PROJECT SUN STREAK TRAINING AND APPLICATIONS PROCEDURES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00789R001100020002-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 26, 2004
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 1, 1985
• Content Type: REGULATION

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DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
PROJECT SUN STREAK TRAINING AND APPLICATIONS PROCEDURES
1. (S/NOFORN) GENERAL: The procedures set forth herein detail
the activities of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Special
Access Program (SAP) SUN STREAK in psychoenergetics. These
procedures are in effect for the period required to train and
apply psychoenergetics. They are effective and do not involve
any practices which expose participants to harmful circumstances
or substances such as drugs.
2. (S/NOFORN) DEFINITIONS:
a. (U) Psychoenergetics: A mental process by which an
individual perceives, communicates with, and/or perturbs
characteristics of a designated target, person, or event remote
in space and/or time from that individual. It does not involve
any electronic devices located or focused at the target, nor
does it involve classical photo interpretation of photographs
obtained from overhead or oblique means.
b. (U) Psychoene etic Source: A person who perceives,
communicates with, and/or perturbs characteristics of a
designated target, person, or event.
C. (U) Pchoenergetic Trainee: A person being trained to
ARMY review(s) completed.
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be a psychoenergetic source.
d. (U) Phoeneretic LL Session: A single attempt by a
psychoenergetic source and an interviewer/monitor to perceive,
communicate with, and/or perturb characteristics of a designated
target, person, or event.
e. (U) Interviewer/Monitor: The individual who interacts
directly with the psychoenergetic source before, during, and
after the session.
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f. (U) Remote Viewi: The name of a method of
psychoenergetic perception. A term coined by SRI-International
(SRI-I) and defined as "the acquisition and description, by
mental means, of information. blocked from ordinary perception by
distance, shielding, or time."
g. (U) Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV): A Remote Viewing
technique that requires the use of coordinates as targeting
information.
h. (U) Targeting Information: An abstract referent which
represents the target of interest.
i. (U) Target/Site: A specific area, person or event at a
specific time.
j. (U) Discrete State: A type of psychoenergetic activity
in which the source perceives his consciousness to be located at
the target.
3. (S/NOFORN) OBJECTIVE: It is the objective of these
procedures to maintain the quality of psychoenergetic training
and applications so that SUN STREAK will continue to support the
broad spectrum of intelligence and counterintelligence
requirements in collection, target acquisition, and deception.
4. (S/NOFORN) APPLICATIONS: SUN STREAK applications of
psychoenergetics include but are not limited to: (1) targeting
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of key enemy personnel from covert agents to key military
commanders, (2) monitoring hostile military movements, lines of
communication, and specific technologies, (3) detecting changes
in the state of military units, (4) detecting and assessing
hostile intelligence efforts targeted against friendly
units/missions, and (5) detecting and assessing hostile
technological capabilities in specific locations. Since US
Department of Defense personnel, command and control locations
and systems, units, materiel, and operations are subject to a
similar hostile intelligence service threat, SUN STREAK can
assist in devising countermeasures to eliminate or reduce
vulnerabilities.
5. (S/NOFORN) APPROVAL HISTORY:
a. (5/NOFORN) Concept Approval: The Commander, US Army
Materiel Development and Readiness Command (DARCOM) approved in
principle the US Army Material Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA)
involvement in the project GRILL FLAME, which began in April
1978 (GRILL FLAME was the predecessor to the SUN STREAK
Project). In May 1978, the Assistant Chief of Staff for
Intelligence (ACSI) accepted lead responsibility for GRILL FLAME
applications. Effective 14 January 1981, by approval of
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the Under Secretary of the Army, INSCOM became the only active
operational GRILL FLAME element in the Army. Program management
for GRILL FLAME was transferred to Commander, INSCOM effective
.11 February 1981. OACSI, DAMI-ISH remained the Army focal point
for policy matters and interface at the national level. Overall
DoD responsibility resided with the Defense Intelligence Agency
(DIA). Also in 1981, a joint services GRILL FLAME Committee
consisting of DIA, the US Air Force and US Army was formed.
Later the Air Force Chief of Staff directed that the Air Force
withdraw from the committee and all psychoenergetic programs. A
comprehensive program was designed to determine the operational
parameters and usefulness of psychoenergetics and assess the
threat these phenomena posed to national security. At that time
DIA was R&D oriented and INSCOM's GRILL FLAME Project was
applications oriented. In the FY83 DoD budget review the Budget
Subcommittee of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
curtailed all psychoenergetic activities funded by the Army in
the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP), but directed
that DIA could complete the third year of their effort and that
all future Army funding be budgeted outside the NFIP. INSCOM
terminated formal involvement with GRILL FLAME at the end of FY
82; in the fall of 1982, in keeping with congressional desires,
the Commanding General INSCOM provided funding from Security and
Investigative Activities (S&IA) monies, and continued its
efforts under a provisional compartmented SAP nicknamed CENTER
LANE. On 1 September 1983, the Secretary of the Army approved
continued Army participation in CENTER LANE activities within
INSCOM and with appropriate contractors in a cooperative effort
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with DIA. In July 1984, CG, INSCOM determined that the
technology and intelligence collection methodology used by
CENTER LANE would have greater potential and could be better
utilized at a higher echelon in DoD. Accordingly, CG INSCOM
offered to transfer to DIA CENTER LANE"s assets and personnel.
On 7 March 1985, a memorandum of agreement was concluded between
DIA and INSCOM providing for the interim operational control of
CENTER LANE by DIA, and for the ultimate assimilation of CL
assets and personnel into DIA's new SUN STREAK psychoenergetics
program.
b. (S/NOFORN) Human
-AAp roval: SUN STREAK was
designated a "Human Use" program as the result of a DIA General
Counsel decision in 1985, which determined that the
Project involved "Experimentation on Human Subjects," and that
relevant Human Use protocols did indeed apply to Project
procedures and technologies. Conduct of the Project under Human
Use regulations was subsequently approved in 1985 by the
Deputy Undersecretary of Defense . Appendix A contains an
historical summary of the Human Use issue, as well as a list of
the pertinent regulations governing SUN STREAK activities.
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6. (U) SELECTION OF PERSONNEL:
a. (S/NOFORN) Current Selection Criteria: After over a
year of participation within the psychoenergetic project,
original source personnel were tested by the INSCOM Staff
Psychologist in an attempt to determine a suitable profile by
which further participants could be identified. The specific
tests administered were (see Appendix B for test descriptions):
(1) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) .
(2) Gordon Personal Profile - Inventory (GPI).
(3) Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B).
(4) California Psychological Inventory (CPI).
(5) Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS).
(6) Personal Orientation Inventory (POI).
For the most part, the group presented itself as emotionally
stable with no marked trends. There did appear to be an
interesting similarity in defensive style, a tending toward
artistic, aesthetic, and cultural interests, and an introversive
style of emotional expression. From these test results the
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INSCOM Staff Psychologist constructed a test that may be used as
an initial screening tool in the selection of new
psychoenergetic participants. This new test is called the
INSCOM Factor Questionnaire. This instrument is used to compare
the personality profiles of prospective Project candidates with
successful psycoenergetic operatives. A high score suggests
that individuals have similar characteristics to operational
psychoenergetic personnel and may be potential selectees for the
project. A score of 20 or higher is considered to re similar to
SUN STREAK personnel. Individuals who score within the
parameters specified by the INSCOM psychologist would then
receive personal interviews with SUN STREAK Project personnel.
From these interviews new project participants would be selected
and trained.
b. (S/'NOFORN) Projected Selection Criteria: SRI-I has
completed a contract to investigate and report on a particular
aspect of psychoenergetics relating to operational management of
personnel; that is, to determine if a personality testing
technique can be created which, when applied to a general
population, would delineate specific individuals who exhibit a
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higher degree of talent for psychoenergetic abilities. Though
the results provided by DIA came far short of providing either a
thorough list of dependable selection criteria or a reliable
selection system, they did establish a valuable data base and a
promising point of departure for a future project that should be
able to provide exactly what is needed.
c. (S/NOFORN) Voluntar Consent: As required under the
regulations governing "Human Use" (see para 2., Appendix A) , all
personnel operate on a strictly voluntary basis, and may
withdraw at any time without any form of prejudicial action or
consideration directed against them. Further, participants are
informed of any known or potential risks that might be inherent
in program participation. This is accomplished through the use
of a verbal briefing from a knowledgeable SUN STREAK official,
and the execution of a personalized Statement of Consent form
outlining all pertinent information and considerations. The
voluntary consent requirement pertains to individuals assigned
to the SUN STREAK Project and contractors/consultants. A sample
of the voluntary consent form is attached as Inclosure 5,
Appendix A.
. (S/NOFORN) TRAINING PROCEDURES: To provide a framework for
the standardizing of the task of psychoenergetic learning, a
number of methodologies are being utilized and conducted within
the SUN STREAK Project. These are as follows:
a. (S/NOFORN) Orientation Testinq/Training:
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(1) Purpose: To provide new personnel with an
introduction to training and applications procedures.
(2) Administered by: SUN STREAK Project personnel and
(3) Location: Fort George G. Meade, Maryland and other
designated locations.
(4) Duration: One to six months.
(5) Description of Procedures: Orientation
testing/training is developed from the practical application of
state-of-the-art psychoenergetic technology drawn from academic
institutions, scientific laboratories, and research
establishments around the world. It is an eclectic approach,
using those methods which have applications potential.
Orientation testing is designed to determine if new personnel
have aptitudes which would be of operational value and could be
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developed through training. This orientation testing consists
of a series of controlled exercises in psychoenergetic
functioning. New personnel may be asked to attempt to perceive,
communicate with, and/or perturb characteristics of a designated
target, person, or event remote in space and/or time from that
individual. Orientation training is composed of practical
exercises in Remote Viewing, lectures, literature review, and
observation of others. It includes the use of locally
significant sites, as well as more remote geographical locations
as targets. A target pool consists of a controlled group
sites or targets and their associated targeting information.
Prior to the beginning of a training session, a target is
randomly selected from this target pool. Information available
concerning the target is kept from the trainee until after the
session.
(6) Training Session Preliminaries: Before a first
training session is scheduled, the person being trained is
oriented fully to the procedure to be followed by the monitor.
The trainee is instructed that he or she should state only raw
perceptions, since experience has shown that specific
definitions are quite often wrong while initial raw perception
tends to be correct. Personnel being trained are always
encouraged to express their feelings and ideas for enhancing all
aspects of the psychoenergetics collection process.
(7) Training Session Dynamics: During the 30-60
minutes prior to the agreed-upon time of a training session, the
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monitor offers some encouragement to the trainee in the same
manner that a coach might give a pep talk to his team. During
the 15 minutes immediately before the session the trainee and
monitor are generally silent. Experience has shown (unpublished
data) that this quiet time enhances the training process. The
training room is homogeneously-colored, acoustic-tiled, and
featureless, with light controlled by a dimmer, so that
environmental distractions can be minimized. During the entire
process the trainee and monitor function as a team. The monitor
provides encouragement with words of reassurance that the task
is, in fact, possible. At no time is the session conducted by
the trainee in the absence of all other persons. If the trainee
does not have any immediate sensory impressions, the monitor
applies no pressure. Rather, the monitor reassures the trainee
that there is no time limit for the training session. if it
appears to the monitor that the impressions are in some way
contradictory or inconsistent, the monitor may then attempt
clarification by asking questions in order to verify what the
trainee first describes. All sessions are tape-recorded, and
pen and paper are available for the trainee to sketch his or her
perceptions. Experience has shown that some trainees prefer to
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combine written and oral descriptions, while some prefer to work
sequentially. The average training session for orientation is
approximately 15 minutes of actual perception. Trainees
generally are not permitted to go beyond 30 minutes as this
leads to perceptual confusion and eventual loss of the training
affect.
(8) Post Session Dynamics: After the training session
is over, the trainee and monitor obtain specific information
about the target, either in picture descriptive form for remote
geographic sites, or--as in the case of local sites--by actually
visiting the target site. The trainee and monitor then discuss
the session results. The purpose of this post-session activity
is to provide the trainee with the satisfaction of knowing how
well he or she did while mental perceptions of the targeted site
are still fresh in mind.
b. (S/NCFORN) CRV Traininn :
(1) Purpose: To provide trainees with the requisite
skills necessary to perform certain psychoenergetic applications.
(2) Administered by: in-house, contractor and
subcontractor personnel.
(3) Location: Ft. Meade, MD; SRI-I Menlo Park, CA;
SRI-I New York, NY; SRI-I Washington D.C.; and other mutually
agreed locations as required.
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(4) Duration: 12 to 18 months.
(5) Description of Procedure: CRV training is a
contracted service provided by SRI-I. The training involves
lectures on. theory coupled with practical exercises and drills.
Particularly effective instructional procedures include active
participation wherein the trainee interacts with the curriculum
materials by responding, practicing, and testing each step of
the material to be mastered; information feedback, wherein the
trainee finds out with minimal delay whether the response is
correct; and individualized instruction, wherein the trainee
moves ahead at his or her own rate. The training procedures
have been broken down into several stages representing various
elements of CRV phenomena. These stages both facilitate
training and actually follow the predictable course of
increasing perception which builds itself in specific increments
and impact. Stages 1 through 3 appertain to general site
features, which become increasingly refined as individual
competency with Stage 3 techniques develops. Stage 4 involves
perception of specific site elements, a good portion of which
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may not be available to any other intelligence techniques, save
for actual penetration of the site. Stage 5 allows the trainee
in a sense to reverse the procedure and "interrogate" his
perceptions, allowing clarification of various specific or
subtle features of the site. Stage 6 permits the construction
of 3-dimensional models of major site characteristics, with
increasing refinements in detail. Experience and theory
extension indicates that additional increments exist beyond
Stage 6. Research is underway to develop and define the
parameters and potentials of these additional fields.
(6) Session Dynamics: In conducting a CRV session, a
remote viewer or trainee and a monitor begin by seating
themselves at the opposite ends of a table in a special remote
viewing room equipped with paper and pens, a tape recorder, and
an overhead TV camera which allows either recording for
documentation, or monitoring by individuals outside the room.
The room is homogeneously-colored, acoustic-tiled, and
featureless, with light controlled by a dimmer, so that
environmental distractions can be minimized. The session begins
when the monitor provides targeting information, in the form of
specific site coordinates, to the trainee. For training
purposes the monitor is allowed to know enough about the site to
enable him to determine when accurate versus inaccurate
information is being provided. The session then proceeds with
the monitor repeating the targeting information at appropriate
intervals and providing necessary feedback. The feedback
procedure was designed to reinforce the trainee's contact with
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the site but not to assist him by random cuing. The remote
viewer generates verbal responses and sketches, until a coherent
response to the overall. task requirement emerges. The use of
the quick reaction-response procedure has been found useful in
minimizing imaginative embellishment.
(7) Post Session Dynamics: After the training session
is over, the trainee and monitor obtain specific information
about the target. As in the case of orientation training, this
is presented in picture descriptive form for remote geographic
sites, or in the case of local sites, may involve actually
visiting the target sites The trainee and monitor then discuss
the session results, again with the purpose of providing the
trainee with the satisfaction of knowing how well he or she did
while mental perceptions of the targeted site are still fresh.
C. (S/NOFO N) Appli_cations Trainin :
I ~ ~_ .4__
(1) Purpose: To enable advanced trainees to integrate
and expand acquired skills for psychoenergetic applications.
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(2) Administered by: SUN STREAK Project personnel.
(3) Location: Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.
(4) Duration: Continuous.
(5) Description of Procedure: Procedures for
applications training are essentially identical as those
previously presented except in the style of target presented.
Applications targets are actual targets of military interest,
such as US facilities or USSR sites from which data are
available or can eventually be obtained. Targets of this type
provide a basis for judgements regarding utility, accuracy,
calibration, and depth of detail. for any given trainee in a real
world environment.
d. (SJNOFGRN) Advanced Individual Trainin
(1) Purpose: To provide experienced sources with
advanced individual training to meet applications requirements.
(2) Administered by: SUN STREAK Project personnel, and
(3) Location: Fort Meade, Maryland and various
(4) Duration: Continuous.
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(5) Description of Procedure: Individualized advanced
training programs are developed to meet specific applications
needs Such programs may involve training in biofeedback,
communications skills, perturbation techniques, discrete state,
hemi--sync, search, Neuro-linguistic Programming, and alternate
target acquisition methods. One program of particular interest
is hemi-sync training conducted by the Monroe Institute of
Applied Sciences (MIAS), Faber, VA:
The MIAS hemi-sync techniques are used to teach sources to
control highly specialized mental states conducive to
psychoenergetic performance. This form of advanced
individual training is only used with sources of proven
performance and a recognized degree of maturity. Training
is accomplished in four essential phases; (1) application of
the Monroe "Discovery" series done at Fort Meade to screen
personnel and prepare for phase two; (2) Attendance at the
MIAS Gateway program for qualified personnel, conducted in a
seminar atmosphere; (3) One-on-one training sessions with
Robert A. Monroe at MIAS, which are designed to "customize"
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individual techniques for specific individual needs; (4) use
of specially designed hemi-sync environments during
applications training done at Fort Meade.
(S/NOFORN) PSYCHOENERGETIC APPLICATIONS: SUN STREAK
sources can be used to perform psychoenergetic applications in
support of intelligence and counterintelligence requirements
(see paragraph 3, above). The dynamics of applications sessions
parallel those of training sessions. The sequence of events
consists of the following: (1) tasking; (2) development of a
collection plan; (3) conduct of psychoenergetic session(s); (4)
reporting; (5) evaluation. Applications sessions are always
conducted under the control and management of SUN STREAK
personnel. Sessions may be conducted at Fort Meade or other
locations as deemed necessary. Psychoenergetic
consultants/contractors may be employed when required to meet
applications requirements.
9. (S/NOFORN) ADDITIONAL COMMENTS :
a. Selected personnel may use the hemi-sync environment in
conjunction with psychoenergetic applications/training.
b. Sources and trainees may he monitored using appropriate
non-intrusive biological monitoring equipment.
c. The maximum number of applications sessions for each
source will not exceed ten per week.
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d. The maximum number of training sessions for each source
will not exceed 20 per week.
e. (U) SUN STREAK procedures do not involve the use of
drugs, substances, or circumstances harmful to participants.
The INSCOM Staff Psychologist provides continuous support to the
project. Facilities at Kimbrough Army Hospital, Fort Meade, MD,
are available if required.
10, (S/NOFORN) CONFIDENTIALITY: Individuals performing as
psychoenergetic trainees, sources, and monitors under the SUN
STREAK Project will not have their roles identified outside of
their parent organization without their specific prior consent,
and they will be referred to in project reports only by an
alpha-numeric designator. Products of SUN STREAK such as tapes,
drawings, transcripts, rosters, or other materials which might
reveal the identity of the source will be coded to assure the
protection of their identity.
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11. (S/NOFORN) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: Psychoenergetic sessions
will be conducted in an ordinary room at ambient temperature and
humidity during the normal waking hours of the participants.
The only limitations on these parameters will be for security
from electronic eavesdropping and elimination of ordinary
distractions, such as radio, office machinery, and outside
noises.
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Historical Summary of "Human Use" Issue
1 (S/NOFORN) In February 1979, the Army General Counsel
determined that GRILL FLAME activities involved testing on human
subjects,
I In March 1979, The
Surgeon General's Human Subjects Research Review Board reviewed
the GRILL FLAME protocol and concluded that it represented
technology transfer and validation of the technology transfer,
rather than research or clinical investigation, and as such,
GRILL FLAME activities did not require approval for human use.
However, the Board expressed concerns that future Army follow-on
work might be classified as research, and as such, plans should
be considered to establish credible human use. review procedures
to oversee GRILL FLAME activities.
I in April 1980,
the Under Secretary of the Army approved the continuation of
GRILL FLAME activities. In October 1980, the DoD, DIA, and Army
General Counsel jointly agreed that it would be prudent to
obtain written approval from the Deputy Secretary of Defense to
FOIAB5
FOIAB5
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conduct GRILL FLAME activities. ACSI, DA concurrently initiated
action to obtain Secretary of the Army approval to conduct GRILL
FLAME activities. In September 1982, INSCOM GRILL FLAME
activities ceased because of NFIP restrictions; INSCOM
psychoenergetic activities were reinitiated in December 1982,
under the INSCOM SUN STREAK Project (ICLP), an S&IA activity.
Secretary or Under Secretary approval for GRILL FLAME/ICLP
activities has been granted on 14 January 1981, 1. February 1982
and 1. September 1983. Approvals are generally valid for one
year.
With the pending transfer of ICLP resources to DIA, and
while these same resources were OPCON to that agency, DIA legal
counsel concluded that further Human Use approval, would be
required to enable the INSCOM/DIA hybrid program to train and/or
operate on a provisional basis. Accordingly, on
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approval was sought and received from to
operate lAW the Human Use regulations and protocols as
referenced below.
2. (U) Regulations governing "Experimentation on Human
Subjects" are as follows:
a. (U) 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46, "Protection
of Human Subjects" (Incl. 1).
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h. (U) Procedure 13, DOD Directive 5240.1-R (Iricl 2).
C. (U) AR 381-10, paragraph 2-18 (Incl 3).
d. (U) USAINSCOM Regulation 15-3, "Boards, Commissions and
Committees: HIGH PERFORMANCE REVIEW PROCEDURES" (Inci 4).
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APPENDIX B
Psychological Test Descriptions
1. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):
Developed by S. R. Hathaway, Ph.D., and J. C. McKinley, M.D.,
The Psychological Corporation. The MMPI is designed to provide
an objective assessment of some of the major personality
characteristics that affect personal and social adjustment. The
point of view determining the importance of a trait in this case
is that of the clinical or personnel worker who wishes to assay
those traits that are commonly characteristic of disabling
psychological abnormality. The carefully constructed and
cross-validated scales provide a means for measuring the
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personality status of literate adolescents and adults together
with a basis for evaluating the acceptability and dependability
of each test record. Nine scales were originally developed for
clinical use of the inventory and were named for the abnormal
conditions on which their construction was based. The scales
were not expected to measure pure traits nor to represent
discrete etiological or prognostic entities. Since they have
been shown to have meaning within the normal range of behavior,
these scales are now commonly referred to by their
abbreviations--Hs (hypochondriasis), D (depression), Hy
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(Hysteria), Pd (psychopathic deviate), Mf (masculinity-
femininity), Pa (paranoia), Pt (psychasthenia), Sc
(schizophrenia) , and Ma (hypomania) --or by their code numbers to
avoid possibly misleading connotations. Many other scales have
subsequently been developed from the same items; Si (social
introversion) is one that is commonly scored. There are also
three validating scales: L (lie), F (validity), and K
(correction).
2. Gordon Personal Profile - Inventory (GPI): Developed by
Leonard V. Gordon, Ph.D., The Psychological Corporation. The
GPI is companion instrument to the Gordon Personal Profile
(GPP). It measures four additional traits, namely Cautiousness
(C), Original Thinking (O), Personal Relations (P), and Vigor
(V). The two instruments used together provide an economical
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coverage of eight important factors in the personality domain.
Both have been found to be appropriate for use with high school,
college, industrial, and general adult groups.
3. Fundamental Interpersonal. Relations Orientation - Behavior
(FIRO _ B) Developed by Will Schutz, Ph.D., Consulting
Psychologists Press, Inc. The fundamental. interpersonal
dimensions of the FIRO Theory are; Inclusion (I), Control (C),
and Affection (A) and are defined behaviorally as follows:
The interpersonal need for inclusion is the need to establish
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and maintain a satisfactory relationship with people with
respect to interaction and association (both positive or
negative). C - The interpersonal need for control is the need
to establish and maintain a satisfactory relationship with
people with respect to control and power. A - The interpersonal
need for affection is the need to establish and maintain a
satisfactory relationship with others with resP.=ct to love and
affection.
4. California Psychological Inventory (CPI): Developed by
Harrison G. Gough, Ph.D., Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
The CPI is intended primarily for use with '"normal"
(non-psychiatrically disturbed) subjects. Its scales are
addressed to personality characteristics important for social
living and social interaction, i.e., to variables that are woven
into the fabric of everyday life. "Folk concepts" such as these
are hypothesized to be relevant to the prediction and
understanding of interpersonal behavior in any setting, culture,
or circumstance. Thus, although the inventory has been found to
have special utility in work with particular kinds of problems,
e.g., delinquent and asocial behavior, it can also provide
information of value in regard to educational, vocational,
familial, and many other issues.
5. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS): Developed by
Allen L. Edwards, Ph.D., University of Washington. The EPPS was
designed primarily as an instrument for research and counseling
purposes, to provide quick and convenient measures of a number
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of relatively independent normal personality variables. The
statements in the EPPS and the variables that these statements
purport to measure have their origin in a list of manifest needs
presented by H. A. Murray and other noted psychologists. The
names that have been assigned to the variables are those used by
Murray. These 15 measurable personality variables are;
achievement (ach), deference (def), order (ord), exhibition
(exh), autonomy (aut), affiliation (aff), intraception (int),
succorance (suc), dominance (dom), abasement (aba), nurturance
(nur), change (chg), endurance (end), heterosexuality (het), and
aggression (agg). In addition to the above 15 personality
variables, the EPPS provides a measure of test consistency and a
measure of profile stability.
6. Personal Orientation Inventory (POI): Developed by Everett
L. Shostrom, Ph.D., Educational and Industrial Testing Service,
San Diego, California. The profile on the PCT shows the degree
to which the subject's attitudes and values compare with those
of self-actualizing people. A self-actualizing person is one
who is more fully functioning and who lives a more enriched life
than does the average person. Such a person is developing and
utilizing his unique talents to the fullest extent.
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