JPRS ID: 8507 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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i3 JUNE i979 ' CFOUO 32179) ~ .
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JpRS L/8507
L3 June 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PNYSICAL SCIENCES ANU TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 32/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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I
NOT~
Jp[t5 publicgCinng cnnCain informaCion primarily from �nr~i~n
newapa~ers, periodicals ~nd books, bue nlso from newa agency
transmissions gnd broadcaeCs. MaCerials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from ~nglish-lgnguage sources
are rranscribed or reprinted, with Che original phrnsing and
other characCerisCics reCained.
Headlines, ediCorial reporCs, and material enclosed in brackeCs
are supplied by JPRS. Proceasing indicaCors auch as [TexCJ
or [ExcerptJ in the firsC line of each item, or following the
lasC line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
cnati~n was summarized or exCracted.
Unfamiliar names r~ndered phonetically or transliCerated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriaCe in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical noCes within the body of an
item originaCe with the source. Times within iCems are as
given by source.
The contenCs of this publication in no way represent Che poli-
cies, v iews or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS ANB REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIaLS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
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~rRS r~/85o7
13 June 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON U~SR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSrCAL SCIENCES AND TECHNO~.OGY
(FOUO 32/'19)
CONTENTS PAGE
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY ,
Deaign of a Data Transmisaion Network for ScYentific-Technical
Information
(A.Z. Kulebyakin, Ye. V. Kiulo; NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKAYA
INFORMATSIYA. SERIYA I. ORGANIZATSIYA I METODIKA
INFORMATSIONNOY RABOTY, No 3, 1979) 1
Book Published on Peychological Problems in Documentalistics
(E.V. Afanas'yev; NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKAYA INFORMATSIYA,
SERIYA 2. INFORMATSIONNYYE PROTSESSY I SISTEMY, No 3,
i9~9) a
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
y
Informational CapaciCies of the Sets of Pa~ameters of Radar Signals
Varying SCochaetically With Time
(G.G. Kosenko; IZVESZiYA WZOV SSSR, RADIOELEKTRONIKA,
'Jan 79) 11
Application of the 'Equivalent Electroa Stream' Method To
Solving Dynamic Problems of 0-Type Devicea
(Ye. D. Belyavskiy; IZVESTIYA WZOV SSSR-RADIOELEKTRONIKA,
Jan 79) 19
Absorbing-Type Filter for a High Power Level
(V.I. Vol'man, L.M. Logacheva; RADIOTEKHNIKA, Jan 79).. 24
Synthesis of Circuits and Signals f::.r Parametrically Invariant
Receiving Devices
(D.V. Kruchinin; RAD~OTEKHNIKA, Jan 79) 30
. Correlation Function and Averaged Power of Radar Signal Reflected
From an Agitated Sea Surface
(A.I. Baskakov; RADIOTEKHNIKA, Jan 79) 38
- a- [TII - USSFt - 23 S& T FOUOj
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CONTLNTS (Continued) Page
Acoustic-Optiical Proceasing of the Wideband 5ignnla of
_ Two Dimenaional F'hased Antenr~,a Arrays ~ �
(G.S. Nakhmaneon, V.M. Yanyshev; IVU7. RADIOELEKTItONIKA~
Feb 79) 44
A DigiCally Controlled Adaptive Processor for an Antenna Array
(V.G. Sergeyev, et.a~..; 1W Z RADYOELEKTRONIKA, Feb 79).. 50
Optimal Spatigl Processing of.a Signai AgainaC a Background of
Interference From a Sub~acenC ~urface
(V.I.Samoylenko, O.D.Ug1ov;IWZ RADIOELEKTFONIKA,Feb 79) 54
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT
.
On s Dosimetry Method for Laser Radiation
(M.I. Gvozdev, et. al.; OPTIKO-MEKHANICHESKAYA
PROMYSHLENNOST', No ~ 1979) 63
GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
'AIR S COSMOS' Gives 'Salyut-6' Progress Report
(Albert Ducrocq; AIR & COSMOS, 12 May 79) 72
USSR Develops 'Mini'-Transport Ship
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 26 May 79) 78
Space Engineering in the Service of Geodetics,.Cartography
and Natural Science
~ (Yu. Kiyenko, A.V. Filipchenko; GEODEZIYA I KARTOGRAFIYA,
No 3, 1979) 79
Astronomical, Geodetic Network of the USSR
(A.Z. Sazonov; GEODEZIYA I KARTOGRAFIYA, No 3, 1979).... 91
Modern Problems and Prospects for Satellite Geodetics
(N.L. Makarenko; GEODEZIYA I KARTOGRAFIYA, No 3, 1979).. 98
Review of the 'Salyut 6' Mission Considered
(tilbert Ducrocq; AIR & COSMOS, 5 May 79) 104
PUBLICATIONS
List of Soviet Articles Dealing With Composite Materials
(GOSUDARSTVENNYY KOMITET SOVETA MINISTROV SSSR PO NAUKE ~
I TEKHNIKE. AKADEMIYA NAUK SSSR. SIGNAL'NAYA INFORMATSIYA.
KOMPOZITSIONNYYE MATLRIALY, Vol 4, No 5, 1979).......... 110 '
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CONTENT5 (ConCinued) PBge
Aerospace SCudiea o~' Ch~ Earth--Compurer Procesaing of Video
Information ,
(AEROKO5MICHESKIYE ISSLEDOVANIYA ZFrILI: OBRABOTKA
VIDEOINFORMATSII NA EVM, 1978)...�.���..���������~�����~ 113
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CYBERNETICS, COI~Il'UTERS ANfl AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
UDC 002.63:681.3.004.14 _
DESIQi OF A DATA TRANSMISSION NETWORK FOR SCIENTIFIC-TECHIdICAL INFORMATIpN
Moscow NAUCIIlVO-TEIQ~TICHESKAYA TNFpRMATSIYA. SERIYA I, ORGANIZATSIYA I
1~TODIltA INFORMATSIONNOY RABOTY in Russian No 3, 1979 pp 1-3
~Article by A. Z. Kulebyakin, Ye. y. Itiulo, submitted 4 Apr 78~
[Text] The constant increase in the volume of scientific-technical
information poaes the acute problem of sutomating infor~ation servicea
and of increasing sharply the labor productivity of the{r. ~rkere.
The improvement o� the exiatiag sys~em of scientific-technical infotmation,
directed toward the fuller satistactioa of social production requirements
is, oa the one hand, an objective necessity determined by rhe progress of
science a~�~ engineering, while on the.other hand, it became real only
because of the progress of science and engineering that led to a radical
renewal of the material-equipment baee of the government system of
' acientific�technical infonnation.
At present, work is being done on the creation of a network of automated
centers NTI [Scientific and technical infosmation] (SATaNTI) thaC makes
it possible to store masaes of information in a computer memory
efficiently; provide direct access to this information to many users;
the search, transmission and delivery of information over required
� addresses between users and computers, as well as between computing �
machines of information centers.
Joining individual automated information centers (AITs) into a network
is a new organizational fonn which makes possible a cansiderable increase
in the use of expensive computer equipment, co~uaications faciliCies
and operational polygraphy.
T'he creation of a network of sutomated NTI centers will make it possible
to implement the efficient separation of AITs resources by redistributing
. info:mational flows, eliminating unjustified duplication and storage of
information, efficient utilization of the AITs computer memory; and
the expansion of the possibilities of each AITs on servicing users, as
well as by organizing special servicing centers. The following resources
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a..,~.._._._.._...
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~oR o~rcxa~ usE ornY
. ~ ,
in the SATsNTI can be separated in tihe initiial stage: data (i.e.,
information stored in individual centera); varioua apecial equipment
' (for example, facilitie~ for~Btoring a large volume of information) , ;
and in the following atages devaloped programning aystema for th~
solution of problems of search, selection and eorting of daCa; camputer
capacitiea (i.e., computera and their operational systems).
A correctly organized AL~is network will make it possible tio presenti the
beat possibilities for organizing and utilizing reference-in�ormational
bodiea of data and solve tye probleme ot the qualitiatiive improvementi .
of providing information to consumera no maCter how far away they are.
The network uaer will have the possibility of direct accesa to all data
sCored in the "distributed au~anated document data bank" of the SATaNTI
for satisfying data requirements in a minimum of time with maximum
completeness and authenticity.
It should be noted that by virtue of a number of specific features of
the NTI network, the designing of the SATeNTI ia entirely practicable
With the existing computer and communications facilitiies and, to a
certain exCenti, does not depend on the creation of a computer center
network~
With some eimilarity of technical implementation of an NTI network and
a camp~ster center network, consisting of the fact that in both casea the
basic technical elements are elemeats of caaputer equipment and
co~unications equipment, the differeace in the goals in creating them
ahould be noted. �
~ T'he basic goal of creating an NTI network is to present the user with
direct access to the distributed mase of data on documents atored in
the data banks of the AITs network. ~
The basic goal of creating a computer center network is to divide the
cooaputer capacities making it possible for any canpu~er in the network
to utilize the computer capacity of any number of computers among the -
total number of computers in the network.
A necessary condition for the functioning of the NTI nztwork is the
standardization of the information document form and not the methods ;
of processing the data (in structure, composition, content, namea and
codes) unlike the computer center network.
It is this very difference in goals that makes iti possible to ~ie the
desiga of the SATsNTI Co the creation of a government system of camputer
centers since, in designing an N',~I network on the basis of AITs canputers,
the solutioa of the problem of organizing the interaction of computer$
for the purpose of the full separation of computer capacities is no~
obligatory. In this connection, the primary goal of the SATsNTI, along -
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with tha creaCion and improvement oE aueomated NTx centiera, is ~ho
solu~ion of tihe problem of designing a da~a tranamiasion netiwork thaC
offera NTI users directi accesa ~o the dara banka of Che AITa network.
The NTI natwork can be divided con~iti~nally in~o three leveYs;
automaCed informa~ion centers; `
a daCa ~ransm3.aeion network;
user terminals.
The efficiency of solving the problem of designing an NTI netiwork dependa
to a great extent on the chosen atructure of the datia rransmisaion
net~aork, which is determined by tihe goals and principlea o� creeCing ~he
NTI network described in detail in papers [1, 2~ .
Since computera functioning in the network demand high requiremenCa of
communicatioris channela from the standpoint of reliability and CransiC
capacity, and inasmuch as the cost of comnunications facilities is
comparatiively high, one of Che basic principles in designing a data
Cransmisaion netiwork is the mosC economical and efficient uCilization
of communications channels, which eliminates the approach based on
assigned "one-Co-one" channel connection.
The most efficient utilization of communications channels is achieved by
organizing a~communications network with switching packets of inessages
which makes it possible to achieve the maximum transit capacity of the
data transmission network with the exiating stochastic distribuCion of
the flow of inquiries-messages of its subscribera. Moreover, the choice
of such a type of SATsNTI communications network responds to the hasic
directions of the developmenC of a general government system of data
~ransmission (OGSPD) and international conmiunications networks.
An analysis of data transmission networks in Che world indicates Chat the
best approach to the problem of creating an NTI network is Co divide the
network components according to their funcCional characteriatic.
~ If this principle is adhered to, then the basic members of the data trans-
mission network will b`e junction installations (US) and message switching
centers (TsKS). This organization of the structure of the data Cransmission
network will make it possible to free AITs computers, intended for doing
technological operaCions on processing daCa, from operaCions related to
transmitting messagea over the network.
Junction installations serve to connect AITs computers and user terminals
directly to message switching centers.
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The basic functiona o� SATsNTI ,junctiion instialla~ions are generally as
follows:
~oining AITa computera and terminals to TsKS;
conCrol ~ernd.nals and AITs computera;
contrnl cocm~unicatione between the textninal and ATTa computers
d irectly;
converti ~o the atandard format of the networ.k;
breakdown and restoration of inessages;
contirol flow and con~rol over~oads;
conCrol communications channel~ of AITs carputers ar.3 terminals.
The message awitiching cenCer is the basic element of the data transmission
network and serves to Cransmit information received over the optimal -
route to the inforn~ation receiver.
The basic functions of t;he TsKS are;
transmission of inessages (packeCs of inessages);
routing of inessages (packets of ineasages);
d etection and correction of communications errors; .
collection of statistical data and their transmission to the SATaNTI
coordinating center;
conCrol of co~nunications lines.
Network "junctions" are organized of the basis of junction installaCions
ar.,d message switching centers.
The d esign of a network juncCion is shown in Fig. 1.
Ffg. 2 shows one possible version of organizing the NTI network by
mean~ of junctions shown in Fig. 1.
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Fox ar~zczn~, vs ~ ONLY
(i> ~
,..._.s-� y uKC
(3)
(4)
_ Fig. 1
1. US ~unction installation 3. modem ~
2. message switc~:.;.ng cen~er IIKC 4. communicaCions center
i ~3~
:
~
_ ~ (1
2)
' ~ ~ 3BM '
.
~ 3BM
~ , ~5)
Fig~ 2
1. network center 4. modem
2. computer 5. communications chsnnel
3. remote terminal
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, / ~ ~ r/''~
~ uHC ~ uKC ~ ~ .
i
~ ~ ? ~ a (6)
n
- / \ ~ e ~
\ ' s.~__ r tl ~
~ r" \ _ ~ ~ Fa
_ ~ I y I ~ tl
' nna ~i ~ ~ ~
\ lll(C / ~ ~ ` ANU \ ~ a
MnQ \ r
~1) ~1C - utump noMMym�uuu cooOuttHUU, ~ M ~
(2) ~i ,-Mynemu,neexcop ntpeda4u daHHmx ~
~ MM ~y
~3~ ~ - RICRHDAOtIL4ECNaA 3BM Alil( ~~,a�~fi
)
e -mepMUaan ABoHeNmei ANI( ~
~5~ � - Moaea (8)
Fig. 3
1. massage switching center 5. modem
2. data transmission multiplexer 6. remote subscribers (network
3. technological AITs computer subscribers)
4. terminal 7. network AITs
8. AITs subscribers
The structure of the data transmission network presented meets the basic
principles of inregration, specializatio~, compatibility, adaptivity
and accessibility.
In particular, in designing an NTI network based on AITs, equipped with
a single Cype of computer, the basic functions of a network 3unction,
necessary for the direct access of subscrib~:rs to masses of data about
- documents when developing corresponding software, may be placed on~~series
manufactured computers equipped with data transmission multiplexers. ;
If the structure shown in Fig. 2 is transfornaed to the structure shown
in Fig. 3, network junctions will only fulfill the functions of a
commutator that provides for message transmission between a subscriber
and an AITs computer and between AITs computers.
In the process of improving the software and hardware for Che basic
functions imposed on the NTI data transmission networks, Che efficiency
of network functioning will incre~se, insuring the implementation of
more perfect foims and kinds of informational servicing, facilitating
an increase in the efficiency of satisfyi~g Che requirements of the network ~
- subscribers.
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Conclusions
The propoaed atrucCure of the deaign of the data transmission network
makea i~ poesible ~o provide the following:
interrelation between user terminals with all AITs computiers wiChin
tihe NTI netiwork;
connection to the NTI network of basic computiers on whoae bases data
banka on documen~s are organized withou~ loading them with appropriate
func~ions;
stage-by-stage implemenCation of the SATsNTI based on available
resources and equipment possibilities;
effic3ent utiilization of communications channels;
uni~ increase in tihe capacity ot the NTT network by increasing the
' number of "3unctions" an~ connecting AITs and user terminals to it;
creation of a heterogenous network, i.e., a network that may use
various types of computers; ~
compatabiliCy with the s~neral governmenC data transmission system
being created in the counti~y and the co~anunications networks abroad;
adapti~p~ty of the NTY netw~irk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Arutyunov, N. B. "Gove~:~ment System of Scientific-Technical Information
of ~he USSR." "International Forum on Information and DocumentaCion,"
1976, 1, No r pp 3-11.
2. Mikhaylov, A. I.; Tarasov, Ye. V.; Kulebyakin, A. Z. "Basic Principles
for Designing an NTI automated Cen~er Network." NTI, seriesl, 1977,
No 11-12, pp 5-12.
COPYRIGHT: "VSESOYUZNYY INSTIT[JTE NAUCfII~10Y I TEKEINICHESKOY INFORMATSII",
1979
2291
CSO: 1870
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CYElRNETICS ~ CCMPUTNlt5 AND AUTOMATION ~~CHNOLOGY
UDC [002.2:159.9](049.3)
SOOK PUBLISHED ON PSYCNO~.OGICAL PROSLQl.S IN DOCUMEN~ALISTiCS
Moscou NAUCNNO.TEIQ~NICNESKAYA INFORMHTSIYA~ SFItIYA 2. INFaRf~WTSIONNYYE
PROTSESSY I SISTQSY !n Rusalen No S, 1979 pp 37-38
[~ook revies~ by E. V. Afenas'yev of tha book "Voprosy KiberneCik~~ Vyp 39.
Doti:umentalisCika i psikhologiy~'(Problems of Cybernetiics, No 39. Documen-
t~ltstlcs end Psychology). Noacoa, Scientifio Council ~or the Complex Prob-
lem "Cybernetics" of the USSR Acadeoy o! Sciences, 1978]
[Text] 1~is collection ie devoted to theoreCical end practical espects of ~
psychological doct,m~ntalisCics--a nea discipllne thet studios distincCivo
laerures in tho craetion end percepti~n of docu~ents by oan. Consideration
of this fector becomes extre~ely necesg,~ry in conte~porary organizetional
syat~?s becouse of tfie high inCensity of dxtmantei ln~ordation lloas.
UnlortunaCely, up to noa there have not been so ~any Works published in
our counCry that have baen devoCed to the psychologicel espects o! documen-
taligtics,an0 theretore the coliection is o! great interesC.
1~e materials published in the coilection are divided into three perts.
General probleavs of psychology in doeumentelistics are exemined in the first
secCion. The article oP G. G. Vorob'yev eatiCled "Psychological documen-
tation: theory and problems~" ahich opens that secCion, is devoted to prag-
matic and se~entic leetures ot the intercourse oP the authors of documents
aith reciplenCs.� In the articie an attempt hes been made Co cless~fy the ~
situeCions of intercourse of people through documents, and distinctive
features of test and clearing information systems are pointed ouC. Yu. A.
Novikov, in the erticie "Psychologicai pacoperties of scientif ic informetion,"
notes a number of contradictions arising in the study of informatlon for a
creative purpose, that is, in seeking solutions of creative tesks. ~e
author distinguishes such properties of scienti~ic inforsation as heuris-
ticity and progressiveness, ~+hich act'_vely influence the creative thinking
of man and musC be teken into consideration in the informational servlcing
of specialists. Devoted to the intluence of psychological factors on the
stebility of form af a docusenC s~as the article ot M. G. Gaaze-Rapoport and
A. N. Sokovaya entitled "Psychological factars in dxume:ttetion end their
use," in which the soc~ial properties of dxuoents, questions cf termino-
logy and the properttes of docwoentary coa~unications a lso Were exenined.
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'I'ha flrsC gectifon ~nds v?ftih the erCfci~ nf B. V. Y~ku~hln, "'l~~nking ChdL�
generaC~s e tiexti." In tihe ~rClcie an enaly~fb ~e g~v~n of ingormnCionei
modois of the br~in and a mothod of consCruotiing individuai consciousn~gs
on tihe i~vei of fnformetionel procasaes is prasenred.
The second secrion of Ghe coliaat~on, ahich is devoCed ~o the ~ercepCfon
and processing of documen~i informarion~ ~s opened by Che artici~ of 0.
A. KuzneCsdv, A. N. Koran~v end L. N. Khromov entiCled, "Speed reading.
ExperfenGe in reeehing, probiems and prospQCtis." The authsra prasene ehe
basie prineipies o~ spaed reading, presenti eha procadux~ and report the
resuitis of teaching speed reading. In eh~ arrici0 of M. V. Khanin nnd E.
V. Kh~ninA on "Systiams epproach to Che procesa of percepCion and delivery
of information," a report is presented on experimenCs to deCermine tha
ability of man to form or perceive proposals. A value invdrse to the eo-
tivftiy of tha t process is called the natural frequency of peroept~on or
deiivery of informaC~on. 1~e articie by A. V. Antonov on "Reading as a
proceas of t~ct perespCion" conCains the resuiCs of investige tiona of par-
ception of a texti as a functfon of '.ts spece-g~omeeric characCerisCies.
Testis With differenC length of line and spaca beCaeen leCCers Were usad
in the experimenCs, and aiso aith and Withoue paregraph indentations. The
articie of B, V. ApukhCin and A. M. Shakhnarovich entitied 'S ome probiems
of r~membericig a CexC" was devoCed to co~eideratlon of the compieCeness and
level of Irnoaledgs o~ the recipient during construcCion of tha semantic ~
structure of a Cext. The authors ~xeminad condiCions !n Which percapCion
a text is accompanied by obtaining nea knoaledge and the formation of
naw l~rrels of generalization of old knoWladge. In the arCicle of Yu. L.
Trofimov enCiCied "4cperimental investlgaCions of processes of percepCion
of draain~,y and diagrants," data obtained in an experimental investigarion
of the perception of draWings and schem~Cic: dep,ictions of technical objects
Were presented. 1he persons being tested aere divided into several groups
and presenCed draaings With different exposure time, and the aork of the
oculomotor system Was recorded.
In the arti~le of Ye. V. Yesipova entitled 'Some psychological aspects of
Che perception of choral parts," eacperimenCal resulCs were presented Wt?ich
can be also extended to other texts With partitur reading, that is, those
ahere the recipient perceives simulta neousi severa 1 lines aithout reducing
the prescribed raCe of reading. This article concluded the second sectlon.
The third section of the collecCion consisCs of two arCicles. In the article ~
of M. L. Kolchinskiy enCitled "Psychological aspects in documental automaCed
scientif ic and technical information sysCems [ASNTI], a point of viea is pre-
sented on the problem of the "growth" of ASNTI's and on the essence of infor-
mational needs, some informaCion is presented on the psychological asp@cts
of the Work of specialisCs atudying ASNTI's~ and i~formaCion about dis-
tinctive features of the flLling out of feedback cards by subscribers. Ttie
, second article, "Analysis of factors affecCing the eveluation of docunents
by ASNTI Subscribers," ~ras aritten by M. L. Kolchinskiy aith T. M. Narskeya.
The authors present the resvlts of analysis of feedback cards of ths "Setke"
ASNTI, conta ining an evalueCion of the information by subscribers of the
system. The fectors affecting Che evaluetion of information are broken do~m
9
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into Cato groups: factiors relaCiag Co the sph~r~ of progaseinnal acCiv~tiy
end the payohologicai properr~~s o~ ehe uaer, and factors rolaring Co eh~
spharo of ~ho funotioning og the systiem.
As !s evidonC from this brief survey, in ehn eoileetion a~eiriy a~de t~ange
o;E questiiong is Qucemined end inCsresting resuits og investiigatfons oE psycho-
logicel espeatis of documontelietiics are preaented. AC rha seme tine, mony
positiions of tihe artiicias testigy tio a nead for tihorough invastiigations of
psychologicei problems, !n partiicular, such probiems es: tihe lntierecCion
of scienrises end specialistis vith informarion aorkers ~n tiha proceas of
pr oviding information about inveatiigetiions end devalopmanCa; pyschologicei
f eatures of the informatiionai preperation of adminlstraCive decisions;
diatiinoCive fm tvres !n considaring the humen Pector !n the salection of
scientlfic end technicei achieve~aentis from informationai maCeriais. IC !s
nacessary to expand the renge of investigatians og the psychologicai aepects
of inf or~m Cionai activity, attracring various ~necielists ~o thosa invosri-
gatiions. Yt is es~umed thati the 5cienCific Councii for the Camplex Probiem ~
"Cybernetiics" of the USSR Academy of Sciences, w~hich issued the revieaed
coilection, cen head that Work on a countxyWide scale.
COPYRIGNT: VS~SOiYUZNYY INSTIIUT NAUCHNOK I TEIWNICHESKOY II~CRMATSII, 1979 '
2174
CSO; 1870
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~ ~LECTItONIC5 ANb ~LECTEtICAL ENGIN~~RING
~
UDC 621~391.2
INFORMATIONAL CAPACIT~ES OF THE SCTS OF PARAME'TERS OF 12AbAEt SIGNALS VARY'LNG ,
STOCHASTICALLY WITH TIME
Kiev IZVESTYYA VULOV SSSR, I2ADIOELEKTRONSKA in Etuasian No 1, Jan 74 pp 59-64
[Arei~le by G. G. Koaenko, submiCeed 19 Dec 1977] ~
[TexC] The author presenta his evaluations of informational
capacities of ehe sets of parameters, boeh dependenC and
independenC, changing sCochasCically with time from Che
position of Che adequacy of rhe amounr of informaCion
supplied by Chem for dividing a given sequence of objects
inCO classes. He gives Che analyzing strucCures which
ensure the selection of parameters from Che position of
adequacy and formulaCea conditions for the observation
ir.terval under which the prescribed aee of parameters en-
aures the c+bCaining of minimally sufficient amount of in-
formaCion.
In the ma~oriry of practical cases, in order to obtain information about
staCistical properties of various classes of objects, not just one parameter,
buC, as a rule, a set of parameters ia used. The use of sets of parameters
for obtaining information about various classes of radar objects makes it
necessar~~ to evaluate Cheir informational capacities.
In this work, the ideas presented in [1] are developed further for a case
when sets of parameters varying stochastically wiCh Cime are used for the
purpose of identifying various classea of objects.
In constructing a theory for the evaluation of informational capacities of
sets of parameters varying stochastically with time, main attention will be
given to the determination of the effect of the observation time, the number
of us~3 parameters in the set, and their statistical connecCion on the amount
of information provided by them and on their informativeness from the posi-
tion of adequacy [2].
Let us assume that we are given a sequence of classes of radar surveillance
objects A1, , AN and their a priori probabilties pl, pN of appearance
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i:r~ ehe radar surveillgnce xone. We shall also aesum~ eh~t we ure given ~
nertain seC of n-parameCere ~(t)~,{;,i(t)~..., ~�(1)}tE(b, 7'~ and each clnae of
. ob~eces Ak, k~l, N ie describPd in Che language nf u RLven seC ~(r) by .
~ probable meggure Nk, k~l, N. We shall also aesume CItt1C rhe meneure~
Nk, k~ 1, N atce abeoluCely continuous in relation ro one anorher fnr
ehe eneire field of evenes etitaining to the behavior of ~(C) over tihe enCiYe
gurveillance ineerval [O,T~.
For further examinaCion, let us divide ineerval [0, TJ for each i-eh pnrAmeeerof
E~,(t), i~l, n into mi non-intersecring intervgls L1eli, ~ emi and
~
such Chat ~ ~~u ~ T when all i r 1, n. Intervals Q t ~ i are aelecCed
q.�t
itt such a way Chat Che processes ~ li(t), ~ mi(C) are independent and
ehe geta of the parametera on Che n-dimensional parallelepipeds of indepen-
dence ~il X... X ~t~� - c1~i.,,,~W are also independent among themgelves .
DefiniCion 1. Lee us call the magnitude
M
a~~ (~~~,...,ln~ xl (~l~? . . z~ = d�~ (x~ l~~)~ . . x~ (~n)), tt, t� E 0~~....,a ~ i~
informgCivenesa of the set of parameCers ~1�~�~�~~n~~ for class Ak in
relation to class Aj,j f k s 1, N on the parallelepiped of independece
~ll.. .,In'
Using (1), it is exsy to wriCe an expression for the informativeness of Che
set of parameCers _ ~~1 . , in surveillance inCerval [O.T] for
class Ak in relation to class A3, j#~ k= 1, N which has the following
,form:
' m
~ ~2~
a~ (T: x, (ri), . . xn _ . . . a~~ (Ori.....r~~ Xi (~i)~ . . x� �
~�e~
When the parameters are independent among themselves, expression (2) assumes
the following form:
m~ ~n n
(T; xl (t~, . . x� (tn)) _ ~ . . . [~j n �~i (~ii~ X~ (~u))�
l,sl '~QI t~l ~3~
d
where a~j~ (dtu; xr ~tt~)~ = d- (x(t)), r E erl, is the informaCiveness of the
i-th parameter of 5i(t), i a 1, n in the interval of independence 4 t~i
for class Ak in relation to class Aj, j f~ k� 1, N.
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~he amounC o� inEormaCion supplied by the given see of p~r~merers ~(C)d
(t)~ abour Che k-Ch class of radar ob~ecCa is def ined by the expres-
eion [2,3]
~k ~xt (t)~ . . x~ H ~Pk) - H ~9ti (xt ~t)~ xn (t~~I~ (4)
?
where
Qa ~x~ ~1)~ . . . ~ xn � P~e ( 5)
rn mn ,r ~
N - ~ � Inak~~ll~..~ ~Imxd~il~..~~a~I~nl1
Pk -I- P~e ~~,.i ~�..i
~Mk~l
The obC~ined ~xpressiona (1)-(4) are general in naCure and are Crue for any
procesaea, including nonaCeady-atate processes.
However, for Einding expressiona for the amount of informaCion and informa-
tivenesa which depend explicitly on Che aurveillance Cime, we ahall limit
ourselves to Che examinaCion of a cYass of sCeady-sCate processes. Such pro-
cesses are used widely in sCu~istical radio engineering for describing real
aignals reflected from varioua clasaes of ob3ects. On this basis, we shall
assume thaC ,a.~i = A for all i s 1, n, i.e., Q~,1,..., ln s ~ Ci and
that the informativeness (3.) of Che aet of parameters ~1(t)~...~~,(n on
n-dimenaional cube d n does not depend on time
. y
aa~ (Du~...,~~ zl ~t~~ . . xA (1n11= �a~ x~ ( . . xn (1)~ (6)
Then expression (5), wiCh consideration for (6), assumes Che following form:
Pa
Qk ~X3 ( . . Xn t = Jy _I e l~Inak~lA^:~d ).....+n( )1 , ~
PR -f- Pl~ l ~
i~~~~
On the basis of the generalized measure (4) wfth consideration for (7), it is
possible to construct various measures of radar information [2,3] for deter-
mining the amount of informaCion supplied by a given set of parameter.
1. Kotel'nikov's measure of radar information
1,~�j; ) =~~c ~ P~ max
T I� ~ ~ - ntatcc {pk}.
~ e 1 ~naR~(~^::,~ i,...,F�t u
P~ -f- ~ p~
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~
2. Shannon's measure of radar informaeion . ,
l ) = In ~ ,
N Q nlnak~IS";x~l 1~,.~~~,~1 N , ~8~
PA -4- ~ P~
IfR~I
~
3. Kul'bak's measure of radar information
I
~~1' ( ) = In t p" .
r n ~ '
N - Q~ Ina,~~(An;x~t I~...~xnl 11 '
~ p~e -
~+R-t
4. Bayes' measure of radar information
� ~ ~ n ~ - pk~.
pk ~ N e~ Inak~lAn:x~l 1. ~..~xnf 1I
Pk -1- ~ P~ `
~fk-~
5. Fisher's measure of radar informarion
,
Pk
~ ~Cl N _f T I^Inakjle~:xil 1.....snl 1) x
PR -f- ~ P~e ~ n ~
N "I ; 1~InakjlA^:~~I 1.....r~1 1)
X in Px -I- ~ P,e i~ ,
~~a=i
The constructed measures of radar information make it possible to determine
the amount of information supplied by a given aet of parameters depending on
the surveillance time, the number of uaed parameters, and their statistical
connections and a priori probabiliCies of the appearance of objects of given
classes in the zone of radar aurveillance.
By analogy wiCh [1], we shall�.inCroduce the concept of adequate informative-
ness.
Definition 2. The set of parameters for class Ak is
called sufficiently informat3.ve in relation to class Aj, j q~ k~1,..., N
in the interval [O,T] if
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~ox o~rzcir~, us~ oN~Y
ah~(T; x~t ..~x~?( 1~ ~''dq =.C t pkpk k~ 1,...,N~ ~g~
Then, ueing Definition 2, we sha11 formulate a condiCion wirh whose fulfill-
menC the aet of parameeers ~(t)={~1(t)~..,~~�(t)} aupplies a auffici~n?: ,
amoune of inf~rmation [2] about ehe k-th class of ob~ecta. �We shall formu-
laCe Che condition in Che fori~ of a ataremenC omi.tCing iCa proof.
x (t)
0
i~ ti JKfx^'"'x�~ fn ~C e ~ X ~ "1' ! 1~' fn VrAK,resl,,..,ti
~ o,o ~ (x~,...,anl
1 hb �
. i ~b I n, P' ~pK) p~ VK:S~K,K�1,...,N
a~�~ a ~ e
(1)
Figure 1
Key: 1. Proceasi~lg device
Theorem 1. Let ~~~,...,in = 0" be the n-dimena ional cube of independenae of
the se~ of dependent parameCers ~(t) (t), ~t)} , and Che informative-
ness of thia set of parameCers on Q n does not depend on the time
M
ak~ ~0i~, x~ (tl)~ . x� (tn)) = ap~ (0"; xt( . . z� ( Then, if the condit ion
r 1-n 1-p~
~ t ~t ~ J ~n pk
Ctq~ ~O~i zl ( . . xn ~ ~I ~ e ~
fa fulfilled for class Ak in relation to class A3 for all 3~ k= 1,...,
N, then the ar~ount of informaCion supplied by this aeC of parameters in the
surveillance interval [O,T] is not less Chan the minimally sufficient amounC
1a lx~ ( )r . . xn ~ ~ ~~k� ~t ~ ~ ~ . . Nr
wt~ere ~h is the level of the minimally sufficient amount of information [2].
On the basis of Theorem 1 and expression (9), it is possible to consCruct
analyzing devices both with respect to the criterion of the amount of infor-
mation, and with respect to the criterion of informativeness.
A block diagram of an analyzing device constructed on the basis of Shannon's
radar measure (8) for sets of interdependenk parameCers is shown in Figure l.
In Figure 1 and all subsequent figures, fn(x~,.... xn). kal,...~ N designates
the distribuCion density of Class Ak, k d 1,... N.
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An analyzing device consrructed on ehe Ua~ia of the ariterion of informarive-
nesa (9) �or a set of interdependent pgramerera ia shown in Figure 2~.
.
The expression for informaCi.venesa (3) for paramer~rs which are not depen-
dent among themaelves aseumes the following form under the condirione of
Theorem 1:
n
f s 1"~~na~~>fe;x1(11
a~~(T;xi( )~.,.~znl ))�e~ ~ ~10~
x,~t) 1~
b
� ~ ~
fK~x~~,..,x~) ~n x e~? ...-..VaAx~K=I,,,,,N
f�(x~,,.,,x~) n
ep(t~ a o~ l ~J VK~(~)2Ktl,...,N
R ~
1 ~
~ +~~lU mparic~d K~X~1 , `
o~aobanrcu ~ ~
Td ,
~
T%d X(n x e~~ - V~Ax,K=I,...,N f
1
~~U Cnpar fxnl . ~K$I P~r /?K�1,...,N ;
u~oubanKU xn ~ ,
~
Figure 2
Key: 1. Processing device ~
A black diagram of an analyzing device constructed on the basis of (9) with
consideration for (10) is ahown in Figure 2b. `
By analogy with [1], it is posaible to introduce Che concept of equfvalent
informativenesa for aeCa of independent and dependent parameters. Moreover,
by using the concept of minimally sufficient informativeness [2], iC is
possible to examine the influence of Che surveillance Cime, the number of
parameters uaed in Che aet, and their atatiatical connecCions on the amount
of information aupplied by a minimally sufficient informative set of param-
eters.
Another importanC problem of great practical importance ia the determination
of the necessary surveillance time enauring the obCaining of a minimally suf-
ficient amount of information about the clasa Ak. k~ 1, N with the aid
of the given s~t af parameCers ~(:)~{si(t)~..., ~n(~))� In order to solve this
problem, let us formulate the conditions impoaed on the surveillance inter-
val [O,T] which have to be satisfied for the seCs of both dependent and in-
dependent parameters to ensure the ot~taining of bnth a minimally sufficient
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~mounC of infnrmnCidn. We sh~ll formulnCn the condieions in ehe Corm o~~,.m,,
staCements omiCring ~he pYOOFe~ ,
Theorem 2. Let ua asaume that the informati.venese of any parame~er � om el~E _
given ser of mutually independent paramerers a(~i(t), ~h(t)} in ehe
interval oF independence for class Ak, kdl, N is constant
Ot~~~ ~Di XI ~ � ap X ~
at all k~ 1, N. Then~, if
. '
n pal
T 1 ( pa / (11)
~ � n naa(~; x( '
then ehe given set of parametera ~~l) (t), is minimally a~f f i-
ciently informative in Che aurveillance interval [O,T].
Theorem 3. Let us assume that the informaCivenesa of a aet of dependent
parameters ~ {~1 ~ ~ ~ on an n-dimenaional cube of independence
~ n for Che class Ak, k~ 1,..., N ia conaCant
~ ~
aR~ (0"; x~ ( . . zn ( = aa x~ ( l~ . . xn (
at all k= 1, N. Then if
n 1 ` p~ `s
T - In ( Pa ~ (12)
\
e ~ ~
In aR ~0�: z~ ( . . . ~ x� l )1
Chen Che given set of pat~meCers ia minimally aufficiently informative in
the surveillance interval [O,T].
Let us compare the necessary aurveillance time for sets of independent and
dependent parametera. For this comparison, let us assume that
. ~n r~-' Pa 1' - r~- PR 4
~ Pk ~ 'n \ Pa )
� ~ ln a,, (~i X ( a
ina.(~ ~X~( 1.....x~(
Then, expressions (11) and (12) assume,respectively, the following fotms:
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~Ott OFFICIAL U5~ nNLY ~
~ � n (13)
i/`
~ ~ i~~. ~4
( )
T/n ntP
?,8
2,L
~ f2
3
2
i
~ ' y
/,6 ,I ' .r~_ ~
4
~~`-i~~-
/t~
~ ' ~ = - 6
j~i~i~'r
~
O,A ,F I
0 2 G. 6 8 ~08K
Figure 3
Curves of the comparison of the neceasary aurveillance Cime For ensuring a
_ minimally aufFicienC informativeness for sets of both dependent and inde-
pendent parameCers ploCted on the baeis of expressions (13) and (14) are
shown in Figure 3. Solid linea in Figure 3 ahows the dependence T/Q, for a
set of dependent parameters and interrupted lines ahow the dependence for a
a set of independent parameCera. IC can be seen from the curvea that, as n
grows, the time T/Q necessary for ensuring a minimally sufficient informa-
tiveness decreases boCh for dependenC and for independent paramet~ers. ;
Bibliography
1. Kosenko, G. G. "Informational Capacities of '~arameters of Radar Signuls
for the Purposes of Identification," I2VESTIS'.A VULOV, RADIOELEICrRONIKA,
1978, 21, No 5.
2. Kosenko, G. G. "Minimally Sufficient Amount ~f Information and the Pro-
blem of Synthesis of Radar Signals," I2VESTIYA VUZOV, RADIOELEKTRONIKA, ,
1978, 21, No 1, p 90.
3. Vagapov, A. M., and Kosenko, G. G. "A Common Approach to the Measures
of Radar Information of Rotel'nikov, Shannon, and Kul'bak," RADIOTEKHNIKA
I ELEKTRODiIKA, 1972, 27, No 7.
COPYRIGRT: "Izvestiya vuaov SSSR - Radioelektronika," 1978
10,233
CSO: 1870 18
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ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UDC 621,385.633
APPLICATION OF THE 'EQUIVALENT ELECTRON STREAM' METHOD TO SOLVING DYNAMIC
PROBLEMS OF 0-TYPE DEVICES
Kiev IZVESTIYA VUZOV SSSR-RADIOELEKTRONIKA in Rusaian No 1, J'an 79 pp 44-47
[ArCicle by Ye. D. Belyavakiy, eubmitCed 2 Dec 77]
[Text] The "equivalenC electron stream" method is gen-
eralized in application to the dynamic problems of 0-Cype
microwave devices.
In Chis work, Che "equivalenC electron stream" method ia generalized in ap-
plication Co the dynamic problems of 0-Cype micrcwave devicea. In Chis case,
~uat as in solving the problems of focusing, this method makes it poesible .
to reduce subatantially Che counCing time on an electronic digital computer
by excluding local inCeractions of individual particlea from conaideraCion.
The radial moCion of electrons in an axially symmetric stream propagating
alang axis z in a cylindrical system of coordinatea (r, A, z) ia deacribed
by the following equations [1]:
ai - s{rOz -N ~1 IE, Erc 6Dr~}~
aq u ~=~9~
)z - vZ ' '
where ti=u(z, ro, cpo)~ 9=9~z~ ro~ ~Po)~ ~o ia the initial value of r(at z a 0);
~o= w~o~~o is the initial time; vZ is the longitudinal velocity; A(z,t)
is the azimuthal velocity; BZ(z,r) ia the longitudinal componenC of the mag-
netic induction of the focuaing field; Er is the radial component of the
space charge field; Er~ is the radial component of the external high-fre-
quency field.
An elecCron stream is, in its naCure, a continuous medium characterized by
the current density 3(r,z,t) and the volume charge density P(r,z,t). Theae
values are amooChly changing functions of r in spite of the fact the the mo-
tion of concrete electrons in such a stream and their interaction could be
extremely intricate.
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The vnlues of ~ und P can be approxim~Ced wir,h n sutficiene d~~;rec of Accuracy
(ar Etxed e and x) by aCep law~ of chnnges w1Ch a amall number ot secpa, l,e., ,
at each point along axi.s z, the atream cnn be considered (from Che viewpoint
of the creaCed field) as laminar wiCh a ama11 number of lttyers (N). In ehis
case, Che ~ompuCation of the moCion of Che syaCem M m M1M2 oF electrons,
where M1 ia the number of diviaiuns by the radius, and M2 is Che number of
divisiona by the initial Cime (Ml~j N), amounks to solving the equations of
electron mo~ion in a"prescribed" field of an equivalenC laminar sCream whose
- parameCers (currents o� layers and eheir radii)are inCegral (smoothed) func-
tions oF moCion M of tesC elecCrons, In view ot' Che fact that M1 ~j N, the
counting time decreases substantially (approximately by M1/N Cimess, und Ciie
shortcomings connecCed with the local naCure of the inCeraction of enlarged
particles are eliminated,
Lee us assume that rmax~z) ia the maximum value of the function r(z,ro~ ~p o~
at the point~ ~ along the axia of the arream. Let ua uae the following desig-
nationa: b_m Z-- slowly changing upper radius of the m-Ch luypr (m ~ 1, 2,
N). LeC us assume thatb_p~ rmgx(z)� Then the division into layers
(steps) at each point along the axis z can be given in the following form;
6-m ~Z~ = ~b.x (z) b-mo+ ~
, -NO .
where b_mo is Che initial radiua of the m-th layer. ;
LeC us examine an elementary ring of e lectrons with the initial radius ro aiid
thickness dro. For such a ring, there is a charge preservation law:
j=rdrdt = jo (ro) rod~od~o�
According to the condiCions, dt does not depend on r within the ltmits of eacl~
layer. Therefore, summing up all Che elementary rings emerging at the same
moment of Cime to and located aC the point z in the m-th layer, we obtain
/�~dl = i,,,o (to, z) dto, (3)
where '
b-m
1~ = 2n f 1:~~, r(z, ro~ ~o)~
�-~~-u
~-pN::
tm0 ~~p+ Z~ - 27L J Qm ~~)10 ~~o) ro~o~
if �
.Qm (I~ = I 1. ~it b-(m-~) G 1' ~ b-m
0~ s npm~HaononoxcHOni~ c,nyqae Hmt npH r~ bn.
in the opposite case or at
Here, b~t is the radius of the walls.
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- The relurion (3) is a corrected charge conservtttion law in un equiva lenC
laminar srream. In parCicular, iC cnn be seen from (3) rhar Che equiv~].enr
lAminar stre~m is ~ seC of rings wiCh variable value o� rhe charge depending
boCh on z, r~nd on Co.
The radial field created by auch laminar stream cAn be obtAi.ned wiCh consider-
aCion o� (3) with ehe aid of a two-dimenaional disk model of Che beam [2,
3,4~ :
E~ ~r, z~ 2~vp S~= ~1o,n Re 1-' Rk U~ bn~~ ~p~n e/Rmt r
n }
n k
where if ~
S(r~ b�) = I nr~~ ec.rtH r~ b� (4)
nb�? ecnw r S b,,,
(n=1~2~..., N, --1, -2,...,-lli), _
b-cm-~~ ~ b?n ~n~ = 1. 2~ . . . .11~,
~ ~ ,
~-mo ~ Imonb-mo~ 1mo � ` ~monbmOr
imo is the initial density of the current in the m-th layer
sa
/p~m (Z~ = 1 r imo ~tu~ Z) dwlv~
2~ ~ 1_mo ~m0
0
za '
/ ] .
lmp-~~0' Z~ C jAtutm(z,~eldWtp~
,k'~ `Z~ J~ ~ f -m0 ~ ~m0
0
jk,-m ~k,m+ J0,-m = ~O,m+
tm is the current time in the m-th layer,
S (f~ 6~)
Rn (r~ bn ) = ~r~bn ~S~rh ~r~ Sbnrk ~bn) - ~ S~ St~~ ~ r~h b~)~?
' $r - J[fZ� Sbn = 7[bn,
I'a (r) - S~r) F'a (r); r~k bn) = S~
S r~ bn) p
k~~~ bn),
S~~=n~r~-'6n~~ Sk~r~' ~h~~~ is the effective cross-section area and the coef-
ficient of the depression of the cylindrical beam with a radius r at a fre-
quency k u~; S~k (r, bn~, p~k (r, b�) is the effective cross-section area and the
depression coefficient af a hollow-ring beam (with radii r and bn) at a fre-
quency of k ~ ;
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r a~�,1' cE~~? F~~l. t6~
a~ a ~
N
?kuf,~
!s~?� ~ ~ Re 1 Q�,,/R,~ e ~
R
N
/o ~ ~ ~nn is rhe full current of the beam eC the inpue; 5~,~ nb? No ia
n,y.~N
the area of the beam at the input,
Q~~i ~ 2 S~~, ~ S~"' ~ S-i ~ r~?~ ~b..,,�~ L_il ~ S~. S~f ( reA ~bm~ b_i)
I `~~m S~ ~ t'tA (b,,,ni� bl~ ~ ( `Sm `SI ~ ~cA ~nm~ bl~l~
Sn�sbn~ Fcm ie rhe gverage value of the z-component of Che ~xternnl forc~
on the ~urface of the m-th ring (depends on the type of the device: LBV
[travelfng-wave tube] klystron, etc); E~~ ie Che average value of Ch~ ~-com-
ponent of the volume-charge field on the aurface of the m-th ring.
Equations (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) are the equations being aought.
In solving the sysCem of equations (1)-(5), the main difficulty ie to cul-
culatc ~Zm becauae of Che elow convet~gence of the seriee. In order Co sim-
plify the calculation of Ez~, the limit charack�ristic oE the nu~gnitude 6 ml
aas used:
lim v'~~,~ - S~ ~nf m~ 1
M~a jm0 ~O � ~
' 0. ~H m l.
IC follows from (6) thaC the alowly converging part of the series in tt~e ex-
pression f or EZ~ consists of terms containing 6~; the remafning teYms de-
crease rapidly as k increases. Separating the sloWly converging part, we
obtain
~x
E=m = f sn? ~mlem ~X m~ d~'01 �e I ~~R'f er~~~ ~7~
~ , ~SO
~ en !
u *
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wh~re
~!m ~ ~ ~m0 ImO+ xrN � ~m ~z~ ~Ol~ � W~m ~0~~ ~0 ~s W~p~ Irn~ c~ IUIp~~
~ ~bam+ b?n~ s~hXm, lmA ~~01! t)
~m ~ ~ ~
~ n~ ~e~
~b..~ e ~ ~mt ~'~"Mo`,+,, ~rno ~
R
~he firee t~rm in (7) i~ ehe prdp~r fieid c~f eh~ m-eh lay~r ehe ~xpreseion
for which ig knv~?n frtnn Che unidicn~neion~l nonline~r Ch~ory ~S], [6]. In
th~ remaining gum desctiibtng Che mutu~l influenc~ nf ehc~ 1~y~r~, i~ ia po~-
ei.bie to reeCricC oureelvee eo ~ finiee number of Cerme, aeswning~ beginning
~ieh ~ cetit~in k~K, o'~mi~0 (?~t~l).
In (4), iC ie glso poseible to regerice ourseivee to ~ finit~ number of terme
in ~he eum wiCh respect Co k, since Rk 1 aC k-> ~(in pr~cCice~ it is
sufficient eo t~ke 5-10 terms o� ehe seriee with respect to k).
Ia order eo eva~uaee ehe effectivenees of the "equival~nt ~l~ctron stream"
methud, computatione o� the dynamic defocuaing in an LBV wer~ done. In the
c~ae of N~ 1, M� 96, M1 ~ 3, the counring time of Che probl~m decre~aed Co
one-fifeh in cdmpnrison with computations ddne dir~cely by the equatinn of
g twa-dimensional diek model of Che b~am [2~ with Che same numb~r of "~est"
particles (with the former degree of cc~mput~eion accurgcy).
Bibiiography
1. Belyavskiy, Ye. U. '"fhe Equivalent Electron SCream Method and Its Appli-
caCion Co the Solving of Focuaing Problems," 22V VUZOV-RADIOELEKTRONIKA,
1975, 18, No 10, p 63.
2. Belyavakiy, Ye. D. "Nonlinear Equationa of a Nonlaminar Z~+o-Dirt~neional
Di~k Model of a Beam," it~DiOTEKHA1iKA I EIEKTRONIKA, 1970, 15~ No 4, p 758.
3. Belyavskiy, Ye. D. "Field nf a Space Charge in a Laminar Stream," I2V
VULOV-RADIOEI.~KTRONIKA, 1971, 14, No 6, p 677.
4. Belyavskiy, Ye. D. "Computation of Green's 'Phase' FuncCions in the Two-
bimensional Theory of 0-Type Devices," itADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTROIIIKA, 1975,
20, No 4, p 863.
5. Vaynshteyn, L. A. "Nonlinear LBV Theory, Part 1, Equgtions and Conaer-
vation Laas," RADIdTEKNNIKA I ELEICrRONIKA, 195~, 2, No 7, p 883.
6. Tseytlin, M. B., and Kats, A. M. "Lampa s begushehey volnoy" [Traveling
Wave Tube~, Moacow, Sovetskoye radio, 1964.
GOPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR RadioelekCronika", 1978
10,233
CSO: 1870
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ELECT[tONIC3 AND LLEC'rttICAL ENGINELRING
.
7 tNC 621.372.542.29
ABSOR$ING-T'YPE FILTER FOR A HIGH POWER LEVEt
Mosca+ RADIO~EI~HNIKA in Russian No 1, Jan ~.9 pp 25-28
[Article by V. I. Vol'man and L. M. Logacheva, aubmitted 16 Jan 1978]
[Text] In eptte of a large number of various typee of waveguide fiitere in-
rended for absorbing spurioue radiatian [1,2], there ie etill no filter cg-
pable of Working at a high level of continuoua pawer whoee atCenuation band
aould not have any troughs (at individual frequenciea and~ when the frequency
of electromagnetic oscillations increases, in the area of harmonice with high
numbers). Filrers of the "antenna array"-type [l] have a sufficiently high
eleceric strength, hovever, as the frequency tncreaees, the attenuation in
the side radiation baed decreases sharply (at the frequenciee of hatmonirs
higher than the second). Thie is explained by the "optical beam" effect.
00 � d~
~i~ ~
~
oo~
Barcaomr,c ew?MOQadv (4)
Figure 1
Key: 1. Input 3. OuCput
2. Main vaveguide 4. Avxiliary waveguides
In order to eliminate the above-mentioned defect, a section of a rectangular
waveguide uniformily bent in the plane H is used in the design of a filter
" described below (Figure 1). The filter consiste of tWO identical cells con-
nected in series each of whi.ch is a section of a uniformly bent rectangular
s~aveguide. In order to minimize the lareriag of the electric atrengtt~ of the
filter, the openings, which are round vaveguides, are drilled in the narrow
valls of the Waveguide. At sane diataace from their inputs, part of the
24
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inn~r surface df ehe auxiligry wgveguides is covetied wieh nn absorbing ma-
tie~ial, which makea ie poesible en gccompli.sh effecCtv~ he~C removul.
In c~rder rn imp~ove Che m~tching of Che gb~orbing filrer, Che di~m~Cer~ nC
Che uuxili~ry wave~utdes deGrngee grnduntly fYOm ehe cent~r nt ehe filt~:r
towurd ica end~~ Ie is prgctical to selece Cheir digmErer~ in Auch a wny
CI~aC rhe critical frequency fer of w~va$uides wiCh ehe m~xtmum diameeer wnuid
b~ ~qual to L.4~1.6 fo (where fo ie the cenCral frequency of Che pn~sbnnd).
Thig m~k~s tC pos~ible to preserve ema11 losaes in the p~~~battd af Che filter
wiC1i a considerable aCCenuaeion in Che atCenuaeion band.
The operaring principle of Che filCer ie as �ollows: ehe power of elecGrn-
magneCic ognillaCiona wiChin Che pasaband passes Chrough a regular waveguide
pracCically withoue hindrance, does not branch ouC into the cueoff waveguides
and does noe euffer noticeabie absorption. The bene of Che erructure of Che
filter elimtnates Che "optical beam" e�fect and therefore Che inputs of Che
auxiliary waveguides are exciCed effecCively ~t all frequenci~s where fcr�
Due ro Chis, electromagnetic oscilleCione aC frequenciea higher th~n f~r go
inCo ehe round waveguidea and their enetigy is dissipated in Che abaorbing
mgeerial. A ema11 parr o� energy goes into each of Che cutcrf waveguidea,
i.e., ehe release of thermal energy is close to uniform over Che entire
lengCh of the filter.
In order to evaluaee ehe electrical characteristice of the filter, let us
derermine the approxim~t~ v~lue of the amplitude of the wave Hil ae the in-
puta o� the round waveguides with Che aid of the method explained in [3].
Of particular ineeresC is the inCeraction of this wave with the fundamental
wave Hip of the rec.tangular waveguide. Since the waveguide is bent along an
arc wi~ose radius is considerably larger than the wave length (r 7~1.), t}~e
structure of the field of the fundamental wave of a uniformly bene waveguide
practically does not differ from the srructure of the wave Hip of a rectan-
gular waveguide.
The fiel~ ampli~ude in Che round waveguide coupled ti~rough the aide waLl of
the rectangular waveguide, according to ~3], is equal to
r r .a � ? \ ~ /
Ve= ~~al M~ ~Ha9t1 ~He9t~ ~'~~~Ha 9z)~~~e 9s~) ~eI Ea nl (Ee R),
for a round opening with the radius d/2; M1~IZs+d3/6 and P~d3/12 are the coef-
ficients of magnetic and electric polarization; Eo, Ea,N~+ H~ are the
normalized vectors of Che intensiCies of electric and magnetic fields in the
main waveguide (With index a) and in Che coupled round waveguide (with index
b);'~i ,`~2, t`~ are unit vectors of Che rectangular system ~ coordinates (~1
is orfented parallel to the axis Z of the main waveguide, n of the round wave-
guide); d and A ~r are the diameter of the r~und wavegufde and the critical
wave length of the corresponding type of wave in it; a is the site of the aide
� wall of the rectangu~ar Waveguide: ~a = K i - ' ~ K Y~ �
, RP
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~ i
Expr~eeione for E~ end Hg have tha foLlowing fotim [3J:
Q~ Y~
b sin o~
H;`= V eYaC--nsin a-{�9iisecos Q~, (2)
where
Ye~ v ~
In computing the fields in ehe round waveguide, we need dnly ex Ye sione for
the vectora of the magnetic field, because, according to (2), ~'~~)-0.
a
Therefore
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~Yi r~ C~~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~
I~e~ 9t~'itY ~ ~ -d - ~o ~ y ,
d ' t (3)
. ~,(Y~1~ cY~1)-
X ~i (Y~ i) sln t
.
lT' I ~Y~~1~
Where 'Y 1~ 2'R/~lcr and r represent Che current values oE the radius. Sub-
stiCuting expresaions (2) and (3) in (1), We obtain
U ~ ~x A ~e 7~ d' ~ (4)
~ ~ ~o c
~ (L ~1 t'`(t~~j�
where A is the amplitude of the intensity of Che electric field of the wave
in the rectangular Waveguide.
The poWer propagating in the rectangular waveguide ie equal to
,poa 1 r,as, cs)
and Che power at the input of the rouad waveguide is
P~a ~ UeY�. (6)
Consequently
P~ ~t1 ~ ~ Yi ~
p~ ~l~T~
ahere
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ye~, '~1- .
~1)
Key: 1, critic~i
Subsrirurin~ (4) in ~7), we find
Pe r (Y~~l~l' r'` ~~~y) la d' ~8~
lV
~ ~ ~i I1~ d/~l (~T~d/~~~ ~ ~ ~ ,
For tihe wavc: H11, Y id/2~1.84, tharefore,
pa .~.(~~~~p~~ ~ ~9~
p`~ � '~'~p' ~ i
r.-
(x/qQ~~ ) �
In Che case of ~ sCandard aaveguide, when b� a/2,
~ -(IKPI' ~
d
P; ~3Ca) ( t--- ' c~o,
LeC us determine the loesea in the paseband of the filter cauaed by Che pen- -
etration af electromagnetic oscillgtions into the cutoff Waveguides. If the
abaorbing loads in the cutoff Waveguidea are located at the diatance ~ from
~ their beginning, then Che power at the input of the abeorbing load ie equal
to N(~)=pse '~~011 . With allowance made for thia equality, the loesee
per one opening of the maximum diameter Will be equal to
p, a 3~ Q`, r ~-(~/a.o)' 1' e-~~a?~~. (ii)
P~ a ~ ` -(~ild)' ~
The value of the Ioases calculated by (11) ia someWhat overestimated, because,
in deriving it, iC Was assumed that the fields exciting the round aaveguides
at any point of the input plane of the round waveguide vere cophasal. If We
consider that they are not cophasal, the obtained value has to be multiplied
b stn ~S�d/2 ~
y C t~u dl2 , ~
Let u~ no~r determine the losses introduced by the filter in the attenuatien
band. When the condition ~~C,1~r is fulfilled, the losaes of a filter With
~ N openings for the Wave Hil, fran expression (10), are equal to
27
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~ 3 t
c
~4 N.
~ Then ehe 108808 inrroduced by rhe �11eer in ehe nCrenu~eion band in Che gan-
erai caee wi11 be
8~101gCN~Q ~ a~ (ia)
where C~?y d ~ d 1~ which foilowe from (8). .
~T'"~'~1~1i 1~
~D
~ ~
~Z~~tO - ~
~ ~ ei/Tea ~ ~ tq++K
b ffi Jfi ~iw/~! ( 5)
Figure 2
Key: 1. Loeaea, dB 3. Third harmonic
2. Second harmonic 4. Fourth harmonic
5. GHz �
i
(1~Q~ ~�me~~il2B ~3) :
,
~ at
~
e f,-ty~-- f, f.~t1~?ml (4)
Figure 2.
Key: 1. Losses, dB 3. KSV [standing-Wave ratio]
2. Logges 4. GHz
~1~ Figure 4.
~ Key: 1. KSV
2. GHz
: ~ ~
� ~
fi tji Jfi f.n'4
2$
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In udditiun ea ~h~ wav~ dC eh~ maiii eyp~ Hi~, os~i1l~~Lnn~ df oeh~r higl~~r
Cyp~~ cun propng~~c~ ~C ~uffiCi~n~~y hig1~ frequ~nCt~~ in tidund w~ve~uide~.
CalCUlneione have ~hawn thaC the coePficiene C inetien~es n~ Che wnv~ number
incr~~~e~, whi.ch i,ndi~aCee ~n incre~se in rh~ ttCCenu~rion inCroduced by Ch~
fileer ns ehe frequency graw~.
Th~ e~leceed dimensione d~ rhe maLn w~ve~uLde o~' tt~e exp~rtmenrally erudied
~bsorbing fiiter coneieting of ewo ceiis of tihe described eype connecG~d in
series were ar~ndard. Figure 2 ehowa rhe d~pendence ~f ~Ctenu~Cion intro-
duced by rhe filter on ~he ftiequency; r1~e fi1Ce~ QnAUreB lo~se~ of nor Le89
ehan 35 d8 in ehe band from ehe second ed ehe fourth h~rmonic, inclugively,
' ~nd rt~e ~CCQnu~Cion i.nere~ses ete~dily as the frequency incr~nees, Che c~1cu-
1~red v~lue of el~a 108ge8 inrroduced by ehe fii~er is 38 dB, which is weil
in ggreement wieh the experimental dnCa. ~he losaes of ehe filt~r in rl~e
tranemisaion �requency band did nor exceed 0.3 d8 (~igure 3), while Che KSV
wa~ 1.01-1.~2.
. ~
~he COta1 ~09808 connecead wieh ehe lossae in the cueof� wav~~uid~~ calculated
by (il) were 0.1 dE for 38 auxiliary w~veguides. Figure 4 shcws the depen-
dence of Che KSV on Che frequency in a range o� up Co the third h~rmonic.
The advant~ngea nf Che proposed filter gre: g gond m~tching nnd ~mnll icsses
in the operaCing frequency range, as we11 as a good m~tching and a eufEirienC-
ly grear attenugtion gt Che harmonic frequencies. The filter hae a aimpl~
design and acceptable size and Wetght.
Bibliography
1. Shuv~yEV, Yu. T. "Filtere for Suppreasing Side Oecillationa in Po~rerful
Microwave Transmittera," OBZOR PO ELEKTRONNOY TEKHriIKE 3ERIYA EL~KTRON-
IKA SVCh (Electronic ~ngineering Survey, MicroWave ElecCronice Seriea),~
- Central Scientific Reeearch Inseitute "~lekCronika", Mogcosa, No 3(283),
March 1975.
2. Katok, V. B.; Ts~ytlin, Ye. A.; and Shebaldin, D. Yu. ELECTROSVYAZ'
[Electric Communicationa], No 5, 1977.
3. Mashkovtaev, B. M.; Teibizov, K. I.; and Yemelin, B. F. "Teoriya volno-
vodov" [Waveguide Theory], Moacow-Leningrad, Nauka, 1966.
COPYRIGHT: "Radiotekhnika," 1979 -
10,233
CSO: 1870
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ELECTRONICS AND LL~CT1tICAL ENGINEER~NG
UDC 621.396.2:621,391.24
SYtV'rHESIS OF CIttCUITS AND SIGNALS FOR I'ARAMETRICALLY INVAR?ANT RECEIVING
DEVICES
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA in Ruesian No 1, Jan 79 pp 33-38
[Articl~ by D. V. Kruchinin, submittad 24 May 1978]
[~~xC] In gy~Cema for improving traffic safety, radio engineering ~yeCems
with complicated sign~ls are ueed for sparial selection of radio signnle re-
flected from inrerfering objects. The receiving devic~ in such syatemg mu~t
form a preacribed depend~nce p('t) of the informational parameter of C1~~ nue�
put signal on the distance to these objects, or Che delay ~ of the exp~cted
signal uniquely connected With it. The p('r) dependence is characteri~cd by ~
u considerable lowering of the value of Che informational parameter outgid~
the monitored delay range t E~~~~ tz~.
Statemenr of the Problem. IC ig knam [1] Chat the predet~ctinn pare of g~n- '
sitf.ve receivere of complex eignalB can be deeigned on the baeis of folloa-
up radio engineering devicea ~ith variable parametera. Hoarever, Chey h~ve
some disadvantages: the neceeeiCy of the expenditure of time on s~~rching
for the expected signal and the poasibility of tracking failure. Thi~ grticle
examines the method of uafng nonsynchronized linear circuits aith variuble
~ parameters (LTsPP) which is free from these disadvanCagea.
One of the problems on Which researchera are aorking is the creation of LTsPP,
inv~riant sE~t~,tz~~ or parametrically invariant LTaPP. The possibi]iry of
its positive soluCion follo~ts from the resulte of the analysi~ of LT~PP [1~:
the dependence of the inforn~ational parameters of the outpur signgl of such
circuita on the d~lay of the complex input signal in a cerCain rnngc is
expresaed weakly. But the form of this dependence may not correspond Co Wiint
is prescribed, therefore, the aearching for the necessary structure of such
circuits must be solved through synt~esis. The propoaed method consists of
the synthesis of the form of the expected signal and the pulse characteristic
of a parame~rically invariant LTaPP, as vell as thrnugh its schematic reul-
ization and the algorithm of the operation of the device for fotming the
transmitted signal. The procedure of the schematic realization coincides
With the procedure deacribed in [3], therefore~ only the first part of tt~e
proposed method is diacueeed here.
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1,~C uH r1~H11n1~ t~lint it~t uddtl>t.vn mLxCure x c~l' ~?n lii~~rf
i~r~?~~.~.~~ r iu~d ~liu rxpr~c:~~d
~i~nul eC eha inpu~ uC ~lie inLelctl nnninvnri.nnr recelv~r;
N
_ ~ SN(E~'~)'=(`' ~J f~R I~R~E~'~)~ ~1)
Rffi_~
wh~re N, n, C, Rk ~r~ con~~t~nt valUe~; ~ ie ghe currene eim~; q?A(~, t)
i,e rh~ funrgi~n of ~ ~nd 't .
The predeCeceion part df ehe receiver is dn LTePP maCched by tihe crieerinn
of [2] wie'n ehe sign~l (1) at 'L �'Lo. Its pulse charaoreri.seic is;
N
tlM(t,E~'~o)~ RR~~,(~~'~o)~'a(E~'~ol~ (2)
R~-~
.
wher~ ~D~(t, To) i~ ehe function of Che observation tima f; N-}~ n~. 1~~ r~~~
.:t
'U' is th~ numb~r of chgnnele (if rhe tTePP i.e mulCichannelled); ux is rhe
nrder of eh~ cire~ir ~nt~ring rhe x-ch~nnel.
Th~ condi~ion of paramatric invariance of Che LTePP to t E~ti, t4~ is d~-
fined by Che rel~eion
a tT) M[~?~ to)1 ~ M f~?~ c~, t)1~ c3)
wher~ y H is thp output signal of the initial noninvariant circuiC; y~ ia
Che output signal of the LTePP with the pulae characteristic C~(t~~ ) Whicl~
is being sought; M ie the operator of the calculaCion of Che infot~national
pxr~meter of 9ignals yy~ and y~ realized by the functional units of the re-
ceiv~r ahich follaw its linear part. Functiona lN~y�(l~ :o)~~ MIY~~I~ P~
U� (l, E, To~~ ~e ~t~ E)~ (1, ~o), ~I~,~ (E, t), p(t), S~ (E, t) (Che ~xpeceed e i~na 1 be ing
soughC) ~nd S A (~,'L) belong to the space L2 of square integrable func-
tions.
WiCh the above assumptions, it is required Co detetrmine G~(t,~ ) nnd S~( f~ ,
'r ) ggtiefying the condition (3) ~ithout changing M. For the sake of eim-
plicity, the interference p is not taken into conaideration in the procesa of
synthesizing C~(t, Fj 5~( ~,'L The stability of the syntheaized LTaPP
to it is evaluated during gu sequent analysis.
Method of Synthesig. Sie 9ha11 obtain the aolution of the problem by correct-
ing S~ , GH , for Which ae shall repreeent (1) and (2) in the follo~ring form:
t
o. c~, to~ _ ~ b~ Q~ (~o) (t ) r~ (Er ~4>
~ r=-~
31
FOR OFFICIkL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100060018-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100064418-5
~Oit OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
t
S~ (E~ ~e) ~ C~ rl~ ff ~~~c) r~ (E)~ ( 5)
id-~
where Q