JPRS ID: 8577 USSR REPORT BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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JPRS L/8577
20 July 1979
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U ~S R Re ort
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BIOMEDICAI AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
- (FOUO 1 /79~
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JPR6 L/8577
20 Ju~y ~979 ~
USSR REPORT ~
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCI~NC~S
cFO~o ~/~9)
This sarial ,public~tion contains articles, abetracts of articlee and news
items from USSR ac~.entific and technical ~ournals on the specific aub~ec~s
reflected in the table of contents.
� PhotodupLications of foreign-language sourcea may be obtained from the '
Photoduplication Service, Lxbrary of Congress,~Waehingeon, D. C. 20540.
RequeaCs shauld provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individuril article(s) desired.
C~NTEN75 PAGE
AGROT~CHNOLOGY
Acceleration of the Develo~ment of Winter Wheat on Treating
the Seedlinga With Organic Acids During Vernali2ation
(V. I. Babenko; et al.; I70KLADY VSESOYUZNOY CfftDENA ;
L~NINA AKADF~iII SII,' SKOIffiO~YAYSTVIIVNYHIi NAUK IMENI
v . I . 7~PiINA, No 1]., 19'T8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 <
. Some I~ws of Extra-Root Uptake oP Sr9~ by Vetch and Oats
as a Function oP the Develop~ent Phase and Gro~wing
Cunditions -
~(N. A. Korneyev, et al.; DOF~A~Y VSESOYUZNOY CfftDENA
LIIJINA AKADt~LCI Sr3,' SKOIffi0'LYAYST~ NAUK Il~TI
v. I. LENINA, No 11, 19?8) 6
Natural Auxin and Growth Inhibitor in Cotton Seed].i.ngs
oP DifPer~nt Ages
(A. P. Ibra~imov, S. A. Saidova; DOKLADY VSE50YULNOY ~
~tDIIdA LF~IINA AKADII~I SEL~~ SKOI~02YAYS'~VENNYKH NAUK '
Il~rTI v. I. LENTI~IIA, No 11, 1978) 12 '
Uae of the Genetic ~istance Estimate in th~e~Early Stagea
of the Variety Faa~c~ti~n Process ~ ~
(G. A. Stak,au, V~ I. alazko; DOIff~ADY VBESOY'ULNOY
C~tDENA I,II~Il'~1A AKADII~S SEL' SKOKSOZYAYSI.'VII~1NYHIi ~
NAUK Il~NI V . I . LF~~INA, No ~.1, 1978 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
_ a_ [III - USSR - 21A S&T FOUOj
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CONTEN~.'S (Cont~.nued) ~ge
U7.~ra,s~ruc~ure and An~igen Na~ure of 5pe~~cm,toz~ic~s i?Tlder
~;he Effect of rso- and He~t~eroan~ibodiee
(H. N. l)yv~,diu, e~ DOKLAi)Y VSESOYtTLNOY ORD~IA
I,ENINA AKA.DII~S~ SEL' SKOHIiOZYAYS~'V~NNYKEi NAUK
rr~rr~ v. z. r~vu~ta, rto ii, i978) ~2
Deve~.opmen~ of ~he Reg3s~ance of 7xofloiflea to CYil.orophoe
(0. Sm9.rnova; DOKGADY VSESOYUZN~Y ORDIIVA I~NZNA
AKADEMZZ SII,' SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYHIi NAUK Il~fENZ V. T.
LENINA, No 1.978) 27
BZOCLS.MATOLO(}Y ~ .
S~udy of Air Temperature During the Transition Procesa
- in a C1.im~te Chawber
- (V. T. Oleynichenko, A. V. Alekseyev; vOIQ~Y
VSESOYUZNOY C~tDI~iA LENINA AKAD~I
SEL~SKOIffiOZYAYSTVENNXHIi NAUK IN~TI V. I. LEN2NA,
No ].1, 1978) 30
ECOLOGY
Biologiata, Mathematicia.na Deecribe Ecosystems ~ ;
- (P. M. Brusilovskiy, G. S. Rozenberg; EKOLOGIYA,
No 2, 1979) 34
INDUSTR7AL M[CFOBIOLC~GY
Conference Recommends Water Protection Steps
(GIDROLOZNAYA S LESOIgi.II~itCHESKAYA P~20NSYSHLF~VNOST' , =
No 2, 1979) 39
Postfermentation Residue as a Fillsr for Premixed Anima7.
F~eeds
(M. Ye. Tamarchenlso, I. P. Rotarenko; GIDRO~OZNAYA
I 7~E30I~Il~LtCHESKAYA PRON~Sffi~1NOST' , No 2, 1979) 41
Utilization of $ydrol~rtic Lignin in Medicine
(V. I. Sharkov, et al.; GI~tOLOZNAYA I
r~so~c~.s~ x~or~ts~rmTOSr~~ , No 2, i979) 47
The Role of the Dr~i~ Office in Introduction of New
Equipment and Production Procesaes
(M. F. Trint~ukova.; GI~tOLIZNAYA I LESOI4iIl~?'C~SKAYA
PKUi~ts~iNOST', No 2, 1979) 51
New wood Chemical Products
(P, I. Zhuravlev; GIL~ROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMIC~SKAYA
PRON~tsffi~ENNOST~, No 2, 1979) 56
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CO1~EN'xS (Con~inued) Page
Yeas~ Asaoc~.ation Deyeloping in Yeast (~rowing Appesa~us
of the Kansk Bioche~.cal Plant
(L. V. Lebedeva, et al.; (~I~OLIZNAYA T
LESOKHIl~LLC~9KAYA PRON~tSHGE~iNNOST ~ , rro 2, i979 ) � � � � � � 60
MSCROBTOLOGY
Flectron Microscopic Stuc~y of the Con~ugative Plasmi.ds
' of Sero].ogical~y Typed E. Coli APl
(A. P. K~lyuzhnaya, et a]..; BYITI~?~,'TSi~' EItSPEftIMENTAL'
NOY BIOLOGIZ T MEDITSZNY, r1o 4, 1.979) 69
PHARMACE(f.L'ICALS
Beat Producera in Pharmacochemical Induatry Announced
( I~Il~LCKO-FARMA.TSEVTIC~SIQY ZHiktNA'[?~ No 4, 1.~79 73
Cr~ridge Filter With a Mechar.ized Dry Residue Unloading ,
Sys~em
(Z. B. Kristall, Yu. M. I4ianukovtch; I~KO-
FARMATSEVTICSESIffY Zflik~NAL, No 4, i979) 75
The New Paychotropic Drugs Pirazidol and Fenazepam
' (G. M. Rurienko; HIiQ~IIKO-FARMATSEVTTCHESIQY Zfltk3NAL~
No 4, 1979) 78
Medical 5upport Plants Announce 1979 Socialist Pledgea
(I~1IK0-FARMATSEVTIC~SIff.Y ZHURNAL, No 4, 1979) 88
PSYCgI,ATRY
Schizophrenia Prognosis Eased on Clinical and Genetic
Reseaxch Uata .
(A. N. Kornetov; et al.; TSITGIAGIYA I GENETSKA,
No 2, 1979) 92
SCZII~frIST5 AND SCIc'3~1TIFIC ~tGANIZATI0N5
F`1.rst A11-Union Con~erence on Teratology, 'ThE: Genetics� .
oP Developanenta7. Abnormalities' .
(I. R. Baxilyak, et al; TSITOLOGIYA I GENETIKA, ~
1vo 2, 1979) 98
A1.1-Union Conference on Coam~ercial Invertebratea in Odessa
(Yu. P. Za~rtsev, K. N. Nesis; BIOLOGIYA MORYA,
No 1, 1979) 102
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~Oit OF'~ICIAL US~ ON1~Y
CO1~~NTS ( Continued) i'age
Se~.ecbec~ ~i.�txu~:L~bi~~np ~'ro~ Sympos:Lum on S~re~s and
Adap~;titiou
N. N. Mi.ronov, e~ al..; STRESS r ADAPTATSriCA
TEZISY VSESOYUZNOC~O S~MPOZZtIMA,), i978) io6
PUBLYCATZONS
Mea.ns oY Individual Prot~c~ion for Work Wi~h Radioactive
Subs~ancea
(S. M. C~orodinskiy; SRIDSTVA TNDMDUAL~NOY
7ASHCH~fiY DLYA RE`~BOT S RADIOAi~i'NNYMC VESHCHESTVANII, ~ ,
~979) ~09
Contro]. Theory a.nd Biosystema
� (V. N. Novoselttsev; TEORIYA UPRAVLEIVIYA I
$xoszs~t. ~rz so~~~ rr~ svoYSTV, ig78 iis
Brain Phys3.ology M~nual. for College Students
~ (V. A. Cherkea, et al.; FIZIOLOGZYA GOLOVNOGO
M(YZ,GA, 1976) 121
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~ AGROTECHNOLO(~Y '
UDC 633.11"324":631.521.823
ACCELERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER WHEAT ON T12EATING THE SEEDLINGS ~
WITH ORGANIC ACIDS DURING VERNALIZATION
Moscow DOKLADY VSESOYU2NOY ORDENA LENINA AKADEMII SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH
NAUK IMENI V. I. LENINA i+n Rusaian No 11, 1978 pp 3-6
[Ar~icle by Doctor of Biological Sciencea V. I. Babenko, Candidatea of Bio-
logical Sciencea S. V. Biryukov and V. P. Komarova~ Al1-Uni.+:;a Crder of L~nin ~
and Order of the Red Banner of Labor Selection and Genetica Ynstitute]
[Text]
The derivation of valuable varieties of farm crops in ahort perioda of time
bringa up the neceasity �or accelerating the selection proceas, one of Che
elements of which is accelerated breeding of proapective selection�forms.
Artif icial climate staCions are being built at the present time for thie type
of acceleration, one of the purpoaea of which is to create conditions which
will make it possible to obtain several harvesta per year. Whereas growing
four to five gezerations of spring wheat in a phytotron presents no'~gpecial
difficultiea (8), the achievement of a aimilar effect as applied to winter ~
wheat is ~onnected with defined difficulties. The basic factor limiting the
production ofi aeveral wint~r grain crops a year is Che prolonged vernalization
period preceding the transition of the winter varietiea to the generative
phase of development. Therefore it is necessary to develop methoda which
will make it possible to reduce the time the winter crops stay at low ten~-
peratures without~losaes to the normal courae of the vernalization proceas.
Beginning with the concepts of the biochemical nonuniformity of the vernaliza-
tion process, we (l, 2) developed a method of decreasing the w inCer
wheat requirement for cald during vernalization. The use of this method
permits us to obtain plants that head out 15 to 17 days earlier than
~ under the ordinary vernalization method. However, the intensification of
the selectioa process, the high requirements on its acceleration accompanied
~ by broad introduction of the phytotron technique are forcfng us to find
further ways to reduce the times for deriving new varieties, in connection
with which th,e problem of etill more aignificant acceleration of the vernali-
zation processes of winter wheat continues to remain an urgent one.
A study was made of Odesskaya 16 winter wheat widely used in selection of a
donor with high frost-resistance. This variety was also selected in connection
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with the facr ehaC ~or compleeion of the vernal~,zatiQn procesaea 3r must be .
sub~eCted to l.ow temperature e�zecta for a long t~,me (up to 60 days). The
nccelexae~,on oE rhe vern~lizaC~.on proceases in the varieL~es of this ty;~_~.
now is a.cquir~.nq eapecially import,~nt aign~.fic~nce, Tht seed of Ch~: ind~caCed
v~rte~y ~oas serwi.~~~~ed iii PFCri diahes in s~5lutiona n� vnrious or~;unic
- ac'1s (0.002 M) and an;ylase (O.U25%) at +20, +22� C under conditiona of con-
tinuous illumination (40G to 4500 1ux) for 5 day~. The five-day shoota were
sub~ected to ehe vernalizing effecC of cold (+2, +3� C) with continuous illu-
mination and wetCing with ehe snme subatrates for 25 days. Later on, the
- shooCs were transplanted eo pots wiCh soil and they were grown at +20, +22� C
and with conrinuoua illumination un~i1 Chey headed ou~, which indicated com-
pletion of the vernalization processes. Here it is necessary to keep in mind
thar the effect of increased Cemperatures (+28� C or more) direcCly after
transplanting the vernalized ahoots to the pots has a negaeive effect on the -
rares of subsequenr development. The activity of the acid and base forms of
ribonuclease (3) was determined in the shoots. The magnitude of the least
significant difference between versions for a probability level of 0.95
(HCP~.95) was deterr~ired.
Table 1
:dumber of days from the beginning of aproutiind of aeeda to heading
out of the plants (100%) of the winter wheat in cc~nnecCion with
~ treatin~ the germination seed and vernalized shoots with organic
acids and amylase
Substrate for vernalization of ahoots '
Acid -
Seed Germinating Substrate o u u
~ ~~p ~ v a~~i `u~~ u ~ c~o
3 v DC r~l ti~-I C~1 ~ r-1 ~ R1 ''i ~ ~
_ O i.+ U cU Z3 00 cn ~ ~
Water (control) 95 15 76 70 71 72 72
Acid:
oxalacetic Sp
citric 82
a-ketoglutaric 77
succinic ~5
malic 73
Acid mixture 79
timylase 97 80 80 75 75 73 78 83
The performed studies demonstra.*_ed that (Table 1) such organic acids as oxa-
lacetic, citric, ct-ketoglutaric, succinic and malic used as the substraCe for
the 5-~iay g-r.rmination of ~he seeds and with subsequent 25-day vernalization of
the shoots, had a stimulating effect on the rates of deve].opment of the plants
~:s a result of treating the seed and shoots with these acids, the durition of
2
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Tab1e 2
Activity of the RNA-ase of winter. wheat in connecCion with trea.t- ~
ment of the aprouting seed and the vernalized ehoota with organic ,
acids
Subatrate for aprouting aeed and
Form RNA-ase vernalization of ehe shoota--_ acide HCP
u
~
0.95
u u u o ~
'~u .aa ~ ~
O +M-~ U cud ~ ~ cn ~
AC ~d O,S63 O,b49 O,bOB O,bBI 0,663 0,017
B88@ 0,480 0,338 ~ 0,418 0,191 O,S9B 0~043
TO t 81 O,Bl3 0,98b 0,941 1,074 1,161 0,011
Percentage of alka- 3~,0 3+,z +5,i ~s,~ ai,9
line RNA-ase
the period from beginning of sprouting of the seed to heading ouC of Che plants
was reduced by 13 days or more by comparison with the control version. Sig-
- ' nificant acceleration of the development rates was noted when using malic
acid. In thi~s case the duration of the period before heading out of the
~ plants was reduced by 22 days. Similarresults were obtained when uaing auc-
cinic acid as the substrate for germinating the seed and verrialization of the
shoots. The most perceptible effect came from citric and oxalacetic acids.
The intermediate position was taken by a mixture of acids.
Poaitive, although less significant resulte were obtained also by other
authors (7, 9-7,1) who used treatmex?t of the winter crop seeds with organic
acic~s during vernalization.
. The use in one version of the experiment of the amylase enzyme pursued the
goal of acceleration of the process of the hydrolysis of starch contained in
the endosperm of ti~e seed. At the same time it was propoaed that the forma-
tion of the mobile forms of carbons capable of fast metabolization in the
vernalization:process be accelerated (4). Actu~lly, treatment of the seed
and the shoots with this enzyme promoted a 12-day reduction in the period
before heading of the plants by comparison with the ,control version. Still
greater acceleration was obtained if the germination of the seed was realized
using amyllse as the substrate, and the shoots wer.e treated with acida during
vernalization~ In this case the period from sprouting of the seed to heading .
of the'plants was in practice the same as when using the organic acida during
the entire experiment. The most noticeable stimulating effect on the develop-
ment of winter whe.3t~ame from malic acid, succinic acid and a-ketoglutaric
acid.
No positive results were noted when using the enzymes papain and trypsin which
� realize the hydrolysis of proteins. The treatment of the seed and the shoots
3 .
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with rrype3n even proraoted xpt~rdation of the rates of development of Che
plants by devel~pmene w~.Ch rhe conrxol.
'Che mosC posiCive r.esul.ts were obtain~d in the experimental version in whlch
tr~~ germination of Ch~ seed wa~ carried out in ~~,ueous subsrrate , and the
vernalization of Che shooCa, in acids~ The use of oxnlaceCic acid and cirric
acld acceleraCed the heading of the plants by 19 to 20 d~ys, and malic acid,
succinic acid, ot-ketoglutaric ~cid and a mixture of acide, by 23-25 days.
Ie must be noted thae rhe trearmenr of ~he shoors with acids 1ed to una~imous ~
headi~tg of the plants. This facti seems very important from Che point of view
of. rhe organizaCion of an inefficient process Eor growing several generation~
o� wineer wheat and bringing about synthetic crosses under phytotron conditions.
For the conCrol plants the heading out wgs not unanimous, and it lasted up Co
10 days.
The achieved effecC can be explained by the deep, although nonspecific effect
oF various acids on the vernalization processes. The increase in raCes of
development of winter wheat �:;~as a consequence of Che afCer-effece which the
acids had on vernalization. This is indicated by Che data (see Table 2)
characterizing the activiCy of Che RNA-ase in the wheat shooCs sub~ected to
Che vernalizing effect in various substrates.
As is obvious, for plants of those versions of the experiment in which the
acceleration of the vernalization processes were the most noCiceably, the
highest propor~ion of acCivity of the alkaline form of ~he RNA-ase was noted
in the overall activity of the enzyme. The significance of these data will
become understandable if we refer to the principle previously advanced by
us (5, 6) but on formation of a potential readiness for reproducCion in the
vernalized shoots of winter wheat a regular change in activity of the various
forms of Che RNA-ase takes place, the proportion of the activity of the alka-
line form of the enzyme increases significantly. Thus, Che noted increase in
acti.vity is connected with the capacity of the shoots in defined substrates
to go ri,rough the vernalization changes at accelerated rate.
- It must be noted that the use of solutions of a number of organic acids as
the nutritive substrate, especially malic acid, with 25-day vernalization in
the light o� the five-day shoots of winCer wheat, will permit us to obtain
headed plants 72-75 days after the beginning of sprouting of the seed. The
unanimcus hedding out and subsequent intense development and maturing of the
head~ create the possibility for obtaining mature grain from the offspring
of tiie expc:rimental plants 105-109 days after beginning the procedure far
accelerated development of winCer wheat. The application of this procedure
under ~'~e conditions of the artificial climate stations will promote three
winter. wheat harvests a year~ e
4
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DxBLxOGRA~.'fiX
1. V. I, ~iahenko~ er al., SEL~SKOKHOZXAXSTVENNAYA BIOLOGIYA (Agricultural
Biology), vo1 9, No 5, 1974.
2. V. I~ Babenko, et al., US5R Author's Certificate No 42556~, 1974.
3. V. I. Babenko, et a1., FIZIOLOGIYA RASTENIY (Physiology of Plants), Vol
18, No 5, 1971.
4. V. I. Babenko, M. L. Makhnovskaya, FIZIOLOGIYA RASTENIY, Vol 22, Vo1 22,
rro H, 1975.
5. V. I. Babenko, VOPROSY GENETIKI, SELEKTSII I SEMENOVODSTVA (Problema of
GeneCica, Selection and Seed Growing), Odessa, No XI, 1974.
6. S. V. Biryukov, V. P. Komarova, NAUCHN.-TEKHN. BYULL. VSGI. (Scientific
and Technical Bu1leCin of the All-Union Institute of Selection and Gene-
tics), Odessa, No XX, 1972.
1. I. Ye. Glushchenko, et al., DOKLADY VASKHNIL (Reports of tha Al1-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences), No 8, 1972.
8. V. N. Remeslo, Yu. P. Shalin, VESTNIK S.-KH. NAUKI (Agricultural Science
Vestnik), No 10, 1977.
9. Tan' K-uy, BOTANICHESKIY ZHURNAL (Botanical Journal), Vol 44, No 10, 1959.
10. M. Kh. Chaylakhyan, M. S. I:uznetsov~ DOKLADY AN SSSR (Reports of the USSR
Academy of Sciences), Vol 105, No 4, 1955.
11. M. Ya. Shkol'nik, M. M. Steklova, TRUDY BOT. IN-TA AN SSSR (Works of the
Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Seriea 4, No 12,
1958.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvc Kolos, Doklady VASKhNIL, 1978
10845
CSO: 1$70
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AGROT~CHNOLOCfY
UDC 633.35+633.12:546.42
~ SOME LAWS OF EXTR~1-ROOT UPTAKE OF SR90 BY,VETCH AND OATS AS A FUNCTION OF THE
DEVELOPMENT PHASR AND GROWING CONDTTIONS
Moscow DOKLADY VSESOYUZNOY ORDENA L~NINA AKADEMII SEL~SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH
- NAUK IMhfiII V. I. LENINA in Russian No 11, 1978 pp 10-12
[ArCicle by Academician of the VASKhNIL^Inetitute N. A. Korneyev, Candidate
' of Biological Sciences N. V. Korneyeva, T. P. Popova]
[Text]
The extra-root contamination of plants is higher than Che soil c~~ntamination
with identical contamination density of the tierritory. Under the conditj.on ~
of extra-root uptake of radionucleides, the degree of radioactive contam~tnn-
tion of the final harvest depends on the iniCial delay of the aerosols on Che
surface of the plants, the amounts of radionucleide losses as s~ result of.
dilution by the growing biomass, being washed out by rain, b~:ing shaken ~uC .
by wind, dying and falling of old leaves (2 Co 6). For pastui: pZants, 1 to
2 periods of field halflosses have been established which is enti~ely regu-
lar, for pasture plants are grazed off every 20 to 30 days (3, 4). The half-
loss periods for grain crops and legumes, the harvest of which is formed over
the course of 90 or more days ha~~ not been established. We studied the
inltia.t holding time of Sr on vetch and oat plants, the field half-
loss rate of radioactive strontium in the plant growth process to maturity
(the multiplicity of the production), and Che effect of the external condi-
tions �~n the halfloss rate of the radionucleide.
Thc vetch plants (variety L'govskaya 37./292) and oat plants (variety Orel)
were grown in a mixr.ure (30 plants each in each crop) in squar~: pots with a
capacity of 22 kg of dern-podzolized soil.
The application of Sr90 solution was carried ouC three times: first on vetch
_ in the tillering phase and then ve~ch in the branching phase; second, oat
plants at rhe beginning of milky ripeness, v2tch when the lower pod has been
formed fgathering, for hay); third, full ripeness of the plants. Simulation
of radioactive fallout was accomplished usii?g an injector i.n a chamber; the
area of the chamber cor_responded to the area of four pots; the radioactive _
solution consumpt3on was 500 ml/m2 (65 microcuries/m2).
. .
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Twenty~f~ux hout~e a�t~r the applicA~3on ~1~ tha radios~Cive atronr~,um~ one
part of th~ poes ai,th rhe p),ant~ wae piac~+.d ~,n an onen axe~ undar naturai
~ eond3ti,ons~ and a aecond parr~ 3n a greenhaue~~
- On applying 3r90 during tha early p~aeee of d8valopmeee.of vetch and oaes~
- eh~ p~~c?t~ w~re cut afrer 24 houra Crha control group)~ and than after 5~ 10~
~5, 25 and 42 daye (the gr~ea maAS)~ ~nd 65~ 82 daye (aomplet~ ri,p~n~~e). On -
appiication of radioactive eolut~ion tha eecond tima~ the plants ware also
~ cut after 24 houre (con+rrpl)~ then after 10~ 20~ 30 and 40 daye ~c~mpYata
Mipenees). After rhe appiicaeion of tha radidaarive eoluei~~n to ehn vereh
gnd oat p1an~~ at full ripenesa, they were cur after 24 hours.
The Sr90 content wae analyzed on the B-2 radiometer ueing eha T-2S-BFL and
counter by the relative m~thod. The caicium concentration in ehe plante w~e
determined by Cha meth~d of flame photomatry on ths 2gise-3 ryp~ photomeCar
- (1)~
~rte value of tha field halfloes period of Sr90, thet i~, rhe time during
whl.ch the radionucleide contant in the plants wae cuC in half, vas deearminad
uaing ~he conetrucrion of the graphe.
The studiee demonstrated thae the amounr of initial holding of the Sr90 da-
pende on the type of plane and the development phase at the time of radio-
active fallout on the p~ante (see Table 1). When applying radioactiva etron-
tium to the plante in the early ~haees of development~ 11X of the radionuc-
leides vas heid on the oat plante, and 31X on the vetch planCs. In ehe later
phasea of development~ 1.5-2 timee more radioactive strontium vae hald on tha
~ vetch and oat plante than in ehe early phaeee, which ie explained by an 1n-
crease in the biomass of the plaata per unit area.
~ On the vetch plant~ With smaller biomaea~ 2 to 3 timee more Sr90 Was held -
than on the c,at plante. This depends on the ahape and orientation of the '
leaves in space and their rouEhnesa.
The Sr90 concentration in the plants aas reduced from the time of their con-
tamic~ation to the maximum buildup of the biomaea, and it eaeentially depended
on the groaing conditions (see Tab1e 2). In the case of vetch~ from the
branching phase to complete maturing the Sr90 concentration decreased by 98
timea vhen growing in an opea area and by 44 timea when growing in a hothouae.
On contamination of the vetch plants in the later phases of development, the
Sr90 concentration decreased appreciably lesa than on contamination in the
early phasea.
In rhe oat planta from the tillering phase to complete maturing the Sr90 con-
centration in the opea plot dropped by Q91 timea, and in the greenhouae~ 44
ttmes, and from the milky ripeness phase to complete maturing, by 6 and 2 -
times respectively.
The reduction in Sr90 concentratiion in the vetch and oat plante grown in
a greenhouse froa. the time of contamination to complete maturing is a funetion
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Tabl~ 1
Ini?.ia1 hnj ding o~� ~r90 by eh~ v~tch r{~,d oar b~,oma~~ _
in the diE�~r~nr pha~a~e of d~v~lnpmant of tlta plantt~
(in p~rc:~ncag~s of et~e amnut~t ~ppli~d p~r unll ~reg)
N~~~~~~ ~nitial
Phas~ of d~v~].opment ae /poe of air- holding(~)
~ ChQ C~m~ of cont~min~Cion dry m~e~rigl)
~u11 till~ring uf d~e~, 7.2 11
branching of v~t~h 5.4 31
D~~inning c~f milky r1p~-
nees of o~t~, fill~d ~02.6 16
ouC lower pod in vetch 65.1 S2
Compl~t~ rip~neg~ 17~.~ ~3
75.4 SS
Note. Oats in eh~ numeraCor and vetch in the
denominaeor.
of th~ incr~ase in bioma~g, and in the plant~ grown under natural condiCions~
a function of Che increment of the bion~sg gnd the nmount oE fallour during
th~ v~geCatton period.
'The correlation analygig indicateg the high degree of muCual dependence be-
twe~n th~ growth of th~ biomasa and the reductian of the Sr90 concentration
in the plantg (aee Table 3).
Tt~e atmospheric precipitation has a significanC influence on reducing the
radioactive sCrontium concentration in the planta. On contamination of them
during ehe early Faases of development the final 5r90 concentration in the
plants grown in the op~n aite ie appreciably leas than in the plants grown
in the gree~houae.
When growi~~g ~~etch and oata in an open area, a mutua~. corr~lation ia observed -
ta a medium legree b~tw~en Che Sr90 ccncentration in Che plants and the amount
of fallout. The vzlues nf the correl.ntiott coefficients �luCSUated as a
function of the amount of fallout during the vegetation period for oats from
-0.462 to �-0.592, and for vetch, from-0.491 to -0.639. :
The reluction of the radioactive nuclei concentration in the plant in the
case of che extra-root uptake ts estimated as the field half-loss period
(tt~e multiplicity of the reduction), that is, the time in which the reserv~~
of radi~nucleides in the alart after one time (single) con:amination is cut
in h~lf in connecti,on ~~ith grc~th of thc biomass, washing it off by rain ~nd
shAking ic~ the wind.
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~o~ o~~tcinL us~ orr~Y ~
~rabie z
V~ri~Cion of th~ Sr90 concenexation in v~r~h and oat planta ae
a funneion of Che increaee 3n biomaes, the development phaee
of th~ plante in the case oP aeroeol fallout and Che growing
eonditiion~
V~~ch ~ O,aee M
Tim~ for ~amp-
ling rhe plant Open erea tiothouee Open area Hothouee
afCer rh~ ap-
plicetion of y b ~ y b b ^ y'd
~ ~ ~r ~ ~ u a? c? v
radio~eCive a p�'''' N w"'' a ~
~tronrium(dgys) ~ ~eo ~u ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
v N~ rO~+Hr~ ~ OqHn OqH
L 1J i{) ~ l~ 1.1 c0 l~tl ~ ~J l1} ~~~y
y vW H 0~l~W M C~1 ~W ~ N Q+W F1
~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ O ~
W tA~ ~ ~ tl~~ H W~ tf p -
Branching phase Tillering phase
Control i ~ a.+ ~eo ~ e.+ +en ~.s ia+ i~+
s e,o a~e e,~ rs9 i4.o eo ~a,+ ~s
( io i~.a ia~ . ~a,a iee ~a,o a~ 19~6 ai .
ib ~ so.i ss ie.o ~i4 ae.~ is si.1 s~
Af t er 1 eb ~g~o ~b 99~0 i~i iea;e o;~ iiz;~ ~
~
Filled out lower pod Milky ripeneee
Conerol ~ 88.1 8b 8b.1 GS 104.8 I~ 104.b 14
io aa~+ ~1 e~,e ~a ii~.e o i~a,9 :
so 9~.0 7s ~ ios,a ss ~~o,e + i+e,a s
Af ter ~0 97~6 IJ 101.8 Z8 110,9 7 I/e~7 8
~0 94.6 12 102,4 182.1 4 144.8 6
Table 3
Valuea of the correlation coefficiente beCween the reserve bio- ~
mass and the Sr90 concentration in the planta on applying radio-
active strontium in the various phases of development
Phase of development Correlation coefficient
Qpen p7.ot Hot house
let year 2nd year lst year 2nd year
Oats
TilLering -0.701 -0.689 -O.7G1 -0.688
Beginning of milky
ripeness -0.981 -0,895 -0.739 -1.000
Vetch
Branching -0.412 -0.631 -0.784 -0.764
Formed lower pod -0.797 -0.963 ~0.956 -0.884
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~~b1~ G
2Su1Cip],iciry of r~duction o~ Sr9d(T) ~ar v~rr.h nnd o~e plantg, -
~dneam{natad wirh Yadionucleide~ ~n varioup phAS~~ of davelopmenC
of ehF planre
-
MulCiplicity of r~duceion
PhA~@ Of ( T'. . I._ T' I�,T, I T, I r, I T, I
Development r'
Oar~
~ / I I 9 f6 1~ :S ' 15 35 ?1 ~b ;1A 0 d0
~illering e i4 e ~ r i~ ao ~~o ~i o'~i o 0
Milky ripeness r e S ~9 ( - � � _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~
Vetch
nrannhin ~ ~ ~4 10 ZO 13 Qtl Q4 15 ~9 0 ~9 0 61
A s + ~`i~ s+ ~o a; e~ a�o 0 0 0"3'
Fi.lied out lower ~ ~ ~o ~ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
pod
Note: In the numarator open ground, , in the danominator
in the gr~enhouges; firgt column figure lst yea~~
gecond column figure 2nd year.
On application of radiogctive atrontium Co oat plente in the till~ring phae~a
and growing them to complete maturity und~r natural conditions, during the
~irst year of the investigatioe a~ixfold reduction was rECOrded, and in rhe
~erond year, a sevenfold reduction, and under greenhou~e condition~~ theae
figures were fivefold anfl sixfold respectively. For vetch plants contamina-
ted With Sr90 in the phase of branching and growing of them to complete ma-
turity, in rhe f3rst year a fivefold reduction Was established~ and in Che
second year a~even fold reduction under natural conditions and a fivefold
for the ~reenhouse conditions in boCh yeare of the investigation (Table 4).
Thus, the vetch plante aith emaller size biomass hold 2 to 3 timea more Sr90
falling out in the form of aerogols on the aurface of the plante than oat
plants; aie'~ ai~ increase in biomasa, the dimensions of rhe initial holding of
the radioactive atr~nttum on the plants increase; the field halfloe~s t~me
of the radionucleidE is the loa~st during the greatest groath period of the
plant (for oats thie ig the tillering phase, and for vetch, brancfiing); th~
halflogs rsre increases for the plants not protected from rain end wind; the
multiplicity of r~duction of radior^tivity of planCg pr+er day in the eubse-
quent pariods is higher th~u? in the preceding periodse
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SI~LZOGRA~'~iX
i. D. M~ Al~k~syev~, ~OCHyOVEDENIXE (3oi1 3cianca), No 5, 1965.
2. V. M. Klachkovakiy et ~1~, pOCKVOVED~NZYE, No 5~ 1973~
3~ N. A. Korneyev~ S. K. Fireakova DOKLADY VA3KHNiL (Raporte of ehe Ali-
Union Academy of Agriculeural Sciences), No 3~ 1974.
4. R. R~e~e1, RADIOAKTIVN03~' i PiSl1CHA CKELOVEKA (Radioactivity and Human
Food), Moeacow~ Atomi~dat~ 1971.
5. A. Aarkrog~ RADIAT. BOT., Vol 9, No 5, 1964.
6. J. Ambler, R. G. Menzel, RADIA2. BOT., Vol 6, No 3, 1966.
COPYRIGNT: Izdatel'stvo Kolos, Doklady VASKhNiL, 1978
10845
CSO: 1870
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AC}R02'ECHNOLOQY ~
1JUC 633.S11t581.14
i1ATURAL AUXIN AND GItOWfH INHIgITOR IN COrTON 3EEDLINGS OF DIFFERENT AGEB
Mo~cow DUKt.ADY VSESOYUZNOY ORDENA LENiNA AKADEMII SEL'SKOKH02YAYSTVENNYIW
NAUK IMI:Ni V. I. LENIA'A in Ru~~ian No 11, 1978 pp 14-16
(AYticle by UocCor of Biological Sciencee A. P. Ib~a$imov, Candid~Ce of
giological 3'ciences S. A. Saidova, Biochemigtry Instituta of thg Ukrainian
SSR Academy of Sciences]
[Text]
At the pre~enC time th~ phy~iology of ehe growth processes ig b~ing inv~gCi-
gated in close connection with the function of the netural reguletors: phy-
tohormones and their antagoniet8 endogenic inhibiCors (1, 3).
'1'ne natural phytohormone~ include auxine, gibberelling and cytokinins. In
the higher plants the auxina are predominately represented in the form of
indolylacetic acid (IAA) and other indol derivatives.
In addition to the phytohormonee, growth inhibitora are also present in the
plants materials causing inhibition of the growth processea. This class
includea certain compoa^,ds of a phenol and terpeaoid nature (phenols and
absciesic acid).
In contrast to the general type metabolites the phytohormonea and natural
inhibitors are detected in the plant tissues using bioteats. A apecific
teet �or auxtns is the drawing of segments of wheat coleoptilea. Other
hormones gibberellina and cytokinins are not aensitive to this test.
Natur~l inh!bitors do not have a apecific biotesc:. They are de~ected by
uaiug hormonal testa by the inhibiting reaction which they have on the ~rowt~
processes. For this purpose pr3dominately the auxin te~t is used.
The s~udy of the phytohormone activity and the activity of the natural in-
hibitora in the plants is isnpartant for the understanding and sCudy of the
mechanism of their effect. A great deal of research has been done on the
f~mction and regulatoty activity of the phytohormones and natural inhibitors
on a number of crops.
The problem of the participation of the phytohormones and inhibitors in the
growth regulation and development of cotton has been little studied.
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Con~idaring th~ high phy~iological activity of the naturgl growCh regulatore~
we hav~ decided to invesCig~Ce the preeence ~f endogenic auxine and inhibi-
- tor~ ln coCton ~hoote and erace their aleeYAtt~n ae a funetion of tihe age of
th~ ehoot~.
A$ 8xpexim~ntal ob~ecre, we used two-day-o1d ehoote of fine-fiber cotton~
variery 5904-I. The coeton seed were weti in warer For 46 houre~ Chen they
- were put on the bottom o� enameled couvettee coated with eeveral layers of
wet filter paper; they were tightly covered with glaea and placed in a ther-
moetat at 37" C for 48 hours. Then the two-day ehoote were incubated in water
and were used for analyeis during varioue times of eheir growth.
The contenr of the natural auxine and inhibitora was determined in ehe cot-
ton ehooCs 3, 4, 7 and 20 days old by the Kefeli method, et al. (2~. The
chromatographic analysie of the plant material extracted by ethyl ether
previnu~ly purified to remove peroxidea was carried out in the syetem made
up of the solvents ieopropanol-ammonia-water (10:1:1). The chromatograma
were axamined in the daylighC, in ultraviolet light and ultraviolet light in
ammonia vapor~ '
The content of natural stimulaCors and inhibitora was determined by the bio-
, logical activity of Che detected materiale after chromakographic aeparation
of them. The biological activ3ty of theae materiala was tested uaing a
bioteat variation of the growth of segments of the coleoptilea of graine
of Saratovek~ya heat. The data were expreased in percentages of the growth
of the aegmente of the control coleoptilea. The experimental error wea �lOX.
The results of the atudy demonstrated th~t in the three and fnur day old
cotton shoots only the growth inhibitors were detected (Figure a,b). The
natural growth inhibitor with a value of 0.6~0.8 and 0.8-1.0, according to
the published data (2), coincides with the abecissic acid marker. Thia
offera the poseibiliCy of talking about the fact that the detected inhibitor
is abscissic acid.
The absc~ssic acid level and the three and four-day old cotton ehoots was
insignificant. The growth euppresaion of the coleoptile segments in the '
eluate from the inhibitor zone expressed in percentages of the control is
76-80.
When enliating the biological activity of the growth materials in the aeven~ ~
day old coCton ahoota, the presence of auxins and auxin-like materials was
detected (Figure.c). The appearanee on the chromatograph of a stimulator
with a value of 0.29-0.4 corresponded to the indolylacetic acid tag (IAA).
For seven-day-old cotCon shoots, a significant increase in the IAA activity
is characteriatic.
As is obvious from the figure (c), the growth increments of the segmenta of
the wheat coleoptiles in the eluate from tihe auxin zone expresaed in per-
centages of a control is 153. Aa for the growth inhibitors, they were also
� discovered. Their biological activity with the respect to the inhibiting re-
action is little higher than in the younger cotton shoots (3 and 4 days o1d).
~-3
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~ ~t " g
a~ ~ r
~,BO-
~ b
~
-
~ ~ .
a
,
~
~ Bp
o d r
~
~ ~ (i>
qq o,s o,e ~,o
Auxin and inhibiCor content in cotton shoots
of different age: a-- three-day old, b--
four~day old, c-- aeven-day old, d-- twenCy ~
day old.
Key: 1. Increase in ehe aegments of the coleop-
Ciles of wheat, ~ of rhe control
Thus, the abscissic acids detected in the chromatogram suppresses the growth
of the wheat coleoptile segments by 64-70~. Thus, the growth of the aeven- `
day-old coCton shoots is characterized by the presence of natural auxins and
inhibitors (abscissic acid).
In the 20-day-old cotton shoots, both the auxins and auxin-like materials
and natural inhibitors were detected. The results are presented in the
f igure (d), from which it is obvious that the level of biological activity
of the auxlns is lower than for the seven-day-old cotton shoots, wher~as the
gr~cwth int~ibitors remain in the same ratio. The growth of the coleoptile
segments is 138~6 stimulated by the aluates fram the auxin zone.
Thus, the results of our studies have demonstrated that for normal realiza-
tion of the growth processes in t~?e plants, in particular, for cotton, it is -
necessary to have natural auxins and growth inhibitors present. The absence
of one of the componenrs in the plant tissue leads Co disturbance of the
growth process.
. :
14
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~ BIBLTOGRAI'NY _
1. V~ I~ Kefe11, et al., In the collecCion METODY OPEREDELENIYA FITOGORMONOV~ ~
INGIBITOROV ROSTA, DEFOLIANTOV Z GERBITSIDOV (Method~ of Analyzing Phyto-
hormoneg~ Growth Inhibirora, Defoliante and Herbicides), Moscnw, Nauka,
1973.
2. V. I. Kefeli, et al., In Che book: BIOLOGIYA RAZVITIYA RASTENIY (Biology
of P1ant Development), Moscow~ Nauka, 1975.
3. L. Leonol'd, 1tOST I RAZVITIYE RA5TENIY (Growth and Development of Planta)~
Moscow, Mir, 1968. `
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Ko1os, Doklady VASKhNIL, 1978
10845
CSO: 1870
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A(}RO?!.'~C1~NOLOC~Y ~
. ~
UDC 636~~2/.38:636.082.1 '
USE OF THC G~N~TIC DISTANC~ ESTIMATE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE VARIETY
FOItMAfiION P1tOCES5
rfoscow DOKT~AllY VSE~OYUZNOY OItDENA L~NINA AKADEMII SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH
NAUK IMENI V. I. LE~tINA in Ruasian No 11, 1978 pp 25-28
[ArCicle by Doctor of Biological Sciencea G~ A. SCakan, V. I. Glazko, Inati-
tute Cytology and Geneeica of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of
Sciences~
[TextJ
When creating varietiea, eapecially by the method of complex cross breeding,
it is interesting to Crace noC only the formation of new productive attri-
butes in the hybrids on the phenotypic level, but also the variation of the ,
genetic atructure, the effect of the inherited peculiarities of the iniCial
parent varietiea on the gene stock of the newly creared group of animals.
It is known that the performance of an analysis of ttie variation of the gene-
tic sCructure with respect to quantitative, complexly inherited economically
useful attributes sub3ect to a high degree to the effects of the environment
does not appear poasible. One of the means of solving this problem is to
study and use genetically determined proteins and enzymes with simple codomi-
nant inheritance. ~
In the given paper a discussion is presented of the results obtained for the
first time from the application of biochemical markers in the early atagea'
of Che creatlon of ineat and wool sheep with crossbred type wool. This work
will be done by the laboratory of genetic principles of the selection of the
animals of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian department
of the U5SR Academy of Sciences in 1963. The initial parent varieties were ~
as follows: Altay fine-wool (A), the sheep of which are distinguiahed by
good wool-meat qualities and adaptability Co the severe conditions of Siberia,
and two fast-maturing meat-wool semifine wool varieties Lincoln (L) and
Romni-Marsh (RM).
The analysis oi the formation s~nd development of productive characteristica
~ in sheep of different versions of crossing demonstrated the selective advan-
tages of the animals obtained from the three-variety croasing. Accordingly,
~6
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, Table 1
Product~.ve characCeristics (X + MX) of pura breede and varioue
crosa Qombinatione one year old (reckoned for 365 days of
development of the at~ributes)
~Live , Shear- iLangCh ~ Fiber ~Ratio of~ Thick- .
~yariety and weight ing of of wool diame- second- nese o�
type of cross (kg) pure (cm) ter ary fol- follicles
wool (micr) S.icles, fo~ 1 _
(kg) primary mm of
~ akin
A],ti8 ai,9~0,d 2,At0,l B,G30,1 IU,~{O,A Ii~,b~0~3 84,3t4,7 '
Romn~ ~tarsh u0,0;~0,8 ~,ItO~I 11,e;~:0,4 :!U,I_?,O,U 6,tlt0,: 37,3t4,7
inc~ln ~:,~tn,~ a,~~o,~ ai,i:�o,s :~,eto,2 s,i+o,z ~i~s~s~~
x , ~17,d~;0,8 3,9t0,1 18,Zt0,3 ;t7,t?~0,~ 9,Oi0,4 61,6;t3~9
~ fi1,9~0,a 3,~1~0,1 12,0~0,2 JB,7~0,5 10,4~O,S 59,3~J,~
~ X X BO,I~O,bI 3.A~~0,1 16,tl~0,! 27,~;?0,A 6,130,1 59,6t0,9
b9,~�~0~i ~~0~0~1 Ib~3:+;0,1 @fi,0~t0,4 7,8�0~1 11~~$O~b
- j,,X XA X Xjj~jXA .~9~H~1,4 1~2~;u.1 17,Bt~~'t ~7,1~t0,d A,'2~0,1 10,1~0,8
LxgMxA;x g~xLx aa,o~ i,ti ~,o~-u,~ ?~,s*o,~~ ~e.:~o,3 e,o~o,~ ai~o~o~r ,
r~ivar~ety fro~n �
in ree ing in r ~;,o~~,s a~~s~o,ili~,~~~o,a se,s~o,a e,i_o,i as,~to,9
generation
Key: L= Lincoln, A~ Altay, RM a Romni-Marah
~ provision was made for crosaing the Altay ewes with productive varietiea of
Lincoln and Romni-Marsh with aubaequent inbreeding of the Chree-variety hy-
brida of the deaired type, that is, L X(RM X A) and RMx (LxA) or RM x(LXA)x
xLx (RrIxA) (5, 6) . ~
ComparaCive data are presented in Table 1 on the development of the baeic
productivity attributea in the ewe lambs of the initial current varieties~,
hybrids of di,fferent cross versions and the ewe lambs obtained from inbreed-
ing o� the Chird generation (F3).
The sheep obtained frcna inbreeding (F3) corresponded with respect to the de-
velopment,body weightand characteristica of the wool (thicknesa and length
of fiber), to the new meat-wool type with crosabreed wool. The following
proteins were investigaCed in pure-bred, hybrid and group F3 animals by
starch-gel electrophoreais lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), diaphorase (DI),
hemoglobin (HB), superoxidediamutase (SOD), carboanhydrase (CA), 6--phoapho-
gluconatedehydrogenase (PGD), malatedehydrogenase (MOB); in the blood plasma,
arylesterase (ES-1), carboxylesterase (ES-2), transferrin (Tf). The isola-
tion of the proteins was carried out with respect to the atandard histochemi-
cal formulas (7). The above-enumerated proteins are controlled by 14 auto- ~
some loci. In the investigated sheep polymorphism with respect to the fol-
lowing loci was found: Ldr-1 (4), Di-1 (1, 8), Hb (1), ES-1 (2, 9, 10), CA
(9) and Tf (the transferrina are typed in accordance with the international
standards made available Co us by Profesaor A. Stratyl from Czechoslovalcia).
In the investigated groups of sheep the remaining loci were monomorphic.
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In tihe nnalyais ie was demonstca~~:d eh~t each inirial variety and ~he ani-
m~ls from inbrerding the third generation had Cheir own charac~eristic dis-
Griburion of the ~~ne fr.:quen~:iea and were reliably di~'.inguished among each
nrhex with regpect ro cerrain qene coiicentraei~ns, The eotinl diaCributiion o~
th~ gec~e freq~encie~ for the r?aw eyp~ nf ine~e nn ~i wool sheep (b'3) ie uloaer
Co the Lincoln and Romni-Marah varieties Chan to Che Alr~y �ine-wool vttriety
(~isure 1).
In order to generalize the characteristics of Che gene atock of the investi-
gated popul~tions with respect ro biochemical marlcers in recenC times a num-
ber of estimaCeg have been proposed (11-13) indicaCin~ when analyzing Che
microrevolutionary processes rhe degree of genetic divergence of rhe invegti-
gneed populaCions. The most widespread in recenC rimes is Che Nei esCimate
(13) which is calculated by Che following formula:
DN = -ln I,
where
n ti~
S �~Jt ~'1t
-h ~
~ f~~~~~ `
~t~..~+ ~ Xjt I J~ },~r~
\f~l i~t / \~cs~ la~
where X and Y are the frequencies of the i-allele, the j-locus in two
~ i ~
compared X and Y coefficients, respectively; n is the number of investigated
loci; K~ is the number of alleles in the ~-locus.
By the Nei formula, using polymorphic loci, a comparative estimaCe was made
of the differentiation of the animals obtained from inbreeding (F3) wiCh.
initial parent varieties and with intermediaCe versions for crossing. IC
was established that with respect to genEtic distance the sheep in group F3
are closer to the semifine-wool varieties and they are farther from the ,
Altay fine-wool (see Figure 2). When comparing the genetic closeness to the
ttiree-variet~ animals it was discovered that the sheep in group F3 are
appreciably closer to the animals of the LX(RMXA) type that to the RMX(i.xA)
Cype. It was also discovered that the animals of the new meat and wool type
are essentially closer to the cross type Lx(gMxA)xLx(RMxa) than to the type
Rrlx (LxA) XI.X (RMxA) .
In addition, the genetic distance between the varieties (the intervarity
differenCiaCion) wa~ calculated by the Nei method using all of the invesCi-
gated l.oci (including monomorphic). The data presented in Table 2 indicate
that with respect to the genetic disCance the sheep of the Altay variety are
more removed trom the Romni-Mnrsh, Lincoln and new meat and wool group (F3).
This should also be expected, for rhe A1Cay belongs to the fine-wool
varieties. The semifine wool Rmoni-Marsh Lincoln varieties are the closest
in geneCic respect, which reflects Che commonness of the origin (3). With
respect� to genetic distance, the animals belonging to group F3 are closer
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. ~ Mr~a~~ a'"(b)~ ^(c) ~ P-nb~~ n(c)~ Mr
a o, a q a
3 f 357911J S Ill3 ! 12J 6' 12J4 6
246Eltlftl4 7.4BdJ0J214 t46BlOf2W PM~A ^wA
~ PMxA /1 rA ~ ~ ~
Rs QS QS 0~
246610/~t4~246810l214 ~23 6 2,l4
~ OMxAKA~JPM) ~rpiyxA(3/I) I I PM"~"A~7PM~/1+pMkA~3A~'
~
Q qS 0 as
i4ee~oiz~a~t4se~ont4 f2 6 2
~ 3PMx311 3~ wJA ~ ~~x~~ JA MJA
1 /
4 o,S q as
f 3 S 9!J 1 J 9 f!!3 2 A 6
2 4~ 8 l0171nna Fj ~d~~f4 ' /AynRO Fj ' ,
(d)
4 , o,
~ ~ ~246B1Uf2f4 2 6
Figure 1. Productive characteristica (in fractions) and gene
concentrations of the biochemical markers in the pure-bred
animals and the sheep with different cross combinationa. Left
side of the figure: �
, 1-~la-IP, 2-Dla-IS, 9-Ldr-1~, ~-Ldr-ln, S-Hb~~~ 6-HbB, 7-Bst-1~,
e-Est~-16,9-TfA,lO-TfE,tl-TfC,l2-TfD,13-TfE,l4-TfP,
Right side of the figure: ~yA
1-- live weight, 2-- shearing of wool, 3-- length of wool~
4-- fiber diameter, 5- V/P ratio, 6-- denaity of folliclea
per mm2 of skin.
Key: a. ALT = Altay c. L= Lincoln
b. R-M = Romni-Marsh d. group F3
to Lincoln and Romni-Marsh than to Altay, This also is provided for when
selecting the most optimal system for obtaining the animals of the new
variety group. Consequently, with respect to level of development of the
productivity attributes, the characteristics of the wool~ the indexes of
the markers were used and also estimation of the genetic distance~ the sheep
obtained from inbreeding the th3,rd generation can be considered animals of
the meat and wool area.
Thus, using the experimental material, it was established for the fixst time
that the indexes of genetic distance calculated on the basi,s of using the
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Tab1e 2
~gCima;:e of the ineervariety differen~iatton
(DN with reynect to a~.l of rhe invegtignted
lnci)
VarieCy A RM L F3
A
It~f 0.011
L 0.021 0.008
r3 0.019 0.005 0.005 `
nnr (4)
F,�f,�rt
F~�3n~3n
Fr �JPM RJn
Ow
QOBO D�no~~roF cxor7cm6o
~n (3)
OM ~2~
o,o2a o.oza
PMR^ O,OIB 0,0/6
AxA
F~
, 0,014
3^ Fr' O,O~f 0,074
0,004 Fr
~ 7R?t
Ftgure 2. Genetic distances between animals obCa~!ned from
inbreeding (F desired t;~pe) with pure-bred sheep and
sheep ~f di~ferent cross varieties
Key: 1. complete similaricy 3. Lincoln
2. Romnt-Marsh 4. Altay
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~ g~netically determined varsion~ of the proteine and enzymas reflace the
~hang~~ occuring durieg eh~ v~r3.ety form~ng procees. These deta can aerve
valuabi~ ~nformat3on for ~~timating rhe variation in the geeatl,c ~Cructura
of ~gch g~n~rarion, ~seabllehment of the g~netic cloaeneee to tha 3nitial
_ parent varieries and sabetantiation of rhe future optimal echema for inbread-
ieg animal~.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. V. I. Glazko, 0. L. Serov~ GENETICHESKIYE OSNOVY 302DANIYA KR033BREDNOGO
OV'rSEVODSTVA (Gen@tic Principlee of Crosebreeding Sheep for Connnercial Ppr-
po~e~ Novoaibirek, Nauka, 1976.
2. V. I. Glazko, et al., GENETIKA (Generics)~ Vol 11~ No 2, 1975.
3. G. R. Litovchenko, OVTSEVODSTVO (Sheep Rais;ing)~ Moecow, Kolos, 1972~
Vol'2, Chapter VIII.
4. U. L. Serov, eC al., GEN~TIKA (Genetice), Vol 11, No 9, 1975.
5. G. A. Stakan, TEZISY DOKL. III S'YEZDA VOGIS (Topics of Che Reporta of
the Third Congrees of the VOGIS Institute), Leningrad, Nauka~ 1977.
6. G. A. SCakan, et al., G~iETICHESKIYE OSNOVY SOZDANIYA KROSSBREDNOGO OBTSB-
VODSTVA (Genetic Principles of Crosabreeding Sheep for Commercial Purposee~Novo- ~
aibirsk~ Nauka~ 1976.
7. G. J. Brewer, AN INTRODUCTION TO IS02YME TECHNIQUES, Acad. Preee~ Net~r
York, London, 1970.
8. G. J. Brewer, et al., BIOCHEM. BIOPHYS. RES. COZ4IUNS., No 29, 2, 1967. '
9. E. M. Tucker, et al., VOX. SANG, No 13, 1961. .
10. B. Gahne, M. Goraneaoa, ANIM. SLOOD GRPS. BIOCHEM. GENET., No 1, 3, 1970.
11. P. W. Hedrick, EVOLUTION, No 25, 2, 1971.
12. I. S. Rogera, IN STUDIES IN GENETICS YII, 1972, pp 145-153, Univ. Texax
Publ. 7213.
13. M. Nei, AMER. NATUR., 1972, 106~ 948. .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Kolos, Doklady VASKhNIL, ].978
l 0845
C~O: 1870
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ACIF2(Y~ECHNOLO(~Y
UDC 591.463.1:591.111.8
ULTRASTttUCTUIt~ AND ANTIG~N NATUtt~ OF 3P~RMATOZOIDS UNDER TNE EFFECT OF I30-
AND l1BT~ROANTIDODIES
Moscow UOKLADY VSESOYUZNOY ORDENA I.ENItiA AKADEMiI 3EL'SKOKN02YAYSTVENNYKH
NAUK it~Nl V. I. LENINA in Ruseian No 11, 1978 pp 31-34
(Arricl~ by Candid~t~ of Siologicel Sciencee tt. N. Oyvadie~ R. I. Gorbunova,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences A. V. Bronskaya, Candidate of Biological
ciences V~ I. Gorbunov, V~ 3~ Oeadchuk]
~Text]
The immune reactions ~art~cipat~ng in reproduceion are caused moet frequently
by the interrelations between Che spermatozoide and the orgeniem of the -
animal (mnle or female).
It hag bean esrablished that the epermatoxoids and rha hyaluronidaee con-
tained in their acroeome have high antigen activity capable of causing an
immune reaponee of the organism to itaelf with the generation of iao and
heteroantibadies (1-3, 6-8). Simul~aneouely with the immobilizing effece of
the isoantibodiea on the apermatozoid, damage takea place to their acrosomea
(10).
We have investigated the effect of iso and heteroantibodies to extract and
hyaluronidase of the spermatozofds on the ultrastructure and antigen activ-
ity of freahly taken and thawed apermatozoids from bull and ram aperm frozen
in gr~nulea. The antibody to th~ extracts of e~aculated spermatozoids and
their hyalttronidase was prepared, by immunizing rabits by tt~.e Zubzhitekiy
method fn the ayelid. Blood was taken 1 days after completion of the in~ec- ~
� tions. The normal blood serum of ;.;:e rabbit Was used as the cont:ol. Thc
hyaluronidase was prepared from waehed e~aculated spermatozoids of a bull
and ram by the I. I. Snkolovskaya procedure (4). The effectiveneae of the
immunization was teated by the meChod of precipitation in agar according to ~
Oukhterlone. ~The activity of the hyaluronidase was esCablished by the akin
test meChod (5). j
The sme ars of the thrice-washed apermatozoids were treated with antibody
to the spermatozoid extracts and to hyaluronidase with aube~quent treatmen4
with gerum tagged witii FI1'Ts. The fluorescence Was obeerved on the ML-2
microscope with the FS-1 exciting filter and the ZhS-18 blocking f ilter.
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Tgble 1
_ Dietr~,bue~on of ~p~rm8tozoide a3eh u~.era~rructure afear eraae-
m~nC ~tieh iAO end heteroant~,bodiea (200 spnrmaeogoid~ in aach
group)
Parceneaga o~ buil Percantage of ram
Antibody ~~armatosoide acermato:oido
wirh undemageaacroeome
in the to- In No of w~- In thn to- In No o! un-
tai number damaged in Cal number demaged in
ttie ~ontrol ~ tha conrrol
FreAhly reken a~eculaea
To bu11 E3 ~s,~~a,a~ eo~~,o ss,~~~,~ oz~~,~
To ram $9 ~o,o~a~~ 00~4~~ ao~~~a,i ~ft4,~
To bu11 HS 3b,1,*.9,~ 50~~,0 18,/~~,6 11~~~~
'1'0 ram H9 84~0~3,4 e4~a~7 ~b,b#~,4 6/~/~1
Notmai rabbit
e~rum ~control �~~~~~9 ioo et,o~a,~ ioo .
Thewed apermato~oide
To bull E3 ~~,e~a,i--- -.---sa~e,~ ie,i~~,e 14fS~0
To ram E9 44,~~a~e ioe i4,0~p~4 ~~t~,i
To bull H3 ~0.4~~,e 61~6,e ~~,e~s~~ ~~t~~s ;
To ram HS ~o,o~a~4 ~oo ii.~3~.s ~ot~~o
Normal rabbit
aerum (control 3�,eta,~ ioo 1 i~,9=~,~ ~oo
Note. ES extract of apermatosoida, GS hygluroaidaoa
apermatozoide.
Table 2
Diatribution of freshly taken ram apermatozoide (X) aith altered
ulrrastructure in conaection With the antigen activity undar the
effect of iso and heteroantibodias (aith respect to 100-145 sper-
matozoide for fluoreacence and 200 for ultrastrncture)
Antibodiee
Spermatozoids To spermatozotd extract Tc h~rain~ida~e
.Bull Ram Bull Rem
With undamaged acrosome 52.5�3.6 30.7�3.1 46.4�3.5 36.5�3.4
With.: clarif ied, evolles~
diaintegrated acrosome 36.3+3.4 49.6�3.5 36.0�3.4 41.7�3.S
Toeal With acrogome 88.8 80.3 82.4 78.2 �
fluorescence of
acroeome 87.0+~3.3 72.0+~.3 82.0+3.2 80.0+3.3
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~
~Oti O~~~CIAL U~k OIVLY
~or ~1@cerot~ m~~ro~e~~y of ~p~rtn~eo~oid~, eh~y w~r~ ewie~ w~,~h~d r~ieh ~hn~-
ph~c~ buff~r ~e pH of 7~4 eo ~~m~v~ eh~ pi~~me ~~d medium, eh~y w~r~ ~,aeuba-
e~d Wi~h aneibodt~~ ec~ ti~~ ~xtr~eEOr eo gh~ hyaiurc~nid~~~ eh~ ~p~rm~eo-
~oid~ fer 30 minue~~ 8t 37� C, ~fe~r which they w~rp w~~h~d twie~ eo r~mov~
el~a ~~Lu~. Z'h~n eh@y w~re r~~u~p~nd~d in ehe ~hoephae~ buff~~ and appli~d
to ~h@ mi~rag~dp~ ~lid~.
Afe~r drying in ~t~e ~ir eh~ pr~p~r~~ion~ w~r~ coner~~~~d on en ~l~etrovecuum
ui~i~ by depo~ieing e~rbon wieh pi~einum on eh~m~ Th~ ~p~rmato~oid~ w~re in-
vp~Eig~e~d ~nd phoeogr~ph~d in eh~ T~~1~ ~1~~tron miera~Gap~.
Th~ dara on eh~ ~ffeer of Che i~o ~n~ h~t~roantibodi~~ eo eh~ ~x~raee of
gp~rma~ozo~d~ ~nd e~ hy~luronidaae on eh~ aero,~omg of the buli or ram epetima-
tozoida are pr~9ent~d in Tabi~ 1.
~rom ~ab~e 1~h~ reiaeion of eh~ ine~~r~in~~g of eh~ uler~gErueeur~~ of ehe
~p~rrt?~tozoid~ to th~ rQaetion eo treaeing them aieh i~o ~nd h~Ceroant3bodi~a~
i~ obviou~.
Th~ ~pecific na~ur~ of rhe eff~ct of th~ ~ntibodi~~ on ehe ultraetrucrure
~xpre~aed in different perce~ltage of the spermarozoida rpmaining unharmed in
thp cros~ reactiong wag di~cav~red: namely, more undamag~d gp~rmatozoids
r~mained aft~r Creatmeur of them with heterologic anribody by compgrieon with
igologie antibody independenely of th~ uged type of antibody (to the eperm~-
eozoid extract or to the hyaluronidase isolated from them). This 1aw ia ob-
s~rved both for the freshly taken bull and ram sperm and for the frozen
bull ~perm aith etatically reliable differencgs.
it ig of intereat cher the ram spermatozoida are twice as sensitive to freez-
ing as th~ bull epermatozoide, which is obvious b; the number of undamaged
nnes in the control (18.9 and 39.6X reapectively).
This can be explained by the characteristic fe~turea of the given process in
which the apermatozoide were not rrot~cted ^~^~^^r ~~r^!~�osis in the procees
of preparation for freezing. In addition, in the thawed ram apermatozoida,
the ~pecific natwre of the reactiona to the treatment With isologic and hete-
rologic antibody Was lowered, and the tendency toward intensification of the
damaging e~fect of the heterologic antibody by comparison with isologic in
contrast to the spermatozoida from the freshly takea aperm was observed.
~rom Table 1 is is also obvious that inaide the species in practice there is
no diffecenc. between the effect on the epermatozo~da of the antibody to the
extract of whole gametes and to the hyaluronidase isolated from them. .
Obviously, in the extracts of Che spermatozoids the antigen activity oi the
surf,-~ce and acrosomc hyaluronidase predominates over the other antigens.
Table 2 sh4ws the dist:ibstian of the spermatozoids with altered ultrastruc-
t~re in connect:on with the ancigen activity under the effect of iso anti-
bodies and hc�tero~ntibodies.
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~ ~ i;: <
j' <
> . , >
!
;
{ %k
~ ~
h' ~
H ~
$ . _ ~ `
~ ~
S
~ ~ . . ry, & j '
t
Ac~ ~
. ~ .
~ ~s
1 ~
� ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ,
~ { . ~ ~ _
. ~ . .
, . # ; . . ~ . ~ .
. ~ . ~ t
~ .~CtHt - . ~ . i' ' ' N1w1ww11/yMM
4'M'... :4
.
~ k
< \
~ Y.`t .
q. T� .
3,:: 1:
~
,
i
~
~
t
~
(
..Y.: M. ~ ~O `
r ~
Ultrae,tructure of epermatozoids and localization of their anti- t
gens uu.der the e�fect of iso antibodies and heteroantibodies
(1-5x6000, 6-1Ox1800).
t
Frotq,�Tab],e 2 it ia obvioua that immunofluoreacence reveals antigena of the
ac~osomes not onl.y o� the undamaged but also the partially dieintegrated onea
which explains Che abaence of comparison between the nwnber of fluoreacent
and~uada~naged.spermatozoida~ This means that the partial etructural damage
of the acrosome doea not relieve it of its antigen propertiea.
The figure ahowe.the e~fect oP iso and heCeroantibodiea to the extract and
hyal.uronidase of the apermaCozoida on their ultrastructure and the locali- ~
zat.ion of the antigena diacovered by the method of immunofluorescence. AfCer
treatment of the apermatozoids with heteroantibody and normal aerum, the
majority of them retained the acrosome undamaged (see Figure 1, 2). Under �
the eEfect of the isoaatibodies significant damage occurred to the acrosomes
exptessed in its clarification, swelling, disinCegration and lose (Figurea
3-5).
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~dit h~I'~CIAL US~ cINLY ~
Th~ er~~em~nt of th~ ep~r~natio~o~,d~ wieh i~e~nel.b~dy eo hya~uronid~~~ mad~ ir
pc~~~~b~~ eo d~.~eor~ar Ch~ loCaliz~Cibn of ~h~ di�f~r~nti aneig~n~ tn tha r..::~
~p~rm~tdzoid~. I~ rurn~~d nue thgt in eha ma~oriey ~f en~r.~ a11 of ehe~n ~re
lde~t~d in eh~ frone pcrh of rhe he~d (~ea ~'igurg,6)~ Ho~?av~r, durin~ ~we1-
~ir nnd d~~truceion of Ch~ ~crosome, ~~r~ain anC~.g~n~ r~mu~,n~d in the froiit
p~rt of rh~ h~ad~ otherg w~tie di~covered ~.n tha gwelling ~~r degtroy~d nut~r
~h~ll of th~ acror~m~ (Pigure, 7, 8). In seme sp~rmaeoxoida it wae glen
po~~3b1e eo aee 1.o~alix~tion of Che aneigens in rhe re~r nuclear cap (eee
~i~ur~, 8). In ~he cas~ of comple~e d~gtrucrion of ehe gcroeom~, tihe ~ntlgen
prnp~rti~g of Che hy~luronid~~~ w~ra r~~r. d~r~erad ~s~~ ~igure, 9)~ bue in 33X
or ~ueh ~p~rmaeozoid~ ~neigen~ were di~cov~red ;n sh~ equ~torial segmenC (see
~3gur~, 10). A comparignn of rhege deta with oeh~r inveseig~eiong makes it
pogeible eo a~~ume thge eheg~ anrig~ns ar~ capable of caueing auCoimmun~ re- -
sponae of the organism of the male in thR cae~ of damaged teaticles.
~tius, tlie nnttbodi.e~ to ehe exer~et of e~~rmatox~ide and th~ir hyalUronic':AS~
hav~ to almoeC equal degre~ gpecif ie naeure nf de~rructive effect ot the
ultrnetruceur~ of th~ fr@ghly taken ~p~rm~Cozoidg of etie bu11 ~:td ram.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. V. p. Kononov, A. K. BuCakov, DOtCLADY VASKHNIL (Iteports of Che All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences), No 11, 1971.
2. V. P. Koponov, DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No 8, 1973. ~
3. S. 5. Raytsina, TRAVMA S~hi~NNIItA I AVTOIMrI;JN'T~T (Testicle Trguma and
Autoimmunity), Moscow, Meditsina, 1970.
4. I. I. Sokolovskaya, In Che collection: NOVOYE V BIOLOGII VOSPROIZV~DENIYA
SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTV~NNYKH ZHIVOTNYKH (What's New in the Biology of the Re-
production of Farm Animals), Moscow, Sel'khozgiz, 1951.
5. I. I. Sokolovskaya, PROBLEMY OPTODOTVORENIYA S~L'SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH
2HIVOTrIYIQi (Problems of Fertilization of Farn Animals), Moacow, Sel'khoz-
giz, 1957.
6. I. I. Sokolovskuya, et al., DOKLADY VASKHNIL, No 3, 1976. '
- 7. W. 'tienie, et al., "Studies on the Antigenic Structure of Some Mammalian
Spermatozoa," J. EXP. MED., 1938, 68.
8. C. MeCz, et a].., P~tOC. SOC. EXPTL. BIOL. MED., 1972, 140.
9. C. B. Metz, FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS, 1973, 32.
10. J. Russo, C. B. Metz, BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION, 1974, 10.
~:OPYRIGHT: I~datel'stvc Kolos, Doklady VASKhNIL, 1978
10845
CSO: 1$70
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A(~AOTECffi~10LO~Y
UDC 595.42t632.951
DEVELOPI~NT OF THE RESISTANCE OF IXODOIDEA TO CHLOROPHOS
Moscow DOKLADY VSE30YUZNOY ORbENA LENINA AKADEMII SLL'SKOKH02YAYSTVENNYK~t
NAUK IMENI V.. I. LENINA in Ruasian No 11, 1978 pp 34-35
[Article by Candidate of Biological Sciencee 0. I. Smirnova~ A1].-Union
Scientific Research Inetitute of Veterinary Sanitation]
(~ext~ The resistance of ticke~and other forma of insects to peeticides ie
one of the main obatacles in the conCrol of the ma3ority of human and animal :
diseases caused or carried by anthropoda. The broad application of chlorn-
phos over ntany yeara in veterinary and medical practice and a].so in glant
huabandry has led to the development of resistance to thie compound in ma~?y
apeciea of insects, including Ixodoidea [1, 2, 5, 6].
The purpoae of our reaearch was Co reproduce tha reaistance of Ixodoidea to
chlorophos under laboratory conditions and atudy the poseible mechanisme of
the develo~ment of this proceas.
In the experiments we used reaistant Ixodoidea Rhipicephalus bursa Hyalomma
anatolicum with 50-fold and 20-fold resistance respectively to chlorophos, _
and as the control we used aenaitive ticks of the eame epeciee. The etudy
of the posaib~e mechanisma of the reaiatance to chlorophoa were performed
by the metho~is of histochemistry, bioche~istry aad thin-layer chronatography.
_ The activiC.y of the cholineaterase enzyme ~ae determined by the histochemi-
� cal method according to Kelly and Friedewald in the V. V. Portugalov versicsn ,
[3] and the biochemical method according to Khesterin in the 3. A. Roelavte-
eva versioh. The chlorophos content in the organs and tieauea of the Ixodoi-
dea were determined by the method of thin-layer chromotography, lipide in
the cuticle of the Ixodoidea--the histochemical method according to Lizon
[4]. When comparing the activity of the cholinesterase enzyme in the organs
and tiseues of resistant and aensitive ticks in the norm~al conditian, we
discovered that in the tiseues of the resiatant epecies the level of its
activity is reduced by 40 to 60 percent by comparison with aenaitive ticke. ;
In order to discover the difference in int?ibition of the en~yme in the
sensitive and resistant Ixodoidea, they were treated with 0.2 percent chloro-
phos solution, which is lethal for sensitive Ixodoidea and harmlese to the
resistant ones. In the sensitive ticks an hour after treatment. 10 to 20
percent suppression of the cholinesterase was obeerved in the pre-eeophagal `
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~ox orFYCr~r. usL ohLY
divieion of Cre narve ganglion. After 3~ 6 and 1,2 hour~ ~h~~ euppre~~inn ~
progre~s~d and epread t.n the poaC-esophagal divieion oF Ch~a gangl~.on. in
Che re~~gtunti t~.cks th~ enxym~ acCiviCy remainQd on Lhe former levnZ.
Leehal cnncenL�ration~ nf ~caclnidg (1~0-1~5 percenC) in re~i~runt in~iividuals
cau~ed partial supprese~on of the pre~sophggal divi~ion of tihe nerve ganglion.
ny using Chg Chestrin b~.ochemical method, w~ eeCablished tha~ ehe chol~n-
egtierase activ~ty of the Ixodoidae populaC~.on reeiatant to chlorophoe is 3.7
t~mea lower thnn the cholineseeraee oE the sensiCive Ixodoidae. The dif-
ferences in act~.vity of tl~e aliphaeic egterase (methylbuCyraCe esterase,
~hpnyl aceCaCe ~arera~e and Cributyrate asCerasg) in the sen~itive ~nd
resiatant Ixodoidae gre insign~.ficanC. The exparimential dat~ that we ob-
Cained with respect to the lowered level of activity of the cholinesterase
in resietant Ixodoidea by tihe biochemical method correlate with the data
obtained by the histochemi.cal method. These aeudiea performed by Cwo dif-
ferent meChoda indicate the reported difference in cholinesterase activity
of the guscepr~.ble and regiatant strains.
The cueicle a~.~o plays a defined role in Che developmenC of the resieCance
of ticka to chlorophos. The gcericide applied Co the eicks passes through
the cuticle which lowera the toxic dosgge of the acaricide regching the
viCally imporCant centers.
Our experiments have eseablished that Cicks resistant to chlorophos has 4
Co 6 times more wax on the cuticle Chan the aensitive oneg~ It is charac-
teristic that with an inerease in resistance the amount of wax also increases.
Thus, in Che sixCh generation of Rh. bursa, one individual had 23 micrograms
of wax at the same time as in the Centh generaCion an individual had 50 micro-
grams. For the sensitive Ixodoidea of the same epeciea the amount of wax ia
10 micrograms/individual.
The partial removal of ehe wax from the Ixodoidea integumenCs using a mix-
ture of acetone with water (1:1) aignificantly increased their sensitivity
to Che given acaricide. Consequently, the wax layer on Che cuticle of the
Ixodoidea resistant to chlorophos, accumulating in the wax, delayed entry
of the acaricide into the organiam of the ticks.
In our experimenta on sensitive Ixodoidea ehe wax-lipoid ~ayer does not dif-
fer morphologically from that of Che resistanC tjcke, but the intenai::y of ,
color in the resistant imago is inCensified by approximate'y 50 to 50 p~r-
cent. This indicates high lipid content in the cuticle of the rQSistant
Ixodoidea. In addition, a study was made of the lipid content in the
cuticle of the Ixodoidea as a functson of their age. IC was eatablished
Chat the lipi.d content in the cuticle of the resi~Cant ticka of the Centh
generation three r.~nths old decreases by 70 to 80 percent by comparison with
the same ticks at one month old. The SK50 of chlorophos for reaistant Rh.
bursa of the tenth generation three montha old was 0.01 percent at the same
time as for the same ticks .~t a r.~onth old iC was 0.54 percent, that is, with
age the resistance to chlorophos dropped by 54 times. Consequently, a corre-
lation is observed between the lowering of Che iipid content and the loss of
resistance of tne Ixodoid~a Co chlorophos.
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For ~eneieive t~eka of rhe ~ame speciea, an ~.neign~.~~,cant reductiion o:E tihe
lipid content (10-15 percenC) and relative conetancy of CKgp wieh an in-
creae~ in age are characteristic.
In order to deCermi.ne the chlorophoe content in ~he organiem of tiha reeietient
and ~eneitive Ixodo~.dea, they were treated w3eh 0.3 percenC eolution of
chlorophoa caus~ng a lethal effect of the seneitive Ixodoidea after 24 hour~
and 100 percent eurviv~l of the resistane Zxodoidea. Three houre after
treatment the washings from the cuticle of the reeietant ticks conta~.n three
times more chlorcphos than the waehinga from the sensitive ticke ar tihe rame
time ae for the seneitive ticka the basic maea of compound wae concentrated
in the internal organs.
Probabl~?, a consequence of organic tiitration of the chlorophos into the in-
terna? organe ia faster removal of the acaricide from the organiem of the
resistant Ixodoidea, for protective mechanisms become active which neutralize
the toxic agent.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vashkov, V. I., et a1., TRUDY TSNIDI ~Worke of Che TeNI Inetitute)~
No 16, 1963.
2. Polyakov, D. I., Smirnov, 0. I., VETERINARIYA [Veterinary], No 5~ 1976.
3. Portugalov, V. V., OCHERKI GISTOFIZIOLOGII NERVNYK~i OKONCHANIY ~Outlinea
of Hiatophyaiology of the Nerve Endings], Moecow, Medgiz~ 1956.
4. Roskin, G. I., Levinson, L. B., MIKROSKOPICKESKAYA TEKHNIKA ~Microecopic
Engineering], Moscow, Sovetakaya Nauka~ 1957.
S. Roslavtseva, S. A., TEZ. DOIQ.. NA III VS. SOVESHCHANII PO REZISTENTNOSTI
[Topica of Reports aC the Third Al1-Union Conference on Reaietance],
Leningrad, 1972.
6. Sukhova, M. N., Gvozdeva, I. V., PROBLEMY DEZINFEKTSII I STERILIZATSII
[Problems of Diainfection and Sterilization], No 21, Vol II, 1971.
COPYRI(~~: Tzdatel'stvo Ko1os, Doklady VASIQzNIL, 19'~8
10845
Cso: 1870 ~
29
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;
ro~ orricrni, us~ orri~Y
~ZOCLIMA'Z'OLOC~Y '
UbC 551.52G:542.2
STUDY OF AIEt TEMPERATURE DURING THE TRAN5I~ION PROC~SS IN A CLIMA'~E CHAMBER
Moscow llOKLAllY VS~SOYUZNOY OItUENA L~NINA AKAD~MII SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH
- NAUK IM~NI V. I. L~NINA in ltus~ian No 11, i97a pp 4L-42
[Article by Candidate of Technical Sciencea V~ T. Oleynichenko, A. V~ A].ekseyev~
Odessa Brattch of the Agropribor Farmtool Scientific Production AasociaCion]
[Text]
The analyais of ehe exiating mathoda of surveying and inveatigating varioue
biological organisme under laboraCory cnnditions [2, 6-8~ confirma the necea-
sity for study3ng the ~f�ect of rhe changes in light and temper~eure-moiature
conditions in the cl.imate chambers.
We have performed studies of the law of variation of air temperature under
changing conditions (the tranaiti3on from day to night) in a climate chamber _
wieh an operating volume of 0.5 m3.
The air was cooled by t',?e I-114 atandard evaporator connected to the V5-0.45~ ~
~3 freon cooling unit. The temperature was measured using thermocouples and :
resistance tihermometers [3]. The schematic for the placement of the Cempera- ~
ture gages in the chamber is shown in Figure 1.
~
When daytime condiCiona are replaced by night, there is a significant de-
crease in the temperaCure of the cold carrier in ehe evaporator which leads
to a ct~ange in temperature of the air environment within the chamber. In
general form the rir cooling process can be represented by a differential
equation [1, 4] of thc: type: F
d'T dT ~ �
. ~ ~
d~,-; dt ~ T, � ~ Qt . (1)
,
� F
where T is the currenC value ~f the temperature (�C~; 't is the time (sec); t
T
Q~ is the heat flux (watts). i
, . a
In the investigated case EQi can be written in Che form ;
f
~ w ~ t
. Qt' c2~ Qs Q~ Q~ - Qe ~ ~ '
3~ -
~FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1
,
,
~
.
, , ,
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;
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where Q~ is ehe heaC flux releaeed by ~he biologi.cal organiame (watte); Q2 !
is ehe heat flux from fil~ration (watte); Q ie the heat flux through Che
encloeures (watts); Q4 ie the heat f]ux fro~ the illumination (waete); Q~
the heat flux removed by tihe evaporator ~watCe).
Uuring the course of per�orming the experimente in the climate chamber wiCh
a thermal Zoad on the evaporator of 450-465 watts and at a boiling point of
the Khladon-12 [cold carrier-].2) with the 1lmits from -20 to -22� C we ob-
tained the air cooling curvea (see Figure 2).
~ r,~ , .
~ . .
_ ~ ~ zo ~
~
~ ~ . ~ ,s ~ 2
~ . , f~ 3
i s
ivs uo ~ o
qs ~o . ~s ~,o r~i
troo. .
Figure 1. Schematic of the arrange- Figure 2. Graphs of the air tempera-
ment of the thermocouples, resiatance ture measurements in the chamber:
thermomeCera~in the chamber. 1-- at the geometric center, 2--
on Che left aide, 3-- on the right
' side.
The studies of the experimental curves of the temperature variation of the
air environment in the tranaition mode demonstrated that they are described ~
by second-order differential equations.
The solution to equation (1) can be obtained in the form [4~:
T ~j~ - Tn - ~Ts - Tx~ X
X (1 `-C~e~'~-Cst'~`~z)? (3)
where TH, TK are the initial and final sir temperatures in the wor.king zone
- of the chamber (�C); C1, C2 are the air cooling process constants; al, a2
are the exponents (sec 1); T is the process time (sec).
After approximation of the experimental curves reflecting the dynamics of
the air cooling at the geometric center, we obtain the following values of ~
the coefficients:. ,
31
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I
, '
~oR o~rrcz~ us~ ocr~Y ~
C~~2, 3, ai~0,8~10-~; ~
~9,r.~~~ 3~ a~~0~1 ~ t0-�,
ir hns be~n e~tablish~~d exper~iu~neall.y that 'rk is +1.0� C for un outieide
temperat~re o� +22-26� C. Substiitueing Che experimenCal valuea of Che con-
~tanCs in equaeion (3), we tiave tihe equaCion for the variaCion of the air
Cemperature at Che geomatiric center of the chAmber in rhe transieion mode:
~ � .
r~t~ ~ TH ~r� o~ x
X 2~3e-o,o~io~~s-},
. .~''~-o~'.IO-'j,, (4)
Thus, as a result oi ehe inveaCigation of the law of variarion of the tem-
perature of Che air environmenC in the climate chamber 0.5 m3 in volume with
a heat load of 450-465 waeta, tiht egCransition from~Cheadaybtoinight~condi--
temperature variaeion of making h
Ciona.
On tihe bas9.s o� analyzing Che experimental curves (aee Figure 2) it was
estiablished Chat the value of Che ratio of the delay eime and the time con-
stant ie about 0.13. As a result.of our calculaCions and the recommendatione
of A. P. Kopelovich [5] on e m ay draw the conclusion that it~ia
possible zo use a pof ition system o� automatic air temperature control in
Che chamber.
The indicated syatem was introduced into practice in the climate chamber
developed by the Odessa branch of the Agropribor Scientific Production
Association.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. G. V. Arkhipov, AVTOMATICHESKOYE REGULIROVANIYE POVERKHNOSTNYKH TEPLO-
OAI~NNIKOV (Automatic Control of Surface HeaC Exchangers), Moscow,
Energiya, 1971. ~
2. BIOLOGTCHESKIYE 5REDSTVA ZASHCHITY RASTENIY (B~;.ological Plant Production
Means), Moscow, Kolos, 1974.
3. 0. I. Bogdanov, KHOLODIL'NAYA TEKHNIKA I TEI~iNOLOGIY~~ (Refrigeration
Engineering and Technology), Kiev, Tekhnika, 1973.
4. Kh. Guretskiy, ANALIZ I SINTEZ SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA S ZAPAZDY~IANIYEM ~
(Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye, 1974.
5. A. P. Kopelovich, AVTOMATTCii~SKOYE REGULIROVANIYE V CH~RNOY M~TALLURGII
(Automatic Control in Ferrous Metallurgy), Moscow, tdetallurgiya, 1963.
32 ~
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i
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6. M~TODIKA 1.AHOItA'rnltNnGO ItAZVED~NIYA YABLONNOY PLODOZHORKI NA PLODAKH I
ISKUSSTVENNYKH SR~bAKH (Procodure for Laboratory Breeding of the Codling
Moth in FruiG and ArCificial Media), Yalta, GN~S, 1971.
1. METOUICHESKIY~ UKA'LANIYA PO ISKUSSTVENNOMY RA2VEDENIYU YABLONNOY PLODOZH-
OItKI V xS~;LYAKH ST~RILIZATSII (Procedural Inetructions wiCh RespgcC to
Areificial Breeding of Che Codling Moth for Sterilizarion Purposes)~
~ Moacow, 1975.
8. V. P. Pristavko, B. G. Degtyarev, ZOOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL (2oological
Journal), Vo1 LI, No 4, ig72.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'sCvo Kolos, Doklady VASKhNIL, 1978
10845
CSO: 1870
33
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~~ntt o~,~~ 1C1AL U5~ UNLY _
ECOLOGY
~
BIOLOGISTS, MATHENIATICIANS DESCRIB~ ECOSYSTEMS
Sverdlovsk EKOLOGrYA S.n Russian No 2, 1979 pp 109-112
(Review by P. M. Brusilovskiy and G. S. Rozenberg, znstitute of I3ioloqy,
Bashkir ASSR Branch, USSI2 Academy of Sciences~ o� tihe book "Ma~em~tiche~koy~:
modeli.ravaniye v ekologii. Materialy IiI shkoly po matematicheakomu
modelirovaniyu slozhnykh biologicheskikh sistem" (Mathema~ical Modeling
3n Ecology. Proceedings of the Third School on Mathematical Modeling of
Complex Biological Systems) edited by A. M. Molchanov, Moscow, Izdatel'stivo ~
Nauka, 1978, 179 pages~ '
[Text) In 1975 Izdatel'stvo Nauka publi~hed a collection of artiicles -
edited by Prof A. M. Molchanov titled "Mathematical Modeling in Bioloqy~�
This collection consisted of the works of the First School on Mathematical
Modeling o� Complex Biological Systems (March 1973) organized on the
initiative of USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member A. A. Lyapunov.
Out of eight works in the collection, seven had a direct bearing on the
modeling of ecological systems (populations,communities, ecosystems, the
biosphere). Another distinguishing characteristic was the significantly
- greater contribution by mathematicians than by biologists. Works of the
Second School (March 1974) were never published in full (4).
A new callection containing the proceedings of ~he Third School on Mathe-
matical Modeling of Complex Biological Systems (January 1975) was published
in 1978. T}ie collection's title is somewhat different frrnn the first. We
believe that this change in title is unjustified. F'irst a precedent has
been set for the title "Mathematical Modeling in Biology," which embraces
a broader range of biological problems for modeling (even in spite of the
fact that a signi�icant proportion of the,works in the first collection
were dPvoted to ecology). Second, the collection under review here is not
limited to ju~t works on ecology alone: It contaiiis research papers and
models dealing with epidemics and physiological processes associated with
them. Most authors of papers iii the collecti~,n are biclogists, which makes
it different from the first edition. A. M. Molchanov, the schnol's
scientific director and the collection's editor, explains this in the fore-
word by saying that the main goal of ~i~e collection was to attract the
attention of mathematicians to biological problems which, in the opinion of
3~+
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~ t~
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~h~ authors~ offer~ eignificant room for jointi work~ som~thinq the~ ia :
acquir3.ng in~reasinqly qreater 8ignifican~a as matihon?atica invedes biology
more and more.
The coilectiion begine witih a paper by 8. Ya. Vilenkin, "intaraotinq popu-
1at3on~,~' which discu~s~8 eome aapects of theoretical ~cology. Analy~inq
differ~nt approachas to etudying multispscific aystiema by raflucing t.l~air
dimeneiona, the autihor re~ecta two variants of the eyateme epproach labelad
by nim extireme and moderat~. The firgt approach (ao defined by E. Odum)
is reject~d becAUSe it lacke the biologiaal grounda o~ acoloqyt tha eaoond
fds de�ined by D. Margalef~ auffera fran an absence o~ etr3ctnoss and olarity
daspite i~s broadnesa and flexibility. Vilenkin beliavee t.hat the solution
rb the evolved ai~uation can be foun8 by stiudying tranaformatiion o! enerqy
ncti 3n the ecosystem as a whole but ratihsr in its iadividual biocks (!or
example in assxiatiione of organisms at di~farent trophic levels), whioh
corresponds tn A. A. Lyapunov's micro-approaah. Even ~urthar aubdit~ision -
of these blocks into orqar~iems or populatiione livinq at differenti tiimes and -
in different spacea is poesible as well.
This m~thod, the mathematical foundation of which conaietis of a ayat~n of
equations deacribing the law of con8ervatiion of mntter and enarqy !or
each block, can result in creation of models tihati provide qood prediotiong of
the structiure or dynamics of ecosystems= however, in vi~w o! thair awnber-
saneness and "vastness" we can hardly expect tham to praluce qood aonolueions--
that is, ecosystem theories specifically. Morsover by avoidinq the "euroe o!
dimensions" (thouqh in the end a number of the blocka may turn out to be vas~y
larqe anyway), we collide with a second fundamental dif~iaulty typical o! `
such aFproaches--the need for usinq a tremendous number of coegficients ~
associatinq these blocks with each other. Therefore, leavinq the riqht~
of predicti~n o� the behavior of complex ecosystems to simulation modela
(as well as A. G. ivakhnenko's self-orqani.zing models), we would have to
reserve the power of explanation for the potential effectivenees model (6,7~.
We would also have to take exception to Vilenkin's cateqorical asaArtion
that there is no such thing as purposefulness in ecosystem developaent.
The�article "A Structural and Functional Approach to Soils 3oi1-Memory and
Soil-Moiaent" by V. 0. ~argul'yan and A. Sokolov discusses the probima of
"the sofl's imitative capability" in relation to soil-fos~mir?g faetora (the
geoqraphical environment) from new positions. The aut.hors ir~troduced two .
new concepts--"soil-menary" (tt?e set of stable and conservative properties
of the soil profile, accumulated over the entire periad of soil formation)
and '~oil-moment" (the set of dynamic properties resultinq fram the inlluence
of environmental factors at the qiven moment or at maaents close to iti),
which make it possible to qroup soil properties on the basis of atability. _
The paper also n~entfons the reasons for inadequate reflection of factors
operatinq on soil. Basinq themsc~ives on these concepts the authors formulate
three types of models necessary to soii science--functfonal m~dels o~ soil- `
moment, historical-genetic models of soil-memory, and moclels of tt?efr
interaction. We note that Geodakyan (1) and others have developed a
35 ;
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tiheory, eim~,i~r to th~ vi~wpointi,~ o� Targul'yan and 3nkolov, dif~~r~ntiating
qen~~ic gy~~eme in r~la~ion ~o p~rman~n~ and working mamori~e, and ~h~?t tihg ~
~ualita~iv~ cnnrluginng of this ~h~~ry m~y b~ �ound t~ b~ u~~ful in ~oil
d~~~n~~ a~ wpll.
in hig pap~r "An ~co~yet~m ~h~ory of ~h~ Dynamic8 0~ Herbivorous Fcre~t
Zn~ec~ Popula~ion~" P. M. RaEes pr~sent~d a i~rg~ numb~r of ~xner~?e~,tai
datia conc~rniny th~ forma~ion, gtructiure, and ~ize o� for~s~ insect popu-
latiidng. Critically dtsrusginc~ tih~ existing ~h~ori~~ of papulation dynamicg
(the author does not consid~r ma~hematScal model~ of population development), -
Raf~as provid~s ~h~ grounde fo~: a new approach--tih~ ecosy~tiem theory. He
makes a detaile~ examinatiion ~f the principies bshind limitation of popu-
la~ion dynamice by eeosyetem procesae8 gov~rning interaction b~tween
herbivorous insects anc~ the plantis th~y eat, and by changes in the quali-
~atiiv~ compositinn of ~h~ h~rbivorou~ ins~ce po~ulatiiong.
Th~ communication "Hierarchical Stiructiure of Terrestrial ~cosystems" by
2. V. Stebayev is devoted tio the possible ways a hierarchical structure
arose in terrestrfal eco~yetiems. Analyzfng the developmental stages of -
ecosystems forming on rock outcropptngs and discussing the role of barriers
to th~ ~ntry of new 8ubstianc~s intio the ~coloaical CyCZQ and their redis-
tribution, the author concludes that tihe "fata" of large ecosystems may
de~end on "barrier" ecosystems that are small in area and unnoticeable at
first qlance (the consortiums of T. A. RAbotnov and V. V. Mazing or the
critical pointis of A. M. Molchanov), whict~ must be considered in environmential
prot~ction.
In their paper "Unique F'unctional Features of Grass Ecosystems in Comparison
With Forest and Desert Ecosystems" N. I. Bazilevich and A. F. Ti.tlyanova
present extensive camparative material (based on analysis anA. generalization
of information gathered by Soviet and foreign rcaearchera) on the c~ncen-
trations of a number of chemicals in blocks contained within different
ecosystems. i'unctfonal models are presented of exchange processes occurring
fn the "atmosphere-plant-soil" system of a mixed meadow grass ecosystem
(Karachi Research Statfon, Western Siberia) fn two meteoralogically
different times of the year. These models are diagrams of cause-and-effect
relationships set up with the help of G. ~orrester's methods of system
dynamics. A mathen~tical simulation model of such a system has already
been built by Gil'manov (2).
A paper by Yu. M. Aponin and A. D. Bazykin "A Mc,del or Eutrophication in an
Open Predator-Prey System" is devoted to quantitative analysis of a model
describinq the behavior of a"prPdator-prey-substrate" system. Analysis of
a system of three differential equations permitted the authors to re~eal
four types of behavior of the system within the plane of flow rate
param~tc~rs ancl the initial concentration of the substr~it~� The authors make
an interestinq conc]usion cc:~cerning arisal of a stable limiti:~g cycle (stable
fluctuation of the density of psey and predator) at low flow rates and a
high initial sui~stra te concentration.
36
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The pap~r "M~~h~maelc~l Mc~c~c~l~ c~� gioch~micel Oxid~~ion o� Organic Watier
~a~in ~d?i~~mih~nt~" by V. A. V~vilin ~x~minen the use oF modeis daveloped
for th~ ~hcc~~y df mie~~bl~l~gic~1 ~ynth~gis to deserib~ bioloqiaal puri-
fi~~tian af ~ewage and the g~lf-purifiea~ion proC~eaes occurring in water
ba~ing. mh~ main requir~m~n~ ,i,mposec~ on eelf-purification modeis is thati
~hey mus~ provid~ d good ~r~dicrion of tihe concentiratiion of ~i.esolved oxyqen
in ~~im~ and in ~par~. ~his r~quirem~nt p~rmitis tran~itiion from simple
mc~d~l~ en ~imulatiinn mod~i~ of ~~1f-purific~tion proceases. On the other
hand i~ w~ ~r~ to "work" witih th~ l~teer, w~ would tio have tio know the
v~lueg nf a larg~ nwnber nf eons~an~s, which are often impossible to
d~t~rmine ~xpQriment~l].y. Therefore, th~ authors point out, a qood mathe-
matical mod~l muse bc3 pr~elsn wi~hin tih~ 1imi~s of chanqes sxperienced by
param~~~r~ d~fining the ~onditions of the problems and, ati the eame time,
it mus~ b~ a~ ~impl~ pc~~~ible. Un~ortunately the author neglected to
~xamine sel~-nrganizing and ~toch~stiic models of aelf-purification procesaes ~
in this r~view.
Y~. Ytt. t~'risman's pap~r "mhe MeChanism Behind Maintenance of Nonuniformity
in Spatial riistiributian of individuals" ig devoted to research on the
distribu~i~n ~f individuals in spaae. The author hypothegizes that non-
uniformity in colonization by individuals may be elicited only by inter-
action between popula~ion growth and miqratiion of individuals. When the
migratinn coefficient is sufficiently low, his analysis of a model showed,
theze are four stable stationary points. When seasonal migration is preeent, y
cyclic changes arise in the density of the system's populations.
The three last papers are devoted to analysis of models o� tuberculoais
epidemics. In his communication "Some Dynamic Models in Tub2reulosis
Epidemiology" M. D. Korzukhin builds a model consisting of four linear
differential equations, and V. R. Levin utilizes classical regression analysis
in his work "Computations Concerning Some Epidemioloqical Aspects of the -
Spread of Tuberculosis in a Population." In their article "The Role of
Oppositely Acting Factiors in Assessinq the Condition of Open Bioloqical
Systems (Using a Hemostatia System as an Example)" L. B. Khudzik and Z. L.
Shul'gina focus the reader's attention on the need for determininq the
direction of action of parameters in open biosystems.
The models examined in these works have prediction as their goal. We note
that self-organizing models (3), which are already beinq employed in
medicine (5), are also of interesti to prediction.
We can note the following in conclusion. The works in this collection pro-
vide the reader a general idea of the nature of problems faced by researchers
- as they proceed from simple description uf an object to construction of its
models--that is, to creation of a theory. The value of this sort of ordering
of inforn~ation cannot be doubted. However, it wou~d have been nice for the
works to word the modeling goals and the requirements bioloqists impose on
the possible models of the examfned systems and processes more concretely.
37
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~'uk ur~r'1l;lAL US~; UNLY '
2~ shouJ.d be remembered ~ha~ in gyati~mology, n thaory is nor ~he soln '
bea~c~r of explanatory ~nd prognostiic elemant~: Tha mor~ compl~x a system
mod~l is, ~s a rul~ ~ti~ c~reaeFr i~ itg capability for prc~dict.lon and ~hn
~ow~r i~ i~s capabili~y for ~xplanation
mh~ collec~ion revi~wed hare is one mnre step on ~he road nf cdoperatiion
betweeh biologi~tis and ma~hc~m~~icians in the solutiion n� compl~x biolog3aal
problems.
BIBLIOCRAPHY �
1. Geodakyan, V. A., "bifferen~3ation o� Permanenti and Workiny Memori4s
in Genetic Systems," in "Strukturnyye urovni biosistiem" (Structural
Levels in Biosystems), Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSIt, 1967.
2. Gil'manov, T. G., "Matema~icheskoye modalirovnniye biogeokh.imicheakikh
tsiklov v travyanykh ekosis~emakh" (Matihematical Modeling of Biogeo-
chemical Cycles in Grass Ecosystems), Moscor~, Izd-vo MGU, 1978.
3. Ivakhnenko, A. G., "Sistemy evristicheskoy samoorganizataii v tekhni-
cheskoy kibernitike" (5ystems of Heuristic Self-Organization in Technical ,
Cybernetiics), Kfov, Izd-vo Tekhnika, 1971.
4. "Informa~sionnyy byulleten' o rabote Ii Vsesoyuznoy shkoly po ~
matematicheskomu modelirovaniyu v biologii" (Information Bulletin on ~
the Proceedings of the Second All-Union 5chool on Mathematical Modeling
in Biology), Pushchino, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1975.
5. Spynau, Ye. I., and Ivanova, L. N., "Matematicheskoye prognozirovaniye
i profilaktika zagryazneniya okruzhayushchey sredy pestit:,idami"
(Mathematical Prediction and Prevention of Environmental Contamin~tion
by Pesticides), Moscow, Izd-vo Meditsina, 1978.
6. Fleyshman, H. S., "Systems Methods in Ecology," in "Statisticheskiye .
metody analiza pochv, rastitel'nosti i ikh svyazi" (Statistical Methods
for Analysis of Soils, Plants, and Their Relationships), Ufa, Izd-vo
Bashkirskogo filiala AN SSSR, 1978.
7. Fleishnan, B. S., "Philosophy of Systemology," CYBERNET.~CA, Vol 19,
No 4, 1976.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Natilca", "Ekologiya", 1979 ~ ,
i�
~
11004
CSO: 1870
38
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FOR U~'~ICZAL US~ ONLY
r
INDUSTRIAI, MICROBIOIAGY
UDC 643.0.863:628.314:061.3
~
' ~ ~ONFERENCE RECpMMENpg WATEIt p~p~CTION STEPS
Moacow GIbROLpZNAYA I i,ESOKHIMICH~SKAYA PROMySHLENNOST' i
1979 p i h Ruesian No 2, -
[Article: "Do Not Pollute the Rivera With Wastes From Hydrol s
[Text] In November 19~5 ~he Bixyusinski y i$ plants! ]
scientific-practical conference at whichH
aysltoireducet held a cambined
B~~sa, Oka, and 2ya rivers by liquid wastes fran hydrol~slution of the
discussed. y fs planta were
Representatives of the ~rkutsk Sta~e Medical Institute, the Bai
Epidemiological Station Admiriistration, the Fish Conservation ~l ~sin `
the Tayshet City CPSU Commi~tee, the Tayshet Cit Ins~Otiion, ~
.Biryusinskiy City Soviet of Peoples Deputies, the Vostokpromstroittee, the
the Tulun arid Zima hydrolysis plants, and (g~gxprobiosintez y Trust,
the conference proceedings. ~took part in
Recommendations suggested in a re
professor of the department of generalbhygiene attthe~Ir ~ an assistant '
Institute,and in communications kutsk Medical
. plants and the Sibgiprobiosintezprandnad pted byrthenconfVeB of hydrolysfs
that the max~agement and collectives of enterprises in theeIrnca point out
Association are devoting constant attention to reducin ku~skqidrolizprem
Biryusa, Oka, and Iya rivers by industrial wastes and protectir~n of the
rivers. Much work has been done in this regard. Thus biolo g~e
of postfermentation mash by highly effective funqal strains hical oxidation -
introduced, measures insuring the fullest S8 been
substances in the hydrolysate are being develoPede~dil~ization of orqar~ic
treatment plants are being reconstructed, and new ones withen~ed, existing
capacities are bei,ng built. However, continually increasin ~tater
of production is making it necessary to carefully study ~egs~iensification
dition of the rivers named above, into which trea~ed induatri t~ con-
dumped. al wastes are=
The principal source of pollution on, for example, the Bi sa
. the place where the hydrolysis plant dumps its wastes 3,$ ~ ~ver above
. a1 drifting=
39 _
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~o~ or~~c~~., us~ ox~..x _
~~he river channel witih ro~r ing wood. The ai~u+al:~.an .
�ounde~~g logs chok u~ an
~.s similax. z~ ig in thig connect~.oi r~~uirament 8 c ies=
on nther rivpx~ a~ tih~ pri.ncipa
par~icipanta sug9~gred th`~ ~o~yowin90ka, and xy+~ rivezs ~nd ~t?eir tiributi~r
drif~it~g on tihe Bi:yusa,
end ro 1.og
remove sunken ~ogg from the river chdnng 8' ~~nded tY?e �ollowi.ng:
The scientific'prac~ical con�erence also reco usinskiy, Tulun, and ~ima
lants belonging to ~he Biry lan~, and instiall
Rebuild treatrnent p ,
lants, automate the flow �~e ~heir uniform flowj~en P
p a ara~us to insu
measuring Pp uantita~ive aompo-
es~ablish stric~ surveillancea ver th~ qualitiative an q eWa e prior tio
u~omate and caretully monitor input of nutrient
si~ion of production Was~a~jazatust chlorina~e domestic s 9
sal~s into yeas~ growing PP
to treatment plantss
its deliverY building cleaninqt .
elo and introduce sensible methods of dry drolysis~
dev ~ uxe water in hy
rtial use of postfermenta~ion mash in.place of P umPin9 in
make pa xiver pollu~fon by P
laCes of secondary uging the resources
aerate water in winter at P~~hi~g holes in the ice,
air with comPressors or bY p and Nizhneudinskiy rayonst
of en~erprises in Tayshe~skiy En ~ompo~dg in liquid wastieg
anic ni~rog ~he environment un-
mini.mize tihe concen~a~ions with the 9oa1 of making
drolysis ope us (lentomitus), which fouls water in
from hy ent of the fung
favorable to developm
rivers far from places at which wastes are d~pe ' the administra-
ted by ~he ~onfezence,
to the Irkutskgidrolizprom Production
On the basis of ises~belongingtions adop ~ironmental Protection program
tions of enterpr ether with pro
Association havet een asked to develop ~ e arison witlh ].978?
ion of the discharqe of contian?inants tog Without re-
foreseeing reduc in comp -
of contaminants must be reduced Y ~
duction wastes into the'rivThe quanity b xaduction control, bY
ducing production volume� roduction processes, y d by raising the e�fective- ~
means of i.mP~o~~ents in p
retreatment of industrial wastes, ~
introducing p lants work.
ness with which treatment p ;
~ ~ o ~~Lesnaya Pr~'gt~~~~ ~~~Ldroliznaya i lesokhimicheskaya ,
COPYRIGHT: I~z~ s~~stv1979
11004
CSO: 1870
40
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. ; `ar
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INDUSTRIAL MT.;'�ROgZOLOGY
UDC 634.0.863.5.002.62:636.085
POSTFERMENmATION RESIDUE AS A FILLER FOR PREM~XED ANIMAL FEEDS
Moscnw GZDROL02NAYA r LESOKHIN1iCHESKAYA PRpMYSHLENNOST' in Ruesian No.2,
1979 pp 3-4 '
[Article by Prof M. Ye. mamarchenko and Graduate Student I. P. 1Zotarenko,
All-Union Scientific Research Instiitiute of Hydrolysis of Planti Materialj
['~ext] Wheat bran and nutrient yeast are tha main fillers used in premixed ~
animal feed. Inasmuch as defluorinated postfermentation residue (PFR) is
now being transformed into a feed additive for animals, the iasue of i~s ~
possible use as a filler in premixed animal feed has~come up. ,
The authors of the present art3cle performed special axperiments to '
~ establish the effectiveness of f.eeding such premixed feeds to animals. For
_ this purpose two completely identical lots of premixed fQed were prepared at
~ the Yefremov Biochemical Plant, the only difference beinq that hydrolytic
. yeast was the filler in the first and PRF to which sodium bicarbonate was
added was the filler in the second. Addition of this salt improves the
macromineral composition of the filler. An optimum concen~ration of
hydrogen ions close to neutral is created, insuring better preservatio~ of
biologically active compounds contained within the premixed feed. All micro-
ingredients were introduced into both fillers in identical quantities.
Res~arch Methods ~
The effectiveness of the fillers was tested comparatively in scientific
maintenance and balance experiments performed at the Priroda Kolkhoz, Nemskiy ,
Rayon, Kirovskaya Oblast. Two groups of younq of local large black and
urzhumskiy breed pigs participated in the experiments. The gxoups were '
similar, consisting of 12 prepared and selected 4-month-old animals each.
The principal ration, which consisted of combined feed, was the same in both
groups and had the following compo~ition (percent): Wheat--26, barley--43,
wheat bran--15, suntlower cake--5, yeast--3, PFR--2, grass meal--3, chalk--1, ~
monocalcium phosphate--0.5, table salt--0.5, and premix--1.
Gilts in the first group served as the control, and they received the premixed
feed in which yeast was used as the filler; the second group received premixed
1+1
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~n~ Oi~riCiAL U5~ nNLY
fead con~aininR P~'R. The piga were fed dry aombinad feed ~s'a group witih
unl.imi~ed ~nae:~~. The gil~s were main~ainea in e pig~ty, in two sectiione
of idantical area.
mo monitor ti.he heal~h o� tihe animalg wa se1~c~~d four ~epresen~atiives from
eaah group, sub~eo~ing them ~o analysis of the morphological and bioahem3.ca1
blood charac~eris~ics, body ~empera~ure, pulsg, and reapira~ion ratie.
During the scienti�ic maintenance'oxperiment we determined rhe quantity of
foed ~atien and change in animal weighti daily. The acientiific maintenance
experiment lasted 100 days. The physiological (balance) experim~nti was
performed with the same design of ~ha+: scienti�ic maintenance experiment 2
months aftar ~ha study was s~arted. For this purpose we selected thre~
castrated boars from each group. The experimen~ was perEormed 3n special
metabolic cages according to tha commonly accaptied technique developed by
~he All-Union Institutie ot Animal Husbandry (VI2h).
~he preparatory and experimential periods lasted 7 days each. The animals
were fed and watered individually three times a dav.
In addition to studying digestibili~y and utilization o� nu~rients, we
observed the physiological condition of the animals.
At the end of the scienti�ic maintenance experimenti we slaughtered three
animals from each group at the Kirov Meat Packinq Plant for control
purposes. The animals were slaughtered according to the commonly accepted
procedure developed by the VI2h. At the time of slaughter we determined
the weight of internal organs, and after the carcasses were stripped we
took average samples of sausage, lard, and some internal orqans and bones
for detailed analysis.
Research Results
Animals i.n both groups r~adily ate practically identical quantities of feed
during the exper.im~nt (Table 1).
The ration of the gilts was carefully balanced, and it contained all
necessary nutrients in the need quantities and in the correct ratios. Table
2 shows change in live weight of ~he gilt3.
As we can se~ from these data, animal weight qain was hiqh and practfcally
identical in both groups. In this case the followi.ng number of feed units
was expended per kilogram of weight gained: First group--3.87 kg,'second
group--3.96 kg; the figures for digestible protein were 501 and 505 g~n ~
respectively.
During the balance experimen~. all of the animals were ~iven the followir.g
ration (gm): Barley meal--1,290, wheat meal--780, wheat bran--450,
42
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ro~ nr~icznr. us~ nrrLY
mabi~ i
CpeAN~rlrew~~unwQ peuNON r)
KopW N Anenrk~ no ~py~uiow nuAcenNKOn (2)
nep~~e (3j rtop~N (Q)
5 Mylt~ 114MlNNlld. ~ ~ . ~ ~ . . � ~~0~~8 ~~'~~~9 ' ,
MyK~ nwew~vuaN, ~ . , ~ . ~ 608,5 U44,6 �
Otpybu n~urnHVti~tc 9b0, 1 yBO, J
N(udx noAconuev~uikoeuR~ 1 I8, 7 120, 1
~~(pp~OMMtNp~M~KB. ~ . . . . ~ . . ~0~~
T({1p.,, /B,7 /8,1
Men . . . . ~ , , , 49, ~ 41, 0
' MoHOKrneuN~~OC�oi . , . 11,7 14,0
Co~b non~pa~Haa 11, 7 14, 0
t1peN?+KC . . , . . . Z~ ~ 44 0
CpAQCMtdtINQ NOpNtlRN1t lANItN4~ 429b 4~8~ �
flepeeapHMwA nputenH . . . . 998,0 799,7
Key:
1. Feed and addi~ive 9. Grass meal ,r,,,~
2. Weighted average ration (gm) 10. Yeast
in gilt group 11. PFR ~
3. Fi~sti 12. Chalk
4. Second 13. Monocalcium phoaphate
5. Barley meal 14. Table salt
6. Whea~ meal 15. Premix
7. Wheat bran 16. Feed units
8. Sunflower cake 17. Digeatiible protein
Table 2
~1) H(r~~a w~ec~ oAHOr ~5~
IIOAC/NIIKA, KI' t ~PN,Ap ^pN�
Cpynn~ 0 Mri7~! ~~10~4! P~i oniiTCc
ormt� I one+r~
8iopi~i..........I ~~.t ( 91,Z I 691
Key:
1. Group 5. Mean daily weiqht gain durinq
2. Live weight of one gilt, kg experiment, gm
3. At start of experiment 6. Ffrst
4. At end of experiment 7. Second ~
.
~+3
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~OR d~T~'ICIAL USG ONI,Y ~
Tab1e 3
~ I1~~pcuapuuNe tiNtA7CA6~~Md tlCUlCCT011~ r
~DYnna (9a ~5~ tcr~~~et� I ~7
pOJ~CeMNNOb O~~~tlM� ~pOTlMN IKNp K4 D3~
plCKN!
............r.
~93 btopia. 1964.8 588,8 I 71,9 I 38,9 I 1684,0
I
(~0) Kor~r~uN~~~Nma nrpe~apuNOCmu�
d ~lepue 80. e 78, A I 14, 7 I 43, 4 I 87, 0
~9;!lTOpea .~.I 00,7 I 77~4 ~3,8 1 46,b 81,1
* Re~a~ive va].ue
Key : ~ , ~
1. Gilt group 6. Cellulose
2. Digestible nutirien~s, gm 7. Nitrogen-free extractive
3. Organic S. First
4. Protein 9. Second
5. Fat 10. Digestibili~y factors* ~
Table 4
C(~l~XlCyTONHdC~~O~'1~HCW OJOTB~ f NCtl0A630~9~
118110~ ~;p . ~
(1) ~33 nvAeneHO ~ (~.p) :.(11)
1'pynne noA� ~ " ~8~
cexxKOO s ~ ~
s (5) (6) (7I = ~
~ - s
~ F v p x n u
4 q O V A C C V
C � O O 10 O O= ~
~}~~Bropa+t 76, a I 17.3 25, 7 I 4J.D I 5~.3 I 49, 5 J G6, 4
I I I
Key:
1. Gilt group 7. Total
2. N.ean daily nitrogen 8. Balance
balance, gm 9. Utilized, percent
3. Consur,ied 10. Gf inge~ted
4. Eliminated 1~. Of digested
5. With feces 12. First
6. With urine 13. Second
44
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Table 5
~~1 CpCQNlCyT04N11! OOAINC?1 K~Ab4dp N~4Cta0p1~ P 1
1
~DYnni no~� ~3~ ~wAE~~ ~ ~5~ rcn~~i~oo~a�
~~NNNO~ ~ T e6neMO K MON N MO� UItlNC
� 4~p r~~ ~i
(y) Ku~~qua
flepue(~~;I 49,9 ( 18,8 I IO,b I 36,0
yropo~,( 32~8 i~,s ~s,e
~~Q~ ~oe~op
flepe~e I8,7 i1,0 6,7 34,1
BtopnA.~~;.I~ 18,0 I 11,0 I 7,0 39,1
Key: ,
1. Gilt group 5. Balance
2. Mean daily calcium and 6. Utilized, percent
phosphorus balances, gm 7. Calcium
3. Consumed 8. First
4. Eliminated with feces 9. 5econd
and urine 10. Phosphorus
sunflower cake--150, grass meal--90, hydrolytic yeast--90, PFR--60,
dicalcium phosphate--21, chalk--30, table salt--15, and premix--30. The ,
�iller in the premix was yeast for animals in the first group and PFR for
animals in the second. The animals ate practically ~11 of the feed.
Figures for digestibility of nutrients in the ration are shown in Table 3.
We can see from Table 3 that the quantity of digestible nutrients and the
digestibility factois were close, and a significant difference could not
be established between the groups. The mean daily nitrogen balances are
shown in Table 4.
We can assert on the basis of these data that both groups o� animals utilized
nitrogen practically identically. ' ,
It follows from the data in Table 5 that 9.8 percent of the calcium was
utilized in the second group (P