JPRS ID: 8541 TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100060052-7
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Jptt5 L/8541
~ 26 ,7un~ 1979 .
~
TRIINSLATIO~IS ON ~~IEST~RiV EUROPE
(F~UO 40/79) . ~ .
~J. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEAfiCH SER~ICE
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are transcribed or re~rinCed~ with Che original phrnsing nnd
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Eieadlinea, cdieorial reporte, and maC~rittl encloaed in brackets
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~7PItS L/8541.
26 Juna 1979
.
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TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE
(FOUO 40/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
COUNTRY SECTION ~
~EtANCC
~ MitCerrand InCerviewed on Europenn Socialism, EEC
(F'rancois Mitterrand Interview; CORRIER~ DELLA S~RA~
8 Jun 79) 1
PFC Delegate Comments on 15th PCI Congresa
(Pierre Laroche; LA NOUVELLE CRITIQUE, May 79) G
Mirage Z000 Seen 'Very Competitive' Combat Aircraft .
(Jean de Galard; AIR & CO5M05, 19 May 19) 8
ITALY
Harrisburg Accident Provokes PCI Nuclear Policy Reversal
(Various sources, 26, 24 Apr 79) 11
Nuclear Construction Moratorium, by Gianfranco
Ballardin
Natinnal Energy Plan Reappraisal, by Lodovico
Maschiella
~ Survey of Techno.togicnlly Feasible Hydroelectric Potential
(CORRIERE DELLA SERA, 1 May, 11 Apr 79) 15
~ EtJEL Hydroeleceric Resources Study ~
Insufficient for Future Demands, by Demetrio De
Stefano
SPAIN
Resurgence of Neo-Fascist Croups Reported
(CAMBIO lE, 20 May 79) 27
- a - (III - WE - 150 F'OUOj
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COUNrRY S~CTION rRANC~
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~ MITTCk ;."ND IN'I'ERVIEW~D ON ~UROPEAN SOCIALISM, EEC
Milar_ CORRIERE DELLA SEttA in Italidn 8 Jun 79 p 4 LD
[InCer.�~iew wiCh French Socialist Parry Firer 5ecretary Francois Mittexrand
by? Itnli,an Socialist ParCy International Bureau chief Carlo Ripa di Meana;
"Third Way Between Communiem and Capitaliet"--date and place not specifiedJ
[TexC~ On the eve of the 10 June elections, ICalian Socialiat Party Inter-
national Bureau chief Carlo Ripa di Meana, European Parliamentary candidaCe
for the noi~~h eastern constituency, interviewed French Socialist ParCy FiraC
Secretary Francois Mitterrand on the moat topical political and cultural -
isauea. This is the text of the interview:
Question: What are the effecta of Eurosocialism's strength and valuea on
the individual European so~ialiet partiea?
Mawer: For the EEC socialist and social democratic partiea as a whole, -
Europe is firat and foremoat a reality; the EEC was bui1C 22 yeare ago and
has created bonds which cannot easily be reversed. For the socialiet parties
Europe ie a necesaity, becauae our ob,jective ie to loosen the economic,
political and cultural grip of the two superpowera. There must be a con-
tinental dimeneion in or~ler to create, in a atable manner, on the one hand
a different development model and, on the other, different relations with
the Thi=3 World, Furthermore, for the French eocialiata and doubtleas also
for ehe socialists of the other EEC countriea, the bartle for Europe ia
inseparable from the battle they are waging in their respective countriee.
~ They are two aspects of the same strategy: Practicing a leftwing policy in
Europe and pursuing a leftwing policy in our own countries also.
~ It is not a queation of being for or againet Europe but of knowing what
kind of Europe we want. In this aense, the propo~als made by the EEC
socialista and social democrate, adopted jointly, coincide with and comple-
ment their national atanceg and are backed by the popular forces that they
represent. Thie is the strength and the credibility of what you call
"Eurosocialiam": Precise and r2aliatic demands and the full implementation
of the treaty of Rome in the service of the workers and popular clasaes
supported by the socialtsts, who are the EEC'e moat repreaentative force.
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rdK c~~ric;tn~, usi. oNi,v
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Quearion: How can ~uropean socialiam find a third path between ~xnchecked
capi.taliem and auehoriearian communiam? ,
An9wer; l~or 22 ye~rg Eur~pe has been und~r Che reign of Che mose unbridled
capiraliam: Only rhe Common Markee aspecrs--ehe free circulgtion of goode +
nnd capitnl--h~ve worked. I3ut the ttome trcaries envisaged in their clauses ~
rhe rcalizaCion of the "Curope of markeCs" Chrough ~oine policiea in thc
_ energy, induatrial, region~l and, above all, social fields-=policies which
have in face hardly, if ati all, been i:nplemented. -
The aocialiets observe that the Common Marker hae rhus given free rein eo '
the multiinaCfonals, which have creaCed outright empires for themgelves,
organizing themaelves inrn monopolies or oueright careelg. Thua free cnm-
petition, Che fundamenCal principle of Che Creaties, has been dierorted to
the detriment ~f the workera and Co the benefit of capi~al.
The socialista are proposing rhat the EEC be "rebalanced" in ac~ordance ,
with ehe principle of "the whole treaty o� Rome, and nothing buC Che ereaty
of Rome." They are demanding that the joint policiea be implemented, wiCh- ~
out any need Co a1Cer the ~EC's powera, however. A 35-hour wnrki.ng week,
penaions at 55, further proposale Co combat the c~cucial problem of unem-
ployment, bringing working conditions and social policiea into line wtth
those of the more fortunate countries, Europenn plenning, the conCrol of
the multinationals, a real policy to reatore a regional balnnce and an
environment charter: Theae are the proposals Chat constitute the original-
ity and credibility of the socialiat atance vis-a-vis Europe. In r_~-~is way ,
we are opposing our righCwing adversariea, advocaCes of a Europe of laissez-
faire and of unbridled capitalism, and proposing for Europe--as for France-- '
_ a plan for society directed against the policy puraued by the right for
over 20 yeara and now represented by the approval granted by Barre to the
liat headed by Simone Veil.
As for authoritarian communism, fortunately iC is not even on the agenda.
QuesCion: How can Europe be a force for peace and balance in world teneion?
Answer: Europe ia undoubtedly a factor for peace and solidarity. Europe .
is not only the economic community of the nine. IC is a historical reality,
one of the vital centers of world history. First through tlie ~'ranco-Cerman
reconciliation and then through the conCinuing dialog among the n~tione of ~
this small continent (only a part of the geographical and historical ~urope),
the EEC has brought abouC the coneolidation of concord among our peoplea.
We must not limit ourselves to this small continent, however, especially
since its ability to play an important role for th~ future ia placed in
doubt by transformations in the world balancea. We must restore to Europe
the possibility of workir~g for peace and solidarity. That is, f~r n more
~uat and more efficient international economic order. In this connection,
~ we are keen to streas our s~atiafaction with the Lome agreement between the
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~ rok ~~i~i~ cc; i ni, usi: otvi.,Y
"nin~" and sevnrnl clc.veloping countries, which evinces a solidariey of
' inrereara and deseini~s. Of course tihis agreemenr ie not per�ect, bue it
. ie v~luable as an exgmple of sulldarity; Suf~ice it eo coneidor the appli-
cations for membership presented by other Third World coun~riea.
? Thus the EEC could be a network of agreementa, which would conCribute Co
the realization of a more balanced arrangemenC between norCh and south.
COI'Y[tiGNT: 1979 ~ditoric~le del "Corriere delltt Ser~" s.n.s.
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION ' FItANC~
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PFC DELI;GATk: COMM~:IJT5 OtJ 1 rth YCI CON(}~tES5
E~
Paris LA NOUVLLLE CRITIQU~ in French May 79 pp L~~�49
fi
/-Assessment of 1.5th PCI congreas in Rome (30 Mar - 3 Apr 79) by PC~' dole-
gate Pierre Laroche: "Italyi an Important Stake" 7
~Excerpts 7 From the time of the PCI's entry into the
~'governmental area~~ in July 197? until that of the secaid
fall of the Andreotti government, a little less than two
yeara has elapsed. And durin~ this time, the assassina- `
tion ot Aldo Moro, the spread of terrorism~ aimed this :
time at militant workers, the resistance of the Christian ,
Democrats to the prospect of change, the attack led by ;
PSI /-Italian Socialist Party 7 leaders, especially =
Bettino Craxi, on the Communist Party, have noticeably ~
modified the Italian political scene. Pierre Laroche,
assistant master of Italian at Par~is III, correspondent ;
for the PFC's foreign policy section, has been following ~;~f
these changes closely, and relates them.to the imperielist
general counter-offensive, but also to their roots in
events in Italy over the last 10 years. A member of the
PCF' delegation to the 15th PCI congress, he has added a
post script on the congress to this article written in
t~larch. .
~
Post Congress Post Script
Since the editorial staff of LA tlOUV~LLE CRITI~UE could not scheaule tk~is ~
article until its May edition, I have had the opportunity to add a few brief ;:x
initial comments, off the cuff, probably superficial, and perhaps approxi-
mate, on the 15th PCI congress that took place in Rome from 30 March to _
3 April.
The congress coincided exactly with the introduction of the new Andreotti
government, its failure, the dissolution of parliament declared by the presi-
dent of the republic, recording the crisis in the ma~,ority constituted a
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little over a year ago uy the parti~s in th~ constitutional range.
~ It is clear tl~At the goverrunental crisis, in exi~tence s3nce 26 January, ns
we7.1 as its outcome, �its the logic o� the counter of~ensive analyzed pre-
viously: their causes reside solely in the fact that, as Berlinguer stated
~ in his conclusions~ since the end of the center-left pollcy, "tl~e Christian
Democratic Party, and some other parties, either could not or would not tak~
the step that had already been prepar~ed, that is to say, solve the ~communist
pr~blem~ in the most obvious and ordinary wsy, which meant and sti11 means
makQ up their minds to the inclusion oF the Italian communist party in the
government,~~ and that, since about a year ago, this opposition has become
a blockage.
The 1~th PCI con~ress draws complex and contradictory lessona from the period
experienced by Italy since 20 June 19?6.
E'irst, asses3ln~ the experience, it confirms that the strategy of national
solidarity for which it has been wt~rking in order to brin~ solutions to the
crisis was right and remains right. This policy made it possible to safe-
~;uard democratic inst,itutions, take measures for the reorganization of public
1ife, perform certain corrections in economic matters. The PCI has done a11
, it could to help it develop in a concrete way. The present failure of this -
policy was not caused by the PCI but by other parties, the Chriatian Demo-
cratic party ~DC 7 in the first place, but the ~'SI as well: the DC which,
when it was no longer a question of reorganizing but of transforming, put
the brakes on full, and, rather than taking the decisive step in the direction
of a more efi'ective unity of democratic forces represented by the constitution
of a governmeat with communist participation, preferred to return to the past,
and s~t off the crisis. The PSI which by casting doubt upon the democratic
legitimacy of the PCI furnished weapons to those who were afraid of seeing
the communists coming into the government and bringing in the interests of
the working class and the workers.
An additional lesson is related to critical reflection on party activity
during that perio~:. I?uring the preparatory stage as we11 as during the con-
gress itself, autocritical accents were not lacking, to such a point that
Berlinguer had to make subtle distinctions in them, sa,ying in his conclusions
tf~at essPntially, the party has faced up to the complexity of the situation.
tievertt~eless it still remains that there has been difficulty in being both a
narty for strup,gle and a party for the government (the expression had been
. used for several years by trie PCI), a tendency to let the battles be fought
at the top, to ~:eaken the autonomous initiative of the party toward the organ-
izations in which unity had been achieved, toward the trade unions as xell.
The Italian communists deduce from these lessons, not a different strategy,
but a new position for the party in Italian political life. The PCI is in
the opposition, but supports the prospect ot' "uniting all the forces, which
are large, to save and restore the homeland" (these are the final Words of
.Berli.n~uer~s conclusions): it re,jects the hypothesis of withdrawing behind its
ramparts, as a large part o~' the press has tried to maka people believe. But
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it iq clear that this strategy w~.ll be pur~ued without illusion~, re~arding
' either partners or the possib3.lity o~f a regular, linear prooesa, free �rom
strU~~1e9 and tonsions. ~
'Phe Ital.tan communists have also attached great importancc to 3nt~rnational ,
issues. Their congres~ was not an electoral co.ngress, despite what has Cre- `
c~uently been said. The analysis they are making of their country is placed
wi,thin a larger visiori: ~'The stake, in It,aly, and in Europe, is a change oS'
rulin~ class, th~ conquest by the work~.ng class of a government function," !
ai'firms Napolltano, repeating ttie analysis he made over a year ago at the
Naples workers' conference.~E ' _
w
'This analysis takes as its point of departure the contradict~ry nature of
the present world situation, with at the same time its multiform emancipat- :
oi~y tendencies and thc persistence, the aggravation even, of danger tv peace,
problems of hunger and undP:development. The consequence is the necessity
oF seeking for a new internationxl order founded on peace and cooperation
for dev~lopmant. It is this prospec~ that ror the PCI is the foundation of
the new internationalism, which goes far beyond the communist movement. ~
This is the "third phase," the first being that of the socialist and social
democratic parties, created in the 19th century, which aroused ancl or~anized
workers For their emancipation; the second, inaugurated by October with
Lenin's theoretical and practical works, and which constitutes a"partin~ of
the waters in the history of mankind" (~ierlinguer, opening report). This
second phase is considered decisive by the PCI because of what it has brou~ht
to peoples that, despite serious errors and distortions, arQ building soci-
alism, because it has also given impetus to contemporary movements as a whole,
R:
against all types of oppression and for emancipation in eoary domain. ~
That is to say that the "third way~~~# this was already apparent in the
draf t proposal can only be, for the PCI, a middle way between social
democracy and experiencing socialist countries, but a new stage in the hist-
orical process. According to the PCI, this is a field open to contacts with
democratic and revolutionary forces, in Italy and elsew~ere, to advance
thought, development, and initiative.
In the constitution of the r~ew international order, the PCI feels that the ~
workers' movement in western ~.~zrope, developi.ng democratic ways to social-
ism, for socialist societies and states founded on political democracy, has
a special responsibility to give this region a new, original, and dynamic
role, to contribute to the settling of the great problems of the world.
~ Cf C H~~S DU COMMUNISME, rlay 1978
~ Z'his expression, inciaentally, is only moderately satisfactory to
~ierlin~;uer, i.n that Vrays to socialis~, though they are not infinite in number,
are growin~ more numerous. Certainly more than three.
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~ Definitely, and what~ver emphasis may have been placed on this aspect of
~ ttie I'CI's policy at one sta~e or another of tho con~res~ or its proparation,
' ~ eurocommunism is not doad, and whether it is on the intarn~l 1QVe1 or on the
' :i.ntornai,tonal 1eve1, it would cortatnly be a mistalce to affirm tha~t divor-
, ~,ence botween the positlons of the Fr~nah r~nd Itallan communists ha~ occurrc~d.
, I am tempted to bellov~ that the contrary is true.
, '
i COPYRIQEIT: 1979, Les 'k:ditions de la Nouvelle Critique
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CSOs 3100
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FI2ANC~
COUN'ri2Y SCCTZON ' `
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MI1tACC 2000 SEEH 'VERY COMPr,TITIVE~ COMBAT AIRCRAFT
~
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 19 May 79 p 32
[Article by J~e~n de Galard: "Mirage 2000 is a Very Competitive Combat Aircrr~ft"]
[Text] 'The air defense mission 'assigned the ~'rench Air Force has been given
number one prioriCy and the Mirage 2000 was designed initially to prevent nny _
penetration by enemy aircraft. This penetration may occur at very high al.titude -
and several Mach, or at very 1ow altitude and high speed, or at intermediate
a1CiCudes where rhe aCtarkers' main characteristics are rapid maneuverability '
. and high speeds.
The Mirage 2000 must have Che capability of conducting these missions in a1L
" ki~ids of weather and in an electronic warfare environment. The Mirage 2000 is
powered by a SNECML~. M53 tur.bofan engine and has been optimized for air defense
und air superiority :ni~sions. Executing these missions demands high performance
levels in subsonic and supersonic dashes, 3n rate of climb and in speed at the
aircraft's operational ceiling, as well as excellent maneuverability in air ~
combat. It also demands an autonomous capabili,ty of detecCing raids, particularly
at low altitude.
LasCly, execution of these missions requirPS suiCable weaponry. The Mirage '
2000's standard air defense weapons include two 30-mm cannon, ~wo Matra 550
Magie [dogfighCJ missiles, and two Matra Super 530 [air-to-air? missiles mounted
under the wing or only one mounted under the fuselage.
Upon scrambling, the Mirage 2000 must be able to intercept and destroy a hostl.le
~ aircraft flying at 75,000 feet and at Mach 2.5, 5 minutes after brake release.
;
F
Thomson-CSF has been assigned the task of developing and producing the Mirage
2000's pulse-Doppler radar with a range of approximately 100 kilometers in ;f
the look-up a~r-to-air mode, including at low altitude. It must also have a.
very great electronic counter-countermeasures capability.
The Mirage 2000 is equipped with anticollision lights and also with luminescent
lights that greatly facilitate close-formation flying aC night. The aircraft
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w:t1.1 hnve an air xeL�uell.ng capabillty. The Mirage 2000's pilot must have
ht~hly simpllfied Elight gear which, neverthele~s, protiec~a him nti high
, ~iltiCude should there be loss o~ pressux:lza~ion in Che coclcpir. _
'I'wc.i-Srti l- Ve~ y:inn
~ 'l'o ~nclb:lc: it to train ies Mirnge 20~0 pilots wtth maximun eELiciency and sr~E~Cy,
~th~ atr torce has ordered a certain number of two-3eat aircrAft tor delivery
~ilon~ witl~ Che initial single-senC version to be assigned ~o uniCs. This Cwo-
. scat version wi11 have the maximum number of features in common with the sin~le~
seat version. Its fJ.ight characcersitics and performance wil]. have to greatly ~
approxim~te those of the single-seater. It wi11 be nrmed wiCh tihe same weapan
system as the single-seat vereion and be operationglly flyable with only a
single pilot on-board.
Orher Probable Versions
In its Eirst version, the MiragQ 2000 is designed to be an air defense and
air supcriority �ighter. Studies of orher possible versions have been made.
These include a reconttaissance ver~ion ~nd a very 1ow altitude, All-weather
version for penetraCion missions. The latter version would be nrmed wi.th
eitlier tlie ASMP (Medium-Range Air-to Sur�ace) missile scheduled to be
operational in the air force by 19$5, or conventional weapons. The a ir force's
Equipment Programming i7ffice (BPM) in completing the master programming document
for tiiis latter vers3.on which must be capable of conducting missions in an '
extremely hostile environment. -
Specially Adapted Program Structure
In comparison with previous programs, a special effort was made to adapt and
srrengthen tlie organizational structure of the Mirage 2000 program. .
'I'he Technical Directorate for Aeronautical Engineering (DTCA) appointed a program
director (Senior armament engineer Tamagnini) and French Air rorce headquarters
_ a project officer (Colonel Fuillon of the BPM). A functional organization was
r_reated specifically for ttie rtirage 2000 within Che DTCA, the agency directing
the overall program. 'rhis organization includes a program management team and
� an evaluation team which establishes and supervises particularly the ground
and flight test programs conducted on test-bed aircraft. The latCer team is
assisted by a weapon systems team.
, Wirtiin the air force, the pro~ect off icer coordinates the activities of BPM
officer specialists and the Mont-de-Marsan CEAM [Military Air Test Center]
evaluation team (team chief: Lieutenant Colonel Rougevin-Baville) responsbile
for the operational aspects of tacCical employment, serviceability, and
maintenance. This CEAM team is divided in two: some 12 specialisCs are
stationed at Bretigny where they specifically attend to the weapon system,
the componenes of which are tested on such test-bed aircraft as the Mystere 20
and Vautour; anott~er 15 are stationed at Istres Lieutenant Colonel Eon,
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~~nis ~~H~rrc.in~. ~isi: ~~Nt,v
= Mirn~;~ ZODU te~C pi1~t wherc th~y moni~dr fllght nnd ground t~~t~ in Cnnrdinneion
, witli the m.~nufarturer. Un~~nule-f3regi~et end th~ gt~f � of tli~ Igkr~~ C~V ,
(I~tty;ht 'i'eHt Cent~rJ. A~imulatnr ~ent~r hag b~~n ~dtnbli~h~d ae i~trce nnd n
Hlmutntnr CegC eennd nt fir~ti~ny.
In ~ddttinn, th~ prd~r~m'd prl.ttCiple tr~nuf~ct~r~rg hnv~ fnrm~d g Gnnrdinati~n ~
tt~~?m. Cnmp~rable t~ the u�oremention~d wedpnn ~y~Cemg eec~m, ie ig led anJ
dlr~cted by the ~irCrnm~ mnnufaCturer. Ue~i~neted the "gpn~r~l cdnrdinutinn
' t~~nu~," its members includh repres~ntatlve~ of the edmpnnie~ involved ln thh
prc~~r.~m: pa~~snult-tireguet, 'Chnmgdn-C5~, ~MU [M~rcel Un~~aul.t ~1~~troniC~J,
- M.~trai, SAGF~! [Compriny fnr Cen~rul Applic~tiong df ~ler.tric:ity nnd Mc:chaniCgj ~
,~nd 5FCNA [~r~nch Atr N~vigation ~quipmcnt Compnny~. 'Chig inJugtrinl thnm'~
,iren nf re~pnngibility cov~r~ mainly dtvclnpm~nt of thc~ npern~ioncil w~npnn
Kydtem.
c;lo~e Caoper~tion in ull m~tters ig maintain~d dmong nll cremb~rg nC thc~e
JiCfer~nt tenms nnd the Mirgge 2000 progrnm ig b~ing implement~d in exc~ll~nt
t::shion. �
"On Condition" MnittC~nanC~
Cc~~rr;i) c~pplic~tion nf the prinicple of "an condition" mainten~nnce wus souqht
!m m~ttera o[ servicabil.ity nnd m~intengnce. rreventive maintett.ynce i~ employed
~mly IF tiir preceding method ~ailg to provide sufficient ~uaruntces. Fteld
mainten.tince is based on the principle of d~tecting ~nd isal~ting mulfunceionH
by inte~;r~il testing. Sccond-ech~lon muintennnce ig based on the prin~lplC uf
repalring LRU's (L[n~-Repl.ace~~ble Units) by exchnngtng moduleg.
'I'he CF.AM ev~l~iation team w~~ able to perfdrm a VAMOM (5erviceability ~ind
M.~intenance Inspection) on tf~e No 1 Mirage 2000 prdtotype l~t;t summer. Next
summcr, it will perf~rm VAMQM on the No 3 prototype representutive of Che
productiom m~d~l. Requcsts for modificAtiona basecf on the results of the~c
Inspectton~ wi.ll be considered in the manufacture of production model~.
t'rc,duc~t i~n Madels in 198~
Tl~ree air Corc~ afficere have currently flown the Mirag~ 'lOUd. They streKS~ .
:~mc~nK other pofnt~, tlie excel.lent level of performance obcained in rt?~neuvernbf lity
:~nd accelercition, ti~e e~~e and precision with which tl~e aircrnft can b~ floWn,
particularly in ph~nse~ of c:~mb.it characteriyed by a larYe angle of at[~7C~C nnd .
htKh nCC~leration, the airct'aft's low :~pproach speed, and l~stly, the feeling
c~f comfort and ~:ifecy imparted by the high relinbility of thc different systems,
:ind especially the electric flight controls.
Fr~m this list of excellent chsir~cteristir~, the Mirage 20U0 appcars be .ti
hfghly competitive combat aircraft. four pruduction model~~ are being {~rocured
under the 1979 budget. The coming (parliamentaryJ dcbate on the 19~7-1982
prn~r~nmming law will pr~vide more specific information as to when the firat
Mtr.+b~~ 2000's will enter aperational service. These first aircr.~ft will b~ -
ISSUed to tt~e 2d Fighter Wing based in Di~on. This same unit receiv~d the
first MiraRe 3's.
COF'YRIf;f{T: Atr b CosmoK, P.~ris, 1979 10
~UR U~~ICirti:, t;tiE O~~LY
8041 `
CSo: 3100
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Fo~ n~~ictnt. us~ orr~.Y
CnUNTRY REC'~ION
' ITAI.Y
HARRISDUR(l ACCIb~NT PROVf1KES PCI NUCLEAR POLICY REV~AL
Nuciear Construction Moratorium
Milan CORRIEFtF~ DELLA B~RA in Itali~n 26 Apr 79 p 9 -
(Article by Gianfr~nro Sall~rdin: "The 2,000-Megawatt Inetall~tiion in the
M~remma L~ziale--Controversy on the PCI's Roquest to Block the Work ott the
Montalto di Caetro Poaer Station")
[TextJ "On the eve of the elections, thie about-face makes
one suspicious," the Radical Bonino declares. Cossutts re-
plies: "After tiarrisburg, We have become aware that people
are afraid of the atom. Therefore I have proposed to the
party th at ~e reexamine our position."
ROME--'i'he PCI, which has always fought in favor of the Italien nuclear pro-
gram, unleashing its oun activists throughnut Italy to convince the doubtful
a~r?d the uncertain, norr asks for suspension of the wor~s on the nuclear prn+er
stetion of Montalto di Castro, the colossal 2,000-megaWatt installr~tion Which
is rising in the Maremma Laziele, on the border uith Toscana. The Communiat
reque~t, presented at a meeting held in Montalto by Armando Cosautta, of the
PCI leadership, has ~.lready raised u aave of controversy. "It is a real
about-face," says Dmilio IIonino, of the Radical Pnrty: "Qn the eve c+f the
electionr~, this abrupt change cannot help but make one suspicious." Moreover,
� 3-month suspension xould serve no purpose; in fact, We Socialists ask for
a moratoriua? of 3 yeara," commen~s Nicola Caracciolo, aho has alwaya fought
against the pwer plant.
Uoes the PCI's move truly represent an ~bout-face? I asked this of Armando
Cossutta, xho rep3.ied animatedly: "A�ter the Herrisburg accident, we are not
afraid of losing votes, but ve are afraid of inen ar~d machines. The drematic
epfsode of the Three Mile Island poxer station demonstrates, in Pact, that
even in these *rery sophisticated machines, breakdosms ca.~ occur ahich can have
catastrophic consequences." _
11
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; ~
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~Ott d~~ICIAI, U51: dNLY
I3ut thc m~~t authdrit~tiv~ AJIt@i`3CC~t1 raportg h~vc gaid for y~~r~ thnt a big
:~rcid~nt would rrent~ ~ very extien~iv~ "diganter ar~~." tiudn't you rea~d ,
them? "t am not a t~chnici~," C06B11t~~ rep].i~~., "i am not a sp2cic~].ist. i
r~n dnly ~c~yr that the It~1i~n politicians did not knoW thi~ ~ub~ect thoraughly?.
N~w, the lfarri~bur~ ir~ei~~n~ id r~i~ing ~~in in n~a t~rm~ the qu~~tiion oi' th~ ~
naC~ty nC the nu~l~ar po~+~r ~ti~?tinn~ ~lr~ady bui~t in ~tnly, er ~on~truction
~C whi~ti h~s ~t~rted, ~d th~ qu~~tion of prot~ction o~' th~ population~"
_ 'Th~ Corrunur~i~t~, Coegutt~ npecifi~a, are not pr~,~udiei~.lly oppo~ed to nuclear
en~rgy, but r~quegt the s~~~ing-up of a bro~dly reprpgent~tiv~ technical-
sCientii'ic eommigaion vrhieh Within 3 month~ ghnuld pres~nt to the n~xt p~?rlin-
mcnt n report on th~ safety of the nucle~r prn+er planta ~nd on th~ va~idity
c~� th~ en~rgy program alr~ady approve~ by th~ Parliement. "It i~ ~ ma~t~r of
d~cidin~ Wh~ther ~h~r~ ghould b~ more or feW~r Itali~ nucl~ar poWer ~tations
than s~hat h~g a1r~~dy been d~cided by the p~?rliament, ~r?d r?heth~r there are
~ther paasibflities fnr~ c,~tng uith the energy requirements;"
~~veral monthe before the H~rri~burg incident, Cogsutta hnd preg~nted to
$erlinguer a confidentigl docum~at in ~hich h~ propoged ~ reexnmination oi'
the pagitinn of the PCI, Which up ti~ that time hRd alwqyc defended th~ nuclear
prvgrem, worked out by bcn~t Cattin. At the conf~rence on the nucl~gr c~ueg-
- tion held in ~'rattocchie l~st y~ar, the pCI's legding expert~ had appeared
divided as "haWka" and "doves": the former xere in f~vor of the nuclear pro-
p,rom, s+hi.l~ the latter u~re in favor of "e~lternative" energy aources.
Th~ "haakg" (1ea by Ippoli2o, Barca gnd Zorxoli) hgd prevailed at Frattocrhie: ~
the nuclear progr~m must be carried fonrard, even if thin position had to
cost votes. "But uith th~ p~sing.of time," Cos~utta noW explains, "We be-
came aware that people, rightly or Wrongly, are afraid of the atom; and I, :
in rt~y reoort, pointed out theae fears to the party, proposing an overall re-
examingtion of our position--a reexanina~ion which, efter P{~rrisburg, has
become even more urgent."
Therefore, no about-f~ce? "The Communists hsve not modified their position
on the enerqr prnblems, nor do they :ntend to modify it, because of concerns
rclating to elections," snys Cossutta~ Bu*. Aldo Miagi, of the PSI (Italiar?
Sociali3t Party~ leadership, retorts: �
"I ~m hsppy ttigt the Cocanunists realize that Lhe PSI's proposal for a nuclear
moratorium is a wise thing." The Narrisburg accident has nlreac~y had other ~
repercussions: three regions (Lombardia, Piemonte and t~olise) which, accord-
ing to the decisions of the CZPE [Interminfsterial Committee for ~conomic
Planning], aere to have the next nuclear negastations installed in them, have
left the field. Md nox the hardening of the PCI makes every~hing more
difficult.
COPYRIGHT: 1979 ~ditoriale del "Corriere della Sera" s.a.s.
12
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~'~R 0~'~tCtAL US~ ONLY
National ~nergy pl~n R~uppr~iau~
. ~torr~~ L~UNImA in Italtan 21~ Apr 'r9 p 7
[Articlc by Lodnvico Mnschiella: "Onc~ Upon ~ Time 7'her~ Wan ti~e l~:?iergy Plan;
~ wf~~t Ftan $~com~ ~f ~t?"J
~mrxt~ As one might hav~ imggin~r~, ~ven the vPry serious accid~nt of
the
ft~trrigburg nucl~~r power nta.tion, sfter etaying on the fronti pag~s for a few
dayg, h~~ disepp~~red from the ne~rspapers. 'I'he same thing happen~d with th~
t~rrible blackouti Which hit NeW York a few yeara ago. 7'hey seem to be routine
proce~sg~n, ~ju~t ~s th~ monotonous ligting of the "measures" which tihe miniater
i~ naid to intenfl taking tio alo~r down energy aonsumption seem inev3table and
rou~inr, and ~s does a1s6 the repeti~ion, by the president of EN~L, of the
progr~m~ which th~ ag~ncy ig s~id to have decided to carry out to accel.erate
the u~e ef
coal, geothermal energy and solar energy, nnd ta recover all pos-
~ible use di t~ydrne~.ectric prn+~r, including the reuse of hundreds of power
stations th~.ti h~v~ been closed for years~ Thus, the energy problem geems
to be ~ntering into the chronicle of everydqy life, in contact 'ith the
people, not fbr what iti is--thgt is, as one of the technica]. e?nd economic com-
ponents iLndamental to the life of humen society--but only when it has dra-
matic cdntent or aspects, such as the nuclear accident or the Va~ont disaster,
or is connected aith dr~unatic political situations, like the Yom Kippur War,
the Iranian crisis, etc.
The incident of the Harrisburg power station has given neW life and atrength
Lo positions Which by now seem aell-rooted and irreconcilable: for or againat
nucle~r energy, positions ahich, in these cases, come almost to lose all
touch aith reality, taking on mythical valuea and ideological and moral sym-
bols. Md yet the need for reflection on ener~r problerrs, rising to the nec-
essity of overcoming all episodic consideratfons, has never been as urgent as
ft i~ now--reflection thnt covers the whole vast range of energy sources and
problem areas, that start3 from correct analysis oi' the present situations,
of the questfons an they are revealed by con~umption ar?d end uses. Reflec-
tion, therefore, Whi.ch is not emotive but is deep]y bound up with life--an
effort at ratianalit;~.
� The document on the ener~r questions prepared by the PCI leadership in January
seems to us to respond to this requirement. :4nd s~e say the same thing about
what R~PU33BLICA ha~ written. The Cmnmunists, after the Harrigburg accident,
' have a~ked that a commission of experts of various leanings and coming from
vc~riou~ ~gencies and institutes be created, With the task of ucquiring, in a
short time, n vast and well-documented body of information on the whole affair
of *.hut nuclecir pa~rer station, and delivering it to the Parliament which Will
be elected in the coming elPctions, so that in the light of the American ex-
pPrience, this P~rliFUnent can conduct a reexamination of the Italian nucleur
provram, and especiul.ly of all that part o� it which has to do With guartsntees
of safety and the defense or emergency systems.
13
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~
~OR O~FICIAi. US~ ONLY
A~king this, after whnt h~n happened in Penngylvanie, meun~ having ur?derstood
that without a vgst, clear and honeet body of informatton, and without the '
e~rt~inty of posgess3ng gnd mgs~er.ing everything concerning the enfety sys- ,
tems, no program c~n b~ ~et up, not on1,y �or nuclear energy but ~1so for any
~nergy aygtem, and more generally, no program of industri~l inst~ll~tions ~
thut involve risks for the workers, ~he populat~.on, and the environment.
'Ch~ ~C1 h~a f'c~ught for the Italian national energy plan to m~1ce precise choicen
cu~d work out practical programs fc~r the e~ving nnd efficient use of energy; ~
for QcceLerating all the progrems for large-sca].e exploitation of the renew-
able sources, auch as solar anfl geothermal energy; for recovery and revival. ,
oC thc traditional aources guch as coal and }~ydroelectirc power; for broaden-
ing and pressing on with the policy of exploration for and gupplying of liquid
hydrocarbons and diegel oil; gnd �inal],y, entering in the most serious manner
upon e~ prngram for conatructiion of a limited and controlled number of nuclear
power stgtions.
In e,ddition, we Communists have, on this whole queation, an undisputed merit:
the merit of linee~rity, coherence and commitment. !{owever, the events of
recent years have demonstrated that neither the governraent nor the agencies
nor any political party or movement has follrn+ed ao coherent a line. In this
regard, one need only think of the vicissitudes of the National ~nergy P1an,
or of the way in Which Minister pongt Cattin avoided, with the two CIPE reso-
lutions, the conclusions of the parliamzntary debate; it is sufficient to re-
flect on the fact thut the government has dele~yed for months in presentinp,
its draft bill on the uses of solar energy, thus preventing Parliament from
being uble to discuss the propos~ls put foz~rard by the parties, emong Which,
xnd first among which, is the PCI. It is enough to think of the delays, the
conflicts, the omissions which have characterized the life and activities of
the agencies such as ENEL, the CNEN [National Nuclear En~rgy Commission], and
the ~I (t~fational Nydrocarbons Agency], Which work in this sector. The fact
that the current president of ENEL, engineer Corbellini, noW declares that he
Wnnts to revive the t~,ydroelectric sector reveals good personal intentions, of
course, but also reveals the agency's macroscopic delays in this sector.
From the Italian and European experience itself, in recent yeara, comes en ,
indication Which, it seems to us, conflicts profoundly With what F. Alberoni
declares. The cause of the crisis-sunset of European civilization does not ~
derive from the fact that technolo~r and science have disappointed, because
they have not given all they had promised, while all the rest (economy, pol-
itics, ideology) are supposed to have ftiuictioned very well. But can one
imagine (for the energy sector too--indeed, especially for the energy sector)
a neutral technology and science, or a technology and acience not profoundly -
conditioned by the economic, political and ideological aspects, xhich exert
a decisive influence on society?
11267
CSO: 3104
14
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FOR O~~ICIAL I15~ ONLY ~
, COUNTRY SCCTION ZTALY
SU~iV~Y OF TECiiNOLOC}ICALLY FEA3I}3LE HYDROEL~CTRIC POT~NTIAL
F~JFL Hydroelectric Reaources Stuc~y
Mil.an CORRIERF bELLA SERA in Italien 1 May 79 p 4
[Article: "The Residual Nationcil. ltydroelectric Reaourcea--An Inveatigation
by ENEL--Stud,y Comes ?dithin EH~L's Programa for Use and bevelopment of All
National Energy Resources"]
[Text] Utilization of the primary national sources, and especially the re-
newable ones, constitutes the priority ob,jective of the country's energy
policy.
In this framework, ENEL ~tJational Electric Power Agency] hus developed a cap-
illary r~nd analytical study to pinpoint the hydroelectric resources which
still appear technically useable, without regard to their suitability in eco-
_ nomic terms, and also to evaluate ~he possible productivity increases achiev-
able through recovery of old inactive power stations, with new stations, and
with modernization of other small installations in service.
_ Ta3cing into account also the uses being considered along the open-plain courses
nf the Po and Adige rivers--which, however, pose difficult problems of en-
vironmental alteration--and other installations which may result from contir_u-
ation of ~N~L's studies and from proposals by third parties, the technologically
. still useable national hydroelectric potential ean inerease from the 8.4
billion kWh [kilowatt-hours) per year indicated in the table below to 10-11
billion kwh per year. This maximum pos~ible increase in hydroelectric pro-
. ductivity is of the same order of magnitude as the production increase achieved
by ~1EL to meet the country's greater electric poxer conswnption in 1978 as
compared with 1977.
As indicated below, about half of these installations prove to be feasible
from the strictly economic point of vieW also, and therefore cen pley an
additive role in covering the country's fliture electric po`+er needs. Work
on utflization of them is being carried on with the greatest commitment, so
that they can make it possible to reduce oil imports, increase the contribu-
tion from reneWable nationa? resources and use resources from totally nationa.l
firms and industr3.es.
15
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~4
r
~oK o~~~crnL us~ oNC~Y
~r
New t{ydroelectric productivity meehnological~y F'e~,sible -
,
N~w Annual,
Natur~~. I'roductivity ~
(b311ions of kwh)__ ~ `
1. '.I'echnologically feasible insi;~llc~~ions wi~h
producti.vity grea~er than 1.00 million kwh per yee~r;
- i{ydroelectric use only 4.2 -
- Mixed use 1.1
mot~l , 5~3
2~ 7.'echnol~gtcall,y feasibl~ ins~ullatione wi~h
produc~ivity less than 100 million kwh per year:
Installations for which preliminary studies
have been completed 0.5
Inatallations considered in a general wqy 2.0
Tota]. 2 , 5
z
3. Posaible recovery of inuctive power atations ~
- and contribution from new power stations 0.3
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23
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24
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~OR O~i~'tCIAL US~ ONLY
In~u�ficient for Futiure Demands
,
Mi1ru~ Cb~fi2~RE DELi,I~ SE;1tA in ~tali~n il Apr 7~ p 13
(Articl~ by b~metrio b~ St~f'~no: "Cdrb~llini (~N~L) Maint~?in~ th~t the ltydro-
~i~ctric ~e~~urc~g Wi11 Make a Mod~st Contributiion--Whati tio Do to P1ug tih~
~ ~t~rgy I,eak" )
(~ext~ ~nm~--~N~L i~ thoroughly involv~c~ in i~a ~tudy of the renidua]. hydro-
~Z~Ctt'~C reaources, but th~ physic~l re ality of the country ie wha~ it is,
nnd it ie no~ pos~ible to ga beyond apecific limitg of ~xploitgtion. 7'his ig
th~ ba~ic iflea ~xpr~~sed yesterday by the president of the n~tiional el~ctric
poti+er r~g~ney, F'r~c~sco Cnrbellini, in th~ cour~~ of' ~ pre~a conference~
~N~t, h~ prep~r~d g document ~hich examinee in detail ev~rything Whieh c~n
gti11 b~ don~ in th~ ~ydroel~ctric field in italy, f'rom conntruction of n~N
poWer ~tgtions to reeovery and modernization of emall exieting insti~llatione.
'Phe document is g aorking contribution intended for s"multitopic" Conference
on energy sourre~ ahich ~t~L uill organixe in Siens on 27 and 28 June next.
'I'he result of this inventory "doo+n to the last drop" (or almost: 95 percent
of the pogaibilities must h~v~ been examined) is not cont~mptibl~, but doea
not inapire enthusiaem either: annual productivity increase of 8.4 billion
kah, raisable to 10-11 billion k~+h if one considera the utilization of open-
plain river couraes such as the Po anc~ the Adige, for ahich, Corbellini
wr~rned, "difficult prnblems of environmentgl alteration are rais~d, ho~rever."
'I'he preaident of F:PJ~L specified that 10-11 billion 1cWh, Which in any case
uould be the resul~ of a construction effort lasting about 12 years, is equi-
vulent to only 1 ye~r of increased electric po~er demand in Italy. And 10-11
billion kwh a~lso correspond3 to the annual production of only one of the
"f~ontalto di C3~tro" type of t~toz~ic pou~r ~tatiohs which are the ba~is of
, fiPt~L's nuclear-origin electric posrer prograsa.
It is thus obvious that the search for nea hydroelectric sources "is n duty,"
, Corbellini declared, "but totally insufficient to solve the problem of energy
demand in the coming year~." Therefore, ~tEL's president atressed, "it re-
muins certain thrst only a vast glan for coal-fired and especially nuclear
Poti+er utations can cope ~ith the country's requirements." And xith regard
to the pro~lem of accidents in atomic poaer stationa, Corbellini emphasized
ths~t in the most recent Italian nuclear installations, "the safety norms are
plcinned on the basis af standards higher than the American ones."
25
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Fo~ dt~~ictn~, u~~ orn.Y
7'he ~1V~L ntuc~y pre~et~t~d by~ Ca~be].litti ~ubdivid~~ th~ po~0ib1~ neu Qource~ ,
hydre~~~~ctric pcn+~r inta four categari~~: inst~.lgtien~ With productivity
gre~ter th~n ~.00 miilion kWh per ye~r ~totalling 5�3 billion kr+h); inet~?1~.~-
tidn~ pro8ucing less th~ 100 miili~n krrh (tote~lling 2.~ billion kxh); pos- ,
nib1~ r~cnv~ry of in~ctiv~ pcn+~r etati~ns ~.nd contributtons by new poWer
nt~?et~n~ (to~~lling d.3 billion kWh); ~nd mo~l~rr~izatian o~d poirer etations
pr~n~nti~y in e~rvir~ (t~t~l.ling 0~3 billion kah)~ A1t~g~th~r, ~n s~~ted ,
above, 8.4 billion kah, which rrould rise to 10-1.1 billion with thp problem-
gtic in~t~ll~tions ~n th~ Po gnd on the Adig~.
'~h~re is ~ tot~l a~ 29 terhtiicallyr feaeibl~ iti~t~latione With eap~city
gr~~.ter thgn 100 million kWy, ~t?d 43 With cap~ei~y l~ss th~n 100 mi111on kah.
7'hen *.h~re 3s the queBtion of economic e~dvisability. EN~L hss subdivided the
in~tgll~?tions into three g~oups on th~ b~sis of the unit coat of thc~ ener~yr
pradue~d. ~he first group (16 inst~ll.~tions, 3.5 billion kWh, coati about
1,580 billi~n lir~) he~a ~conomi~ feasibility rompe?r~bl~ to Chat af co~1-fired
~nd nuclee~r ingt~llQtions; th~ ~~cond group (15 ingtailattons, 1.6 bil~iot?
1cuh, 1,1~0 billion lire) h~?s an ~conomic C06ti up tio double the pres~nt limita. ,
Ycsterday, the pregident of ~i~L also dWelt on i.h~ balance among th~ Italian
regions ag regards production and coneumption of electric pouer (we pregent
a signii'icant t~?bie be,ow). Tt?i~ probl~m ail~ b~cam~ a dffficult one in the
tLture, aith reference ta th~ difficulty in deciding where neti+ po~rer st~tione
are to be ~ocnted. Corbellini expresaed the hope thati inc~ntivea--including
rate inc~ntivea, possibly--be atudied for tho~se regione whirh will aceept
construction of neu power stations.
Th~ ~lectric pow~r Deficit Region by Region
Qigawatt-hours x GigaWatt-hours ,K
Piemonte 5,110 30.2 Marche 1,725 71.0
Valle d'Aosta Lazio 17 0.2
Lombe~rais 5,745 17.1 Abruzzi 351 15.3
7'rentino-Al.to Adige Molise 309 64.2
Venet~ 2,810 20.0 Cempa~nia 6,274 70.0
Friuli-Venezi~ Giulig 287 6.6 Puglie
Liguria Basilicata 344 25.2
gnilia-Romagna Calabria '
Toscane 3,09~+ 29�7 sici~jr
Umbria 662 20.7 Sardinia 259 3.7
- Het Total for ITALY 2,777 1�7
COPYRICHT: 1979 Editoriale del "Corriere delle Sera" s.a.s.
~
~~267
CSO: 3104 {
26 -
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, ~
~dti tl~FICIAL U~~ UNt,Y =
, COUN`~RY 9ECTION SPAZN
R~SUEtGENCE OF NEO-FASCIST GROUPS REPORTED
Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Spanieh 20 May 79 pp 18-25
~Unaetribueed article: "Kids Who Kill--Nazi Outbreak in Spain"j
[Text~ Smali bande of angry youth~ iaibued with
faecier and nazi ideologi~s have been prolifer-
ating throughout Spain in recent weeka. Armed
with aticke, iron bars, chains, knives, and eome
firearm~, they have cauaed panic emong the mili-
tants of the lef t.
Ae if in reeponse to a single commandj ehe fasciat and nazi youeh have
come oue of their ghettoes to provoke thoae aho attend left-wing demon-
strations.
Alarmed, the government reacted and on Friday~ the 4th, took the initia-
tive in the cabineC: Implacable proeecution of extreme right-Wing bande
through a aeriee of ineasures that have so far not yet been epelled out.
Only two �acta have so far emerged from confidential files and reports:
Members of the General Police Corpe, ~+ho are tradiCionally concerned with
investigating t~~esc f~~cigt bands, cu~va received etrict orders from their
superiors to conduct a thorough inve8tigation and to go all the way iri
exposing the~e extremist bands.
On the other hand, since Monday, 7 May, Madrid has had 3,000 neW members
of the National Police. Reliable sources asaure us that they aill be
' involved not only iu law-and-order functions but they aill also have to
watch those areas in which the fascisCa believe that they are lord and
masCer . The Salamanca district, for example, has been bothered recently
by poaters commemoratiag the 90th anniversaYy of the birth of Hitler (30
[20J April 1889) and the 34th anniversary of his death (20 [30) April 1945).
The high point in thia black terror atrategy came on 29 April. A young
communiet by the name of Andres Garcia fell mortally Wounded by tWO dagger
thrusts. A week later, the police arrested 3oae Luis t~tartinez Meriao, 16
years old, as the presumed perpetrator of this knife ~srder.
27
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,
FOIt OF~ECIAL US~ ONLY
~~ut ~ new aap~ct o� eh~ nazi rebirrh in Spa~n material~.zed on tiop of tihe
al~eady Crgd3tioaa~ aetackg on rh~ 1Q~es For eh~ �~.r~t tiim~, Spanieh Jews ,
eremt+le beFore the imag~ of youtih w3th the swaetik~ who rerrorize their
famil~.e~ and bura Cheir etoree.
On the bgs~s o~ police reporre and interviewe with the leader~ of Spanieh ~
f.a~ci~m,g tia~m of reportere ievesCigated the naz~. r3ee. Mtonio O~eda wrote
eha reporr.
Jo~~ Luis Marti~ez Merino, ~ 16-y~ar old youth, walking on Goya StreeC in
Madrid, g~ierce ~xtreme righC-winger, on Sundgy~ 29 April, could no longer
bear having Andree Garcia, an 18-year old communist milltant, looking aC
him "with impud~nce." �
Together ~tth Cwo oth~r friends, one of whom wore the swastika on the arm,
Jose Luis Martinez had etruck and destroyed ehe briefcaea of a coed who was
waiking around Che area wi~h a"Che" Guevara decgl.
Mdres Garcia gnd three of hie fri~nda had just ee~n a movi~ by Rocky 5ta1-
lone--nor "Seven DayB in January" filmed by Bardem, on the killing in Atocha,
ag was believed earlier--and they t~itnessed the action of the young nazie in
Coya st~eet. The "impudent look " coat Andrea his life because Jose Luis
Martinez carried a eharp underwater fishing knife. '
The extreme right-wing youth, arreated by the police a week later~ was i.m- ~
medi,ately tied in With the legal party, the Youth Front, n radical off-
ehoot of the Youth gorc~ (the youth branch of the New Force). Ae usual,
the party leaders denied hia memberahip in spite of the fact that eome of
them aC first publicly admitted that Jose Luis Martinez "was one of ours." �
However, although the communist youth's death $eemed juat one incident in
the rebellion of the fascists after the city electiona, government circles
are sure that "the rebellion" has juat begun. This is the meaaing behind
Che death threat communicated by Triple A to Arulrea Garcia's attorney,
Jose Maria Mohedano.
Absolutely reliable government sources told CAMBIO 16 that they ,~re con- �
vinced that extreme right-wing circles now want to start an eacalation of
"black terror" whose coincidence With the end of the election process, with
Che victory of the left wing in the city elections and the growing atrength �
of the Spaniah democratic proceas is not accidental.
These sources pointed out that this conviction springs from the inveatiga-
tions that are noW being carried out.
The magazine learned from certain sources cluse to the police that the latter
~ust a month ago discovered a meeting held in a Madrid apartment, attended
by some outstanding Spanish exCreme right-ti+ing leaders, leadera of fascist
organizations from various regions, and "an Argentine or Chilean who acted
as hoat and coordinator."
28
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nE eh~g~ c~mmnndn~t "These ~?rg four n~.c~ ~~.rele boyg whd are ~u~C h~ving
gome ~un~~bue r~~er~ ie no ~~riou~ organiz~tion her~."
' ~he Mi.li~ary Inre].ligence Serviceg in Andaluc~.a hav~ ~ eimil~r opin~.on;
some eime ago, they published n vol~minoua report, "for oEfic~.al uea only~"
cnlled the "Curiel ttepurt," who~e main conclusion wa~ thnt the organizntion
' of Che violenti extreme righe ie raeher elim gnd did noe presenr any Chrears
3n C~rm~ o~ m~~or ~cti~.on. Accordi.ng to the mi.].~tery tieport, Cher~ ~.e litirle
�oreign eupporti and eh~~e ara instead "noetalgic people" who are not too
numeroug.
The concluaiona in rhar report are seill considered valid today, according
to sources coneulCed by CAMBIO 16 in Mdalucia, "in spite of the resurgence
of violent actione carried out by groupa of youngstera, especially in some
rural areas."
SeverAl priestis in Archidona, in the dietrict o� Mtequera, who made a
study of rurnl youth, poinCed out that the way the young people in rural
Andalucia drees and beh~ve in some cases is reminiscent of the Hieler Youth
or the Mueaolini Youth Organization (Bali,lla].
According to Choae priesta, rhis phenomenon ie taking place becauae "the
lefC-wing parties dn not offex the young people anything attractive while
parties such as the New Force or the Spanish Anticommuniat Front offer
action, riske, and adventure."
Still, the recenC fascist rebellion does noC exclusively spring from Che
lack of incentives for youth; a peraon close to the Spaniah AnCicoma~unige
FronC in Malaga told CA,MBIO 16 that "the gtrategy of the acCion com�nandos
is being changed and they are being reorganized" since the Marxiet vic-
tory in the municipal elections.
Occupation of Seville
The extreme rigl'�-wingers in Seville, who on Sunday, 22 April, occupied
two mountain toa.~s--Castilblanco de los Arroyos and Burguillos--aeem very
well organized.
~ At 1700 on that day, a bus full of New Force and Young Force (the youth
branch), led by Jo~e Maria del Nido, their president, arrived in Castil-
. blanco on that day tahere, at the foot of the Cross of the Fallen, they
delivered speeches "even talking about pistols," according to the cmamu-
nist mayor of the town.
After threatening several local residents and beating up one of them, San-
tiago Iglesias, they continued their ~ourney, which seems to be a"training
exercise," according to eye witnesses, until they goC to Burguillo.
29
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FOR pFFICIAL USE ONLY .
f.
'~hi.e infnrmaC~on could nor be checked out nE�ici~?11y with more ditiect eources
fund,~n~nta].1y becaus~ rhe n~gazine reporCer~ ~.n tiheir inve~tiigaeions encoun- :
ter~d coneiderabLe di~~iau].ey in overcoming the ~elucCance oE offic~.a]. ciY-
c1es, who mighC know mora about the situnCion, to commenC on rhe tiopic eince '
they did not wieh to alarm anybody.
From police circlea c1os~ Co the inveatigations b~3ng conducted with tieapECt ~
Co tihe exrreme right-wing groupe, CAMBIO 16 was ab].e to obtain a rough indi-
cation of the currenC panorama of Spaniah fasc3sts which ia ati~.ii very cnn- ;
~used.
One o~ the items checked out is ehis: The investigaCion conduceed en far re-
vealed thae some of the extremist groupe opexating in Spai.n are getting Cheir
financing from old exereme righC-wing leadera who apparently no longer have
any connecCions with politics. Theae investigationa aven turned up th~
names of some peraonalitiea known during the days of Francoism who today
appear to be diaconnecCed from any specific poliCical activities.
The investigaCors will now try to come up with decisive evidence that wi11
make ~.t poasible eo Cie ehose names in with the activitiea of the ultra-
�ascist groups.
"The evidence ie difficulti Co get," one of Che investigatora told rhis maga-
zine, "since the financing aysCem is made up of the aimultaneoua use of
varioua 'channels,' winc ~ontacts and go-betweens who do not know each other."
The investigation on occasion becomes very complicated because the activities
of the extreme right-wingers extend almosC all over Spain. In this senae,
political sources emphasized that the connecCions between the fascisC in
the various parts of Spain are still rather slim, at least in the organiza-
tional area, "although in recent weeks," they added, "we have been able to
detect some attempts aC coordinaCion which can turn out Co be very dangerous."
From Pamplona to Seville
Coordinated or not, the escalation of fascist aggression in recent days is
developing from one end of the country to the other. While an extreme right-
wing band in Madrid, apparenCly well organized, "broke up" the antinuclear .
demonsCration on 26 April, armed groups appeared simultaneously as provoca-
tors during the 1 May celebrations in Zaragoza, Madrid, Seville, and other
citiea. '
In Pamplona, the organization of "parties" in the old downtown section, at-
tended by youth subacribing to "abertzale" (left-~wing paCriot) ideology, has
worried some of the authorities who confidentially admit that "the perfect
organization of extreme ri.ght-wingers during those clashes" is worth noting.
An inspector from the office of the police commissioner in the capiCal of
Navarra however expresaed his doubts to this magazine as to the organization
30
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ron orricxnc, us~ oNr~Y
~n gurguillo rhey ~sked for direeri.on~ ~o eh~ Croea of rhe ra~.len [veeerene
memori~l]~ a monumenC which did nnC ~xise there; when rhey did nor find i~
~nd whan ~hey ran intio ~ local resident wiCh ehe PSOE [Spanieh Socieli.st
' Workere ParCy] pin in his lapel~ ehe order was giv~n "fourth and fifth
AqUAt~tl~ beaC him up," nccording to the sociaLigt m~yor poroCeo BlAnco~
' The pre~ident o� tihe New Force however prefere a differenC seory ~f this
_ "excur~ion" trip and he maintiaina thaC ehe reeident picked a fight with the
group "and ehe boys could not control Chemaelves."
In Barcelona, on Che otiher hand, accordi.c~g to a11 appearancea~ the violent
activitiea of ehe extxeme right-wingere have declined coneiderably. Ale~an-
dro del Va11e, ehe right-hand man to the chief of police, told Mercedeg
R~vaa Chat "eheir aceivity has been practically i.neignificane in recent
timea. The truCh is Chat they have noehing to do here. People eay thaC a
new liCtle group has been created but that is ~uet so much ta1k. Thera ie
no violent aceion here whateoever."
On the other hand rhe violenC extreme righCisCe in Lerida are less ittsigni-
ficanC; the~e, walls are covered wirh painted slogane, especially on General
Mola Street which has been declared a"national zone" in the area and night-
time pasaersby are forced Co eing "Facing Into Che Sun" their arme raieed
in the (fascistJ salute.
In spite of police opinion, the fncrease in fascist militanta cannot be de-
nied at the University of Barcelona and especially in its law school. Lluia
Torte, the university official in charge of the PSO (Socialiat ParCy) [of
Catalonia~, told CAMBIO 16 that "five yearE ago there were not that many of
them. They began Co come out ia an organized manner starting on 15 June and
most of them rallied around Che Young Force."
Innocent New Force ~
At the Madrid headquarters of the party of Blas Pinar, the New Force, all
of these opinions are fircnly rejected. Secretary-general Ricardo Alba,
38, impeccable in a gray suit, blue shirt, and the ever-present party tie,
received CAI~IO 16 to assure us that they had nothing to do with the violent
. actions they are constantly beiag blamed for.
"I believe," he said, "that these are sporadic reactione by minority groupa
. that gather around a series of parCy initials. We are also worried
aDout them because they come out at a very special time and they make ua
ask ourselves with what hidden stringa Chose boys are being manipulated."
Seated under a signed photo of Franco and a portrait by Jose Antonio, Ricardo
Alba thinks that he can see some strange relationahips between the groups of
provocators, enabling the government and the press Co besmirch his parCy,
"because New Force is now the biggest enemy of the government and the left."
~ 31
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rott orrrcrnt, us~ or~Y
~h~ ~xerem~ righ~-w~.ng pnrry ~~cr~r~ry i~ Cx~?ing ro wip~ o~C ehe vinlenr
image oE his group and he assured ug Cha~ they candemn vialence for rhe ~
eake of violence alChough he did point outi: "Of courae, in legirimare
defense or in defense oF sometihing euper~.or, auch as God, gaCherland, ~ust-
Cice, and the f1ag, we cannoC ~ust etiand by idle.~~ �
In ~his way, Ricardo N.ba exculpates his party and iCa youtih br~?nch wieh
reapect ~o the escalation of exrremiee nggreasions carried ouC in r~cent
weeka ~lthough he do~~ Admit Chat "this ie not e privaee company where
you have a~ime clock ro punch in and punch our; whaC some of our mili-
tanta do ~.n their private life is sometihi.ng rhat we cannot contirol, nor
can we interfere wi~h Char."
While New Force and Youth Force claim to be innocent, Mariano Sanchez Covisa
does so likewiae; he is a 70-year old chemica]. engineer, known as the leader
o~ the Gu~zrillas of Chris~ the King, although he maintiained ChaC he is
only a plsin militanC.
"Thoae youngeCers who are coming around here," he Cold this mugazine, "with
nazi insignia, committing violent actiona, are being manipulated by an
agency of ~overnment in order Co discrediC the extreme rightistg~thoee
o~ ua who are loyal to the regime of 18 July."
Sanchez Covisa, who doe~ not conceal his ideology, nor his sympathiea,
assured us Chat rhe Guerrillgs of Christ Che King "have been inactive for
many months because we know that we need not do anyChing becauae the
traitors will expose themselves."
The guerrilla of ChrisC Che King, who loves popularity--"my friende greet
me in the streets and my enemies start running"--quite frankly admits Chat
in some cases violence may be necessary, "because, if not, we would be
the slaves of the violent people. Violence is good when it is carried
out in defense of ~usCice."
Leocadio Jimenez Caravaca expressed the same opinion; he is another right-
winger known especially because of his implication in the indictment in
the Atocha case, where five labor lawyers died. Leocadio Jimenez today
at liberty, avoided making any statements "now thaC things are still very
confuaed"; but he did not hesitate to assure us Chat all of the lateat
provocations are designed "to discredit us." ~
The fascist involved in the Atocha crime said thaC those exCremist groups
"that are now being formed and that have neither money, nor tacCics, do
not help us and do not produce any useful results for us."
Who, then, are the fascists, the neonazis who turn up so violently during
a left~wing demonstration or who thrash somebody in a cafe? While the
Guerrillas of Christ the King and New Force deny their links with these
violent groups, the police have their own theory on that score.
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ron or~zcrnL us~ oNr~Y
~or ~he ~oarc~g aon~ulred by tih~.e mngaz~.ne, who hgve profound knowledge on
the~e groupe, ~.C ie certain ~h~C Cha ~~parntiion baeween rh~ violenC gtioups
. , and ~h~ 1~p~a1 pnrei,e~ not clanr.
"W~ belleve," a~~d a polic~ oFficer who inveatigaCed rhe sub~~aC, "tihgC
� most of those groups ~re youngaCere who vary ~agily get together and then
eepar~eg ~g~~,n. Th~y are h~av~.ly intoxicatied in their ideology by exeremc~
rigt~t-wing speeches ~nd at Che same eime tihey are aCeracCed by the elemen~
af riek and adventur~ which rhay assume they can fi.nd here. Thar much is
sure; but thoae groupa also on cerCain occaeiona geC some money; they fi.nd
it easy to gat weapons and, at legat on eome occasione, they move wi.th a
very specifically de�ined organixation."
These characterigtica made police investigators auapect that "the groupe
o� angry youtih" nre being utilized by authentic righti-wingere "who un-
leash ~ctiong during key momenta." The sources consulted arated all kinds
of reservations on ~he topic o� exCreme right-wing organizarione "becauae
thi~ has noC yeC been sufficiently inveatigated."
Terroxist Hotbed
One thing ia certain: The investigaCion among extreme righC-wing groups
does not seem to be too easy for the experta conaulted. They pointed ou~
thar pho~ographa available to the police made it posaible Co arrest the
youngetera tnvolved ' in rhe incidents that coat a communiet militant
his life.
One of the reliable sources contacted asaured ug that the police in Madrid
have a raCher complete mug file of extreme right-wing miliCant youth who
are or are noC connected to legal parties.
Regardless of whether or not they turn up in the files, one thing govern-
ment circles do not doubt is that those extreme right-wing youth are the
nuraery which over the next several monCha will turn out "those who will
organize armed bands And who will seart what can turn into a real black
terroriat escalation if the siCuation is not remedied firat."
' These government sourcea did noC hesitate to expreas their worry Co the
highest levels of government so that a plan may be launched to prevent the
fascist rebellion which, according to them, threatens the complete coneol-
' idation of Spanish democracy.
Many Groupa
The panorama of Spanish extreme righC-wing groups is full of names and
abbreviations but ir is devoid of content. At least 30 organizationa or
their namea have become known in recent years by virtue of their fasciat
or neonazi idealogy. Many of those organizations are ~ust one-day wondera
and only manage to paint some slogans on the walla or ecatter some leaf-
lets. .
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,
rnK orrzczn~, us~ nNLY
Po].~,ce experrs coneu].eed by CAMBIO 16 po~.ntied out eha~ the haJ.f-way
organized eucGrema r~.ght-wing groupa at thi~ tiime number prac~ica].1y on~y
five or eix "and we cannoe even be eure on tihar becauee tihere axe very ,
emal:l gxoure rh~C use eeveral names aC rhe eame eima."
'1'hie id true, For example, oE the Adol� Niel.er Action Commgndo nnd Ciie
Ben~.to Mussolini. Commando, gmong othars, which, according ~o rhg.expertg, '
cons~.e~ o~ groupe of youtil~ who meet occaeionall,y for aome action and use
differenti n~mea.
Other, somewhat larger organizaeions dioappeared in recent yeare for various
reasons although moat of tihem did so due tio rivalries among the3r membera.
This is ~rue of the Iberic Cross under ehe direction of A].cazar de Velasco,
or the Blue Legion, commanded by De 1a Sia Capa, which only did a litCle '
moxe than publieh eome bulletins. One ma~or organization, which ac-
coxding tio ~he police have pracCically dieappeared, is ETA [Basque Father-
land and Libertiy Group] AnCitierrorism (ATE) which, in Che opin~.on of Che
experta, might have been reorganized in another form, under a different
name.
Leader Royuela
A similar case involves Che GAS ('Trade Union Action Group) which preferably
operatea in Barcelona and whose most outatanding leader was Alberto Royuela.
Thie nrganization has disappeared as such. The NaCional RevoluCionary Move- -
ment met a ai.milar fate; it was founded by the Alemany brothers; here we also
have the Association of Volunteer Crusaders and the National Action Party
which asaumed some status in 1976 and has auffered various exciaions. Some ;
of its members today are to he found in the National Union of Fernandez de
la Mora. ~
According to pol.ice experts, the "acCive" exCreme right-~wing groups today -
might include the following:
Anticommunist AposColic Alliance; still in exietence but carries out few
known actions.
PENS (Spaniah National Socialisti Party); it carried out numerous actions ,
in Barcelona over Che past 2 yeara and elsewhere along the Mediterranean
Coase; it still exiats but iCs operational capacity is unknown.
~ CEDADE (Spanish Friends of Lurope Club); thia is not an action group as ~
such; it engagea in conaiderable cultural activitiea "to disseminate nat-
ional aocialiem" (see below). :
Guerrillas of Christ the King; they have not done anything for several
months now; their leader, Mariano Sanchez Covisa, says that they are not
aa organization but rather a group of friends who defend the fathexland.
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xoit orrrcrnL us~ oN~x
FronC o� Yourh
~ ~ront o~ You~h; broke away ~rom th~ youtih branch o� ehe New ~orce and was
legalized in September 1978; moet of its recenr aceiona are connected w~.th
ite miJ.itante; aub~cribae tq national eocia].iati ~.deo].ogy gnd h~.ghly rgdi-
~ ca~.; ~hey are organized along parami,litiary lines and i~ ie en].cul~~ed ehae
they have at least 400 mili~ante in Madrid and as many in the resC of Spain.
Span~.sh An~icommunist ~ront; basicelly operating along Cogea de]. Sol; many
of ite militianta had been with New Force before; they carry out numorous
actiions. ,
The Spanieh Jewe--Memoriea of Adolf
Marcos Emergui is ecared. Early in the morning on 25 April, as if in a
nigh~mare, ha, his wife, and hie son watched a group of youttg,dieplaying
nazi symbols, burn hia seore which he has on Mostenses Square in Madrid.
Marcos Emergui ie a Jew, a Spaniard and a Jew, like hundreds of other per-
sons who make up the Jewish community in Spain. All of Chem are scared
becauae poaters on wa11s, slogana painted on the doora of their homes, and
actions by youth with the swastika aYm band brought back to them the b3t~er
memory of Adolf HiCler.
"They have gone over to the attack," saya Marcoa Emexgui. "They have been
painting a],ogane in Chis part of town, where there are several Jewish ahope,
for 4 years now. About 2 montha ago, they broke the glasa in a store window
and began to worry us. During the last week of Apri1 they burned my ehop
and that of another Jew. They are now on the attack."
Samuel Toledano, spokeaman of rhe Jewish community in 5pain, agrees: "The
resurgence of nazism is clear. WhaC is happening in Madrid, with painCed
slogans and postera of Hitler, is incitement to racial hatred, a provoca-
tion which the nuehorities should not permit."
Toledano, who has carried his complaints to Che civilian governor of Madrid,
, wants to avoid the easy Cemptation of considering them ~ust "small groups"
and, remembering the past, he says: "Perhapa they are small groupa numeri-
cally but this Hitler thing also began with small groupa whom nobody took
, seriously."
Small or not, after burning zhe Menorah atore of Marcoa Egui, they came back
Chere: "We, my brother and I," Marcos told us, "were in the shop at 1630,
3ust two days after they had burned it. My wife and my two nephewe were
also there when 25 youtt~,wearing paramilitary uniforms, black boots, and
swastika arm bands turned up. They broke the door down and came in to des-
troy what little was left after the fire." Terrorized, they were able to
find refuge in a workshop in the rear and to emerge unharmed after the
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, ,
i~o~ orr~crnt. us~ oN~Y '
,
attack. M$rcos~ bxoCh~r Sitnon ie eCill.scared e~.l over when he says: "I
had seen Chis sor~ of th~,ng only in ~he movies." ~
,
l~e eaw i.~ in Che movies but witih a h~,e~orical memory; ].ike oCher Spanish
Jewg, Simott ~nd Marcoe could noC avoid noting ~hati "~his happened in Germany
and i~ can happen here. We keep running our busin~es bu~ we are scared."
;j
~he N~zi Mo~herland
The moCher~.and for the new-s~y1e nazis is inevitably si~ua~ed in Germany '
where ~l~e acCiviCies oE neonazi and exCreme righ~-~wing groupa have been
growing in recent monChs 3n spitia o� the fac~ that ~hey are quantiCatively
e~~ii, accord3ng Co a report ~rom Bonn by Joae Comae, of CAMBIO 1.6.
The effec~ of Cheir actions and ~he links witih oCher coun~ries, including
5pai.n, 1ad ~o a move by social democratis and liberala in parl:Lament which
was anawer~d affirmatively by interior miniater GerharC Baum.
According tio minister Baum, a friendship pact was signed early in 1977 be-
tween the JN (National Youth Organization) of Rhineland~PalaCinate and
- ~Yench and 5paniah exCreme righ~-wing oxganizations, in ~his case, Young
Force, the yourh hranch o~ the New Force parCy.
The German JN are Che youth organization of Che neonazi NPD [National Demo-
craCic Party o~ Ge~many] and they shared the principal extreme righ~-wing
actions in Germany with Viking Xou~h. The minister's report contains as-
surancea to the effect that Viking Youth, founded in 1952, works with small
sita3.lar groups in France, Spain, and Holland. This organization is getCing
military training and is organized like the Hitler Youth. In his responae
Co the parliamentary inquiry, Baum declared that "copies of ~Mein Kampf,'
by Adolf ~Hitler, printed in Spain" are turning up in the FRG.
Connections between Spanish and European fasciats extend far beyond Germany.
According to a reporC by the West German intelligence services, the Belgian
organization Vlaamse Militanten Orde, directed by Albert Armand Eriksson,
held a cexemony in honor of the "fallen," last year in the Flemish town of ,
Dikamuide, attended by Spanish extreme rightisCs.
That same intelliS~ce service also stated thaC the NPD neonazi party lasC ,
yaer strengthened its contacts with foreign asaociations, "especially in
France, Belgium, Spain, and Great Britain."
One of the items in the secret report relates to the attempC to hold the
Third European National Congresa in Barcelona in 1974, which was supposed
to be attended by fascist organizations from all over Europe. The congress~
which was noC held, had been organized by CEAADE, a Spanish neonazi group.
Reports from intelligence services in the motherland of Che nazis recorded
17 amall groups with a total of 900 members. Only three groups had more
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ron nrr~c~nL usL oN~,Y
rhan 100 members buC police repo~re no~e "an i.ntens~.ficaCian n~ tihe~.r ac-
tiiv~.x~.es which are partly c~rried outi in a conapiratiori~tl ~orm, wiCh a
tendency ~owr~rd Cha use o~ violence."
' The CaCalan H1~1er
~ A single, 21-ye~r old lithographer who, unCil a aho~t Cime ago, had been
workin~ in a grocery, is Che Cop leader of CEDADE, an associatiion which
claims to be the most faieh~ul and orChodox follower og na~ional soc~.~l~.am
in Spain. Pedro Varela, a printer who publiahes hia own magazines and
pamphletis, presents the typ~.cal image of the enterpriaing youth who is
' sure o~� himselE. Proud of his mi.dd~.e name, Geiss, whi.ch he connects with
his Belgian-German ancestors, he Ca1ks with machine gun apeed, citing sta-
tis~ics and names without checking any references. A last-diech d efender
o~ Hi~ler, he admits that he is a racist and an antisemite, alChough he
is rather bashful when it comes eo raiaing his right arm for a photograph
in the fascist salute because, without any apecial occnaion, "it seeme a
. li~tle bit ridiculous Co me."
CEDADE, which distr3butes liCCle lapel flags with the Catalan colors on
one side and the swastika on the oCher side, says through Vare~.a that "we
have gone beyond the concept of the nation. For us, Germany, Spain, or
~rance have no reason for existence. Our nation now will be Europe, made
up of a].1 ethnic groups, Catalonia, CasCile, Basque Country, Britt any."
This proregional policy clearly separates them from othex parafasc3sC
groups which are very much against autonomy and ~ahich are the last-ditch
defenders of "naCional unity." But its mosC outsCanding feature perhaps
is antisemi.tism, a Copic which now and again comes up in the conversation
which Julian Castello had with Hitler's pupil in Catalonia.
"Both the western democracies and the communlst countries are run by Jews,"
= he says. "Althoug?~ he is not a Jew, Carter is their puppet. Khrushchev,
Stalin, Lenin, and Marx himself were Jews, like Kissinger, and all of the
key men in Uni~^d States policy. Just imagine, their power is so great
that General Brcwn one day said on American Celevision ~haC the United
States cannot do anyChing because a race alien Co the Americans was run-
ning the destiny of the nation. We are not anti-Jewish as such bu t only
~ because they xun the international press agencies. The TV moguls, 60 per-
cent of Hollywood--they are all Jews. In Spain, the prablem is not as
, big as in the United States or in Germany but we also have Jews wh~ hold
very important posts. Carl Levy, who runs Ford in Spain, or Mugica Herzog,
in the PSOE, or Max Mazin, leader of the Jewish community in Spain, a man
close to the UCD [Democratic Center Union], and vice president of Spanish
entrepreneurs. And then you have enterp=ises such as Danone, Pegaso, Banco
ViCalicio, a whole list which we have published. Not even the Catalan Bank
is safe; it is not worthy o� that name now because its biggest stockholder
is a Jew and because he froze his accounts during the Si.x-Day War, anti-
cipating the possibility of having to help Israel."
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~dn orrtctnt, u~~ dNtiY
Aneig~ml.rtgm i~ an~ df eha naug~a which hag per~uad~d C~DAbL nnl to eo].-
l~bor~tia ~ri.~h th~ ~~nar p~opi,Q of New ~orn~. "Hl~~ Pin~r i~ ~neicotarnuni,~r
~nd thi~ i.~ wh~t we hav~ in comtaoa wi,th him; bue h~ i.~ a1~o aneinazi and '
prn-JeN. Pinar ~Ctacked naCinn~l ~ociaiigm in P~nplona a coupl.~ of yeera
ago when ehe Europe~n righe--whicti now eon~i~Cs of pinar, eh~ ICall.an MI3
[Iea11~n Social Movem~nC~ pgopl~, and New F'orces, oE Frane~--~rgg being '
form~d. This iA rhe pxic~ which he h~d to pay Co ehe Jew~ tio b~ allowed
to fdrm eh~ European ri~he."
Elieism is anoth~r E~gCure of C~bAb~. According eo Vare2.a, out of 1~000
p~r~ong who pds~ rhrough hi~ pr~migeg per year, only 30 r~m~iin in the end
ae tru~ mili.t~nt~. ~nr eh~ lcad~rg Che ~XOC@8g i~ ev~n eougher becau~e
"they mugc b~ guie~blc for any ki.nd of ~cCivity~ from climUtng into ehe
high mount~i.ne to deliv~ring a gpe~ch dr a 1~ceur~; th~y hav~ eo be like
a N~rreleon, but in pnlitical terme, we might gay."
"We brdk~ all contacta ~ome time ~gn wieh EN (New ~'ozceJ," he continued,
"becguse it is a party that hag n~ittier an ideology, nor ~ program. Ir
~imply picks up thnge people who nre n~uineC democrgcy and disord~r but
it does nothing ex~~pe oppose thoge who fight ehem. Beaid~s, th~y do
not abaolutely select their memberg and glong with enme very good peoplQ~
who even aycapathize c~ith us, you can find some ~erks, brnggards, murder-
ers, and thieveg. With Chat kind of people you cannot g~~t along beca~se
they always destroy everything rhey touch~ th~y destroy you and your ~om-
rades and Chey give you a real bad reputation."
Ne thinks the same of violenC actions and the armed struggle. "We are
against violence," he aays, "because so far i~ has given us a bad name
and becauae ir is ideologically contrary to naCional socialism. We
would use it only in defense. The day they touch a hair on a comrade'g
head, we will attack with rhe game weapons because that is the only way
you can get them to respect you. But nev~r violence as a sysCem as euch.
The com~ni~ts one should not bcat but raCher converC. Beating Chem only
makes rhem tnore hostile."
CEDADE now hag delegnCions in almoat ull 5paniah provinces, in Prance
and Germany, in Argentina und it wtll soon have one in New Zealand. The , -
little Caealan Hitler is proud of doing all that work with just 300 mili-
tant8 and he does not despair of seeing Spain under the "new national ~
3o~ialisC order." � _
prophet of Spanish Pascism
At the age of 80, ~rnesto Gimenez Caballero, inventor
of fascist theory in Spain, is an intellectual with
tremendous cultural background, pleasant conversation,
and surprising ideas, a man capable of blending Hitler
and Spain to found Che first surrealist empire in his-
tory.
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Fdit tl~~~C~AL U5~ ONLY
On eh~ Cov~r nE el?~ Undk Ctt~r~ i~ n~Car df U~vid, Cl~a J~w~.~h ~ymbo1, with
rh~ ~ace o~ it~r~, Marx in ~ha a~nC~r. Surrounding ehe ~enr, lik~ wnechmen~
li.k~ gug~diene un al~rt~ ~r~ th~ pi~eur~~ o~ tli.tl~r, Mu~eolini, ~rgnco, Jo~~
~ Antonio Primo d~ Rivc~~a, Oliv~i.ra SalAZgr, Ai�r~do SC~o~~~n~r, and Evita
P~ron. But at the ~am~ tiime, that J~wi~h srnr i~ ~uppo~ed eo b~ 13k~ ~
epider n~e ehaC ~nv~lop~ it~ adv~r~ari~e~ Chat w~akene them ~nd, 1n Che ~nd,
' d~f~at~ th~m. Igra~l wine the 1a8C bArCle.
Although eh~ ~ymbol n?ay look quit~ complicated, th~ cover nf ehe book quite
clearly expresse~ ehe ~uthor'g Chinking ~nd eha auChor ig Lrneeto G~m~nez
Caball~ro., the ~o-c~lled "ideolog of 5pani~h fascism~" Chg l.ieerary pr~cur-
~or o� ehe Franco dictAror~hip, the vanguard wtii~er, the movi~ director~ ehe
�ellow with th~ geniaL ~nd un~xpeceed eensa of humor. At rhe age of 80,
Cimenez Cnballero h~~ survtved three generattons of politicians and lit~rati
and i~ Codny young~r Chan bpfor~ the war. ~n a new v~rbal pirouette~ his
lase book, th~ on~ wieh thc stiar of David on eh~ front cov~r, i~ ~neirled
"Memoriag d~ un dicCgdor."
Cimenez Caballero is a dicCaCor. "Bec~use I did dictate the book into a
diceaeing machine," h~ ~aye with digsimulnted ~eriou~ness. But nl~o b~cause
he considers himself Co be a poeC and prophet, "thc~t is to eay, a mnn's man
in hi$tory, a fertilizer of politiciane, a dicCator nmong dictntore." liie
memories, recently publi~hed by Planera Publigh~rg, ~re a d~lightful ~tring
of anecdotes, and political theories that can be read With th~ intereaC nor-
a~lly connected with a hisCorical document and with the faecination arising
from a acience-f iction tale.
Gimenez Caballero ig a real precursor. In 1927 he founded LA GACETA LITERARIA,
a very important n~agazine in intellectual life at thaC time, with auch con-
tributors as Alberti, Garcia Lorca, Ramon Gomez de la Sernn, and Ju~n Rnmon
Cimenez, among many oChers. He also founded the firs! motion picture club
of Spttin and turned ouC numerous movies, including "Esencia de verbena~"
which ie still shown eoday on apecial occaeions.
The first book by Gimenez Caballero was published 55 years ago.
Today, Ernesto Gimenez Cuballero lives comfortably in a duplex apartment
, in thc:El Viso subdivision of Madrid. "This house," he says, "was built
with the three materinls that symbolized the genius of 5pain: Brick, stoneg,
and slate. Stones and slate are the genuine elements of Spanish i~perial
. architecture, symbolized in E1 Escorial. And bricks are the Mude~ar material
prior to the Reconquest, in other Words, the maCerial of the poor people. I
combined stone, brick, and slate to inspire monuments such as Ministry of
the Air, in Madrid, or my own house."
Surrounded by those imperial symbols buC also by books, pamphleta, and
motion picture pos[ers, Lrnesto Gimenez Caballero received CAMBIO 16.
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~f~it ~~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
The f ir~t th~c?g which che id~olog of Spani~h fascism aaid w~ss "I em
Yarher aetoni~hed by eh~,~ exc~s~iv~ app~aran~e of ~waBeika~ in the ~treets ~
o~ Sp~in. TC ~a~mg a 11~C1~ ax~i�iai~l Co m~. N~xigm, HiCieri~m, rgc-
i~m do no~ fiC i,n wi,Ch Chie counCry. Fasci,em does becauee fasci~m wae
based on Roman~ CaCholic txadition which equa~eg eh~ individual and the ,
maesive~ liberty, and authoriey. Hitleti on ~he orher hand had a concept
of ~ divin~ xace~ the Axyan rac~, who~e mie~ion it wae to degtroy ite
anC~gonisC~ Che Jewish race, aparr from fighC~ng againeC his neighbor~ ;
3oviaC Marxism."
But, ~or Gitaenez CabalJ.~ro, ehere are some reaeon~ tha~ can explain the
resurgence o� extremi.se viol~nce in Spain. "The ~irge one," he eays, "is
that ware never end. As Sgncho eaid to Uon Qu3jot~, todgy's loagr can be
tomorrow~g winner. Anoeher rea~on may be of a local naturet 7'he ever
clearer, determined, and a~greseive eruption of conanunig;a and Che procla-
mation thaC poli~ical consengus is over, which in turn might h~ve brought
ouC all of those signs, including some ACCB of ~ggreseion, to show thae
p~ople are not defenselesa in the face of th~ Cwo forces that cnnverge
in the center."
"But there is also anorher reason," says Cimenez Caballero, "which in
reality is the gist of my ~Memorias': The great mystery of Israel. Thie
people is Che creator of God, of monotheism, from ahich the other reli-
gions are derived. From Jeho~~a sprang ChrisC~ likewige a Jew~ who ~x-
tended rhe cnonotheistic concept to the brodd masses already with a war-
like purpoae in mind. Christi~niCy was imposed upon the Itoman Empire ~
which was the democracy, the Americans of Chose days. Later on, when
Chriatiar.�ity ahrank, with Catholicism, Protestantism, or Islam in the
picture, another genial Jea and founder came out: Karl Marx." =
For Gimenez Caballero, Marx was a prophet, a poet, but it was Lenin, the .
political execuCor of Marxism, who launched the invasion of Eutope. "Md
of courae, Europe defended itaelf," he says. "From Italy, a peninsula ~
juat like Europe, therefore with a yearning for liberty, carae a Marxist ;
in a red shirC and with the cl.enched fist, a fellow by the name of Benito ~
Mussolini who then open~d his hand and changed the color of his shirt to
black, such as it was worn by the workers."
Fasciet and Violence
~
The man who transp].anted Mussolinian ideology to Spain does not believe ;
that one cannot be a real fascist without being violent. "Because fas- '
ciam is a reaction in the best sense of the word," he explained. "The
word reactionary is as if cursed and blackened. However, it i.s very posi- ;
tive and saving. When you are sick, drained of blood, on ehe point of ;
dyiag, the doctor gives you a medicine and eays: 'Let us see if you react
and if you can be saved.' This reaction is like a salvation. The same
happens to pereons and peoples under attack."
:
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r~x o~rzc~n~, us~ oNLY
"mh~ world ~,a ~u11~ of, v~nl~nc~~" added Gim~nax C~b~llcxo, "b~cau~~ vi~-
].ence pow~~ ~c1d powex i,e blond. Ir ~.s wrung to rhi.nk ChaC eh~ world ~
a preCey and happy plac~. Ever ~~.n~e Hobbe~~ man h~~ been ~ wd1� g~i.ng
, aQter ~ellowman. The dil~mm~, boeh in m~n ~nd in ~nimal or plan~s i~:
~ae or be ea~~n~ Nobody can g~e ~~.ong w~.rh vi~olenc~ and the only onp~ whn
_ are a~nineC i.e ara tih~ Yogi, ehe I~uddhi~C, or Che Chr~eCi~n, who sublimae~
~ nonviol~nce and who hop~ Por a reward in heaven, a�Cex d~~~h. ilue ~he
stxugglg for power ia Ch~ 1nw of naeure."
Al~hough Gimenex C~ballerd preach~~ thaC aCteck ig th~ best d~Eense, he
hae never been viol~ne, he never wene ouC into the etreet wearing his blue
shi.r~ and carry3~ng a pi~eol in his hand. "On rhe conerary," ha exclaims.
"My own corelig~oniete even wanted~to kill me in Salamanca."
I Accu~e ~'ranco
SwepC ~long by his own most brillianC verbal eormene, Gimenez Cnballero
finds evidence of his i.nfluence during each stage o~ ehe foxmaCion of the
~ranco regime. "I was the archiCect of unification, I was the fireC o�
ehe JON5 [Junta of National Trade Union Action~ with F~1c~nga and etten with
Che tradiCionali,aCg. Each unification was heavily debated buC if we wanCed
to win the war, there was no remedy but ea accept Franco."
"It wna the migfortune of our fascism that we did not have a fascist leader,"
adds Gimenez Caballero. "There were three successive leadere--Ledesma Ramos,
Jose Antonio, gnd Fr~nco--but the three of them operated along a apiral;
none o� them worked along a atraight line. I wou~d have wanted a leader
who would be a socialiat, such as Indalecio Priero, buC a national soc-
ialist, which is whaC Mussolini and Hitler were. But we only wound up
_ with their followera: Jose Antonio, an aristocrat, and Franco, a military
man .
According to Gimenez Caballero, Franco did not contribute any doctrine.
"We got ie ready-madc," he says. "And Jose Antonio got his ideas also
�rom my books er.ritled 'Genio de Espana' and 'La nueva catolicidad.' The
k'ranco regime w~3 called fascist precisely because of my cankributions.
I in reality was Che dictator of the dictators. And I am not saying this
to make myaelf look important. On the contrary, ever since 5t. John the _
` Baptiat, we prophets have had our heads cut off while the politiciana get
fame and monuments.10
' Gimenez Caballero is writing less and less in the traditional periodicals.
It ia however the young literary magazines, such as DIWAN and POESIA
which want him for his byline and his genius. "I believe that they consider
me a clean person," he observed. "A man who does not allow himself to be
carried along by old glories."
This is why he say~ that the big accusation in his "Memorias de un dictador"
- is made against Franco. "That is odd," he says. "I worship and venerate
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~OR O~F~CIAI, Ug~ ONLY 't
~ranco who accomplished hi~ miss~,on. BuC ~.n ~h@ hisCor~.ca1 and in th~ ~
bro~d~x e~enea o.~ kl~e ~ord I accuae him bacause it wn~ our ideology which
gav~ h~a v~,cCory i,n ~he ai.vil wax, ~iong witih hi,~ und~niabi~ tnii~.e~ry ~
gani,u~. Then, wiCh h~.s n~u~xali~y duxing rha woxld wax~ Franco pern?iered
the v~,c~ory of the A11ies and in �acr ~ccepted the democraciee. Th~.s ie
preci~ely the ~ame thin~ thae Suar~z is do~.ng now. Suarez ie ehe conse- ~
quenc~ of Franco; he invan~ed absolutely nothing."
"WhgC Yizcaino Casae eays, to Che effec~ ehaC Suarez has changed hie shirt~
ia no~ txu~," Gimenez Caballero added. "WhaC he hae done ie to change hie
~formal' ~hire tor a ~eporr ehi.re."'
Imp~rial Wedding
Gimenez Cabal],ero is a very amu~ing man. Thex~ aeem to be no limits to hie
imagin~tion. And he began to talk about f~neastic invenr.ions with the
greateet s~riousnesa in Che world. Perhaps the moat harebrained of hia
schemea was "the marriage of Hitler." He wanted to marry the leader of
the nazis o�~ to Pilar Pri.mo de Rivera, the sigte~r of the �ounder of the
l?alange.
To do so, he even "got the blessings nf'the VaCican." Whar Gimenez was
trying Co do was "Co found a new European Empire, by catechizing tlie Ger-
manic barbarian through maCrimony, as had happened so often d~lring Che ~
Midd~,e Ages." Although he did not ~talk to either of the parties to be in-
volved, Gimenez Caballero did establish contacC, on Che one hand, with :
Sgenz de Heredia, uncle of Pilor Primo de Rivera and, on the oCher hand, �
wiCh Che wife of nazi minister Goebbels.
It was she--"a wonder~ul wuman who impressed me as I am today impressed
by all of the beautiful women"--who shattered all of his illusions about
Chis con~ugal empize. Magda Goebbelg revealed to him that Hitler, during
World War I, "had received a bullet in one teaticle, which made him impo-
tent."
"That was a shame," he says, "because that matrimony would have resulted
in a great Spanish-Austrian monarchy. Ar~~ Hitler therefore was unable to
get married. He was turned inCo a romantic hero with an unfinished hisCory. '
His misaion, like that of Philipp the Handsome~ was to marry~a Spanish woman.''
His aCCempC failed but G3menez Caballero did not come back empty-handed. ~
Through Goebbels~ wife, Hitler expressed an opinion which many Spanish
antifascists will gladly share: "That fellow is a brilliant character."
COPYKIGHT: 1979 Informaciony Publicaciones, S.A.
5058 END
CSO: 3110
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