Feeding Analog and Pulsed
- Sigizals to the Nairi-2 Computer" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
_ Sergeyev,,U. A., "Modular Programming Subsystem for the Minsk-32
- Computer, Oriented to Processing a Flow of Data During the
Solving of Scientific Research Problems" . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Polonskiy, Yu. Z., "Roentgenogram Structures Using the Computer" 28
_ Annaraud, D. K., and Usov, V. V., "Algorithms of Stereotaxic Cam- _
puter Catalog-Atlas" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Anichkov, A. D., Annaraud, D. K., Yefimenkova, N. A., Po].onskiy,
Yu. Z., and Usov, V. V., "Softwara for Stereotaxic Operations01 : 47
Rozlov, Yu. Ya., "The Nomogram Method of Analyzing Macrobiorhythms" 52 .
- II. Methods of Analyzing Biomedical Data on the Computer
Usov, V. V., "Program Modeling of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory" 57
Vasil'yev, N. M.; Silakov, V. L., Starshinov, A. I., Taganova, A. A.,
and Zar~.~shev, E. G., "The Use of One of the Methods of -
Stereotaxic Classification to Determine the Effects of ~
- Conditioning" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 =
Bukreyeva, N. N., and Stepanov, I. I., "The Application of Generalized ~
~ ~ Dispersion Analysis to Identify Differences in the Sp~ctral
~ Characteristics o~F Electrograms of the Brain" . . . . . . . . . 70
Boymler, Kh. Kh., and Sysuyev, V. V., "Methodology for Analyzing
Pulsed Activity Using Walsh Functions" . . . . . . . . . . v . . 73
Slautsitays, V. V., and Sysuyev, V. M., "Study of the Possibility of
- the Periodogram Method in Models of Average Frequency of
- Cardiac Rhythm" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
~ Roshchektsyeva, S. A., and Sytinskaya, T. V., "The Application of -
Cluster Analysis of the Spectral Characteristics of Hunan
- ESKoG [expaasion unknown] in the Study of Operational Memory". . 84
37
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Polonskiy, Yu. Z., and Suvorov, N. B., "Analysis of Pastinterval -
Dietribatione with Directed Reorganiza~ions of Pulse Flows" . 88
Bekshayev, S. 3., Suvorov, N. B., Soroko, 5. I., Rutuyevs V. B.,
"Methods of Evaluating the Activitq of a Suman Operator
During Visual Mntor Tracking" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Ratinas, G. S., Matveyev, V. V., and Lyashko, 0. G., "Identifica-
- tion of'the Trend of a Process by the Technique of Computing -
the Movin& Average" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Simonov, M. Yu., "Determining the Parameters of Superposed Peaks of ;
- the Gas Chromatograph Curve Using the Computer" . . . . . . .101
- III. Systems of Adaptive Regulation with Feedback
Dan'ko, S. G., Kambarova, D. K., and Kolosov, F. I., "Some Neuro- ,
- physiological Aspects of Devising an Automated System to Con-
= trol the State of the Brain in the Treatment of Epilepsy" ..108
Chernigovskaya, N. V., and Tsukerman, A. S., "AdaQtive Biocontrol ;
as a Way to Affect Homeostatic Systems of the Brain in the =
Narm and in Pathology" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
i
Aleksanyan, Z. A:, Sysuyev, V. M., and Sidorov, Yu. A., "Th~ ~ossi- i
" bilities of Using Camputer Equipment to Study the Inter- ~ ~
relation uf~the Pulse Activity of Neurons and Fluctuations ~
I
of Arterial Pressure" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
~ Soroko, S. I., Suvorov, N. G., Kutuyev, V. B., and Bekshayev, S. S.,
"Work Capability in Control Systems with Feedback by Periods ,
of Suman Adaptation in Antarctica" . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Rropotov; Yu. D., "Some Principles of Organization of Slow Processes ~
in the. Human Brain" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 -
Tumanyan, S. A., Usov, V. V., and Belyayev, V. V., "Dynamic Leading
in the System of Biopotentials of the Cerebral Cortex" ....142
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
COPYRIGHT: Nauchnyy sovet po kompleksnoy probleme. Ribernetika AN SSSR, 1976
- [68-11,176]
.1i~76
cso: 1863
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INSTRUMEN!'S AND EQITIPMENT -
~ UDC 616.51-001-07:681.3 _
_ EXPERIENCE IN THE OPERATION OF A CONSULTAT.IVE-DIAGNOSTIC POINT
OF A COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FClR ACUTE CRANIAL-BRAIN TRAUMA
Leningrad OPYT RABOTY KONSUL'TATNNO-DIAGNOSTICHESKOGO PUNKTA
- YYCHISI,ITEL'NOY DIAGNOSTIKI OSTROY CHEREPNO-MOZGOVOY rnAVMY in
Russian 1977 pp 2, 136 _
- ~Aranotation and table of contents from the book "Opyt Raboty
Konsul tativno-Diagnosticheskogo Punkta Vychislitel'noy Diag-
nostiki Ostroy Cherepno-Mozgovoy Travmy" by Natal'ya Ivanovna
Moiseyeva and Grigoriy Danilovich Luchko, Izdatel'stvo Medi~si- ~
na~ signed to press 20 October 1977~ 3~000 copies~ 136 pages] -
(Text ] ANNOTATION
In ~his book the authors generalize their personal experience
- in the matter of rendering consultative assistance (using the
capabiliti~s of computer technology) to practical physician-
_ traumatologists and neurosurgeons when a rapid diagnosis of
acute cranial-~brain trauma is needed. They d3scuss the diffi-
_ culties of the diagnostic process, the causes of inedical errors,
the capabilities and limitations o~ computer diagnosis~ the pos-
sible aceuracy of a diagnosis achieved by the computer method,
and its profitabilit;r.
a They define~more precisely the selection of symptomatology and
their genQral approach to the separation of diagnostic groups
during the rapid diagnosis of acute cranial-brain trawna. They
- also describe the general organization of the operation of a
_ computer diagnostic point~ with detailed methodological direc-
- tions and a dc~scription of the order of actions of the medical
personriel in a hospital and the wvrkers at the consultative
point.
This book is intended for neuropathologists~ neurosurgeons~
traumatologists and emergency room physicians.
The book contains 20 tables~ 2 figures and a bibliography of
16~ titles.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page -
Introduction. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Difficulties in Diagnosis and Causes of Errors
in the Treatment of Occult Cranial-Brain Trauma. ~
Classification of Occult ~n~uries of the Brain. 9
Forms of Occult In~uries of' the Brain Most Frequently En-
countered in Clinical Practice. . . . . . . . . . . 12
- Analysis of the Causes of Physicians' Errors in Identify-
ing Occult Cran~.al-Brain Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~+
Chapter 2. Goals~ Problems and Possibilities of the Use of
. Computer Diagnostics in the Identification of
Forms of Brain Pathology . . . . . . . , . . . . 41
Chapter 3. Development oP a Compnter Diagnostics System for
Cranial-Brain Trauma and Organization of the Op-
_ eration of a Consultative Computer Diagnostic
Po int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 4. Results of the Medical Diagnosis of Cranial-
Brain Trauma IIsing the Consultative Assistance
of a Digital Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
_ Chapter 5. Tr_eatment of Acute Cranial-Brain Trauma. 93
Special Features of the Observation of Patients With .Oc-
cult Cranial-Brain Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 -
Treatment of Patients With Brain Concuss~ion 97 ;
. Treatment of Patients With Contusfons of the Brain. 102 '
Treatment of Patients With Intracranial Hematomata. 110
Conclus ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 ~
Appendix. Coding List of Symptoms and Indicators of Acute
Cranial-Brain Trauma . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . 122
Bibliography. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
;
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Meditsina~" Moscow~ 1977 ,
- r 95-~~~~ ~ -
11746 -
cs o : 1863
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LI1~Il~TOLOGY
UDC 551.481.1
DEVELOPMENT OF LINIldOIAGY IN THE USSR _
- Moscdw VESTNIK AKADEi~III NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7; 1979 pp 69-75
[Article by USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member 0. A. Alekin,
based on the author's report given in a session of the USSR Academy of
Sciences Department of Oceanology, Atmospheric Physics, and Geography]
[Text) Sensible use and protection of natural waters is presently acquiring
increasingly greater significance. A significant part of our country's
water resources are represented by lakes. It would be sufficent to recall
that there are about 3 million lakes (with an area greater than 1 hectare)
in the USSR, 19 of them having an area"greater than 1,000 ]an2. Of the
22 world's largest lakes (with an. area greater than S,OOO laa2), 7 are in -
our country, tc~ include the deepest and broadest freshwater lake--Baikal.
As in many other areas of the natural sciences, the origin and development
of limnology depended in many ways in our country on the level of its pro-
ductive capacity and practical needs, on development of associated sciences
(mainly geography and hydrology, which deal in part with limnnlogy), on the
goals and possibilities of research, and on the scientific viewpoints of
the researchers. The content and direction of limnology, its goals and
tasks, its place among associated sciences, and its methodological foundations
have been subjected to extensivE discussian, and reexamined critically many -
times.
We can divide, with a certain degree of arbitrariness, the development of
lunnology in our country into three periods--the first prior to the
October Revolution, the second up to the 1950's, and the third embracing
the last three decades (1950-1980).
In the first period lake research was incidental in nature, being associated
either with development of fisheries or with general geographic exploration.
It was not until the second half of the 19th century that information on
' lakes began to be accumulated owing to development of Russian's industry and _
its natural resources. This accumulation was promoted by expeditions of
the Academy of Sciences, the Geographical Society, the Society of Natural
Historians, and institutions dealing in land development and improvement -
of comanunications. '
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Li.mnology is said to have begun in our country with the work of D. N.
- Anuchin and L. S. Berg in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of
the greatest geographers of our country, Anuchin is said to be the first
limnologist. Basing himself on his own research, he wrote several works
on Russia's lakes in which he indicated a close relationship between the
particulax features of lakes and their genesis on one hand, and topography, i
climate, and the hydrologic cycles of river and ground water on the other. ~
_ ~
Another great work 'chat served as a landmark in development of domestic !
limnology was the monograph "Aral'skoye more" (The Sea of Aral) by L. S. Berg,
which for the first time ~in danestic literature provides a deep description
of a water basin on the basis of a complex of sciences--geoloqy, climatology, -
cartoqraphy, hydrochemi"stry, biology, and ichthyology. Nor should be fail ~
to mention the works of B. I. Dybovskiy and E. Godlevskiy, who conducted
research on Lake Baikal in the 1870's, at the dawn of scientific limnology.
i~
All of these works were written almost simultaneously with publication of
the works of the Swiss scientist F. A. Forel, said to be the founder of
scientific limnology abroad. .
Arisal of scientific limnoiogy in our country was predetermined by progressive
ideas of domestic geographic science, developed in this time by a brilliant
- gro~ip of scientists-- P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy, D. N. Anuchin, A. I.
Voyeykov, V. V. Dokuchayev, and others.
Beginning with the first years of Soviet rule, research on lakes was started
with the goal of utilizing their natural resources for power production, i
fisheries, and water transportation. The Olanetskaya Scientific Limnological ~
Expedition was organized as early as in 1918 in accordance with G. Yu.
_ Vereshchagin's far-reaching plan. Although the material gathered by this I
expedition was not published in its entirety, its results had great ~
significanae to development of the methods'of expeditiona.ry work and to ~
training research personnel.
- Extensive expeditions were conducted to large lakes in the 1920's and 1930's
by the Hydrometeorological Service (the Hydrologic Institute), the Academy I
of Sciences, and univer~ities. The Sea of Aral, Baikal, Issyk-Kul',
_ Balkhash, Teletskoye, Ladoga, Onega, and Chudsko-Pskovskoye lakes were
studied. '
i
Research was also conducted on small lakes, mainly for hydrobiological and I.
fisheries purposes. More-extensive inteqrated geographic problems were also ~
I
posed concurrently. It was precisely in this period that research on regional
limnology was started. So-called limnological surveys were conducted in i
1933 and 1934 with the purposes of describing and systematizing the enormous ;
quantity of stnall lakes; the program etnbraced the entire complex of ~
divisions in limnology. Limnological surveys were performed in different
regions offering different physicogeographic conditions. Groups of lakes ~
were explored on the Kola Peninsula, in Karelia, in Leningrad Oblast, in ;
Central European�USSR, in the Altay, and in the Yakut ASSR. !
~
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Because expeditions offered limited possibilities for studying lake
hydrologic cycles, biological scientific stations had to be created at the _
lakes. As early as in 1892 N. V. Zoograf founded the first hydrobiological -
- station at Lal~e Glubokoye. In 1896 the Borodinskaya Biological Station
. was establishcd at Lake Bologovskoye, to be subsequently moved to Lake _
Seliger and then into the Karelian ASSR. A. A. Lebedintsev conducted _
precise statioriary studies to determine oxygen cycles ir~ Lake Pestovo in
1908. General]:y speaking, hydrobiologists ~ngaged in floristic and faunistic
' research on aquatic organisms made a great contribution to development of
limnology while developing their own areas of scientific knowledge. Many
researchers would not limit themselves to taxonomy and morphology of
organisms, preferring to delve into ecological problems.
The Borodinskaya~Biological Statiori in the Karelian ASSR attained widespread
fame in the 1930's owing to the work of B. V. Perfil'yev, who created the
teaching on microzones in sedimentary deposits and proposed construction
of a number of instruments to study sediments (stratometer, microisolator,
_ plunger sampler). A biological station began operating in 1925 at Lake -
Sevan. Here, V. K. Davydov conducted research,excellent for~those times,
on local coriditions, the hydrologic cycle, components of the water budget,
the lake's thermal cycle, and the water's chemical composition in connection
with construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants.
- The Academy of 5ciences decided to organize a research base at Lake ~aikal
in 1916, when the Baikal Coimnission was organized under the chairmanship of
Academician N. V. Nasonov. The Academy of Sciences' first research station
at.Lake Baikal was organized in 1918 in the village of Bol'shiye Koty. In
1921 this station was transferred to Irkutsk University. The Academy of -
~ Sciences created a second research base--the Baikal Expedition--in June 1925. _
On G. Yu. Vereshchagin's initiative this base was used in 1928 as the frame-
work for es~ablishment of the Academy�of Sciences Baikal Limnological -
Station. 'i'his limnological station, our country's largest, made a valuable
contribution to development of domestic li.mnology not only by studying this
unique lake, the world's deepest, but also by warking on theoretical and
- methodological problems and investigating the thermal, glacial, and hydro-
chemical cycles and Baikal's endemic life forms.*
J The Kosinskaya Biological Station also had great significance to developme:c
of limnology in our country. L. L. Rossolimo, the station director,,and~1_:is
- colleagues devised a Y~udget of accumulation and cycling of matter in lakes,
and they worked out a quantitative budget of energy assimilated through photo-
synthesis and released into the water basin upon transformation of matter;
these budgets became a basic principle of modern Timnology. -
* For greater detail on research conducted on La.ke Baikal, see Galaziy, G. I.,
"Scientific Research on Lake Baikal," VESTNIK AN SSSR, No 12, 1976.
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�
The second period of limnology's development is typified not on y y
expansion of research and change in its direction but also by creation of
a new methodology, particularly by development of the integrated
approach.
Our country's greatest limnologist, G. Yu. Vereshchagin, was a proponent of -
integrate3 research on lakes. According to his views limnology is an
integrated scientific discipline based on physics, chemistry, geology,
botany, and zoology. Interpreting the water basin as a whole, limnology
makes it its objective to study processes and phenomena proceeding in a
lake, in their interaction among themselves and with the surrounding
- environment. Vereshchagin felt that limnology's objectives included not
only asserting the empirical dependencies between i:idividual processes and
phenomena occurring in natural waters but'~also determining the genetic
relationships among these phenomena. An example of the infiegrated approach _
can be found in the research conducted in 1918-1924 under Vereshchagin's
supervision by the Olonetskaya 5cientific Expedition.
A large part of the expeditionary lake research conducted in the second
period of development of limnology in our country made use of the integrated
method. However, the integrated approach was far from universally accepted.
Some studies on lakes (particularly by the Hydrometeorological 5ervice),
performed beginning in the late 1930's, failed to include hydrobioiogical
and, frequently, hydrochemical research among the limnological projects.
The reason for this lay in differences in interpretation of the essence of
' limnology by some researchers. The fact is that some hydrologists exclude
hydrobiology from the complex of limnological sciences, feeling that hydrology,
- of which limnology is a part, involves itself only wi�h the physical essence
of phenomena. The other extreme is the point of view taken by some hydro- ;
biologists who feel that aquatic~organisms and biological processes are the
main subject of limnology, and who interpret everything else as simply the !
habitat of aquatic life forms. '
- The extreme points of view on the objectives of limnology are in our opinion
the product of an insufficient understanding of the fact that sciences of
natural objects must base themselves on a complex of fundamental sciences
(physics and biology in this case). However, in addition to integrated ;
- research on lakes as natural objects we also need deeper detailed research '
on individual processes associated with lakes.
There are other viewpoints on the objectives of limnology as well. Despite
the fact that the term "limnology" literally means science of lakes, some
_ researchers believe limnology to be a scientific discipline concerning itself ;
not only with lakes but also in general with all waters on the surface of
� land, to include rivers. In particular,. this is the point of view taken by _
a significant proportion of scientists in the International Association of
Theoretical and Applied Limnology, the membership of which consists mainly
of biologists. But we can hardly accept taking the same approach to studying _
lakes and to studying rivers just on the basis of the community of aquatic -
, ~~F
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,
organisms alone. Although there is much that is evolutionarily common to
a lake and a river, there are great differences in the morphology of a
lake basin and a stream bed in terms of water cycling, the dynamics of
water masses, bottom deposits, thermal and hydrochemical cycles, and other
- characteristics.
The third period of the development of limnology in our country ys
associated with unprecedented growth in industry and the entire national -
economy, and urban construction. The demand for water resources for -
hydroelectric power, irrigation, and water supply to growing cities increased
dramatically in the country. All of this necessitated detailed study of
lake cycles,:.;and a knowledge of -~heir extremes. Significant development
of hydrophysical research methods based on theoretical premises and
developed with the help of machematical analysis methods and modern
apparatus led to a deeper understanding of physical, chemical, and bio-
_ logical processes occurring in water basins.
- In 1961 the Baikal Limnological Station was reorganized as the Limnological
Institute of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and the:
limnological laboratory created in 1944 in Leningrad as part of the Division
of Geological-Geographic Sciences was reorganized in 1971 as the USSR Academy
of Sciences Institute of Limnology. In the last two decades these institui~es
completed a great volume of research on Baikal, Ladoga, Onega, and other lakes.
The research results were published in specialized institute coll~ctions and
monographs. -
Lake research is also being conducted by hydrobiological institutions--the
Institute of the Biology of Inland Waters, the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
- Sciences Hydrobiological Institute, and by Institutes of the USSR Ministry
of Fish Industry, universiti.es, and other scientific institutions.
During this period, the practice of maintaining continuous observations on
lakes (particularly those under the jurisdiction of the Hydrometeorological
- Service) began to develop, and hydrometeorological observatories and special-
ized lake stations making integrated hydrological and meteorological obser-
vations were created. The goal of these observations was to establish the
. laws governing the wZter, thermal, glacial, and hydrochemical cycles of _
different types of water basins, and to develop forecasting methods.
Tntegrated lake research assumed dominance in our country in these years.
' The need for an integrated approach became especially clear in relation to
the problem of protecting natural waters from poYYution. Investigation of _
self-purification, control of water basin eutrophication, and analysis of
biological water indicators are directly associated with the biological
nature of these processes, and hydrobiological and hydrochemical laws
define physical prooesses occurring in a lake.
In the last two decades limnology found itself facing major tasks, new to a -
certain extent, in connection with man's greater influence upon natural
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waters as well as in connection with the problem of transferring some of the
river discY?arge from the north to the south. The influence of man's
technical activities on nature, particularly on natural waters, is extremely
- diverse. Regulation of water discharge, redistribution of water among
different basins, creation of reservoirs, alteration of lake cycles
through construction of hydraulic engineering structures, agricultural
- land reclamation, agrotechnical measures implemented on watersheds, and
alteration of discharge cycles are far from a complete list of man's
effect on water }~asins and water flow. This ~effect has an especially
dangerous influence upon water quality.
Rapid postwar growth of industry and cities led to greater water consumption
(and, correspondingly, to greater discharge of waste water), and it
created the danger of worsening water quality.
Growth in surface runoff from agricultural fields, farms, and animal
husbandry complexes also influences water quality. In the last 15-20 years
the water treatr.lent problem has become an i.mportant part of an even greater
problem--that of protecting the environment from pollution.
~ While rivers--natural courses of surface runoff--are more easily subjected
to pollution but can purify themselves more quickly due to fast water cycling, -
substances of manmade origin accumulate in lakes. One part of these =
substances is carried out with lake discharge, and another part is subjected _
to complex transformation as a result of complex physical (sedimentation), :
physicochemical (coagulation, adsorption), chemical (oxi.dation, complex
formation), biolocJical, and microbiologica~ processes occurring in lakes.
= Despite self-purification, as a result of mineralization of organic matter -
biogenic substances taking the form of phosphorus and nitrogen com~ounds
remain in the water basin. These substances promote development of
biological processes in the lake.
Research on the influence of the ar,thropogenic factor on change in lacustrine ;
trophism has become one of the most important tasks of limnology in recent
decades. While in previous times protection of natural waters from
pollution was the province of organizations associated directly with the use
- of natural waters and control over the state of lakes and streams, now
this issue has become fundamental to all scientific organizations studying ,
natural waters in the di_fferent forms of their existence.
The nature conservation problem needs to be subdivided into three parts in
application to lakes. The first consists specifically of the fight against
pollution, the effort to minimize the volume of waste water and the quantity
of contaminants introduced. For this purpose we nesd to build treatment
plants , develop new methods of wasteless production, utilize waste water -
better for various purposes, organize intraplant ~,~ater recycling, and much
else.
Waster water treatment is a multifaceted prublem of industrial technology,
since it is a unique form of production in which dirty water is the raw
~ ~+6
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material and clean water is the product. The main obstacles to solving
the waste water treatment problem are associated with continuous growth
in the quantity of wastes, which are nov~ measured in the dozens of cubic
kilometers per year, as well as with the extreme diversity of this water`s
composition.
The task of complete water treatment--that is, of processing waste water to
the purity ot~.natural water, is extremely complex. First, given the
existing volumes of waGte water it is technically difficult to treat this
_ amount, and secondly the cost of treatment grows dramatically as the degree
of purification rises.
The second part of the problem consists of systematic monitoring of the
purity of waste water discharged into water basins, and the state of
water basins near points of waste water discharge. This monitoring is
_ performed by the Sanitary Inspection of the Ministry of Public Health, the
Basin Inspection of the Ministry of Water Management,and the Fish Inspection.
The third part of the water conservation problem has to do with research on
the influence of pollutants upon the condition of lakes with the goal of
creating scientific principles of water basin protection. The task is to
improve the methods for indicating the condition of a water basin, to
study the rates of eutrophicatien and self-purification; to establish
regions of anthropogenic eutrophication, and to develop measures to
control eutrophication, forecasting methods, and recommendations on reducing
harmful consequences. To solve all these problems, we will need to deeply
study biological and chemical processes defining the rate of formation of
organic matter in lakes, its destruction, and recycling and regeneration of
biogenic substances. In natural conditions, these processes depend in turn
- on the particular features of the water basin, particularly on its morphometry,
the water budget, the dynamics of water masses, the thermal and hydro-
chemical cycles, the nature of sedimentary deposits, and the lake's
evolution. They depend to an equal degree on the physicogeographic conditions
in which the lake exists, and for this reason, given presence of an
anthropogenic influence, the role of the watershed acquires special
significance to an understanding of eutrophication processes. This part of
the water conservation problem is within the province of the objectives of
limnology.
Major successes have been achieved in domestic limnology as a scien~ific
discipline in the years of Soviet rule. Let me briefly indicate the most
significant ones.
We have arrived at a definition of a lake as a natural object, the genesis,
morphology, and all characteristic parameters of which are closely
associated with the physicogeographic conditions of the surrounding
environment. Lake characteristics have been found to exhibit
zonal features in the USSR. ,
47
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The structural complexity of lakes and the causes of variations related to _
- lake area and depth have been established. The principal traits of the
water, thermal, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological cycles of lakes as well
as their dependence on lake basin morphometry, and the climatic, soil, and
- lithological conditions of the watershed have been studied.
- Our understanding of the mutual relationships existing among all processes _
occurring in a lake, some of which can be described quantitatively, has
grown stronger. Lake self-purification p~ocesses and methods of pollut-ion
monitoring are being studied successfully. The factors of anthropogenic
lake eutrophication, the conditions influencing its rate, and the measures
for controlling it have been revealed.
Paleoli.mnological research has been started; this will permit us to gain '
an understanding of the history and laws governing development of water basins
so that trends in changes occurring in lakes could be described scientifically.
Interesting results have been obtained on change in the rhythm of natural
processes, particularly in the humidity of lake basins. The scientific
foundations for forecasting and altering the principal characteristics of
a lake and izs hydrologic cycle have been laid.
Limnological practice now makes use of mathematical methods for computing the .
dynamics of water masses (currents, waves, water surges), techniques for
modeling processes and phenomena occurring in a lake, and modern physical
apparatus. '
All of this has promoted transformation of limnology into an independent
scientific discipline performing its own fundamental research and capable
of solving important national economic problems.
[638-11004]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1979 ~
I
ll004 '
cso: i8~+o ~
48
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PUBI,ICATIONS
UDC 577.17.016:615.27:612.014.1-F616-003.725
CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES AND ADAPTATION OF THE BODY
Leningrad T3IKLICHESKIYE NUKZEOTIDY I ADAPTATSIYA ORGAIJIZMA in Russian 1978
signed to press 11 Aug 78 pp 2-4, 151-182
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book by Dorofeyev,
G. I., Kozhemyakin, Z. A. and Tvashkin, V. T.,Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 182
pages, 2200 copies] .
r"r,".
[Text] TEie monograph examines modern concepts of the
role and general biological importance of cyclic
nucleo*ides in the regulation of cellular metabolism,
_ the provision and mediation of functional activity of
organs and physiological systems. Starting from the ~
wonderful multiformity of the physiological-biol~gical `
effects of cAMP and cGMP and, aTso, of their functions
in the perception and transformation of neuroharmonal
regulatory influences, the authors--on the basis of
literature and their own data--have undertaken to
establish the particiFation of the cyclonucleotides
in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, bronchial
asthma, gastro-intestinal diseases, some endocrino-
pathies and extremal states. Emphasis is placed on
the decisive importance of changes in the character
and dynamics of the cAMP-cGMP ratio in the organs
and tissues for formation of processes of adaptation
and control action on the resistance of the body to
the action of extremal factors of the environment.
References 935; figures 39; tables 20~
Introduction
Study of the role and importance of cyclic nucleotides has determined
. principally new paths of research on neuroharmona.l regulatory influences
on cellular systems of the body.
It has been found that the cyclic nucleotides are secondary hormonal messen-
~ gers and leading cellular mediators and any given hormone and neurotrans-
mitter acts upon the cell through a system of cyclic nucleotides--universal
and unique regulators of the metabolism, proliferation and differentiation
of ce11s.
~+9
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Regulation of practically all aspects of inetabolism in the various cell sys-
- tems by cyclic nucleotides detei~nines the sFecial importance of disturbance
' of their metabol.ism in the etiopathogenesis of many pathological states.
At the present time it is difficult to overestimate the contribution made
- as the result of studies of cyclase systems to the interpretation of th~ '
pathogenesis, the diagnosis and the establishment of the principles of
metabolic therapy of many human diseases; their study in the clinic has
made it possible to generalize and to approach freshly the salution of
many general theoretical and applied aspects of inedicine.
,
Disruptions in cyclase systems have been f ound with a number of pathological
- disturbances and, as their consequence, they cause a change in the sensiriv-
ity of the cell and tissue to neural and h~~rmonal influences, which, in ;
turn, can lie at the basis or aggravate the development of bronchial asthma, ~
chroiiic diseases of the gastroduodenal system, acute enterites, hypertension,
etc.
The mol~cular basis of the etiopathogenesis of disea.se can be different vari-
ants of disturbances in the system of cyclic nucleotides at the level of
- subunits of the cyclases or their interaction, rates of synthesis or hydroly-
- sis of cyclic nucleotides of the system of 3',5' AMP and cANIP-dependent
proteinkinases. It must be especially emphasized that at all levels tlaere
is the possibility of occurrence of disturbances of the ratio in the system
of cyclic nucleotides and enzymes of their metabolism.
~ The materi.al presented is based on clinical and experimental studi~s of the
r.ole of cyclic nucleotides in adaptation of the body to new or unusual con-
ditions of its existence, to some extremal actions. The importance of
cyclic nucleotides in the mechanisms of adaptation of the body is dictated
- not only by their unique mediator functions of ileurohormonal messengers
but, in the same degree, their versatile role of regulators and integrat- -
ors of cellular metab olism. This testif ies to the basic importance of
~ clarification of the patterns of changes in the system of 3',5`-adenosin- _
monophosphate-3',5'-guanosirnnonophosphate (3',5'-AMP-3',5'-GMP), in the
- structure of the response reaction of the body to endogenous changes and _
to the action of environmental factors.
Table of Contents
Page -
= Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Cyclic nucleotides--the re~;ulators of cellular
activity and resistance 5
, -
_ 1.1 Cyclic adenosinmonophosphate 5
- 1.2 Adenylatecyclase 11
- 1.3 Cyclic Guanosinmonophosphate 14 _
1.4 Phosphodiesterase 17
- 1.5 Proteinkinase ~9
1.6 Cyclic nucleotides in regulation of the activity
and biosynthesis of proteins-enzymes 22
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~ ~'t, Page
Chapter 2. ~tegulation by cyclic nucleotides of reactions
of adaptive reconstruction of the heart 38
2.1 T~ole of cAMP in mediation of inotropic effects 38 _
2~2 ~yclic nucleotides in the regulation of
metabolism of the myocardium 40
2.3 Regulation by cyclic AMP of ion pumps of the
sarcolemma 42
2.4 Regulation by cyclic AMP of the calcium pump
bf sarcoplasmatic reticulum 46 _
_ 2.5 Participation of cAMP in the regulation of contractil.e
proteins of the myocardium 48
2.6 Cycl3c nucleotides and coronary blood flow SO
- 2.7 Participation of cyclic nucleotides in,adaptation
of the heart to great loads 51
2.8 Cyclic nucleotides and acute myocardial ischemia 62
Chapter 3. Cyc13c nucleotides and allergies 68
f~.:
3.1 Theory of beta-adrenergic blocka.de in allergic
- disease~ 68
~.2 Disturbances in Che system of cyclic nucleotides
in the paroxysmal period of bronchial asthma 70
~ 3.3 Tasks of pharmacological action in the
paroxysmal period of bronchial asthma 75
3.4 Cycl.ic nucleotides and principles of therapy
- in remission of allerg3c diseases 76 _
Chapter 4. Cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of _
~
functional activity of the stomach 82
4'.1 Cyclic AMP and HC1 secretion 82 -
4..2 Role of AC-cAl~ in the pathogenesis of diseases,
_ of the gastroduodenal system 85
= 4.3 H2-histamine reception in the mucous membrane
of the stomach 90
Chapter 5. Cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of
functional activity of the pancreas 93
. 5.1 Transport of electrolytes 93
5.2 Secretion of enzymes 97
Chapter 6. Cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of
- water-elECtrolyte transport in the small intestine 101
6.1 Factors which regulate secretion and absorption
of water and ions by the mucous membrane of the
small lntestine 101 =
6.2 Influence of cholera toxin on the system AC-cAMI'
in water-electrolyte flow in the small intestine 103
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Pag e
_ Chapt.er 7. cAMP-dependent physiological systems under
conditions of hypokinesis 113 ~
Chapter 8. Cyclic nucleotides in mechanisms of adaptation
of the body to extremal actions 126
8.1 Cyclic AMP and some metabolic patterns of the
bodily adaptive reaction 126
8.2 Cyclic nucleotides of the CNS in formation of
- bodily resistance I31
8.3 Directed changes in the ratio of cyclic nucleotides 142 ~
8.4 Concept of the adreno- and cholin- ergic phases -
of the bodily adaptive reaction 144 '
8.5 Clinical .aspects of study of the role of cyclic ;
nucleotides in mechanisms of adaptation to acute
_ hypoxic states 147
Conclusion 151 -
Bibliography 155 .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978
i
~
8586
CSO: 1840 '
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PUBLICATIONS
J
NL4J BOOK ON SCIENCE'S ROLE IN IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT
Moscow PROBLEMY OPTIMIZATSII V EKOLOGII (Optimizaticin Problems in Ecology)
_ in Russian 1978 signed to press 5 Dec 78 pp 2-4, 324-325
[Annotation, Introduction, and Table of Contents from b~ok edited by I. B.
Novik (Editor in Chief), Ye. S. Geller, A. G. Doskach, and V. A. Los',
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3,650 copies, 325 pp]
[Text~ Annotation
This book examines the basic methodological problems concerning the mutual
relationships between society and the environment in the conditions created "
by the modern scientific-technical revolution. The question of optimizing
the environment is analyzed from the standpoint of both the interaction of
- nature and society, and sciences studying these problems. The book also
illuminates problems concerning optimization of the urban environment,
sensible use of natural resources, and so on.
CONTENTS Page
Introduction (D. M. Gvishiani). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 _
I. The Optimization Problem: General Approaches
Interaction of Nature and Society, and the Tasks of
Constructive Geography (I. P. Gerasimov). . . . . . . . . . . 5
_ Nature and Economics (N. P. Fedorenko, N. F. Reymers) 23
Reason and the Biosphere (I. D. Lapte3) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Methodological Principles of the Interaction of Man and
the Biosphere (I. V. Novik, V. A. Los', A. V. Katsura) 58
II. Problems of Transforming and Optimizing the Natural Environment
The Scientific Principles of Organizing Surveillance Over
the State of the Environment in the USSR ~Yu. A. Izx'ael'). 76
Scientific Principles of Writing Master Plans for Trans- ~
formation of Nature (I. P. Gerasimov, V. S. Preobrazhenskiy, -
T. P. Kupriyanova, A. D. Armand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
53
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The Problems of Transforming and Protecting the World's
_ P_quatic Resources (M. I. L'vovich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 _
Economic Influences Upon the USSR's Aquatic Resources,
and the Principles of Their Optimization (A. M. Grin,
- N. I. Koronkevich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Methodological Problems of Environmental Optimization, and ~
Hygienic Science (A. V. Bykhovskiy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Geographic Aspects of Optimizing the "Man-Natural
Environment" System (An Anthropoecological Approach)
(Ye. L. Raykh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
- Pr.oblems of Optimizing and Organizing Environmental Pro-
tection in Some European Socialist Countries (A. I. Kozyrev) . 142
III. The Dynamics of the Natural Environment, and the Problems of
Contralling It
Biogenic Transformations of Energy and Their Ecological
Significance (G. F. Khil'mi) (Deceased) . . . . . . . . . . . 159
The Energetics of the Biosphere and Its Basic Systems
(yu,L. Rauner, M. M. Chernavskaya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 -
Equilibrium and Stability in Nature, and Environmental 186
Optimization (L. S. Abramov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equilibrium of Geographical Systems (A. G. Doskach) 189
Control of the Natural Environment in "Technoites" 205
(A. Yu. Reteyum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
� The Gene Pool as the Theoretical Precondition for Maintaining 212
Standards in Natural Ecosystems (A. A. Nasimovich)
IV. Optimizati.on of the Urban Environment and Resource Availabi:lity
Optimization of the Urban Environment as an Area of
Application of the Ideas and Methods of Modern Ge~graphy 21g
(Yu. V. Medvedkovj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Urbanization and the Aspects of Its Optimization (G. M. Lappo) 230
Modern Urbanization: Its Essence, New Forms, and Some Trends 239
of Three-Dimensional Evolution (Yu. L. Pivovarov) . . . . . .
Problems o.f Optimizing the Use of Resources, Developinq _
Territory, and Protecting the Northern Environment 253
J (G. A. Agranat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. Natural System Modeling Problems ~
Stability and the Optimum in Models of Biological 2~1 ~
Communities (Yu. M. Svirezhev, D. O. Logofet) . . . . . . . .
5~+
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'i.
Some Problems of Mathematical Modeling of the Interaction
= Between Man's Economic Activity and the Environment
(Yu. A:'Anokhin, A. Kh. Ostromogil'skiy) . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Some Methodological Problems of Global Modeling (V. A.
Gelovani, S. V. Dubovskiy, V. V. Yurchenko) 308
Introduction
In the second half of the 20�h century, in the conditions of the scientific
- technical revolution, interaction between man and the biosphere, between
~ society and nature, is becoming an increasingly more important problem.
.The principal issues presently troubling extensive circles of the public in
various countries are: the sufficiency of natural resources to support the
z~eeds of the world's fast-growing population, and the influence human
. activity has on the natural environment. The ecological problems are
organirally associated with worldwide problems of modern times such as
peace and relaxation of tension, cessation of the arms race, and provision -
of energy and resources to a growing mankind. The welfare of present and
future generations and the development of modern civilization depend to a
, significant extent on constructive solution of the problems of biosphere
_ optimization. All mankind is interested in successfully solving this _
ecological problem. -
Our country devotes the most serious attention to these issues. Evidence `
of this can be found in the USSR Constitution, which emphasizes that nature
conservation and sensible use of natural resources are a national task.
The paths we must take in research on habitat conservation and on more-
sensible use of natural resources were spelled out at the 25th CPSU
Congress, which noted that "...environmental and population problems that
have become urgent in recent times must not fall out of the field of vision
- of Soviet scientists.~ Improvement of socialist nature exploitation and -
development of an effective demographic policy is an important task of
an entire complex of natural and social sciences."*
Integrated modern scientific knowledge allows us to evaluate the specific ~
features of the evolved ecological situation within which mankind has put `
- to its use practically all renewable and nonrenewable resources lying close
to the surface of the globe. The systems approach, which permits us to
consider, in our models, the relationship ecological processes have with
_ socioeconomic processes and with food and enerqy production, is extremely
important to such integration of the data of different scientific disciplines,
and to their use in computer modeling.
*"Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" (Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress),
Moscow, 1976, p 73.
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The technique presently being developed for computer-modeling of global
processes allows us to arrive at a more accurate description of real trends
in world economic development, such that in the future we will be able to
progress from descriptive models to more-strictly grounded controlling
influences upon the supercomplex "society-nature" planetary system.
Despite the fact that this book examines the different aspects of the
mutual relationships between society and the environment surrounding it,
it concentrates materials essentially around just a single problem: How , ~
do we make the fullest use of the objective preconditions, created by the ;
- socialist structure, for optimizing "society-nature" reZationships?
Using as our basis the conceptual grounds implied by the principles of the
philosophy of dialectic and historical materialism, we can create a
- theoretical mechanism which would allow us to scientifically optimize, ~
to one extent or another, the consequences of the influences of social -
production and man's activities on the habitat as a whole. Computer
programming efforts play an extremely large role in this task. By modeling
socioecological processes at both the regional and qlobal levels, we will
be able to arrive at a set of alternatives for important decisions con-
cerning control of the national e~onomy and social development.
The research presented here, which includes a number of reports discussed
at an interdepartmental theoretical conference on the interaction of the
sciences in development of socioec~logical problems (held June 1976 in
Obninsk), can be interpreted as one of the stages along the way to forming
a general conception of "quantified" modeling of the mutual relationships
between society and the environment. _
- [63-11004]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978
11004
CSO: 1840 -
y
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PUBLICATIONS
MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING DESGRIBED IN NEW BOOK
Moscow VOYENNO-MEDITSINSKAYA PODGOTOVKA (Military Medical Training) in _
Russian, amended and enlarged third edition, 1978, signed to press
28 Jun 78 PP 2, 3-8, 372-375
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from the book edited by D. D.
Kuvshinskiy, Moscow, Meditsina, 373 pages, illustrated]
= [Text] Annotation -
The third, amended and enlarged edition of this textbook contains a
systematic presentation of the fundamentals of the main scientific
branches of~military medicine: organization and tactics of the medical
service of the Soviet Army, military field surgery, military field
_ therapy, military hygiene, military epidemiology and medical supply. The
textbook spells out the objectives and bases for organizing therapeutic
and preventive mEasures in a chast'[unit] (podrazdeleniye [subunit])
in peacetime and wartime, as well as caays and means of organizing medical -
support of chasti, podrazdeleniya 'and soyedineniya.. [units] in different -
forms of modern warfare. Relevant sections of the book deal with the
fundamentals of military field surgery and military field therapy, principles
involved in renderin.g medical care to the wounded and sick with the use
of modern weapons, as well as organization of treatment thereof at the
dif~erent stages of inedical evacuation. The main theses are expounded
of sanitary-hygienic and epidemic-control support of the troops and =
organization of inedical supply in the Armed Forces. In preparing the
- third edition of this textbook, due consideration was given to changes in
the condition of the military medical service, supply th~,:~of and organiza- _
tion of mQdical support of the troops. The textbook was written in _
_ accordance with the syllabus for military medical training, and it.is
intended for students at medical and pharmaceutical schools.
Foreword
- Military medical training of students at secondary medical and pharma.ceutical
institutions is an important part of the syllabus, and it provides for the _
study of organization of inedical support of ~:ombat operations of the troops, .
fundamentals of military field surgery, military field therapy, military -
hygiene and epidemiology, as well as special field supply and organization _
~ 57
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of inedical supply of podrazdeleniyes, chasts and institutions of the medical
service.
It is very important for the military feldsher and pharmacist to learn the
fundamentals of military medicine to the extent required for these positions
for them to function well in troop chasts of the Armed rorces and formations
of Civil Defense. Good military medical training will help those who will be
called up in the ranks of the Soviet Army after graduating from medical and
pharmaceutical schools, in successfully performing the difficult, diverse
. and important tasks of inedical support of personnel, in becoming capable
and reliable aids to military physicians. It will also be useful to graduates
who will work in medical institutions of the civil hea].th care service.
If, in spite of the peace-loving efforts of the people, imperialists succeed
in launching a world war, the knowledge gained will help medical school
graduates take a worthy place in the ranks of military physicians and
honorably perform their duty to the Homeland on the battlefields.
The experience of the Great Patriotic War showed convincingly that the
many thousand strong army of feldshers, pharmacists, nurses, corpsmen and corps-
- women played an outstanding role in achievement of the good results of
medical support and returning casualties to the ranks. Being present
_ in the troQp combat formations and sharing with them all the problems,
misfortunes and dangers of march and combat life, they displayed endless
loyalty to the Homeland, fearlessness, mass scale heroism and high pro-
fessional qualities. ,
- The position of military feldsher is difficult and responsible. He performs
a set of ineasures, upon which depend the health,~combat fitness and, in
some cases, the life of podrazdeleniye servicemen. Excellent special -
training, courage and selflessness are required of the feldsher to perform
these tasks well. _
During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the military feldshers earned
the love and deep respect of Soviet servicemen with their selfless labor.
� More than 15,OOO~feldshers received orders and medals of the Soviet Union.
Many of them displayed genuine heroism and crowned themselves with ever-
lasting glory. Ten feldshers received the highest award, the title of
Hero of the Soviet Union. Their feats were vivid evidence of great
- spirit, valor and loyalty to thp lofty duty of a Soviet medic~l man.
Lt Med. Serv S. V. Grigor'yan, a graduate of the Khar'kov Military Medical
School, was commander of a medical platoon in the 19th Airborne Guard -
_ Regiment. Participating in the battles to liberate the Ukraine and crossing _
the Dnepr in force, Grigor'yan skillfully and bravely supervised the work of
corpsmen and corpsman instructors, aiding the seriously wounded and
evacuating them to the rear. The personnel of his platoon carried 250
casualties from the battlefield, 40 of whom were carried by Grigor'yan
himself. In one of the battles, this brave feldsher destroyed a fascist
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4~.. _
tank that trroke through to the location of the battalion. On 4 October _
1943, in a fierce battle with the fascists who were trying to capture
a bridgehead occupied by our troops on the western bank of the Dnepr,
Grigor'yan saved the life of the battalion commander, shielding him with
- his body. By ukaze of tha Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet dated
_ 20 December 1943, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was bestowed
posthumously upon S. V. Grigor'yan.
F. A. Pushir..a volunteered for the front after graduating from the Izhevsk
Feldsher School. For about 2 years, she worked as a feldsher in the -
- medical company of the regiment devoting all her strength and knowledge to -
the care of wounded soldiers. In November 1943, the regimental medical
- post deploq ed in the suburbs of Kiev was submitted to intensive bombing.
Several~bombs fell on the medical post building. A fire started. The life of
wounded and sick was in danger. Then Fedora Pushina dashed into the flaming
building and, along with her comrade~', started carrying out the wounded �
- servicemen in her arms. Gasping from the smoke and flames, the medics
went back into the building again and again, trying to carry out everyone -
before the roof fell in. The wounded were saved, but feldsher F. A. Pushina
_ died of severe burns and trauma. To the very end she fulfilled her duty,
sacrificing her life to save the wounded. The title of Hero of the Soviet -
Union was bestowed upon her postuhumously.
Sr Lt Med Serv I. G. Idvenko, feldsher of the division guard, was outstanding _
for his courage and fearlessness. He followed the war from Stalingrad to
Prague. He was among the first to cross the Dnepr, Vis1a and Oder, acted
bravely on the captured bridgeheads, rendering aid to the wounded and,
with them, repulsed the fascist attack. This brave feldsher personally -
was responsible for the death of more than one of the enemy. The Order of
the Red Star, to orders of the Patriotic War and two "For Valor" medals
_ were bestowed upon Iovenko for valor and skillful work on the battlefield,
and for saving many casualties. Iovenko was outstanding for his high
professional skill, ability to render aid to the wounded under the most
difficult combat conditions, his ability to act competently and decisively.
These qualities were inherent in the vast majority of military feldshers.
Wherever r_hey had to work--on the battlefield, battalion and regimental
medical posts, sites of epidemics, field medical institutions--they always
- succeeded in performing their duties. The main grounds for this was their
good professional training, firm knowledge and practical skills, and
much experience.
The decades that have passed since the Great Patriotic War have added -
many innovations to military science and military medicine. The Soviet
Armed Forces have changed beyond recognition. They are supplied with
- ~ powerful nuclear rocket weapons, modern combat technology and armament.
The nature of combat operations of the Armed Forces has changed, their
~ i combat capabilities have increased drastically. There has been a change
_ in military labor, troop living conditions and Iifestyle.
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- New and exceptionally difficult tasks have been also put to the military
medical service. A modern war, if launched by the imperialists, will
differ radically from all prior wars. The possible use by an ag gressor
of mass strike weaponry--nuclear, chemical and bacteriological--would
lead to mass scale casualties with particula.rly severe and complex in~uries.
7fhere will be a dra~tic change in the structure of casualties. While
gunshot wounds were the main form of injury in the last war, such forms
of combat trauma as burns, radiation sickness, combined injuries of
various types--lacerated, contused and crushed wounds, multiple fractures _
of different loc.alizationF closed in~u~ies to internal organs in various _
combinations ~ith burns and iu~~iation lesions--wi11 be prominent in a _
. modern war.
In view of the refinement of "ordinary" types of weapons, faster firing -
rate, greater initial velocity of pro~ectiles and bullets and use of new
ammunition,, there will also be substantial changes in natur'e of gunshot
wounds. They will be characterized by greater severity, complexity and
they will be difficult to treat.
Burns due to napalm and other incendiary mixtures will be a serious form
of combat injury. Lesions due to modern toxic agents and bacterial products _
may be exceptionally serious.
Thus, in a modern war the casualties will be notable for mass scale and ,
instantaneous occurrence, complexity of structure and severity of injuries.
A considerable number of wounded and sick will require immediate medical
attention. Under such conditions, the medical service must be able to
advance medical chasti and institutions to the sites of mass scale
_ casualties and to render rapid and prompt medical care to thousands of
- casualties.
Prompt administration of first aid on the battlefield acquires special -
importance because of the mass scale of casualties. As shown by the ex-
perience of the Great Patriotic War, the results of subsequent treatment
of the wounded depends largely on proper and prompt first aid. The sooner
first aid was administered and the sooner the wounded werta delivered to
the stages of inedical evacuation--regimental medical posts, medical _
- battalion--the more successful was treatment, the less frequent complica-
tions and the sooner complete recovery was obtained. Accor~ing to the
_ data referable to the operaCion of inedical chasti and institurions during
th~ years of the Great Patriotic War, it was established, for example,
- that when s~irgical care was administered 13-24 h after injury was sustained
the incidence of fatalities among operated casualties was double the
incidence in cases where surgical care was administered at the early
- stages (up to 6 h after injury). HowevFr, already in the last war, the
medical personnel could not render first aid on the battlefield to all
the wounded that needed, there simply were not enough people. In a sig-
nificant number of cases, the wounded rendered first aid to themselves,
= or else their comrades did so.
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:
_ For example, according to the data of the Sixth Army of the Southwestern
Frenr, during the battle of Stalingrad 44% of the wounded rendered first
' aid to themselves, comrades gave first aid to 31% of the casualties and
corpsmen and medical officers did so in only 25% of all cases. During the
Berlin operation, accordin~ to data of the 69th Army of the First Belorussian
Front, seZf-help and mutual aid were rendered in 23.1% of all cases. On
the average, 38% of all cases of rendering first aid to ..*.he wounded was
reA:erable to self-help and mutual help over the entire Great Patriotic War.
The share and importance of self-help and mutual help will increase even
- more in a modern war with occurrence of mass scale casualties. Each soldier
and officer must know`how to render first aid to himself or a comrade
swiftly, efficiently and competently in cases of gunshot wounds, serious
_ trauma, burns, lesions due to toxic agents, etc. It is only then that he
can save life and combat fitness, and perform the combat mission. The
military feldsher participates actively in organizing and implementing
military medical training of servicemen, inculcating in them firm
practical skills in self and mutual help in cases of injury by modern
weapons.
The military f eldsher plays ari exceptionally important role in sur.cessful
implementation of inedical support af a chast' (soyedineniye) as a whole.
It would not be an exaggeration to state that the feldsher is constantly
on the front line of military medicine, in the most responsible and important
sector. In peacetime, during the days of intensive study, the feldsher
comes in hourly contact with soldiers of his podrazdeleni~e; he is deeply
, involved in all aspects of their work, life, leisure, shares with them the
burdens of field marches and exercises. In wartime, he is a plenipotentiary
representative of the medical service, concerned with the combat fitness
of podrazdeleniye soldiers, organizing speedy removal of casualties from -
the battlefield, rendering medical care and evacuating them to the rear.
The legal position of the military feldsher and his military rank (the
feldsher is assigned the rank of "praporshchik") enable him to successfully
perform the duties imposed upon him, with the cooperation of commanders
_ and political workers of podrazdeleniya.
At the same time, these duties and position impose much responsibility on
the feldsher, require good, comprehensive training.and diverse practical
skills. He must be well-informed about the nature and distinctions of
- different types of combat in~uries; he must be proficient in the methods
and prccedures of first medical and premedical care of the wounded and
sick; he must have the necessary methodological skills to train personnel.
As head of a battalion medical post (BMP), the feldsher organizes first
aid, removal and evacuation of casualties from the battlefi2ld, implementa-
tion of therapeutic-preventive and sanitary-hygienic mea~ures under differ- -
- ent condit~ons of the field [combat] ma.rch life of his podrazdeleniye- In
- order to perform these d~fficult tasks well and properly supervise -
subordinate junior medical personnel, the feldsher must be informed about
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the specific purpose (tactical employment) of his chast' (podrazdeleniye)
- and the main elements of organization of inedical support of the troops under
different conditions. In a medical battalion, medical detachment, field
hospital and other medical units and institutions, the feldsher, who is
the physic3.an's assistant and, in some cases, substitute, performs complex
and important measures pertaining to medical care.
Thanks to the concern of the Communist Party and Soviet government, the
medical service of our Armed Forces has received in recent years a number
of new drugs, special instruments, apparatus and units that make it
possible to tal~e broad advantage of the latest achievements of inedical
science to preserve and strengthen the capabilities and health of servicemen,
to render a high quality of treatment to the wounded and sick, to organize
effective medieal support in any situation. The feldsher, who must be
well-informed about an.d proficient in the use of special equipment, field
- medical techniques, evacuation and transport resources, plays an important
rcle in prompt, proper and fullest use of these resources.
~
Th:is textbook submits in brief information on the main aspects of organiza-
tion of inedical support of our Armed Forces in peacetime and wartime. They
develop, explain and enlarge upon a number af theses and requirements
spelled out in relevant statutes, instructions an~ manuals.
The authors have tried to help students in assimilating the fundamentals
of military medical training, to acquaint ihem with the current status
of the medical service, to provide as much information as possible of
immediate practical interest. Of course, this textbook can only offer a
_ general idea about the numerous, diverse and complex problems that will
be encountered~in the army by graduates of inedical or pharmaceutical
- schools. There will be many new things for them to learn; they wili
- have to expand and deepen the knowledge they have gained and acquire new
skills. At the same time, assimilation of the syllabus on military medical
_ training and good knowledge of this textbook will help students acquire
the profession of military feldsher (pharmacist) and make their contribu-
tion to the performance of honorable and important tasks of pr.eserving
and restoring the health of Soviet servicemen.
In preparing this third edition, we took into consideration the many years
of experience in teaching military medicine at secondary medical educational
institutions using prior editions of the textbooks, suggestions and desires
concerning further upgrading thereof. Obsolete information has been ex-
cluded. The textbook contains new material reflecting the current status
of military medical science and the medical service.
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- CONTENTS Page
~oreword 3
Section I. Fundamentals of Organization and Tactics of the Medical
Service of the Soviet Army
Chapter 1. Tasks and Fundamentals of Organization of the Medical .
Service of ttte Soviet Army in Wartime (D. D. Kuvshinskiy) 9
Tasks of the medical service of the Soviet Army 9
_ Fundamentals of organization of the nedical service of the
Soviet Army 28
Chapter 2.~, Fundamentals of Organization of Therapeutic and
Preventive Measures in a Chast' (Podrazdeleniye) (A. V. Voropay) 3.5
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Organization of Therapeutic and
Evacuation Measures in a Chast' (Podrazdeleniye) (V. V. Meshkov) 48
Concept of casualties of war and classification thereof 48
Structure of casualties 52
Extent o~ casualties 57
Concept of wartime medical care 57
- Types of inedical care 63
Medical evacuation 65
Medical classification, [sorting] 67
Chapter 4. Rendering First Aid to the Wounded on the Battlefield
and Removal Thereof (V. A. Zhulin, A.I. Komarov) 70 .
First aid on the battlefield 70
Medical equipment used to remove (collect) casualties from
the battlefield 84
~ Means of reaching casualties and removing them to a shelter 90
Moving casualties on stretchers 94
` Rules for moving casualties under different conditions S6
Chapter 5. Medical Support of Podrazdeleniya (V. V. Meshkov) 98
Medical support of motorized rifle company 98
Medical support of company during offensive operations 100
Medical support of company during defensive operations . 103
Medical support of motorized rifle battalion 105
- Medical support of motorized rifle battalion during
offensive operations 107
Medical support of motorized rifle battalion during defensive
~ operations 113
Chapter 6. General Information About Organization of Medical Support
of Chast' and Soyedineniye (V. V. rieshkov) 115
Tasks of chast' medical service 115
Regimental medical station [post] 117
First medical aid 123
Fundamentals of inedical sorting of wounded and sick at a PMP
[regimental medical station] 125
PMP Maneuvers 125
Medical records at PMP 126
Duties of PMP feldsher 128
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_ Page
Tasks, organization of work and principles of use of inedical
battalion (separate medical detacliment) 130
Organization of deployment and operating principles for ~
a MedSB (OMO) [medical battalion (separate medical
detachment) in combat ' 132
~ Feldsher's duties when working at MedSB(OMO) . 137
- Use of personnel and resources of chast' (soyedineniye) ~
medical service to eliminate the consequences of enemy's
. use of mass strike weapons 139 =
~ Section II. Supplies of the Medical Service of the Soviet Army
Chapter 1. T/0 Supply of the medical service (V. A. Kur'yerov) 142
Chapter 2. Individual Supplies for Personnel. T/0 Supply of
Podrazdeleniye (chast') (V. A. Kur'yerov) ~45
Chapter 3. Field Medical and Sanitation (V. A. Nikonov) 146 _
Standard equipment of field medical institutions 156
Sanitation equipment and mobile medical installations 162
Chapter 4. Sanitation and Evacuation Equipment. Tents Used by
the Medical Service (V. A. Zhulin) 169 _
Sanitation and evacuation equipment 169 -
Tents used Uy the medical service 18I
Section III. Fundamentals of Military Field Surgery
Chapter 1. Organization of Surgical Care of Casualties in the Field _
- Forces (I. I. Deryabin) 18~
~ Content and tasks of military field surgery 187 _
Medical care and stage treatment of gunshot wounds 190
Combined injuries 192 .
Principles of inedical care and treatment of combined ~
- radiation lesion 19~ ~
~ Chapter 2. Traumatic Shock and Traumatic Toxicosis (I. D. Deryabin) 195 ~
Traumatic shock 195 =
- Principles of prevention and treatment 197
. Stage-by-stage treatment of shock 199
Traumatic toxicosis 200
Principles of treatment 202
Stage-by-stage treatment 2~2 -
Chapter 3. Thermal Burns (I. I. Deryabin) 203
Stage-by-stage treatment of burns 209
- Section IV. Fundamentals of Military Field Therapy
Chapter l. Organization of Therapeutic Care in the Field Forces
(F. I. Komarov) 213
Content and tasks of military field therapy [medicine] 213
Distinctions of combat crai~ma. Scope and types of
medical care 214
Chapter 2. Radiation Lesions (F. I. Komarov) 215
~ Biologi_cal effects of ionizing radiation and pathogenesis of -
radiation sickness 215
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Acute radiation sickness 216
Stage-by-stage treatment 220
Chronic radi.ation sickness 221
Treatment 222
_ Chapter 3. In~uries Inflicted by Toxic Agents (F. I. Komarov) 223
Nerve gases . 224
- Stage-by-stage treatment 226 _
- Vesicants 226
Stage-by!-stage treatment 228
SystemYC poisons 229
- Stage-by-stage treatment 230 `
, Asphyxiants 230
Stage-by-stage treatment 231
Psychomimetic agents 231
Stage-by-stage treatment 232
Irritant and tear gases 233 �
Stage-by-stage treatment 233
Chapter 4. Uisceral Diseases With Gunshot Wounds, Thermal Burns,
Frostbite and Effects of Detonati~:~ waves (F. I. Komarov.) 234 _
Diseases of internal organs j.n the wounded 234
Burn sickness 236
_ Frostbite 241
. Effects of detonation wave 242
Chapter 5. Distinctions of Onset, Course and Treatment of Internal
Diseases in Wartime (F. I. Komarov) 244
- Section V. Fundamentals of Military Hygiene
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Organization of ~anitary and Hygienic
Measures in the Field Forces (I. A. ~avorv) 247
_ Chapter 2. H}~giene of Deployment af Troops in the Fie1.d
(V. A. Arkayev) 248 .
Chapter 3. Hygiene of Troop Nutrition (i:. A.~Lavrov) 254
Chapter 4. Hygiene of Troop Water Supply (V. A. Arkayev) 258
_ Water consumption standards 259
Water sources 260
Water reconnaissance 263
Water treatment 265
_ T/0 water treatment equipment 271 _
Water supply centers 273
Chapter 5. Hygiene of Troop Movement (V. A. Arkayev) 274
Chapter 6. Distinctions of Hygiene of Some Types of Troops _
(I. A. Lavrov) 2~9 -
Medical supervision of military working conditions 280
Some distinctions of military working conditions in the troops 287
Hygienic specifications for unifo~ms 292
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Section VI. Fundamentals of Military Epidemiology
Chapter le Tasks and Basic Principles Involved in Epidemiologic~l
Protection of Troops (V. I. Agafonov and V. P. Volgin) 293
~ Subject and tasks of military epidemiology 293
Methods of military epidemiology 295
Conditions contributing to penetration and development oi '
infectious diseases in the troops 299
System of epidemic-control measures in the troops 300
Duties of military feldsher in the area of epidemiological _
_ Protection of troops 305 ~
Chapter 2. Characteristics of Epidemic-Control Personnel and
Resources (V. I. Agafonov and V. P. Volgin) 306
_ Cha~ter 3. Epidemiological Protection at Stages of Medical
- Evacuation (V. I. Agafonov and V. P. Volgin) 309
Measures for the prevention of intramural infections 310
Organization of admission of casualties from a site of
bacteriological infection 311 .
Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Epidemiological Protection of Troops -
= When the Enemy Uses Bacteriological Warfare (V. I. Agafonov and
V. P. Volgin) 313
Section VII. Fundamentals of Organization of Medical Supply of the -
Soviet Army
Chapter 1. Organization of Military Medical Supp'ly (V. A. Kur~yerov) 318
- Chapter 2. Standards for Supply and Classification of Medical
- Equipment (V. P. Lapin) ~20
Chapter 3. Organization of Medical Supply for a Podrazdeleniye
(Chast') (V. A. Kur'yerov) 322
Chapter 4. Deployment, Supply and Scope of Work of Chast' Pharmacy
(V. P. Lapin) 325
Chapter 5. Organization of Medical Supply for a Soyedineniye ;
(V. A. Kur'yerov) 327 ~
Chapter 6. Deployment, Supply and Scope of Work of Medi~.al
Battalion and Hospitial Pharmacies (V. P. Lapin) 330
Chapter 7. Storage and Transportation of Medical Equipment Under
Fie13 Conditions (V. P. Lapin) 338 -
= Chapter 8. Protection of Medical Equipment Against Damage by _
Modern Weapons (V. P. Lapin) 349
- Chapter 9. Records and Accountability in Pha.rmacies of Troop Chasti,
Therapeutic Institutions and Medical Warehouses (V. P. Lapin) 352
Appendixes 360
[68-10,657]
- 10,657
CSO: 1840 -
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' RADIOBIOLOGY
_ PROBLEMS OF THE RADIOECOLOGY OF WATER-COOLID NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
Sverdlovsk EKOLOGIYA in Russian No 1979
~ [Review by R.M. Aleksa.khin and V.A. Yegarova, All-Union Scientific Research =
Institute of Agricultural Radiology, of the Proceedings of the Institute -
of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Scientific Center, USSR Acade~y of Science.
Volume 110, Sverdlovsk, 1978, 119 pages.]
[Text] Conversion to nuclear ener~y as a solution for the current energy
problems raises a series of ecological questions. Research is being con-
ducted on migration of radionuclides in the environment which through
sma,ll doses of ionizing radiation effect genetic characteristics. These
~ changes are produced by a combination of the influence of radiation, chemi- _
cal and thermal factors. Questions on the radioecology of water cooled
nuclear power stations is of central importance. These plants are essen-
tially recepticals for surplus quantities of heat and a potential place to -
~ treat certain strictl,y controlled a.mounts of radionuclides. ~
- The reviewed collection explores two ~oups of questions of water radio-
ecolo~y related to water cooled nuclear power stations: the absorption of =
radionuclides by hydrobionts and the biological effect of ionizing radia- _
- tion ori fish. Unfortunately; the influence of radiation cn other types of
water faunae and florae are not touched upon. ~
In the lead article, N.V. Kulikov examines a complex of problems confron-
ting rad~oecological science in plans to expand the number of water cooled
nucleax power stations. Attention is focused on the inadequate under- _
standing of the ecological consequences of storing radiated water in these
- water systems, the effect of possible mechanical da.mage to small Y~ydro- -
_ bionts and the impact of radiational factors and increase in. temperature.
The need for~ecological standaxdization of the contents of radioactive -
_e substances in water systems is stressed (that is, calculation of the in-
fluence of irradiation on Y~ydrobionts) . The radiationa]. Y~ygenic principl~
for standaxdization as it relates to agricultural use of reserv~~irs (water
for drinking purposes, iish cultivation, production of other Y~ydrobionts ,
. for food purposes, irrigation of agricultural lands etc.) is also explored.
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Radioecological research stations, located neax water cooled nuclear power
stations, may play an important role in future plans to solve these funda-.
mental problems.
A radiational l~ygenic approach to the problem of water cooled nuclear power
stations is developed in the article by D.I. Gusev and co-authors who point -
to the need for a multifaceted eva.luation of the po$sible agricultural use
of these reservoirs from the radioecological point of view. Concentration
ranges of the most prevalent axtificial radionuclides found in sea water,
reservoirs and rivers neax the disposal zone of the nuclear power station
are computed for use as standaxds of Y~ygenic normalization for the radio- ;
nuclide content in water used for the cultivation and production of fish -
and for drinking water supplies. -
One specific chaxacteristic of radionuclide accumulation by Y~ydrobionts
living near water cooled nuclear power stations is that the process of ~
radionuclide assimilation occurs as a result of increased temperature.
Pollution of these reservoirs is responsible for the increased accumulation
of various radionuclides in Y~ydrobionts. The quantitative estima.tion of -
the increase iz~ the rate of radionuclide accumulation in fish, presented
in the articles by N.V. Kulikov et al., V.G. Kulikova et al. sna A.Ye.
Katkov et al., has significance for standardization of radionuc:Lide concen-
trations in water used in the food chain which ultimately enters into the
huma.n diet. A.Ye. Katkov and co-authors propose a ma~hematical formula to
estima.te the change in the coefficient for radionuclide accumulation in ;
fish in relation to temperature. ~
, The description of the mechanism for transmission of radioactive substances
in water r~nd peri-water biogeocenosis includes discussion,on the migration !
of the most prevalent long-lived radionuclides 9~Sr and 137Cs (A.I. Il'enko ,
and I.A. Ryabtsev, Z.K. Kalnir~ya-Seisuma et al.). The little-understood
problems of the distribution of natural radionuclides of the wcanium and
thorium fa.mi.lies are presented in articles by A.A. Iskra, V.G. Kulikova -
and F.V. Kozhevnikova. On the basis of mobility (rate of diffusion) of these ;
radionuclides in water ecosystems, the sequence of Th ~ Ra ~ U was developed.
3Ii is one of the important radionuclides which are introduced in the Y~ydro-
sphere as a result of the functioning of nuclear power stations. The pro-
blem of the introduction of 3H in the Y~ydrosphere and its inclusion in the
biological chain of migration throu~h the participation of Y~ydrobionts are '
elucidated by~Yu.I. Moskalev and V.F. Zhuravlev.
An important role is played by radionuclides absorbed by ground deposition
in the activation of a radiation field in water biogeocenosis (particulaxly
the effect of this source of irradiation on sea bottom organisms). The
transfer of radionuclides f`rom the water phase to ground sediments and the
- subsequent nigration of radioactive substances in silts is important in
estimating the rate of absorption of radionuclides by Y~yc]robionts. The
mecha.nisms for migration of y~Sr in silt sediments of reservoirs are
analyzed in the article by N.G. Safronova et al.
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One of the most difficult problems of water radioecology is how to esti-
mate the influence of ionizing radiation, the source of which is contained
in the radionuclides found in water where the most important hydrobionts fish,
live. Man,y unanswered questions in this area remain such as the minimum
harmful dose level of irradiation for acute and chronic exposure, the pro- -
cess of radioadaptation and ecological displacements caused by irradiation
of reservoirs. On the basis of multi-year laboratory and environmental ob-
servations on.the effect of chronic exposure to irradiation, I.A. Shekhanova _
et al. stress that decrease in the hardiness of fish and depression of re-
productive f~anction in them are the first indications of radiational changes
which have ecological significance. T~iese changes occur with absorbed doses
= 100-200 times greater than normal (at this level, morphological changes are
not noted in fish). Th~se data indicate strongly the need for a careful _
approach to evaluation of the conse~uences of storing radioactive wastes in
a water environment.
G.B. Pitl~ranen et al. consider that the limiting factor in standardization
of storing radioactive substances in reservoirs is not the develop mental
stage of the hydrobionts, but the agricultural utilization of these water
reserves by man (as drinking water and for fish products). Iiowever, this
question also requires detailed experimental data on the ecological dis- .
~ placements caused by the effect of ionizing radiation. The results of ex-
- perimental studies on the biological effects on fish of 9~Sr and i37Cs ~
contained in water reservoirs (S.P. Peshkov et al.) confirm the need for
- careful evaluation of the ecological impact of prolonged irradiation of fish
populations. The biological effect of ionizing radiation on hydrobionts is
discussed in the axticle by M.I. Shal'nov. The dependence of radiosensiti-
vity and mutability of living organisms on the dimensions and structures of ~
the genome is described.
Methodological questions of monitoring for radiational conditions at water
cooled installations such as the Beloyaxck nuclear power station axe out- .
lined in the article by N.V. Beskrestnov et al.
In considering the reviewed book as a whole, one must note that the radio-
ecological literature has been expanded by this valuable publication. It
opportunely draws the attention of ecologists to the complex of important
problems related to water cooled nuclear power stations. The book not only -
acquaints the reader with the results of national radioecological investi-
gations but also defines clearly the unanswered questions. The timeliness
of the publication is based on the universal],y accepted thesis that the
general progress of nuclear energy depends on find the solution to these
ecological problems. The book is without doubt of interest for ecologists
- in many f.ields, geneticists, radiobiologists and specialists in the field -
of environmental conservation. .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Ekologiya", 1979
[ ~+1-9139 ] -
9139 69
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,
u~c 636.5�539�163
THE METABOLISM OF Co60~ Zn65~ Fe59 and H3 IN POIILTRY -
_ Moscow DOKLADY V9SHI~TIL in Russian No 6, 1979 PP 27-~9 -
' [Article by A. N. Sirotkin, Doctor of Biological Sciences, S. S. Pr~ster,
L. N. Tyumenev, A. I. Grishin, Presented by VASKffidIL Academician N. A.
Korneyev]
- We know that hen eggs and poultry meat have a definite place among the vaxious
items in man's cliet through which axtificially radioactive nuclides enter the
body (3,4). The basic patterns for the metabolism of Sr9~, Cs~37, I~3~, Mo99,
Fe~32 and other products of nuclear fission in poultry are explained in refer-
ences (3, 7). There is little published information on the metabolism of the
- major products of neutron activation in poultry (2,6~, 6)60 TheS~urpose of
our investigation was to study the metabolism of Zn , Co , Fe and H3 in
- the poultry organism with a single and prolonged intake of the radionuclides.
The experiments were performed on 35 hens and 16 roosters of the Russian
white straa.n 120 - 730 days old. Prior to and during the course of the experi-
ments, tha birds ;aere ~ed rations insuring normal metabolism (1~. Depending on
the objective of an experiment, indicator quantities. of radionuclides were
given to the birds once or continuously orally or paxenterally.
In the first series of experiments, the quantitative chaxacteristics of Zn65
and Co60 intake in the gastro-inteatinal tract were determined as was their
distribution throughout the organs and tisaues and their deposition in the
bodies of~the roosters and hens. Three two-yeax old hens and three two-year
old roosters were given 6.0 micro-Curies of bSZnCl2 one time orally for this
purpose while three hens and three roosters of the same age were each given
6.0 micro-Curies of this radionuclide.intraperitoneally one.time. Ten 120-
day o~3 roosters divided into two equal groups each received 6.0 micro-Curies
of Co ~ by the same routes one time. Twenty four hours after the poisoning,
the birds were sacrificed and organs and tissuea were taken to determi.ne the
level of the,radionuclides. By juxtaposin$ the values for the deposition of
Zn65 and Co60 in total in the or~ans and tissues of the birds after oral and
.intraperitoneal administra~ion, the resorption of the raclionuclides in the _
- gastro-inteatinal tract was computed.
70
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Materials from the test indicate that the absorption of Zn65 in the gastro-
intestinal tract of adult roosters and hena wae 60.2 and 68.Of of the quanti-
- ty administered, respectively, and does not depend on the gender of the bird.
Resorption of Co6o in the gastro-intestinal tracta of four-month old roosters
equalled 35.2f. A compaxison of the coefficients obtained makea it poasible
to say that the uptake of Co6o in poultry occurs in considerably lower c~uanti-
ties than that for Zn65. Actually, where in young, rapidly growing roosters,
- Co60 absorption was 1.7 times less than Zn65 absorption, it is possible to
assume that this difference will be even more substantial in the adults.
~ Rad.ionuclides entering the blood from the gastro-intes~inal tract axe trans-
_ ported to the organs and tissues. The distribution among them is not equal r
for Zn65 and Co60.
Here, there was no substantive d.ifference in the distribution of Zn65 in roos-
ters and hens receiving the radionuclide orally and parenterally.
The unevenness of Co60 distribution in the bodies of four-month old re~e~ers
was almost the same as for Zn65 in adult roosters and hens. It is li!~ely that _
this may indicate that the na.-ture of the localization pi~ocess for nuclides in
the poultry organism is monotypical. The results from the experimer~
ts support
the stated premiaes. In all cases, the maximum concentration of Zn65 and Co60
was recorded in the liver while the minimum was found in the muscles.
Appaxently the liver serves as a functional depot for zinc and cobalt from ,
which the microelements enter the bloodstream and or~ana. This is supported
by the experimental findings of references (2, 5, E) involving hens and lab-
oratory animals.
Since resorption of Zn65 and Co6o from the gastro-intestinal tract of poultry
is variable, the level of radionuclide concentration in the organs and tissues
that are most important in the food sense is unequal (Table 1).
The concentration of Zn65 occurs approximately 10 ti.mea more inten~ively than ~
that for Co60 in the muscles and skeletons of orally poisoned roosters.
The concentration of Zn65 in the byproducts is greater than that for Co60 by
a factor of 1,000. These figures axgue convincingly that the given radionu-
clides have a selective attraction for strictly defined organa ~d tissugs.
In this instance, neither the concentration nor the level of Zn and Co60
in the organs and tiasues had ar~y association with the gender of the bird
(Table 2) but rather, depends on the route of ingestion.
After intraperitoneal administration of Zn65 and Co60 in roosters.and hens,
the level of radionuclides in the body was 1.5 - 2.8 times hig~er than after
oral in~estion (Table 2). The differences noted are the result of incon~i~lete
uptake of the radionuclides in the gastro-inteatinal~tract.
Deposition of Zn65 and Co6o after a single oral or intraperitoneal dosage was _
much higher in the byproducts and bor~y tissues and. minima,l in the muscles.
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_ Table 1
Concentration of Zn65 and Co6o in the organs and tissues of
- poultry after a single oral and paxenteral administration
of dosage amount per 100 grams of raw substance)
Muscles Skeleton Byproducts -
Sex ~ routes for administering radionuclides _
(da,ys~ paren- p~eri' oral Paren-
oral teral oral teral teral
' Zn65
- Roosters 730 0.8+0.2 2.4�1.8 3.~+0.7 3.3�0.8 10.0 12.6
Hens 73~ 0.5�0.2 2.1+1.g I 6.5�2.6~ 7�7�3�2 I 7�7 10�4
I I I -
Co60
Roosters 120 O.Og�0.01 I 0. 3�0.0l~I 0.4�0.1 2.0�0 A4 1.0 0� 3
- Thus, the deposition of Zn65 and Co6o in poultry is associated with the route -
of ingestion of the radionuclides into the boc~y and their properties regaxd-
- less of the sex of the bird.
Studying the pattern of nuclide transfer from the feed to the eggs in hens
with chronic ingestion is also of interest.
A second series of experiments was performed in connection with this. This
series was performed on 30 egg-la~ ing hens which were each given 2.7, 1.5
and 1.1 micro-Curies of Zn65, Fe77 and H3, respectively for periods of 30,
60 and more than 60 days orally on a daily basis. The eggs were gathered
~ daily and the level of rad.ionuclides within them was determined.
Table 2
Level of Zn65 and~Co60 in organs, tissues and poultry organism after a
single oral and parenteral irigestion (f of dosage amount)
Muacles Skeleton Byproflucts Organism _
~ routes for administering radionuclides
� oral ~en-
S..x paxen- paxerr paxen- teral -
v oral teral �r~ te~al �ra'1' teral
Zn
Roosters 730 6.8 + 21.3 � 7.0 � 6.1 � 13.2 20.1 27.0 + 47�5 +
1.4 15.0 1.5 1.3 3.6 12.4
xens 730 3.7 � ~6.0 � ~0.7 � 7.7 � ~5.5 22.~ 30.0 � 45�8 +
~.7 2.0 4.0 3.2 s.2 ~4.8 -
co6o
Roosters 120 0.5 � 1.7 � 0.7 � 2.4 � 1�4 3�!~ I 2�6 7�5
( 0.1 I 0.1 I 0.1 0.1
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The results from the experiments showed that in conditions of chronic nuclide
ingestion in h?ns, an ecological balance is struck between the amount taken
in and that appearing ir~ the e gs wh~.ch occurs at different times in the pro-
cess of inetabolizing Zn65, Fe~ and H3.
In this situation, 0.0001, 0.0006 and 0.3ib Zn65, 0.0004, 0.001 and 0.2f Fe59
and 1.9, 1.1 and 1.9~ of the H3 taken into the gastro-intestinal tract was
found in one gram of egg white, shell and yolks respectively.
The levels of Zn65 and Fe59 were highest in the yolk and lowest in the white.
Conversely, the main quantity of H3 entering tne egg was concentrated in he
white with the min~m~ amount appeaxing in the shell. Totals of 3.22~ Fe~9,
6.21g6 Zn65 and 68.Of H3 (of the amounts taken in with food) appeaxed in the
eg~ �
Since the metabolic processes in an egg take place with the active inv~lvement
of biological membranes, it can be expected that there will be a redistribution
of the radionuclides in the cook.ing of an egg which is accompanied by a dena,tur-
ing of the protein and disruption of the regulatory functions of the membranes.
This did not occur, however. In raw as well as cooked eggs during the state of
_ equilibrium and after cessation of Zn65 and Fe59 ingestion, their dis~ribution
was the same.
Thus, the da.ta that we obtained can be used to set ma~~m safe levels for _
the quantities of radionucli~es in poultry rations. .
BIBLIOGR9FrIY ~ -
1. Georgievskiy, V. I.; "Mineral~noye pitaniye sel~skokhozyaystvenno~ ptitsy"
[Mineral Nutrition of Agricultural Fowl], Moscow, "Kolos", 1970. _
2. Yermenkou, K. I.; Georgiyevskiy, V. I.;; DOKLADY TSKHA" [~ceports from the
Timiryazevska,ya Agricultural Acade~y], 1972, No 185.
3. Koldayeva, K. A. et al.; In: "Radioaktivr~ye izotopy i organizm", Edited
by Yu. I. Moskaleva, rloscow, "Meditsina.", 1g69. -
4. ~tRa,dioaktivnost~ i pishcha c~ieloveka" [Radioactivity and Human Nutrition]
(Edited by Rassel, translated by R. M. Aleksakhin, F. A. Tikhomirov and
edited by V. M. Klechkovakiy), Moscok~, Atomizdat, 1971.
5, Khovanskikh, A. Ye.; S:-KH. BIOLOGIYA [Agricultural Biology], 1971, Vol 6. -
6. Teiler, W. I.; "Zinc metabolism in faxm animals. Mineral studies with
Isotopes in Domestic Anima.ls Proc. ofa Pane1, Vienna, 1970, 23.
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7. Mraz, F. R.; "Fission product setabolism in hens and transference to
eggs", HEALTH PHYS., 1964, No 10, 11, PP 777 - 782.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos, "Poklady VASHIiNII,, ~979
- 9003
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VETERINARY MEDICINE
;
DETERMINING THE RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS OF RNA FROM THE CI.ASSIC SWINE _
FEVER VIt~US IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ~
~
M~oscow DOKLADY VASKHNIL in Russian No 7, 1979 P~5
[Article by I.P. Nikolayeva, presented by VASKHNIL Academician N.V. Likhachev,
submi.tted to the editors 27 April 1978~ _
LText~ At present, breaking down virus nucleic acids by the technique of -
electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is of great interPSt. Mixed
polyacrymalide-agar gels have found extensive application in laboratory ,
practice. We know that electrophoretic mobility is inversely proportional
to the constant of sedimenCation for substances being studied and that there
exists a linear relationship betweea the logarithmic relative molecular ma.ss i_
and the mobility of RNA in polyacrylamide gell within a broad range of the
relative molecular weight which makes it possible to use gel electrophoresis ;
to determiae re].ative molecular mass (2, 3).
,
We used four strains of the classic swine fever virus in our project: ~
- attenuated, lapinized, Hudson and 0-virulent. The virus was grown in a
tissue culture of pig embryo kidney cells by the generally accepted method. !
The techniques of differential and gradient ultra-centrifuging were used to
purify and concentrate the virus. i
The viral RNA was isolated by the phenol-detergent technique. The prepara-
tions obtained were layered onto a 5-25% gradient the density of sucrose
with sodium dodecyl sulfate ir~ a final concentration of 0.5% and centrifuged
for 17 hours at 16,000 rpm in a SW-25.1 rotor on a Spinco L2-65 centrifuge.
The fractions correspondiag to RNA were combined and studied.in PAAG. The
RNA preparationa had an ultra-violet light absorption spectrum characteristic
for nucleic acids with the maximum at a wave length of 258-260 nm:. The ,
~ E260/E280 ratio was approximately 2 which is specific for pure preparations .
of high-polymer nucleic acids. ~
The RNA electrophoresis was carried out in 0.5% agarose, ~.8'/, polyacrylamide
_ gel (4). The relative molecular mass was detextni.ned according to a calibra- ,
tion curve (see illustration). -
75 '
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An analysis of the RNA distribution
in the four straina of swine fever
virus demonstrated that a 11 of the ~
RNA was non-fragmented aad consists 50 ~
of a single component with a rela-
tive molecular mass of 3.2 - 3.4 � y~
o ~0 ~ k
� 106 Daltons which corresponds to 40s ~
a sedimentat~on coefficient of 405. 2 .
_ a:, .
In this way, tlie results obtained ~'20
.
again confirm the appurtenance of ~ .
the classic swine fever virus to 28S
the family of togotriruses. ~ ~
~ 8 �
~
~ 6 1Bs
10' 30 5p 70 90
Mobility, mm
Determi.ning the relative molecular
ma.ss of RNA from the classic swine
fever virus. The figures indicate
the distxibution of the four strains
examined:
1, 4- K-cultural and 0-virulent
strains (relative molecular ma.ss
oi 3.2�106 Driltons), 2, 3- K-
strain and Hudson
(relative molecular mass of
3.4�106 Daltons). Ribosoma.l RNA
isolated from chick fibroblast
- ce11s with a relative moleculax
mass of 0.6�106 (18 s) Daltons and
; 1.4�106 (28 s) Daltans and RNA
from the Newcastle virus with a
relative molecular mass of 3.2�106
Daltons (40 s) were used as markers
~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~
1. Likhachev, N.V. et al.; "Doklady VASKHNIL", 3.975, No 12.
2. Bishop, D.H.L. et al.; J. MOL. BIOL., 1967, Vol 26, p 373.
3. Bishop, D.H.L. et al.; PROC. NAT. ACAD. SCI., 1967, Vo1 57, p 1474.
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4. Shingarid, A.L. and Howatson, A.F.; 4'IROLOGY, 1972, Vol 49, No 3,
pp 766-783.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Kolos",.�tDoklady VASKHNIL", 1979
~ ~643-9003~
9003
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,
, .
.
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~ UDC 576.551:576.093.i+
SUBMICR'JSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA PATHOGENIC FOR ANIMALS
1~=oscow DOKLADY VASKHNIL in Russian No 7, 1979 pp 31-33
LArticle by A.V. Kulikovskiy, Candidate in Veterinary Sciences, presented
by VASKPINIL Academician A.A. Pol.yakov; submi.tted to the editors 29 Ma.rch
19781
~Text~ Some anaerobes that are pathogenic for animals }aave been described
in sufficient detail in published material (1-5).
~ The purpose of this project is to describe the ultrastructure of the agents
- that cause tetanus and botulism which ar;a among the least studied in veteri-
_ nary microbiology.
- Strains C1. tetani No 247 and C1. bot.ulinum No 272 with typical cultural
- and biochemical characteristics were used in the researr.h. `
The microorganisuis were cultured a.n blood-glucose agar zn an anaerostat at
37�C. The cells were rinsed with a 0.5% osmium fixative at various stages
as prescribed by Kellenberger et a1. and centrifuged at 5,U00 rpm For 20
minut~~s. The sediment was washed with osmium fixative and left overnight.
The microorganisms were dehydrated and embedded in polymer resins by fihe
generally accepted method. Ultra-thin sections were obtained iti a LKB-4800
microtome and exami.ned with a"Hitachi-12" electron micxoscope, -
In the ultra-thin sections, the C1. tetani cells had a bacilliform shape.
The surface ot the cell wa1.1 was smo~~th and had a complex lamellar structure.
It was generally possible to differei~t,iate its five layers (Figure a.) ; three
- osmiophilic layers (ou*er, middle and inner), each 5-7 nm thick and ~he two _
osmiophobic (intennediate) layers, each 7-a nm thick, The total thlckness
- of the cell wall was 30-32 nm. ~
A three-layered cytoplasmic membrane 7-8 nm thick was clearly visible beneath
the cell wall. The cytoplasm of the ce11s was dense and granular. Much -
= larger granules--polyribosomes--appeared wi.th t~e ribosomes throughout the
= cytoplasm. In the central portion of the ce11 there was a nucleoid with
- chin osmiophilic strands. Division of the microorganisms occurred through
:he for.~a.tion of transverse membranes.
78
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; u;,
>:a^' :;,�,;ro,;. ...o~� :~
.
c,:?;;:;;?#;`:;';:;'�.,,.n.;:.;... . ...~X./ ~ .
' ~l. ..F 'rv;.5".r~: ii:~%~}r Vi/y F::~i:.iiT.:n:..e::'.:~/.ji:! ::f:F.4ry,?5::::if�F~;:;..;.;.;;.i.:.:i�:I..:~i
. , r
::.1;�yx.,.:a:6:u...,:~::>:'r�.:::~:$:M.r.r,Mn`' r�?f, ,i' + ~ ' �+~'~y+ ' .;.4?!;,. -
i.
'J ~W `:fkf �.x.,%. ' { ~'z., .
4nr `�f } 4
~ < ' ~,~;/`;~'%A:
_ y r.;
fi,�'.
�F �
{,~.~yi ~
~;py3.
� y,`~/, f!~ o-f . _
r ~
.G.% . f, �
N ~:pSC / F r.~~ ~ JiC /
r%.~~ f ' ~'if~~~.i~'.
. ;Ay:~~,~.:~,,~,..
ls.. , <
:f
�r.~i':?+;,,.. ;f� ,;7. , , ./r.'".`�:.�:: :
.,y . y.. i:G,.!%.z,'~ ,5fc�o.;:,,f.;
.Y
.~~xcr,,;i,y..;,;;:li�,r�f. ~.~~rr.;...: :n:.!g:;: .c, r�,.. .,:f.::`,::~s"~3~:1;;a;i'%%~~i::::.vy,r ..:Y.:.
_ �,y:3~....:. ,..~R:.. / ..,n~v.i.:
i..,. ..?:.�7k�::6t:i::w ni:;y;... . vyf.~::~/v! ..~$.4. ::~L:~ .F..
. . ..uCn.
/..i~:...
n.nl a..li....H~ililL:niv..~..~::'A:cn~:4iRp.v...l.Ai..i.r..iYi~:'Si%v.~~.s..n.c:i'l.'L�::i4un�wF.4iSiisw.vs:�iXiSe:%.~:::~~'t~Tif~
The submicroscopic organization of C1. tetan�L and C1. botulinum:
a- ultrastructure of the tetanus agent (vegetative ceLls; cw - cell wa11,
cpm - cytoplasmic membrane, c- cytoplasm, n- nucleoid); b- spore fcrmation
in one of Che vegetative cell bands (sm - spore membrane, c- cortex, sp -
sporoplasm); c- germina.tion of spore of. tetanus agent inside mother cell;
d- ultrastructure of botulism agent, corrugated contours near cell wall
(spm - sporoplasmic membrane); e- lysis of vegetative ce11 of botulism agent
during spore formation; f- division of vegetative cells of bo~ulism agent
" (by means of forming transverse membranes)
The tetanus bacillus actively formed spores (Figure h). Here, the structures
of a future spore *aere formed in one of the vegetative ce11 bands (terminally). _
The latter became thickened and acquired the shape of a barrel-like rod.
The formed (ma.ture) spore of C1. tetani remained inside the vegetative cell
79 ~
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,x.;
-
,
which was noC"subject to autolysis and lysis as is seen in the spores of
aerobic bacteria. In the mature spore it was possible to differentiate
the thin, dense spore membrane up to 1.2. nm thick, a thickened osmiophobic -
region in th~�cortex from 11 to 20 nm thick and the sporoplasm which con- -
sisted of a ttomogeneous substance.
The germination of spores and formation of a young vegetative cell also
took place inside the sporangium which is typical for these microorganisms.
_ Spore germinatioa i~ accompanied by sweiling in the spore coverings.
_ Granulation of the sporoplast was then noted as was the appearance within
it ~f thin osmiophilic strands of the nucleoid indigenous to the vegetative
ce11. The outer spore membrane was broken while the inner layer of cortex
became the cell wall for the daughter vegetative cell. The latter was -
surrounded by a light zone as a result of lysis to which the cytoplasm, the -
cytoplasmic memt~rane and the cell wall ot the sporangium were also drawn
(Figure c). The daughter vegetative cells that formed left the sporangium
with a breach in its surface structures (Figure c). -
- In ~he ultra-thin sections of C1. botulinum cells, there was a three-layered
cell wa11 in which the outer electron-dense layer frequently had convoluted
contours (Figure d). The f:~.ve layers of the cell wall could be clearly
distinguished among the lyzed cells: three electron-dense layers and.two -
layers with a lower density enelosed between them (Figure e). The total
thickness of the ce11 wall was 35-40 nm. The cytoplasmic membrane was three-
_ layered and 7-8 nm thick. The cytoplasm consisted of densely packed ribosome -
granules and polyribosomes. The nucleoid was compact and consisted of an
osmiophobic zone with thin osmiophilic strands. _
Division in C1. botulinum occurred as in all gram-positive bacteria through
the formation of transverse membranes. ~
Among the involutional forms, it is possible to find a complex division where ~
, lengthwise and diagonal membranes furm together with a single transverse
membrane (Figure f ) .
A spore was fo~ed inside the vegetative cell (Figure e). In contrast to.
C1. tetani, during the ripening of a spore, lysis of the mother cell was
generally noted. The mature spore had a lamellar spore membrane surrounded
-LL by a. multi-layered sporangium. The porous substa~nce of the cortex up to .
~0 nm thick was situated under the spore membrane. The sporoplasmic membrane
which encloses the finely granular sporoplasm on a11 sides was attached to
the inner surface of the cortex. -
By ana.lyzing the data that we obtained as we11 as pub lishea materials (1, ~
~ 6, 9), it is possible to conclude that the submicroscopic orga:~ization of
anaerobes pathogenic for animals are divisible into~two basic bacterial
subgroups: those with a five-layered ce11 wa11 (C1. tetani, C1. botulinum)
and those with a three-layered ce11 wall (C1. perfringens, C1. chauvoei, C1.
- oedematiens).
. 80 -
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13acterium necrophorum which does not form spores and which lias a structure
typical for the majority of aerobic gram-negative bacteria (2) occupies a
special place in the anaerobic group.
Based on the na.ture of spore formation, the anaerobes that were studied can
also be subdivided into two groups: those which form so-called "bare"
spores, that is, spores whose maturation is accompanied by complete lysis
of the mother cell (C1. botulinum) and those that form mature spores inside
the mother cell which begin to germinate within it (C1. tetani, C1. perfri-
gens). The first type of spore formation is typical of spore-forming aerobes
and was described by us in Bac. cereusy Bac. antracis (3, 4j.
Thus, the technique of electron microscopy of ultra-th~:.i sections of bacteria -
has made it possible to establish that the vegetative cells of the studied
- anaerobes have a similar structure although the process of their sporogenesis
and the generation of spores is somewhat different. The specific data can _
be used in differential diagnosis of anaerobic bacteria that are pathogenic
for animals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Avakyan, A.A. et al.; "Atlas anatomii bakteriy patogennykh dlya
~ cheloveka i zhivotn kh" ~Atlas of Anatomy of Bacteria Pathogenic
for Ma.n and Anima.ls~, M~oscow, "Meditsina", 1972.
2. Kulikovskiy, A.V.; Balabanov, B.I.; VESTNIK S-KH. NAUKI �~Journal
of Veterinary Science~, 1969, No 9. �
3. Kulikovskiy, A.V.;,Polyakov, V.A.; "Trudy VNIIVS" ~Proceedings of
the A11-Union Scientific Resea~cch Institute for Veterinary Sanitiation~, -
1973, Vol 45. _
4. Kulikovskiy, A.V. et al.; VETERINARIYA, 1977, No 1.
5. Pavlova, I.B., Sergeyeva, T.I.; ZHMEI ~Journal of Microbiology, -
Epidemiology and Immunobiology~, 1969,~No 4.
6. Pavlova, I.B. Bulatova, T.I. ZHI~4EI, 1970, No 4.
7. Pavlova, I.B.; Kononenko, Yu. V.; "Trudy VNIIVS", 1975, Vol 15.
8. Shakhbanov, A.A.; "Trudy VNIIVS", 1972, Vol 41.
9. Takagi et al.; JAPAN J. MICROBIOT~., 1960, No 4.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stv'o "Kolos"~ "Doklad.y VASKHNIL", 1979. - -
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~
VETERINARY MEDICINE
UDC 576.851:576.8.095.1
GENERATING ATOXIGENIC CLONES FROM CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE C EXP~SED
. TO PHYSICAL.AND CHEMICAL FACTORS
Moscow DOKLADY VASKHNIL in Russian No 7, 1979 p~ 33-3~+
~Article by A.A. Shakhbanov, Candidate in Veterinary Sciences, presented -
b y V.P. Onufriyev, Corresponding Member of VASKHNIL; submitted to editors
18 July 1978~
~ ~Text~ Works that point to a connection between the toxigenicity of bacteria
_ and a phage (2,3) are now available. The production o:E certain bacterial
to~ins is associated with lysogenization by specific bacteriophages (4,5).
- This phenomenon has been calle3 "pllage conversion." Treating cultures _
- containing bacteriophages with acridine orange and ultraviolet light has
resulted in the development of atoxigenic variants wi.thin a population
_ although with reinfection by ~he phage, there is restoration of toxige-
nicity (3, 6-8).
- Ye. V. Perova et al. report that of ten strains of C1. botulinum type~
A and B subjected to the effects of UV-light and ethidene bromide, only =
three showed any loss of toxigenicity with this occurring in type B.
However, heating the spores did not result in the generation of any atoxi-
genic clones. In contradiction to this, M. Eklund (6,7) was able to obtain
80% atoxigenic clones in C1. botulinum type D both by heating and by treating
with antiphage serum. As we can see, there is not as yet any single opinion
- in regard t~ the generation of atoxigenic clones as a result of various -
_ physical and chemical factors.
. We resolved to study the possibility of obtaining atoxigenic variants of Cl.
botulinum type C(strain S9).through exposure to acridine orange, UV light,
chloramine and heating the spores.
The process of phage developme~t within clostridia and its presence in the
fil~rate from cultures has been established by electron-microscopic studies. ~
Previously cloned variants from cultures obtained through two-three part -
_ reinnoculations from i.ndividual colonies were used for the project. The
toxigenicity o~ C1. botulinum was establ~,shed in white mice by injecting
82
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them intraperitoneally with culture f luid. The activity of toxin from
two-three day-old cultures was 7-9 thousand lm/ml. _
Antoxigenic variants were obtained by incubating cultures of C1. botulinum
in the logarithmic phase of growth in Kitt~-Tarocci medium containing 10 mkg/ml
acridine orange. This concentration was selected in preliminary tests.
Day-old cultures as well as cultures from second and third reinnoculations
3.n the Kitt-Tarocci medium with acridine orange were set up in Petri dishes
with blood agar and incubated in an anaerostat at 37�C for a period of two
days. The toxigenicity of isolated colonies was studied after 2-4 days of
- growth in the Kitt-Tarocci medium. Cont~ol variants were not treated with
stain.
A subbacteriostatic concentration of chloramine (0,200 mg) was also used in
the studies. These tests were run analogously to thuse with the acridine
orange.
Significant spore production was noted in C1. botulinum on the fifth day ot
- the clostridium's growth. The culture was then washed wi.th a physiological
solution and a suspension of 1 billion microbial cells per milliliter zaas
made up. After heating in a water bath at 80�C, the spores were seeded on -
Petri dishes co:~*_a~~:;::b ~ed ab~r. T?:~ W..' ~ure ccZa:~ies were selected and _
their toxigenicity was dete~d.ned as ~escribed above.
The culture obtained was distributed on the surface of the agar in the amount ;
- of 1 ml and was subjected to UV irradiation using a DB-30 lam~ at a distance _
of 20 cm for 30-120 seconds after drying. After the irradiation, the culture
was incubated in an aerostat and toxigenicity was determined for the mature
colonies. Control plates with cultures were not subjected to irradiation.
The most effective forma.tion of atoxigenic clones occurred with exposure to
acridine orange. Of 174 colonies tested, 28 appeared to be atoxigenic which
amounted to 16.09%. Heating the spores resulted in the generation of
atoxigenic clones in 2% of the cases. None could be isolated from the
- control cultures or through exposure to chloramine. ~
White mice survived with the intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml of an _
undi.luted culture of the atoxigenic clones. The atoxigenic properties of _
these clones wera not destroyed even after activating them with trypsin.
- All the non-toxigenic clones were stable and did not regain their toxige-
nicity in the course of a year. Like toxigenic cultures, these clones were -
agglutinated with H-serum in the same dilutions. Other researchers (3,6,7)
have also noted the rapid loss of toxigenicity among the B, C, and D types
of clostridia on exposure to acridine orange, UV-light and ethidine bromide.
According to the findings of M. Eklund (6), the loss of toxigenicity in C1.
_ botulfnum type D with UV radiation was 14%. In our studies on Type C and
in the experiments by Ye. :T. Perova et al. (1) on type B, the loss equalled
6.85 and 4.2% respectively. The authors have associated the high loss of
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toxigenicity in clostridium with extrachromosomal localization of the genetic
determinants of toxigenicity. However, they have not been able to obtain
- atoxi~enic clones of C1. botulinum type A as a result of the experimental
influences.�'~~The authors associate this type of phenomenon with a non-
uniformity ~.n~the genetic determinants of toxigenicity in the various types
of C1. botulinum.
It has been_pqssible to find phage particles in the cytoplasm region in
electron microscopic studies of ultra-thin sections of toxigenic cultures.
The clostridia were surrounded by a five-layered cell wall. Here, the outer -
layer of the ce11 had convoluted outlines. Intercytoplasmic membranal
structures were visible in the cytoplasmi.c region.
Thus, the completed studies are indicative of the possibility of obtaining
atoxigenic clones of C1. botulism type C through exposure to acridine orange,
W light and heating while treating the clostridia with chloramine did not _
- result in their generation~
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1. Perova, Ye. V. et al.; ZHMEI ~Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology
and Immunobiology~, 1975, No 6.
2. Dolman, C,E.; "Bntulism". Publ. Hea~.th Serv. Publication, 1964,
, No 999-Fp-1; 43.
- 3. Inoue, K.; Iida, H.; JAP. J. MICROBIOL., 1970, Vol 14(1), p 87.
4. Groman, N.J.; BACTERIOL., 1953, Vo1 66, p 184.
5. Matsuda, M.; Barksdale, I.; J. BACTERIOL., 1967, Vol 93, p 721.
6. Eklund, M.W. et al.; SCIENCE, 1971, Vol 172, p 480.
7. Eklund, M.W. et al.; NATURE,.1972, Vol 23:i, p 16
8. I3em, H.; JAQ. J. MED. SCI. BIOL., 1971, Vol 24, p 53.
= COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos", "Doklady VASKHNIL", 1979
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