JPRS ID: 8491 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILITARY AFFAIRS
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JP12S L/8491
1 June 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILI1'A~Y AFFAIRS
CFOUO 14/79>
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATI6NS RESEARCH SERVICE
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JpIt5 public~Cions cottCain informaCion primarily from foreign
newspapers, perindic~ls and books, but also from news agency _
Cransmissiony and brogdcasts. MaCerials from foreign-language
sources are translaCed; those from ~nglish-language sources
gre Cranscribed or reprinCed, with Che original phrasing gnd
other characCerisCics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, an~i material enclosed in brackees
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicaCnrs such as (Text]
or [~xcerptJ in the first line of each ieem, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original informaCion was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or n~mes preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as aFpropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times withiu items are as
given by source.
T'he contents of this publication in no way represenC the poli-
cies, vfews or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
v.
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~ ~rnxs ~/sa9i
1 June ].9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILITARY AFFAIRS `
(FOVO ia/~9)
CONTENTS PAGE -
Com~ents on U.S. Air Fa~ce Reserve Componentis Training -
(v. r~ya~ov; za~usEZ~ro~ vo~xrrrnrE oBO~nvrSrF:, J~n 79) i
Comments on Orgeaizatiori and Tasks of U.S. Merine Corpa
(R. Dmitriyev; ZARUB~"1~ffiQOYE VOYIIQNOYE OHOZRE~TIYE, Jan 79
Co~ents on U.S. Navy Carrier-Be,aed Aircraf`b
( I. Kut aev; ZARUBEZffi~10YE VOYII~INOYE OHOP~TIYE, Jan 7'9 :Ll
C~ments on U.S. Indian Ocean Base on Diego (~arcia
(V. 2~tveyev; 2~tt1BEZffiQOYE voYElvDlo7tE oEOZFtIIQIYE, Jan 79) 13
Co~nents on NaTO M~litarization and the Arms Race -
( z. eeiov; zaRUS~rro~ vo~rro~ oeo�~n~nr~, r~r 79 i6
- Co~ents on U.5. and NATO Viexs on Radioelectronic Warfare
( F. Dmitriyev; ZARUB~ZffiQOYE VOYEI~TOYE O~II~IIYE, Mer ?'9 24
Commenta on iQATO Iategrated Auto~,ted Co~,rnicP.tione System
(c. ~trso~v; zaxusEZ~o~ vo~xrro~ oBO~rir~, r~r ?9) . . . 2s
Co~ents on naploying E-3A Aircraf't in Western ~larope
(V~. Kondrat~yev; ZARUBEZffiQOYE VOYENNOYE OBOP.~tENIYE, Mar 79~ 32 -
Coffinenta on Aircraf't Carrier TakeoPP and Lsading Procedures
( M. Pgnin; ZARUB~EZHNa7tE VOYF~NNOYE OBO?~1IYE, Me?r 7'9 34
_ Com~eents on ftATO 8tudy of the World Ocean
(Ye . Kalayev; ZARiTB~''1,~TOYE V07tE'NNOYE ~O~RENI7~, Mer 't'9 ) . . . 38
Coam~ents on Equipment Por U.S. Frogmen
(V. Mosa]rev; ZARUB~EZffi~TOYE YO~10YE OBOLRF~IIYE, Mar ?9) . 41
- a- IIII - USSR - 4 FOUOj
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COI~II~tENTS ON U. S. AIIt FORC~ RESERVE COMPONENTS TItAINING
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE in ~:usaian No l, Jan 79 signed to ~
press 8 Jan 79 pp 53-58
[Article by Ma~ V. Lyakhov: "Combat Readiness of U.S. Air Force Reserve ~
Components"; passa~es enclosed in slantlines prinCed in boldfaceJ -
[Excerpts] Along with increasing the combat power of iCs regular units and
subunits, the co~mmand of the U.S. Air Force is constantly increasing the com-
bst readiness of its reserve components--the Air Forces of the National Guard
and the command of the Air Force Reserve. All measures in this field are being
conducted in accordance with the "single force" concept which has been ad~pted -
by the Pentagon, the essence of which consists of the us~e of regular forcea and
reserves as a single whole for the accomplishment of Yaissiona faced by the
armed forces and, in particular, those facing the Air Force. The basic goal
of these mpasures, which include the reequipping of the units and subun~ts of
the organized reserve with contemporary combat equipmen.*. and weapons, the im-
provement of their organizational structure, the intensification of combat
training, and so forth, is to raise the combat readiness of the reserve coar
ponents to the level of the Regular Air Force. ~
According to data published recently in the foreign press, the Air National
Guard and the Air Force reserve command now contain 294,000 people, c,f them
136,000 in the organized reserve, and there are also about 2,000 airplanes.
According to the words of the commander of the U.S. Air Force TAC [Tactical
Air Co~nand], General Dixon, the combat readiness of the organized reserve is
' now determined in accordance with the same criteria and standards as for the
Regular Air Foxce. About 90 percent of the units and subunits of the Air
National Guard and the command of the reserve are combat ready. Upon the
declaration of mobilization, more than 1,100 airplanes and 52,000 trained
specialists will pour into the ranks of TAC from the reserve.
The determining element in the combat readiness of each specific reserve unit
or subunit as well as for the Regular Air Force is combat capability which is
evalusted in accordance with E special system. This system conaists of four -
stages S(levels of combat capability). Each of them has�its own meaning:
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S-1--completely combat eapable; 9-2--b.asically combaC capable; S-3--
limited comb~t capability, and S-4--unit or eubunit not combat-capable.*
- Ar.cording to a statement by official PenCagoa.rep~esentativea, the Air National
Guard's combaC readiness statua appeared as followe: 90 percent of the nir
subunita had a combat capabili~y level of S-3 or higher (of them, 72 eubunite
had C-1 and C-2) while the ma~ority of the auxiliary ground subunite were at
levels S-1 and S-2; in particular: 69 percent of the tactical air control
' groups, 100 percent of the subunits for installing and servicing electronic
equipment, 93 percent of the signal groups and deCechments~ 90 percent of the
air weather service detactunents, and 100 percent of the constYUCtiott aubuniCa.
In the Air Force reserve command 95 percent ~f the squadrons were detiermined
Co be combat-capable (altog~ther, 41 squadrons are sub~ect to an evaluation of
~ a combat-capable~ level) .
The combat-capability staCus of an air squadron is determinesl by its commander,
and he reports Chis to higher headquarters. Checke are conducted annually hy ,
representativea of the inspector of the correaponding air ar.my. In the opinion
- of the American co~nand, the most ob~ective resulCs of the checks are attained
with operationa of the flight subunits in the course of tactical flight exer-
cises after their redeployment to other air bases or ~o reserve airfields with
li.ttle ~mprovement ra~kerthan from their permanenL� bases.
Accarding to evidence in the foreign press, such checks are being uaed ever more
_ widely in the U.S. Air Force. Thus, if in July 1976 only one squadron of A-7D
airplanes from the 169th Tactical Fighter Group of the Air National Guard (air
base McIntyre Air Force Base, South Carolina) was inspecCed ~oint2y witt~ Che
33d 'i"actical Fighter Wing of the 2egular Air Force at Eglin Air Force Base
(Florida), in July 1977 three air units of the Air National Guard were already
sub~ected to such inspections: the 116th Tactical Fighter Wing (Dobbine Air
Force Base, Geor~ia), from the airfield at Travia Field (in the same statQ),
the 127th Tactical Fighter Wing (Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan), from
Phelps-Collins Air Force Base in the same state, and the 183d Tactical Fighter
Group (Springfield Airfield, Illinois) from Volk [as transliterated] Field,
jdisconsin. Now the Tactical Air Co~and organizes 20-25 inspections of the
Air National Guard units ~nd subunits att~ched to it annually. An important
element of the tactical flight exercises is determination of the air squad-
rons' capabilities to accomplish sorties with maximum "combat" tension.
/The Air National Guard/ is the basic reserve component of the U.S. Air Force.
~ It is part of the armed forces of the states which are subordinate to the ~
governors and, at the same time, a component element of the Regular Air Force's
, organized reserve.
* See ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE No 2, 1978, pp 56-58 for greater detail
_ on evaluating the combat capability of U.S Air ForcE units and subunits--Ed.
~ -
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/The command of Che Air Force reserve/ occuples second place in Che composition
_ of inen, equipmenti, gnd significance afCer Che Air Nntional Guard in ttie organi-
zat3onal structure of ehe reserve componenes~ The 5ecretary of Chc: Air Force
directs the aommand through his assis~ant (for peraunnel, reservea, and air
inatallations) and the Air F'orce Chief of Staff. �
_ ~
/Modernia.a~ion of the air fleet/, as indicaCed above, is one of thc~ basic ,
measures Co raise the co?nbat readiness of the Air Force reserves, F~nd the ~
American military leadership is i:onducCing much work in this dirBCCion. '
/State of Craining o� Che personnel/. The command i~ devoCing gre~it attention
to the professional training of the flying and technical personnel of the Air
Force reserves. Here, as noeed in the foreign press, the anme requirements are
imposed on Che training of reservists as exise in the regular uniCs and sub-
, units. ~
~
According to the statement of American military specialists, the aubunits of
Che Air NaCional Guard and the U.S. Air Force reserve command are rather widely
involved in exercises of the "Red Flag" and "Blue Flag" series and oCher Penta-
gon measures. In confirmation of this, the following data are presented in '
the foreign press. The basic goal of Che "Red Flag" exercisea is for the tacti-
cal air subunits to work out the accomplishment of various combae missions in
cooperation with the ground troops under conditions as close as posaible to
actual combat. These exercises are conducted on a specially equipped range of
Nellis Air Force Base (Nevada) and, in the opinion of foreign specialists,
provide flight crews with the opportunity to undergo neceasary training in the
practical use of on-b.oard weapons.
In 1977, airplanes of the Air National Guard also took part in four auch exer-
cises and, in 1978, the crews of eight units and subunits were already involved
- in them. For example, eight A-7D attack aircraft from the 132d Tactical -
Fighter Wing(bes Moines Airfield,Iowa) participaCed in the "Red Flag" exercises
in January-February, eight F-100 fighters from the 138th Tactical ~ighter
~roup (Tulsa Airfield, Oklahoma) in March-April, and 12 F-100's from the
122d Tactical Fighter Wing (Forti Wayne Air Force Base, Indiana) in June, and
so forCh.
According to the appraisal of the U.S. Air Force command, the reservists' par-
ticipation in such exercises raises the level of their ability considerably.
The involvement of each subunit of the Air NaCional Guard in the "Red Flag"
exercises at least once every year and a half is envisaged in the future (the
same standard has also been established for the regular Air Force).
_ Everything presented ab.ove confirms once again that the command of the U.S.
Air Force is placing great hopes on its reserve components, looking upon them
as a powerful means to reinforce the combat capabilities of military aviation
eo which an important role has been allotted in the aggressive plans of
American imperialism.
COPYRIGHT: "Zarubezhnaye voyennaye obozreniye", 1919 -
6367
cso: ~aoi 3
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.
COA4rIENTS ON ORGANIZATION AND TASKS OF U.S. MARINE CORPS
Moacow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE in Russian No 1, Jan 79 eigneo to
press 8 Jan 79 pp 67-73 ~
[Article by Capt lst Rank R. Dmitriyev: "The U.S. Marine Corpa"; passages
~ enclosed in slantlines prinCed in boldfaceJ
(TextJ The Marines are the atrike deCachment of American imperiali.am; they ;
- are Che most mobi].e, well-equipped Croops which are constantly ready for
imnediate lift by sea and air to any region in the world for Che auppreaeion
of the national-liberation movement of peoples and Che defense of Che predatory _
inCerests of U.S. militaristic circles. During the 200-year period of its
existence the Marine Co~ps, accomplishing rhe role of international executioner
~ and gendarm~~, participated in more than 300 military and punitive operatione
in various regions of the world. The aggressive wars in Korea and Vietnam,
shooting at patriotic demonstrattons in Panama, Columbia, and Venezuela, inter-
vention in the Dominican Republi~--this is a far from complete list of ita
bloody affairs over tt?e last 20 years. The Marines showed their Worth eapecial-
ly "actively" in Vietnam where their path was marked by many brutalitiea and -
crimes, among which was the tragedy of Songmq.
The Marines are an arm of the U.S. Navy and, as noted by the foreign military
specialists, are specially trained for participation in amphibious operations
and for the conduct of combat actions together with the ground forces as well
as independently. Furthermore, the Marines perform police and guard functions
on ahips and in the Navy's shore units and installati~ons. The total strength
of the regular U.S. Marine Corps is now approximately 192,000 men.
The U.S. Marine Corps is headed by a commandant who accompli~,~les leadership
through his staff and assistant (see figure) [not reproduced]. He is directly
subordinate to the Secretary of the Navy and is responsible for the or.ganiza- "
tion, combat readiness, combat training, and the equipping of the Marines with _
contemporary weapons and combat equipment. '
r
The organizational structure of the Marines is based on the principle of the
simultaneous existence of two organizations: administrativn, which functions
in peacetime, and operational, which ~s employed for the period of combat opera-
tions and exercises and for performing daily serv~ce as part of forward naval -
groupings.
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In nccordance with its adminiatraCtve org~nization, tihe U.S. M~rine Corps in-
cludes the marine forcea o~ tt~e Atlr~neic and Pacific rleets (regular ground
- forces and aviation), a res~rve, ships' detachments, subunits for protecCing
shore inatallations, and aupport aubunits and instdllaCions.
/Regular Marine ground forces/ of Che fleetc~ number three diviaions, reinforce-
ment un~ts, and three rear services groups.
In accordance with the adminisCrative organization, Che 2d Division, reinforce-
ment unita, and the 2d Rear Services Group comprise the Marine ground forces
of the Atlantic F1eet which is based on the eastern coast of the United StaCea
in Camp Le~eune (North Carolina) while rhe i~t and 3d Divisions, reinforcemenC
units, and the lat and 3d Rear Services Groups comprise the Marine grdund
forces of the Pacific Fleet. The 1sC Division is located on Che western coast
of the United States in Camp PendleCon (California) while reinforcement units
and Che lst Rear S~rvices Group are at ~aenty-Nine Palms (California). The 3c1
Division (minus a regiment), reinforcement units, and the 3d R~ar Services
- Group are ].ocated in Japan. A regiment from the 3d Division with reinforce-
ment and service units and aubunits is quartered at Camp SmiCh (Oahu, the
Hawaiian Islanda).
The division is Che highest Cactical lar.ge un3.t of the Mari.ne ground forces.
In accordance caith the new unit organization and establishm~nC for the divi-
sion which was adopted in 1977, it includes a headquarters, four regiments
(one artillery), a support group, and a headquarters and reconnaissance bat-
talion. The suthorized str.ength is about 16,000 men. According to the assess-
ment of American military speciali~ts the organization, composition, and arma-
ment of the division provide for the conduct of combat operations under con-
ditions where nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons are employed. _
The regiment consists of a headquarters, headquarters c:ompany, and three bat-
talions. It numbers approximately 3,500 men. The battalion includes a head-
quarters, headquarters and service company, and four companies, ~ach of which -
has a command element, a weapons platoon, and three marine platoons. The bat-
talion's armament: 81- and 60-~ mortars, the "Dragon" ATGM [antitank guided
missile], 66-mm four-tube general-purpose grenade launchers, and small arms.
The artillery regiz~ent includes a headquarters, headquarters battery, and three
artillery battalions (each battalion has a headquarters battery, three 105-mm
and one 155-imm howitzer batteries with mechanized prime movers).
The support group consisCs of two battalions: headquarters and service, and
combat engineer. The headquarters battalion includes four companies: head- _
quarters, service, co~unication, and military police. The reconnaissance
battalion conducts tactical reconnaissance for the division and consists of
a headquarters and five companies: headquarters and four reconnaissance.
The reinforcement units of the regular Marine forces in the Atlantic and Pacific _
Fleets include: two field artillery groups (armed with 203.2 mm and 155-mm
self-propelled howitzers and 175-mm guns) and 15 separate baCtalions: tank
_ 5
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(M60A1 tanks, 1/4-ton trucks M151A2 wiCh the "TOW" ATGM), amphibious armored
peraonnel carrie~s (APC LVTP-7), communi.cation, radio, and servicing for the ,
h~adquartiera of the ~'leet Marine Forcea, These units are used to reinforce '
the expeditionary formaCions which are es*.atilished in accordance with the -
operational organization.
The rear services support group aupports the combaC activity of the divis~.on~
the air wing, and reinforcement units (receipt, accounting, storag~, and isaue
of items of supply, repair of equipment, Cransportation of cargoes~ medical
aid, and so forth),*
/Aviaeion/, a moat important component of the Marines, is intended for render~
ing air support to its ground forces during an amphibious landittg as well as
in the course of combat operations on the shore. The Mazine Corps regular
aviation numbers about 900 combaC airplanes and helicopters which are organi-
zationally combined into three sir wings and include groups, squadrons, and
detachmenta. The 2d Air Wing is attached to the Atlantic Fleet and is based
on the eastern coast of the United SCates at the Cherry Point, New River
(North Carolina) and Beaufort (South Carolina) Marine Air Bases. The 1st and -
3d Air Wings belong to the Pacific F1eet. The 1st Wing is locaCed at the
Marine air bases of Iwakuni and Futemma (Japan) and Kaneohe Bay (the Hawaiian
Islands), while the 3d is on the west coast of the United 5taCes (E1 Toro and
San~a Ana Marine Air Bases, California).
Overall leadership of Pleet Marine aviation is accomplished by Che commander ,
of Marine forces of the Atlantic (Pacific) Fleet through his deputy for avia-
tion. This deputy is subordinate to the commander of Fleet Air Forces in ques-
tions of the training and combat employment of aviaCion.
The highest tactical large unit of Fleet Marine aviation is the win~. It in-
cludes a headquarters, headquarters squadron, and several groups (control groups
for sir and support, one or two transport-assault helicopter ~roups, two to
four air groupa), Cwo dettachments ~reconnaissa;~ce and ECM [electron~ic counCer-
measuresJaircraft), a squadron of tanker aircraft and a battalion of improved
"Hawk" AAGM [antiaircraft guided missile] and a battery of "Red Eye" AAGM. -
The strength of an air wing may reach 10,000-12,000 men, and the number of air-
planes and helicopters--35(~-400 machines.
Headquarters squadron is occupi~d with questions of logistic and rear area
- support of the air wing headquarters. The control group is responsible for
the organization and functioning of the sir ~support aircraft control system
and the air ~ing's air defense [AD] weapons. Its composition ~ncludes the fol-
- lowing squadrons: headquarters, co~unications, air support aircraft control
and AD systems control (two). The battalion of improved "Hawk" AAGM and the
battery of "Red Eye" AAGM are administratively subordinate to it.
* See ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE No 8, 1978, pp 72-73 for more detail
- on the rear services group--Ed. _
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The "Hawk" AAGM battalion consieCe of four hatteries and is intended for AD
supporC o� the division's combat formations, air ba~ea,field airdromea of Che ~
air wing, and other imporCanC Marine insCalLatione. '1�he "Red Eye" AAGM battery
is ass~.gned misaions for the defense of the Marine diviaion's units and sub-
unita which are part of rhe forward echelons of Che amphibious forcP againat
low-�lying enemy aircraft. It consists of five platoons, each of which has
Chree sections of five crewa each. Thia battery organization permiCs the at-
tachment of a plaCoon to a regiment, a section ~o a battalion, and a crew to
a Marine company.
~
- The aupport group accompliahes the logistic servicing and the repair of combat
equipment of the air wing's uniCs and subunita as well as necessary wheeled
vehicle transportation shipments. It includes ehe following aquadrons: head-
quarters and service, engineer aupport, and vehicle transport.
The transportation-assault helicopter group is intended for the lifting of
peraonnel, armamen.t, and various MTO [material and technical supply] items as
well as for rendering close support �or the ground forces of the landing force.
As a rule, the group includes the following squadrons: headquarte~s and ser-
vice, heavy helicopters (21 CH-53 "Sea Stallion"), two or three medium heli- -
copter squadrons (e~ch wjth 18 CH-46 "Sea Knight"), light (21 UH-1E "Iroquois"),
helicopter gunships (18 c~i-1G "Huey Cobra" or AH-1J "Sea Cobra~') , reconnais-
sanc~spotter (12 UH-lE "Lroquois" helicopCers and 18 OV-10 "Bronco" airplanes),
and also base servicing.
The basic combat nucleus of the air wing consists of the air groups which pro-
vide close and deep support in an amphibious operation.* They include
three to f ive attack and fi~hter-attack squadrons. The former squadrons are
equipped with 20 A-6E "Intruder," A-4M "Skyhawk," or AV-8A "Harrier" aircraft
in each while the latter each have 15 F-4J "Phantonr2" airplanes.
The air wing con~ains two detachments (RF-4B "Phantom-2" reconnaissance air-
planes and ECM EA-6B "Prowler" airplanes which conduct visual and photo
~ reconnaissance and disclose and neutralize the operation of enemy AD electronic
equipment. -
The squadron of tankers (12 KC-130F "Hercules") is inCended for Che aerial re-
J fuelling c,f airplanes as well as for the transportaCion of personnel and com-
bat equipn:~nt.
For a further increase in the com~at capabilities of Marine aviation, it
is anticipated that the attack squa drans ~ill be equipped wiCh AV-8B
"Harrier" aircraft or of another type, the fighter-attack squadrons with
F-18 "Hornet" aircraft, and the squadrons of heavy transportation-assault
helicopters will be reequipped with the CH-53E "Super Stallion" helicopters.
* See ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE No 3, 1975, pp 67-71 for gr~ater de-
tail on this question--Ed.
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/The M3~ine reserve/ includes the 4th bivision, reinforcement units and subunite~
the 4th Rear Services Group and the 4th Air Wing.whose units and subunits are
locaCed at various points, air liases, and airfields located in the continenCal
United SCatea. The headquartera� of Che diviaion and air wing are located in
- New Orleans (Louisiana).
/The Marine ship detachments/ are found on almost all lar~e ships of Che U.5.
Navy's main classes. They perform police functions in maintainirig inte~nal
order on the ah~p and shore (when personnel go on leave), and they provide
security and the protection of Che mosC important ship compartimenCs (nuclear _
weapons storage areas, arCillery magazines, the cryptocenter, and so forrh).
Under combat conditions, they can be uaed to rein�orce the gun crewa or land- ~
ing deCachments which are being formed. The number of personnel in the de-
Cachment depends on the class of the ship and may reach 68 men.
/Marine subunits for proCecting ahore ob~ectives and installations/ of the
Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Navy perform guard and
police service. Just as the Marine ship deCachments, they are formed �rom
personnel of the combat u~its (alternating service on ships and in shore units).
Marine /support subunits and installations/consist of ground force bases, air
- bases, and rear services support bases. In addition, they include the comm~snd
for research pro~ects and training programs, training units and subunits,
recruiCing stations, and recruit assembly points. _
In accordance with the operational organization, the basic Marine formation
which is intended for participation in big amphibious operations is considered
Co be the expeditionary division wh3ch includes a division, reinforcement units,
a rear services support group, and an air wing. Its total pQrsonnel strength
is about 43,000 men.. For tre conduct of operations which are more considerable
in scale, it is intended to create an expeditionary c~cps including two or more
expeditionary divisions.
For the conduct of an operation on a smaller scale, an expeditionary brigade
may be formed. It consists of a Marine regiment, reinforcement and service
subunits, and a mixed air group which may be equipped with combat air-
planes (attack and fighter-attack aircraft) and helicopters as well as AD sub-
units. ICs total personnel strength is about 10,000 men. Judging from
materials in the foreign press,even now,in peacetime,the lst Expeditionary
Brigade has been formed in the United State~; it is based in the Hawaiian
Islands.
The basic Marine tacCical formation is considered to be +.he expeditionary bat-
talion which consisCs of the battalion, reinforcement aud service subunits,
and a mixed squadron of comb.at airplanes,, transpo�rtation-assault helicoptere,
and helicopter gunships. Its total personnel stren~t;h is up to 2,000 men. As
noted by foreign military specialists, the Pentagon ,constantly maintains four
- such battalions in a high stage of combat readiness c,n landing shipa and trans-
ports: two in the western part of the Pacific Ocean (in tha 7th Fleet) and one
in the Mediterranean Sea (the 6th Fleet). In addition, one battalion is lo-
cated periodically in the Caribbean Sea (in the 3d Fleet).
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The CransportaCion of Marines. to varioua areas af the world is uccomplished
by landing shipa which are combined into indePend~nC forc:es becoming part of
operational fleets. According to data in the foreign press, ehe Americgn
Regular Navy numbers abaut 7Q landing ships (gen era~.-purpose, helicopCer car-
riers, headquarters, dock shipa,tank-landing ships , and so fortih) which are
capable of the simultaneous delivery and landing of one third of an expedi-
tionary div3sion on an unimproved ahore. Completing the construction of
general-purpose landing ships of the "Tarawa" type in 1980 (five unite), in Che
opinion of foreign military specialists the U.S. Navy wi11 be able to li`.;:
and land approximately one and a half Marine expeditionary divisiona simul-
taneously.
As is known, the development of the U.S. Marines was influenced to a certain
exCent by the war in VieCnam where, as reported by the American presa, 97 per-
_ cent of their personnel served in combat or support units and subunits. The -
basic principles for the combat employment of Marine units, Cheir organizational "
- forms, the Crend in combat training, and new programs for the development of
more improved models of weapons and combat equipment wer~ determined in the
course of this aggressive war.
- Reports in the foreign press indicate that in recent years the Ameri.can command
is devoting considerable attenCion to improving the organizational structure
of the control elements and increasing the Marines' combat capabilities. Tlius, -
in the fall of 1973 the biggest reorganization of the Ma:ine Corps headquartere
in the last 20 years was completed. In 1977, the Marine ground forces were -
reorganized (the organization and establishment structure of the division and
service units was changed). In the course of the reorganization of the Fleet
Marine Force service units, rear services g~oups were formed.
All this permitted reducing the number of personnel in the divisions without -
reducing their combat pc~tential, increasing Cheir mobility, and simplifying -
the control system but, as noted in the foreign press, did not solve all prob-
_ lems. In the opinion of Western military specialists, the organizational
structure as a whole which exisCs at present is already obsolete. The United
States is now conducting the development of a new, more improved, single organi-
zation which envisions the formation of permanent expeditionary large units and
uniCs capable of conducting combat operations at any ti~re without substantial
changes in their organiz~tion.
As one of the versions of the new organizational structure for the Marines,
American miliCary specialists propose the creation of permanent amphibious
' large un~ts and units which recall ~xpeditionary divisions, brigadeg, and
battalions in their personnel, equipment, and missions to be accomplished.
- It ~s envisioned that these large units and unito will be equipped with the
weapons and combat equipment which would permit landing amphibious as well as
helicopter-borne forces. Here, subunits with heavy equipment as well as some
fire-~upport and rear services support subuniCs will be dropped as part of the -
- assault large units but they will be reinforced with anCitank and antiaircrafC
weapons. American military experts assume that it will be necessary to increase -
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t~he mobility of ehp Me~in~~ by incr~~~.~ng the quantity of tirangporti~.vehici~g
in 1:hp eubunitg.
7'h~ Navgl commar?d b.elievQS that it ie expedient to impiem~nt ali theee m~aaures
fir~t of gll in Ch~ 2d Division whicl~, in its opinion~ itt ee~e ~f w~r in Europe
~ wi11 b~ the fir~t of the Marine divisions to take parC in thp combet operatione ,
which wi11 have started there.
a 'I'he reorgxnization o~ thp U.S. Marine Corps which hae been conduceed and th~
y gearch for a new, mor~ improved or ganizati~nal etructure for itn unite as well
- ag thp plan~ for its reequipment show that the American leaderehip is doneinu- _
ing to seek additional cgpabilities to increase the effectivenea in utilizing
thig combat arm.
COYYFtIGHT: "2arubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979 ~
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COt~41ENTS ON U.S. NAVY CARItY~R-BAS~D AIRCRA~'T
Mogco~r ZARUBEZNNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE in Russien No 1~ Jan 79 aigned to
press 8 Jan 79 pp ~3-82
(Article by Engr Col (Ites) I. Kuteev: "American Carrier-Based Early Warning
and ~CM Aircraft"; paesages encloeed in slanelines printed in bo?dfac~j
(ExcerpCSj In the opinion n� Che U.S. Naval command, under contemporary con-
diCione the air defense IAD] missions of carrier forces, the destruction of
enemy shipa at sea and in bases~ the launching af strikes againgt important ~
shore ob,jectives, and air support of amphibioua landings cannot be accomplished
auccessfully without calling oa early warning (EW) and electronic counter- ~
meaeures (ECM) aircraft. Considering the experience in employing auch aireraft
in wars unleaehed bq the imperialists in Southeast Asia and the Nesr East,
U.S. military specialists begaa to improve on-board EW systema and ECM equip-
ment and to equip special-purpose and combat carrier-based aircraft With them
at the beginning of the 1470's. Presented beloor is information taken from the
foreign preas con~eraing the saain carrier-based E-2C "Hawkeye" EW aircraft aed
the EA-6B "prow~er" ECM aircraft which are in the aviation inventory of the
U.S. Navy.
" /The E-2C "Hawkeye" EW aircrafc/(third modification E-2) has been produced
serially since the middle of 197I and, by the beginning of 1977, the fleet had
received 34 machines. Orders have been placed for the purchase of 47 more air-
craft, of which it is planned to deliver 36 to the Navq by the end of 1984.
During exercises and combat training, as indicated by the American prees~ the
~-2C demonstrated high reliability. Despite camplex equipment~ 79 percent of
the airplanes were always ready for repeated takeoff, comprieing 92 percent
- of the exiating atandards. -
/The EA-6B "Prowler" EQrf aircraft/ (Fig. 2) (photo not reproduced~ is the baeic
EQr! aircraft of the U.S. Navy. Accepted into the invQntory in 1972, it is in-
tended for support of carrier-based air and st:sface ship operations. Further-
more, it can conduct electronic reconnaissancs and accumulate data on enemy
radar.
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Judging �rom reporte in th~ foreige prase~ the Navy planned ho purchae~ 77 _
EA-68 ai~rcragt. ~en squadrone (four aircraft in each) wera formed by th~
m9.ddle of 1977. Their seriae production 3a contiinuing.
COPYRIGI~: "2arubezhnoye voyennoqe obozreniye", 1979
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COI~iENTS ON U.S. INDIAN OCEAN BASE ON DIEGO GARCIA
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZREr1IYE itt Rusaian No 1, Jan 79 signed to
preas 8 Jan 79 pp 84-86
[Article by Lt Col V. Matveyev; "Diego Garcig--~U.S. Military Base in the
Indian Ocean"]
[TextJ In recent yeara, the zone of the Indian Ocean has been attracting more
and mo~e attpntion of the imperialist circlea of the United Statee as a etra-
tegically important area which occupi~s an advantageous geographical poaition.
The basic routes connecting Europe with East Africa, the Asiatic countriea,
Australia, and Oceani~ pass here. Ten percent of the world freight t~rnover -
- and three-fourths of the oil ehipments of the noneocialist states use the
Indian Ocean. Considerable reserves of gold, oil, tin, natural rubber, and
other raw materials are concentrated in thia zone. The ma~or portion of the
minerals extracted here asce exported by developed capitalist states, which
tranaforms thia region into a rmw-materials appendage of the western monopolies.
More than 30 countries are located on the coast of the Indian Ocean, many of
which are among developing countries. Recently, they have been intensifying
the atruggle to attain political and economic independence.
The military-political leadership of the United States, expressing senious
fesrs concerning the intensifying process of decolonization in thia region and
the possibility of a weakening of its economic positions, is making more active
the conduct of the so-called "island strategy." Its goal is to provide the
Pentagon with strong points on islands to control sea lines of communication
and exert pressure on the states of the region. Within the framework of this
strategy, Washington is conducting vast work on modernizing naval and air
bases on Diego Garcia lsland--an "unsinkable aircraft carrier" of the United
States. According to the concepts af American militarists, it joins together
the network of bases created in Western Europe and the Near East with the
ramified system of bases in Asia and the Pacific.
Diego Garcia is an island of coral origin (an atoll)--part of the Chagos
archipelago which is Iocated altaost in the center of the Indian Ocean. It is -
mofe than 19,000 km from the nearest U.S. seaport and about 1,800 km from the
southwestern coast of India.
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- Th~ island is horseahoe~sh~ped in its configur~Cion (~ig. 1) jnot reproduced].
Ite area ie ab.outi 29 gquar~ kil.ometer~ and the lengtih of eh~ shore line ie
almoet 60 km. Sma1L i~landR are located ati the tnouth of the lagoon which hae
a lengCh of about 21 km and a~idth of up to 1~ km--Weetern, Middle. ~nd
Eaetern. The gto11 ig eurrounded by coral reefs which are lncated gt ~
~hailow dapth. The climare here ie tropic~i and approximetely 2,540 mm of
- precipieation fBll annually. The mean annual humidity of the air is Rbout 80
percent, causing increaeed corroaion of equipment.
The atoll 3e part of the so-called British territory in the Indian Ocean. In _
1965, it was aeparated from the Seychelles Ielande.
In December 1966, the governments of Great Britain and Che United States con-
cludpd an agreemenE about the uee of Che island for military purpoaee in Che
intereste of both etaCes. In accordance with this agreement, Che United State~
received the righti to uae the atoli for 50 yeara and to conseructi a naval in-
gtallation here to provide communicatione with American ahips and aircraft
croaging the Indian Ocean.
In 1972, the United StaCes and Great BriCain aigned an additional agreement
which defin~d the ecales of coasCruction at the Diego Garcia naval coma~unica-
tions center and a number of other structurea. 7'hie marked the beginning of
the creation of a new U.S. military base in the Indian Ocean.
In 1976, the United Statea concluded the next agreemenC with Great Britain which
lifted virtually all preceding restrictions. It also provided for the posaibil~
ity of using the base by ships and aircraft of the United States, Great Britain,
France, and Australia. In the agreement, it was stipulated that all expendi-
tures on the construction, asaembly~ and operation of the equipn?ent would be
borne by the United States.
BeRinning in 1971, each qear the U.S. Congress approvea appropriatione for ex-
pansion of the Diego Garcia base. It is planned to complete its construction -
in 1980. According to an eetimate in the American presa, total expenditures
will be 175-200 million dollara.
Work on the Diego Garcia base is being conducted by engineer-construction units
of Che U.S. Navy. Al1 the structures being erected here are one-story. To
provide entry of ahips to the base and exit from it a navigable channel 229
meters wide and 5,600 ~ters long has been cleared in it with a place for -
turning having dimensions of 838 x 1,436 meters.
'1'he base's communicatior8 center permits executing control of the U.S. Navy's
nuclear aubmarines which are in the basin of the Indian Ocean and conducting -
radio intercept and the intersection of radio emissions of various vessels and
ships. The fiase can also he used by strategic aviation.
As of 1978, there were 1,300 American and 25 British on Diego Garcia. The fol-
lawing tnstallatioas had been constructed and turned over �or operation: a big
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tranamititiing and receiving radio center o� ehe U.S. Navy conununicatiiot? ceneer~
a pier capable o~ receiving any combs~t shipe (Fig. 2) Iphotio not reproduced],
an airfield witih a runway up eo 3,600. metera long and a group parkittg place
for airplanee~ a POL jfuels and lubricantis] depot with a capaciry of up tio
100,000 eons, an ammunition depot, hangars, warehouae and repair-re~tioration
areas, a diesel electiric power plant with an output of 7,500 kW, a reaidential
. cantonm~nt, bu3ldings for culeural and everyday purpoaes, and 1oce1 te~.evision
and radio ataCione.
Four land-based "Orion" patrol aircrafe and two C-141 transportia are conetantly
located at the b~ase.
Work is continuing on the further improvement of the airfield, deepening the
harbor, b.uild3ng warehouses and hard-aurface roads, and expanding the resi-
dential cantotunent.
Thus~ by 1980 it is planned to complete the creaeion of one more strategic
atrong poinC of American imperialism in Che Indian Ocean on biego Garcia atoll.
COPRRIGHT: "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
6367
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, -
COMMENTS ON NATO M ILITARIZATION AND THE ARMS RACE `
Moscow 2ARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE Od02RENIYE in Russian No 3, Mar 79 signed to
press 7 M ar 79 pp 3-9
[Article by Col I. Belov= "NATO= On the Path of Militarization and an Arms
_ Race." Passages in slantlines printed in boldface]
[TexC] The tendency towards a relaxation in international tensione, which has
begun to exert an influence on the overall development of processes occurring _
- in the world, is a det~rminant of the contemporary international situation.
This was possible thanks to Che intense struggle by the Soviet Union and the
oCher fraternal socialist countries against the forces of the war and aggression,
which are not only diminishing at the present time but are also acquiring even
greater intensity. U nder contemporary conditions there is no other task more
important than achievement of real disarmament. "Stopping the arma race, insuring
a movement towards a decrease and, in the final analysis, elimination of the Chreat
of a thermonuclear catastrophe," CC CPSU General Secretary and Chairman of the
USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium comrade L. I. Brezhnev announced, "this is the
fundamental problem now on the~agenda of our life."
There are, however. influen~ial and well-organized forces in the world inCerested
in the arms race and intensifying the atmosphere of fear and enmity. They sow
doubts about the possibility to accomplish practical measures for the limitation
of arms and for disarmament and are hindering achievement of agreements in this
area. Their activities have noticeably increased recently. "In the offensive
by imperiaiistic and reactionary forces against the position won by the people
in the difficult struggle for stable peace and international security," as stated
in the Declaration of the WarsaW Pact states, "the goals of aggression, revanchism,
and hegemony are being pursued."
The aggressive NATO military-political bloc led by the iJnited States has been
in the vanguard of these forces for 30 years now. They represent now the main
danger for peace and international security by advocating intensification of the
arms race and stepping up its tempos and scales. All of its activities irrefutably
testify to the militaristic preparations being accomplished in NATO at ever
_ increasing rates.
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'Tt?e policy o~ "from a posiCion of sCrc!ngCr~" is Ch~ c~~do of Ct~e AClanticists ~
during tihe Chree decades thaC Che bLoc has exisCed. And, without ~ny shame,
such diehard miliCarists as NATO Secrr.tary Genergl Luns, American Gen Naig,
SACEUR, and WesC German and English generals in recenC days c~ntinually make
reference to this in Ch~ir speeches. All Chese bellicose statemen~s are hidden
behind the irriCating myths concernin~; the "Soviet military ~hreat," althou~h
of course they can p~ovide no concreC~ evidence whatsoever in supporC o� their
~ sCatements because such evidence does not exist. At tihe same Cime their prn-
vocaCory activities during the entire period of Che bloc's existence show the
aggressive desires of Che United States and NATO. On Cheir consciettce are
numerous armed interveneions, co~rse inter2erence in the inCernal affairs of
_ many countries and peoples, wide-ranging support of inercenary dictatorial
regimes, and ideological diversions against the socialisC counCries. Was it
not Chese very desires that the American Gen Dixon announced aC a meeting wiCh
reporCers when he said= "War is our daily bread." Former Chairman of the JCS
Gen Brown, calling for an increase in the power of nuclear weapons, was even
more frank about the misanthropic desires of American imperialismi "Is it noC
importanC for us (Chat is, the United States--I. t3.) to be capable of destroying
160 million people raCher than 90 million?" It is clear from all of this where
the threaC to peace and progress in our time lies~
The NATO countries do not restrict themselves only Co militaristic appeals.
- They are practically speaking accomplishing numerous measures for further
building up of the power of their armed forces. The arms race in these countries
has now achieved unprecedented dimensions and new means for the mass destruction
of people are being developed. Inflating military budgets and receiving billions _
in profits annually, U.S. and NATO militarists reject any proposals by the _
socialist states on limitation and reduction of troops and weapons. Moreover,
in 1978 at President Carter's initiative, decisions which presuppose new unpre-
cedented increases in military preparations were made at meetings of the bloc~s
governing organs.
NATO ruling circles in their aggressive desires are now broadly employing the
services of the Beijing subsidiaries, not overlooking any opportunity to provoke
the arms race in the capitalist countries. It is not accidental that in the West
China is now being referred to as Che "16th member of NATO," that the Chinese
leaders are "true friends." Pursuing the goal of strengthening the "second front"
against the Soviet Union, the countries in this bloc are sending China modern
weapons and technologies of their production. The "normalization" of relations
between China and U nited States and other countries in the bloc is already a fact.
Soon after the voyage of Deng Xiaoping across the ocean, Beijing unleashed its
evil aggression against socialist Vietnam. -
The leadership of the North Atlantic Union approves the militaristic ambitions
of imperialist circles in Japan. In this connection the idea of "close coordina-
tion of the military efforts" of NATO and Japan, as well as creation of a branch
of this bloc in the Far East in the form of a trilateral military union between
the United States, China, and Japan is coming to light. The foreign press also
reporCs the intentions of the imperialists to create a military bloc in Che
Middle East, which Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia supposedly intend to join.
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rnx o~rzcrnL us~ oNL~
5Criuing Co viCalize Che militaristiic intoxicatiion in NATO, ~ack up Che arms
race, and "to streng~hen trusti" in the UniCed StaCes on the pa~C of influe~ltial
circles in other bloc countriea, tihe U.S~ Government declared 19I8 as "~he year
of NATO" and iCs of�ici~l representatives, including President Carter as we11,
continue Co remind peo ple ChaC this bloc and Europe are the cornerstone of the
American sCate's military-political policy.
/Military expenditures by the NATO countries continue to grow~/ Based on U.N.
data, military expenditures throughouC the world in 1978 were approximately
_ 4U0 billion dollars. At least half of this enormous sum falls to the NATO
countries. Their appropriations to military departments alone last year exceed~d
190 billion dollars, with 30-40 percent of Che allocated funds intended for pur-
- chasQ and developmenC of new weapons and combat equipment. Thus, Che U.S. Defense
nepartment for these purposes was allocated more than 40 billion dollars~ The
military expendiCures in the bloc countries in 1979 wi11 increase even more.
For example, this fiscal year tihe Pentagon received approximately 130 billion _
dollars, and the Cotal miliCary appropriations in the FRG according to foreign
- press reports are at least 56 billion marks.
During the 30 years that NATO has existed its participants have spent for miliCary
departments alone the astronomical sum of almost 2.65 trillion dollars. These
then are the true records and the sad result of Cheactivities of mili~arists at
the jubilee of the North Atlantic Union. During this Cime the annual military
expenditures of the NATO countries overall grew by a facCor of 10.S, with those
of the bloc's European countries growing even more--by a factor of 15.
Expenditures for military purposes in the bloc countries for the past 10 years
nas grown especially sharply, i~e., during that period when all people of good
will carried on the sCubborn s~truggle for detente. They totalled 1.3675 trillion
dollars, i.e., more than one half of NATO expenditures for the entire time that
the bloc has existed.
In future years, as the foreign press notes, the growth rates of military expendi-
tures in the NATO countries will not decrease, since the United States succeeded
in imposing upon them an annual increase in military appropriations of at least
three percent in constant prices. Attempting to set an example for iCs bloc
partners, the U.S. Government plans to increase the amount of appropriations for
the Pentagon by 10-12 billion dollars per year and bring them by 1983 up to 172.7
billion dollars.
Where are these enormous resources directed?
/Continual growth in bloc military potential./ This is the basic trend in the
activities of U.S. and NATO ruling circles. "One of our main concerns," U.S. _
Deputy Secretary of State Christopher announced, "is linked with modernization
of the NATO armed forces. ..at our initiative our NATO allies at the recent
summit meeting in Washington agreed to make unprecedented joinC efforts ~o satisfy
on a coordina~ed basis our collective requirements in the military sphere."
U.S. Defense Secretary Brown noted that "the U niCed States budget gives special
priority to weapon systems in support of NATO." This shows that leaders of the
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UniCed SCaCes and of the bloc are not saCisfied wi~h rhe enoxmou~ militiary
machitte cre~Ced in NATO. They strive for an even grea~er intensifica~ion of
the milieary potenCial of tihis aggressive organization.
~ The cen~er o� attention of ~he U~S~ leadership ,just as before is a fur~her
growth in Che power of Che sCrategic nuclear fo~ces ~C a tim~ when, as the
foreign preas noties, the nuclear arsen~l o� the NATO countries Coday exceed
by a factor of two million the des~ructive force of the American atomic bomb
dropped on Hiroshima. Extant deadly w~apon sysCems are being improved in the
United States and new mass desCruction means are being developed on an acceleraCed
basis. More powerful warheads with a high degree of accuracy are being ittsCalled
on Minuteman-3 missiles and heavy B-52 strategic bombers are being modernized.
UevelopmenC of Che new MX mobile-based ICBM continues and it is expected to
enter the inventory in the mid-1980's~ At leasC 30 billion dollars are planned
to be spenC in the development and purchase of 200-250 such missiles. DifferenC
variants for their underground basing and secret movemenC to reserve firing posi-
tions via connecting tunnels are envisioned for the purposes of increasing the
survivabiliCy of Chese systems~
Construction of new sea-based Trident nuclear SL9M systems is underway at full
speed. One-two boats are laid down each year. ConsCruction of the first (the
"Ohio") is Co be completed in late 1979. By 1985 these boats will be equipped
with TridenC-1 missiles with a range of 7,400-7,800 km and following Chis by the
Trident-2 (more than 11,000 km) with multiple independently targetable maneuvering
warheads (the MARV type). Each boat with a displacement of 18,700 tons will carry
24 missiles. A construction program has been approved for 13 SSBN's. The
Pentagon is studying the question of building 29-30 such boaCs. This program is
planned for completic~n by 1992. A base costing more than 2 billion dollars is
under construction so that the new SSBN's can be based in the northwest portion
of the United States at Bangor (Washington state).
In order Co accelerate the new Trident-1 missiles coming into the inventory,
12 submarines equipped with Poseidon-C3 missiles in the near future will be
reequipped with the former. The first SSBN conversion began in September 1978.
The plan for the past two years was to purchase 144 Trident-1 missiles.
Work is noticeably being stepped up in the United States to build cruise missiles,
primarily to augment the strategic nuclear forces. The intent is to equip B-52
bombers with cruise missiles and, possibly, some transpo~i: aircraft as well.
Also 33 nuclear submarines will be equipped with cruise missiles to be fired from
the torpedo tubes. 'Che sea- and air-launched missiles are expec;:ed to enCer the
inventory in the early 1980's. The plan is to purchase 1,200 se~-launched and
3,400 air-launched missiles.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Covernment decided to temporarily postpone development of
the B-1 strategic bomber, although testing of the aircraft continuss. Thus, "
55 million dollars were allocated for these purposes for fiscal ye;ir 1978/79.
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Lately U~S. and NATO militaristic C'~~C188 ar~ more stieadfastily d~manding
creation o~' m~dium range ballistic missiles and their basing in Europe.
IteseArch and develolxnent is more acCively underway in the United Stat~s on
_ creating more powerful nuclear anununition wi~h multiple reentry vehicles of
- Che MIRV ~r?d MARV Cypes, as well as of improved missile guidance systiems~
Reports appeared in late 1978 in the American press about d~velopment of the
so-called beam weapon. This is a weapon in which the energy of lasers and
elemen tary parCicles (the electron, proton, and neutron) is used. This
weapon is primarily intended for use against missiles and satellites~
Accord ing to foreign press data, a five-year program �or creaCion of such
weapons has been elaborated in the United States and they will enter the _
_ invento ry in mid-1980's~ Large f inancial resources are being allocated for
these purposes.
Si.gnificant work is underway in France Co modernize the strategic nuclear forces.
As a resulti, as announced by the chief of staff of the French Armed ~'orces Gen
Mery, their stirike power will triple in 1980.
In recent years great measures have been taken in all NATO countries Co improve
general purpose forces. Reorganization of Che armed forces with the goal of
equipping formations [soyedineniye] and units [chast'] with tanks and other
armored equipinen~; antitank, antiaircrafC artillery, and other resources has
been completed'in many of these counCries and continues in several of them.
Personnel strength has been somewhat decreased in units and subunits ~podrazdeleniye]
and they have been significantly beefed up with conventional weapons and combat
equipmenC. Many formations have been reorganized as armored formations. For
example, all four divisions in the British Army on the Rhine based in the FRG
were recenCly converted to armored divisions. An artillery division has also -
been formed in the BAOR.
A sign ificant reinforcement of the combat complement of the ground forces is
expected in the U nited States and France. The foreign press reports that three
new formations are being formed in the American Army and, in addition, tests
of a new arganization of the armored and mechanized division, in which the num-
ber of personnel and of artillery pieces, antitank guided missiles, antiaircraft
artillery resources, and of comba~ batCalions ~ncreased (from 10-11 up to 15),
are continuing. In 1978 the number of American troops based in the FRG increased -
by 8,000 persor.s. Their deployment in the northern portion of the country is
increasing due t:o the transfer of one more brigade to that area.
The foundation for the reinforcement of the armed forces in the NATO countries
at the presenC ~ime is the equippage with new types of weapons and combat equipnent.
This is the very thing that the United States is now achieving from its allies.
During the May 1978 Washington meeting of the NA'"0 Council, on the initiative
of U.S. President Carter and under pressure from the Pentagon, a broad program
for u pgrading bloc troops in Europe and primarily those ~roops based in the
CenCral European TVD (theater of military operations] was passed. In addiCion
to the approved annually shifting five-year plan for the organizational development
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of Che bloc armed forces, Che session approved a plan for sGrengthening tihe
armed forces, which envisioned accomplishment of urgent measu~es by ~he end o� -
1978 and a long-Cerm u pgrade progr.am for a period of 10-15 years which, according
to the foreign press, should include 117 different measures.
According to the latest plans, the inCention is by Che ettd nf 1978 tio signifi-
cantly streng~hen antitank capabilities of formations and units and to also
augmenti prepositiioned equipmenti reserves, primarily ammunition. The western
Press reporCed, by the end of ~his period, the number o� antiiCank guided missiles
_ in NATO tiroop units in Europe is to be incr~ased by 47,000 units (i.e., by more
than 30 percent compared to 1976) and to bring them up to 193,000.
The long-term program (Long-Term Defense Program) envisions in the forthcoming _
10-~5 years spending 80 billion dollars for addiCional measures to s~rengChen
- bloc armed forces in Europe, and primarily in the Central Euro pean TVD.
Planning in accordance with Chis program involves% modernization of nuclear
and convenCional forces in Che Cheaters of military operation; raising the combaG
readiness of formations and units including reserve components~ acceleration of
delivery to Europe of sCrategic reserves from the U.S. and Canada in a period
of tension~ more reliable security for communications in the Atlantic; qualita-
tive improvement in air defenses~ improvement in control and communications sys-
tems Co insure timely consulCation of bloc member governments and acceleration
in Che reaction of command elements and staffs to situational changes~ rnore
rapid introduction of radio elecCronic combaC equipment to troop units; expansion
of sCandardization in weapon develo pnent and production; increase in preposiCioned
equipnent sCocks and their siting on the more probable axes of formaCion operations.
The program allots a special place to furCher improvement of the nuclear arsenal
in the theaters of military operations, including increase in the power of nuclear
ammunition, increase in target destruction accuracy, as well as bringing new means
- of mass destruction--neutron ammunition--into the inventory. All people of
good will proCest equipping the troops with this barbaric means of destruction.
- Nowever, the American government does not wish to listen to the opinion of society
and, in its decision, production began on the components of neutron weapons. The
foreign press reports that a standardized warhead has been developed in the U.S.
for tactical nuclear weapons making it possible to employ both the conventional
nuclear as well as the neutron charge, with iCs conversion supposedly taking very
little time. In this connection, foreign specialists note that, ignoring public
opinion, the American government can place neutron ammunition in WesCern Europe
covertly and employ it in the future at its discretion.
Conventional weapons in great numbers have also been supplied to Che troop units
of all bloc countries. The intention is in the 1980's to equip all formations
and units with new generation weapons and combat equipment. The Pentagon especially
is buying a great deal of weapons. Appropriations for Chese purposes in the
last two years increased by 95 percent. The Pentagon leadership examined the
question of weapons and combat equipment requirements and decided to significantly
increase their number in connection with a reevaluation of poss ible losses during -
- a war. The requirements for tanks as a reserve, for example, grew by a factor
of 2.5, armored personnel carriers by a factor of 6, and F-16 f ighters by a factor
of more than 2. Formations and units intended for transfer to NATO in the next
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five years, according Co the American press, will receive 4,000 new tanks and
- 2,000 tactical fighters~ In ~ii, the American Army cnmmand element intends to
order in excess o� 14,000 new XM-1 Abrams tanks. They will enter troop uniCs
in 1979. The U~S~ Air Force and Navy are being equipped with new F-14, F-15,
F-16, and A-10 combaC aircraft, which are being purchased in large numbers.
The new U.5~ leadership reexamined the plan fur future Navy consCruction. It
reduced the appropriations envisioned by Che former White House administration
for the next five years for accomplishment of the shipbuilding program and, b,y
1983, i~tends to have 525 ships of the basic classes (but not in excess of the
600 units as earlier inCended). The proposal here is to plsce even greater
attention on improving the specifications of theships and raisir?g their combat
capabilities. In the early 1980's, the U.S. Navy plans to equip 15 surface -
ships with cruise missiles.
Bloc European countries within the framework of Che so-called NATO Eurogroup '
also annually are making additiona~ pled~es to purchase large weapons consign-
ments~ An especially large number of weapons is going to the Bundeswehr. In
the opinion of NATO Secretary General Luns, the Bundeswehr is a combat force
"without equals." And, one American general said that these are "the best
trained and best equipped forces in Europe." The Bundeswehr leadership intends
by 1985 to expend at least 40 billion marks for the purchase of new weapons.
Thus, the armed forces will obtain 1,800 Leopard-2 ~anks, 432 Gepard self-
propelled an~iaircraft guns, 140 Roland surface-to-air missile units, 212
PAH-1 antitank helicopters, 175 Alpha Jets, 322 Tornado fighter-bombers,
as well as 6 guided missile frigates.
Army aviation is being su pplied with significant numbers of anCitank helicopters
armed with antitank guided missiles. Thus, 10 antitank helicopter companies
are being formed within the American troop units in Europe and three regiments
(one per army corps) and one battalion for the 6th Motorized Infantry Division
are being formed in the Bundeswehr.
NATO has made the decision to purchase E-3A American aircraft for the AWACS
[airborne warning and control system] long-range radar detection and control
sysCem. ihe plan is to purchase 18 of these "aerial spies" which w ill be
based on the territories of the bloc countries in Europe. In addition,
England intends to su pplement this system through inclusion of 11 Nimrod air-
craft.
Capabilities for transferring strategic reserves from the United States and
Canada to Europe are significantly inereasing. In order to accomplish these
missions if necessary, the intention is to w idely use civil aviation aircraft
and the commercial vessels of all bloc countries in addition to military trans- -
port resources. The intention here is, according to the American Adm Kidd,
CINCLANT, to supply to Europe approximately 1.5 million people and a large
amount of cargo. The transfer of personnel would be mainly accomplished by air,
while~heavy equipment and large cargoes (90 percent) will move by sea. The
~niCed States envisions in two weeks to double the siae of the ground forces
in Europe and triple the air forces in one week. In this connection, work has
been accomplished to im prove the West European infastructure for receiving troops
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and cargo from the ocean. The intention is to stnckpile heavy combaC equipmen~ -
for five American divisions in Europe.
/The scaLe of NATO militaristic demonstrations grows./ In recen~ years the NATO
command elemenC continued to stiep up the large troop maneuvers and command and
_ staff exercises. Just as before, they took place ir.~ various zones of Western
Europe, in the east Atlantic and Ch~ souCheasC porL�ion of the MediGerraneatt 5ea. -
The FRG during Che entire fall of 1978 practically speaking became an ~rena of
"Atlantic encounters." The greaCest part of the exeLcises and maneuvers ~~nder -
the code name Autumn For.ge-78 was conducted on its territory and primarily in
areas close to the borders of the socialist counCries. Even official tepresenta-
tives of the West German GovernmenC were forced to recognize thaC these exercises
- were the largFSt conducted in this parC of Europe in the postwar years~ The
western press reports that participants included more than 320,000 men, 5,000
- tanks, up to 2,700 combat aircraft, a large number of armored personnel c arriers,
as well as approximately 300 different ships. During the exercises, ~s foreign
_ press reports noted, realistic plans for conducting combat operaCions using both
_ conventional and nuclear weapons were exercised. This was all done from an
_ inCegrated concept and on a patently anti-Soviet, anticommunisC background.
During the Reforger-10 maneuvers subunits from several formations, whos? per-
_ sonnel previously had not transferred to Europe (the 9t.h Infantry Division at~~l
the 5th Mechanized Division) were transferred from the United States Co the FRc;.
, During the Bold Guard-78 exercise in the Baltic Straits area, a brigade of U~S.
Marines participated for the first time. The bloc's largest exercise in history,
Northern Wedding-78, was conducted in the East Atlantic and in the English Channel
and it involved the armed forces of 10 NATO co~intries. The bloc militarists
also greeted 1979 with a new rattle of weapons~ for the first time in Che past
five years, reforger maneuvers were conducted under winter conditions.
All of these militaristic demonstrations, jusC as before, were conducted near
the border of the socialist states, had a patently provocatory nature, and were
intended to create a situation of fear and to exacerbate international tensions.
From the far from complete list of NATO military prep~rations enumerated above
it is clearly evident that this bloc is now the most aggressive grouping in =
the capitalistic world, whose activities are pri.marily direcCed against the
fraternal socialist states. All this requires that Soviet troops and troops
from other fraternal socialist states continually increase their vigilance and
always be prepared to inflict a crushing blow on any aggressor.
COPYRIGHT~ "Zarubezhnoye vr;yannoye obozreniye", 1979
7869
CSO~ 1801
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COMMENTS ON U.S. ANn NA1'0 VI~dS ON RADIO~L~CTRONIC WAR~'AR~
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOI'~ OBOZR~NIYE in Russfan No 3, Mar 79 signen to
press 7 Mar 79 pp 10-14
[Article by En~r-Col F. Umitriyev, candidate of technical sri~ncess "U.S.
and NATO Command ~lements! VieWS on RadioelecCronic Comb~t (REC)"]
[TextJ The miliCary-political leaders of NATU in Cheir desire to achiev~
superiority over the Warsaw Pact countries continually search for the capability
of employing for mili,tary purposes the latest achievements in scientific~CECt1f1~C~1
progress. NATO bosses place special stock on employment of the neaeat means
ar?d methods of radfoelectronic combat (REB--REC). Thus, one official U.S. Anny
handbook underscores that any coa~mander can suffer defeat regaidleas of trnop
strength i~r he is deprived for any reason (inaluding REC) of the capability to
conCrol formations (units) [soyedinenixe, chast'~ and to transmit requests for
fire support and MTO [logistic support]. Eoreign military specfal~ste ~hink
that, during combat operations. the opposing sides aill conduct an un8een but
active struggle for the purpose of suppressing enemy means of controllirig troops
and Weapons.
In official U.S. and NATO documents this covert type of combat operation involving
radioelectronic resources is referred to as "electronic warfare" [ENJ. Its main
purpose is to preclude or reduce the effectiveness of enetny use of radiated
electromagnetic energy, as aell as its employment by his troops.
Foreign militai! specialists look upon R~C as a combination of ineasures worked
out by conmand a?;d control organs and in troop units, Which are conducCed to
obtain information concerning the nature of the operation and the locatian of
enemy sources of radio radiation in order to hinder or destroy their functioning,
as Well as to protect his radioelectronic tceans against radio and radio-technical
reconnaissance and radioelectronic suppression accomplished by the enemy.
In NATO REC is organized both in the general plane--in the scale of the entire
bloc (control organs) ardindividual participat�ing countries (development of
policies and vieWS, financing, and so on) as aell as in the specific plane--
directiy Within troop units (measures and activities of comcnand elements, staffs,
formations, and units to organize and conduct REC).
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In th~ Unie~d Stat~g g~n~r~1 Cr~ndg in th~ militgry ~alicy in ehi~ arp~ ar~
d~ti~ nnin~d by Ch~ Jaint Gh3.~f~ of SC~ff (KNSh--JCS) gnd by th~e tt~di~el~ctronic
Cemb~e A~~ncy uiChin NATO~ In 1971 th~ E1~ctroniC Warfarp Divisidn wgg 8~t up
uirhin the JCS (in th~ dper~tions dir~ctor~Ce of thp Joint 5taff). I~~ ba~ic
migeinn~, ~ud~in~ by a~~C~~n pr~s~ r~p~xt~~ ar~ th~ folloain~~ ~laboration d~ _
cone~pC~ and t~ends in th~ dev~lopm~nt of R~G rp~ourc~sl e~ordination of the
activiei~~ of military orga~s inv~iv~d With th~s~ qu~stions monitoring th~
~ondi~ion ~f ~~~i~1 r~~ources uithin ehe arn?ed force~ component~f pa~tieip~ei~n
in ~laboratin~ plans fo~ the unifi~d an~ epecified comtnands) cdordfnating th~
work of Che correspondin~ gci~ntific re8earch i~sCitutiic~ns, r~s~arch and dhv~lop-
mpnt th~mes, ~nd oth~r tagks. Simii~r organiyations were ~~t up in the milieary
departmpnes in the arro~d forces +~nd in the staffs nf thp U.S. unified and sp~ci-
' fi~d cnmmands.
in the foreign preas REC questions arp most fuily ~xamin~d as they relat~ to
combat op~r~tions conducted by eroop units. Measures involving R~C ar~ inciud~d
in the op~rational and other plang of commands ~t ail levels. The thoughC is
that, in ~ future War, Wid~spread distribution of pl~etroniCS aill ex~rt ~
~ubstantiai influ~ne~ on the nature of comb~t op~rgtions. ~vpn in pegCet~me
th~ sC~ffs and troop units in the armies of the NATO eountries comprehensivrly
pr~pare for thi~ specific type of combat. Thus, apecisl fonnation~ have been
s~C up in the American ground for,ces (corps and division Ft~C battalions~ army
security service units and subunits [podraxdelQn~y~]), and Cbere are combat afr-
craft and ships af the basic classes that have been ~quipp~d uith a significant
amount of REC equipnent.
Acrording to the vieWS of American military specialiats, REC is divided into
three basic types= radio technical reconnaissance, radioelectronic suppression
(REP)s'~, and radio~lectronic counter-countermeasures (protecting one's o~n means
agatnst enemy ~CM).
~tadio technical reconnaissance, as a rule, is conducted using special equipment
and envisions the search, intercept, identification, analysis, and dete nnination
of target location. It is considered that electromagnetic emissions carry infor-
mation uhich makes it possible to hide the organization af control over enemy
troops and various Weapons systems. For this, all data concernirig targets aith
their specific characteristics are transmitted tv formation (field force)
[nb"yedineniye] coordinating centers, uhere decisions are made about subsequent
actions.
Radioelectronic suppression is designed to forestall or hinder the operation of
en~ny electronic resources through emission, reflection, or re-radiation of
electromagnetic, acoustical, and infrared signals. The main advantages of this
type of REC (as opposed to destruction by fire) are the practically instantaneous
retargeting, sitnultaneous effect on a number of targets Working on identical or
sufficiently close frequencies, and great range. The arsenal of modern m~ans
for such suppression is sufficiently large--ranging fran complex automated land-
based (Fig. 1), shipboard, and airborne (Fig. 2) [no figures reproduced in this
~ In several foreign soeirces this type of REC is called electronic suppression--
Ed.
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~rCiGi~, ~ysCemg ~or pmitiCit~g ~CM ~nd hi~h-~1tiCud~ nucl~ar burgts tio dip~l~ ~
r~fl~~edr~ ~nd camdufla~~ gmok~s. ~oreign ~p~cialigts ~lso includ~ m~asur~s
_ tid prnvide the ~nemy wiCh fabricat~d informaCion in ehis type nf ~C.
~~dio~l~CCrnnic counCer-Gnunt~rm~~~u~~s, as repnrted in ehe westiern press,
is a ry~~r o~ ~~C envisioning acCions Co insure effectiv~ use o~ the elhctro-
_ inngn~tic~ spc~c:trwn by fri~ndly troops in oppnsiCion Co ~nemy ~E:C resources.
In~tiructions on Che use of electronic communica~ions equipment list basic and
res~rve frequencies for ~ach command link. It is considered that Cimely fr~-
qu~ncy changes significantly hinder deCecCion of Carg~ts based on their elecCro-
m~gr?eCic ~migsion. Western miliCary speci~lists ~ropos~ ChaC success o~ radio- ~
p lectronic counCer-countermeasures greatly depende on qualiCy of personncl training
and upon the significance given Chis subject by the commander.
protectfon g@ainst ~CM, as underscored in the foreign press, envisions the
eonduct of Cechnical and organization~l methods involving count~rmeasures againsC
enemy radi~, radio-technical, and electro-optical reconnaissance and insur=ng
normal operaCion of friendly radioelectronic equipment und~r condiCions that tt~ey
are suppressed by th~ ~nemy. Foreign specialists also sometimes include among
ItEC problems questions of electromagnetic compatibiliCy--exc:luding the mutual
_ influpnc~ af one's own radioelecCronic equipnenC on other friendly equipnent.
American specialists consider that when conducting R~C one must take ittto
account target function= are they functioning within a communications system
or do Chey serve ~o conCrol various weapons types? In their opinion, for example,
radio reconnaissance missions are more important than suppression missions because
it is necessary Co organize R~C against enemy communications means in such a way
that there is no degradation in efficiency of intercepting information transmitted
by the enemy via radio coramunications mEans. According to the U.S. evaluation,
means of suppressing various weapons types (in opposition to targets used in a
communicaCions system) should silnultaneously be both reconnoiterred and suppressed.
This circumstance stipulates distribution of missions among special units and
subunits. Thus, REC in the U.S. Armed Forces against radar, radio navigational,
and other enemy targets is accomplished by special corps and division units (sub- _
units) and by combat ships and aircraft. REC against communfcations targets is
accomplished by unit resources wiChin the armed forces component security services.
They Will accomplish ECM against enemy radio nets based upon orders from formation
comnanders in such a way that this will not degrade Lheir oan :~ccomplishment of
the basic mission--accomplishing radio reconnaissance.
As emphasized in the American military press, army and air force REC resources
during combat operations will accomplish support to combat formations by supply-
ing ECM against troop command and control systems and against Weapons Which have
electronic control and gu idance systems. Active ECM is planned pritnarily to dis-
rupC basic command point communications nets, especially on the main axes, and
providing fabricaCed information Which, according to foreign specialists, will
deprive the enemy of the capability to react in a timely manner to changes in the
situation, decrease the effectiveness of fire support, hinder control of aviation _
and coordination betWeen the ground~forces and tactical aviation, and so on.
It is reco~nended that the arn?y corps commander personally and through the staff
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~dk (1~t~ iC~AL Utit: (1N1~Y
as~ign missions gnd distribuC~ It~C ~nd r~~onn~is~~nC~ r~snu~c~s. Cnnrdingtinri
o� th~ work o� Cheee r~source~ in the "~orps-division link" is Con~iderpd on~
o~ Ch~ imporCanti ~lpmenCg in combat organizaCion~
Increas~ g~~~nCion ~o unificaCion of the ef�orCs of a11 typ~s of r~connaissance
gnd R~C was notied in forei~n armies afe~r Che 1973 Arab-Isr~~1i war during which,
in Che opinion nf NATO miliCary sp~ci~li~ts, new capabiliti~s of REC r~sourc~s
durin~ ~~ound ope~aCions (cdmbat), ~sp~ei~lly on the off~nsi.v~, w~r~ rev~~l~d.
- Also b~ing emphasized ~s the n~cessiCy to organixe pr~cise and clnse coordingtion
- bptwe~n ~~C resources attd combaC subuniCs.
Judging by foreign press materials, the air force has greater capabiliCi~s
in the 1tEC arena in comparison wieh other armed forces components since it is
berter equipped from the Cechnical point of view. ~or example, U~S~ aviation
for effective countermeasures againsC enemy radioelectronic resources possesses
a significant amount of varied EtEC equipment. In particular~ insCalled aboard -
combat aircraft are reconnaissance devices, EfM pods, and devices for dropping
antiradar reflectors and infrared decoys (Co divert IR missiles away from the
aircrafC). Itt perspecCive, in the opiniott df foreign spec i~lists drones and
one-time usage ECM transmitters will find widespread use. The for:ign press
emphasizes thaC even today availability of nn-board REC equipment faciliCaCes
geCting through enemy air defenses.
REC missions accomplished by carrier and land-based U.S~ Navy aviaCion in -
essence are analogous to the air force missions. Foreign military specialists
especially note the problems of protecting ships against anCiship missiles
launchQd from various plaCforms. ~quipmenC supporCing solution of Chis problem
in operating principle differs little from REC equipment installed on aircraft,
but it is more complex in construction (Fig. 3), has a higher output of radiated
_ ECM signal, and as a rule, is automated. This includes shipboard radio technical
reconnaissance and radio electronic suppression sets, as well as unguided rocket
launchers equipped with antiradiation reflectors and infrared decoys. Special
aircraft are used in naval aviation= for radio technical reconnaissance (EC-121)
and radioelectronic suppression (EA-6B). The navies of the NATO countries are
placing great ::~pes or drones built to carry or. REC.
!dhat has been sCaCed confi~.r~s tt,at the ~iliCary-poliCical leadership of Che
North Atlantic bloc in their militaristic preparations continually consider
the ever-groWing role in military affairs of radioelectronic equipnent and its
influence on strengChening the combat might of the armed forces. At the present
time, foreign specialists look upon electronic warfare even now not as a
secondary measure intended to accomplish a particular mission arising during
an operation (battle) but a necessary component of the armecl struggle on any
scale requiring careful planning, close coordination with the activities of
other resources, and integrated leadership on Che part of the command element
(commander) and the sCaff.
COPYRIGHT% "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
7869
CSO% 1801
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COMMENTS ON NATO INTEGRATED AUTOMATED CUMMUNICATIONS SY5TEM
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIY~ in Ruasian No 3, Mar 79 sigtted to
press 7 Mar 79 pp 32-36
- [Article by Lt Col G. F'irsovs "NATO Integrated Automated Communications System"] _
[Text] The leadership of the aggressive NATO bloc, hiding behind the false
slogan of the "Snviet Chreat," is making ever-growing efforCs to improve the
command and conCrol system both �or Che unified North Atlantic Union armed
forces, and of the troop contingente of national subordinaCion which transfer
- to bloc subordination in a crisis situation. In the opinion of NATO military
specialistis, measures to modernize and furCher develop the NICS (NATO Integrated
Communications System), the beginnings of Which date back more than 20 years,
musC play the chief role in improving the effectiveness and reliability of
command and control~.
From the moment NATO Was founded in 1949 until the late 1950's all bloc
military command and control elements Were~completely independent and intended
to support the communications of the main NATO comnand elements in the TVD
(theaters of military operations] (independent of each other~ with subordinate
troop conCingents allocated by participating nations to bloc subordination.
These communications in the most part were accomplished via the telephone and
telegraph lines of the national post and telegraph ministries.
In 1957 the NATO Armed Forces Staff in Europe recognized the advisability of
creating an effective integrated automated communications system Which would
aupply all comaiand and conCrol links With the requisite data for rapid decision
making for leadership of bloc resources under any conditions of the interna-
tional situation.
As a result of ineasures taken NATO by 1970 had several extant communications
and control systems, the most significant being the ACE High tropospheric
communication system linking the northern extremity of Norway via Great Britain,
~ See 2ARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNGYE OB02RENIYE, No 2, 1976, pp 104-108--Ed.
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c~ntirgl ~urdi~e, ~nd Iti~ly Co G~e~Ce ~nd b~yund Co Ch~ ter~i~ory of Turkey -
(~'i,g. 1). [No fi~ures r~produced in Chis article] 'Th~ main Crnpnsph~~ciC
communicarinns line cunsisted of 49 tropospheric st~rions and ~al radio relay
sta~ions ~arming tihe connectiions betiwe~n th~m~ With ~s~abli~hm~nt of AC~ Nigh,
a~ood porCion o� rhe exchang~ of Celephone and telegraph informa~ion in the
bloc higher command element link, ~s w~ll ns witih n~Cional C~mmand eletnenGs,
Cransfe~ed f~om the communications line~ oE tihe nation~l posC and telegraph
ministiries Co the tropospheric communications mainlines~ A1ong wiCh AC~ Nigh
was the so-called NATO-Wide Cnmmunications 5ysCem, i.C provided nutiom~tin exchang~
_ of informaCion between Che highest binc command and control orgatts and ~he
leadership of tihe participaCing countries, as w~ll as directly betw~~n Chese
" counCri~s. Practice in opera~ing independent command and conCrnl and communi-
cations systems showed tihat none af them in isolation could saCi~fy requirements
laid down by the contemporary conclitions of warfare.
After 1970 Che NATO command elemenC direCtly set about elaboraCion of pl~ris
to create a modern communication system mor~ completely responding tio ies
aggressiv~ desires. The basic idea of these concepts was to form an intef;rated
unified communicaCions system based upon exC~nt automated Celephone and Cele-
graph communications systems of the NATO counCry armed forces ~nd primarily
thaC of the U.S. Armed Forces in Europe, as well as on the basis o~ Che networks
of Che national post and telegraph minisCries. It would include the ACE High
Cropospheric communication system, the SATCOM satellite communicaCions system,
and the NATO Armed F'orces radio and radio relay communications neCs. The so-
called principle of "netting" formed Che foundation of iCs layout. It is a
matter whereby Che elemenCs of the communications and command and control system
do not form an organizational and regulaCion Croop uniC structure, but are com- -
pleCely independenC elements. The communications centers for subunit [podraz-
deleniye], unit [chast'J, formation [soyedineniye], and so on command and con-
trol points can be linked into a sysCem as separate correspondents. This
structural principle, according to foreign miliCary specialists, makes it
independenC of the troop unit combat formation and of its complement, in so
doing increasing its mobility, survivability, and reliability. It is also
considered that, in this instance, there is an increased capability of maneuver-
ing communications channels and insuring the priorLty of its establishment by
the higher command element link in comparison with a normal hierarchal struc-
ture (i.e., subordination from below up~+ards). This system was called NICS.
A special organization--NICSO (NATO Integrated Communications System Organiza-
tion) directly subordinate to the NATO Council and the Defense Planning
Committee and the Construction Management Agency--NICSMA (NATO Integrated
Communications System Management Agency), the executive headed by a general
director appointed by the NATO General Secretary, were set up to cenCralize
efforts and to achieve unified requirements. The sphere of acCivitir.s of
these organs includes monitoring accomplishment of Uefense Planning Committee
rlecisions in the communications and cot~nand and control sphere, determination
of a general pnlicy on such questions, elaboration of the fundamental trends
in NICS development, and direct guidance of its creation, which includes two
sCages and is to be concluded in the 1980's.
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The ~1em~nts listied below are envisioned in accordance witih Che firsC stiage
of NIGS establishmenC (untiil 1980).
--TA~~ (Tel~~raph Autiomatic ltelay EquipmenC), which Chanks ~o computer
availabili~y will si~nificantly increase ~he speed wi~h which information
is exch~nged. This equipnent is planned for installation at 1~ large MDC
(Message D3.stricution Centers) set up where tihe NATO Armed Forces main control
stations are located.
--IVSN (IniCial Voice Switch Ne~work) consisCing of 25 electronic commutiators
(EK) with built-in memory units anct priority logic circuits making it possible
Co establish ins~antaneous communications with any command and control link.
encryption devices for telephone and Celegraph communications which will ~
be instialled in Che main control sL�ations, army ground forces corps, and Ghe
air force and navy elements corresponding to them in order to proCect primarily
information concerning technical maintenance, storage, and employment of mass
desCruction weapon~. According to foreign press reports encryption devices
installed ati control stations numbered approximately 300 in 1977 and this is
Co be increased to 400 by 1980.
--ACE High tropospheric communications systiem tropospheric and radio relay
stations.
--27 ground-based SATCOM satellite communications systems stations of which
22 are fixed and 2 are mobile. -
--CAMPS (Computer Associated Message Processing System). It is intended to
- reduce the time spent in staffs and communications centers in the preparation,
accountability, distribution, and delivery of documents. It is considered that
this syst~n should be installed in the higher national and NATO staffs.
--Radio relay communications nets.
--Radio communications nets using ultralong, long, short, and ultrashort waves
(specifications of several types of equipment used on the communication lines
are shown in the table) [table not translated].
Thus, after completion of the first stage, NICS wiL]. have= 57 basic communica-
tions centers with computers, electronic commutators, the newest channel-forming
equipment, and other equipnent; 5 continually-operating mobile co:nmunications
centers for the bloc�s highest command element; 7 standby mobile communications
centers always in consCant combat readiness~ 6 TARE statiQns~ 140 territorial
tropospheric and radio relay communications mainlines to connect the communications
centers~ and 38 grou.ld-based satellite and communications satellite monitoring
stations.
Figure 2 shows the principles of constructing this system after phase 1 is
completed.
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The ~~sk for phase 2(a~ter 198n) involves final connec~ion of a11 el~ments
into an integra~ed automaC~d Croop command and control suppo~~ syatem~
At the presenti ~ime, according to foreign press data, a significant portion
of the plans for Che NICS first stage is being compl~ted~ Iti is ~eportied
thaC by mid-1978 TARE sees elaboratied using tihe American electironic commutiatior
AN/TTC-39 as a model were already installed at 6 message disCribuCion centers
located wiCh the main conCrol stations. They insure the transmission of in-
formation at a speed of up to 9,600 megabits per second with a volume of
external storage on magnetic disos exceeding 380 million bits o� information.
- The remaining equipment sets are to be installed a~ two montih intervals until
mid-1981. In addiCion, the plan is to locate 18 IVSN sets at an overall cost.
of approximately 60 million dollars. The American firm LitCon Industries goti
the contract for ~heir production. The foreign press reporCs that, in April 1978,
, installaCion also began on the electronic commutators for the basic IVSN
switch telephone network built by the American firm North Electric. Each
electronic commutaCor can serve from 320 to 1,024 individual and group correspon-
denCs. The basis for the commutators are 16-bit processors with Chree types
of storage= operating storage for 64,000 machine words, buffer stiorage for
16,000, and external storage for 96,000 words. Foreign specialists propose
that overall by the end of 1980 25 electronic commuCators will be installed,
permitting the automated telephone communications to be supplied to 2,000
correspondents in the highest NATO Armed Forces control link, as well as for
up to 5,000 correspondents from among the military leadership of bloc par-
ticipating countries. The intent was to begin work to improve satellite
communications subsystems in 1978. Their basic purpose is to support the
conversion to digital methods of transmitting data. Therefore, extant ground-
based saCellite monitoring stations are bei.ng modernized.
The plan by the mid-1980's is to complete the conversion to digit~l transmission
methods, to create switching centers with high capacity (in excess of 6,000
correspondents) with electronic commutators, introduce encryption devices
at all command and contrci links, increase the capacity of tropospheric
communications mainlines (up to 70-120 telephone channels), and to modernize
the satellite communications system. Judging by foreign press reports, the
complex of ground-based communications satellite stations and the SATCOM-3B
existing at the present time now provide for transmission of more than one-third
of the information passing through NICS channels. It is anticipated that the
satellite coimnunicaCions subsystem will support up to 50 percent of the infor-
mation exchange supporting the bloc's highest command element when the second -
sxage of its creation is completed.
It is also noted that the leaders of several West European states arE :..pposed
to U.S. desires to impose American-produced equipnent as the prototy~e for the
NICS system since they consider that this could lead to unrestricted strengthen-
ing of U.S. influence on the development of p~licy in the field of command,
control, and communications within the fratneworks of the NATO bloc.
COPYRIGHT% "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
7869 -
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COMMENTS ON EM PLOYING E-3A AIRCRAFT IN WESTERN EUROPE
Moscow 2ARUBE2HNOYE VOYENNOYE OBdZRENIYE in Russian No 3, Mar 79 signed to
press 7 Mar 79 pp 54-55
[Article by Col V. Kondrat'yev= "Plans to Base E-3A Aircraft in Western
Europe"J
[Text] An 3mportant role in the plans of the aggressive NATO bloc falls
to the AWACS [Airborne Warning and Control SystemJ, aboard E-3A aircraft
built in the U nited States. The Pentagon developed a proposal to deploy
this system Co Western Europe and distribute the costs to purchase 18
such aircraft among the bloc member countries (see photo) [Photo not re-
produced].
Based on data published in the foreign press, the E-3A has the following
basic spec ifications= maximum take-off weight of approximately 147 tons,
cruising s peed of 670 km per hour (a~ an altitude of 9,150 meters), practiical
ceiling of 13,400 meters, loiter ti^re above the airfield of 11.5 hours without
air refueling, and a loiter time of 8 and 6 hours, respectively in areas 960
and 1,600 km from the airfield. Its radar can detect airborne targets at ranges
up to 450 km when flying at high altitudes and up to 320 km at low altitudes.
The on-board equipnent permits vectoring of fighter interceptors simultaneously
to 15 airborne targets. The aircraft crew is 17 (of which 13 are AWACS equip-
ment specialists).
The possibility of employing these aircraft during peacetime to conduct
reconnaissance of the air space and terrain of those fraternal socialist
countries sharing the borders with the NATO governments is not ruled out.
The proposal is to use Taverine Airfield as the main base for the E-3A a~rcraft
and ground-based maintenance facilities. This selection is explained by the
airfield�s location near AFCSNT [�Allied Forces Central Europe]
headquarters CBrunssum, Netherlands), as well as by the availability of space
initially intended to house the AAFCE [Allied pir Forces Central Europe] staff.
However, at the present time the decision was made to leave this staff at
Ramstein Air Base (FRG) since the AAFCE commander, American Gen Evans, is
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simulCan~ously CINCUSAF~ [Commander in Chi.ef U.3. Ai~ ~'orCes in ~urope],
whose stiaff is also based ~C ~amstein, and to transfer tihe new spaces in
Brunssum tio th~ services responsible for ~-3A mainCenanc~ attd combat employmenC~
Several forward bases are in~ended to augmenC tihe main base for Chese aircraft~
~ NATO specialistis c~nsider that, from tihe Cactical point of vi~w, iti is advisable
tio base ~he ma~oritiy ~f them on ~he bloc's southern flank (~he Cerritory of
_ Turkey, Greece, Italy, and Portiugal) and one in Norway. -
- AC tihe same time the question of employment of one airfield in the Azores
as a forward base for an E-3A unit is being examined so tha~, i~ necessary,
~hey can accomplish the missions of long-range radar detiection of tiargetis and
fighter control in the western Atlantic in supporti of SACLANT [Supreme Allied
Commander A~lantic] and SACEUR [Supreme Allied Commander Europe].
The foreign press notes thati the forward bases will be intended only for
- refueling aircraft, changing crews, and provision of minimal Cechnical mainte-
_ nance and minor repair. The forward bases are not tasksd with maintenance and
repair of on-board radioelectronic equipment. According Co American ~~oecialis~s
the equipment is so constructed that crew members can maintain it for ~xCended
periods in working condition since all required basic spares will be located
aboard Che aircraft. Therefore, NATO re presentatives consider Chat any civilian
airfields capable of accepting and servicing Boeing 707 passenger aircraft can
serve as forward bases for the E-3A.
Based on reports from overseas, the main problem facing Che Yiigher leadership
of NATO bloc participating countries is the high cost of the E-3A aircraft
(approximately 1.9 billion dollars), as well as the great experiditures invalved
with their operation over an extended Cime (estimated service Cime for the air-
craft is 20 years).
Great Britain is not participating in the purchase of the E-3A and support
expenditures since it is developing the Nimrod AEW 2, its own long-range radar
detecCion and control aircraft. It plans to build and employ 11 such aircraft
to support NATO and their approximate cost is 450 million dollar~.
According to the foreign press, after extended negotiations about sharing the
cost for purchasey E-3A maintenance, and participaCion in production of the
electronic equipment, 11 bloc member countries in December 1978 overall approved
a program for deployment of AWACS and the expenditures associa~ed with it.
In accordance with the plans of NATO military leadership, the first E-3A will
enter the bloc inventory in Europe in 1982. Foreign military specialists con-
sider that deployment of AWACS in Western Europe will considerably increase
the survivability of tactical aviation command and control organs in the TVD
[theater of military oper~?.tions].
COPYRIGHT~ "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye"r 1979
7869
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COMMENTS ON AIRCRAFT CARRIER TAKEOFF ANL~ LANDING PROCE~URES '
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE in Russian No 3, Mar 79 signed to ~
press 7 M ar 79 pp 59-63
[Article by Col M. Panin= ~"Carrier Air Operations"]
LText~ Aircraft carriers are a vital means of imperialistic circles to
accomplish aggression and expansion in wartime, as well as for a show of
force in peacetime. As the foreign press notes, thanks to their high mobility
they can su pport rapid employment of carrier-based aviation in any area of the
World Ocean. However, accomplishment of the missions with which they are tasked
to a significant degree will depend upon the professional training of the flying
personnel and their skills and ability to fly from the ship's deck. Foreign
- military specialists underscore that these flights have characteristic special
features inherent only a~ carrier aviation. An aircraft carrier is a mobile
airfield wiCh all the requisite means of sup~orting deck aircraft and helicop-
ters of various types. It does not have a constant aircraft takeoff and land-
ing direction and is subject to rolling. The dimensions of its flight deck,
hangars, aircraft elevators, and other support spaces exert a special influence
on the organization of siting, repair, preparations, and accomplishment of
flights.
The commander of the aviation department controls carrier aviation flights
(in a rad ius of 5-6 km), the air traffic control center (TsUVD--ATCC in a radius
of 90-100 km), and the combat information center (BITs--CIC, in a radius exceed-
ing 100 km). ~
Carrier takeoffs are made with the help of catapults which propel the vehicle
at a speed of 260-300 km per hour within two seconds. This speed allows the
aircraft to take off Practically speaking while the carrier is underway at any
wind speeds. Modern American aircraft carriers are equipped with four steam
catapults capable during the daytime to sequentially launch aircraft ~~t 15-second _
intervals.
The most complex and important stage of the flight, according to foreign press `
informat~on, is the landing approach and the landing of the aircraft on the deck.
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;
Landing safety is insured using special t~chnical means (auComatic and light- ~
assisted landing sysC~ms and a Celevision monito~,ing system) as we11 as by
_ an off iaer who visually moniCors the landing~ -
The auCamatic landin~ system is used in bad weather. The approach (from a
disCance of 8-14 km) and the landing are accomplished with iCs help in the
following modesi automatic, semiautomatic, (piloting using the system indicatnr),
and manual (�rom commands given by Che landing radar operator)~ The basis
of Che system (it includes a shipboard and an aircraft set) are the AN/SPN-10
shipboard landing radar and the -42 air Craffic control radar~
Landings in good weather are done visually using the lighC-assisted system.
It is installed on a stabilized platform (Figure 1) [figures in this article
not reproduced] extending beyond Che port side of the aircraft carrier. The
optical unit is the main portion of the system and consisCs of f ive lens secCions
located one above Che other in the platiform center. The three middle sections
emit a coristant yellow li~ht which is converted by a special device into a
single yellow beam direcCeci along the glide path (at an angle of 3.5-4 degrees). -
Above Chese sections is a constant white light and a blinking red light is
positioned below. Horizontal blinking landing permission lights (two each) -
and vertical wave-off red lights (five each) are located on both sides of the
optical unit. Right and left of the latter on the same level with the central
section of rhe optical unit are six constant green so-called reference lighCs.
When the aircraft on the landing approach is within the glide path beam, the
pilot sees the yellow and reference green lights. Maintaining them on the same
level permits an accurate landing on Che carrier (the third arresting cable will
be engaged). If the aircraft is above the glide path, the yellow light will be
above the reference lights, and if he is below trie glide path, it will be below
the reference lights. In these instances, the aircraft landing hook will engage
the fourth or first (second) arresting cable. If the pilot observes a white -
steady or red blinking light above or below the reference lights, this means
that he must go around again. The lights are visible during the day from 1.5-2 km
and from 3-4 km at night.
The landing television monitoring system is an important element in aircraft
flight safety. It consists of four television cameras located in various posi-
. tions on the flight deck and provides the air boss with the capability to addi-
tionally monitor the landing and record it on video tape.
At the f inal stage of tht landing approach when the aircraft is following the
_ glide path beam, the wave-off officer assists in forestalling possible pilot
errors.
As the foreign press reports, aircraft returning from a mission in bad weather
are assigned a waiting zone in which they fly in a circle at assigned altitudes
- (average duration six minutes), crossing a control point each ti.me (Figure 2).
At the estimated time or upon the command of the ATCC, pilots begin a descent
at an interval of one minute. Flight direction to the carrier is controlled
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here usin~ Che 'TACAN sysCem~ AirarafC ittdicated air speed is 4G0 lctn per hour
and descent speed (Vb) is 20 meCers per second. UescenC speed aC 1,500 metiers
is reducecl Go 10 meters per second. AC 18 kcn out (tt,is is ref~rred to as the
"10-mile gate") at 300 meCers ~he pilot flies 1eve1 and main~ains 270 km per
haur so thaC he can extend tihe gear, flaps, anci landing hook as hP passes over
the 10 km line (the "6-mile gate")~
k'assing ehe "6-mile gate," Che aircraft descends to 180 me~ers ~nd uses ~he
aueomaGic system to mainCain the landing course~ The landing is made in
accordanc:a with the set mode~ If the pilot upon the approach Co the carrier
see Che light-assisted system, then he turns off the auComated system and
executes Ghe landing visually using this system~
Western military specialists note that aircraft landings in good weather
significanCly differ from landings in bad weather. In th~ first instance,
- the pilot notes the carrier or iCs lights visually from a great distance.
' As a rule, Che aircraft groups are noti assigned a waiting zone~ In direct
proximity to the carrier on a course parallel to the carrier's direction of
movement, the aircrafC disperse and fly a box landing pa~tern (Figure 3).
The commander of the aviaCion deparCmenC controls the pattern during the day-
time and the ATCC does so at night.
Here flight altitude during Che day is 180 meters and is 360 meCers aC night
at a flight speed of 270 km per hour. The greaCest distance from the carrier
is 6-7 km and a left box paCtern is employed.
~ox patterns make up a significant portion of planned flights during combat
training missions. Landing rates during these flights are quite high and,
for example, reached 45 landings per hour aboard "Enterprise."
Arresting cables and emergency barriers (in the event of an emergency landing)
are used as aircraft are landing on the carrier. The arresting gear is a device
which brakes and stops an aircraft landing on deck at the speed of 200-250 km _
per hour (braking time is 2.5-3 seconds, landing roll 90 meters). It consists
of three or four interconnected above- and below-deck cables, a sysCem of pulleys,
motors, drums, and hydraulic shock absorbers. The above-deck cable (36 meters
long) attached to mounts is stretched at right angles to the angular landing
deck in the area where the landing aircraft's gear touches down. The cable _
mounts are raised 10-15 cm above the de~k. The above-deck cable (600 meters)
is wound by a motor onto a drum and connected with a shock absorber. When the
_ aircraft landing hook engages the arresting cable, the cable is stretched out,
a plunger moves forward into the hydraulic cylinder, it extrudes brake fluid,
and the aircraft's speed is dampened.
An emergency barrier consisting of a nylon net stretched between two meta]
sCanchions (in normal posiCion they are folded down even wiCh the deck), as
well as a steel cable extending across the lower portion of the net and similar
to an arresting barrier in design serves t4 stop an aircraft making an emer~ency
landing. The arresting barrier functions in the following way. The aircraft
making the emergency landing strikes the net and i~s gear struts are entangled
in the raised cable, which also brakes and then stops the aircraft.
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An emergency rescue helicopter supports carrier avtation flying. During
_ the flights the helicopter havers over the porC side n~ar Ghe carrier's
"island~"
'ft?cse are some of the special features of carrier aircrafC flyin~ operations~
CO PYRTGHT= "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
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~
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COMM~NTS ON NATO STUbY OF TH~ WORLD OC~AN
Moscoa ZARUB~ZHNOYE VOY~NNOYE 0$OZR~NIY~ in Russian No 3, Mar 79 signed to
press 7 Mar 79 pp 64-66
[Article by CapC lst Rank (ReC) Ye. Kalayevs "NATO St~dy of the World Ocean"]
[Text] Stepping up the preparaCion of naval forces fur war, the military-
_ political leadership of the aggressive NATO bloc places special significance -
on studying the World Ocean.
" As the foreign press reports, basic efforts in oceanographic research conducted
in accordance aith both national as Well as joint (international) programs are '
directed towards insuring the effective combaC employmenC of modern and per-
spective naval aeapons systems (ballistic and cruise missil~s, rocket-assisted
torpedoes and torpedoes, aircraft, helicopters, and others), conducting ASW
and minesweeping, and the navigational safety of ships and vessels.
Special attention is devoted to the improvement and develo pnent of long-range ~
submarine detection systems. For this purpose a complex of research is underi+ay ~
in the regions of ASW barriers directed toWards elaboration of an acoustic model
of Che ocean and creation of a systesn for operational forecastir.g of the state
of the water medium.
Noted in the foreign press is a continual grosrth in NATO nation participation
and integrated research of the ocean carried out by multipurpose scientif ic
research vessels in regions most important in the military sense.
The command element of the NATO navies also places serious attention on the
quantitative and qualitative develo pnent of oceanographic equipment, as the
large volume of appropriations testifies. Between 1972-1977 the United States
spent up to 34 percent of its total amount of capital investments for oceano-
graphic programs a~nd other NATO countries spent 21-23 percent for its creation
and improvement.
The coincident interests of the largest firms in the military-industrial com-
plex and oil monopolies of the NATO countries to a significant degree facilitate
- the increase in the rates of development of ineans for studying the ocean and �
38 .
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~Oit O~~ICtAL U5~ ~NLY
expansinn df Chp volum~ d~ r~s~arch~ '~hu~, an ind~p~ndent ~~cCor n~ indugCry--
"nC~~n E~n~ine~rir~"--gp~ci~li~in~ in th~ ~labnr~tion of ~quiprn~ne fnr various
seien~iff~ r~~~arrh v~ss~ls~ ships~ ~$reh ~~t~1lit~g, underw$ter dpvi~es, and
~e on hbs a~reed~? been set up in eh~ Unit~d S~ates~
.
Judgin~ by foreign pr~~~ mat~rials, Ch~ NA`f0 navy ~omm~nd ~l~ment ~ttgr.hes ~
sp~~i~l rolp to org~nix~tiongl ~nd t~chnical me~sur~s Co coardingt~ th~ ~ctivities
of ~ci~ntifiC milieary a~nd civilian institutions of rh~9e countri~s in ocpano-
~raphy.
Among Che aforementioned measures is Ch~ crpaCion in 1559 nf the NATO ASW Res~arch
Center, which was converted in 1959 into th~ Oceanographic Subcommittee. T'he
subcommittee was reorganized in 1973 into eWn central direceorgt~s (on maritime
r~s~arch and on questions of the inCeraction of th~ oc~an and th~ ~tmospher~).
The acCivities of the NATO ASW ftesearch Cent~r in Ch~ city o~ Bartolomey (several -
icro south of S pezig, Italy) are direcCed toagrds soluCion of the problems of
preparing the most effective oceanographic support for the combat employment
nf NATO naval resources in the batCle against mdd~rn submarines.'~`
The NA'CO centra~ directorates on maritime rese~rch ar?d on quesCions of the
inCeraction of the ocean and the atmosphere insure cooperation of NATO nation `
scientific organizations on the following questions= creation based on n~Cional ~
and joint projects of the most improved oceanographic instruments and elaboration ;
of inethods of oceanographic researchf training of oceanographic specialists and ~
the exchange of specialists betWeen NATO countries for the purpase af improving
their qualificationsf organization of conferences to examine various problems
in the field of oceanography.
R
In particular, specialized commissions from these directorates accomplished
financial cooperata,on in the organization of several conferences, including on
problems on studying tt~e North Sea (1971), modeling maritime systems (1973) and
the study of the bottom boundary layer (1974)j in elaborat;.~n of current recordings
(Non~+ay) and of mathematical models of individual ocean regions (FRG), in ~rork '
involving a joint project to create supersensitive laser measurement of currents
based upon the Doppler principle (Norway, Belgium, Great Britain), organization
and conduct of a number of internaCional full-scale experiments using several �
s cienti�ic research vessels and maritime buoy stations for the purpose of
studying the processes of the microinteraction and structure of the ocean's
upper layer, and in organization of tWO-year courses for oceanographic specialists ~
from NATO countries.
Also, the aforementioned comnissions subsidize the joint study of aind generation
in the North Sea and uork done by Hamburg University in the area of researching
the interaction betWeen the ocean and the atmosphere. In the opinion of foreign
naval specialists, extant data, including patented materials and revieas of
reports from annual conferences on ocean engineering, testify to the sufficiently
high scientific and technical level of the development in Ways to study the seas
* For details on the NATO ASW Research Center, see ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE
OBOZRENIYE, No 8, 1977, pp 71-73--Ed.
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~
~OEt d~~ICtAL U~~ dNLY
and acpuns in Ch~ main NATO cnunC~ies, especially th~ United SCates, Gr~aC
l~riCain, Che ~~G, and Cgnadg. 'These counCries meanwhil~ ~r~ plACing incre~s~d
uCC~~nCinn on Ch~ d~v~lopment on automated ways to collect and process ticcano-
~;r~hf~ information, ~uComaCed cartographic syseems~ and ~ravimeC~i.c and otiher
r~spar~h ~quipnent. As the forei~n press noC~s, aC the present tiime auch
~uComae~d sysGems fnr collecCin~ and proc~ssing oce~nographic information
as "AutocarCo," "'MagttaploG," and "Nydag" (United States)~ "PolarploC" (Great
$~cit~in)~ "HOPS" (Canada), "Oceanolog" (The NeCherlands), and so on have
found wide practic~l use. ~'or example, the "Hydas" ~ystem has al~eady becom~
Ghe sCandard and is being installed on all U.S. Navy scientific research vessels.
An automaCed carto~raphic system wenC into operation in the U.S. in 1977.
It is functionin~ i~ the Hydrographic Cent~r of the riefense Mapping Agency.
Analogous sysCems now at the stage of expprimental use have also been creatpd
_ in Creat Britaftt and Cattada.
The NATO countries are doing a gre at deal of work to create and improve remoCe
syste~ns for studying the World Ocean, including geophysical (oceanographic)
artifYc~.s~. ear.th satellites, buoy staCions, underwater research devices, and
so on. Kecent research done in the U.S. demonstrated the high effectiveness
and economy of use of space-based devices for collecCing oceanographic infor-
mation. According to Western press information, the U.S. in 1978 planned to
launch the S~ASAT-A artificial earth satellite intended to collect navigational
and oceanographic information. It was equipped with a device to measure the
temperature of the ocean's surface, uave heighCs, wind speed, and geophysical
parameters (a radiometer operating in the scan mode, an IR radiometer, a
scatterometer, a short-pulse radar altimeter, a radar With a synthesized aper-
tiure, and so on).
The navies of the leading NATO countries are stepping up develo pnent of under-
aater means for studying the ocean, placing special aCtention on creation of
manned and primarily unmanned multipurpose and specialized und~rWater equipment. '
In the opinion of foreign military specialists, a high level of ~ievelopment and ~
series production of gravimetric equipment and devices Co study the stationary
geomagnetic and electrical fields in the WQrld Ocean will be achieved in the -
U.S., FRG, and Canada. Also, the maritime gravimeters built by the firms
Ascania Werke (FRG) and Lacoste Romberg (U.S.) fully meet the requirements
- placed upon them. '
COPYRIGHT= "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
7869
CSO~ 1801 '
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~ ~'OEt O~FICIAL USL~ ONLY ~
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COMMENTS ON EQUIPMENT FOR U.S. FROGMEN
Moscow ZARUBEZHNOY~ VOYENNOYE OB02RENIYE in Russian No 3, Mar 79 signed to
v press 7 Mar 79 pp 66-72
[ArCicle by Capt 2d Rank V. Mosalev= "Frogmen Underuater EquipmenC Fu?d ~
Delivery Systems"]
[Excerpts] U.S. Navy intelligence and diversionary subunits [podrazdeleniy~],
Which will be assigned an important role in the accomplishment of imperialistic
aggressive designs, are being manned by personnel (frog~nen) Who have undergone
special training on carrying out reconnaissance in Che enemy rear area and in
diversionary and subversive activities.
Depending upon missions assigned, a frogman's equipnent includes= a breathing
device, Wet suit, mask, flippex~s, individual rescue gear, depth meter, under-
aater compass and Watch, flashlight, as Well as means for hydroacoustie,
unde~rater sound, and VNF communications, undenaater weapons, and explosives.
In order to move significant distances frngmen use various undet~?ater means
of locomotion and inflatable boats W ith attached motors and oars. Frngmen are
delivered to the en~ny shore in apecial high-speed boats, helicopters, aircraft,
submarines, and landing craft.
_ Breathing d~~vices permit extended ~tays underwater. They are divided into
devices with closed, semi-closed, and open breathing cycles depending on how
the breathing mixture content i~ regulated.
The first category uses compressed air ahich is exhaled into the Water. They
permit remaining underWater for a limited time and at shalloW depths (doWn to
40 meters), provide limited autonomy, and the bu~bles of air give the position
of the frogmen aWay. At the present time they are used by EOD personnel de-
aativating ammunition and for training frogmen.
The second type of device uses an artificial breathing mixture--an inert gas
with a reduced oxygen content. It permits diving to a depth of 250 meters.
As the fro~n dives only oxygen is expended and the excess i,~ert gas is
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~OR O~FICtAL US~ ONLY ~
p~riodicglly b1~d off into th~ water, while tih~ c~rbon dioxid~ is removed
by a ch~mical absorber. The ~xpenditur~ o~ Ch~ breaChing mixtur~ is 1~~g ,
than Ch~C of th~ firsti cat~~ory by a facCnr of ~lmose 10. The Em~rgon devic~ ~
wl~en f~lly ch~r~~d w~i~hs 11.3 kg, has neuC~al bouy~r?~y, and pe~tnitg r~mainin~ ~
underwatier up Co four hours~ ~
The third C~t~gory uses a breaGhing ~nixture form~d by mixing oxygen and an
inert gas~ pur~ oxygen in exgct accordance wiCh iCs requirement in th~ mixture !
is fed into the bregthin~ tracC via a portioned pressure s~nsor. During Che '
breathing process Che inerC gas, practically speaking, is noC used up, while ~
the carbon dioxide is removed by the chemical absorber~ Such devices allow ,
the diver to rem~in at depths of up to 400 meters for 6-12 hours.
Means of delivery and landing frogmen. Frogmen are deliv~rpd Co thp reconnais-
sance and divprsion are~ by submarines which, aft~r surfacing, permit them to
exiC via the torpedo tubes and special chambers. In ord~r to land and Cake
aboard frogmen located in the bow portion of the former missile submarine
"Greybeaic" two missiles tubes were converted into locks. Th~y can each house
Cwo four-plac~ "Truss" open underwaCer locomoCion devices (~igure S) [figures in
this article not reproduced], ahile the boaC can accommodate 67 frogmen.
S paces have been allocated aboard "Gudgeon" and "Se alion" submarines to house .
= 100 and 160 fro~nen, respectively, and locks have been built so the frogmen
can launch en masse While submerged. In addition, '"Tunney" and "Purn" [phonetic]
submarines have been converCed Co landing vessels. AC the present time all -
are part of the Navy reserve.
Divers are transported over short distances in underwaCer delivery systems ~
(PSD) and rafts. The U.S. Navy uses 1-, 2-, and 4-place "rreC" PSD, 5-place ~
"dry" PSD, and single-place rafts. �
Frogmen in '"aet" PSD are protected against the streatn of water but are noC
protected against the outside environment and use breathing devices or are
connected into the breathing system on the PSD in order to conserve the breathing
mixture in the devices. These PSD transport frogmen for a short time at a
_ maximum speed of eight knots. Frogmen in the "dry" PSD are protecCed against
the outside environment and do not Wear their masks aboard since they use the
F'SD autonomous life support system. The PSD are filled with water so that the
frogmen can exit. Such PSD transport the frogmen over great distances for a
long time, and at speeds exceeding eight knots. A frogman in a raft is fastened
from above With the aid of speci,al clamps and is not protected from the oncoming
str~am of aater. The basic specifications for "wet" PSD and rafts are shown
in the table [ table not reproduced]. ~
PSU and rafts are equipped aith magnetic and gyroscopic compasses and With ~
instnimentation--gyrohorizon, depth meter, log, tachometer, Watch, indicator
of aater entering the hull, and also can be equipped With underi+ater movie ~
and still cameras With lights. A PSD has a small AN/WQS-1 sonar (range 450 m, ~
operating frequency 200 KNz).
~
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~OCt O~~ICiAL US~ ONI,Y
~rogm~n are delivered and picked up from the surface of the watier by speci~l
~m~ll, m~dium~ ~tid h~svy suppor~ bo~t~, $s w~ll as by LCSR quieti ~ast boats
(speed 34 knoCs, ran~e 150 milee, ~ccommod~tifng ~0 fu11-equipped m~n). Thp
boat is equipped w~.th a special system for dropping o�f and picking up frogmen
while moving and has a radar, AN/SI~t-21 RNAW gear, identification syst~m, $nd
depGh �inder.
Frogmen are landed on the shore using Gemini inflatable boats wieh a quiet -
Zodfac moCor and with oars. This is to be replaced by the Mars boat made of
a nea very atrong and light material.
AG the present Cime, as the foreign press reports, tests are underway on Che
JEFF (B) air-cushioned landin~ boat. It wefghs 102 tons, has a lifting capacity
of 60 tons, a speed of 50 knots far four hours at a sea state of two balls,
and is seaaorChy of up to f ive balls. In the opinion of foreign specialists
iC would be used to land frog~nen. All landing ships having a well can deliver
the boat Co the enemy shore.
COPYRIGNT= "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye", 1979
7869
CSO= 1801 END
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