-A A +A

JPRS ID: 8351 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES

Document Type: 
CREST
Collection: 
JPRS
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8
Release Decision: 
RIF
Original Classification: 
U
Document Page Count: 
45
Document Creation Date: 
November 1, 2016
Sequence Number: 
54
Case Number: 
Content Type: 
REPORTS
File: 
AttachmentSize
PDF icon CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8.pdf2.92 MB
Body: 
APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000'100030054-8 I I 4i I Z3 M~iRCH i979 - i OF i APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/8351 23 March 1979 ~ TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES CFOUO 4/79) U. S. ~^,INT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OTE = JpR5 publications coneain information primazily from forciIIn new3papers, periodicals ~nd books, but ~nlso from news aQency transmissions and hroadcasCS. ~t~~terials fror,+ forcign-language sources are tra:~slated; thosc from E;nglish-language sources are tra~~scribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other ctiaracteristics retained. }ieadlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplicd by JPR5. processing indicators such as [TexeJ ~ or [Cxcerpt! in th~' first line of cach item, or following the ~ lasr line oE a brief, indicate how the original infarmation was processed. Where no ,~roce~sing indicator is given, the infor- mati.on was summari2ed or e:ctracted. ~ Unfa~iliar names I�~~~~~'red phoneticallv ur transliterated are enclo.:ed in parentlieses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion m.~rk and enclosed in parentheses wcre not clear in the origfna: but t~ave been supplied as appropriate in context. Other un3teributcd parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate wiLh the s~urce. Times within items are as given b~ sourcc � 'I'he contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or attitudc;; oE the li.5. Government. , v COPYRIGf(T I~WS ~~ti REGCiJ1T10~S GOVERNI;iG OW~ERS}iIP OF ~1TERIALS REPRODCCED HEREIN REQUIRE TF~1T DISSE~II~TIO~S OF TEiI5 YUBLICATIO\ BE RESTRICTED FOROFFICIAL USE Oti'I.Y. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 BIgLIOGRAPMIC OATA I. Repurt P~o, 2. ReciNient's Accessiun ~u. SNEET JpRS L/ 8351 n t�n ~u tu e S. ~eport ate - TItAN5LATIONS ON USSK TRADE AND S~RVICES ~ (~OUO 4/79) 2 3 Marcn 19 79 ' 6. Author(~1 1� Norlormins Ors~ni:acion ltepi, 9~ Perfurmina Org~n~zation Name ~nd Addre~~ 10, Project/T~s{c/Wotk Unit Vo. Joint Publications Reaearch Service 1000 North Clebe Road ii. Coner~et/Gr~ne No, Arlington~ Virginla 22201 12 Spon~or~na orsaniz�c~oe N~me ~nd Addre~~ 1J. Type of Repat Ec Period Covered Aa above t~. 1S. Supplemeetuy Vote~ 16. A~~tr~ct~ This serial report contains informatioci on international economic relations, communications, consumer goods~ domestic trade~ transportation, manpower, and industrial sociology. 1 17. Kcy t'ord~ and Document An~lysis. 170. De~cnpton USSR International Relations Commerce Consumer Goods Domestic Trade . Economics Manpower , Telecommunications - Transportation ' 17b. Idenu(fets/Open-Ended Terma I 17a (C)1A7I F~rid/GrouP SC~ SL~ I7B ls. Arai;ay~l~ty ~catement 19. Se~uruy Cixss (Thi~ 21. Xo. of Pagta FOR OcFICIAL USE O~LY. Limited Number of R`~�"~ 41 - Copies AVe~lable Pron JPRS � ecunty lass ( ~is 22. F~r~ce Pa6e UtiC(.AS~IFIFn ~ /~AM Ni~1~1~ ~MCV. l�)JI UlCOYY.OC ~~7~)�~1~ THlS FOAN NAY 86 REPRODIiCED APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 f'OR OFI'ICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/8351. 23 March 1979 TRANSLAT~ONS 0~( USSR TRADE AND SERVICES (FOUO 4/79) CONTEN?S PAGE INT~RNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS CEMA Role in International Socialiat Division of Labor , Discussed (Yu. Shiryayev; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No 1, 1979)...,..... 1 ~ Briefs *iachinery for USSR 14 ~tANPOWER: LABOR, EDUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY Labor in a Developed Socialist Society (R. Ivanova, D. Kozlova; VOPROSY EKONt~MIKI, No 1, 1979) 15 TRANSPORTATI0.1 ~ I.G.Pavlovskiy, Minister of Railways, Views Rail Transport (I. G. Pavlovskiy; ELEKTRICHESKAYA I TEPLOVOZNAYA TYAGA, Jan 79) 31 - a ' [III - USSR - 38 FOUO; - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS CEMA KOLE IN INTERNATIONAL SOCZALIST DIVISION OF LABOR DISCUSSED Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Itussian No 1, ],979, pp 92-99 - (Article by Yu. Shiryayev: "The Role of the CEMA in Che Development of the International Socialist Division of Labor"] [Text] The Council for Mutual Economic Assiatance within whose framework _ ten European, Asian, and Latin American countries with a total population ~ of 430 million are cooperating is effectively helping to strengthen the positions of socialism in the worid economy.l The CEMA countries account fo: approximately one-thi~d of the industrial ~utput and one-fourth of the national incowe produced i:~ the world. The activities of the CEMA are becoming not only an increasingly important factor in the social and economic development of its member states. They are exercising a growing influence on world economic relations as a whole. At all of the stages of socialist construction the CEMA countries have provided each other with extensive economic and technical assistance. The CEMA, as L. I. Brezhnev emp~�asized, has given the wurld "a unique experience in e~ual cooperatlon by a large group of countries, in the harmonious combination of their national and international interests, and in the practical realization of the principles of socialist international- ' ism."2 Ln 1479 Ciie world's largest econor~ic cooperation organizati~r. is celebrating two importan[ d.3tes--three decades of its work and the tent.l anniversary of the 23rd 5~assion of the CEI~W (1969) whi~h adopted at the highest party and government level a decision to develop socialist econo~ic integration. Both of these dates are important landmarks in the pi:actical utilization of the advantages of international economic relations of a new type and in _ the concretization and development of the forms and methods of socialist - economic management in the international arena. - 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 i~c)IZ ltl~ I~ I C I Ai, USI: ON1.Y 'The formation of the CE:fA in 1949 was a logical consequence o� the establish- ment of relations of a new type between the SovieC Union ~nd the countries which had taken the path of the construction of socialism. Even before the complete liberation of the countries of Eastern and Central ~urope from the faacist yoke people's-democratic agencies of power were formed on the Cerri- tory of a number of ttiem. Ae early ae 1944-1945 the first inter-govern- ~ mental agreements were concluded which provided f.or mutual aid in the restoration of Che war-torn economies and which laid the basis for mutual relations organized on the principles u~ socialisC intErnationalism. In subsequent years the political and ecor~o:nic alliance of the fraternal countries acquired increasingly clear rorms. Economically, this alliance was made �ormal by the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The system of couperation by the CEMA countries has undergone several atages in its development during the course of which problema of diverse socio-economic character and sc~pe were solved. Thus, the basic forms of interaction between these CEMA countries which were used during the first postwar years played the role for moet of them (with the exception of tt� Soviet Union) of the foreign economic conditions for the construction of - a socialist economy and the accomplishment of the tasks of the transitional period from capitaliam to socialism. The new social system in each ~country which had taken the path of socialism had to be based on an adequate material and technical base. However, the development of the material and techni~al base of socialism is the result of a quite long process of the transformation of the elements of the - material and technical base inherited from capitalism, of the formation anew of a number of ~hem, and, finally, of the unification of all of these elements into a single system which ensures the functioning and dynamic developme:it of all of the spheres of the production and non-production activities of socislist society. One of tlie most important charac2eristics of the formation of the material and technical base oE socialism in the foreign CEMA countries consisted in the fact [hat to a large extent it was founded on the already created material and technical base of the new social system in the Soviet Union, and then in a number of other countriea of the socialist commonwealth. - The role of the Soviet Union in the accomplishment of this very large socio-economic task is well-known. The USSR's natural resources nave been and continue to be of decisive importance tor providing thQ growing industry of the Eoreign CE:IA countries with fuel, minezsl raw materials, and metal. Thus, at the present time the Soviet Union covers more than 70 percent of the import needs of the CE;fA cuuntri,es for these goods, while for certain basic types of raw materials and fuel this proportion reaches practically 100 percent. 2 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - _ The USSR has become the largeat aupplier for the CEMA countries of machinery, equipment, and transportation equipment and has given them technical ~zasist- ance in the conatruction, reconetruction, and expansion of more than 2,000 diverse enterpriaes, ahope, and other ob~ects. The Soviet Union haa given ' these countries around 78,000 aets of technical documents and product and maCerials models and has provided extensive help in the training of natianal cadres. At the same rime, the Sov~et Union has served and continues to serve for the countries of the socialist commonwealth as the basic market for the sale of their machinery, equipment, and industrial consumei~ goods. As the economic and scientific and technical potential of the foreign CEMA countriea has grown they have also ~oined on a wide scale ia the proceas of collective assistance for the formation of the material and technical ~ base of the whole socialiat commonwealth. Mention should be made, in particular, of the large deliveries of machinery and equipment (including overall equipment) from the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Poland and about the increasing amounts of deliveries of specialized output from Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. An essential characteristic of the formation of the material und tecnrai- cal base of socialism in the foreign CEMA countries has been the substan- tial differences in the initial levels of their economic develop~ent and in the unequal degree of the development of the preconditi~ns for accomplish- - ing the above task within the framework of the preceeding formation. 9nJ.y two countries--Czechoslovakia and the GDR--possessed a developed ind~~~Lcy, skilled labor reaources, a marked scientific and Cechnical potential, and a highly productive agriculture. As a result, they did not have to carry out, for example, socia].ist industrialization in its classic form; that is, to practically recreate the basic branches of industry which ssrve the economy and the system of the production and non-production infra- structure and to shift all agricultural production onto a modern technic~l base. In addition to solving the problem of eliminating the consequences of the war on their territory which was common for all of the countries, the ~ Czechoslovakian Socialist Republic and GDR were faced by the task of the socialist reconstruction of industry and of the economy as a whole and of overcoming the disproportions in the branch and assortment structure of production whicn had been inher.ited from the past. This task was an especially acute one for the GDR. Despite the above difficultiea, the - Czechoslovakian Socialist Republic and the GDR quite rapidly restored and increased their industrial po~ential and began to make an appreciable contribution to the process of the socialist industrialization of the other CEMA countries. The remaining European socialiat countries belonged to the medium-developed (Hungary, Poland) or the least developed states (Ramania, Bulgaria). A11 ~ 3 FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR UFFTCIAL U5~; ONLY of these countries had to carry ouC socialist induatrialization at forced rates, making uae in certain casea of certuin ele~?ents of the old produc- tion apparatue (the coal induetry, ahip building, and some of the enter- prlees of light induetry in Poland; bt~uxite minin~;, and aome enterprises of ttie light and food indueCry in Hungary; petra~.eum fielde aiid the wood- working industry in Romania), while in other cases (the most typical . example in this respect is Bulgaria) they had to form the industrial base of the national economic complex practically anew. - The qualitatively different condiCions i.n which the foreign CEMA countries began the formation of the material and technical base of socialiam3 meant, in esaence, that within the commonwealCh an experiment of unique dimensions and socio-economic consequences was being conducted: the accomplishment of an essentially aingle task in the face of diverse initial preconditions and sharp gaps in levels of economic development. _ The successful accomplishment of this task in all of the above countries has demonstrated the exceptionally high effectiveness of eocialist methods - of ecoi:omic management and of the international relationa of a new type. - As, for example, approximate calculations show, the gap between the indi~vidual CEMA European countries in the production of per-capita national income decreased from 3.2 times in 1950 to 1.4 times in 1976, while for the production of industrial output the decrease was from 5 to 1.5 times. Within the socialist commonwealth the process of the formation of the material and technical base of the new social system in the foreign socialist countries is thereby being carried out with incomparably more favorable foreign economic preconditions than was the case in the Soviet tJnion which had f.o accompliah this task in the face of a capitalist encirclement. The formation of the material and technical base o� socialism in the fc~reign CEMA countries was connected with the necessity of solving a number of` difficult problems. It has to be considered, first of all, that this pY~ocess could be carried out only on the basis of the concrete production pcissibilities which were possessed by the CEMA countries. The production aF~paratus which was in the process of being formed, especially in those cc?untries which did not possess a developed industry, inevitably had to re:produce the most easential features of the production apparatus which e~+:isted in the other socialist atates. One of the side effects of this w~s a definite universalization of production structurea whose emergence, in ad.dition, wae made ob~ective by the existence of a number of common deficits fc~r the most important types of output. Th.e realization in all of the CEMA countries of programs of postwar _ recunstruction and development engendered shortages of many types of reaources, including resources of investment goods, which a[ first objectively decreased the possibilities for a collective maneuver and 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - prevenCed the formation of production strucrures oriented not only toward ~ the satisfaction of basic intra-economic needa, but also the needs of other countries. The movement across national borders of goods and services under these conditions (especially during the firat postwar years) was to a aubstantial extent, above all, a material expression of international mutual help, and not a result of a planned division of labor strictly based on the criteria ~f economic efficiency, - Finally, it also has to be noted that the historical situgtion, above all the policy of the "c~~ld war" which was carried out by the imperialist states, demanded a rapid reorientation of the geographical directions of the foreign . economic relations of many of the socialist countries in order Co unite their efEorta for economic progress. This reorganization placed many countries before the neceasity for an accelerated creation of productiona to satisfy economic needs which previously were traditionally satisfied through importa from third countries. Ail this could not but have an effect both on the qualitative and on the quantitative characteristics of th~F~ development of the international socialist division of labor during at least the first two post-war decades. In addition, time was also required for the creation of an effective mechaniam of economic cooperation adequate to the tiew type of international division of labor. As practice has shown, this was a difficult task which in a number of its essential aspects has retained its importance today. The solution ef the above problems was achieved (and is being achieved) through a deepening and development of the international socialist division of labor and through bringing the production capacities of the CEMA co~intries into correspondence with the collective needs of the socialist commonwealth, all of which presuppose~ an active utilization of the possibilities connected with the work of the CEr9A and its agencies. At the first meetings of the CEMA concrete proposals were worked out on the solution of the most important problems of the "start-up" period of its work. In particular, at ~he Second Session of the CEMI`. (August 1949) it was found advisable to develop mutual trade among the member countries on the basis of long-term agreements, the principles of scientific and technical coopera- _ tion and of an exchange of technical experience were worked out, and the question of the development in the CEMA countries of the produ~tion of ballbearings was examined, which, in essence, was the first approach to the deve'lopment of interc;3tional production specializatlon and cooperation. The subsequent meetings of the CEMA were of great importance for the forma- - tion of the mechanism of planned cooperation in the aphere of production. The Seventh Session (1956) discussed the problems of cooruinating develop- ment plans for the basic branches of the economies of the CEMA countries for the period 1956-1960: the machine building, coal, petroleum and gas, ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~ FOR OF~ICIAL USE ONLY nnd ctiemicul induetries, a ciumber of branches of light induetry, ferrou~ and nonferrou~ mec:~llurgy, and agric,+~lture. The growth of rhe dimensions of the cooperation resulted in the ado~tion at thia aesaion of a deciaion to esta~lish permanent CErW commissions on economic and scientific and tech- - nical cooperation which had the task of promoting the developmenC of economic . relations among the CEMA countries and organizing multilateral economic and scientific and technical cooperation in the most important branches of - the economy. The greater complexity in subsequent years of the production strucCures in the CErW countries and a further deepenii?~ of their economic relations - led to the necessity for improving the forms and meChods of regulating their cooperstion. The coardination of the direction of its development solely by means of coordinaCing foreign trade deliveries, which was practiced at the initial stage of the cooperation, ceased to correspond to the increas~d maturity of the economies of the CEMA counCries. The need arose to move to new and more effective forms and methods of regu- lating the international socialiat division of labor and, above all, to move to a strengthening of pJ.anning principles in its development. By the middle of the 1950's, when the foundations of p1~lnned socialist economic management had been formed in all of the CEMA countries, it became possible to move to Che coordination of five-year natior.al econom�lc plans. At th~ same time, important steps were taken in rationalizing the developed system of mutual relations by means of working uut recommendations on international production specialization and cooperation for individual types of industrial output. The recommendations which were adopted during those years helped to develop bilateral and multilateral cooperation and to achieve the coordination _ of the first CEMA long-term national economic plans. The practical realization of these recommendations promoted the successful f ulfillment ` of the national economic plana, the achievement of high economic develop- ment rates, and the realizatlon of fundamental socio-economic transformations in the states which were solving the problems of the transitional perio~l from capitalism to socialism. The Conference of the Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the CEMA Member Countries (May 1958) which mapped out a concrete pro~ram of work for it for the forthcoming years was of great importance for - the realization o.f the important new tasks of cooperation. Basing itself on the cooperation experience which had been gained, the Conference g~ve instructions to coordinate the national economic plans for 1961-1965, concentrating the efforts of the countries and CEMA agencies on a compre- : hensive development of the raw material branches of the economy and of _ power engineering, on a further development in introduction of new ea~:ipment, - _ and on strengthening production specialization and cooperation in mdchine building. 6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~ - FOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY In subaequent yeara d~r.isions were made which were aimed at improving the forms and methods ~f the organization of mutual economic cooperaCion. Thus, the Conference of Representatives of the Couununist and Workers' Parties of the CEMA Countries (June 1962) recognized the coordination of national economic plans as the basic method of the CEMA's work and Che chief ineano of [he planned development and deepening of the international socialist diviaion of labor. This cunclusion followed from the ob~ective need to place their mutual division of labor at Che service of optimizing the development of the national economic complexes of the fraternal countries and of ensuring greater balance in the basiC proportions of the c.ommonwealth as a whole. The Conference approv~d "The Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labor" which had been worked out _ by the Fifteenth Session of the CEMA. These principles were the theoretical _ and practical foundation for t�he realization of ineasures aimed at an intensi- fication of the international socialist division of labor and they helped to solve a number of new problems which had ariaen as a re$ult of the incr~ased dimensions and complexity of the structure of mutual cooperation. _ The period of the 1960's was characterized, in this way, by a substantial intensification of mutual cooperation and an expansion of the international market of the CEMA counCries. The movement of the growing commodity masses among the CEMA countries took place during this period not so much under the influence of temporary needs and relative "surpluses," as of a profound long-term divieion of labor. An especial role was played here by the - coordination of many importgnt indicators of the national economic plans for 1961-1965 and 1966-1970 and by collectively developed recommendations regarding the international.specialization of the CEMA countries in the production of more than 5,000 types of machines and equipment and more than 2,600 items of chemic~? products. Of con~iderable importance was the con- ` clusion of bilateral ~greements which provided for cooperation in the produc- tion of parts and units, ~oint scientific research and planning and designing work, and the ~oint :inancing of the development of the production and expor- tation of raw materials. . The increasing internationalization of the economi.c life of the CEMA countries manifested itself during this period in the ~oint development of international transportation, the unifica~ion of power systems, and the creation and development of the r.ctivities of international economic and scientific and technical organizations. The growth of their economic and scientific and technical potential and the accumulation of practical experience in economic interaction made it possible to set the system of CEMA cooperation even more complex and large-scale tasks, including assistance in the construction and further development of a highly developed socialist society, a consistent unification of the advantages of - - socialism and the scientific and technological revolution, and the strength- ening of the economic foundations of the national economic complexes of all of the fraternal countries. 7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL'Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR OFFICIAL iJ5L ONLY - During the 1960's the necessity began to be felt with increasing urgency for the formation of the kind of model of economic inre.raction between the socialist countries which would ~nake it possible to create an integrated system of economic relations or~~anized with regard to the long-term tendencies ~f scientific and technological progress, the future tasks of the socio-economic develapment of Che socialist commonwealth, and a consistent realization of the potentials existing in the planned mutual division of labor. The degree of socio-economic homogeneity which the CEMA countries had attained by that time created fa~~orahle preconditions for strengthening their interaction. The higher level of the developmenk of Che socialist _ social system ~,~as urgently demanding a maximum use of all of the possibil- - ities of cooperation for ~`.i~.e accomFlishment of such key tasks as increasing production eificiency, accelerating technological progress, and raising ~ standards of living. The 2;ird Session of the CEMA~which was held in April 1969 in Moscow with the participation of the leaders of the communist and workera' parties and heads of governments of the member countries of tt~i~ organiza- ti~n was an historical landmark in the development of the economic coopera- tion of the CEMA countries and of an overall improvement of its forms and � methods. The especial importance of the session consists in its validation of a shift to a q~alitatively hi~her stage of cooperation--international socialist integration. "Practice has brought us," L. I. Brezhnev said in . his report at the 24th Congress of the CPSU, "to a common conclusion: it ~ is necessary to deepen productien specialization and cooperation and coordinate national economic plans more clusely, in a word, to move along the path of the economic integration of the socialist states." The 23rd Session of the CEMA defined the basic directions for the development of an overali long-term program for the 3evelopment of the ecenomic relations of the CEMA eountries. The overall program for the deepening and improvement of the cooperation and for the development of the socialist economic integration of the CEMA member countries which was approved by the 25tti ~ Session of the CEMA in July 1975 developed and concretized the principles of relations betYreen the socialist states. It contains, in essence, a general plan for the joint economic and scientific and technical work of ' the CEMA countriea for several five-year plans in advance. W:~ile deepening and enriching the foundations of the cooperation, the Overall Program at the same time defines a broad aggregate of interconnected concrete measures (it contains around 200 measures uf diverse character which are slated for study, development, or realization) and establisties the schedules and organ- izatio;ial and legal mechanism for their realization through the joint efforts _ of the fraternal countries, The adoption by the CII~IA countries of the Over- all Program laid the basis for a systems approach to the achievement of their collective goals in all fields or cooperation. 8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 , ' ~OR OF~ICIAL U5E nNLY Ac~ong the measures to develop cooperation in the field of ecience and technology, the Overgll Program maps out means and methuda which cover r the ,~~int development of etrat~gies for Che further development of ~cience and t~chaology. Among them the most inoportant are the syatematic holding of coneultationa on the baaic: problems of ecientific and technological p~licy, the development of ecientific and technological forecaets, and the joi~t pl~nning of developmeat work by insereeted countries on Che moet impnrtant scientific and Cechi?ical problema. As is noted in the Overall Program, the bc~sic method of the organization of cooperation ie cooperation in the field of planning work ahose dietinc- tive feuture at the stage of integrarion consiata in $ shif~: �rom the ccordina[lon of mu[ual commodity turnover to the coordinaCion of the economic ~ work of the CEMA countriea directly in the sphere of production, scier.;e and technology, and cc?pital construction. Thi~ is to be promoted by an improvet~,snt of the forms of joint planning, in - particular the adoption by the countries at the 29th Session of the C~21A (1975) of the Coordinated Plan for Multiluterul Integration Measurea, and - ttie inclusion in economic plans of sectiona on ecor,~mic cooperation within - the CE.'HA. The CEMA Committee on Cooperation in the F'!eld of Planning which was created at the 25th Sessior. of the C~iA has an important role in working out the measurea to raise the level of planning in economic cooperation. As resule, an overall syatem of cooperation in the field of planning has developed in the CEMA which makea it poasible to auccee~sfully accomplish major economic taska in induatry~ transportation, agriculture, and capital conatruccion and to carry out large-scale projects to develop raa material ~ and power resources and protect the environment. The developmen[ of long-term special-purpose cooperation programs is the nexr. step in improving the planning base for the solution of important prol,lems of the socia.liat commonwealth. The work of the countries and CE~tA agencies in this field has already produced important practical reaulte. The 32nd Session of the Council (June 1978) approved long-term apecinl- cooperation programs in the field of energy~ fuel and raw materials~ agri- culture, and the food indus[ry, and also in machine building. These programs have been worked ~u[ in accordance with the deci~ions of the c~~mmunist and _ workers' parties of the CE"L'l co~ntries concernin~ the development and deep- ening of econoII~ic and scientific and technical cooperation among the CEMA countries and C,hey reflect tt~e agreemen[ of [heir leaders.4 Cooperation programs are being worked out in the field of the production of indus[rial consumer goods and of transportation. r The long-[erm special-purpose programs define the coord inated long-term ~ coopera[1.on strategy of the CEMA coun[ries in various fields of material production and are a concretization and development of the Overall Program for the 5ocialiat ~conomic Integration of the CF~tA Member ~ountries. 9 FOR OFFIC IAL USE G;JLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OEt O~FICIAL U5~ ONLY . 'Che bneic purpo~e of the men~ures included in che long-term epecial~ purpc~H~ progrnms ~f. cooperation ie [o provide for the econoroicnlly vnlid needd for energy~ fuel nnd r~w materinls, foode, mean~ of production, nnd tectino),ogie~ of an advanced technical level. The development and realiza~- tion of ehese programg ha~ become a new step in ttie d~velopment ot the rnulti-lnterol coo~eraCion of the C~MA countries. 'The reulization of the Lbrig-teim ~pecial-purpose programs in clnse _ coordination with the measurES to coord:.�~te Che nationnl economic plans , of the CEMA countries, and ~1so the bil::eral long-term plnns for produc- tion specialization ~nd cooperation wil~ �~ake it pos~ible to increase the effeccivenesg of collective efforte to solve key economic problems and to act~ieve n more efficient uae of material and financial resources and of the advantnges of an international encialist divisi~n ~f labor. The work of the CEMA is creatinE favorable precondition~ for the development of tendenciea toward the internationalftati.on of the economic life of the socialist states which ia manifec~ti~g itself at the curr~enc stage as a lnw _ of the gradual equalization of their development. This process leads in tt~e final result to an ever greater equalization of the basic parameters of the socio-economic development of the socialist coun[ries, to a gradual leveling ~ off of their economic levels, and to an increaeing aimilarity of their national economic structures. There is a steady expnnsion and deepening of [tie international interaction of Lhe socialist countries in all spheres of social life and a rising level of che iutegration of thc commonwealth of sovereign socialis[ states as a new inter-state community f~~rm~d on. the _ principles of socialist in[ernationalisr~, voluntariciess, and complete equal rights. Thus~ the prac[ice uf C~.'`tA cooperation, especially the experience of devel- oping long�-c~r~ special-purpose prograc~s in the key sQCtors of the economy, stiows that in a number oE brancties of t:~e:.r economies atable and essentially international production proportions are taKing shape, an ever-wider join[ use of resources for the actain~ent of coordina[ed cocunon goals is being carried out~ and caore and m~re common features in their socialist way of life are appearing. The deepening of mutual cooperation and progress in socialis[ econoaic ~ inte~ra[ion has already led and~ undoubLedly, Will continue [o lead to an increased role for planzi:~~; attd r..anage~ent, including in the systems of ranaging foreign econoc~ic relations in related or analogous elements, indicators, and economic levers. 10 FOR OrFICI~L USE Oti2Y ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I~'dR (1N~iCiAt. US~ tINLY 'I'li~~ ~~ru~~~~Hd o[ [he gr~iduul ~oming together of economic mechnniemx ia the result of the ~ame type~ of chnnges in the material end Cechaical base and Che eocio-economi~ atructuren of our c~unCriee and of the increasing equalization of the levele of th~ir,~ocial and economic d~velopment. The - equalizaCion nf the levele o� economic dev~lopment, of the socio-claes seructure of society, and of th~ degree of concentration of soeial produc- tion and Che increasing aimilarity of the immediaCe~goals of socio-economic development (an increaeing orientation of the economiea toward improving the well-being of the workere and itnproving their working and living conditions)and of the means of achieving these goals (the necegaity for a profound intensification of the entire reproduction process on the basia a unification of the achievecnents of scientific and technological progress and the advantagea of socialism) are objectively leading to greaCer eimi- ~arity in the systems of economic planning and management.s The constant development and improvement of the forms and methode of the cooper~tion of the CEMA countriea is at [he same time both the reault of and the precondition for the growing international eocialization of socialiet production which develops during the process of the deepening of the mutiial division of labor and of socialiat economic integration. This manifold process at its current atage cannot be reduced to any single aspect or to some manifestation at a definite :evel of economic activity. It includes at least the following components: --An acceleration of the proc~ess of the socialist socialization of produc- tion within individ~l national economic complexes on the baeis of thei~ fuller inclusion in the system of the international socialiat division of labor; --A strengthening of the planned relations between the national economic complexes of the individual countrie~ and [he establiahment of the elements and preconditione for the development of the international socialiet di~ision of labor into international cooperation on a macro-economic level (the end result of the process of international socialiat socialization - through a strengthening of planned relationa among the cooperat4ng countries); --The formation of a[able and technologically anchored interrelations be[ween definite elements of the produccion appgratusea of the individual councries, the realization of )oint capital construction plana, and so forth (the process of the "informal" aocialization in fact by means of the pooling and collective use of the resources of the interested countries for common and concretely apecified goals); --The development of the organizational forms of the collective management of production or other types of economic activity which, vith definite pre- conditiona, may turn into experimental forms (a kind of laboratory) of ihe direct international socialization of produc[ion (of course, trsking ac_ount of their "built-in na[ure" into the above-named forms of "indirect" and "informal" socializntion). 11 FOR OFFICIAL liSE ONLY , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OEt Ol~'~ICTAL U5~ ONLY 'Cl~e ~nfolding of ct~i~ ob~ective procese nnd nn uwgrene~e of it during the Coordinntion of the e~nnomic policiea of the ~ov~reign sociali~t staC~e id making it prsaible to draw the ~onclusioa th~t the forthcoming period oE socia-economic d~velopm~nt for the CE.~1 countrieg wi11 be ch~racterized by an even more overall and consistent realization of the advantage~ of Che gocic~list ~yetem both intra-economically and internaLion~lly. This will ensure stable eocio-ecnnomic progress for the fraternal states, and, at the same time, a steady development of the process of the international- ization of their material and spiritual ~ife gnd of a strengthening of the unity of the countri~s of the socialist commonwpalth. A ne~~ stage of maturity wi~.l be reached for the international economic relgtidns of a new type. FOOTNOTES 1. A[ the preaent ttme the CEMA memF,rr countries are the People's Republic of Bt~lgaria, the Hungarian Peopie s Republic~ the Socialis[ Republic of Vietnam, the German Democratic Republic, the Rep~blic of Cubg, the Mongoli.an People's F~epublic~ the Poliah People'e Republic, the Socialist - Republic of Romania, [he Union of 5oWiet Sociali~t Republics, and the Czechoslovakian Socia.tis[ Republic. 2. L. I. Brezi~nev~ "~ollowir.g Lenin's Path. Speeches and Articlea," Vol. S, Politizdat, 1975~ pp 79-80. 3. ~xamining the given process in application to the foreign socialist countries the conclusion can be drawn tha[ it has been comple[ed at the present time (at least in its basis) in the European CFa1A wember countries. Their experience erphasizes the common nature of the basic directions of the formation and devel.opment of the material and technical base of socialism which became defined during the proceas of the , cons[ruction of a developed socialist society in the USSR. At the same time, the experience oE the foreign CE~W countriea testiEies to the broad diversity of the concrete conditions, forms~ and methods of accompliahing this common task. It can be foreseen that in the future, as has already occurred in the practice of the formation and development of the raaterial and technical base of socialism in the Mongolian People's Republic, Cuba~ Vietnam~ and Laos, this diversi[y will be expressed even more clearly. 4,. "Declaration of the Neads of the Delegatians of the CEMA `Sember Countries Connection With the Approval by the C~ Session at its 32nd `teeting of Long-[erm 5pecial-purpose Cooperation programs," PRAWA~ 30 June 1978. S. This similarity manifests itself boch in the tasks Which are formed in the national economic planr~ and in the establishment of the conerete forms and me[hods of the realization of [he planning goals. In ti~is connection, it cac? be stated [hat the economlc planning and management 12 FOR OFFICIAI. L'SE 0:7I.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~0[t OI~'~ICIAL U5~ 4NLY ~ygtems of the CEMA cnuntries are at ehe present time chgrgcCerized by an ~xpnnginn of Che horixons of plannirig, a greaCer coneider~tion of ~o~ial factors in the development and realization af.~~onomi~ policy, _ the de~~elopment of overall~ program-purpose planning, th~ exC~;~sive use of mathematical economic methods and electronic computere in planning calculetione~ the creation of varioug kinds of gseociation~ in induetry and other brgncr~ea of the econnmy~ the dpvelopm~nC of cost ecCOUnting, and so forth. COpYRIGHT: Izdatel'gtvo "SCatistika", 1978 2959 C50: 1823 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOEt O~~ICIAL U5~ ONLY I~1TEttNATIONAL ~CONOMIC itL~LATI0N5 BRI~~5 ~ MACHINERY ~Oit U55R--Mitaui Precieion M~chinery Industry hae aigned a 3.2 billion yen contract to export S1 machining centers, 11 boring machines (Bore~, and 12 grinding machinas to the U5SR. The contract price will be paid in dollare and the ahipnent will be canpleted by the end of 1979. Toyota Machine Worka hae also signed a contract with the A1l�Union Automo- tive Induatry Import Aasociation for ~xpnrt of 20 grinding machinea worth 320 million yen. [Tokyo r1IHON KEY7AI SHINBUN in Japaneae 7 Feb 79 morning edition p 7 OW] CSO : 4105 14 FOR OPFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~ ~Oit O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY MANI'OW~It: LAt30R~ EDUCATION, n~MOGRAPHY LA$OR IN A U~VELOPED SOCIALIST SOCIETY Moscow VOPItO5Y EKONOMIKI in ~tuesia?; No 1, 1979 pp 11C-121 /Article by R. Ivanova, D. Kozlova: "The Nature of Labor in a Developed 5ocial�st Society"/ ~ /Text/ Production relations, which determine the social system, also form the socio-economic esaence of labor, its nature. Socialism eliminated the syatem of hired labor, changed the means of uniting the meana of labor and manpower, which made it posaible to eliminate the antagonistic contradic- tion between necessary and aurplus labor, to use surplus labor in the inter- ests of the workera. The integral unity of the worker and the aubject of the ownership of the means of production created the basis for the assurance of che unity of the fundaa~ental in[erests of the workers. Labor freed from all forms of exploitation became the sole source of existence of both soci- ety as a whole and each of ite members. V. I. Lenin orrote: "For the firat time after centuriea of labor for others, of forced labor for exploiters there is the possibility of /working for oneself/ /in italics/...."1 Close- ly connected with this trait of the nature of socialist labor ia another one--che discipline of labor. Under conditions when the worker himaelf is simultaneously both the subject of the awnership of the meana of production ` and their co-owner~ the discipline of labor is the indicator of the new~ conscious attitude toward it, toward the use of all Che components of the process of labor, toward the development of the labor and social activenesg of the workera. Labor under socialism is the cri[erion of the participation of a person in social production, the criterion of distribution and consumption. The greacer the productivity and efficiency of national labor are, the greater are the possibilitiea of the increase of the level of well-being of both socie[y as a Whole ~nd each of i[s members. The antagonism, which was in- herent in preceding formations, between the various types of labor: ~ 1. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" LComplete Collection of Works/, Vol 35, p 196. 15 FOR OFFICIl.L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OEt O~F'IGIAL U5C ONLY physicnl and ment~l, industri~l ~nd egricultural~ simple and complic~ted, was ellminuted under soci~ligm. 'The reality of the right of e~ch cicizen to wark is recorded in tlie new - - US5It ConstiCueion and is secured by the soci~liat economic gyetem~ the gCe~dy increase of the productive forc~~~ free education, the development of a syy- tem of vocation~l guidance and job pl~cement. In thig lies the fundgment~l diEference of Che quesCiony about the right tc~ work and its real guaranCee in the 5oviet ConsCiCution and the constitutions of bourgeoig st~tes. Under socialism not only is practically all the able-bodied populaCion involved : in the labor process und is truly full c~�loymene achieved, but enormoua opportunities for the expanaion of the spheres nf the use of labor in physi- cal production and in the nonproductive aphere are ~fforded in connection with r~~pid socio~economic development. Thus, the number of those employed in tihe national economy of our country increased from 62.9 million in 1940 to 121 million in 1977. During the years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan nlone the number of those employed increased by 8.3 million. In the developed capitalisC countries the number of tho~e unemployed is incrensing: in Che United SCaCes from 4.1 million in 1970 to 7.8 million in 1975, in the capi- talist counCries of Western Europe from 2.6 million to 5.2 million. Accord- ing to the official data of the American Government, in the next ftve years another 7.8 million people will be wit}~out work as a result of the introduc- ti~n of automation equipmenC. In 1977 in the developed capitalist countries there were 15.9 million officially registered unemployed people. Socinlism is a society which for the first time in the history of mankind solved the problem of universal employ?ment both on the social plane--for it attracted all classes and strata of the population to socially useful labor, and on the personal plane--within each class, socinl group and stratum practically all the able-bodied citizens are emp2oyed. An essential feature of the nature of socialist labor is its universality. The socialist cooperation of labor on the basis of the public ownership of the meana of production made it possible to establish a direc[ tie between ~11 [he subdivisions and links of the unified national ecunumic complex which was organized according to plan, which made labor directly national. The planned nature in the management of the economy is an enormous advan- tage of so..ialism as compared with the capitalist economy~ for it makes it possible to avoid those colossal losses of living and embodied labor, which inevitably accompany capitalism. A graphic exnmple is the economic crisis of 1974-1975, the consequences of which are being felt very acutely by the developed capitalist countries. Thus, the considerable underloading of production capacities in the materials-intensive and power-intensive sect~rs of .Tapanese industry led to the demolition of 20 of the 59 blast furnaces belonging to the 5 largest metallurgical companies, 20-30 percent of the capacities were eliminated in a number of other sectors as well. In socialist society the inequality in distribution and consumption is re- duced on the basis of economic growth and the increase of the general educa- tional and skills level of the workers. However, the socio-economic 16 FOR OFFICIAL GSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOft OF~ICIAL US~ ONLY . differencea between menCal and physical, induatrir~l and agricultural labor, differencea in Che conditions, difficulty and danger of labor, the degree _ of ita mechanization and inCensity still remain. This requirea the measur- ' ing and preciee standardization of labor, which ii; carried ouC at the pres- enC sCgge noC only directly in unita of working time, about also in value form, and aC the saroe tic~e pzedeterminea certain differencea in pay, the general educational level and the vocational training of workers. Labor under socialism is not yet communist labor in Che atrict sense of the term~ fur it~ obligatoriness and material interest are specifics of socialiat labor. "...A duty and matter of honor of each USSR citizen capable of - labor is conacientioss labor in the field choaen by him...." This speciftc trait is governed by the fact that labor has not yet become the firat vital need of all citizens of socialist society. Whereas the nature of labor is its socio-economic essence within the entire society, as applied to each specific type of labor (s~:ctor, enterprise, _ occupaCion or specialty) the nature of labor is tnanifested in its conCent. The content of labor is closely connected with the technical and economic aspect of labor and changes at a more intensive rate. The nature and con- tent of labor reveal the qualitative and quantitative certainCies of the labor of a given mode of production. The period of developed socialism is the moat important stage of the build- ing of a socialist society, of which the change of the conditiona, content ' and nature ~f labor is one of the esaential taska, which affords the op- portunity for the use of the capabilitiea and the development of the per- sonality of workers in the process of labor activity. The change of the content and nature of labor under the conditions of a de- veloped socialist economy involves above all structural changes in social production, which occur under the influence of technical progress. Tens of new secXors, which promote technical progress, have appeared in recent dec- ades. Whereas in 1918 atati~tics took into account about 20 sectora of industry, at present there are more than 140 major sectors and SOO~types of works. The shift of the economy to the intensive path of development is affording great opportunities for the emergence of new sectors both in the sphere of physical production and in the nonproductive sphere. The accomplishment of the complete mechanization and automation of production and the accelerated updating of equipment are intensifying the process of the release of manpower not only from agriculture, but also from other aectors of physical produc- tion, which is making it possible to utilize more efficiently the living labor of workers both in the sectors of physical production and in the non- ~ productive sphere. A complicated structure of social production, which predetermines the set of spheres of. the use of national labor and the occupational features of manpower, is typical of th2 socialist economy at the present stage. The 17 FOR OFFICI/+I. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I FOR OF~ICIAI. U5~ ONLY structure of Che indivldugl aecCors and producCion links hay become com- p1lcaCed, many new occupatione have emerged. In indusCry alone aC presenC Chere are more than 40,U00 occupations and epecialCies. The labor of Che aggregAte worker has become more diverse and complicated and embracey Cl~ose sectors of production und processes, which did not exist at previous stngea of the development of the economy of the country. More extensive opportuni- ties are thereby being created for the choice of occupaCions in conformity with the inCerests and inclinaCions of the workers. At the same ~ime scientific and technical progress is making more rigid demands on Che psycho~ physiological capabilities of man in th~ choice of specific occupntions. Sociological reaearch has determined Chac a significant number of adoles- cents cannot master the iniCially chosen ~ccupaCions. There are added to Che expenditures of society on the Craining of this conCingenC of workers the expenditures on Cheir retraining. This prolongs the process of the so- cial adaptation of a portion of the young people and gives rise to discon- tcnt with labor, and at times a negative attiCude toward it. Tt~e creation of a unified stntewicie system of vocational guidance and the choice of a vocation would make it possible to solve many questions which are connected with the determination of the current and prospective demand for personnel in a breakdown by sectors and regions, occupations and ~kills, with informing the population about the demands of the national economy for workers of specific occupations, with the use of Che means of mass communi- cations (movies, radio, television) for the promotion and increase of the prestige of a number of necessary occupations, with the dev~elopment of work on vocational guidance at generaL educational schools and among the popula- tion, the choice of occupations at vocational and technical schools, second- ary and higher specialized educational inatitutions, at enterprises and others. Another typical feature of national labor is the considerable increase of the level of its mechanization. The data on the power-worker ratio, which increased from 1940 through 1977 in industry 6.6-fold and in agriculture 13.2-fold, are an imporCant indicator of this process. The mechaniiation of production processes entails an increase of the number of workers of inechan- ized labor. From 1959 through 1977 alone, with a 1.5-fold increase of the total number of workers, the number of workers performing work with the aid of machines and mechanisms, as well as on monitoring the operation of auto- matic machines and automated units, increased 2.3-fold, while the number of skilled workers engaged in the repair and adjustment of machine and mechan- isms increased 2.5-fold. At the present stage the material, scientific and technical conditions are being created for the solution of the problem of the maximum decrease of unskilled and ser~iskilled (above all difficult) manual labor. In the USSR Constitution it is noted: "The state is taking care of the improvement of working conditions and labor safety..., the de- crease, and subsequently the complete displacement of difficult physical labor on the basis of the complete me~hanization and automation of produc- tion processes in all the sectors of the national economy" (Article 21). 18 FOR OFFICIr'~L U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 . FOR OFFICIAL U5~ ONLY During the Ninth Five-Year Plan an exCensive program of the complete mechan- ization of labor-intensive ~obs and the au~omation of production was imple- ment~ed. The work on the reequipment of the naCional economy ia being con- tinued during the lOth Five-Year Plan. The production of the implements of labor will be increased 1.6-fold during the current five-year plan, the output of instrUments and sutomation equipment 1.6- to 1.7-fold. The as- similation of the industrial production of the meana and compleCe syatems of the automation of the control of technological proceasea in the metallurgi- cal, chemical, petroleum refining, petroleum, gas, coal and other sectors of industry ia continuing. The development of syatems of machines, which are designed for the complete reequipment of the mining, coaY, timber and wood processing induetriea, conatruction and a number of other sectors, will be completed and they will be put into production. Special aseignments on the production of equipment, which sharply reduces manual labor and ensures the increase of ita productivity, are envisaged. The output of ineans of the mechanizaCion of labor-intensive and difficult construction, materials _ handling, loading and unloading and warehouse ~obs will increase approxi- mately 2-fold. The decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers "On the Further Development of Machine Building in 1978-1980" stipulates specific assignments for the machine building ministries: on the placement into production of machines, equipment, inst.~uments and automation equipment with a producCiv- ity not less than 1.5-2 times greater as compared with the 1975 level for the purposes of expediting ~nt work on the accomplislunent of the complete mechanization and automation of production processes in all the sectors of , the national economy; the increase of the degree of inechanization of labor and the considerable decrease during the current five-year plan of Che num- ber of workers engaged in manual labor; the elaboration and implementation of ineasures on the further decrease during 1981-198~ of the use of manual labor at machine building enterprises; the acceleration of the construction and placement inCo operation of capacities for the production of ineans of mechanization, materials handling, loading and unloading and warehouse operations and others. By March 1979 the machine building ministries should submit proposals on the development of the sectors of machine building in 1981-1985 and for the future up to 1990. As the complete mechanization and automation of production are accomplished, the functions connected with direct influence on the objectof labor are being shifted to a greater and greater extent to machines and mechanisms. At the same time complicated functions, which are conditioned by the greater ex- penditures of inental energy (calculation, monitoring, control, the mainten- ance of machines and mechanism, the monitoring o: their operation), are as- suming primary importance. As the shift of sectors to complete mechaniza- tion is completed, these functions begin to pla~� the main role in the con- tent of the labor of workers. The labor of a worker, in which the functions of both physical and mental labor are integrally combined, is becoming 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOK O~F'ICIAL USE ONLY - typical. The change of Che funcCionxl conCent of labor in physical produc- tion reflects the process of the increase of iCs compl.exity, which requires an increase of Che level of akills of the workera. The contenC of Che labor of producCion m~nagers and specialists is changing " and its complexity is increasing. The demands on Che special engineering Cechnical knowledge of Che workers engaged in the fiel.d of the economics and organizaCion of producti.on are increasing sharply. Sociopsychological functions, which require a knowledge of such sc~.~nr.es a pedagogy, social psychology, sociology and others, are assuming greater and greater impor- tancE in the work of managere and speci::lists. The technical functions of the given group of workers are being decreased on the basis of the mechan- iz~tion of administrative labor, the introduction of computers, the central- izaCion of accounting and the storage of information. Substantiul changes are also occurring in the labor o� workera engaged in the nonproductive sphere. In the sectors directly set~ving the populaCion (trade, public din- ing, consumer services), the content of labor is changing in connection with rhe more extensive use of advanced forms o� service, preliminary orders, service by traveling brigades, mail-order trade and so on. On tt?e basis of the increase of the level of technical equipment the functions of service are being replaced to a greater and grearer extent by the functions of uc- counting, the study of demand, the selection of the most feasible methods of ineeting it. The material and technical prerequisites are being created for the considerable decrease in this sphere of manual, inefficient labor. The process of the intellectualization of labor, which finds expression in: the increase of the importance and proportion of inental labor in the total amount of a~gregate labor of society, the acceleration of the process of the - - intellectualization of physical labor in connection with the change of its content, is accelerated as the structure of national labor becomes compli- cated and the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution are introduced. The proportion of the people engaged primarily in mental labor in the national economy increased from 19.3 percent in 1959 to 27 percent in 1970. In 1977 the number of those engaged primarily in mental labor was 37.5 mi111on, having increased as compared with 1970 by 6 million. The increase Af the inportance of inental labor in the total amount of the aggregate labor of society is characteristic o� the present stage of the socialist economy. A developed socialist society is characterized by a high degree of industrialization of production. The increasing diversity of the sectors of production means the implementation in practice of the 4 achievements of various sectors of science, each of which has its own center, scientific research institutes, planning and design institutes, experimental works and so forth. From 1950 through 1977 alone the number of scientists employed in the national economy increased 7.9-fold. Under the conditions of the high technical level of production the material conditions are being created for developing the sectors of the nonproductive sphere, especially tiiose w}~ich predetermine the solution of the most important social problems-- iii tt~~ rirea of public }~ealth, education, culture and so on, where the 20 FOR OFFICIE.I. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - performance of inental functions is the main contenC of labor. The propor- tion of Chose employed in the nonproductive sectors increased from 13.8 perc~nC in 1950 to '15.1 percent in 1977, inc:.uding from 7.7 to 16.5 per- cent corr~spondingly in public henlth, social aec~tiry, educatian, cul- ture, art and so on. The high level of development of physical production and the nonproductive secCnrs requires the training of the appropriate labor force of highly skilled specialists. During the period frorn 1950 through 1977 alone Che � number of specialists with a higher and secondary speGialized education in- creased 7.6-fold with an increase of the total number of Chose employed in the national economy by nearly 2-fold. The incre~se of the complexity of labor gives rise to the need and creaCes immeasurably more conditions for the development of the personality of the workers boCh Erom the point of view of the very contetit of labor and from the poinC of view of the physical possibilities of society for the solution of the problem o~ increasing the general educational and cultural level of the workers. The new USSR Constitution proclaimed: "In conformity with the communist ideal 'The free development of each is the condition of the free development of all,' the state sets as its goal Che increase of the real opportuniCies for the application by citizens of their creative powers, capabilities and talents, for the comprehensive development of the individ- ual." Under the conditions of developed socialism, with the achievement of the maximum universality of labor the scientific aolution of the questions con- nected with the general educational and occupational training of personnel, which are acquiring more and more importance as one of the most important functions of the socialist state, is becoming ob~ectively necessary. "In the USSR there exists and is being improved a uniform system of popular education," it is noted in the new USSR Constitution (Article 25), "which ensures ti~e general educational and vocational training of citizens, serves communist e3ucation, the spiritual and p"nysical development of young people, prepares them for labor and social activity." The aggregate labor force under the conditions of a developed economy is characterized by a higher and higher general educational and vocational level. In 1939 per 1,000 peo?le employed in the national economy 123 had a higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education, in 1959--433, in 1970--653, in 1977--780. At present the training of a skilled labor force of workers, who have an 8-10 year education, is a central national economic problem. The introduction in the country of a universal secondary education, the organization o� a vast network of vocational and technical schools wtiich give a secondary education, the further development and im- provement of higher and secondary specialized education are creating the necessary conditions for the even greater increase of the general educa- tional level and vocational skills of the workers~ The increase of the general educational level and the receipt of the appropriate vocational 21 FOR OFFICIf,L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR OFF'ICIAL U5C ONLY training b~y workers are ensureci by Che inci~e~sed material resnurces of so- ciety, their purposeful use and the high skilLs level of the lubor force. "...In order to be cultured, a certain development of the physicnl means ~ c~f production is necessary, a cerCain maCerinl base is necessary."2 - - The right of citizens to the choice of an occupation, the eype of worlc, a ~ob in conformity wiCh their calling, abilities, the possibility for the improvement of skills and the learning of new occupaCions is realisCically ensured by the establishment for workers and employees of a work week which does not exceed 41 hours, a shortened w~ck day for a number of occupaCicns and workers, the granting annually of p;~id vacations, day~ of weekly rest, tlie availak~iliCy of a system of free education and vocational train,tng. At ttie stage of developed socialism the conditions are created for the - process of harmonization b~twe~n the oppurtunities afforded workers Er.om the point of view of the chc~ice of the type of labor and its content, and their inclinations, abiliti.es, desires and interests. This process is governed both by the acceleration nf scienttfic and technical progress, the change of the content of labor on this basis, and by the development of the entire system of social relations. In particular, universal secondary edu- cation means the equalization of the general educational level of young people who are beginning their labor activity. The solution of the problem of reducing unskilled and semiskilled labor to a minimum, the change of the - content of labor and the increase of its creative nature are creating im- 1 measurable greater opportunities for the realization of the abilities of - the workers in the labor process itself, the formation of a creative atti- rude toward labor. The possibilities of creativity in labor are also being , realized as a result of the development of the movement of rationalizers and inventors, the number of whom in 1977 was 4,466,000, while the amount of the saving from the introduction of inventions and rationalization proposals was 5,296,000,OOO.r~ibles. Thus, qualitative changes iz~ the main productive force of society--man--also correspond to the reequipment of labor. The development of the productive forces, which caused an inCensification of the division of labor, at the saroe time is increasing the cooperative naCure of labor, which is manifested in the formation of the ~ocially uniform ag- gregate worker. At the stage of developed sociali.m, in connection with the intensive processes of socialization of production and labor, the socio- economic unity of the aggregate worker is obtaining the appropriate mate- rial and technical base. The occupational structure of labor at this stage has not only a sectorial, but also a social aspect. The first feature, which it is necessary to take into account in the formation of the occupati.on- al and sectorial st~ucture of lab~~ for the future, is the gradual weaken- ing of the influence the social iactor, which is caused by the conserva- - tion of the socio-economic differences in labor. 2. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy," Vol 45, p 377. 22 FOR OFFICInI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~ ~ ~OEt OI~~'ICIAI. U5~ ONLY The al~drtcoming~ of the ~~ccupational and eectorigl ~tructure of lgbnr at the gta~e of developed soci~li~m to a con~idernble extent ~re cgused by the f~ct that itg formation during preceding period~ wa~ aecomplighed mainly nC the level of the primary economic link, The training nf Che bulk of the w~rkers directly nt enterprises wa~; oppoeed to the pl~nned Cr~inin~ of a lubor force of E;p~cialists of the intermedigte nnd highegt link~. '1'hig led to t1~e inequality of tt~e training of wnrkezs for individu~l occupation~~ ; to congiderable differenceg in the level of Cheir theoretical knowledge und practical gkills and~ consequently~ in the ekillg of workerg nf Che same occupation~ itt the standards of labor and its remutteretinn not ottly in different sectore of the national economy, bnt nlga within x~ingle eec- tor. To a certain extent the primary training nf workers at the 1eve1 of the primary economic link wae caused by the great number of occupatione in differenc eectors of the national economy~ which diffor liCtle from each other in their cont~nt. The standardization of the occupatione nf workers made it poasible ir~~tead of 23,000 names of occupntlons to lpave in Che new Unified Job and Waee Rates Classification Manual only 6,500. T}~e second feature of the improvetnent of t}~e occupational and sectorial atruc- ture of labor at the present stage is the regulation of its fnrmation. The solution of this problem is connected with the policy of our party of in- creasing the efficiency ~f social production, with the increase of l~bor productivity, the release of a portion of the workers at operating enter- prises and the sending of them to other sections of pra-iuction~ the orienta- tioci in the training of the work force on specialized secondnry educutiunal institutions. 7'he acceleration of thP rate of scientific ~nd technical progre~s is the mos[ important and quick-acting factor of the change of the occupational und sectorial structure of labor. This is [he third feature of its improvement. In industry a number of new occupations are appearing under the influence of this factor and at the same time hundreds of obsolete occupations are ce.~sing to exist. Thus, such new occupations as fitter for the assembly of inetal constructions~ operator of automatic and semi-automatic lines, of machine tools with program control~ vacuum furnnce ateel Worker and others, are undergoing extensive development. The occupations of loaders of bore pits, manual grAnulators~ ore dumpers, sandblaste-rs have disap- peared. The number of occupations of skilled labor, which require knoaledge on tt~e level of the :ekhnikum (for example, instrument technician~ X-ray ter.hnician, plasma equipment operator and others), is increasing. The in- crease of the material well-tieing and the comprehensive development of the individual require [he increase of the proportion of national labor in the nonproductive sphere, which affects Ctie development of its sectorial struc- ture and the change of the occupational composition of those employed. The redistribution of labor in favor of the nonproductive sphere as the level of productivity of national labor in ~i~t~ national economy increases is an- other feature of the changes uf rhe occupational and sectorial structure of labor at the stage of developed ~~ocialism. 23 . FOR OFFICII.L U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I~OK UFF'ICiAL U5k~: ONLY 1'he completion of the proce~e of formin~ production ~~gociations in indu~- try durittg thc lOth I~'iveyYear plan, tt~e creation of agro-indugtrial enter~ prises nnd aggociations ~nd the formation of territnrinl and eectorial com- plexe~ will promote the improvement of the occupntional and gectori~l gtruc~ ture ~t labnr aC ~ higher level of ~he ~ocializaCion of praduction. - - 'The ~truct~re of labor, which ig becdmin~ more cnmplicuted, and [he gre~tcr - ~lemand~ on the intellectual level ntid psychophyaiologic~l attributes of workers under the conditions uL the scientific ~nd technicul revolution are giving rise to the need for the creatior. of a~tatewide r~ystem of vocational ~uidance and the choice of ~n occupatio~~, the functional purp~se of which is the ~chievement of a rational corres~~.ldence between the demands ~f tt~e national ~conomy for workers of specific occupation~ and ~kills and tl~e traininb nnd di~tribution of the labor force with ttie mo~t complete consid~ eraCion of their phybiolo~icnl capabilities~ inclinations and abilities. At ttie ~ta8e of developed 80C~AL~S:i? Che economic potential of the cduntry makes it pogsible to solve major national ecottomic tasks in the area of the improvement of working conditions. These t~sks are becoming an objec- tive ~iecessity~ which stems from the more complete realization of the ef- fect of the main economic law. The increa~;in~ de~ree of the socialization of production is making it possible to enlsrge H~b~tantially the boundarics wt~ich ~re ~overed by s[aCeaide policy in tt~e area of the improvement of working conditions and labor safety. Th~ scientific and technical revolu- tton is creating the prerequisites for a radical change of Cechnological processes. The introduction of ~utomatic remote control, the smokeles~ loading of coke ovens, electrohydraulic a~~d water ~et cleaning ensures t}~e radicnl improvement of working condit:~.is. At the same time the incrcase of the technical level of production and of its efficiency under present con- ditions involves an ir~crease of the capsci[y artd speed of equipment, the re- placement of traditional technological principles with electrophysical, electrochemical and ultrasonic principles, the increase of the temperature and pressure of [he workin~ mediums, the speeds of the flows of sut,stances, che introduction of new flam~able oxidizing agents and construction mate- ri~ls, t}~e increase of the use of radioactive substances, lasers and so on. 'The gaps in the plans for the section of labor safety when developing gi- gantic production complexes are leading to undesirab:e consequences. Tliis raise~ in a new way [he questions of labor safety and :abor safety tech- niques and requires the redou}ling of the attention toward these questions. - Tt~c provision of normal and safe working conditions, of the max'_mum produc- tion comfort is becoming an essential factor of the increase of labor pro- dur_tiviCy and the output-capital ratio, [hat is, the increase of the effi- ciency of social production. The increased economic potential af the coun- try i5 creating [he material prerequisites for the solution of the major nationAl economic probler~s of [he radical amelioration and improvement of working conditions. In our country Che necessary technical level of the elaboration of these problems has been provided, a vast network of scien- tific research insti[utes~ which elabora[e special questions of labor safe- ty and labor safety techniques, has been set up. Annuall;;t}~e state expendi- [urc~ on the improvemenc of working conditions and labor safety, on the 24 FOR OFFICI~L. L15E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR O~~ICIAL U5~ ONLY provigion of workers with gpecial work clothing ~nd r~hoeg ~nd other meang of individunl protection nre more than 3 bill~on rubleg~ 'f'rikl~~y, Inlu +ic:rc~unt th~ It1C1'~r1NC~ tmp~~rcnnc:r df a~rkinq CnndiClnn~ n~ a taclur uf the ln~reu~e o[ production efflci~ncy~ tf� 25t1~ CPSU Congreg~ - outlined the t~~k of continuing thiy work during the lOth ~iv~-Yea~ pla~, of cre~ting moYe favorable conditiong for highly productive labnr gnd the exten~ive use o~ the creative abilitieg of Che worker~. The AUCC'rU and the U55R 5tgCe Coromittpe for Science gnd Technology approved . an extensive program of work on the golutidn of the ecientific attd teChnic~l problems of lgbor safety, which provides for the elaboration and introduc- tion of inett~odg and meane. which engure the decreaee of injuri~g and occupg- tional disenses and the improv~ment of the sanitary and haalth condition~ of labor. 'I'~e main direction of the improvement of aorking conditions ig the compre- hensive consideration of the :~anitnry, physioingical, pgychological and esthetir. requirements when planning new and modernizing old enterpriges. 'Tt~e elaboration of the criteria of [he evaluation of the social and economic efficicttcy of new equipment from tt~e point of view of the imprcvement of working cnnditions is becoming one of the moat important taske. In th~ new US5K Constitution it ig writ[E~~: "The state is takinv care of the im- provement nf working conditions and labor safety~ its scientific orgnnizn- tior~~ tt~e decrease, and subsequently the complete displacement of diffi- cult physical labor on the basis of the complete mechanization and automn- tion of production processes in all the sectorg of the national economy" (Article 21). 'The changes of the conditions and contQnt of labor serve t?s the material basis for overcoming the socio-economic differences in l~bor. The differences between workers of inen[al and physical labor, which are c3used by the insufficient level of development of physical production on the part of both its physical-ma[erial and subjectivP factors,are the most profound differences, which are connected with the retention of the sur- vivals of [he attachment of a person to one type of activity. The sut7nount- ing of them is a complicated, lengthy process which in terms of time Will take up the en[ire period of the building of the communist society. V. I. Lenin wrote that the intelligentsia wiil remain a 3pecial social stratum henceforth until the acheivement of the highest degree of development of . the comeunist society.3 The realization of the main directions of technical progress in the foreaeeable iuture--complete mechanization and automation-- is gradually changing the place and role of the workers of physical labor in the system of social production. Much attention is being devoted to the increase of the general educational level of working young people. Voca- tional and technical schools, which train skilled workers in the most com- plicated occupations and at the same ti^:e give a secondary education, are 3. See V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy~" Vol 44~ p 351. 25 FOR OFFICItiI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR O1~'~'ICIAL U5~ ~)NLY undergoing extensive development. 'Che development of the network of general educational gehool~, the free nature and brosd acces~ibility of educ~tion are the baei~s of ine congiderable increage of the educatinnal level of the workerg of phyaical labor. The gap itt the level of ~ducation of the popula- tion by gocial groups has been reduced. In 19~9 per 1,000 people n� tli~ corresponding groupa there had a higher and secondary edu~ation: wdrkerg~~-81i, kdlkhoz txrmerg--18, gpecinlistg and employeeg-~542, in 1977 respe~tiv~ly 7~2, 567 und 9~2. In the future the differenceg between them will conceri~ ?n~inly the correlaCion between the level of ~~condary and higher education. Tt~e gap between the level of income is ~,~:dually being reduced on the b~~is uf the increase of the level :~f skills ~s the workerg of phygical labor and the improvement of the gystem of di..~.ibutive relations. The overull increage of the standard of living of the aorker~, which along with the extensive develdpment of che ne[work of general educational and culturnl inytitutions is a nece~sary condition of overcoming the differences in tl~e conaumption of cultur~l wealth, is of ~reat importance in eliminating the socio-econdmic differences between workers of inental and physical labor. Article 46 0� the U5SR Constitution states: "U5SR citizens have the right to uxe the achievementa of culture. This right is guarnnteed by the getternl , accessibility of the values of domestic and world cult~re, which are in - state and public foundatic~ns; the development nnd uniform location of rul- tural and educational institutions on the territory of tt~e country; the development of television and radio, the buok publiehing business and ttie periodic press~ the network of free libraries; the expansion of the cultural exchange wiCh foreign states." The building of a mature sncialist snciety s+~s accompanicd by ~ocio-F~conomic transformations in agriculture, Which were aimed at i[s transformacion into an industrinl sector of produccion and a[ thc overcomin~ on this basis of t}ie subs[antial differences between industrial and agricultural labor. None the less the level of development of the productive forces, the degree of m~turity of socialist production relati~ns and so on are still inadequate in agriculture. The capital-labor ratio and the power-worker ratio, the de- gree of the div:sion of labor, the level of the skills of aorkers are lower in agric~~?t~re. The kolkhoz form of ownership gives the differences between agricul[ural and indus[rial labor the nature of class nonantagonistic differences. Ttiis is manifested in the fact that the reproduction process in the kolkhoz sec- tor is accomplished mainly by means of the assets of the kolkhozes them- selves. Kolkhoz ownership secs definite limits to the redistribution of material and labor resources. The pay of kolkhoz farmers and i[s level de- pend on the level of the income ~f [he individual icolkhozes, alchough at t}~e present stage [he s[a[e guarantees the provision of the necessary mini- mum pay by means of grantin~ credits. AC state enterprises the amoun[s of the stimulation funds are regulated by uniform norns, within kolkho~ owner- ship [here is not suct~ uniformicy, cherefore there are svbs[antial differ- ences in tne supplementary pay. In I977 thc average ^~onthly wage of sov- kt~ores workers uas 80.1 percen[ of che level of the c+age of industrial 26 FOR OFFICI..:. CtiE O:~LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I~OH U~1~'ICtAY. U5~ nNLY wdrkerg, while the avergg~ nanthly pay of kdlkhnx farmerg wag 61.~ percent df that l~ve~. Wieh allowan~e for the private eubgidi~ry fgrm, en which 26.3 perC~nt of the budget nf the family of th~ kolkhox farmer fallg~ the differenceg in the 1eve1 of in~ome gre lpg~ ~ignificgnC Chgn the differ~ ~ ~n~~~ in th~ l~vel of p~y. The industrialization of agriculture serves ag the tt?~terial bg~ig fdr gurmounting ~rhe gocid-~~dnomic differenceg betwe~n ngriculturgl gnd indug- trial tgbor. Much wgg done in thig area during the Nint}~ ~ive-Y~gr Plgn. Uuring the ldth ~'ive-Ye~r Plgn the ~apit~l inv~etmentg in egriculture gre pl~nned in the amount of 171.7 billion ruble~. Impnrtattt ~agur~g dtt the further dev~lnpment of the agro-induetrigl complex arp being implemeneed. Interf~rm coop~rgtion arid egro-induetrial inCegration undeYwent extensive development during the induetrialization of ggriculture. Ag a regult df ehe development of the~e procgg~eg the frgm~vork of th~ group ownerehip of individual kolkhozes will be overcome. Int~rfgrm cooperetion ie, in par- tiCUlgr, an imporeant form of the inCegral cdnvergence of kolkhoz ownerghip Wlth etate oitnership. In Che new U5SK Con9titution it ia noted: "The state iy promoting the increase of che sociat uniformity of ~ociety--Che oblitera- ~ion oE cless differences, the aubstantial diffErences betaeen the city nnd the countryaide." 'The effect of the main economic law, Which prede[ermines the need for the ch~nge of the nacure and content of labor, the improvement of ite condi- tions and the decrease of the duration of the working time, is creating the posaibility for the development of the pergonality of the Workers in the procees of lebor activity, and on the aholc tha increnge of the attrac- civeness of national labor. Attrnctive lnbor i~, as Marx expreeeed it, labor which ig the self-realization of the individual, chat ie. labor which enables a person to realize his creative abilities, and at the same time an activity, in the process of Which a person develops and improves [hese abilities.l~ V. I. Lenin indicated that socialism opens for workers the _ Way to creative labor, they Will be able "to shov their worth~ to develop ttieir nbilities, reveal their talenta, which in the people is an untapped spring...~"5 connecting this not only with material and technical, but~ what ig the main thing, With socia-economic conditione. The question of a new attitude toward labor~ Lenin said, "/could/ /in itglics/ be raised in practice only after the gaining of political power by the proletariat~ only after the expropriation of the lundovnere and capitalists, only after the decisive victory of [he proletariat which has Won atate poWer....6 The data of sociological research attest that the aspiration to engage in crea[ive labor, to ~rork for the good of all of society is becoming to a 4. See K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch." /Works/, Vol 46, Part II, p 110. S. V. I. Lenin~ "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy~" Vol 35, p 195. 6. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye aochineniy~" Vol 40, p 314. 27 FOR OFFICI/.L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 I ~Oit O~~ICIAL U5~ ONLY greater and gre~ter extent the mogt important gtimulus of the participation of the broad m~s~eg di the workerg in goci~l prnduction ~t the pregent stage.~ The formaeion di the dem~nd for creative labor for the good df ~11 of goci-- ety as one of the most importaat gpiritual demandg of the individu~l und~r th~ condiCion~ of developed socialism is evidence of Che inr.reaged level of intellectu~l develdpment of the bro~d ms~sgeg of workerg, the increage of their gdcial gelf-congcinugnegg. `rhe hi~h general education~l end occupa- tional level ig increaging the interegt of tt~e workers in gcientiEic ~nd technical cre~tivity, is promoCing the further improvement of produ~Cion. - The crentive nature oE l~bor and its socigl significance ~re influencing the formation of the attitude toward labor as a vital need. One oE the typicnl featureg of a developed soCialigt gociety is the furtlier increase of the social activenegs of the workers, the main forms of which are ttie participdtion of the workers in the management of production and the extengive scope of socialigt competition. Public socialist ownerghip of the means df production objectively governs the fulfillment by e~ch mem- ber of society of specific funetions on [he management of production. The participation of the workerg in the management of production~ on the one tiand, substantially increases their responsibility for the fulfillment of the national economic plans (which involves the tightening up of labor dis- cipline) and~ on the other, requires (oWing to the increase of responsibil- ity) the considerable increase of their rigt~ts, the granting of ~reater independence and the display of initi~tive in the organixation of t}~e ful- fillment of the assignments of the national economic plnn. 'The increase of the participation of the workers in the ranagement of pro- duction at the present atage is objectively governed by the changes both in production itself (the enrichment of the content of labor) and in Che aggregate labor force. The level of the general and vocational education of the bulk of the workers has increased substantially~ the proportion of en- gineering and technical personnel has become significant, varioua forms and methoJb of involving the workers in the management of production have been developed by r~any years of practical Work. 5ocialist competition is the most massive and effective form of participa- tion of the workers in tne management of production. It is cnpable of in- volving nearly all the competitora in participation in the managetnent of production. At the 25th CPSU Congress it Was noted that mass socialist competition has become an effec[ive method oE influence of the xorking cla~s, the kolkhoz peasantry and the intelligentsia on all aspects of 7. In the past 15 years alonc tens of new creative organizations and as- sociations ~f Workers have emerged: permanent production conferences, scientific and technical societies, socie[ies of rationalizers and inven- tors, public design and economic bureaus, councils of specialists~ leading workers and innovators, personnel divisions or a public basis and sa on. 28 FOR OFFIC[nI. C5~ Oir'LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~dtt O~~tCiAL U5~ ONLY - ecohdmi~ gCtivity. At pr~~ent more than 90 mi111on p~aple a~e tgking pgrt in soCi~ligt competieion, including more th~n 50 million in th~ movpmettt for a communi~r gttitude t~ward labor~ The rompeCiCion pgrticipanCg, by agguming obliggtiong~ ~re revealing reserve~ of ehe increnge of lgbor pro- ductivity, the ~conomy df mgeerial reaources, the orggniz~tion df 1~bdr~ c~re promoting the drafting of more seepped-up plans ~nd the increa~~ nf the etficiency nf gncial praduction. Th~ ext~n~ive di~gemin~tion of v~rioug forms of the participgtion of th~ wdrk~rs in m~n~gement confirmg the ob~ec- tive dependence nf thig proce~~. It ig Cypical thaC gt pr~gent th~re ig being reve~l~d a ghift from the fulfillment of tt~e taekg of promoting Che development of production, whi~h previdugly fgced vgrious public org~niza- tion~, to the direct exercige by them of a number of functions of mnnage- ment. Generalizing what h~s been achieved, the new U5SR Congtitutinn in Article 8 recorded thp incr~eged role of labnr collectives in the goluCion of gtate ~nd production problems. Th~ main direction of the development of the p~litical system nf 5oviet sdciety--the furCher developm~nt of gnci~l- ist d~mocraCy~-ig promoting further changeg in Che nature of socialist lab~r on the path of its development into communist labor. Recommended Iteading Ligt K. Marx, "Criticism of the Gothg Program" (K. Mc~rx and F. ~ngel~~ "5och.," Vol 19). V. I. i.enin, "Now to Organize Competition" ("Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy~" Vol 35). "Matertaly XXIV s"yezda KF~55" /Macerinl3 of the 24th CPSU Cnngrege/, Polit- izdat, 1971. r ""taterialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" /~faterials of [he 25th CPSU Congress/~ Poli[- izdat, 1916. "Kong[itutsiya (Osnovnny zakon) 5oyuza 5ovetskikh Sotsialigticheskikh res- publik" /The Conatitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Social- ist Republics/, ~IoacoW, 1977. L. L. Brezhnev, "0 Konstitutsii SSSR. Doklady i vystupleniya",~On the USSR Constitution. Repor[s and Speeches/, Politizdat, 1977. L. I. Brezhnev, "A Historical Landmark on the Path to Cowr~unism" (PROBLEMY MIRA I SOTSIALIZMA~ No 12, 19~7). "Trud v usloviyakh raavicogo sotsializma: sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiye prob- lemy" /Labor Under the Conditions o: Developed Socialism: Socio-Economic Problemsj, Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", 1977. N. V. Markov, "Sotsialisticheskiy trud i ye~o budushcheye. Nekotoryye problemy razvitiya truda v usloviyekh h'TR" /Socialist Labor and Its Future. 29 FOR OEFICII~L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~'OK dt~'~ICIAL U5~ UNLY 5dme probl~ms of the UeveLopm~nt of L~bor Under the Condition~ nf the Scienti~ic and Technicgl Revolution/, polieizdae~ 1976. U, K~rpukhin, i. Obldmekaya~ "Nationgl L~bor Under Soci~lism at Che pr~sent 5tage" (VOpRO5Y ~KONOMIKI, No 11, 1977). COpYitIGHT: IxdaCel~gCVO "pr~vdn", "Vopragy ekonomiki", 197g 7807 CSO: 1823 . 30 FOR OFFICItiI. U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OCt O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY ' TRAN9PORTATYON I. G. PAYLOVSKIY, MIr1I3TER OF RAILWAY3 ~ YIEWS RAIL T1tAH4P0~tT Moecow ELEKTRICE~SKAYA I TEPZOYOZNAYA TYAGA in Rueeian No 1,Jan 79 pp 2-7 ~Article by Hero of Soaialiet Labor I. G. Pavlovekiy~ U53R Minieter of Rail- waye: "Rsiee the Level of Traneport Operationa", ~ ~R~ext~ Under preeent eonditione traneport ie~, aecording to the oonoiae ex- preaelon of Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, general aeex~etary of the CC CPBU and ohair- m~n of the Preeidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet~ one of the deoieive eeotore in the oampaign for etfioienoy and quality in our ri~tional eaonom~y. Ile for the role of railwaye, the volwne of traneport operatlone ie euftioient to provide a l1i11 deecription o� their role: we perfono alDaet three-quartere of the country'e domeetic frel,ght turnover and nearly 40 peroent of a11 pseeer~g+er haule. A leading place belonge to eAployeee o.f the locomotive and poxer services and of plante malcing repaire on the ralling etock and producing epare parte in accompliahing the main taeke connected with the llirther development aad raiaing the level of the operational activity of rail traaeport. Theee probleme, which were brought to the forefront in the decieiona of the 25th Cp3U Congreee~ the deareee of the eubeequent plenume of the CC CPSU, the deeree of the CC CF6U and 1bSR Council of Minieteres "On Meaeuree to Develop Rail Trar~eport for 197~19~," ar~d other doaumente of direative organe~ are rrell known~ underetood and cloae to un. The aforementioned doauc~ente ars regarded by all railw~y workers as a continuing dieplay of the iaaenee conoern of the Communiat Party and Soviet government for the country'a main eteel highveye aad the toilers on them. Baeic Resulte Three yeara of the lOth Five-Year Plan~ which were three yeara of peraietent and purpoBeftil work by a11 Saviet people, have pa,eaed. Thia wae deeply and compreheneively illuetrated in the epeeah by Comrade L. I. Hrezhnev at the Aiovember (197~) Plenum of the CPSU Ceatral Comaittee. Our economic achievementa find g+eneral reilection in auch a compreheneive na.- _ tional economio indicator ae national income. In 1978 it increaeed by 4 percent 31 FOR OFFICIAi. L'SE OIv`LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR O~~ICIAL USE ONLY or nearly 16 billion rublee over 1977, r+hile it inoreased by q8 bi111on rublee for the three yeaacg of the five-year plan. In oonneotion with thie~ three- quurtere of it hae been ahanneled into inoreseing the publio Kelfare. ~ Produative oapital in the national eaonoqy hae been eubetantially expa.nded and replaaed during the yeare of tha lOth Five-Year Plsn. ~t hae 8rown by ~95 b~Y- lion rubles snd by the dnd o!' 1978 had reached one trillion rublee. More than 700 ma~or induetrial enterprieee vere built. Induetry ie developing dynamioally. During the pa~t three yeara output worth 450 billion rublee more than that ot the firat three yeara of the Ninth Five- Year Plan hae been produoed. A feature thst ie new in principle hae been the areetion and developaaent of a eeriee of territorial-produotion complexee~ f3ret and foremoet~ in the oountry'e Eaet. The Party'e oc+urse of improving the material and teohnioal baee ot a,grioulture ie being purpo~ell~lly implemented. La~t year 235 million tone of grain were gathered~ whioh oonetituted the greateat ~arveet in the hietory of our oountry. Unabatad attention ie being paid to improving houeing aonditione for workere. Sinoe the beginning of t,he five-year plan, nearly 6.5 million new well arrang~ed and manag+ed apartmente have been put into operation. Suoceesee in other eeo- tors of the national econo~}r have aleo been ooneiderable. There are aleo aertain achievements in rail traneport. Under diffiault condi- tione Soviet railway rrorkera aohieved a volume of traneport operatione~ the likes of vhich had not been knorm in the hietory of domeetio traneport. Freight turnover on railways in 19?8 inoreased by 24 percent over the third year of the - previoue five-year plan~ th~ diepstoh of treight grew by 350 million tone and the departure of paeeeng+ere by 250 million individuals. Now more than 10 mil- ~ lion tone of varioua typee of freight sre diepatoh~ed snd almoet 11 million paseengere aet out daily. All the eame, ae waa noted at the November (Y978) Plenum of the CC CP6II~ railways still do not eatiei`y the requiremente of the national econom~y and population for traneport. During the period of the five-year plan which hae already tranepired, 1,700 km of new railwaye~ on the whole in the eaetern regione of the country, aere built, 1~8b0 of eecond (double) traake rrere put into operation, etretahee with a length totaling 2,000 lan were electrified~ and 9,200 km of linee were equipped vith auto~aatic blook eyaten~ and oentralized traffic control installatione. Traffic c ing capaaity wae inoreaeed by a length of 18,000 km on the teet- ing groun~poligon?~. Induatry aupplied the railroade with 1~350 electric locomotivea~ 1,800 main-line dieeel locomotivea, 225,000 freight and 9~OG0 paeeenger care. If you're talking of the develop!aent of locomotive services, then one muBt take note~ to begin with~ of the aoceleration in the rate of ite technical renovar- tion and of introduction of ner+ teohnology. During the three yeare of the tive-year plan~ nearly 200 ob~eota were newly built and aoodernized, on which more than 100 million rublee were epent. Work fe nov unden+ay on 300 ~ore ob- ~ecte. In addition~ a seriee of prefabricated buildings fur technical service 32 FOR 0~'FICIAL L'SE O~LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOEt U~FICIAL USL ONLY pointe ~'or light metal deaign loaomotivee ie being inatalled~ whioh Wi11 enable one to raiee eubetantially the quality of work and to improve working oondi- tione. M~re than 1,100 flow (tranefer) linee and more than 1~200 meaha~nized eeotione and pointe are operating at depote. ~ The oolleotives of mar~y railroade and enterprieee are marching in the forefront of oompetition for aohievement of riigh produotion indioatore and ahead-of-eohe- dule fulfillment of aesignmente for the five-year plan. The following oan serve ae an examples the Belorueskaya ~Beloru0eian,~~ Odeseo-Kiehin~vekqya ~Odesea-Kiehin~v~ and Moekovekaya ~Moecov] Railroads, the oolleotivee of the Sol'vyahegodek, Zhmeririlca~ Moecow-Sortirovochnaya ~Marahalir?~~ FZybnoye~ Uzlova a~ Kiev-Paeeazhirskiy ~Paesenger], Kurgaa, Moekovka~ Inskeya, Georgiu- Dezh ~Gheorgiu De~], imeni Ilich and Petrozavodek looomotive depote~ ae well as the Tuapee, Penza~ Ceorgiu-Dezh, Penu', snd Moskoveko-Paveletekiy eleotria power ~upply eeotione~ the Daugavpile~ MoecoW and Smelyanekiy plante and othera. One rnuet note t~iat 52 depote have been ar+arded the honorary title of "Enter- priee of Communiet Labor~" while the movement for a Communiet attitude toxard labor aae itself born~ ae everyone knowe~ at the Moeaow-Sortiro~oahnqya depot-- the homeland of the "Creat Initiative." Collectives at aix depote have been honored with high government deooratione. What then dietinguiehee theee leading collectivee noa? To begin with~ ecien- - tifia organization of labor, the introduction of flow (transfer) lines and mechanization~ etrict induetrial and labor dieaipline and a high eenee of con- ecientiousnees. - Let's take, for inatance~ the collective of the Sol'vychegodBk depot, which wae favored aith a greeting from Comrade L. I. Brezhnev. Shope have been modernized here and 12 flow (transfer) lines and 14 meahanized pointa have been organized here~ i.e.~ practically all the basic operationB have been traneferred to flow ayetema. A great impact is being provided by the ttetwork echedule and the new technology for repairing diesels. The qusli- _ fications of workere in the baeic tradee have been aubetantially raieed. Aa a result, the colleative at the depot is achieving high indicatore in the operation, repair, technical maintenance and efficient utilization of looomo- tivea. ~rhe layover of dieael locomotivee hae been reduced for all types of repaira, while it hae been reduced to 2.5 daye for the TR-3~ i.e.~ it fe more than two times loxer than the average network-wide norm. The averag+e daily run of the dieeel locomotives exceede 700 km. An efficient eyatem for quality control in repairing electric loao~otives ia employed at the Ryrbnoye depot on the Moekovekqya RR, which enables one to check the work of eaah fitter-repairman and to obtain a steady reduction in the number of breakdowna of locomotive equipment. The collectives at mar~y depote are continually reducing the proportionate ex- penditure of fuel and power reeourcea. The leading Sol'vychegodak and Kupyanek depote~ where praotioally all the locomotive brigades fulfill the eetabliehed 33 FOR OFFICIAL L'SE 01'LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OEt OFFICIAL US~ ONLY norms For the expenditure of power reeouraea, can serve ae aa example. One oan aldo inalude the depate at Barabinek, Yaroslavl'-Glavr~yy ~Main~~ Dema, Poltava, Chueov~kaya~ Zlatouet, Rtiehohevo, Chernigov and elsewhe,re among t~e paoemakere. In all~ einoe the beginning of the five-year plan~ 1~100~000~000 kwt/hr of eleotria power and 144~000 tone of etandard dieBel t~el r+ere eaved on traation for the traine. - The reduotion in a tlxrther expenditure of power reeourcee ie the duty of esoh locomotive brigade~ whioh~ to a iarg^e extent, depende on ekill in running traina ae well ae on the ability of diepatc:~era to organize unobetruated train _ traffia and on ~he tracke, aare~ eto. being in g+ood working order. One muet _ compete againat engineere Y. P. Orlov (Bar~?~inek), V. A. Fbmiahev (Oktyabr'ek), _ Yu. V. Korotkov (Shar'ya)~ K. D. Magdenko (Poltava), and othera in tha oompe~- tition for thrifty expenditure of t1~e1 and electria power. Under aonditiona aha.racterized by growing ehigmente and a ehortfall of produo- tion aapaoitiee, the leaet infra,otion of the rulee for operation and repair of locomotivee and eleotric porrer eupply inetallatione oan lead to serioue com- pliaations in operatione work. Hence, we are apeaking today of the need for evezy kind of inarease in qualificatione~ reeponeibility and bueineaelike effioiency in your work, comrade locomotive engineere. The level of qualifi- catione of looomotive brigad~a had grown in the network ae a whole in 1978. when compared with 1970: the number of top-grade operatore had increased from 47.7 to 56.6 percent, while the number of aseiatant operators who had obtsined a licenee to operate a locomotive had grown from 12.1 to 23.4 percent. Md in thia work no ema11 amount of oredit should gro~ first and foremoet~ to operator- inatructore, operator-tutora, ae well se to the maee-oirculation ~ournal ELEK- TRICF~SKAYA I TEPLOYOZNAYA TYAGA and to employeee of the "Traneport" Publiehing House. A moet treasured poeeeeeion of ar~y enterpriee axe the pacematicere of production, who are dietinguiahed by irreproachable fulfillment of duties to the Party ax~d Homeland. High-quality labor ie a matter of their honor and consaienae and r~n object of their pride. One can name the following amcng them: Heroee of So- cialiet Lebor S. Ye. Yatekov (Depot imeni Ilich) end Y. F. Sokolov (Moacow- Sortirovochnaya), operators; G. F. Fatin (Saratov II , fittera' brigade lead- er; Order of Lenin recipienta N. I. Forkhun (Kazatin ~ N. I. Vygovskiy (Koro- - aten'~ and V. K. Yegorov (Zlatouet), operatore; Third Degree Order of Labor Clory reaipient V. P. Mironenko (Dema)~ eenior foreman. And recently we all learned with great eatiefaction o2' the arrard of the USSR State Prize for 1978 for out~tanding achievemente in labor to pacemakere in the All-Union Socialiet Competitiont V. A. Zhilin~ senior foreman of the Sol'vychegodeYc depot, N. F. Mikheyev~ fitter, and N. A. Savin~ operator. The manag+ere oS all links in the locomotive aervices muet aleo flirther carry on the work of training the labor force, of instilling a sense of responai- bility in them for the work entrueted to them, and of further developing eocialiet competition and tutorehip. 34 FOR OFFICIAL L'SE O~LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ Important soaial aaeaeuree are being oarried ou~t during the ourrent five-year plan. During the ~paet] three yeara~ 4.5 million equare metere of living epaoe have been built and ohildren'e preschool inetitutione with 31,000 placee~ g^eneral eduoational sahools for 34,000 and hoapitalg with 6,000 bede have been opened for railrray workere. Supplementaryr payment for r?ork during night hours hae been raieed and the wQg~e rates for employees in a aeriea of leading oocu- patione have beeM inoreaeed. Coeffiaients for the ealariee of railxayr workere working in regi~na with hareh natural and olimatio aonditione have been intro- duced. The averagR monthly salazy in oux induetry ie 174 rubles, ae oppoeed to 159 rub].ea in 1975. Ti:e ealary for locomotive brigades in 1978 has grown by 40 peroent over that of 1970~ while that of repairmen has gror+n by 37.9 peroent. The wag+e rate8 and ealaries of wiremen and electrioiane for the over- head wire network who are engag+ed in work involving heighte arnd off-ground activity ae well aa of a aeriea of eleotrioiane at traction eubetatione and repair and inepeotion ehope of the electric power eupply eectione have been raiaed. A decieion has been reached to pey a one-time lump award fur prolonged meri- torioue servioe to employees engag~ed in the baeic activity of rail traneport. The eize of the awaxd, xhioh fe direatly dependent upon the length of uninter- rupted eervice~ will be 0.6 to 1.5 ~percent?] of the monthly wag~ea rates or salary. What will thie provide~ for inetance, fc~ a loaomotive engineer oper- ating a pae~enRer train with a length of eervice of ~u ysare? When the year'e ~ reeults are oited~ he will receive a one-time lump aruard in the amount of 242 rublee. An electrical wirem~Qn of the Fburth Category engag+ed in main- tenance of the overhead wire networic will receive an award of nearly 185 rublea upon a length of eervioe of 15 years. The firet ent of the one-titne lump award to employees of the Dal'nevoe- tochn~yra ~ EaBtern], Zabqykal' ekaya Tranabaykal]~ Vostochno~Sibirska4Ya Eastern Siberian], Zapadno-Sibirek~ya ~Western Siberian], Alma Atinskeya ~Almar-Ata , Teelinnaya ~Virgin Land] and Zapadno-Kazakhstanekaya ~Weetern ~ Kazakhstan~ Railroade will be made w2zen resulta of the work for 1 79 are cited, the p ent to employees of the Sverdlovek~ya ~Sverdlovek3, Yuzhno- . Ural' akaya Southern Urals], K~yb ehevakawya ~Kwr ahev~, Gor'kovelcqya ~Gor'kiy , Severnaya ~Northern~, Privolzhaka.ya ~Volga Valley] and Sredne- aziatek~ya ~Central Aeian] Railroade when reaulte for 1980 are cited, while awarde to employeee of the remaining railroads and subway eysteme will be made when reaulte for 1981 are cited. A series of other important eocial mea8urea ie aleo beir~g carried out. Lagging Sectiona The eituation in rail tranaport could be aubatantially better if the so-called "bottlenecka" were eliminated with greater vigor. ~ Employeea of the locomotive services of the 3verdlovakqya~ Alm~-Atinekaya, Sredneaziatskaya, Zapadno-Kazakhetanskatiya, K~ybyshev~k&ya, Zapadno~Sibirskaya and a eeriea of other railroads atill do not provide for eteady and norm~al 35 FOR OFFICIAL L'5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 FOR OFFICIAL USI: ONLY apQration of the loaomotive fleet. The percentag+e of di~eel locomotivee ix~ a etate of dierepair i~ l.~j to 2 timee higher than the establiehed norm on thesQ railroade, while the number oS inetanoee of damage to maahinery en route to und while etopped for repairs that were not atipulated in the plan is subetan- t~ully higher than the average network-aide indicatora. - The basic reaeon for thie ie a violation of the planned preventive maintenance systom for looomotive ropaire, their low quality, rreak diacipline, the lack of a full complement of peraonnel and the slow development of the repair base at depoto. The techniaal coruiition of looomo~ivee ie subatantially worsened by - their operation on atretchea for traffic tttr.nover that axe not securely fastened, at epeeds lower than *he rated speede and puJ.ling traine weighing n~ore than the critiaal weight. The level of tlne technical condition of looomotivee has been reduoed aleo owing to the fact that the oommandera of a seriee of railroads~ servioes within locomotive eervices and depots are managing their units in an insuffi- ciently organized and operations-effective manner. Thus~ a need sroee on the - Alma-Atinskaya~ Zapadno-Kazakhetanokaya and Taelinnaya Railroade for a ehaxp inareaee in the eize of the fleet owirig to frequent inetancea of locomotives being out of orderi--a need which depote Were not ready to meet. As a result~ the traffio handling capacity of the technical servioe points and repair baee of these depote does not provide for prompt prepaxation of dieael locomotives for operatione, which leada to an even greater increaBe in the number of ~ar- chines in a etate of diarepair. A vicioua cirole ia formed, like a ch~.i?: which one can break if one performs the neceesary task of extracting one decisive link, which ia done in thie inatance by improving the technical condition of locomotives through prompt execution of planned repairs and maintenancQ. Meanwhile, in some depote dieael locomotives are turned out from certain types of repairs that are provided for in the plan at a rate that is 1.5 to 2 times less than what it was in 1974, eince the basic work forces of repairmen here are being channeled into repairing dieeel locamotives damag~ed during the course of operations, the number of whioh ia growing as the number of repaira pro- vided for by the plan ie reduced and ttia care for locomotivea on the part of brigadea deterioratea. This aituation is also aggrsvated by the fact that the dispatcher pereonnel send locomotivee for repair at inopportune times. Plant repairs play an important role in restoring locomotive reeources, in- creasing their reliability and ia~proving their technical condition. Meaeures are now being taken to expand and modernize the plant locomotive repair base, which, of aourse, requires a certain amount of time. Hence, employeee of our industry, firat of all, at the Tashkent, Orenburg and Voronezh planta, must be more perai~tent in utilizing internal resources to increase the productivity of shopa~ more widely incorporate advanced methode of organizing labor and new ` technology for repairs and raiae the quality of work. Recently, serioue violationa of the labor schedule and time off for locomotive brigadea have been permitted on a series of railroads. Thus, in 1978, more 36 FOR Or FICIAt. QSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 NOR OF~ICIAL USl~: ONLY ttu~n twlf of the violatione of the eotebllAhed durati4n of work by brigadee for the entire netuork were ooncentrated on the Yuxhno-Ural'gk~}?g and 5verd- lovokaya R~?11ro~do. In December of laot year the Board of the Miniotry of Hsilwqye in oon~unotian with the Preaidium of the Central Coamittee of the R~11 Treneport Workera' Trade Union exgmined the etate of affaSra on the Sverdlorekaya ~tailro~d. It wae noted that the edminiatratore of the r~ilroad, as well a~ of a eeriee of other railroade, a.re atte~pting to explain the eituation thgt hae been crented b~3eloa1ly by pointing to inadequate traffic carrying and prooeeeing eepe~citiee on frEight-intennive etretchee and at ma~or marahaling yard ~unctione~ forg~t- ting about their ovn ehorteominge in vork. Ao n rogtter of fact~ the basio rQanonn for thie are often to t~ row,a in eeriou~ omieeiona in operationn plan- ning for train operatione and control of the locomotive fleet~ in the organizar- tion of the paesage of traine, above-nonn layovere en route~ canoellation of tr~.i.na owing to d~maEe t~ th~e rolling etoak snd a weakening of induetrial dig- cipline at marehaling yarde. In a eeriee of inetarticee leea-than-coneeientiouo diopetchero eimply do not follow the xork sohedule of locomotive brigaden~ nir,ce their eommandare do not hold them reeponeible for thie. Un~uetified or- - dero by ohiefe of rai!we~y bre.nchee to lengthen the vork eehedule are also not r~re. ~ V. M. Skvorteov~ director of thE Sverdlovek~ya RR~ he~n been otrictly warned concerning r~eriouc~ violatione of requiramente of the labor legielation, failure to QxQCUte ""1 nlotry of Railvoys ordere No. 34Te of 1971 and 30Ta of 1978~ uas~-- tiofactory organization of the labor end tine off of locomotive Drigadee, and a growth in inetancee of detainiag them at vork beyond the eatabliehed noz~. Tt~.e Miniotry o1' Raflae,ye vill aleo hencoforth hold thoee adminiatrators strictly responaible vho pe~nit ~iolation9 of labor legielation and of normal working conditione and terna for Lime off of looomotive brigadee. Or?e muot note that on meny railroadn, inclurling the L'vovelsg a~L'vov]~ Od~~sko-Kiehin~vekaya ~Odeesa-Kiohin~v]~ Pridneprovakeya ~Dnepr Valle , 7.abaykal'akaya, Yuzhnaya ~Southern~, Beloruaekaya and Pribaltiyakaya ~Bal- tic Coaat] Railroade~ the neaessary vorking conditione and ten~e for tine off by engineers and their aseietante have been provided for over the cAUrse of a aeriee of yeare. More than 82 peccent of the brigadee e d in freigfit traffic vorked laet year according to the non-volunteer 8yetem~bezvyzyvna~ra eietema?] and name echedulee ~imennoye raapisa.aiye?], whieh are dra~+n up in a eerlee of deDote vith the uee o: co~Dutere. There muat be more urgency in _ incorpu:~ ` t~.; tt.ts tread in practice. Chiof Taaks Yery crucial taske in aeeimilating groxing ahipoente face railvay vorkera in the next ferr yeare and in the long term. The chief onee xere foz~ulated in Program Order 30:e. The reeervea of locomotive eez~rices were pointed out re- cently in an article by Y. F. Sosnin in the ~ournal ~TRIC~SKAYA I TEPLO- VOZliAYA TYACA (Ho. 11, 1978). Hence, let us dxell for a menent on the iaoedi- _ ate problema. 31 FOR OPFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~'OK O~FICIAL U5~ ONLY It in very important under the oonditione thgt have arieen to incorporata in ovory wgy po~~ible advgnced experiencg from the aork of enterprieee and inno- vatore in prnduction and Lo ou~ke thie experience the p.roperty of a11. In the nree? of looomotive utilize,tfon, one a~uet aompete rrith the Georgiu-Dezh depot~ wherc~ man,y brigadee have aahieved a 1,000 km averag+o daily zvn and 1,000 minutes of u~eful (effeotive) work from g locomotive in 24 houre. At the Sol'vyohegodak depot, ae waa alrctidy noted earlier, the ueefLl (eff~cti~ ive) run of dieeel locomotivo~ a~ a whole ie equal to 700 km a day~ while here at the F~nba depot on the Zapadno-Kazakhetanakeya RR~ the averag^e daily run of main line 2E'P10V dieeel locomotiveg ie only 303 km. In other vorda, one rauet maintain a fleet of dioeel locomo:tvoe here that is 2.3 timee lr,trg~er t:~ar? the aforeroentioned in order to perfonn identical transport operatione. High productivity of electric locomotivea--1.5 timea higher than for the net- work on the average--r+ae achieved by the collectivee of the K~ybyahevek~ya, 'rnelinn~ya, Yugo-Zapadnaya ~SoutYn+eetern], Zsbaykal' ek~ya and Yug+o-Vostooh- naya ~SouthegaternJ Railroade. At the eame time~ the average daily produc-- tivit of an eleatric freight locomotive on the Zakavl~azekaya ~Tranacauaa- elan~~ Sverdlovekaya, Dal'nevoetoohnaya and L'vovekaya Railroads wa8 aubatan- tially lover thari the average network-wide figure. Reeervea for improving locomotive utilization are available on all railroads. The taok of traneport employees--from fitter at the locorootive depot, ar.gineer or dinpateher to manager of an enterpriee or a railroad--ia to utilize them rr,o re fully. A Apeci~l question ia that of providing for traffic eafety. During recent yeare a eeries of railroade, firet of all, the Yugo-'Voetochnaya, K~yrbyahevakaya nz~d Yuzhno-Ural'skaya Railroade--have been operating aithout accidents and xrecke, while on some othere the number of elow ordere and inetancea of defec- tive performance in train operationa have been reduced. The ohief task of locomotive brigadee ie one of not permitting elor+ ordere to occur in the ~ future~ for vhich the efforts bath of the engineera themeelvea ae ~ell as of operational ~dministratore and of public organizatione muet be mobilized. As before, electrification of railways will be the chief trend in further in- creaoing the carrying and traffic capacity of freight-inteneive linee. Impor- tant linee in Weetern Siberia, Kazakhetan~ the Urale and eleewhere muat be eleotrified ae early as the next fev yeare. Electrification will, in the raain, be carried out according to a progreasive ~yatem with an alternating cuxrent of 25 icilovolta. One of the eections ie being electrified according to a new eystem with a current of 2 x 25 kilovolte, which fe being proposed for uee in the future on the Baykal-Amur Main RR Line and in Kazakhatan. M important taek in the electric power eupply eervices ie that of increasing the relinbility of a seriee of inetallations, to begin With~ of the overhead uire network, par.ticularly on ice-covered ground. In terms of needa for 38 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~OR O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY eleatria powor oupply inetallatione, one muet make etill wider u~e oi' the - aeeembliee for diagnoelo of the teahnical oondition of baeia oonneotione and equipment~ take the neoeeeary weaeuree for a further reduotion in the wear on overhead wiree and prolongation of their eervice life arid introduoe new~ more efficient eerviaing methode that guarantee a high quality of maintenanae of technical facilitiee. Modern eleotrified linee providing for inteneive train traffic and high epeeds are unthiNcable xithout iaproved means of automation and telemeahan.iee. At the preeent tir?~ 28~700 km of eleotrified linee, or 71 percent of their total length~ ~perate on remote control. By the end of the five-year plar? the leng~th of the telemechanized seatione vill grox to 31,000 km. Work will con- - tinue in 19?9 on the further exteneion of etation traake, etrengthening of tracke and developroent of other in9tallatione. In the ftiture induetry will begin to aupply rail transport with eleotric loco- motivee vith a power of 8~000 to 1U,000 kxt with aupport-frame auepeneion ~oporno-ramnoye podveehivaniye?] in the traction motor and an electronic control syetem on tl~jrrietore ~tirietory?,~ and diodes with high parametera, _ electric traine~ dieeel locomotivee with a poxer of q,000 to 6,000 horee power in a unit, new eix-car dieeel traine with eleaLrical drive aad rail dieeel care with care which can be coupled to thev. A dieael ewitching engine with a por+er of 2~000 horae pover aad an 8-a~cle car- riage hae been created for work at ma~or hump marehaling yarde and for hea`ry ~ evitching and haulage operatione. E~ployoee at depota muet be trained prnmptly to operate the new locona tivee and to perform techaical mainten.nce and re~paira on them. Great attention muet be paid to r+orking conditione aad conditior~ for the every- day life of employeea of locomotive eerviceo and planta. Improrement in the vorking conditione for more tt~an 35~00o work placea through auto~ation of saad- conveying unite and compreaeor statione~ the intruduction of flov linea for the repair of locomotivee and their ~oirite, modernization of the ayatem8 for euction-and-exhauet ventilation and duet rewoval, improvement in the eour~d- proofing of engineers' cabs and improvement of control devices ia ertvieag~ed during the currant five-year plan. It xill be neoeesary to put nerr saaitary and living aocommodatione for 30~000 employeea into operation. In recent yeare echolara at the Central Scientific Reeearch Inetitute o~ the Miniatry of Railxqys and at higher traneport educational inetitutione have ex- panded their conaection with railroada, depote and repair yarda. For instance, reeearch on the reaeons behind the uneatiafactory technical condition of die- ael locomotivee on the railroada of Kazai,hstan and the Gor'kovglca~ya RR aad study and dieaecnination of the poeitive e:cperience on the Severnaya and Belo- _ rueskaya Railroade have enabled the drafting of a eeries of ineseures to improve the operationa of the dieael locomotive fleet. ~ 39 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8 ~Olt O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY All the o~rne~ we expect ~n even oloeer tie with praotical work on the p~?rt of ~cienti~to ~nd an even greater yleld in termg of prc~atical reoulte. A syotem and apparatun for dia~oeie of the condition of dienelg through e ~p~ctral ~nulyaia of the oil~ whiah h~e been developed and introduaed on 26 railrosde~ enables one to prevent eome daa~age to dieeele while en route. How�� evar~ a Well-proportioned eystem le needed to diaguoee the condition of all the ~ointe fn thp loaomotivea, which Wauld enable one to uncover defeate dur- ing the courge of operationo c~.nd prior to being aent for repaire and to evalu~ atQ the quelity of repaird when the loeomotive departe from the enterprioo performing t}iem. It ie not a eicaplo aituation that hae developed in rail traneFort, ae Comrado I~. I. Bre~hnev noted at the November (1978) Plenum of the CC CPSU. In thio connection~ in aocord aith the State Plen for the ~aonomic and Sociul Develo~r ment of the U53R adopted at the lOth Seesion of the tTSSR Supreme Soviet, more capital inveetmente are being allocated in 1979 than envieaged by the five-year plan ~o improve the material and technical baee and to increaee the capacity end eaee of movement of the railwaye. In order to inareaee the traffic and carrying capscity of maia linee~ 920 krn of second (double) tr~cke will be put into operation~ 1,300 kn will be eloc- trified and more than 3~300 1cm of railway 1Snee xill be equipped ~~rith auto- ;r~atic block eysteme and cen'~crelized traffic control. There vill be 770 km of new linea that will ga into operatipn, of which 220 km will be the Tynda- Berkakit line, along r+hich ehipment of eouthern Yakut coal vill begin. Parti- cular attention ie being paid to the development of railroads in the eastern regions of the ~ountry to provide for the growing volume of shipmente of Kanekoaginakiy ~Kanek-Aginekoye], IIcibaetuz nnd Kuznetskiy coal. There will be 1,330 new dieeel locomotive uaite, 440 electric loconotives~ as well ae freight and paasenger cars~ containere, etc., delivered to railroads. _ Plane are being outlined for a furth~r improvement in the qualitative indic~- tore for utilization of rolling etock. Preight raficar turn-e~round time wet tA accelerated by 5.5 peroent and the averag~e daily productiv~ty of a locomo- tive muet be raieed by 1.5 percent. On account of the meaeuree which have been outlined, railrray workera muat as- eiaiilate a freight turnover of 3~518 billioa ton-kilo~etera~ or 2.6 percent higher than in 1978, and likewise muet earry 3.0 percent more pasaengera than in 1978. In this connection, the grovth in labor productivity muat be 2.1 percent ae oppoeed to 1.4 percent last year. Coneidering the great and heigfitened tenaion in the oporations of the rail- roads, railwe~y vorkers muet do an even fuller job of bringing to light the internal resources vhich are available to traneport in order to perform euc- ceeefully the ia~portant taeke that have been eet forth by the Party and the gs~vernment c~nd to enaure high quality and efficiency in the operation~ of the country'e main eteel hi~ways. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'etvo "Traneport", ":.lektricheekqy+a i teplovoznaya tyaga"~ 1979 a663 E`D wG : 1823 40 FOR OFFICIAL I:SE O;iLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030054-8
Agency
About CIA
Organization
Director of the CIA
CIA Museum
News & Stories
Careers
Working at CIA
How We Hire
Student Programs
Browse CIA Jobs
Resources
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI)
The World Factbook
Spy Kids
Connect with CIA
Search CIA.gov Site Policies Privacy No FEAR Act Inspector General USA.gov Site Map