JPRS ID: 8592 USSR REPORT BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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27 JULY i9?9 CFOUO 4l79~ i OF 2
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JPRS L/8592
27 .luly 1979
- USSR Re ort
p
BIOA~EDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SClENCES
CFOUO 4/79)
~
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27 ,Tu~.y ~.979
USSR REPORT
BIOMEDICAL AND $EI~AVIORAL SCIENCES
cFOVO a/~9)
~ ~his serial publicaCion contains articles, abstracCs of article~ and news
ieems fr~m USSR scientific and technical ~ourna].s on the apecific aub~ects
reflected in the table of contenta.
, Photodup].ications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
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RequcsCa should prov3de adequaCe identificaCion both as to the ~ourCe and
~he individual arCicle(s) desired.
CONTENTS PAGE
ECOLOGY
Late Holocene History ot Aral Sea Studied
(T. A. Abramova; VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA.
GEOGRAFIYA, No 3, 1979) 1
GENETICS
Transformation of Rye Gametes by Means of Colchicine
(N. V. Tsitsin, M. V. Klyuchareva; DOKLADY
AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 1, 1979) 11
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
' New Eight-Channel Device for Magnetic Tape Recording
' and Input IntL Compute~ Processing of Electrophysiological
Signals
(S. A. ~usain~v, et al.; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY
DEYATEL'NOSTI, :Vo 2, 1979) 16 "
PHARMACOLOGY
Fourth Year of the Five-Year Plan for Pharmacology
Industry Reviewed
(A. K. Mel'nichen:cn; K~iIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY
ZHURNAL, No 5, 197y).~ 25
- a - [III - USSR - 21A S&T ~'OL'0]
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CONT~NTS (ConClnued) Page
Methods o~ Snreening Productis for the TreatmenC o�
Alcoholism
(Yu. V. Burov, V. N. Zhukov; KHIMIKO-FARMATSEV-
TICHESKIY ZHURNAL, No 5, 1979) 35
I~HYSIOLOGY
Dynamica of Electrical Activiey of Ghe Visual Cortex
and Hippocampu~ During Prolonged Immobilization
(I. A. Kolomeytseva; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY
~ DEYATEL'NOSTI, No 2, 1979) 46
SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS
Problems of Scientific and Technical Societiea
(A. Yu. Ishlinakiy, N. N. Gri*.aenko; VESTNIK
AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979) 57
New Journal on Academy of Science Organizational and
Planning Problems
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 66
A. P. Aleksandrov ,
(VESTNIK AKADEMII Nt~UK SSSR, No 5, 1979)..~......... 75
Fedor Vasi1'yevich Bunkin
(VESTNIK AKAD~III NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 77
Grigoriy Grigor'yevich Devyatykh
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 79
Nikolay Prokof'yevich Fedorenko
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 81
Vasiliy Vladimirovich Korshak
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 8~
Lev Aleksandrovich Melent'yev
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)............ 84
Mikhail Yakovlevich Mikhel'son (1912-1978)
(ZHURNAL EVOLYUTSIONNOY BIOKHIMII I FIZIOLOGII,
No 3, 1979) 86
Aleksandr Andreyevich Samarskiy
(VESTN~K AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Na 5, 1979) 89
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Nikolay Nikolayevict? Tevelev
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)........... 91
- Isaak Mikhaylovich Tsidil'kovskiy
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)........... 92
Aleksey Mitrofanovich Kutepov, Lev Samoj?].ovich SCerman
and Nikolay Gavrilovich Styuahin
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1919)........... 93
Nikolay Sergeyvich Zaytsev, Svetlana Pavlovna
Gavrilova and Raisa Mikhaylovna Xashina
~(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)........... 95
Award of USSR Aeademy of Sciences Medals and Prizes Co
Young Scientists and Students of Institutio:ta of
Higher Learning
(VESTNIK ~KADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1979)........... 97
USSR State Co~nittee on Inventions and Discoveriea
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAIJK SSSR, No 5, 1979)........... 100
Sixth International Symposium on 'Brain and Behavior'
(P. V. Sfmonov; ZHURNAL VYSSHEX NERVNOY
DEYATEL'NOSTI, No 2, 1979) 105
PUBLICATIONS
Guide to Vaccines and Sera
(RUKOVODSTVO PO VAKTSINNOMU I SYVOROTOCHNOMU
DELU, 1978) 107 -
New Book on Selective Toxicity of Organophoaphorus
Insecticides
(I. Shcherbak; ZHURNAL EVOLYUTSIONNOY BIOKHIMII
I FIZIOLOGII, No 3, 1979) 113
Central and Reflex Motor Coordination Mechanisms
(TSENTRAL'NYYE I REFLEKTORNYYE MEKHANIZMY
UPRAVLENIYA DVIZI~ENIYAMI, 1979) 117
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t~~ot~ at~ rrc cnt, usL nHC~Y
~COIAGY
unc 55~.794(262.83)
LATE HOLOCENE HISTORY OF ARAL SEA STUDTED
- Moscow VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSTTETA~ GEOGRAFIYA in Russian No 3~
1979 P~ ~9-26
. ~ Article by T. A. Abramovas "On the Late Holocone History of the Aral Sea"]
[ Text~ The history of the development of one of the largest closed-
drainage water bodies of the arid zone of the USSR, the Aral Sea~ hF~,s long
attracted the attention of scientists. In recent years the problem of study
of this unique basin ha,s become especially urgent in connection with the _
intensifying effect of ma,n's activity on the condition of the Ara]..
At the present time the Aral Sea i: experiencin a water balance deficit~
calculated annua,lly at 2.8 cubic kilometers [ 12]. By virtue of this tho
Aral has a natural tendency toward a drop in its level by 6.3 centimeters
per year [ 13]. Among the factors making up the incoming water balance of
the Aral Sea (atmospheric precipitation~ groundwater, runoff of rivers)~
namely river runoff 3s the most significant component. The removal of
the most substantial part of it for irrigation disturbs the balance of the
whole ecos,ystem both of the water body itself and of the coastal region
of the Aral Sea and can lead to very undesirable consequonces.
In compa,ring the economic effect from the existence of the Ara,l Sea
~ (fishing a,nd so forth) and from the irrigation of the irrigated la.nds
which are given life by the waters of the Aral rivers, certain scientists
speak in favor of the la.tter [ 7]. However the disappearance or sharp re-
duction of the area of the Aral in a.ddition to a loss of the unique water
� body of the desert zone will raise a whole series of very different
problems, which can overturn all the pY�ospective economi.c benefits. In
~,rticular~ there may arise the threat of salination of the irrigated and
cultivated lands of Central Asia and Kazakhstan owing to wind transfer of
the huge mass of salts covering the drying surface of the sea bottom.
There are ma.ny such problems.
In connection with this especial interest is taken on by the complex studies
of the Holocene history of the Aral ~~.,a and especially the segiront of
1
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i~ ~loses~ to us~ ~ho Lat~, ~{olooene per~.od, when th~ Condi~tion of tho
wa~~ baly bog~,n to be porooptibly ~,~foo�tod by the anthropogenic f~ctor.
Th~ ob�h,ained d~,t~, a~~n be u~ec~ for forecasting future ~luct;uations in the
lc~v~:l nf t,hc~ Arr~1 Serti r~nd connected ct~angns in ~he naturr~l onv~.ronment
~ot,h o~ the wrzter. bod,y itself and of the ad~acent territories. ;
~
On this '1ove~. ~ho resul.t:~ of a p~,linologic study of the I,~te Holocene ~
bottom sediments of tho Az�al Sea can be of definito intere~t. Studipd ,
by us by the method of spore-pallen analyais wera sample~ taken in ~
difFexent par~l.s of the wa~ter ~,rea~ ~,t dopths of fxom 5 to 40 meters
(s~,mplos t~,Ic~n by Ye.G, Ma,yov and V.S~ Artam~nov).
It is necessary to nate fir~t of all tho high concentration ot' pollens
~,nd spores in the bottom sedim~nts of the Aral, which is unusual for
deposits of the arid zono of the south of the USSR, The concontration of
microfossils in sccii.monts of the Axal Se~, comes to up to 300 grains per
1 gram of sediment, whi ch Qxceeds 3-4-fold the content of pollen ~,nd spores
in the sediments of the Caspian Sea which is close in a t~rritorial
respect. Tn add3t3.on, 3ud~ing by the results of a study of cores located
in d ifferent parts of the water area, the concentration of spollen and spores
for the Ara1 5ea does not dQpend on the distance from 3hore. An analogous -
characteristic is noted by V.A. Vronskiy~ who ha,s al.so studied tho bottom
sediments of the Ara1 [6]. Ap~arently, this phenomenon is connected with the
relFi,tively sma,ll dimensions~ the small amount of water and the hydrodynr~mic
regima of the sea. The constant cir~ula,r flow of the waters of an anti-
cyclonic na.ture and the intensive tidal phenomena. contribute to thQ mixing
of the pollen and spores falling over the Aral and to their relatively uni-
form distribution in the bottom se3iments.
Wha.t explanation 3s there for the unusua,lly high saturation of the bottom
deposits of the Ara7. with pollen and spores?
It i~ known tha,t the finer the fra;tion of surrounding rock~ the greater
the concentration of microfossils in it. Among the sediments of the Aral~
sandy ma,terial pla.ys an insignificant role, but the bulk of the terrigenous
substance is represented by aleurite and pelite fractions [ 3], as we saw
in the case of the sediments we studied. Appa.rently~ also significant is -
the sha.llowness of the water body, above the water area of which is
established a rather intensive "pollen rain " comprising during a season
11�1016 grains on the surface of the basin ~ 5]. Here~ as shown by the
calculations of V.A. Vronskiy, the air drift of pol~en prevails. Thus~
if during ttie summer period per 1 squaxe centimeter of the su rface of the
Aral a total of 5 pollen grains 3s carried by water, carried by air is
167 grains~ tha,t is, 9? percent of all the pollen inflow [ 5].
The spectra of the sediments studted by us, revealed by 16 core samples
in different parts of the basin and represented basically by cla,yey and
aleuritic silts and clays, are cha.racteri~ed by a predominance of pollen
of grass and shr~~b plants with insignifica.nt pa,rticipation of pollen of
2
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gras~y and shrub plan~s with insigni~ican~L� p~,rticipa,�tion of pol].en o:f
arborea~. species and spores (:Eig. 1) , Howovor the ~,mount of tho latter _
and the compos3.tion of the pn~len o� grassy plants do not remain unchan~ed
throughout the whol.e sectiori. At tho same ~time tho spectra of' tho upper
layor of sediments invest3.g~,ted ~figurQS 1~ 2i interv~ls of 60 and 30
cent3.meters) are of ~the samo type and make it possible to s~ettk ~,bout a
singlo pal inocomplex of Ia�to Holocene bottom deposits of the Ara1 Se~,. �
The age of the studied sediments according to estimato of the speed of
~ed3.menta~~ion and absolute datin~s (~ccording to perliminary data) is
computed ~~o be 3~000-4~ ~000 years ~ J.1 .
Ch~a,racter3st3.c for the spectra of Late Holoceno deposits of the Aral is the
domi.natlon of. pollen of grassy and shrub plants, comprising on the average
93-94~ percent of the total number of grains calculated. Falling to the
sha,re of pollen nf arboreal species is up to 13 po~cent (on the avera~e
5-6 percent). Noted in this g~oup is the pol7.en of pine, represented. pri-
marily by s~g. Ha,ploxylon and to a smaller degree s~g~ Diploxylon~ the
pollen of birch~ sect. Albae~ of alder~ oak~ linden, white beech and filbert.
Predominant 3.n a quantitative respect is the pollen of pine which~ as is
we11 known, is easily transp,~rted by air over significant distances.
In the group of sFores comprising on the average l-2 percent (in individual
. samples up to 12 percent)~ spores of green mosses dominate, and also noted
are spores of polypody ferns (without the perispore~ and therefore not
, al~owin~ more detailed determina,tions), and individually the spores of
Spha~'nums and Lycopodiums. The overwhelming pa,.r.t of the pollen of grassy
and shrub plants falls to the share of pollen of xercphytes, among which
~ominating in the ma,jority of sa.mples is the pollen of wormwood (up to 73
percent of the pollen of grassy plants). Noted is the pollen of Graminae~
sedge, E~hedra~ leadworts, and Compositae~ In addition the pollen of
Graminae is contained in significant quantities, comprising in certain
samples 18-20 and at maximum up to 37 percent. It is interesting to note
tha,t distinctly separated out among it is the pollen of cultivated Graminae~
particularly Triticum and Zea. Also characteristic for Aral sediments is
the pre~ence in almost all samples of the pollen of aquatic and aquatic-
littoral plants (water-plantain, pondweed~ water lilies~ cattails and others)~ ~
comprising from 1-3 to 6 percent. Rather diverse is the make-up of the pollen '
of mixed grass, numbering more than 20 families: Liliaceae (lily)~
Polygonaceae (buckwheat), Caryo hyllaceae (pink)~ Ra,nunculaceae (crowfoot),
Cruciferae (musta,rd)~ Rosaceae ~rose)~ I,egumLnosae (pulse family)~
Umbelliferae~ Rubiaceae (madder), Boragina.ceae (borage)~ mint family~
Dipsacac~:ae ( teasel) , Papa,veraceae ( poppy) , valerian ~ Sa,xifrage ~ planta,in,
willow herb~ spurge~ bluebell~ nettle, and others.
In order to judge the character of the plant cover and climate of the Aral
- region in the Late Holocere period~ it is necessary to compare the spectra
of fossil bottom deposits of the Aral with spectra of its present-day
sediments and the "pollen suspension" above its water area [ 6~ . Noted is
the similarity of all three groups of spectra, however, according to our
data~ established in the fossi'1 spectra is the somewha,t greater (by 3-4
5
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porcant) particip~tion of pollen of arboreal species ~,nd spores~ wh~.ch has
~ignlficance for auch ~,n arid re~ion as ~the Aral region, and also noted
is tt more diverse set of taxons of pollen of mixed grass and the greater
qua,ntitat3vo particip~i~~ion of it in the spectra~
The data oited indicate tha,t the plant cover of the Ara1 region in the Iate
Holocene period was less xerophytized and cenotically more diverse in co~r
parison with its presont-day vegetation~ The lattor is represented basi-
cally by complexes o~ halopt~yt.es~ succulent halopY~ytes~ woxmwoods and other
types of xero hytic desarts. For instance~ r~ccording to the data of .
B. A. Bykov [ 4] ~ i;he plant cover of ICazakhsta,n ~.e oomprised of B~I~.S percent -
species of grassy plants~ 14~ percent shrub and semishrub~ and 1.5 percent
arboreal varieties~ which is adequa,tely reflectecl by the spectra of
the sediments reviewed. The edifiers of modern forma,tions of the deserts
of the Aral, region most often are r~apresentatives of the goosefoot
family, which also ties in well with the make-up of the reviewed spectra.
In the spectra of the palinocomplex of Late Holocone deposits of the Aral
presented above there is a stable dominance of the pollen of wormwood~
and the goosefoot fam3.ly occupies a subordinate position. The described
complex makes it possible to reconstruct the plant cover of the Late Holocene
per3.od~ different to some degree from the modern vegetation of the region
and giving evidence about the d3stribution in the Aral region of semidesert
and semidesert-steppe forma~ions with some participation also of forest
cenoses in the plant cover. Pointing to the development of the latter is
the presence of pollen of arbareal species, including broad-leaved species~
the pollen of which~ as is known~ is spread basically next to the pla.ces
~ af their vegetation~ and the presence of spores of ferns, Spha,gnuma and
Lycopodiums, and also the relative abundance and diversity in the group of
forms of the pollen of mixed grasses~ among wh9.ch is established the pallen
of tFUCOns~ peculiar to forest cenoses~ and other signs.
Correspondingly also the .climate of the Late Holocene period in the
Aral region was somewha,t milder--c~oler and damper than the modern climate
- of the region, cla,ssified as the clima,te of inland deserts of the
tempera.te zone.
pnalysis of the palinologic data and a number of other chaxacteristics
_ (lithological, pa,leontological and others) shows tha.t the studied deposits
were formed in the transgressive pha.se of the Aral Sea. Indicating this
from the palinologic standpoint are all the above-mentioned features of
the spectra, and also tY_z stable domi.na.nce in the spectra of the pollen of
wormwood. Using the example of the Caspia.n arui Aral seas [1~ 6] it ha,s
been esta.blished tha.t the regressive eras of these closed drainage water
bodies were characterizE:d by a sharp prevalence in the spectra of the pollen
of goosefoot, the ha.lopl~ytic forms of which seeded the dried up littorals.
If a comparison is *nade of the data, obtained by us with the palinologic-
stratigraphic diagrr~m of bottom sediments of the Aral Sea proposed by
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Yti. Khrust~,lev ~ S~ A. Reznikov [ 13] a,nd V~ A. Vrongkiy [ 6] ~~:tae complox
cited by uc~ c].~~,rly ~rios in with the apectra of the N~ ~Ara]. ~;r~nsg~ess~.ve~
dc~pos:tt~. Tn t11io way~ the apec�tra of the Noo-Aral tran~~rossivo deposits
indic;tite th~,�t the Neo-Aral tr~,nsgression w~,~ doveloped undor the condi-
tSons of a certain cooling and hum~ldif3cation of the cl~.ma~te~
In the spore-pollen diagrams of the cores (see figures 1, 2) below the
in~ervals mentioned by us certa3n cha,nges in composition ftire establlshed.
- Thus, in a number of cores (seo figure 1) with the remaining uncha,nged
ratio of the groups of compo nents 3.n the lownr 1a,yers observed is ~ shift
in the domina,nts ~,mong the pollen of grassy plants: insteacl of ~thQ pol7.en
of wormwood, the pollen of goosefoot preva3ls. Nated in other cores (oee ~
figure 2~ core 125) 3.s an 3ncrease in t.he amount of pollen of goosefoot
at the expense of a reduction in the amount of wormwood. pollen. As we
. have already ment3oned, an 3ncrease 3.n the amount of pollen of goosefoot
is cha,racteristic for regressive stages of a water body. Apparently, the
intervals with an increase in the amount of oosefoot pollen, which
are insignificant in size (20--40 cent3.meters~~can be attributed to the
regressive layers of the Aral sed.iments.
In a number of cores (see figure 2, core 125)~ established below is an
increase in the a,mount of pollen of arboreal spec3.es and spo~ s(by 20 `
percent and more). It is possible tha,t these spectra describe the
transgressive Aral strata. Thus, in certain core samples (core 125 and
others) there seem to be outlined according to the spore-pollen diagrams
thre~ phases of development of the plant cover of the Aral region in the
Holocene period. However it is possible with the greatest certainty to
describe the Late Holocene complex of the upper layers of the bottom
sediments of the Aral.
It is interesting to compare the spectra of the La,te Holocene deposits of
the Ara1 Sea with the spectra of sediments of the Caspian synchronous with
this (upper neo-Casp3an stage up to 1-1.2 meters). The spectra d3sclose
a significant sim3.la.rity, featuring a dominance of pollen C j~rassy and
^hrub-like forms and an abundance of pollen of xerophytes 2.
However thFre are also certain differences. Thus, cha,racteristic for
spectra of the Aral is a more limited set of forms of Pollen of arboreal
species~ a sign3.ficant quantity of pollen of Gramina,e, among which is
established the pollen of cultivated forms, and also the presence in
almost all samples of the pollen of aqua,tic and littoral-aqua.tic plants.
However these regiona,l differences axe minor. The Late Holocene palinocom-
plex of the Caspian 5ea, indicates tha,t the vegetation of this period was
horticulturally close to the modern plant cover of the ~aspian region and
had ~ts cha,ra,cteristic featur~ with a somewhat greater pa.rticipa,tion of
forest phytocenoses and a greater diversity of grassy forma.tions. The
latter circumstances point to a certain moderation of continentality and
an increase in the humidification of the clima.te of the region.
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J Thu~ ~~~alinol~ngi~ d~ta show t1~~ ~h~ 't~bo h~~d~c~ he O~s~3.an ~nd~or~th~ Ara].
in th~ I.~td Holooane W~~B W~~1-defin~ccl p
ba~itt~~ .
I{AWctVr.i~ th~~~ r.h;~nr~~~ in rl~.m~~td cnuld h~ve ~ diffnront e~fact on the atr~to
aC t,hr lf~veln of ~t,ha wt~t,~r baltes~ Di.ffo~~.n~ r~di.o~11Y in seale~ genesin~
regim~ ~nd a numb~r df c~tho~ f~~ rure~ ~~he Aral ~,n~. th~ Ca~pian neas are _
ah.~r~at~xi~ed in th~ pericd o~ th~~.r par~,].lel oxistenc~ (xo~oc~ne pariod)
by ni~;nificant fl~ict;ua~t~.o7s in iov~is, whiQh 1.eft t~~oQS in the form of
terr~ceg~ ~nuient shore lines a~nd forms. How~ve~ regearchers ~omark ~he
dif~ar~nt timQS of occurr~nae and ant~.phage natux~ c~ometimes a~ wd11 of both
changeg over many c~nturiQ~ and ahanges within a oentury in the 1.eve~.s of
th~ge wat~r bod~e:~ C10, 1:1.].
It h~~ b~~n eat~bl.i~h~ thut th~ R,uatern~ry fluc~at~.ons of the leve]. of
th~ C~~pian Se~ wera Conditi.on~d n~inly by o11~~natSc faators. Th~ Ho1.o~ene
tr~nsgressions ~,nd r~gr ~ssion~ of the Ar~l Sea w~re ~l~o affected by ahanges
in clitn~te. But they affect~d the wr~ter balance of the Casp3.an and the
Ar~l and t~he st~tus of their l~velg differently in connectSon xith the dif-
ferent regime of the rivers fe~ding these water bodies, The catchment
b~sins of the l~tter ar~ in contrasting ph,ysico-geographical conditions
(the ~urope~n USSR and CQntral Asia) ~nd have different components of
thei.r oan feeding. Thus for ttie alpine Amu Dar'ya and Syr Dar'ya in 2,ddition
to snoH alimentation and atmospheric precipitation~ an esgential component
of their runoff is glacial alimentation, which is inversely dependent on ~
changes in climate~ in contrast to the ~limeni:ation of lowland rivers.
There�ore an increase in the moisture content in the limits of the catch-
ment b~sins should lead to a considerably greRter increase in the runoff
in +he Caspian than in the Aral. And aonversely: with a lowering of the
moisture content the discharge of the Caspian rivers should be red aed
to a considerably greater degree than the runoff of rivers of the Aral~ 10].
But the climatic factors Were not the determin3ng ones for the Holocene
transgressive-regressive cycles of the Aral Sea. ~he latter depended to
a significant degree on the migration of the river beds of the Amu Dar'ya
and the Syr Dar'ya [ 9]� And. finally~ the changes in the level of the Ara1
in the last three mill~nia N~e affected by the anthropogenic factor--the
development or decline (3.n perials of wars~ apidemics~ and other~) of
irrigated far:ning~ Which withdrew part of the zu noff of the rivers feQding
the Aral Sea [ 8, 9].
Thus~ the fluctuations in the level of the Aral are a multilevel gt~nomenon~
assimilating a whole comple~c of different factors and having a complex
dependence on the changes in climate. The results of our palinologic
studies shox th~t desp3te the different times of occurrence of fluctuations
of the levels of the Aral and Caspian seas in the Hol~cene period~ the
paleogeographic setting of the Aral-Caspian region in the Late Holocene
period wa~ fairly similar in its paleobotanic and paleoclimatic aspects.
I mportant for us is the conclusion that the I,c~te Holocene Neo-Aral trans-
gresaion xas developed under the conditions of a moderation of the
8
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~~{n~ nrrtc~n~, trsr oNt,Y
cantinent~lity ~nd a c~xt~,in aon~.ing ~nd hutnid~.~'~,cation of th~ o1im~,t~~
`~he mdd~~n a1im~~~ the Ara~. r~gion ig sc~rc~l.y op~~.maY fb~ ~h~ ~t~~us
nf it:~ 1eva1. Ag~in~~ such an un~~vnr~,ble oJ.imatic b~,akg~nund with
tha hxi~ting n~tural tendency of thig basin tow~,zd a 7.orroring of it~ lev~~.
~:he pronouna~:d a,nd uncontrollc~d taking of th~ wat~rs of th~ Amu D~,r'ya, and
th~ Syr Dar'ya for irr~.g~.tion will inev~.tably ~e~d to a c~,t~st~ophia drop
in th~ ~.~+~~1 n~ ~h~ Ara~. ~n~ suba~quen~tly~ posg~.b~y~ alao to the end
of th~ ~xis~t~nc~ of th~ un~.~,ua w~,ter body of the ~rid ~aon~ of ~th~ US~~2.
'~his un~~vnr~,b7.~ p~ognos~.s ghould be t~,k~n in~o ~,cooun~t when planning f'urther
~mount~ of r~moval di the runof~' o~ the Ar~l v~~s ~or 3.r~ig~,tion~ St~iat
r~gul~t~.on of this process will he~.p to preserve one of the most v~lu~,ble
geographia ob3ects of our p1~,n~t--the 1~k~-s~a zone o~ th~ desert.
BTBISOGRAPHY
1. Abr~mov~, '~.A. ~"~tekonstrukts~.yc~ pal~ogeo~nficheskikh usloviy epokh
chetv~rtichnykh t~~nsgres~iy regressiy It~,spiyskogn morya"
C~econst~uction of the p~leogeogr~phic Condi~ions of tho ~ge of
~u~rtern~,ry Transgressions an~d ~tegresaions of the Caspian Sea] ~
Author's Abst~aet of Candidate Dissertation~ Moscow~ 1q74.
2. Abramova~ m.A.~ "Cha.nge in ~the Humidification of tha Caspiatt Region
3n the Holocene 1'eriod (Acaording to Palinologic Data)~" in the booki
"KolQbaniya uvlazhneniya AralaKaspiyskogo regiona v golotsene"
C Fluctuations in Humidifioation of the Aral-Caspian Region in the
Holocene Period]~ Moscow~ 1.977�
3. Brodskaya, N.G., "Bottom Deposits and Processes of Sediment Accumula-
tion in th~ Aral Se~~" TR~ IN-TA GEOL, NAUK AN SSSR~ ~95z~ No lls.
4. $ykov~ B.A., "Introductory Outline of the Flora and Vegetation of
Kazakhsta,n~" in the booki "Rastitel'nyy pokrov Ka,zakhstana" [ Plant
Ccver of K~.zakhstan] ~ Vol I, Alma-Ata~ 1966.
5. Vronskiy, V.A.~ "On the Present-Day 'Pollen Rain' Over the Water Area
of the Aral Sea~" DAN SSSR~ 1975~ Vol 222~ No. 1.
6. Vrons;ciy,V.A., "Marinopalinologiya yuzhnykh morey" [ Marinopa,linology
of the Southern Seas] ~ Rostov-na-donu~ 1.976.
7. Celler~ S.Yu.~ "Certain Aspects of the Problem of the Aral Sea " in
the booki "ProUlema Aral'skogo Morya" [ Problem of the Aral Sea~~
Moscow, 1969.
8. Kvasov~ D.D.~ "Rezsons for Changes in the I.evel of the Aral Sea,"
in the book: "Kolebaniya uvlazhnennosti Aralo-Kaspiyskogo regiona v
golotsene,'~ Moscow~ 19?7.
9 _
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~nit O~~ICrAL US~ dNLY
g, Kes' ~ A.5 .~"M~,in S~,ge~ of Devalopment a~ the Ara~ Sea ~"~.n the book~
"Problema, Ar~,l'sko~o morya~" Mosoow~ i969,
~.0. MFa,y~v ~ Ye.G. ~ M~,yeva ~ S. A.~"Chrono~ogy and Dynamias of ~'luotuA,tions
in the Lev~la of the Caspi~n and Ar~.l Se~,s in the Holocene period
in ~he booki "Koleb~,niya uvlazhnennost~. Aralo-Kaspiyskoga x~egiona
v golo~tsane~" Mosoow~ 1977�
ii. Mayeva~ Ye.G.~ Kos~rev~ A.N.~ M~,yev~ Ye~G, "On the Conneotion
Between the ~'luotuations in the Leve~.s of the Caspian and Ar~,l Seas~"
VODNYYE RESURSY, 197~~ No 2. _
12. "Modern and Proapeotive Wate r and Sa1t Balanoe of Southern Seas
of ~the USSR~" TR. GO~Na~ 197z~ No 108.
i3. Khrustalev~ Yu.p., Reznikov, S.A., 7'urov~kiy~ D.S~~ "Litologiya i
geokhimiya donnvkh osadkov Aral'skogo moxya" [ Litholog,y and
Geochemi.stry of Bottom Sediments of the Aral Sea]~ Rostov-na-Donu~ ~ ~
1977.
Department of Geomorphology
Submitted to the editors
~-7-78 -
~ COPYRYGHTi Izdatel'stvo Mo$kovskogo universi.teta~ "Vestnik Moskovskogo
= universiteta"~ 1979
10908
CSOi 1840
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nr~r~~cs
m~ANB~'OfZMAT~dN RY~ GAME,'~~S ~Y M~ANS 0~' COLCHICINE
Mds~nw bOKLAbY AKAn~Nilr N~1UK 5SSF2 in ~tuss3an Vo~ 246, No 1, 1979 pp 210-21.3
[Article by Ac~demic3~n N. V, Tg3.tsi~ and M, V, Klyuchareva, Main Botanica~
G~rden of
the USSF2 Academy of
Sciences, Moscow~
. ~
[mextj The finding of the opt3mal number of chromosomes determining ~:conomi-
. ca~.ly important froth characteristics of plants is an 3mportant problem of' -
b3~logical sciences.
In cereals main characteristics of a species may be contained in two chromo-
somes onl,y. With such a minimal number of chromosomes plants completely
reproduce the specifi.a nature of their species, their heredity.l Polyploidy
does not introduce any real substantial. changes 3n the plants' morphologicaL
structure. Only some quantitative characteristics change. Plants with a
large number of chromosomes have a redundancy of genetic information.2
~'or the last few years literary data have appeared on the so-called redundant
DNA which does not actua~ize itself during the organism's development and is
~~ected into the plasma. There are also data attesting to the fact that with
~n increase of ploidy a threshold appears after which the number of DNA per
one chromosome begins to go down.~+ Apparently, system regulators exist which
control t1-~e DNA content in a cell when ploidy increases substantially.
Tetraploid rye does not differ in its morphological characteristics from
diploid rye, yet its fert3lity is lower. We assume that the fertilit,y of
double tetraploid rye must be still lower.
The Department of Distant Hybridization of the Main Botanical Garden of the
USSR Acadec~y of Sciences has conducted experimental work aimed at obtaining
double tetraploid rye. Essentially the possibility of receiving such rye
has been investigated~ since the attecrtpts to double tetraploid rye have
remained unsuccessful.
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I
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~
~
':Cetr~p~.o~.~ r,ye o~' ~he "51;art" anc~ "Vyatka Moekovskaya," sortis w~:r~ used for
_ inv~nUi~~tion, (~ermitia~ed ry~ k~rnelg wer~ wett~d in a O,bl pcrc~nt ~olu~inn
of
co~.ch~c~.n~, mh~q cdnc~ntr~t3on h~3 prov~d to be the most ~ffect~.ve: wi~h
- c~ ~ar~er cnnCCntrt~t3.on the pl~,ci~~ suf'f'er ~nnrmous~y and per~.sh, w3th ~ ~~sser
on~--~the ~f'f'~c~ oi' co~chic3ne i~ not perc~pt3b~.e. ~'h~ k~rne~.s w~r~ k~p~ in
co~.chicin~ fnr 2 days, th~ri they were tr~nsplan~~d 3n box~s ~nd p].ae~d 3.n ~he
phytotron at a temp~r~ture nf' 1.5-20� C, Af~er th~ p7.ants toolc root ~nd yi~lfted
~-4 1e~v~s, ttiey received an 3.n~ection nf col.Chicine of the same concentrat3on
b,y mc~ns o~ u med~.ca1. syr3nge. ~~,ch plant r~ceived 3 or 4 in,jections, so that
tt?~ colchic3ne no~ut~on rsma~.n~ above the growing poin~. mhe plants did no~L
~uYfer ~trong d~pressiori. 'rhey were gzrowing a,nd bushing. ~he bushing plants
w~re ~ifted and aga,in, with their rnot~ and grow3ng points, pl~ced in the
co~.chicinn so~ut~.on. 'rhe plan~~ were ~ii ~or ~ lnng t3me ~fter such ~ tre~,t-
m~nt, thei.r root s,ystem was p~rticul.ar~.y hurt. Less than nne half survived, _
~nd ~s a rule, those were consider~bly changed. In the spring the boxes with
the plant: were pLaced on th~ ground near to the phytotron. 7'here they formed
~ars, were r~pnllitta~ed and formed grain,
Simultaneously w3th colchic3.nization, cytological investigations of plants ,
were conducted, particularly of those with perceptible morphol.agic~l changes,
such us thickcned stems, broad leaves, deform~tions and sterile upper parts
of the ears (photograph 1).
mhe 3nvestigation of the plants during the eurliest stuges of their growth,
before the appearance of the first leaf, 2-3 days a.fter the placement of
germinated seeds in the colch3cine solution, was conducted. Their growth
was slowed down and swellings were formed both on the roots and near the
~;rowing points. The examination of this tissue in temporary preparations
showU an accumulation of up to 70-80 and more chromosomes in t,he cells (photu-
~raph It appears that these ce11s do not develop further. Nonetheless,
pl~nts with such swellings grow and are able to produce thickened stems, broad
leaves and other aforementioned changes.
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,
_ ~t. ~ ~
~ . ~x 3 '~~~r~~~"~ ' , ,
f ry J
t~r~ : ~
,`~!~i4 ~
t{ ~ , ' ' 1
1 Ta
svt
..1. ` 3 '1t`,
4 ~ r~ . '
, ~
~
;,t. ,
_ ~
f ~
x.
,
i
,
I
. i~, ~r-.
; ~
. a~~,
,
, ~ .
.
- Photograph 2. Chromosomes in the
cells from the swollen tissue
e. , ~_i
,
:9~
Photograph 1. The rye plant
after colchicine treatment
13 ~
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,r ~ ` M.. + ~
~
1;
~ ~ ~ ~
. 1 .4= ','/.f}~ 1~~ t -
. ~Y.~.. *r~ ~+i''`~`~ ~.~.~t
ti, , ~ . . +
, . r~r I . ~
~ ~ ' r `e~
~ ` . . e ' ,
, ~ ~ \ .
Photograph 3. Double tetr~ploid pollen kernel.s (n~8)
~
~
~~r' ` Y .
;y`' ,
' ~
a : _ S't' .,,r { ~ ~ ~
. ~ '~y �,1 _ q~.'
.
~
i
.
n: jr :'~:i
, ~ - ~
.Y '`;i� , rs
y ;,j; ~ ' , . .
_ Photograph 4. Double tetraploid and tetraploid pollen kernels
within the limits of one anther
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Wh~n ~he plan~n began tio form spik~s, ~he chromosomes in pollen kernel.s were
~n~.cult~tcd durinq ~h~ d9v~aion of mononuclear pol~en grain in vegete~tivh anrl
~~:nc~rnl;:ivt~ rn~~:lr~.i, I~'~~r l.h:in ~iu~pdsu dri~ t~ntit?~r w~~ c~r~i'ul7.,y rr.mnv~d from
~acti 1'~.ow~r, w~.l;hnut hurt~.ng ~h~ spike. ~'wo remaining an~here wer~ 1.eft for
th~ po~].in~t~.on and fertil.~.zation of plants . Therefore we hav~ al]. thQ
3 nv~�ti~;ated np~.kt~ w3t;h kernc~~s r~t nur d~spoaa]..
C~�tolo~ic:al ~naL,ys~.n shows that pollr;n kc:rnels within the 1imi.ta of nne anther
ti~itl~ ttie tetraploid chramosome se~ (n~1.4) and the doub].e tetraploid chromosome
~~et (na2g) have been d~~ected in m~ny spikes for which we have calcu].ated the
number of chromosomes.
~hotograph 3 8hOW5 pollen keruels from the ~nther in which the flouble t~tra- "
pl.oid chromosome set has b~en detected, and photograph 4--po1len kernels from
the unth~rs whir.,h have tetraploid and double tetraploid pollen kernela~ Con-
sequently, the dupl.ication pracess has reached a1.so ~he reproductive sphere
pr3or to the fbrmation of ~he po].len. It 3s natural to assume that these
spikes have also double ~etraploid ovicells, With such myxoploid tissue,
fertilization is poss3ble not on].y with tetraploid pollen, but with double
tetraplo3d pollen as well. Therefore, we have a right to expect that double
tetraplo3d rye plants will appear 3n the poster3tiy. The facts we have obtained
have not yet been described.
Thus, as a result of colchicini2ation with the application of the methodology
dcscribed above, we have obtained, for the first time, planta with double
tetraploid gametes in rye.
FOOTNOTES
l. N. V. Tsitsin, Byull. (~B3 AN 3SSR, Vol 104, 80, 1977�
2. N. V. Tsitsin, "Distant Hybridization of Planta," Moscaw, Nauka, 1978. ~
3. A. Lima-de-Faria, M. kl~oses, F. Cell Biol., Vol. 30, 1, 1?7 (1966).
4. M. A. A13.-Zade and E. M. Akhundova, "The Success of Polyploidy," Kiev,
Naukova dumka, 1977, p. 190.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Doklac~y Akademii nauk SSSR," ~979
9327
cs~o: is4o
~
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~
INSTRUMENT3 ANU ~QUIPM~NT UDC 6~.2.822.3
NEW EIGHT-CIiANNEL DF.VICE FOR MAGNETTC TAPE RECORAING AND INPUT INTO CdMPUT~R
PROCESSYNG 0~ EL~C2'ROPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
Moscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY DEYATEL'NOSTI in RuAeian Vol 29, No 2, 1979,
pp 424-430 manuacript received 29 Mar 78
/~ArCicle by S. A. Gusainov, Ye. V. Servina and S. B. Vekahin, In~t3tute of
- High~r Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology. USSR Academy of Science~,
Mosc~c~
~
~'Tex~;/ The braad development of electronic computer techno~ogy, ehe intro-
duction of new, effective methods of auComated analyeis of Fhyaiological "
information and, preciaely, of s~paration of biorhythma from exper3mental
time series, has promoted to the first 1eve1 the problem of multi-channel
recording of them in a form acceasible for aubsequent proceasing. Prepar- `
ation of informati~n recorded by tradit3onal methoda with the help of a
recording instrum~nt or kymograph on a paper tape for input into a computer
(digiCation of curves) involves high conaumption of labor and leads to great
error. On the oeher hand, modern computers either have in their makeup or
permit the poasibility of relatively aimple awitching in of a anulti-channel
analog-to-digiCal converCer for immediate input of analog processes using
special programs in the internal etorage /1,2/ for further processing.
It is known that, in the overwhelming ma~ority of phyaiological. experiments,
simulCaneous recording is made of several parametera which are alow functions
of time (for example, EEG, EKG, plethy~?ogram, oculogram, etc.). For their
qualitative and rapid procEasing in the computer, these procesaea should be
recorded on magnetic tape with the help of special multi-channel tape-record-
ers, able to record quite low frequency signals. Such stationary, expenaive
devices are not always accesaible to the phyeiologist or physician and this
often compels them to work in the "old-fashioned" way.
- At the same time, requirements of experimenCors for new or short-supply
instruments can in many cases be satiefied by the energies of the engineer-
ing-technical personnel of the scientific unit. This does not exclude the
task of developing relatively aimple and easily-made devices for recording
~hysiological processes on everyday tape-recorders--portable, not-in-ahort
supply, inexpensive instruments /3,4/.
16
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~
~'OR 0~'~'ZCIAL USC UNLY
~
,mn;
~
+3A CB
r 6~'C `~'w._..._.r......,~...~.r~....._......~ ~
i rt ,r2 I iRn t� ,~~3 r~f 6M j~, I
I y 4~~'~~ D! ~
~ i i i ~F/S rf,~ R~0 ~ R?! l2k C7
,
I I jT11 ~ c t1J ' C4 tII CJ ~ ~~--,m Be~x ? ~
I ~ I R t1,~i Bocr.! ~
~ I I) , ~ r---1
I ~r~~~ J_~ ~1 I
I ~ 16AA' B.z J dt~1 9z'J ` dlt; 4 Bx3 B.r e~ ( �
~ I j RI,I RIS ~Pll R19 ~PJJ R,i~ S ~
rJ/ 0~ J4 4 9J tV4 ~
j ~ R? R16 R2B ~P,iO RJy J6 ~ :
r6CA' r. Y. ~_=ACO9 MCF~ A,t^i'il Ax'PI-I An'P�4 A d~'i~ All,~-J I
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i MC1Pl bxd' At~~ A/ MG77~r A~ ,~t ~ A ' I ;
~ MCp j ~
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~ ~ C! ~ Brt L--- J Bas1
L------------~
PNC. I. Ti xEiut+nxanbxaa cxeWa ycrpo~crea. A1Cl, lll, V, VI -155JiA3; MCII i55Tbi5;
MC/V, vPr, V/:/-ISSIJr14; Tl-T4-K2HT171; j1l--,119--1196; C/--10,0 xx~; C2,
C9. C5, C6 -1000 n~p; C4, C7 - 0,33 .~x�~� C8 -10,0 .u~~p; R/-10 x; R? - 15; R3 -
130: R4 330; RS - 560; R6 910; R7 -!,S n; R8 - 2,7 K; R9 - 6,4; R10 - 910; R ll ~
Rl7' - 2,4 x; RI2, RIS, R/8, R?I- !,8 K; R!3, R14, R19, R?0 56 x; R16, R~2 - 560:
, R29, R25, R?7, R~9, R31, R33, R35, R97 - 4,7 x; R24. R?6, R28, R30, R3?, R84, R3~.
R38 - i l K _
Fig. 1. FundamenCal circuitry of the device ,
17
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, _
~OR OFFIC]'AL USE ONLY
The preeenC article deals with a device--deve~.op~d and prepared by ehn
authore~-for recording, on a gtereophonic, ordinary tape-recorder (for ex- ~
ample, "Jupiter-202-stereo"), eight exper~nental physio7.ogica~. processes
wi~h ~he intient of eubsequenti input of Chem into a computier for furtiher
analysis.
Below are cons~dered ehe fundamental electrical circuiti of tihe device,
deacription of its work, diagrams o� tihe p1aCe assembly and, also, a ahor~
description of the program which serv~.ces the procesa of input o� the in-
' formation into the computer and ies correction.
The fundamental circuit of the device ie 111ustrated in Fig. 1. The devi.ca
contains tihe followin~ functional blocke:
Analog gate b lock AK), conaiating of eight emitter followera (~l?) with
an output loasl element Rl, common to all. The recorded signals are fed to
eneries Bx1-Bx8 '~'1T. The gates are alternately opened during ewitching of
the feeder voltage to the collector of the traneistor of the correaponding
7T .
Ana1oR gate scanninR block ( 5CK) which conaiaCa of a pulae generator ( r' )
' which dete~ninea the frequency~ of inquiry of input aignals, a counter, a
decoder which converts the etate of the counter into a signal at one of ita
entriea, inverter bars whose output eignal is the feeder voltage of the
corresponding ~7'f of block ~ AK.
Mult~!stage aignal formation block (6~ C) which ia an eight-channel divider
of rhe volCage formed by resiatances R2-R10. With sequential delivery of
equal~magnitude voltage to the entry of a divider (from R2 to R9) a signal
appears at its exit (R10), sequentially diminiahing to 1/8 of rhe maximum
value of this voltage. Signals go to entry oF S fram exit b CK.
Modulator block M) conaiats of two identical modulatora each of which
is a generator of the carrier frequency (multivibrator). The signal at
the exit of such a generator is proportional (practically equal) to the
signal at the entry of the circuit. To exclude the influence of an exter-
nal load ~ach generator ia awitched to it through a compatible cascade,
collected according to the circuit of the emitter follower. Signals pro-
ceed to entry of ~ M from exits C and ~AR.
Demodulation block (b~ M) consists of two amplitude detectors and RC-fil-
ters. In the process of reproduction, the information being recorded on
each of twa tracks of the Cape-recorder (MA r) goea to the entry of its
modulaCor, whereby ite amplitude can be ad~usted to the neceseary level.
Further signals of both tracks are read by the computer through the syetem
of analog information entry. The ~Q M is constructively finished, aepar-
ate from the device which forms the aignals regiatered by the tape-recorder.
Fig. 2 depicts epurea of the voltage at different points of the device,
~ 18
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1/Osf
Q
' f 2 ~ 4 s ,
~ UQa:. a
t
L4a~6~C Q correapondance to~
f 2,~ 41 6 7 61 1~ y 3 4 7Q f 1.! ~V 1 6 7~ f ~aarArm~nrdbti channel
~a~y .
. ~ .
r
L ~t~
UOar.6AA' ~ . '
~
~ ~
p e~ y ~
t
UOor.~J6M ' g l/aar.~16M ` ~
t
. t
Fig. 2 Epures of voltages at various points of the device
19
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roK o~rzc~n~ us~ ornY
~.llusrratiing Che procegs o~ conversion of tihe e~.ghti input s~.gng1~ ~.ntio ~
ging~.e informat~.on~~. signa~ ar~d, a1so, the stiructure of the auxillary s~g-
n~1 and iti~ connecCion ~o the informati~.nna1 gignal.
7'he work of tih~ dev~.ce proceeds in the follow~ng way. Gener~~or r of biock
r CK coneinually producea pulsea (F~.g~ 2, 6'), wh~.ch change tihe ~tn~e of
the countier. Corresponding tio each of ~.ts eigh~ states, a signa~. appeary
only at a definitie ou~puC of the decoder. Since, phya~.cally, its ampli-
tude is equA~. ~o zero, �or its �ur~her uae iti is 3nverted on ehe ~nverCer
bar. In tihis way, a pulse with a voltage of about 4V appears at eighC
exi~s of the ~,~CK, ~n sequence at each. The described procesa ia cyclic-
ally repeatied. Pulses of voleage �rom Che oueput of G CK are used to feed
ehe ~'R l~ AK. The e~.ght recorded curves are supplled ati rhe inputs of
these '3Tf" . Since a11 the }Tf' have one common exiC, ati a given moment
rhe input s~.gnal wh3ch goes tio the exit of ~he b AK is only from thae 3JT ,
the fePd to which is supplied from the b CK, and the epure of ~he vol~age
at the output has ehe form depicted in Fig. 2, 2(a solid 13.ne). This
process is shaped by continuously-follow3ng pulses whose ampli~udes are
proportional to the amplltudes of sequentially switiched-on, r~corded ex-
perimenta]. signals. Each eighth pulae has a relation to one and the same
experimental process. For example, Fig. 2, a depicCs Che recording process
arriving aC B x 1~ AK; Fig. 2, 2(doCCed) shows tihe line passing Chrough
the pointa of one informational signal which is related to iC. From the
output I~AK, a single informational aignal reaches b M where it ~carries
out an amplitude modulati~n of the carrier frequency produced by the multi-
vibrator, after which it (~ig. 2,e), through a campatible 3]r, reaches the
output of the device for recording on one of the tracks of the tape-recorder.
Para11e1 with formation of one informational signal there takes ?~lace
formaCion of an auxiliary signal recorded simulCaneously with the inform-
ational on the second Crack of the tape recorder and intended for execution
of two importanC functiona in the process of further handling of the in-
formation in the computer. The auxiliary signal has Che shape of a stair-
case (Fig. 2, v). It is formed in the block b' ~ C from signals arriving
from 5 CK. For this, the bc~ C contains an eight-enCry divider wiCh definit-
ely selected coeFficients of transmission (8/8, 7/8, 1/8), and, at one
and the same voltage at its enCries, the ouCput signal is changed proporti-
onal to the coeff icients of the corresponding dividers. The further path
of conversion of the auxiliary signal is analogous to the path of a single
' inf ormational signal, namely, through block 5 M to the entry of the tape-
recorder. The shape of the ultimately formed auxiliary signal is presented
in Fig. 2, a .
The production of the recorded information is carried out in the f ollowing
way. From the outputs of the tape recorder, informational and suxiliary
signals, simultaneously through block 6 1.'[ M, reach the entrances of Che
sy~stem of lead-in of the analog information ar:d then into the computer
(in our case--EC-1020). Decoding in the machine~proceeds via an algorithm
20
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~ox o~~zcr.~L usr ornY
which fulfills tiwo Eunet~.one: the funceion of correction of Che ~mpl~.eude
of a~in~le in~ormaCiona~. s~gna~. and the functiion of ~eparatiing from it the
experimentiaJ. data belon~ing to each o� tihe eight channels, conCrol. of the
f~.rsti channel and �ormaeion of the resuleing mass of ~.ntiroduced information,
which can be furthe~r processed by various meehode.
For whaC reason is it neaessary to h~ve add~tiional cnrr~ction of the in-
formatiional signal? The f~cti ~.s, ehe processes of recording and reproduc-
ing pile subsCantial distortion upon the amplitude of ~he signal. Th@
cause of ~his is the non~uniform~.ty of the ferromagnetic layer of the re-
corder tape, tihe unevenes~ of tCs pressure on the recording ~nd reproduc-
ing heads, the uneveneas of ratie o� movementi of the tape and ite "wander-
ing" in directions perpettdicular to ~he movemenr, and so on /5/. A11 this
leads eo use of a complex scheme of correction whioh bringa Co naught th~
main virCue of the method of amplitude modulation--simplicity of tiechnical
uae.
However, if a similar device is designed exclusively for input of recorded
information into a computer, then ita amplitude correceion is realized
simply enou~h by a program method in thp presence of some exceas and Che
assumption that factors which distort the processes of recoxding and re-
production equally affect both tracks at any given moment in time.
In our case, an e::cess of information is reached due to use of the auxiliary
signal. Knowing that the auxiliary signal aC the output of the device ie
stable in the process of recording onto the tape (i.e., amplitudes of
~tages identifying one and the same channel are equal to each other), and _
using the above-cited assumption, it is possible 3n the,computer Co reea-
tablish the amplitude of the recorded experimental processes.
This is performed in Che following way.
1. Separation is made of the data on amplitudes of all eight atages of Che
auxiliary signal in the first group which describP rhe first point in all
eight channels, that is, All, AZ1���A81
2. Since it is assumed that the f irst group is continually recorded with-
out distortion
(that is: A1,1 = A21 Agl, a 1 where Ell, E21 .�.E81
E11 g21 ~81
is the amplitude of the single informational signal which is accompanied in
time by appearance of a definite stage in the auxiliary signal All, A21..�A81
respectively)
Chen, extending the same assumption to any 3-group in the recording, it is
possible to reestablish the true amplitude Ei j(wherF: i is the number of the
channel) by the following formula
21
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~OA 0~'FICIAL U~~ ONLY
~
~~9 ~ K ?1 ~i~
wh~r~ K~~~ A~ i~ ehe ~oeff3ai~ne of di~eorei.on, ~nd ig the cnrreepncidii~g
i~
vu1u~ of ~i~,
'Th~ nlgnriChm nf cnrrpeeian work~ in Chi~ w~y~ `I'h~ ~uxili~ry ~ign~l i.g
ug~d for unequivoCal idpnClfiC~tion by ~.eg ~wwn indic~~ o~ eh~ porCicn~ nC
tha sin~1~ ~.nformaeional signal and bringe Ch~m tio ~ def~.n~.~~ (one ~f ~~ghr)
cxp~rim~nCa1 nroc~~s.
'Ch~ ~1gor~thm of form~einn of Che ~i~hC ~.nformaeion m~gseg ~.g cnn~eruc~ed
in Che following way: tihe rummpue~r qu~~Cions ehe ~uxiliary ~nd inforn~aeion-
~1 signnl~ with ~ defini~~ frequency of qugnC~.~3.z~~ion ~nd ~on~tan~ly Crnn-
pareg ehe currene poinr of tih~ aux~.liary gign~l w~.th eh~ pr~ceding, for
equnlity witihin the limitig of eol~rance If ~qualiey is noC fu1fi11ed,
th~n eran~itiion e~ ehe following ehannel ig fixed, and ehe cnrr~~pattding
value of th~ infnrmaeionnl ~ignal is ~ntiered into Che informaeion mg~~
corregponding eo tihe prec~ding.
If the vnlue nf ehe aux~liary s3gnn~. after switchin$ is grer~~er thatt the
prcceding, transitian to the �irsC channel is fixed. Hence, in cgse of
reduction ~1n work of ehe d~vice or of the system of inpue of eh e anulog
signal, correce perception of ehe number of th~ channels is guaranteed in
eh~ r~maining portion of the experimental recording. It must b~ noCCd thne
the number of poines which define one seage of Che auxiliary or informgtion-
ril signals depends on Che frequency of inCerrogaC3on of both channelg
during their input into the compuCer but this number ahould no~ be lesa
Ch~n rwo.
Combinpd use in the algorithm of Che program of inpuC of the two considered
basic rules of decoding of information, due attention to Che rapid actinn
of a computer, correct choice of carrier frequency of modulation during
recording, makes it possible to create highly effective procedures in which
both the correction of amplitude and, also, calculation of a si.ngle inform-
ational sidnal will take place in real time of input of the analog recording.
The device has been made in microcircuit series 155 and transistor assem-
blies Cype KZ NT171 with use of miniature mounted elementa. In construct-
ion it is a single plate, 200 x 130 mm in size, with a two-sided printed
mounting. Diagram of both sides is presented in ~ig. 3(a and b). Regu-
laCing elements are arranged from the side, illustrated in Fig. 3. mhe
device can be attached inside the tape-r~corder and can work from its
source of power.
Basic working features af the device.
1. Number of simultaneously recording input signals -8
~ 22
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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I
sseessee
~ 1 ss seeeesss ~
s� gs g �
~i� ee 'S s oe
o�e��e~o � 1-e e e 1
_ $ e e s e i
b O g 0e0 � 0~66e e
s e s e e s �
e s s e s
e�~~1e �e s1e e ~ s� e e s s s
e a e e e e e..o.~. �
� s � o e
! ~ e o
~ e �
3 a
. ~
~ # g s g f ~
~ ~
~ ~ = e
c a
Fig. 3 Drawing of the printed plate. Explanation in text
23
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Ct1R d~~IC~1t, ~JSC ONLY
x, ~r~qu~n~y aC ~u~n~i�ic~C3~n of Ch~ ~i~ng1 fnr ~ny eh~nn~iY4up ~d 150 H~
C~rri~r fr~qu~n~y fdr b~~h ~h~ntt~i~--abdu~ i6 tt~t~
4. Vn1e~~~ nt en~ri~~ ~f th~ d~vic~--frem 0~a 3 V
5. ~npuC re~ige~nCe--15 eam _
6. Vo1e~g~ ~r nuepu~~ af Ch~ d~vine-�from 0~0 1.5 V
7. Vdle~ig~ of ~~ed--5 V
R~quir~d powpr--0.75 we
Itt eage of nece~si.Cy, if ehe paramet~r~ of th~ inpuC ~igt~~1~ p~rmie lowering
oE fr~qu~ncy of quantiifica~i~n, on eh~ b~gig of eh~ prine~pl~ of ~~tion ~nd
con~eruceion of the d~vic~ consid~r~d in Chi~ areicl~, ie i~ no~ difficult
rn pr~pgrp gn ingerum~ne whieh will a11ow r~aordin~, on ~n ordin~ry ~eered
e~p~-r~cord~r, ~ 1~rg~r numb~r ~f exp~rim~n~~1 phygioiog~.r~1 pr~e~~~~s.
~ZBLIOGRAI'HY
1. Gus~inov, S. A. and Vekahin, S. B., in Che book "Method ~nd ppp~ratu~
for.study of psychophyst~~ogical characteriatica of a human-operator"
(in Russian). Moscow, "Nauka", 1977, p 29
2. Vekshin, S. B. and Gusainov, S. A., Algorithm~ and programs (in RugA3an).
INt~'ORM. BYUL. VNTIKsentra, No 1, 1977, p 39
3. Volkcrv, V. G., in the book "Electronic instruments for n~urophy~iologi-
ca1 res~arch" (in Russian). Moscow, "Nauka", 1969, p 23
4. Volkov, V. C., Ibid., 1969, p 92
5. 'r;aicharov, Ye. A., in the book (aee reference 1), p 17
COPYRIGNT: Izdatel'~tvo "Nauka", "Zhurnal vysshey nervnoy deyaeel'nosti",
1979
8S86
CSO: 1840
24
,
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~OR O~~~CIAL US~ ONLY
~HARMACI~L~GY
UUC: 615.47:33g.9~4.3"1976-1990"
~'OUit'CH Y~Att d~ TlIC ~~V~~Y~Att PiAN ~tlR PHAItMACd1~OGY INUUST[tY It~VIEW~n
Ma~eow KHIMIKU-~AIt~tATS~VTICttESKIY ZHUttNAL in Ruggian N~ 5, 1979 pp 3-10
(Art3c1~ by A. K. Mel'ni~h~nko, Mini~t~r of eh~ M~dical Induscry]
[T~x~~ ~hree ye~rs df eh~ 10th ~ive-Ye~r ~l~n are behind
ug. Th~y wer~ ~nod y~grs. Much w~g achjev~d. Thpr~
were many ch~ng~g �or th~ b~et~r. 1'he Sovieti peopl~ ~nd
party ~r~ ~n~oying gn intense, fu11 1ife; they are
etrivinb p~rei~C~ntly to fulfill the socin~conomic progrem
~eC fereh by th~ 25th CPSU Congress (excerpC from speech
~y comr~de L. I. Brezhnev, genergl secretary of the CC CPSU,
chairm~n of the presidium uf the US5R Supreme 5oviet, ~t a
plenum of Ch~ CC CPSU on 27 November 1978).
Naving succeesfully completed 3 year~ of the 10th Five-Yeer Pl~n, dur country
ia ent~ring into its 4th, next to the lasr, year. The Soviet people, imple-
menting the decigions of the 25th CP5U Congresg and subsequent plenums of
thr CC CPSU, are achieving nec~ vicCories in all areas of buildin~ of
communism.
'1`he SovieC people were greatly ic~spir~d by ti~e ~ecislons ot tt~e November
(1978) plenum of the CC CPSU and lOth session of the USSR Supreme SovieC,
rhe profound and concise speech of comrade L. I. Brezhnev, general secretary
of the CC CpSU and ch~irman of the Presidium of the US5R 5upreme Soviet, at
this plenum, pointing to the specific routes and main ~irections, on which
we must conc~ntraee in order eo euccessfully implement the far-reaching program
of socioeconomic change developed by the 25th CPSU Congress.
The plenum of the CC CPSU and aession of the USSR Supreme Soviet were a ma~or
event in the life of our Party and state, an imporCant landmark in the
struggle of the Soviet people to fulfill the five-year plan. The adopted
documents summarized the achievements of national labor over 3 years of Che
five-year plan and spelled out the main objectives for 1979.
The decisions of the plenum and session demonstrated, once more, the scientific
nature, deep and comprehensive substantiation of the policies of our Party,
ae well as the fact that the Party has no other concern or other goals than
25
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I~dti 0~'~IC~At~ USC ONLY
~rnwth n~ ~~dnnmiG ~nd ~pirieu~i ng~~t~ of dur h~m~l~nd, it~ de~en~e c~~p,~-
bility, up~r~din~ rh~ weil-b~ing nf ~h~ w~rking p~op].~, ~Creng~h~n:tn~ pegc~,
fripnd~hip ~nd ~~11~bdr~ei~n ~mdng pe~p1~ an ~~reh.
Th~ e1~rCintt~nf d~puei~g Co Ch~ USStt Suprpme Savi~~ w~r~ h~id in ~n ~Cmd~-
ph~r~ df gr~~C poliCical and indu~trial ~nehu~i~gm an 4 Mar~h ~t ~his yer~r.
The ~nCix~ Snvi~t p~npl~ unanimnu~ly vde~d fnr eh~ candid~e~s di the bldck of
edmmunisC~ ~7nd nnn-~~rey m~mb~rs, Ch~r~l~y d~m~n~Cr~eii~$ eh~ c1.d~e~~ ~dlid~riCy
of eh~ wdrking p~dp~.e with eh~ Catnmuni~~ P~rCy, uni.v~r~~1 approv~l and
w~rm ~uppnze ~f ~.t~ inC~rn~1 ~nd ~xt~rngl pnlic3~g.
'Che ~tgt~ p1~n for ~ronnmie ~nd goci~l d~v~lopm~ne df eh~ USS1~ nnd our
~nuntry'g ~C~C~ budg~ fnr 1975, whieh w~r~ ~pprnv~d by Ch~ pl~num nf the CC
CPSU ~nd 1~giml~rively Confirmed by Che hi~h~gt body of power, Che USSit
5upr~m~ S~vi~C, ig ~ Gc~mpr~h~nsive progr~tm df ~~neinu~d efforte eo implemene
tha hi~eorict~l decisiong n~ Ch~ 2S~h CPSU Congrege.
~nr~n~if.icaeinn di th~ stiruggl~ for pff~ctivenegg ~.~nd qualiCy of wdrk is the
mdse impdre~ttC db~e~Cive di th~ 4Ch y~ar of thig five-y~~r plnn, and thtg
~lsn npplieg tn ~ubgequenC y~~rs~ Thig gtruggl~, ~g indiCae~d in th~
decree ~dopti~d by Ch~ pl~num, should be pur~u~d ~n a brnad frnne, in industry~
~griculCure, CrttnsporCtteion, cnnsCruceion and oCher brunChps aF Che econdmy,
dn all levelg of indu~ery and man~g~ment. Sp~cial ~ttention must be
given Co increasing tl~e prdductivity of labor, inCroducCion of udvances in
gcience and advanced knowhnw, new engine~ring and teChnology, m~kinR use of
~vailable ree~rves and cnpabilities to increage th~ output c~nd upgrade ehe
technic~l level of production at minimal expense.
'There ~re pluns for accelerated development df branahes ChaC prnduce iC~ms
in which ther~ is currenely a shorCage in order td beCt~r meet th~ increasing
dem~nd~ of the public. There musC algo be fureher inerease in producrion of
drugs and medical equipment, wiCh due consider~tion of the increasing need
Eor these types of products, in view of Che significant growth of the network
of hospitals, polyclinics and other therapeutic and preventive institutions,
development of inedical science and improved organization of specialized
medical care in our counCry.
Al1 this plnces ~reat responsibility on medical indusery workers with regard
tn fulfilling Che assignments for 1979 and the lOCh Five-Year Plan, who
must increase production ~nd delivery of inedical producCs, develop new,
highly effective drugs nnd more refined medical equipment.
'The 1979 plan provides for an increase in overall volume of prnduction by
almost 44X, as compared to 1975, and to provide for a more than 35~ increase
in producCivity of labor, the Five-Year-Plan calling for 38.7 and 31.3X
increases, respectively. There must be at leasC an 959: increment in medicnl
production as a result of incrense in productivity of labor.
26 ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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�
~Oit O~~~C~At U5~ ONLY
Sp~c:i~il ~tCtenCiot~ it~ g.tv~n ed iner~a~~ 3n nuepuC of t~h~ tnosC impo~t8n~ eyp~s
n~ pradu~t~, i,n ~~~ard~ne~ witih eh~ titl~kg ~~e forCh in Che d~cr~~ ~f eh~ CC
CPSU ~nd USSR C~un~i~. df Mini~~er~ "On m~g~ur~~ Eor coneinu~d improv~m~nt nf
public hegl~h car~." In ~ccnrdnncp wiCh th~.s decree, in 1979 ~.ti ~.s planned
eo in~r~c~~~ dru~ prod~~eion by ~1m~~~ 1.S C~.m~g, eomper~d eo 1975,
~h~~f].~+ by in~r~~~in~ praductidn nf dru~~ for th~ tr~~em~nr a� c~rdiov~gcular,
. .~~ca~.ngi.~a~. ~nd ~nda~r~n~ di,~e~~~s, p~oduee~ u~~~l in p~dia~ric pr~~~i~~,
1on~-~CC~ng ~ulf~nilnmid~~, x-ray rdnC~~gti nnd ~~ti~~ d~.g~110gC~.C produet~,
p~yChnCrdpie ~g~nC~, ~~mi~ynetieCi~ gneibi~eics ~nd ~t~roid hormon~~.
In 1979, it~dugeri~l prnduction i~ b~ing or~~n3x~d of mdr~ eh~n 40 n~w drug~
~nd nboue BO n~hcr ie~ms ug~d in mediG~1 prgeeicg. Public he~leh w~11
r~c~iv~ ~ numb~r of new nneib~crerial, psychoeYC~p ic and anCi-in�lgmmation
gg~nCg, ~~misyneh~tic aneibinticg, drugg �ar ehe treaCmenC of c~rdiovasculnr
~nd ge~ero~nt~geinal dim~as~~, for p~edi~tric practice, as w~11 ~s new m~dical.
~pp~r~~ug, ingeruments, ConLs und ~quipmene.
~dr this reagon, p~rsistent or~rk ig z~quired tn build up fixed ggs~tg,
expediee C~chnic~l r~furbi~hm~nC ~f 3ndugtry, rr~ation df b~CCer working ~nd
living conditions for eh~ working p~ople. '1'here are plnns eo incr~ase the
fixed productive c~pie~l by almose 8~ .tn 1979, ns compdred eo last ypar, and ~
rhi~ c~n only b~ ~chi~v~d by fulfilling a11 of the ap~eitied assignmenes ppr-
tnining to the construction of new enterprises and remodeling ~xisting nnes,
startin~ up ~nterpriges important to this seceor, AccelergCing sncioNCOnnmic
development of enterprises, conseructinn of health-improving and cultural
institutions, as well as houaing. In Ch~ curr~nt year, the plnna call for
congtruction of more thnn 100,000 square m~ters of hnusing alone.
Gdvern~d by th~ d~~isions of the 25th Pgry Congre~s, inseructions of com-
rade L. I. Brezhnev, general secrerary of the CC CPSU and chairman of the
Presidium of the USSR 5upreme Soviet, pertaining Co economic questions and _
in response to adoption of the new constitution of the USStt and letter of
the CC CPSU, USSIt Council of Ministers, AUCCTU and CC Komsomol dated 14
January 197$, Che workers in the medical industry are concentrating primarily
on upgrading the effectiveness of production and quglity o� work, fulfillment
of plans and socialisC obligations in order to augment praduction and
deliver of inedic~l products to public heHlth agencies and oth~r consumers.
As a result of the broad socialist comperition for n worthy celebration of
the first anniverst?ry of adopCion of the new constitution of the USSR and
61st anniversary of the Great October Revolution, more than 24,000 outstanding
workers, refernble to 612 teams [brigadesJ, 190 sectors and 56 shops,
reported that they had completed the assignments for 3 years of Che lOth
Five-Year Plan as of 7 October 1978. The ministry as a whole, completed Che
assignments for the 3 years, according to volume of gross product, on 8 December
1978.
The workers in the health industry t~ave also worked well since the start of
thc current five-year plan. In 3 years, there was more than a 33~ increase
27
FOR OFFICIAL U5F ^NLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100070037-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100074437-3
~'dtt nFF~C~AL US~ ONLY
in ~~rnducr:tdr~ ~t ~nterpri~e~ nf ~h~ m~di~ai indugi:i~y, v~r~u~ zH.7l i.u the
fivc-y~~~r p].~n, ~nd prndu~tiviey af iabnr in~r~~g~d by 26.7~, verr~us x~.4~
und~r Cti~ p1an. Th~ in~r~mene df indu~rri~1 prnductien ~ regult of
tn~r~~gcd prddu~iCviCy df 1~bnr i~ in ~xc~gg of 84~.
prndu~Cion of vit~ming, gynth~ei~ drug~, ~ntibioti~~, bldod sub~titute~ And
or~~nie predu~t~ d~v~elnp~d ~C rh~ f~~e~~k r~k~. Th~r~ h~~ b~en an it1CYe~tye
in prndu~ri.on nf rgw mar~ri~l fdr d~ug~ of pl~ne o~igin.
~h~ ~xp~n~inn o~ prddu~~ion ~ti ~ne~rpri.g~~ nf Ch~ m~die~1 indu~try unct~r
- th~ lUeh ~iv~-Y~ar Plnn i~ ~~eu~ring m~inly nn Che begim nf int~ngi~ic~eir~n
af prnduceidn, mor~ efr'~ceiv~ u~~ o~ fix~d ~g~ees, m~Cprigl and perqonn~l
r~~oure~g, ~cc~1~r~Cinn ~f ~c9.entifi~ ~nd C~chnologic~l prdgregm, m~~king
n~w prnduetinn Cgpg~iCi~g ~peraeion~l gpe~d3ly, ~s we1.1 ~g imprnvem~ne
~nd r~finem~nt nf or$~nix~eion, ep~ei~lixs~ion ~nd conc~ntr~einn nf
prdducCion.
In 197~-197g, dur indugCry hag g~e up Ch~ produc~ion of ~bdut 1~d ciew drugs
gnd mnre rhan 300 m~di~c~1 ingerumeneg, ~ppar~Cug, ~quipm~nt and items m~de
of glags gnd polymerg. W~ hav~ ~rggniz~d industrigl prnductian of new ~geneg
for the CrpgCm~nt of c~rdiovggcular di~e~e~s--non~chlgxine, ethmozin~,
pnrmidin~, C1nph~line, psychoCrop3c ggent~--prazidolp, ninl~mide, curbidin~,
hnrmnn~l ag~n;:g--phennbolin~, lacCin~, antibioCics--~mpiox, mee~cyclin~,
c~rbenicillin, diChlnx~cillin, aneibacteri~l. agentg--niCroxoline, quinoxidine,
sulfgl~n~, anCi-influenza prnducCg--remantgdine and nthers, ae w~11 as a
numb~r of imporCant ieems of m~dical ~ng~ne~ring, Chat are n~ed~d in
rherap~uCic ~nd prevenCiv~ institutiong of our counCry.
Several meagureg have been implemented ~':o upgrade mediral producrinn, exeend
th~ shplf 1if~ df drugg and improve th~ reliability of inedical equipment.
Progr~ms of complex st~ndardization have been prep~red and approved for some
groups of inedical iCems; more Chan 400 specificaeions and pharmacopeia
listings have been reviaed, with addition of higher qualiCy ~nd technical
requirements.
In the 3 years of the five-year plan, there has b~en an expansion of the
material and technical base of the medical industry. Several ma~or produceion
capabiliCies have been constructed and made operational, which m~?nuf~r.ture
imporeant medical products in the Olayfarm associgtion, Ugol'ye-Sib~rian Chemi-
copharmaceutical Combine, Yoshkar-Olinakiy Vitamin P1anC; drugs are being
produced at the Darnitsa and Biostimulyator asgociations, and Knzan' Plnnt
for Surgical Suturing Materials; medicgl equipment is produced at the Izyumskiy
Optical Mechanics Plant, Rubinskiy Plant of Eyeglass Optics and nChers.
A total of 114 mechanized and 36 automatic lines have been made operatic+nal;
6S sectors and shops hav~ undergone complex mechanizntion and automation.
On the whole, the increment of fixed assets constituted 269: over thc 3-yenr
period. An increase of almost 2000 tons of various drugs was obtained
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100074437-3
~
~
~dR O~~~CIAI, U3~ ONLY
ng a r~~u1t ~n1y n~ C~GhniC~1 ~efurbighm~nr ~nd impl~m~ne~tion of or~anir,c~- '
rinnul m~n~ur~g ~C op~rgeinnal ~nCprpri~~g of Ch~ ch~micophgrmac~ueir~l
indu~~ry~ ~
A~et df m~~~urc~ hgg b~~~ ~:t~p~.~m~nt~d in [h~ ~y~~~m of ~h~ Mini~C~ry c,f kh~
M~di~~~ indu~ery eo up~rad~ mnn~~~m~ne i.n ehig ~~~eor~ There ha~ b~~n ~
chan~~ e~ man~~~m~ne wi.~h a three-1~v~~. ~ygr~m (mini~ery--A11-Union induserial
ag~~~intion--indug~rinl ~~~nciaeion, ~n4~rpri~~). 7'h~ ~r~~tidn of A11-Union
indu~rriai ng~nciut:tons, indu~erigl ~nd gci~neific-induger3al associations
r~nd c~nlurgemene ~f m~ny ~nt~rprigps hag im~~rov~d m~nag~m~nr ~nd iner~a~ed
thc ~hr~re of produGtinn ae eh~g~ enlarg~d pnt~rprises; rhis has ~lso iner~nsed
Con~~ntrgtidn nnd ep~ci~lizatinn of production and, on Chig b~eie, iC h~s
b~pn po~~ible to m~ke wi~cr ug~ of fixed ass~e~. A11 thim tiesultpd in
incr~agin~ eh~ r~turn dn inv~~tment by 8X over the 3-ye~r period. Th~r~
- h~g b~en ~n incr~~ge in gcope o� work p~rC~ining td d~v~lopmpne of ~utiom~G~d
manag~mene gy~tem~ in dur industry; cdmpuCer e~chnology is b~ing $dop~~d in
m~ny areas nf aceivie,y of ehe medicnl indugCry.
Inventors ~nd raCion~lizers h~ve mgd~ a pond~r~ble cnntributinn to d~velopment
o� our indu~try, nlong with introductidn of the re~ulrs of scientific regearch
and pl~nning-designiflg organizations. As g regult of th~ increaeed work of
employe~s in our industrq, gboue 600 inv~ntiong and 48,000 rationglization
proposals have been used undEr the current five-year plan.
~h~ aucce~sful fulfillmenr of planned aesignmenCe by the medical indugtry
in 3 years of the 10th ~ive-Yegr Plnn is the resule of selfless labor of
workers, techniciana, engineers, scientistg, designers, r~l~ groups at enter-
prises and institurions in nur sector, as we11 as ehe greaC orggnizational
work of Party, trade union and KomBOm~~1 organizations.
The te~ms of enterprises, associations. sovkhozes and organizatians of this
industry are working wiCh a atrong sense af regponsibility for fulfilling the
plan and their socialist obligations. After examining the reaulta of the
All-Union socialist competition for upgrading the effectiveness of producCion
and quglity of work, and the successful fulfillment of the 1978 plan, the
CC CPSU, USSR Council of Ministerg, AUCCTU and CC Komsomol ~udged that the
following teams in Che medical indnstry were rhe winners, and they were
awarded rhe challenge Red Banners of the CC CPSU, USSR Council of of
Ministers, AUCCTU and CC Komsomol; they were also listed on the All-Union
Board of Honor at the VDNKh [Exhibition vf Achievements of the National
Economy of the USSR]; I.eningrad "Order of Red Banner of Labor" Oktyabr'
Industrial Chemicopharmaceutical Association; Moscow "Order of Red Banner
of Labor" Industrial Association of Drugs imeni L. Yn. Karpov; "Order of
Red Banner of Labor" Plant of Medical Instruments imeni V. I. Lenin; A~1-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Medical Instrument Building.
The teams of workers ar the Yoshkar-Olinskiy Vitamin Plant, Klinskiy
"Honor Badge" Glass Plant 7nd "Order of Red Banner of Labor"
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100074437-3
~OR O~FICTAL US~ ONLY
Ch~miGnph~rm~ceeui~al Akrikhi.n 1'~~n~ w~r~ ~w~rd~d ehe Ch~~.leng~ It~d
~~nn~rs nf Ch~ CC CpSU, USSit Counci~. df Mini~~~~~, AUC~TU ~nd ~C Kam~dn~a1.
~ 'Ttie inieiativ~ ~f aue~tnndittg w~rk~r~ i~ a~Civ~Ly ~uppnrC~d by wnrtc~r ~r~u~,~
~f nur :tndugrry gnd dig~~minared bro~dly gt eevera~. ~nrerpri~e~ in Mn~cow,
wieh r~g~rd eb ~ulfilling eh~ fiv~-y~ar ~~s3gnmenC~ by eh~ 110Lh ~nni.ver~~ry
nt th~ U3rtihday df V. I. Lenin. `Th~re h~g been wid~ deploymenC of soci~li~t
~nmp~Ci.e~.on en up~~~d~ ~h~ eff~ctiiven~~~ of p~oduet~.on and qu~litiy of wnrk,
for fu1fi11m~nC af 1979 p1~n~ b~for~ ehe C&~g~C d~C~ ~nd ov~rfulfillm~nt
th~~~edf.
mh~ s~Cialieti oblig~Cinng ~ggum~d by eh~ work~r group~ of ~nC~rpris~s, ~uv-
khoxeg ~nd organizgCinng of Che Minigery of eh~ Med~.c~l Indugtry in 197g
include fulfillm~ne before th~ e~rgee daee o� tihe etaee plan �or ].979 on
compl~Cion of producei.on, ttg we11 8~ realixarion of add~.eion~l med:tcal
producrion woreh ].5 mi113.on rubl~s by 30 D~c~mber ~nd befor~ tihe ~nd of rhe
yegr; th~ ~~~ignmenCs fdr 4 y~~r~ af th~ f~.ve-y~~r plgn are prdpdsE~d en b~
fulfilled by 1 ll~cemb~r df ehi~ yegr, wieh r~g~rd Co r~Ce of $rdwth in
vdlum~ ~f prnduCCion gnd produceivity of labnr; on Ch~ b~gis nf acceler~rion
of scientific and technnlogical progress, orggn3zaCion nf 1~bor ~nd m~n~ge-
ment ~r~ Co be refined, beetier use wi11 be mgde of wdrlc time eo incre~ge
producCivity of labor by 7~ in 1979, ag compared eo 1978, v~rsus the ~nrget
of 6.79~, prdvid~ng an 85~ incremene in volume of production ns n result of
Lncreased productivity of labor, and there will be implementation of a set
nf ineaguree to fureher improve working, living and recreeeional conditions
for the working people.
Shock workers and eeams of communisC labor play a leading role in gchievin$
~ high producCion indices and increasing the effectivene~s of socialist compe-
tieion. At Che present time, there are more ehan 76,000 workerg in our
industry wirh ehe honorary title of shock workers of communist labor. Last
year, the title of enterprise of communigt labor was again bestowed upon
the teams of the "Order of Red Banner of Labor" Akrikhin Chemicopharmaceutical
Plant, L'vov Chemicopharmaceutical Plant, Shchelkovski.y and Yoshkar-Olinskiy
vitamin planCs, as well gs ehe Umanskiy ViCamin Plant imeni 25th CPSU
Congress.
Many outstanding warkers in our industry received state prizes for achieving
the highest labor indices. Under th~ lOth Five-Year Plan, the title of
Hero of Socialist Labor was conferred upon Lidiya Nikolayevna Tanasiyenko,
operator at the Klinskiy "Order of Honor Badge" Glass Plant; she was among
the firsr at this plant to service two glass-molding machines instead of
the norm of one machine, and she fulfilled her personal plan for the lOth
five years on 26 September 1978. The Order of Lenin was bestowed upon
Lyubov' Antonovna Rusak, team leader packagers in the shop for production of
prepared forms of antibiotics of the Minsk Minmedpreparary Industrial
Combine for Medical Producrs. The team she heads fulfilled honorably the
planned assignments and the increased socialist obligations Chey assumed,
~nd the entire production is delivered upon the first request. Ivan
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100074437-3
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
Mikh~yiovich ~~lnkhonov, 1~ehe opexgCor ~C Ch~ Kr~~noy~r~k "O~d~r nf R~d
Bann~r o� ~.~bor" M~di~~i Prnducl: P~gnti, b~a~~r of ehe Ord~r of Ou~se~nding
(glorious] L~bnr, 3d c1~ee, fulfi~.~ed hie Eivg-year plan ~.n June of lasti
ye~r. An~toliy Gennad'yevi.ch Korov~n, opt3cal mEehan~c ae ehe Lening
"Ord~r df L~nin" ~nd "OYd~r nf Oceob~r R~vdlution" Kr~~nogvgrdey~ts
Indusrri~l Combin~, fu].filled hig socialist obl~.gat3one to comp~.ete tihe
~geignm~n~ for 3.S year~ of th~ ~ive-year plan by ehe fir~e ~nniversary of
~dopC~.on of tihp new USSR conseituti~.on; he is an acti~.ve rat3onal~.zar and
wa~ awarded th~ G~1d Madgl of the USSR VDNKh and tihe pr~z~ of a Moskvich motor
vehicl~. SCBCe pr3ze~ h~v~ ~1eo baen awarded for the selfl~~g work of
m~ny outgr~nding work~rg in our ~.ndugtry.
Many ouesCanding workers and industrial innovatora, whose work is an example
for ~11 those working in our industiry, have displayed a creativa approach
to their ~oba and examples nf selfless labor. The worker groups of enter-
priges and indueerial nrg~nizaCion~, striving to be on a p~r with thoge who
are in ehe le~d in the compeeitiion, are permistently working to advance
ehos~ who are behind up ee the level of the outstanding ones.
It is very important thaC, in Che worker groups, ehere is constant manifeata-
tion of conern abouC the soc~oeconomic development of enterprises, improve-
ment of working conditions, safeguarding health, organizing life and recrea-
tion for the workera. This aids in retaining personnel, increases productivity
of labor and succeasful fulfillment of production assignmenCs and socialist
obligations.
At the same time, when making au ob~ective examination of the situation in
our gector, in the lighe of the decigions of the November (1978) plenwn
of rhe CC CP5U and thorough attalyeis of what has been accomplished, we must
also take into consideraCion the existing flaws. By far not all of the
All-Union industrial asaociations and enterprises, or~anizations under their
~urisdiction are working with equal success, and they do not always implement
the necessary steps for intensification of production on the basis of con-
tinued refinement of produceion proceases, implemention of rhythmic work,
according to plan, in each sector, shop and enterprise as a whole, for up-
grading sophiatication and quality of work, reasonable use of all material
and manpower resources.
UnfortunaCely, there are still enterprises in our industry that do not ful-
fill the state plan according to some technical or economical indices. This
applies, first of nll, to Che Tuymazinskiy Medical Glass P1anC imeni SOth
Anniversary of the USSR, Poltava Medical Glass Plant and several others, on
the work of which depends, to a large extent, successful fulfillment of
planned assignments of chemicopharmaceutical plants and supplying the
pharmacy network with medical products made of glass. At the Usol'ye-Sibirskiy
Chemicopharimceutical Combine, the effectiveness of production is being
upgraded too slowly; there are also serious flaws in the work of certain
other enterprises of the chemicopharmaceutical industry.
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ro~ or~~cr~ vs~ ort~Y
I~ri L I urr t u I'u1 l' I.11 t~hr. ~i.trin c~t' 1.3~t~d prnduct dclivery l.ndpi~c�~ muCh C~nCertt.
I~ar ~xnmpl~, in 1~~78, ehcre w~s ~~harrfnll in d~liv~ry Cd consum~r~ nf
in~~~e~bl~ gnluCinng nf n~vn~~in, ma~n~s~.um sul~gti~, ~unhyllin~ and
hhn~ph~gCrol by tihe Nnvdkuxn~egk Or~nn~.kg Indu~Cri~l Chpmtcdpharmn~~urlc~i
A~~nc3aeidn du~ eo pr~U1~m~ in organizing production uttd ;.;1t~d~qua~~
mut~ri~1 ~nd trchni~ul guppli~g; the K~z~n' T~ekhi.mf~rmpr~par~ty Indu~Cria1
Cli~mtcdph~rm~C~uti~~tl Agqdci~~inn f~il~d Cn ~ulf~.ll th~ deliv~ry p~~n ~~f~rabl~
tn 'LO drug itemg. mh~r~ h~ve ~l~d been shorrf~llg in de~.iv~ry of drugd by
cerenin ~rh~r chcmiGOphnrm~c~uCiC~l p1~nCg.
Of. Cdurse, Enilur~ Ca fulfil~. p~.~n~ ~nd i.rr~gulgr delivery ~f mpdicnl products
~Caording ~n signed conCrgcCs gff~~t~d Ch~ prompti supply ro the publl.e ~nd
public h~a1~h serviCe o� cerCgin imporCant druga and oeh~r m~d3~a1 ieems,
~nd rhis eliciCed ~usCifi~d nompl~~.nCA abouG tih~ operar~�on of ehe medic~l
indu~ery.
F'nr gev~r~1 y~nrs, eh~ ~nvlch~zes gnd pr~nur~mpnC e~ffices of eh~ A11-Uninn
~ssociatien fdr productinn, procuremenC and proc~sging of ined~.cin~l planCg
fgiled ~n fulfill eheir plann~d aggignments ref~r~b~.e to producCinn ~nd
hroruremette of inedicinal p1~nC raw m~rerigl nn the lise, in spite of ehe
increttse in production nf p1AnC raw maeeri~l nnd pracurem~nt of wild platttg
ns tt whol~, ~nd this Cr~aCes congid~rable difficulti~s in the operation of
enCerprises Chnt prnduc~ drugs.
'The main concern of each A11-Union indusCri~l as~ociation sho~~ld be eo
upgrttde regponsibiliey for fulfilling cdneractugl obligations. It is
imper~rive Co upgrad~ the p~rformgnce of r~ll plnn~ning gnd management
~gpnci~s ro the level nf Che high requirem~nts spelled out in p~rty lines
for the purpose of resolving pr~ssing economic prtlbl~ms.
Ae some enterprises of our industry, full use is still not being made of
producCion capabilities; more refined technological processes are being
introduced too slowly, sophistication of producCion is at a low level,
ingdequ~tely economic use is being made nf manpower and material resources.
bissimilar expendiCure of raw material, maCerials, as W~i1 as manpower,
is being practiced inChe production of the same Cypeg of ieems nt differenC
planCs.
The minimnl funds allocated for development uf the medical industry are not
nlways utilized reasonably. 7'he plan for ma~or consCruction is noe being
fulfilled by many er~terprises, wiCh regard to both the general volume and ~
building-installation work. The situation is particularly unsaCisfacCory
wiCh regard to erection of pro3ects at the ChimkenC ChemicopharmaceuCical
Plant imeni E. Dzerzhinskiy, the 5aranskiy Medical Product Plnnt, the
Minmedpreparaty Association, Ufimy ViCamin Plant ~nd several others.
Housing has not been made operational at the Kurganskiy 5intez Combine of
Medical Products and ~quipment. The prioriCy tasks for C}ie miniscry, All-
Union industrial assnciations, enCerprises and organizations of our industry
are to eli~inate the flaws in major construction, complete utilization of
32
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~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100070037-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100074437-3
~Ott O~~ZC~AL US~ ONLY
~11dc~C~d c~p3en1 invp~em~nt~, prompC op~ra~ion of n~w pro~~cCg nnd a~~imil~~
C~nn nf new prnduGC~.on ~~p~b~,~.i.tiieg, reduceion o� volume o~ in~omp].eC~
cnneeructi.on pro~~ceg and uninstia~led aqUi.pm~nr, r~pa~.r and C~ehnic~l r~nov~-
Cion of existing enCerpr~see, ~nd implemgnt$t3on of Cemplex d~velopmant ~f
ene~rpri~~~.
Gdv~rned by th~ deCr~~ ~pprdv~d by tih~ Novemb~r (1978) plgnum of Ch~ CC CpSU,
Conclu~ion~ aad dir~criv~g ep~Lled ~uC ~n eh~ ~p~~ch of comrade L. I~ ~rexhn~v,
gen~rnl gECrc~C~ry of Ch~ CCPSU and nh~irm~n of Ch~ pr~sidi.um of tihe USSR
~ Supr~me Snvi~t, nC this plenum, ~nd th~ d~Ci~~ons o� th~ 10Ch se~s3.on of
Chc USSit Supr~me Soviet, Che Minieery of the Medicgl Indusery is Cak~.ng sCeps
eo eliminaee eh~ ~xigt~.ng flawa in th~ performance of Ch~.s industry, to
cone~ntrate its ~fforte on continued r~finemenC of p~ann3ng and mana~em~nt,
upgrading Cfie rol~ of All-Un~.on ~.ndu~tri~l ~~soci~tions, expedieing ~cienCi�ic
gnd eechnologicgl prngre~~~ incr~~ging the ~~�ecCivene~s a� producti.nn gnd
imprnving ehe qunliCy of g],1 work in order ed �u1fi.11 ~nd overfulfill the
1979 plnnned aggignments by each industrial enCerprise gnd for gll t~~hnical
and economic indices, a~ w~ll ~g Co saCigfy more �u11y th~ requests of
congumerg for producCg m~nuf~ctured by thie industry.
In fulfilling these taske, the medicul induetry workers muaC devote special
ateention to comprehensive use of int~nsive facCors of devel.opment of pro-
ducrion, constanC increase in produceivity of labor, further reduction o�
the Cime wiChit? which scientific advances and advgnced knowhow are adopted
in industry, development and assimilaCion of new types of inedical products,
imprnvement of the quality of manfuactured producCs, performance of con-
tractu~l obl3gaClons with reepecr to delivery therenf to public healCh
agencies and other consumers. Effort~ ghould be concenCrated on snlving
key prr?blems in our industry; steps must be taken tn eliminate the "weak
pnints," to find additional reserves and capabilities to accelerat~ pro-
duction and increase Che producCivity of labor at each work place. It is
very impnrtant to create everywhere an envfronment of creative search for
innovaCions and advanced knowhow, everything thaC would aid in making
" fuller use of available resources, fu2fillment gnd overfulfillment of planned
assignmenta. In this regard, it is particular important Co inCensify
economic practices, to strengthen cost accounting on all levels and, Eirst
of all, Co consistently adhere to plan discipline.
This work would be inconceivable wiChout a deciaive war against uneconomic
practices, unproductive costs and losses, as well as without constant
refinement of technology and sophisticaCion of production, sparing expendi-
ture of all material, financial and manpower resources, proper organization
and sCricCest disciplines in all sectors of ~nagemenC acCivity.
At the present time, the fate of the annual plans and obligations is being
decided at each work place, in each production sector. And success in this
matter will depend largely on ehe scope of socialist competition, its
effectiveneas, broad diasemination nnd rapid introduction of advanced knowhow.
Management of All-Union industrial associations, enterprises and scientific
3~
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ro~ o~~ic~nt, us~ oNLY
in~titueidn~ d~ ehi~ indug~ry, tdgerh~r wieh Yarey, rr~de unintt ~nd dth~r
pubiic nrgnniz~~idn~ mu~r ~dnsC~ntly refin~ ~nd develop ~n~i~li~e ~dmpeti~
eion, aneiv~ly ~uppnre ouegt~nding wdrk~r~ ~nd 3nnav~tdr~, pr~vid~ ehe
cdndieidn~ ~dr fu1fi11meciC ~nd nverfulfi~.lmenC c~f p~.~ns ~nd gdcinli~t dblig~a-
eion~, impl~m~ne tffeceivc~ sr~p~ for inggi.ng ~nterprigeg eo ca~ch up with
t.lu~ triidin}; t111@H.
A:~ th~y implpm~nt ehe sp~cific progr~m ~1~bnr~e~d by eh~ Nnv~mb~r (19~~)
plc~num af the CC CPSU fnr imp~.~m~nC~C~.on of Ch~ d~ri~innw n~ Che 25th Pc~rty
~angr~ss, fram Gh~ gt~r~ df 1979 ehe work~rg in the m~diG~1 industry h8v~
been wdrking wi~h gr~~t ~nehugi~~m eo fulfill ehe p1~n~ o� ttlp 4eh y~~r of
he 1bCh ~'ive-Yegr I'l~n. `
Item~rk~ble c~dres of b1u~ ~o11~r work~rg, Ce~hniei~ng, engin~~rs, sci~nti~es
and d~signers hgv~ develnped ~nd ar~ working in Chi~ indu~ery, ~nd eh~y
r~~liz~, wiCh fu11 ~wgr~n~ss nf the seope ~nd difficuley df eh~ ea~ks pu~
ed eh~ m~di~~l indugtry, Chge th~ir wdrk ig direCeed Cnw~rd perfnrming on~
of ehe mose imporr~ne soCittl enskg, ehae of proe~cCing the he~1Ch nf eh~
Snviet peopl~; Chey gre applying every ~f�ore eo make a worthy CdnCribueion
Cn the success of ehis work.
COpYRIGK'~: "Khimiko-farmatsevriChegkiy zhurnttl", 1979
10,657
CSO: 1g40
34
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PllAttMACnLdGY
UDC; 615.917'262.015.25
MC'TltdDS 0~ SCi2~ENING I'ItODUCTS r0~t THE TR~A'TA~Nr OF ALCOHOLISM
Mog~ow tt1iIMIKO-~A~iMATSLVTICHESKYY ZHURNAL in Itugeian No 5, 1979 pp 42-50
(ArCi~1~ by Yu. V. ~urev und V. N. 7.huknv, Inatitiut~ o� phnrm~cology, USSR�
Ac~dpmy of M~dical S~i~ttc~s, Moscow, submiCCed 11 Jul T8] .
(TextJ Current meehods di tr~ating alcdholism consist of a set of Ct~era-
ppuCic measures, th~ raost impnrt~nti of which is pharmacotherapy. However, _
the pharmacological agenCs used for Chis purpose do not satisfy the
needs of clinicians fu11y enough or in ~11 cases; Che latter require producCs
Cl~at would have specific prop~rCies for a therapeutic effece ae different
seages of alcoholism. ~'or this reason, it is presently an extremely
pressing Cask to search for new, effective pharmacolog~cal agenCs with
such prnperties, but methodoingically it has not been sufficienCly
developed [1]. In order to resolve this problem, a systematized and pur-
poseful screening muat be made of the compounda sCudied, according Co Cheir
effects on Che main manifestations of developing and formed alcoholism.
Detection of the required pharmacological properties in various chemical
compounds involves Che need to investigate the effects of Chese compounds
on various aspects of a pathological process due Co alcohol, with as much
consideration as possible of the different elemenCs of pathogenesis of alco-
holism and its manifestaCions, as well as the acute effects of alcohol. This
view e3sentially determined ehe choice of experimeneal tests that reflect,
to some extent, states in animals that are observed in man during contact
with alcohol, in order to conduct a special screenin~ of substances ChaC
could be used for the treatment of alcoholism.
' The proposed system of tests is directed tocaard demonstration of the capacity
to prevent or attenuate pathological desire for alcohol, decrease or total
abstinence from chronic alcohol consumption Co arrest alcohol withdrawal
sympComs and remove alcoholic intoxication; in addition, the proposed tests
make it possible to teneatively evaluate some of Che probable mechanism of
"anti-alcohol" action of Che agents under study.
Small laboratory animals--mongrel mice and rats--sh~uld be used in the pro~
posed system of tests. The use of animals of the same species, but of special
~ genetic sCrains, is not desirable for these Cests, due to the metabolic dis-
tinctions of such animals ar_d, in particular, the greaC differences in
35
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~dx d~r~ct~, us~ ~rn~Y
,
c~ceiviey df pnxymeg inv~lv~d in m~e~bdli~m ~f ~~h8nn1 [2), which gf�~~t~
the ].evel c~f int~ke d~ ~1eha1. ~dr ~x~mpl~, C57n1 mi~~ ~~nd ~~r~ t~
cnn~umc alcdhnl, whilp KR ~n~l ~HA mie~ ~vo3d in~~k~ eh~r~nf; Long-~van~ ~nd
Uch ii rc~tg tend to Cdngume ~1COha1 more thgn Sp~~que-Ddwley ~nd U~hA rdC~
[1, 4). ~'nr rhie r~~gnn, iC ig wigpr ed uge ~nimg].g df gp~rigl g~raing
t~r thc ~eu~y uf sp~~ifi~ aspecrs ~f paCh~gen~gig df ~lc~h~li~m, g~n~~i~
pr~dispdgi~inn, e~c. dther ~nim~1 gp~~i~g (mnnkey~, dwarf pigg, d~gr~,
rabbies, cneg) ~re unguitable f~r s~reening eh~C requir~s ~ I~rg~ nu~ber of
~nimnig; hamsCers ~re ndC conv~ni~ne du~ to tih~ mnrk~d ~~~gon~l flu~tugCiang
i� rheir b~hnvidr ~nd meCabnlism, whi1~ in guinpa pi.gg Che ~cCiviCy nf
ulcdhdl dehydr~gen~ge i~ lower Chan in mice ~nd rats, ~nd Chey tend 1e~g ro
ennsume ~lcnhol [1, 5j.
I. tien~angtraCidn nf C~paciCy ~e ACe~nu~te AcuC~ Alcoholir Ineoxic~Cinn
, Test A: ~ffece o~ ~gent studied on dur~eintt ~f l~ternl posieion induc~d
by narcotic d~ge of ethannl.
'CesC i3: ~ffect of agenr gCudied on survival after intgke o� eChannl in LUSO�
ExperimenC~1 5ecCiou -
Mice weighing 18-22 g and r~ts weighing 180-200 g were used.
'Che ambienC remperaeure is kept congCant. In tesC A, Che ~gent studied is
given 15 min after intraperitoneal administration of 25Y eth~noL in ~
dosage nf 4.5 g/kg, after which the raCs remain in lateral position for
90�30 min; for mice, this dosage is 6.0 g/kg, and Chey remain in latergl
position for 117�19 min. In test B, the tested product is given 30 min
after administration of LDso eChanol (for rats, LDSO of ethanol is 9.3 g/kg
and for mice, 9.8 g/kg). At least 20 animals should be used in ench test;
the number of animals indicated here and below is above the minimum number
- of animals required for staCisCical processing, which is suggested in the
relevant handbooks [6]. This circumstance is relaCed to the raCher wide
scutter of results of administration of ethanol, which is probably attri-
butable to variability of its metabolism and differences in individual
sensitivity of different animals to alcohol. In Cests A and B, there must
be a control for Che lnteral posiCion and LDSO in other animal groups. The
need for such a conCrol is due to the seasonal fluctuations and age-related
differences in animal sensitivity to alcohol.
In all of the tests in which injecCians are given, we use the intraperitoneal
method of adminisCering ethanol in the form of 25Y soluCion. Intravenous
injection and intake by mouth are inconvenient for ethanol since, in the
Eirst place, they do not permit a broad enough range of doses. In Che second
place, ineravenous in~ection of large volumes of eChanol solution can impair
hemodynamics, on the one hand, and high concentrations of ethanol. with the
use of large doses can induce hemolysis, on the oCher; intake by m~uth does
not provide for a stable enough effect of etiianol as a function of time,
36
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~O~t ~~~IC~AL U~~ ONLY
nnd ~hi~ i~ rel~e~d ~a th~ dig~~teil~r r~t~ ~f ~bgd~p~ion ~h~r~of. Ie i~ noe
de~irgbl~ to u~~ e~h~n~i in ~onCent~`atinhe of dve~ 25x f~~ inCr~p~r~.ton~~].
inj~erion, ~in~~ th~r~ ~ouid b~ ~~~v~r~ noGie@ptiv~ r~actiion, in~u~y eo eh~
p~rl.tdn~um with prndueeion of h~morrh~gic ~xud~e~ in eh~ peri.ton~ai c~vity.
It i.g ednv~ni~nC eo ug~ ~h~ ~d].~.dwing fdrmul~ ~o e~1cu1~C~ the veiwne of
~S~ ~~h~nol (V) in ae~drd~n~~ wieh the r~quir~d do~~ ~D), wi.th eon~3d~r~eion
of ehe 8nimal'g w~ighe CM):
v ~ n (~1~~)�~ C~)i2so.
Intprpr~tatinn of Obeain~d Daea
51~orehr durnC.ion of l~e~r~~. posi~idn of the animal w~11 be ind3c~eiv~ of eh~
c~peciey Cn gttenu~t~ ~lcoti~lic ineoxic~tiidn in tegC g~nd incr~a8ed survival
tim~ wi11 ~~rve a~ Ch~ ~~me indiaaeion in tege B. A quanCiegtiv~ g~timation
of th~ ~ffece of d prdduce cgn b~ mad~ by comparing the cdnfid~nc~ rang~ of
duration nf lareral poeieion in th~ conerol and ~xperimenCal groupg of
an~.mals in Cest A. In t~gt B, incrpa~e or decr~a~e in number of ~urviving
aniroals is considered (7].
. II. nemonskrgeion of Capacity to ttetard D~velopment of Alcohol AddicCion
Test C: The e�fecr of the ag~nt under seudy on dynamicg of alcohol inCake
and percenCage of animals that begin to consume alcohol, with st~ti$tical signi-
fic~nce (in the case of freedom of choice bptween 15X ethanol and ~at~r)
~feer thp first 10 days of contact with ethanol.
Test U: Influence of rhe agent on dynamicg of alcohot intake and percentage
of animals thaC begin to consumealcohol, with statistical significance,
ag~inst the backgro~nd of chronic streas over a 10-day period (with freedom
of choice between 159: eehanol and water) after the firgt 10 days of conCact
wiCh ethanol.
~xperimental Section
Itats w�eighing 180-250 g are used.
For tests C and D, the animals are kept in individual cages throughout the
experiment, with free access to 15X ethanol, water and dry feed.*
A comp~rison of the results obtained on differenr animals is made on the
basis of intake of 15x eChanol per kg wetght per day. Yn test C, only
"drinking" rats (intake of at least 2 mR/kg of 15~ ethanol per day) are
t~ken for subsequent injections, on the basis of the data on 10-day intake
*Here and in all of the following tests in which alcohol intake is sCudied
in the presence of free access to ethanc+l and water, only standard dry feed
is used: feed in pellet form for laboratory animals, in gccordance with the
rec~mmendations of the USSR Ministry of Health.
37
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df ~lC~hnl (b~ckgrnund); thege ~nim~lg ~r~ then divid~cl ir~t~ ~quivnlent
~rdup~ (~~ntrnl ~nd expcrim~n~ni) ne~ordit~~ t~ C1~e ameune ~f ~1rn11~1 ~dn=
~umed by e~ch ~nimal; in L-est b, a11 of th~ ~ni~nals ~jarti~ip~ted in t~he
~~Ci~e exp~rim~ttt, inrludin~ the "ndttdrinkin~" an~~; ~�e~r the firse 10 d~yn
nf ~nne~~e wi~h ~~.cdhnl ~bn~kgrnund) th~y ~~e ~1ga divided intn ~quivn~ent
grnup~, ~fti~r whiGh eh~y ~r~ gubmit~ed eo ~er~~~. ~'or et~e ~entrnl group df
tlft~tiL~lg 3n eege~ C~nd D, di~~til~d wge~r ig givEn by int~r~peritdne~l inj~~-
tians in eh~e ~~m~ vdlume~ Che ~~lutiong nE e~~ted ~gen~g. In t~~t U,
ehrdni~ gGr~e~g i~ praduC~d by m~gng of d~ily (fdr 1d d~yg) ln~min delivery
ttc~r.iceptiv~ e~~ctric~l geimuli tn eh~ p~wg ehrough an e1~~erode f].n~r
(p~ramet~rg: 5U !iz puls~d current 1~sCin~ g ae 1-~ inCerv~ls; SO-b5 V,
depending on eh~ anim~lg' rp~Geion). In t~~t D, eh~ 8gene ~rudied iq ~d-
minise~red ~fC~r Ehe gerpgg geimulug. 'I`wo graups of at~im~1~ ~re ~sed itt _
~~ch ~~gt (g~ l~~se ~d r~t~ nt ~ time). The fir~~ gr~up af anim~lg (cnn~rdl)
is giv~n in~ection~ df di~eill~d w~~pr d~ily f~r ~ weeks (or 10 days in the
CaSe df ~tP~55~ IO dFlyS ~fter putting the enimal.g in individu~l cngew with
fr~~ ~CCesg tn ~1COhn1 attd toater. ~he sec~nd group nf ~~nimalg (experimenCfll)
i~ given th~ tegC~d ~g~nC under ~nalognug condieir~ng, in th~ same vnlume and
at tih~ s~me eimeg. In e~ch group, we cdunt ~h~ rats th~t cnngumed ~t le~gt
~ n?~ 15~ ethahdl daily in the first lU deys (b~~ekground), then ~ep~r.~eply
fdr ChE ~d ~nd 3d week~, er 10 d~yg in the pre~ence of stres~ ~in~ecCiung),
~nd in Ch~ 4Ch w~ek (injecCidn~ disconCinued). The number of ~nim~lg Chgt
edn~um~d etih~nnl for th~ firs~ 10 days ig Caken ag 1~0%, in relaCion to whieh
w~ dptermine eh~ percenegg~ of ratg th~C "takc en drink" in the Zd, 3d
(dr in 10 dayg in Ch~ prespnc~ of stregg) and 4eh wc~ks. A com~nrigon is made ~
af eh~se p~rc~neageg in eh~ control and exp~riment~l groups nf r~ts. The
dyn~mi~s df ~lchel int~ke are c~lcul8t~d for ehe ~nim~ls th~t "t~ke to drink"
on a weekly bagis. F'or this purpose, a comparison is m~de ~f the mexn
daily intake of ethanol by different rats within each of the periods of
in,~ections and the we~k after Chey are discontinued to the meatt daily intake
of a].cohdl in Che first 10 days (bac:kground). Statistical processing can be
performed according ta ~isher ar by me~ns of calculaCion of canfidence
ranges of alcahol intake by different animals ae each of the periods
ronsidered [7).
'I'he need for chrdnic seress in test $ is ntCributnble to the f~ct that
alcoholic motivation may be based on neggtive emoCions; thus, the ob,jective
of this test is Co deCecC agents capable of attenuating t~lcohnlic motivation
enhanced by emotional stress. When an agent is found to have a depressing
effect on nlcoholic motivation, one should differenCiate beCween ttie
specif icity of its "antialcohol" effect and pdssible tranquilizing ef�ect
on sCress using CesCS that detect tranquilizing propertles of agents [8-10~.
Screening of animals according to the findings for the first ~0 days of
contact with alcohol is done becanse rats ordinarily show virtually no
change in their nttitude toward alcohol after Chis period. WithouC preli-
minary consideration of this period and selection of equivalent nniroal
groups according to doses of alcohol consumed, there is usually a scateer
of experimental data, which does not permit considerarion of the effect of
the agent under study. The choice of 159: ethanol solution to produce the
model of glcoholism in rats here and in the next experiments was motivated
38
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prim~rily by ~h~ ~~~~d fdr ttie ~nimai~ Co ingegC maximum do~eg of ethanol
for ~ long p~riad af Cime. ~'hia i~ th~ maximum eonc~ner~eion of ~ehanol
Ch~e eh~ r~tg e~n~uta~ willingly; 3n hi~h~r eonC~ntr~Cion~, eh~y v3rtu~1ly
r~~u~~ e~ dn gd. M~r~~v~~, in ehe pnpulaeion of "alc~hol.i.e" r~t~, 8-10?: of
Ch~ ~nimala eoa~ume 50-70 m~/kg of ~.SZ alcohol per day. If low concgntr~-
etnn~ nf ~eh~n~1~ for exgmpl~ S~, ~r~ ug~d in rhie ca~e, tih~ animalg would
h~v~ tn drink ,lSd-200 m~/kg, whiCh ~xc~pds th~ phygiologic~l c~paeity for
fluid in~gk~ by th~ ~nim~l~. 7'h~ us~ of dry s~~nd~rd f~~d i~ n~ceg~~ry
b~cnus~ diff~r~nc~~ in rhp diet and m~i~tur~ cont~n~ of feed have a~ub-
stanei~l ~ff~ce an fluid tntdke.
Int~rpr~tgtion of dbCttin~d Daea
~n bnth e~geg, g d~rr~gg~ in inrak~ nf eehgnol, as compar~d to ehe conerol,
and lowar perc~nt~ge df ~nimal~ rhet "tonk to drink" wi11 b~ indicative of
the depres~ing ~ffeCe uf rhe e~gted agenC on developmQnC of alcohol addiction.
III. b~mon~eration o� Cap~ciCy Ca tteduce Alcohol InCak~ by "Chronic
Alcohnlic" Itats
TesC A: ~ffect of the agene in question on alcohol inCake by animals that
consumed it chronically (ae 1easC 4 and at leest 8 montha) in stable
amounts (ethanol consumed p~r kg weighe per day) wiCh freedom of choice
between 15~ ethanol and water.
~xperiment~l 5ection
'Phe ~nimals used are rats weighing 250-500 g.
~xperiments are conduceed on at least 2 groups of animals: those that con-
gistently consume alcohol in relatively low amounts (20-30 m~t/kg 15~ ethanol
per dgy) and large amounta (50-60 mR/kg 15X ethanol per day), wirh at least
20 rats per group (10 in the control and 10 in the experimene). A comparison
is made of alcohol intake before administration of the agent (1 week before)~
during administration thereof (2 weeks) and after discontinuing it (1 week).
The control group of animals is given distilled water at the same times and
in tl~e game volumes. Determination is made of inean daily ethanol intake by
each animal in each of the above weeks; we then c~lculate mean alcohol
. intake per group, per week, and compare the data on intake in 1 week (before
the injections) to the data for each of the subsequenC weeks; alcohol intake
for the lst week is taken as 100X, and we calculate Che dynamics of intake
for all subsequent weeks (as percentages); staCistical processing of the
results can be performed by the method of Meddis [11], which involves the
use of the following equation, transformed for our case:
2 ~ 2R1 - 3n/~
where Ri or R2 are the sums of ranks; n is the number of animals. With Z>.2.53,
the reliability of difference is p~0.01 and with Z31.57 the reliability of
difference is p~0.05 (see Table).
39
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~OR d~'~YC~AL USE ONLY
~~~imt~t~~ d~ ~1~dho1 it~tak~ by group df animale nggin~t Che b~clc-
graund ~f i.nj~ceiong ~f t~~e~d ~g~nt, am compar~d ~o in~:eial 1~v~1
Numb~r M~~n d~i ~thnnol i.nC~k~ mR ].59~ ~o1Uti~.ott) ~r k w~i he
nf ~'irgC we~k ~bg~e i~ve~. S~COnd wepk in ~ceidnm
~nin~ls ~,neake r~nk It~ inCekp rgnk ~t2
n
1 21 2 16 1
i ~.s ao ~.s
~ 23 a is i
1 as 2 ao i
i Za ~ io i
1 25 1 2g 2
1 19 2 6 1
i 2i a io i
1 23 2 4 1
1 23 2 17 1
10 22.3 18.5 14.9 11.5
mean group mean group
intake intake
Note: When comparing ethanol intake in the lst and 2d week by each
nnimal, Che lower mean daily amount is given Che rank af 1
and the higher, the rank of 2; a differettce in r~nk is estab-
lished when the mean daily eChanol intake by an animal in the
1sC week differs from intake in Che 2d week by gt least 2 mR/kg
15% ethanol solution; otherwise equal ranks are given, 1.5.
In the above table, Z= 2�1 a 5-10~3/10 = 2.12; thus, ethanol
intake for in the lst week (22.3 mSC/kg 15X solution) is
reliably (p