JPRS ID: 8509 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES

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JPRS L/8509
13 Jtune 1979
TRANSl1ATI0NS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES
(FOUO 7/7g)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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r'Ox ur'r`I(:lAL u5E UNLY
JPRS L/8509
13 June 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE ANA SERVICES
(FOVO 7/79)
CONTENTS
PAGE '
INTERNA'TIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
CooperaCion of Socialist Bloc, Third World Oil-Producing
, Countries
'
(K. Kuzham
yarov; OBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI V
UZBEKI5TANE, No lr 1979)
1
Conference on Economic Ties of Socialist, Ueveloped
Capitalist Lands
_
(N. Alekseyeva, M. Os'mova; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI,
_
- Mar 79)
8
MANPOWER: LABOR, EDUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY
New Texr on "siucational Administration, Management Reviewed
(Ye. P. Tonkonogay3, V. Yu. Krichevskiy; 50VETSKAYA
PEDAGOGIKA, Jan 79)
14
Problems of Shchekino riethod in Railroad Track System
Viewed
(L.M. Shklyarenko; PUT' I PUTEVOYE KHOZYAY5TV0,
Mar 79)
18
,
- a - [III - USSR - 38 FOUO)
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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
COOPERATION OF SOCIALIST BLOCp THIRD WORLD OIL-PRODUCYNG COUNTRIES
Taehkent OBSHCHESTVENNYYE 1QAUKI Y UZBIXISTANP in Rueaian No 1, 1979 pp 48-52
f-Article by K. Kuzhamlyarov: "Developaen: of the Eoonomic Corpertition of tho
Socialiet Statea With the Developing Oil-Producing Countriee"-7
fText] The deoieione of the 25th CP6U Congreee etreaeed the need for the
flxrther development of the economio tiee of the U53R9 as well as of other mem-
bera of the Council for Mutual Economic Aseietanae (CEMA)p with the developing
aountriee. The mutually benefioial oharacter of theee relatione and the firm
eupport by the eooialiet community for the juet cauae of the etruggle of the
peoplee of the deve"loping countriee for their politicel and economic ineLepen-
dence have all the more persuaded these etatea as to the advieability of ex-
panding mutually benefioial contacte wfth the eocfalist countriee.
During recent yeare the economic couperation of the CEMA member countriee with
the countriea participating in OPEC hs.e inteneified appreciably.l�
This cooperation is adopting all the ner+ forme and hae both a bilateral as well
as multilateral character.
Thue, the mutual etriving to improve the forme of economic tiee hae found ite
concrete expreeeion in the appearance in the developirg countriee of a aub-
etantial number of mixed companiea in which the European eocialiet states are
pexticipating. The mutual aqpiration of theeo countriee to eatablieh laeting
economic tiRa as xell as the �coneideration that each of the partnere will gain
certain commercial�benefita aerve se the objective baeie for their axeation.
Acceee to new manufacturing methode, the etudy of advanced experienoe in the
organization and proceae of getting production enaothly undenra~y, trte expan-
eion of opportunities for antraace into the eocialiet market, the areation of
new production sectore, a decregae in the dependence upon imperialiet monopo-
liea, the creation of fsvorable prerequiaites for etrengthening the etate eec-
tor, etc., can be the etimuli for participation by developing countriee in
a!.xed compaa.iee. The socialist statea viex mixed compenies as a forn of pro-
moting trade and economic cooperation, thereby yfelding benefite for both
partnere. Thie form enablee t2aem to count on obtaining eteady eourcee of rax
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material, Additional expension of the export ot' induetrial groduotion# the
utilization af a portion of the flunde earned t'rom the aativity of mixed oom-
paniee for financing their foreign repreep!:',ativeeg inetitutions, etc. Parti-
oipatibn in mixed eocietiee and enterpriees permite the eooialiet aountrfee to
reaeive a fixed profit, whioh providee an opportunity to meke purohaeea of
fue], and raw materiale from the ezporting oountriee at prices lower than world
prioee in the amount of thie profit.
The partiaipante in aixed aompariies turn out to bet on the one hand~ foreign
J trade aesnaietione and enterprieee of the European eooialiet countriee e.ndl on
tiie other hand, etate, quaeietate and eometimes even private organizatione and
V.rme of the developing countriee. In terme of their legal and organizational
atatue, theee aompaniee, ae a rule, fall into the categ+ory of joint etoak oom-
paniee or oompanies with limited liability. The period of time �or the acti-
vity of the Joint enterprise is eometimee epeoified beforehand, r+hile in other
caeeo it is otipulated by the comparq charters that the eooialiet partner ie
� wiLling at any time to renounae its ehare of property upoa the dse3re of the
developing oountry after compeneation for fin8ncial aoeta inaurred fron ite
purtioipation in the organization and activity of the mixed cooperur.
Mixed enterprisog of a trading and produation character have been wideepread
to a certain extent in the praetioe of cooperation with the developing etatAe
by Yugoslavia, Czeohoslovakia and the GDR aince the beginning of the 1960'e
and by Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania in reaent yeare. '1'he mixed enterprieee
created in the deve]loping countriee with the participatiori of the USSR are, in
the main, of a trading and marketing nature.
On the whole thenp companiee in which socfalist atatee participate were created
in varioua aectora of the natinnal economic eyetem of the dev6�'.oping countriee
--in trade, inaurance and banking affairs, transport, induatry arad in the
ephere of eervicee. 'Prading and production companies have become the moet
aideaprea,d.
Mixed Trading Cowpanies
Mixed trading companiea are engaged in the sale of goode from the eocialiet
countries in the developing states on an ordinary commercial baeie, in eervic-
ing equipment, machines and the technology that hae been delivered to them, in
providing them rrith apare parte and componente, and aleo in purchaeing the out-
put of local producere for the purpoee of satisfying the neede of the socialiet
economic syetem. The "Sneyko" compex~y, ahich fuactions in Nigeria with the
participation of Czechoelovak firme, can eerve as an example. It ia expanding
ite operations in the sale of various machinee and equipaient produced in Cze-
choelovakis, xhile eimultaneouely making purchaees of Nigerian rubber and ex-
portfng it to the Czechoslovak Socialiet Republic.2� The eale on the Nigerian
market of Soviet trucks and paeseng+er careg tractors and other commoditiee ia
being aucce$afully carried out by "VAATYeKO," the Soviet-Nigerian joint atock
company, r+h.ich hae been functioning eince 1967.3� "Dal'treyd," the Polish-
Nigerir_,n trading and joint stock companyt4� and "Afrnkommerag"5� the Bulgar-
ian-Nigerian compar~y, have been carryfng on inteneive aativity in Nigeria.
2
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Mixod produotion aompeniee in whioh eooialiet etatea partioipate funation both
in the prooeeeing se well ae extraotive eeotora of induetry. The enterprieae
belonging to them in roetalworking, maohine-building, light, chemioal and phar-
roaoeutioal, food and other eeatore oS induetry are uewEtlly rather eroall in
eize, and theee companies etill oooupy a modeet poaition in the over-sll volume
of oooperation by eoaialist etatee with the developing aountriee. Their orea-
tion ie, hoWeverp in reeponee to the immediate taeke of eoonomic aonetruotion
in the developing etatea. Therebyg the prooeee of turning out produotion local-
ly ena.blee them to meet the c;eede of the domeetia uarket and to refuee to
import goode frnm abroad.
The Hungarian-Nigerian coroppy, "Ferteako Induetrieep" whioh twcns out aeramiot
hardware and textile iteme,b� and the mixed Hwngarian-Nig+erian and Polieh-Niger-
ian enterprisee for the produotion of inediainal remediee arid preparatione and
others7� ca,n eerve as an ezample of theee companiee.
Mixed Companiee for the Study and Development of Natural Reeourcee
Mixad companies for the atudy and development of natural reeourcea render ae-
eietance to young etatea in the study and developaient of mineral reeouroee, in
etrengthening national geological eerviaee and organizatione and in training
epecialisi,s for mining operatione. The majority of mixed companies for the
etudy and development of fiehingg timber and mineral reeouroea have been crea-
ted in Afriaa. The atriving to help in the dsvelopment of fiahing rseourcee
in the aoastal watere off the African continent hae led to the crestion of the
Bulgariari-Nig+erian "Globefish" company. A aixed Nigerian-Romanian eooiety,
"Seromud," also functione in Nigeria; this sooiety carriee out the exploita-
tion of timber wealth arid implemente the creation of the earrmill and wood-work-
ing induetry.e�
It hae been many yeara now that the Romanian-Algerisn eociety, ~AI,ChIMYe,~,
in which 75 peroent of the joint etock belonge to Algerians.y� has been carry-
ing on geop}~yeical work and the complete organization of oil fio~lds within the
atructure of the Alg+erian petroleum aesaaiation, SONATRACH.
The Polieh firm f-KOPEKS_7 concluded an agreement in September 1973 with
SONATRACH on the joint financing of oil proapecting.10� Romania and Ecuador
organized a mixed eociety, f-ESOPAS~i to render Ecuador aesietance in the de-
velopment of tne petroleum induetry. � ;
Mixed Engineering and Consulting and Conetruction Firms
Mixed engineering and con3ulting and conatruction firma have been created fn
connection with the critical demand for pereonnel, aonetruction equipment and
technical knorrledge in the developing countriee. The aotivity of specialiete
from the eocialiet statee in the developing countries provides for an opera-
tions-effective solution to many problems. The Poieh-Nigerian "Pelapiop"
the Romanian-Nigerian "Ronitex Company" and othere~2� caa be numbered among
the mixed companies of thie type.
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The new formg of aooperation by sooialiet and developing aountriee are under-
going further development. For Snetancet a Libyan-Romanian joint etook ehip-
ping oompany wae areated.13�
The expaneion of oooperation with the developing countries and the development
of new forme of it require an inoresee in the finanoial reeouroee being a~ed
oated to render economic and teahniaal aseietanae to developir.g etatee.
finanoe organizatione in which eoaialiet and developing etatea partioipate
could beoome a aouroe for the extension of oredit for induetrial aooperation be-
tween the tr+o groups of states ae well ae an effeative meane far t}re mobilizar
tion of a portion of the internal reeouroee of the developing aountrieefor
-
theee purpoees. In particular, a Butgarian-Lebaneee mixed banlco a Yug~oBlav
Libyan bank, eto. have now been functioning over the couree of several yeare.14�
The organization of nea 3oint banket finance, inveetment and neuranae compa-
nies by socialist and developing states and the expaneion of the Ephere of
their activity can, with time, lead to the creation of a new insl;rument for
the finanaing of induetrial conetruation in the developing aountriee.
Other forma of mutual aesistanae are epringing up as well. The utilization by
the eocialiot states of credits from the OPEC oil-produaing countriee for the
conetruction in the eocialiet states of a nwnber of enterprieee can eerve ae
an example. Thus, Kur+ai.t extended a loan to Yugoelavia in the amount of 125
million dollara for the construction of the Adriatika Oil Pipeline, r+hile
Libya offered 70 million dollare.15� The National Oil Company of AbiaD~ain
took part in the financing of the oil pipeline and an oil-drilling p
Yugoelavia.16.
In 1976 an underetanding r+as reached on conducting technical and economia re-
seaxoh for the purpose of building a petrochemiaal complex xorth 1 billion dol-
lara in Romania and involving the partioipation of Kuwait. Kuwait r+ill finance
the conetruction of thie complex and will ehip oil to Romania.17'
The eocialist states are using loans from the oil-producing countries for the
organization in the eocialist states of the production of output deetined for
export to the creditor countriea. P'or instance, the Hungarian National Bank
aoncluded an agreement with the Kuwait firm, "Kur+ait International Inveettaent
Co.," on the floating in Kurrait of a bond in the eum of 40 million dollare for
8 yeare at 10.5 peraent annual intereat. The fluide received froa floating
theee bondg xill be utilized by the Hungarian National Barilc for financing
meaeures to expand exports to Kuwait.18.
Interetate agreementa on cooperation in third countriea have aleo been con-
cluded reaently. Thus, 3oint financing by aocialist and oil-exporting develop-
ing countries of construction projecta in third countries is being practiaed.
Fbr inatance, Kuwait extended credit tothe People's Bank of Y~tionslbetweene
amount of 100 million dollars for the f{_nancing of trading ope
both coun+ries and for pro3ects being built by Yugoslavia along r+ith Ruwait in
third countries, in particular, for financing the 3oint exploitation of bauxite
and iron ore depoaite in Guinea.19� The Yugoelav "Energoinveat" and the
Kur+aitian National Company have created a joint inveetment firm with capital
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in the amount of 7 million dollare.20� The Romanian "Induetrial Er.port" en-
terpriee tog+ether with the Saudi "Petromin" are oarryYng out conetruotion of
an oil refineryr in Pekistan.21�
The oreation of mixed eocietiee and enterprieee with the partiaipation of
eocialiet and developing countries io a neW and higher form of their ooopera-
tion when vieaed againet the exteneion of epecitsl-purpose arodit. It ie poeei-
ble to aocomplieh Q relatively limited range of taske with the help of aspe-
oial-purpoae loan, einae it doee not lead to the eetabliehment of perroanent
ties betaeen the partners owing to ite repayability f"vozvrsehokiayemoet'].
With the creation then of mixed eaoieties and enterprieeeg the ecope and dyna-
mioe of cooperation are not limited by the terme and period of validity of the
credit agreements. Mixed enterprieee can provide not only for the oontinual
reproduation of the objecte of cooperatfon, but aleo perform th6 eelf-finanaing
of ite further expansion.
The partiaipation by socialiat etates in the mixed enterprieea of the develop-
ing countries differs in principle from the praotice of Western monflpoliee.
To begin with, it is carried out on authentia principlee of equal righte and
mutual benefit, doea not pursue politiaal g+oals and doea not eet for iteelf
the taek of perpetuating the preaence of the eocialiet partner in the given
developfng country ad infinitum. One muet particularly atress the inadmiesi-
bility of confueing 3oint duterprises with foreign conceesione, ahich tho
Soviet Union does not poseees and ia not about to pOB8698p as L. I. Brezhnev,
general secretary of the CP6U C~~tral Committee, onae ag~ain dgclared, thie
time at the 25th CPSU Congreee. '
The CEMA member countries prefer to create joint enterprieee with atate firma
of the developing countriee, aseiating thereby in ti;he strengthening of the
state eector in their economic syetem. As a ru].et they remain the proprietore
unt=1 that time when these firms can conduct production operationa themaelves.
The activity uf mixed enterprises ie regulated by the lawa of the country in
whiCh they are created and ie subordinated to the taeka facing that country.
Mixed enterprisee flinction within the framework of eigned intergovernmental
trading and economic agreementa. The profit from their activity ie ueually
used by the CEMA member countries for the expaneion of production and the in-
crease of importa from the respective developing countriea. Al1 thie explaine
the great intereet of young national atates in the creation of mixed enter-
prieee with partnere from the eocialiat countriea.
The decisions of the 25th CPSU Congreas eet the task of increaeing the role of
foreign economic tiea in the development of the econotaic eyatem of the USSR by
means of more active participation in the international divieion of labor and
the use of new, more effective forme of international cooperation, including
with the developing countriea. The Soviet Union ie intereated in having ite
cooperation aith these countries aseume the nature of a durable and mutually
beneficial divieion of laboi tha,t ensures the eale of machinery and equipment
in growing volumes and providea for reliable eources for the import of fuel,
rar+ materials and foodatuffs, as well ae of manufactured good$ en3oying con-
swner demand en a long-term baeis at pricee acceptable to ue. All this
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promotee the aoneolidation of the genuine independenoe of the developing ooun-
triee and the etrengthening of peaoe and oooperation among peoplee.
FOOTNOTFS
1. OPLC, or Orgariization of Fetroleum Exporting Countrieap was areated in 1960.
It includes the following; Iraqg It^an, Saudi Arabia, Kuwai.t, Yenezuela
_ (einoe 1960 , Qatar (1961), Libya, Indoneeia (1962), Abu Dhabi (1967)0 A1-
geria (1969~p Nig1eria (1971), Eauador (1973) and Gabon (1975)�
2. NARODY AZII I AFRIKIp 19760 No 6, p 10.
u
3. PRAVDA, 19760 16 ,ran.
40 "Ekonomicheekiye Otnoeheniya Soteialiaticheekikh Goaudarstv eo Stranami
Afrfki" Economic Relatione of the Soaialiet States With the Countriee of
AfricaMosoow, 19739 P 133�
5. BYULLETEN' INOSTRANNOY KOMMERCHFSKOY INFC)RMAZ'SII (BIKI) p 1976 0 22 June t
pp 4-274�
6. NARODY AZII 1 AFRIKI, 19769 Ko 6, p 12.
7. Obminakiyg E. Ye.t "Razvivayuehahiyeaya Strany i Mezhdunarodnoye R,azdelen-
iye Truda" f-Developing Countries and the International Divieion of Labor-T
Moacow, 19749 p 1e5.
8. BIKI,*1974, 12 October;- 1976, 22 June.
9. Utkin, E. A., "Ekonomicheskoye Sotrudniohestvo SSSR e Razvivayushchiraieya
Stranami" f'Economic Cooperation of the USSR with the Developing Countrieei,
Moecow, 1974, P 59�
10. NClROVAYA EKONOMQKA I NEZHDUNARODNYYE OTNOSHEN'IYA, 19759 No 39 p 126.
11. "Strar~y SEV i Latinekaya Amerika" f-The CEMA Countriee and Latin America],
Moecow, 1976, p 280.
12. NARODY AZII I AFRIKI, 19769 No 6, p 16.
13. A?IYA I AFRIKA SEGODNYA, 1977, No 3, p 24.
14. BIKIt 1974, 29 October; NARODY AZII I AFRIKI, 1976, No 6, p 10.
15. AZIYA I AFRIRA SDGODNYA, 1977, No 3, p 24.
16. BIKI, 1974, 12 September.
17. BIKI, 19769 29 April.
6
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18. BTKI, 19759 7 and 25 January.
19. BTKI, 1974o 12 September.
20. AZTYA I AFRIKA SEGODNYA, 1977, No 3, p 249
21. "aoteialietioheakqya Ekonomiohedksya Integrateiya i Sotrudniahestvo e Raz-
vivayuehchimieya Stranami" fSooialiat Economio Integration and Cooperation
with the Developing Countries], Moecor+, 1975t p 55�
22. "Materialy XXV S"yezda KP3S" `Materials from the 25th CRSU Congreee], -
Moecow, 1977, p 12�
COPYRIGHT: Izdate].'stvo "Fan" UzSSR, 1979
8663
cso: 1823
7
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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
COD1'FMNCE ON ECONOMIC TIES OF SOCIALISTp DEVELOPID CAPITALIST LANDS
Moeoow VOP'ROSY EKONOMIKI in Ruseian No 3,Mar 79 pp 154-156
f'Article by N. Alekseyeva and M. Oa'mova: "Economia Tiee Between the Sooial-
iet and Developed Capitaliet Countriea"l
Z-Text] Cloee economic ties are oreating the phyaical basie for the peaaetlil
oooperation of etates belonging to different social eyeteme. Researoh on the
problems of expanding and deepening theae ties and the dieoloeure of the moet
etable tendenciee in their development have great aignifioence both or a theo-
retioal as well ae a practical level. An All-Union Soientific Conferenae,
"Probleme of the Eaonomic Relations of Socialfst Countriee with Induetrially
Developed Capitaliet S tatea," whioh was held 30 October-1 November 1978 in
Moecow, r+as devoted to the above-mentioned probleme. Repreeentativea of the
largest higher educatiokul iMstitutione, ecientifia reeearah centere and prac-
tioal organizations of the r.ountry and of the ecientifia inetitutione of the
People'e Republia of Bulgaria, the Huzgarian People's Republic, the GDR, the
Polieh People'e Republic and the Czechoelovak Sooialiet Republiop took part in
the work of the conference, which wae organized by the USSR Minietry of Higher
and Secondary Specialized Eduoation and the economice depsrtment of Mosaor+
State Univeroity imeni M. Y. Lomonoeov.
In opening the work of the confdrence, Doctor of Economio Sciences N. Mokhovg
U53R deputy minieter of Higher and Secondary Speaialized Education, etreaeed
that the socialiet countries coneistently epeak out in support of the demoora-
tization of world economic tiee, mutual benefit and equality of righte in.
their bueinees cooperation with the Weet in compliance with the prinoiplee and
underetandinga aontained in the Final Act of the conference in Heleinki. The
iMportanoe of etablep long-term, 1arg+e-eaale ties ie growing in the syatew of
preaQnt-day economia relationa between socialiat and developed capitalist coun-
tries. Mar~y new forras have been added to the traditional trade relatione: in-
duetrial cooperationt compensation agreemente, aoientific-teahnical tiea, eta.
Thue, as N. Mokhov atreaeedg 11-i:e general aitnation in the world hae changed and
placea new demands upon the atruoik*e a1' thie oooperation end upon the formeo
methode and terms of the most-favored nation eoonomio policy. It ie preciaely
theee queetions that deeerve the mo;st fixed attention.
8
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A oharaateriatic featuxe of the world eoonocqy in our days, it wae noted in the
report oi' 0. Bog+omolov, correeponding member of the USSR Academy of Saienoae
(Inetitute of Eoonomioe of the World Socialiet 3yatem of the U9SR Aoademy of
3oienaee), ie the etrengthening of the eoonomia and political influenoe of the
socialist syetem in the Wor1d eoonomy. Soaialiem hae oalled into 'oeing inter-
national relatione marked by comradely aooperationt fraternal mutual aeeietanae
and oquallty of righte of all etatee--great and emall, eooialiet and oapitaliet,
developed and developing. The economio integration of the CFMA oountriee playe
a decieive role in the development of the world eooialiet eyetem of eapnorty at
the aurrent etage. Soaialist integration doea not fence off theee oountriea
from the economic proceaees occurring in the world economy. The polioy of ac-
tive aooperation with all atates, regardlees of their politiaal and eaonomio
organization, is traditional for the socialist countriee and hae beoome an im-
_ portant element in long-rang+e programe for their economic development. The
poeition of the countries of oapital in the area of economia cooperation with
the Eaet ie characterized by two contradiatory tendenciee: a etriving to aub-
Ject the socialist countriea to eoenomic boycott and diecrimination With the
aim of putting a brake on their economic growth and a deaire to utilize the
economic benefita accruing from thie aooperation. The ob3ective proaees of
inter.nationalization of economic life and the favorable political alimate being
created by detente are promoting the development of buaineas ties between the
East and Weet.
The report by Doctor of Economic Sciences Yu. Shiryayev (Z-MIEP MSS] of the
CEMA) concerned the probleme of development of the inte'rnational socialist dfvi-
sion of labor and ita influence on relatione between socialist and oapitaliet
countries. He brought to light the need to study thQ international socialist
division of labor and socialiat economic intAgration not a:11y by meana of die-
closure of their or+n internal logic of developaent, but aleo by taking into ac-
aount the complex syetem of relatione betr+een countries with oppoeite eyetems
of world econoay. The anti-imperialiet direction in the influence of the inter-
national socialist divieion of labor on the eooio-economic etructure of the
world economy in no way aignifiea a etriving to ieolate the socialist countries
from the induetrially developed capitalist etates. The economia relatione be-
tween socialist and capitaliet countriee, which are expanding and becoming more
rationalized, have a aomplex nature. The idea that only a eimple change in the
natural and physical foru, of the producta being exchanged ie occurring in the
sphere of exchange of goods and servicee, while the difference in terma of
principle of two opposite social eyetema of the econon~y doee not play a deci-
eive role and is relegated to a aecondary level ie a doanright overaimplifica-
tion. Both the uee value and the value of the g+oods entering into international
exchange repreeent socio-economic categories. The ooordination by the coun-
triee of socialiem of etrategy and tactica in the axea of foreign economic
ties serves ae the baeic gvarantee which permi.ts the uae of economic ties aith
the world of capitaliem in the intereete of building eooialiam and communiam
and which thereby enablea nne not to allor+ them to have a negative influenoe
on the socialist economic systam.
The influence of the integration of the CEMA countriea on the development of
their economic relatione with the Weet r+as examined in the addreea by Dootor
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of Economia 3ciencee M. Oe'mova (Moeaor+ State Univereity). By aeeieting the
acceleration of developMent of produotive foroee, ehe etreeeed, sooialiet inte-
grstion ie raieing the level of eooncmio development of the world eyetem of
eooialism end the ability of eocie4liet countriea to be more actively inoluded
in the wcrldwide dtvieion of labor. Inetability in foreigr economia relationel
inoluding relations betueen eoaiQliet and developed capiteliet etatae, in the
opinion of Doctor of Economio Sciencee M. Makeimove (Inetitute of world Eoono-
mice and International RelatSone of the USSR Academy of Soleneee), requiree a
eeareh for xays to ree-tructure the world econonW. The ayelieal development of
the Weetern aountries, their inter-impexialiet rivalry and cepitalist integra-
tlun exert a great influenoe on the mutual relatione of the aountriee of
tha two world eyotema. The chang+ee which took place during the second half of
the 1960's and especially in the 1970'e in the international eituation, in the
etatue of socialiet and developing countriee in the world economy ana the grov-
ing eignificance of global probleme (environanental protection, the searah for
neu energy sourcea, maetery of outer epace, developoent of the World Oaeare
and a number of othere) that require the colleotive efforte of all etatee for
their eolution--all this could not help but have an influenoe on the aotivity
of the T.liropea.n Economia Community and on the eyatem of ite fareign tiee and
relations vith the socialiet cQUntriee. IL is natural that in an atmosphere
marked by the aforementioned changee, the queetion of the relations betveen
Lhe CEMA and Common Market has arisen anex. M enalyeie of the proceeaea of
the international divieion of labor enablee one to drax the coaclueion that
the planned character of the vorld eocieliet eyetem of the econoay ie a trusty
defenae against the fluctuatione of the capitalist market. Thia makee for the
need for draftfng a foreign economic atrategy on the part of the aocialiet
countries that mu.st take into coneideration the requiremente and potentfale
for the development of foreign economic ties r+ith the developed cepitaliet
atates and set the basic trends for improving the structure of foreign trade
and for improving planning and the economic mechaniem.
The normalization of relations between the two integcr.ted groupog Doctor of
Economic Sciencee L. Glukharev (Moecor+ State IInivereity) noted, could make a
coneiderable contribution to the development of econoatiic tiea betveen eooial-
iet and induetrially developed capitaliet countriee. The CEP1A countries are
epeaking out in favor of the development of relations between both organiza-
tione on the baeis of equal righte and mutual benefit and without interference
in internal affaire; relations of that type rrould repreeent a real embodiment
of the procesa of detente. It ie with precieely thie goal in mind that the
socialiet community has propoeed the concluaion of an agreemeat betxeen the
CEMA and the CEMA member countriee, on the one hand, and the hliropeaa Economic
Community and F.EC member countriee, on the other hand, on the Uaefe of mutual
relatione.
The ezperience of the Ivanovo machine tool buildera in expanding economic ties
and cooperation with developed capitaliet countrieep Y. Rabaidze emphaeizedt
teetifies to the need for drs:ting end ueing a compreheneive ayatem of inea-
suree for the study of demand, organization of produation and the sale of the
respective export comnoditive.
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Three eeotions Worked at the aonference.
The firet eeotion examined the foundationeg principlee and main tendenoiee of
the eoonomio oooperation of the eocialiet cotuitriee with the developed capital-
iet oountrs.ee. The international eooia.liet divieion of labor, vhile deYeloping
uaaording to its orrn internal rulee, ie included in the eyeten of the aorldwide
divioion of laborg one of the ephereo of vhioh is the divieion of labor between
countries belonging to different eoeial eysteme. The need for eoonomia coop-
eri;tion by statee aith a different eocial etructure has been predetermined by
en objective proceee of internationalization of prnductive foreee, whiah ie
bexng gpeeded up by biie ecientific-technical revolution and by the taeke of
optiroizing economia grovth and inoreaeing effioieney (Doetor of Eeonomic Sci- -
encea N. Cherkasov, Leningrad Tnetitute of Aviation Inetrumeat Building). A
reeult of the etrengthening of the poeition of the CEMA countriee in the r+orld
econony and in eoonomic cooperation With the Snduetrially developed oountriee
of the West is the procees of their :Agtional intereete eomittg aloaer together.
The meane for ensuring the combining of the national and international inter-
este of the eoaialigt countriee ie to improve the manag+ement mechaniem and
mechaniem for the or,ga.nization of foreign economio ties aithin countriee of t}ae
community (Doctor of Economic Sciences Yu. Helyayev, Candidate of Economic 5C1-
ences N. Druzyakova from the Moeoor+ Inetitute of the National Ecor.omp imeni
G. Y. Plekhanov and M. Dobroczineki from the People'e Republic of Fblend).
FUreign economic ties with the developed capitaliat countriee ae a form of ia-
ternationalization of economic life fe in need of a ooneeiouely regulated in-
fluence from the eocialist etatee, vhich makee for the need to determine the
social and economic limite of these ties (Candidate of Economie Sciencee L.
Khodov from Moecow State Univereity). Light was aleo caet upon the conorete
queatione of the etate of economic tiee of the eooialiet countriee with indi-
vidual developed capitaliat etatee: USA (Candidate of Economic Sciences Y.
Yulin 1'rom the Inetitute of the United Statee of Ameriea and Canada of the USSR
Acadexy of Sciences), Japan (Doctor of Economic Sciences P. Dolgorukov from
the Scientific Research Inetitute of Buaineea Cycles of the USSR Minietry of
Fbreign Trade)p Italy (Doctor of Economic Sciences A. Pokrovakiy from the Sci- `
entific Research Institute of Businese Cylea of the USSR 1rlinietry of Pbreign
Trade)t Finland (Doctor of Economic Sciences Yu. Piekulov from the U55R Mini-
stry of Foreign Trade) and othera.
Problems of the influence of ecientific-technical progreae on international
economic cooperation and the new forme for eeonomic tiee of the eoeialiet and
developed capitalist countriee xere discusaed during the course of xork of the
eecond section of the conference. Widespread international cooperation ie de-
teanined by the featurea of the current acientific-technical revolution. Thie
is linked, firet and foremoat, to the fact that the iomense expendituree on
research r+ork and the acope of modern produotion require a combinSng of ef-
forts and aharing of achievementa by aeveral etates, inaluding thoee
that belong to opposite social syeteme (Doctor of Economic Sciences A. Bykov
from the Inetitute of Economice of the Norld Socialiet Syetem of the uSSR Aca-
deaar of Sciencee). The prncess of internationalization of ecientific research
and international eharing of the reeulte of research work ie the general ten-
dency to dete of all induetrially developed countriea. Scientific-technical
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cooperation ie one of the most dynania forms of foreign economio tiee with
the developed Cgpiteliet etetee. The content end forme of ecientific-toahni-
oal ties and speaific features of saientific-technical aooperation between in-
dividual countriee of the Eaet and West (Cancl3datee of Economic Scienoee Yu.
3ergeyev erd S. Medvedkov from the Inetitute of the United States of Americs
and Caaada of the US3R Acadennr of Soiencee) and the methode of providing in-
centivee for eaientific-teclviicsl tiee (Candidate of Economic 3cienaee M.
Ftubinehteyn from the MoecoM Inetitute of the National Econoupr imeni G. Y.
Plekhanov) xere examined. At the preeont time, the center of grevity iri the
field of foreign econooie tiee of the eoeialiet countriee vith the induetri-
ally developed oapitaliet etatee ie being ehifted fmm one-time benefits of
ourrent trgde operations to the long~-term benefitg saoruing frnd etable eoono-
mie tiee. One of these progreeeive formso as xas noted in the addreeeee by
Cardidate of Economic Sciencee L. Rodin (Inetitute of Eaonomiae of the World
Soeialiet Syetem of the U53R Aegdeapr of Soienaea), Candidate of Faonomic Sci-
ences I. Savelov (f-MIEP Ir65] of the CEMA), Candidate of Eoonomio Sciencee
Ye. Yakovlev (Inetituta of World Eeonomice and Internstional Relatione of the
USSR Acadeaqr of Scienoee), and S. Savov (People'e Republia of Bulgaria), ie
industrial cooperation uith the weetern partnere. It preeuppoeee the eeta-
bliehment of long-tena and etable tiee on the baeie of long+-rang+e interg+overn-
mental agreemente. Cooperation vith the Weat ie, for eooialiet countrieep an
effective meane of raieing the qualitative and technieal level of individue,l
eectore of production xith a saving upon outlaye aad aapital inveetmente. The
long-tezm nature of the tiee being eetsbliehed createe the conditione for a
llirther iwprovement in productioa technology and an inareaee in the ebility
of pmduction to compete. M improvement in the organizstional forms of the
induetrial cooperation of the CEMA countriea vith Lhe Weet ie among the impor-
tant agenda itema. Among the ner+ forme of econoaic cooperatiort by the coun-
tries of the East and Weat, compensation agreements are deeerving of attention;
these agreementa ueually etipulate the allocation by the Weetern partner of
long-terrn epecial-purpose credit that ie utilized, ae a rule, to acquire the
neceseary equipmentp materials and licenaea for eetting up a correeponding
production line in the eocialiet country (A. Ognev from the Inetitute of World
Econoclics and International Relatione of the USSR AeadetW of Sciencea). The
recovery of outlqye Se carried out through deliveriee of the output during
whose produotion financial and technical assietance from eapitaliet firme was
c:tilized.
The work of the thirfl aection wae devoted to the queetions of developing export
production and increasing the efficiency of foreign econodic tiee. The baeic
probleme in the trade of CEMA countriee with the induetrislly developed capi-
taliet atatea are the system of diacriminatory restrictions etill being main-
tained on the part of Weatern countriee, a lack of eense of baleace in trade
and a etructure that ia unfevorable to the 8ocialiat countriee in terme of
ezport to the Weat (Candidate of Economic Sciences V. Yerniakov and Candidate
of Economic Scfences A. Komlusarov from the Scientific Reeeasch Inetitute of
Bueinees Cycieg of the USSR Minietry of Pbreign Trade). The c+olution to the
atorementioned probleme ie poseible along the pathe of elimination by the
1leetern countriea of trade and political barriere and, to begin with# of
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diBartminatory quantitative reetriatione on importe from eooialiet oountries,
of improvement of the otruoture of export by the oountrieo of eocialiem thrnuqh
raieing the reletive ehare of finiehed productep improvement in the quality
end. technical level of the iteme being produced and rationalixation of the
foraos and methode of eelling the aocmodities on Weatern markete (Cgndidate of
Eaonomic 9aienoee I. Plauninekiy from Moeoow 3tate Univereity). An importent
trend in improving the eale and inarea.eing tha ability of goods from the
eocialiet countries to compete ie a grovth in the role and importance of aaixed
firme. The creation Qf mixed firme permite the eetabliehment of direat tiee
xith foreign partnere and permits one to etudy bueineee conditions and the
cnarket demand locelly and to sell commodities at higher pricea (Dootor of Eco-
nomiao A. Demin from Leningrad State Univereity). Great attention ie being
paid in eocialiet countries to improving the methode for providing inaentires
to induetrial and foreign trade enterprieea for the purpose of etirring up
their export activity, eatabliehing the optimum combination of centralized
etate planning and management with the economic independenae of eooialiet en-
terprieeB and of etrengthening the tiee betrreen prod.wction and foreign trade
(Candidate of Economic Sciencee I. Gol'dina from Sverdlovek and J. Terek from
the Hungarian People'e Republic). M importsnt role in the develipaent of long-
term economic cooperation by eocialiet arid developed capitaliat countries ie
aesigned to credit and finance relatione (T. Zabrodina from the Inetitute of
Economics of the World Socialiat Syatem of the U3SR Acadeap of Sciencee). The
moet effect�ve reeulte in the above-mentioned epheree can be echieved by the
countries of the eocialiat community pronided that they conduct a coordinated
policy. The baeie methode and modele Sor forecaeting the f:,reign trade of the
USSR wfth capitalist countries were analyzed by M. Dedova (TeEMI f'expaneion
unknoxn] of the USSR Academy of Sciencee).
The conference adopted recommendatione r+hich, in partic�alar, concerned the need
for flurther rrorking out of the problema uader coneiderstion in saientifio snd aoa-
demic institutioae. The preaeing need for deep etudy and dieeemination of the
practice of plarning, manag+ement and the procese of prnviding incentivee for
foreign economic activity by the socialist atatee and for expaneion of the
eharing of accumulated experience within the framework of the CEMA among con-
cerned etate organe and eoientific organizatione wae etresaed.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'etvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki"g 1979
8663
CSO: 1923
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MANPOWER: LABOR, EbUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY
NEW TEXT ON EDUCATIONAL AbMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT REVIEWEb
Moscow 50VET5KAYA PEDAGOGIKA in Russian No 1, Jan 79 pp 105-106
[Review by Ye. P. Tonkonogaya and V. Yu. Krichevskiy of the book
"Upravleniya Prosveshcheniyem v SSSR: Organizatsionno-Pedagogichesktye
Aspekty Rukovodatva i Upravleniya Siatemoy Narodnogo Obrazovaniya"
(The AdministraCion of Education in the U55R: Organizational-
Administrative AspecCs of Management and Administration of the 5yatem
of Public Education) by F. G. Panachir., Moscow, Prosveshcheniye, 1977)
[Text] Under conditions of a developed sociallst society, the com-
plexity of the challenges facing public education increaees, which de-
- mands constant improvement in the management of education. There are
many different ways to accomplish this improvement, and one of the most
~ important is working out the scientific principles of educational ad-
ministration in the USSR. The book under review is dedicated to thia
crucial problem. It is conceived as a textbook for students at peda-
gogical institutes and in schoola for advanced study by the directors
of general educational schools.
The structure of the book is as follows. The first chapter shows the
role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet State in
development of public educatione The author gives a detailed analyais
of program documents and identifies th2 principal taske the party Rave
to public education. The book opens up the historical picture of the
CP5U struggle to improve the system of public education. The system
is presented as an organic unit composed of constituent parts: pre-
school upbringing, general secondary education, extracurricular educa-
tion, vocational-technical education, and Secondary specialized and '
higher education. Each part is treated very thoroughly. The book
shows the dynamic features of their development during the years of
Soviet power and gives the necessary comparative figures to demonstrate
the social achievements of a mature socialiat society. Special sections
are devoted to the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress concerning the
development of public education in the USSR aud to analysis of appro-
priate articles of the new USSR Constitution. The author correctly
point.; out that the Constttution contains fundamentally new points that
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rpinforCe the gdvgnCes of the 5oviet people in the field of cultural
developmenr. These gdvances nre the inseitution of univergal com-
pulsory secondary education for young people, the devotion of special
attentinn Co labor training and vncaCional guidgnce for studenCs, and
free use of textbookg.
The author'g analyeis of Leninist principles of managing publlc educa-
tion, which constitutes the second chapter, is extremely interesting.
The Chird chapter presents a chronicle of the most important party de-
cisions concerned wiCh public education and cieea information on the
firsC congreaees of educationaZ workers and first instiCutions of peda-
gogical science in the country. The hisCorical survey is brought up to
the early 1940's. We ahould welcome the nuthor's endeavor to carefully
mention many prominent figures in public education whose heroic labor _
faciliCaCed the formation and development of public education in the
US5R.
The fourth and fifth chapters review in detail the activities of the
USSR MinisCry of Education and the ministries of (public) education of
the Union atid autonomous republics. The author reveals the taska nnd
functions of public educaCional bodies, their atructure, and the pri-
mary directions of their activity. Theae chapCers contain a great deal
of material that will be interesting not just to students but also to
practical workers. The author has done well, we feel, to include in-
structional material thaC wi?1 be useful to students. These chapters
show the scale of activity of publir: educational bodies and their broad
ties with other institutions and departments. For example, one section
in the fourth chapter is devoted to an explanation of the USSR Ministry
of Education's ties with the AUCCTU, Central Committee of the All-Union
Leninist Komsomol, USSR Ministry of Finances, State Committee on Pub-
lishing Houses, Printing Plants, and the Book Trade of the USSR Council
of Ministers, State Committee on Vocational and Technical Education of
the U55R Council of MinisCers, and other USSR m3.nistries and state com-
mittees. It tells very thoroughly and in great detail of the jobs of
local public educational bodies, the duties of rayon departments of
public education, and the primary areas of activiCy of local Soviets of
People's Deputies in the field of public education.
The sixth chaptE:r discusses the Fundamentals of Legislation of the
US5R and Union *eepublics on Public Education. The author correctly
points out that the history of public education in our country is in-
separably bound up with the development of Soviet law. The leading
articles of the Fundamentals of Legislation are reviewed in the book
and legal activities within the educational system are analyzed. In
his review of the structure and content of new legislation concerning
public education the authr,r emphasizes that the Fundamentals contain
only the most important, key legal precepts, those that establish the
general basis and fundamental principles. This document has precedence
over all other legal enactments in the sphere of education, many of
which provide detail and concrete applications of its points. The
section on legal work in the system of the USSR Ministry of Education
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wi11 give a great deg.l of prgcticnl help Co 8chnol directora beceuse it
shnws the place of lnw-making gCCiviey in Che sphere of educatiion and
how it ia regulated by arGiclee of the Futtdgmentnls of LegiglnCidn.
While recalling Che disciplinary punishmente thnC g echool direcCor may
emplny in case of neceseiry, the guthor correctly emphasizes that labor
discipline in gll SovieC instieuCiong, even more sn in schools, is ae-
sured Eiret of all gnd primgrily by the meChods of persuasion and en-
courggement.
5tudenCe will seudy Chapter 7, "Peda-gogical Science and Adminiseration
of the Educational SyaCem," with great interear. The auChor's defini-
tions of several cgtegories such as "School Studies," "AdminisCration,"
nnd "Management" are a significanC contribution to developmenC df Che
cnncepts of the theary of educational administration. The gutlior's
idea of developing a pedagogical course for administration uf the edu-
cational sysCem deserves all possible support. F. G. Panachin lieCs
the primary objectives of such a course and auggesCs its range of
problems, including more than 30 topics. It ia unquestionably an
interesCing, multifaceCed course and discussing and approving iC will
be very useful to sCudente. The last chapter is a logical conclusion Co the book under review. In
this chapter the author gives a definition of the Leninist style of
work, breaks it down inCo components, and shows ways to develop it. The
Leninist style of work, the author writes, assumes an intelligent com-
bination of revolutionary scopet scientific acumen, breadth of viewe,
creative initiative, and enthusiasm in work with a high level. of com-
munist practicality and realism in everyday affairs. The Leninist style
of work involves following such precepta and principles of party leader-
ship as skillful choice of personnel, close tiea with the masses, ob-
servance of the collective principle combined with personal accounta-
bility, constant checks on execution of deciaions, criticism and self-
criticism, ideological-political maturity, intolerance of hostile
ideology, and moral purity. In this connection the author gives many
valuable pieces of practical advice on how to achieve a high level of
organization, specificity, planning and rhythm, punctuality, and oper-
ating smoothness in Che everyday work of a school director. The sec-
tion devoCed to the problem of increasing the prestige of the leader
is interesting. This topic has seldom been considered in the pedagoci-
cal literature, but this book treats it more fully. The author has
been able to give a sound criticism of bourgeois conceptions of suthority,
show the Marxiat-Leninist position on this issue, and illustrate the
traits that determine the authority of a Soviet leader using the example
of the activities of the manager of a department of public education.
We would like to express a number of points concerning further improve-
ment of this text. It even would be useful to expand the third part and
include material to briefly characterize the critical situation of the
prerevolutionary ministry of public education under A. Shvarts, L. Kasso,
and others. In this setting, the difficulty of the tasks of the RSFSR
People's Commissariat of Education in the first years of Soviet power
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would srand oue even more. In deecribing the acCiviCies of the EtSFSR
people'g Commissariat of Education in the 1920'e and 1930's iti would
make sense eo do more rhan just liar the leading figures; the book
could give their dgeeg of birth gnd deaeh and expanded descripeions of
_ some of Chem becauae currene etudettts know liCCle about them. The hie-
rorical cliapCer would be more complere if it ended with a section on
the activitiiea of the R5F5it Ministry of Educaeion in the 1940's and
1950's. Ie would be useful to include material on the inappctor and
commissiors of the 5oviets of Worker's DepuCies in the secCion on local
bodies of public educgtion. Because the book wi11 be uaed in the clase-
room, iCa meChodological apparaCus ahould be expanded (include queaCiona
Co the chapterg, recommended reading, assignmenCs for independenC work,
gnd the like). On the whole, however, the Cextbook under review will be
useftil not only Co teachera and students ae echools for advanced study
by school directora but eo all Chose involved with the administraCion of
educaCion in the USSR.
CUPYRIGHT: "Sovetskaya pedagogika", 1979
11,176
C50: 1823
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MANPOWERs LAUOR, CDUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY
,
PROBLEMS OF SHCHEKINO METHOD IN RASLROAD TRACK SYSTEM VIEWID
Moscow PUT' I PUTEVOYE KIiOZYAYSTVO in Russian No 3, Mar 79 pp 11-12
[Article by L. M. Shklyarenko, track service chief: "By the Method of tht!
Shchekino Combine"]
[Text] With limited labor resourees it is essential to
show a comprehensive approach to seeking out reserves
for raising labor productivity. The experience of the
Shchekino Chemical Combine has shown that each enter-
pt-ise has such reserves.
The essence of the Shchekino method is that labor productivity with a fewer
number of workers can be raised on the basis of inechanizing and automating
the labor intensive processes, simplifying and improving the management
structure, by centralization, modernization of the equipment and improving
production methods, by introducing progressive labor norms, by combining
professions, broadening the work zones, and strengthening material incen-
tives for each worker to mobilize internal production poss3bilities.
Individual elements of such a method have also been employed at the enter-
prises of the track system. This has involved: The introduction of new
equipment and advanced production methods, a reduction in the number of in-
spectors and the turning of their functions over to the routine track main-
tenance brigades, the equipping of protected crossings with autcmatic de-
vices and the removal of guards, the turning over of guarding to workers of
other services in combining ,jobs, the combining of jobs and broadening the
work zones, the consolidating of the workers of the divisions ar:d the ureas,
creating centralized bookkeepi.ng offices, and a,job-bonus wage system where-
by the fulfillment and overftitlfillment of the quotas with fewer personnel
and an improvement in the state of the track were encouraged by greater
earnings and banuses. The introduction of these measures on the Moscow
Railroad was encouraged it, every possible way. As a result there was a
significant decline in the number of crossing guards, fnspectors, engineers
of mobile power plants, and so forth. Regardless of this on the railroad
the complement of track layers was not filled.
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In Juiy 1978, as an experiment, four divisions of the railrnad, as is known,
were converted to the new metha3, and this included our Novomoskovskaya
mainline which included the Uzlavskaya, Yefremov3kaya and Novomoskovsknya
track districts, the Uzlovskaya ghel.ter belt district and the FMS-102 [track
machinery station]. A11 of them are located on the territory of Tul'akaya
Oblast, the homeland of the experimen"Co.
Extensive preparatory work %,as carried out first. At the enterprisea they
studied the "Temporary Sectorial Reconanendations for Introducing s Compre-
hensive Method. to Improve the Organization of Labor, Material Incentives and
Planning Following the Experience of the Shchekino Chemical Combine." Pro-
duction and economic activities were analy2ed in detail, the demand for per-
sonnel was clarified in accord with the standard comp7.ements approved by the
MFS (Ministry of Railroads], the norms and standards for servicing the sec-
tions and the set amount of work; the availabflity of machinery and equipment
was checked. A11 the track workers were aequainted with the conditions of
the experiment.
Tn addition, technical organizational measures were worked out to increase
the growth of labor productivity, to raise the product output, the volume
of shipments and the work performed with fewer personnel, and to improve the
~ quality indicatorg in comparison with the annual plan and the quotas for
the five-year plan.
Particular attention rras given to improving the servicing of work areas,, to
mechanizing labor-intensive operations, to ensuring a steady rY~ythm, improv-
ing the organization of labor and its norming, to inc:reasing personnel ski113,
to training the track workers in second professions, and to generalizing the
experience of advanced workers and production innovators.
The possibility of reducing the number of employees was examined. Herc: it
was essential to review each group and each profession, since the reserves
for increasing labor productivity in the track system of the railroad were
basically exhausted, and the complement of workers, basically track layers,
had not been met. In working out the technical organizational measures,
difficulties also arose over the insignificant rise in traffic over the
Uzlovskaya and Yefremovskaya Track Districts, their decline on the Novomos-
kovskaya district, and the virtually unchanged amount of services for the
Uzlovskaya shelter belt district.
Up to the end of the five-year plan, for the track and shelter belt dis-
tricts a stabl.e plan has been set for the wage fund for the current capacity,
and for the PMS a wage fund per calculated kilometer for the base year of
1978.
A procedure has been established for material and moral incentives to intro-
duce the Shchekino method.
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Indicator
Fu7.fi11ment, %
Uzlovskaya
Yefremovskaya
Novomoskovskaya
Volume of shipments
99.4
100.4
106.5
Operational contingent
103.0
99�2
96,0
Wuge f'und
107.3
101.3
99.4
I,ubor productivity
96.5
100.4
110.1
Average wages
103.6
100.8
103.3
The table gives the results of production operations for the track districts
for the third quarter of 1978, in comparison with the corresponding period
o� 1977.
It can be seen that in the -1'z1ovskaya district the volume of transport op-
erations declined, while at tne Yefremovskaya it increased insignificantly.
Moreover, at the former the routine maintenance brigades were brought up
to the minimum established by the MPS, and at the latter, in line with the
improvement of the state of the track, average earnings rose. As a result
in these districts the growth of wages outstripped the growth of labor pro-
ductivity. Only at the Novomoskovskaya district, where transport opera-
tions rose significantly, was a normal ratio of these indicators maintained.
In order to raise labor productivity, and to ensure the required ratio of
the designated indicators with a stable wage fund, with an insignificant
rise in transport operations and particularly a decline in them, the dis-
tricts will be forced in the future to further reduce the alreacLy insuffi-
cient intake of workers. This runs contrary to the instructions of the MPS
on bringing the complement of track layers up to the established minimum
in accord with the standards set by the Order of the MPS No 30/Ts or 1966.
Wages per ruble of tending are also to be increased at the shelter belt
districts with an increase in the age of the plantings.
Now it is possible to reduce the intake only by cutting back on the cross-
ing guards, but it is very difficult to do this as the local authorities and
the GAI [State Motor Vehicle Inspectorate] do not give approval to close the
crossings. In a majority of instances it is also impossible to remove the
guards from the crossings which are equipped with automatic crossing guards.
In the track districts there are optimum norms basically for all employee
categories, and even according to them the complement is not fully provided
for.
According to the Shchekino :nethod, wage supplements are set only for those
whose duties have increased because of the reduction in the number of per-
sonnel. However it is not possible to reduce the intake everywhere since
basically the track workers have a fu11 workload, and also because at pres-
ent, even with an incomplete workload for certain employees, it is not .
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always possible to increage the amount of work. F'or example, one peraon can
operate the centralized ewitch settings that are equipped with a,utomatic air
conling, and to clean the switches, but in accord w3th the current labor
safety rules, work by one person on the switches is prohibited. We feel _
that these rul.es must be revised and the list of joba performed by one per-
son broadened.
A stable wage fund per calculated kilometer intereats the PMS in carrying
out a larger amount of work with the same number of workers, but this does
not always depend upon the PMS. The changfng of the planned "clear tracks,"
and their frustrating due to the unsteady delivery of mater3als put the co1-
lective in a difficult financial situat3on. Thus in the third quarter of
1978, the PMS-102 was given just 27 "free tracks" instead of the 39. As a
result, the quarterly plan for major overhaulg was fulfilled by 70 percent,
or 8 km below the quota, while average monthly wages in comparison with the
third quarter of 1977 declined by 5.5 rubles, and the ratio between the
growth rates of labor productivity and wagea deteriorated in comparison with
the third quarter of-1975�
In the track districts, including of the Novomoskovskaya Railroad Division,
_ as was already pointed out, there are many small brigades and in some worker
divisions there is not a single regular layer. This leads to the accumula-
tion of track malfunctions, it worsens its state, and consequently train
safety is not�sufficiently ensured.
In accord with the standards, without fail we should add to the number of
workers, but this contradicts the principles of the Shchekino method. In
adding to the personnel, and above all track layers, labor productivity
naturally will decline, the established wage Pund will rise, and hence the
already insufficient material incentive fund will be reduced.
For reasons which do not depend upon the track workers, the freight flow is
altered, and because of this difficulties also arise in fulfilling the plan.
For a complete and correct evaluation of the operations for the enterprises
of the track system it is essential first of all to alter the procedure for
determining labor productivity. In the track districts, it is now assessed
by the output in gross ton-kilometers per worker of the operational staff.
Such an indicator must be kept also in introducing the Shchekino method.
However here it is essential to alter the procedure for planning and calcu-
- lating actual output and determining the growth of labor productivity. In
planning output in gross ton-kilometers, in our opinion, it is advisable to
consider not the actusl number of workers existing in previous years, but
rather the minimum determined under the standards of the Order of the MPS
No 30/Ts of 1966. This will make it possible to fulfill the repeated in-
structions of the MPS to fill the complement of track layers.
When the freight flow declines but the actual number of workers does not
exceed the planned as corrected by the mentioned standards, labor productivity
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must be taken as 100 percent. Witti an exceeding of ttir number of employees,
this indicator must be figured 3.n accord w3th the existing procedure.
At the sheltei� belt districts, the bas3c measurement is labor expenditurC3
per hectare of forest plant3ng. We feel that this does not fu11y describe
the achieved level and does not consider the actual labor intensiveness of
the work performed. As the basis for calculating labor productivity, it is
essential to take the quantity of product produced by the operating per-
sonnel with the current upkeep of the forest plantings in calculated hectares.
Yt is also essential to establish labor expenditure standards for the main-
tenance of the 3tands depending upon their age.
The PMS must keep the existing indicator "Output in Calculated K3lometers of
Majoi� Track Repair Per Worker Over the Report Period," and this is deter-
mined by dividing the volume of repairs in calculated kilometers by the num-
ber of PMS workers. In figuring the number of calculated kilometers, it is
essential to use the coefficients for relative labor intensiveness of ,jobs
as provided by the i nstructions of the MPS No P-2618 of 31 January 1967.
The wage fund must be planned for the group of employees figured in strict
accord with the standard personnel and norms set by the MPS.
In order that the Shchekino method is made effective, the "clear tracks"
must be made in strict accord with the directive plan, and the PMS promptly
supplied with materials.
The increttse in track capacity, the observance of repaid times, the use of
highly productive equipment, including the VRP-1200, VPRS-500 and R-200
machines, the controlled breaks in train traffic provided two or three
times a week with a durati.on of at least 2 hours will help to redur.e the
.personnel, that is, to fulfill the same quotas with fewer workers, to in-
crease the quality of the work and to raise labor productivity.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", "Put' i putevoye khozyaystvo", 1979
10272
CSO: 1823
END
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