JPRS ID: 8286 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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23 FE6RUARY i9?9 . FOUO 71T9 i OF i

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JPRS L/8286 -
2 3 February 19 79
I
~
- TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIEI~CE AND TECH~dOLOGY
BIOM~DICAL AND BEHAYIORAL SCIENCES
tF0U0 7/79)
,
~
E
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BIBLiOGRAPNIC DATA 1. Repon No. 2 3. Rccipient'g Accesaiun No,
SHEE't JI'It5 L/ S2H6
5~ eport aee
~ 1'RANSLATIONS ON USSEt SCIt;NCL AND TCCHNOLOGY 23 ~'ebruary 1979 `
HtUM~;UICAL AND IiLNAV1.0ItAL SCICNCCS (FOUO 7/79 ) d.
7. Author(~) 8. Performing Organization itept, _
No. -
9. Petlormiog Org~nisrtion N~mc aod Addreee 10. Pioject/Task/Work Unit No,
.foint ~u.blieations Research Service
, 1000 North Clebe Rogd 11. Conrract/Grsnc No. -
Arlington, Virginia 22201
- 12 5poo~ainR Org~nis~tion N~me ~nd Addree~ 13. Typc of Report ~ Period
Covcted
. As abovc
14.
15. Supplemeotacy Notes
16. Ab~encts
- 'Che report contains information on aerospace medicine~ agrotechnology, bionics
and tsioacoustics, biocliemistry, biophysics, environmental and ecological
Pcob~.i~ms~ food technology, microbiology, epidemiology and immunology,
marine bioingy, military medicine, physiology, public health, toxicology,
radiobiology, veterinary medicine, behavioral science, human engineering,
, psychology, psychiatry and related fields, and scientists and scientific
orgur,izations in biomedical fields. _
_ 17. Key ~ads ~nd Dxument Aoalyais. 17a Descripton
- USSR Medicine
Aerospace Medicine Microbiology
Agrotechnology Physiology ~
Biology Psychology/Psychiatry
l3otany Public Health ~
l:pidemiology/Immunology Radiobiology
lluman I:ngineering Toxicology
btarine l3iology Veterinary Medicine
17b. Identi(iers/Open-Ended Terms
17e. l.f)tiATI I~i~ld/Group 2~ 5~;~ S.J~ 8A _
+ 18. Avail~bility Statement 19.. Security Class (This 21. o. of Pa6cs
I~or OCficial Usc Only. i,imited Repor[) ~
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Number of Copies Available From JPRS ��~r~cy .SS ~ n~s 22, p~;�
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�ORM NTIf�7~ ~t0�70) UNCLASSIFIF.D
USCOMM�DG 40)74�P71
. . . . . . . . . . II
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JPRS L/8286
2 3 k'ebruary 19 79
- TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIEN~;E AND TECHNOLOGY
BIOMFDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
~ (FOUO 7/79)
CONTENTS PAGE -
BIOCHEMISTRY
Instruments for th~ Study of Biop~lymars
(V. A. Pavlenko; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 12,
1978) 1
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Appeal for Successful Completion of Che S~ate Plan and -
Socialist Pledges
_ (V. N. Fedoryshin; GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA
' PROMYSHLENNOST', No 2, 1978) 15
Assimilation of a Flotation Method of Yeast Isolation
_ (P.A. Smetanin; GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA
PROMYSHLONNOST', No 2, 1978) 20
CompeCition for Millionth Ton of Nutrient Yeast IniCiated
(GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST',
No 2, 1978) 22 `
Expanding Producti4n of Nutrient Yeaat in Pulp-and-Paper _
Indu~try ,
(V. I. Kropotov; GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA ~
PRUMYSHLENNOST', No 6, 1978) 24
Tapping Pines With Nutrient Yeast Infusion
_ (Ya. G. Drochnev, et al.; GIP,ROLIZNAYA I =
LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', No 6, 1978) 30
Andizhan Hydrolysis Plant's 25th Anniversary
_ (I~. I. Pavlova, et al.; GIDROLIZNAYA I _
LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', No 6, ~.978) 37
- a- [ZII - USSR - 22 S&T FOUO]
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CONTENTS (ConCinued) p~~~
Improving Che System for ConCrolling Maintenance of
Production Conditions
~(V. Ya. Ivanova; GtDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA
PROMYSHLENNOST', No 6, 1978) 43 ~
NuCrient Protein Acquiaition in CEMA CounCries
(V.S. Mir,ina, et al.; GIDROLI7.NAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA
PROMYSHLENNOST'r No 6, 1978) 49
Inrrodtorgmash-78--Exi~ibition Report '
(B.L. Smolyakov; CIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA
PROMYSHLENNOS~', No 6, 1978) 57
Contra~ oF Microbiological Synthesis (Soviet Patent
Literature 2eview) -
- (A.S. Fedorov, V. I. Boboshko; GIDROLIZNAYA I
LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', No 1, 1978) 60
.
- SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS
Symposium on Biotechnology and Bioengineerin~;
(M. Zh. Krist~psons, Yu. 0. Yakobson; MIKROBIOLOGIYA,
: ,
~ No 6, 1978) 66 I
_ PUBLICATIOt1~
= Optimization of Man-Machine System Described in New Book
(Nikolay Vladimirovich Adamovich; UPRAVLYAYEMOST'
- MASHIN, 1977) 73
- - b ~
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BIOCHEMI5'TRY
UDC: 681.2
INSTRUMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF BIOPOLYMFRS
:Ioecow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Rueaian No 12, 1978 pp 11-22
[Article by V. A. Pavlenko]
- [Textj The presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences [AS]
conaidered the queation of progress in fulfilling the plan
of development of inetruments for the study of biopolymers.
A report wae delivered by V. A. Pavlenko, doctnr of engineering
aciences~ director of the InstituCe of Analytical Inatrument
Making. -
Report of V. A. Pavlenko
The designing organizations of the USSR AS are developing variou?~ instruments
which, according to the claesification of the Council for Scienti,fic
InstruD?ent Making under the Presidium of the USSR AS, are referable to `
, about 25 directions of instrument making. -
Instru~enta in virtually all of theae directions are used in all areas of ~
natural and engineering sciences. The vast ma,jority of instruments is aiso
used for biological atudies, incl?iding the study of composition, structure _
and propertiea of biopolymere.
_ Intenaive use of complex instruments began much la~er in biology than, for =
example, in chemiatry. Evidently, this ia attributable, on the one hand,
to the statue of research and, on the other hand, the lag in instrument
building and impoeaibility of ineeting the specific requirements of bio-
logical invee';igationa without appropriate acientific research and experi-
mental design work.
_ Stepa were taken to expedite development of instrument production for biolo~
gical reaearch. As a result, in 1975-1971, enterprises under the Mini~try
of Inatrument Making, Automation Equipment and Control Systems set up the
~ production of instrumenta reierable to ?2 titles, and have produced 478 in-
etruments. Production of 8 types of instruments has been set up in the AS,
3t the experimental plant (131 instruments were manufactured).
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- AC Che present time, high resolution ~PR [electron paramagnetic resonance:~
and I~IR (nuclear magnetic reaonance] radiospec~romeCera, optical spectro- -
metera, oCher optical inatruments and microscopes, x-ray diffracCion and
~ roentgenospectral analysis inaCrumenCs, electron, gamma resonance and mass `
apectrometers, insxrumenta that use synchrotron radiation, elecCron micro-
ecopes and el~ctronographs, liquid and gas chromatographs, electrochemical
_ instrumente, electrophoretic inatrumenCs, ultracentrifuges, sequencers
~'sekvenator"] and syntheaizera of proteins and peptides, calorimeters and
thermal analyaie instrumenes, automatic biochemical analyzers, special
equipment for microbiology, physiology and cytology, laboratory equipment,
inetrumenta and devices of amall-scale mechanization and automation are
being used in biology.
Not all groups of instrumenta are uaed equally exCensiveiy, the degree of ~
development of inatrumenta and organizaCion oP series production thereof also -
are different.
In organizationa under the Scientific and Technical Association of the US~R -
AS, the Expenaes incurred for development and producCion of insCruments
(mainly analytical) for chemistry and biology are growing constantly
(Figure 1). -
The interagency scienCific and technical council for problems of molecular
biology and molecular genetica, under the supervision of Acadmician Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov, prepared the progr.am "Micromethods in Protein Chemistry."
The Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry imeni M. M. Shemyakin, Institute of
Protein, Institute of Molecular Biology, Institute of High Molecular Compounds,
Novosibirsk InatituCe of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Instrument
Making and the design offices of the USSR AS participated in preparing this
program.
The program provides for the�IIxecution of 13 methodological pro~ects by
sci.entific research inatitutes and development of 17 new, modern instruments
- for biochemical investigations.
Of the 17 inetruments listed in th~ program, 12 must be developed at Che
Institute of E~nalytical Instrument Making and one each at the SKB [special
design office] of Biological Instrument Making, No~rosibirsk Institute of _
Organic Chemiatry and Leningrad Opticomechanical Association; 2 instruments -
must be designed at the SKB of biophysical equipment.
Additional targets were includec in the program at the instigation of the
Institute of Analytical Instrument Making of the USSR AS: development of
a device for connecting a liqu�Id chromatograph to a mass spectrometer,
designing an attachment with chemo-ionization for the current series-produced
mass spectrometers, development of optical and membrane instruments, as
well as automatic pipettes with regulated contents.
The new ob~ectives caused substantial changes in the structure of work of
= the SKB of Analytical Instrument Making.
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,
Ruoles, Rubles,
millions millions
10 3 ' -
_ ~
r ~
e -
~ g �
7 .
~ ~ .
e ~
o�~ '
6
2 2~ a
4 = d
1 =
. 3 ~,~~~~~~'4 r -
2 t. : -
f ~ 3 ~
1
�
~ .
198U 1970 1980 19Q0 1970 1980
Figure 1. Figure 2. -
Growth of expenses for development Expenses for development and produc- -
_ . and production of instrumente in tion of different types of instruments
organizations under the Scientific 1) mass spectrometers
and Technical Asaocation of USSR AS 2) chrocnatographs -
1) instruments for chemical studies 3) radiospectrometers
2) instrumenta for biological " 4) data processing systems -
There has been a aignificant increase in share and rate of,development of
_ work dealing with ;liquid chromatography (Figure 2). In this regard, there
_ is an interesting forecast of development of some branches of scientific
_ instrument making in the United States. The projeeted annual rate of
growth in production of instruments, as listed in the Table, indicates that
- development of instrument making from chromatography is alloo ahead of -
development of other branches of instrument making. `
It is difficult to diecuss all groups of instruments used to study biopolymers,
or even inatruments developed for this purpose at the USSR AS. For this
reason, we shall consider the most important directions of work within the
framework of the "Micromethods in Protein Chemistry" program.
- First, a few words about liquid chromatography instruments. As we have
already staCed, liquid chromatography is one of Che important methods of
etudying biopolymers. ~
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RaCe of growrh in instrument production in the United States, % ~
1976 1979 Annual mean
_ . Types of insCrumenta 1975 1976 for 1976-79 ~
.
F
Chromatographa: 11.9 44.7 14.0
gae 11.5 31.0 10.3
liquid 12.5 66.7 22.2 -
Inatrumente for specCral analys3.s: 9.5 21.3 7.1
spe~trophotometers 10.2 21.0 7.0
apectrofluorometera 4.2 20.0 6.7
apectropolarimetere 5.3 50.0 16.7
Mass spectrometers 8.9 27.9 9.3
NMR spectromeCers 7.8 24.6 8.2
Electron microac.opea 8.9 27.5 9.2
Heat analyzere 7.9 36.8 12.3
X-ray equipmenC ].1.0 31.F, 10.5
Other equipment 6.0 17.6 5.9
Tne lag of liquid chromatography, ae compared to gas chromatography, was
due primarily to the absence of needed sorbents. It is only in the last
_ few years, thanks to the work: done at the Institute of Silicate Chemistry,
USSR AS, did macropore glass appear, with controllable pore size, as c.~ll as
porous silica gel, which was developed at Moscow University. Iiowever,
even theae sorbents are not be{.ng produced on an industrial scale.
i4oreover, highly sensiCive gages of concentrations of substances in liquid
media--detectnr systems--are needed for the successful development of liquid
chromatography. Optical measurement instruments serve as such systems: photo-
meters, refractometers and spectrophotometers. For example, the au;:onomous
_ refractometers produced by industry a few years ago had a sensitivity of
only 10'4 refraction units with about a 1 m!t� size of optical nonflow-through ~
cells. Thia by no means meets the demands of liquid chromatograptiy. -
In 1972, in developing liquid chromatographs for analysis ~f synthetic poly-
mers, the refractometer sensitivity was raised to 2�10'~ refraction units
- with optical cell size of 15 uk. As converted to proteins, these instruments
had a sensitivity of 500 ng. This group of instruments includes the KhZh1304 _
liquid chromatograph developed in 1976. It is intended for analysis of a
wide range of substances, including polymers. The sensitivity of this
- inatrument is 1�10' ~refraction units and that of the spectrophotometer,
_ 4�10-4 units of optical density. The size o� the sample to be analyzed is
0.25 mk substanc'e. This instrument permits analysis of proteins with a
sensitivity of refractometric measurement of 240 ng, or 3�10'12 mole of
albumin.
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.
. ~
Such featurea of the optical d~tectors, combined with an operat3ng mode at
~ a preseure of 200 aCm, provide for high-speed analysis. Figure 3 illustratea
Che molecular and mass distribution of polyseyrene standards which is obCained
in 25 min.
- c:~~
Deve].opment of microculumn liquid chro-
matographs was an impartant ~tep in
z,oso~io' ~~98 ~~5 ~ development of liquid chromatography �
s,46 10~ s.a ~oe in application to analysis of bio~oly-
- mer~. In 1975, the Novosibirsk Insti-
~ ~ tuCe af Organic Chemistry, Sib~rian
' . Branch of the USSR AS, and the SKS of
Analytical Instrument Making designed
; , the KhZh1305 chromatograph, and in
- 1976 a functional model of the Ob'
" chromatography was built at the Novo-
Figure 3. Novosibirsk InatituCe of Organic
. Mol~ecule and mass distribution of ChemisCry. Capillary columns 0.5-1 mm -
polystyrene standards, obtained in disme*er are used in these instru-
_ on KhZh1304 chromatography mente, and this made it possible to
~refractomeCer an = 10-~, analysis reduce the size of samples to 4 uk.
time 25 min) This is the f irst time that such
parameters were reached anywhere in ~
the world. _
- It was necessary to develop special s~ectrophotometers for instruments in _
- this group, with sensitivity of 4�10' units of optical density, that
= operate in the range of 200 to 600 nm with 1 uR optical cells. Spectro- -
photomeCers of this type have no equal abroad. These instruments permit
- analysis of proteins *aith a sensitivity of about 15 ng sample, or 2�10-13
mole of albumin.
A standardized set of microcclumn liquid chromatographs, unequaled abroad~ ~
has been developed and is being mamsfactured. It is based on unification
of all unita, blocks and parts, and it can replace five microcolumn liquid
chromatographs for analysis of amino acids, PTH [phenylthiohydantoin] and
DNS (dansyl] derivatives of amino acids, peptides and proteins.
' T'he standardized set of chromatographs includes glass and metal columns of
different length, syringe type pumps, devices for smooth change in composi-
tion and concentration of solutions (gradient devices). For the first time,
a spectrophotomeCer, fluorometer for analysis of DNS-derivatives of amino
acids and a highly senaitive laser refractometer have been included in this
- set.
- The size of samp y used with this instrument is 1 ulC. SpectrophotomeCric
mea~aurement with che new chromatograph is ~ times more sensitive that
exi:~ting ones (5 ng protein, or. 0.8�10'13 mole albumin).
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Figure 4. -
Chromatograph of 2% urease solution ob- _
- tained on a KhZh130? chromatiograph
(analysis time, 12 min)
I_
~rJork has a].so been completed on development of the highly etficient KhZh1307 =
liquid chromatograph. The columns of this instrument are 2.4 and 8 mm in
diameter; macropore glass is used as sorbents. The instrument operates under
pressure of 200 atm and permits rapid separation of proteins within 15-20 min,
uaing samplea of 1 u~� Figure 4 il,lustrates the chromatogram of urease, -
obtai ned on the KhZh1307 chromatograph in 12 min.
The KhZh2301 radiochromatograph, presently be~.ng developed, is of great
interest. This instrument combines all types of chromatography: micro- -
column, high gressure and preparative (using an additional photometric de-
Cector). A scintillation radiometric detector with flow-through cells
eerves as the baae of the instrument. The original design of the detector,
with the use of scintillating quartz, Makes it possible to avoid mixing the
- sat~~les with liquid acintillaCors, as is tlt~ case in foreign instruments. _
The sample is preaerved in the preparative mode of operation, and this is
particularly important in the synthesis oi binpolymers. The sensitivity of
the radiometric detector is at least 1�10'6 f:i at the peak, wher. measuring
a low-energy isotope (tritium).
The KhZh2301 chro~atograph is an automaCic instrument. In addition to data
proceesing, the control computer provides for an optimum mode of gradient
elution in the courae of an analysis, according to the signals of the radio-
. metric and photometric detectors, as well as correction of the previously
~ set elution curve and control of microfraction collector.
Many design and technological problems were solved with the development of -
- chromatographs: a11-glasa precision optical cells, aspherical mirrors, various J
stable pumps eperating under pressure of 20-200 atm, batchers for a large
number of samples measuring several microliters, various miniaturized
- devicea (in particular, 200 atm valves, with the use of pair of leuko-
sapphires--stainless steel, processes with high precision), manufacture of ~
- a radiome~ric detect~r of sdntillating quartz, new materials have been used,
etc. -
Optical gage converters are of exceptional importance to liquid chromatography.
- At the initiative of the Council for Scientific Instrumezt Making and the
Institute of Analytical Instrument Making, new types of refractometers are
being developed at this institute: photometer-refractometer and fluoro-
photorefractometer. The new optical instruments are build in accordance
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I~Uk Ul~[~'ICIAL U51~: UNLY
_ wiCh an original, patentable measuring system, based on measurement of Che ~
duration of an electric pulae proporCionate to the angle of deflection of
a�1ux of light. The angle of deflection ia related to the index of light -
refr~ction by the liquid in the measuring cells of the instrument. The new
3ysCem precludes the main flaws of re�ractometers build on the basis of the
- classical ech~me and it permits analyais of proteins wi~h a sensitivity of
0.5 ng, or 5�10-i5 mole albumin. For tihe first time anywhere, it is possible
_ to use one instrument, on the basis o� one optical cell, to concurrently _
_ take measurements by the refractometric, photometric and fluorometric
methode.
, -
Q~ The world's first laser refractometer, `
g designed for liquid chromatography,
~~~e was developed at the Institute af
~ Analytical Instrument Making. This -
I instrument, ~~ith an optical cell size -
, of under 1 uQ, permits bring the sen-
~ sitivity of chromatographic assay of
~ . j~ protein concenCration to 0.1 ng, or -
eoo ~ 1�10'15 mole albumin. ~
io-~ / ~
~ / In conclusion of the survey of this
~i group of instruments, it can be stated
~ 2 that their sensitivity has increased
significantly in the last few years;
~ for example,, the sensitivity of opti-
~ cal detectors, in particular refracto-
200 ~ meteY~s, has inr.~:es~~:d by a factox of
~o-e / 102, from 10-6 to 10'8 refraction
unita, while the sensitivity of chro-
' o,t5n matograph3.c instruments increased by
teee ~9~a te~g ~b?7 a factor of 104, according to amount
Figure 5. of protein analyzed in a sample, and -
- Ir~crease in sensitivity of chromato- it now makes it possible to assayls
levels of up to 0.15 ng, or 2�10-
grapha moles albumin (Figure 5).
1) according to komprontatsiya
[typQ for concentration?] of Let us now considpr another group af
substances in liquid media instruments. In 1970, the SKB of
2) according to assay of protein -
in sample Analytical Instrument Making developed
the first Sov~et sequencer, an instru-
_ ment designed to determine the sequence
of amino acids in proteins. The instrument is on a par with foreign models
of that time. However, neither our sequencer, nor analogous foreign instru-
ments lived up to expectations. The American company, Beckman, which con-
tinued work in this field, produced a refined version of the sequencer,
- the Sequenso, in 1972, which has found broad use in the entire world; in
particular, it is used in laboratories of the Institute of Bioorganic -
Chemistry, Inatitute of Protetn and Moscow State University. We were _
faced with the task of developing a new Soviet sequencer for protein and
peptides.
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- At pre~~nt~ ~ new inNtrumenC C~r. determinaCion of amino ~cid sequcnceg has
already b~en deveLaped. The ~F'-02 ~equen~er is superior to foreign r~oriel~
in capabilities, and ~~n particular it is better than the latese ~equcncer
of lle~km~n Compxny, A11 stages of the procems of protein degr~7dbtion by
Che m~Ch~d c~f ~dman c~n be conducted on it, including cottversion of r.hia-
xolines into PTH det'ivatives of amind ~cids, ~g well as determination, for
the firsC time in w~rl.dwide prn~Cice, of t.he ~niino acid seyuence of proteins
by the dansyl method, with ;?ield oC DN5 derivatives of. amino acid:~. The -
programmer in the innCrument m~keg it po~sible to run ~11 operaCions in ~ny
sequence and any combinaCinn, ~nd providea for 100 cycles of degradation.
~rom Che eCandpoint of tt:chnology, the all-~lass revolvin~ reactors for
aequencerg are of intcresr. Thei.r inside surface is proressed with a -
precision o,' up to 2 um~ and brenkage durin~ ~ntation of the reacror does
not exceed 10 um,
The complexity of ob~eces such as biopolymers makes iC necessary to conduct
combined atudies of their properties with the use of instruments with
different operaCing principleg. Ir is quite importanC for the experiment
not to be interrupted by in~p.rmediate manual opergCions. In the new sequencer,
aucceeeive separation of amino acids, proteins and pepCides is automated.
The uae of the sequencer and liquid chromatograph together makes ir possible
to identify the ~eparated amino acids.
~ It ie known that mase epectrometry yields important informaCivn abouC the
atrucCure of molecules. Soviet scientific instrument making resources
include some original instruments that combine mass spectrometry and gas
chromatography techniques. Several years ago, the Institute of Chenical
Physica and SKB of Analytical InstrumenC Making developed a chramato-
effuaion-mass spectrometer. This instrument is being produced ii~ series.
A chromato-effusiometric attachment, the commercial production of whfch has
81so been set up, is used in the rFw general purpose mass spectrometer set.
At the present time, investigation of biopolymers by methods of mass spec-
trometry involves complicated manual operations to prepare the sample:
converting the aubstance to a volatile state. For this reason, it is very
important to create an i.nstrument complex thaC combines a liquid chromatograph
and mass apectrometer.
The Inatitute of Chemical F'hysics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Institute of Analytiical InaCrument Making developed together an experimental
connecting device. We hope that thia device will be refined in tae very
near future and that use thereof will enrich substantially the instrumenta-
tion capabilitiea for studying biopolymers.
The use of a radio-frequency mass spectrometer is of interest to physiolo-
gical inveatigations; it permits demonstration of gas componeats--oxygen,
nitrogen and carbon dioxide--directly in blood and tissues of a live object.
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~~x n~~r.CZ~t, us~ oxt,Y
~ Ga~ pnase~ �rom blood inCo the m~es epecCromeCer through ~ gas-perme~ble
film tn~de of synthetic, rubber, sCreCChad over t~ meCgl c~pillary Ch~t ie
inserCed ir~ Che lumer,~ oE nn in,~~ction needle. Thc ga~ ~nmples coneCitute
0.1 uR/g~ nnd nccurocy of nseay is 0.2 vul.%. The inetrument opprnting
- epeed m~kes iC poseible to determin~ Che dynamicg of rhttnge in concenCration
of gas~nug components dissolved in blood.
The program enCiCled "MicromeChoda in protein Chemietry" provided for the
developmenC of electrophoreCic insCruments, which are also very imporeant
Co the study of biopolymera.
Four types of electrophnretic instrumenCg were developed at one of the enter- -
prisea of the Ministry nf Inatrument Making, AuCom~Cion ~quipment and Control -
Syatema. An inaCrumenC for capillary isoCachophoresis, Che operaCing ~rin-
ciple df which ia based on separ~tion mixtures of subseances uccording ~o
moCility of ions, was developed by the SKB of Analytical Instrument Making
- and is being produced in amall t~atches.
Howet?er, with all Che diveraiCy of electrophoretic techniques and instruments~
Che situation ie not good in this area of instrumenC making~ UnfortunaCely,
- we musC ataCe t~aC aeries production of electrophoretic instruments has
not been seC up by the USSR Ministry of Inatrument Making, Aur.omation
= Equipment and Control SyaCems.
The manufaGture of ulCracenCrifuges has not been set up either. The SKB of
Biophysical Equipment developed several models of preparative ultracentri-
fuges operating at 40,000, 50,000, 60,000 and even 65,000 r/min. Theae
instruments are on a par with modern instrument making. But while the plan
calls for the manufacture of 40 UTsP2-47 ultracentrifuges operating at .
50,000 r,lmin in 1978, it calls for only 3 of the more sophisticated pre-
parative UTsP-65 ultracentrifuges operating at 65,000 r/min.
The UTsA-10 (60,000 r/min, 3 systems of optical detection, stabilization of
_ temperature to 0.1�C and rate of up to 0.2X) and the UTsA-KM analytical
_ centrifuge (68,000 r/min~ 2 systems of optical absorption detection, sta-
bilization of temperature to 0.05'C and rate to 0.1%) have been developed
by the SKB of Biophysical Equipment. They are not inferior to foreign
models in their apecifications, but they are not yet in series production.
The Burevestnik Scientific and Industrial Asaociation [NPO] is collaborating
closely with the Institute of Cryetallograph, USSR AS, in the field of x-
ray equipment for the study of biological subsCances. In particular, they
developed an original automatic 3-channel DAR-UMB difractometer, which
operates 2-3 times faster than foreign models and yields very precise
angular measurements for several years, and it is used to examine the
structure of biological monocrystals. This instrument is in series produc-
tion, and it is in use in the institutes of the USSR AS.
� Through the joint efforts of the Burevestnik NPO and Institute of Crystallo-
graphy, the DARK-2 automatic x-ray difractometer was developed, with a
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cnordingte detector, elso intend~d for examination of biologic~l monucryseals.
This ineGrument hae 512 channels and p~rmies aimultaneous recording of
hundr~ds of reflections, so ehge ies productiviey is 4~-60 timey higher
- Chgn ehat of other di�ractomet~z~s. At ehe pree~nt time, eerieg production _
thereof ie being e~C up.
~1~ cannor f~il to discuss such an iegue as laboratory insCruments and equip-
ment, meang of inechanizatinn and auComaeion of laboraCory work. We refer
to emall and~ in mosC cases, simple laboratory equipment: all sorts of
mixers, vibration instruments, shakera, drying devices, incubators, refri-
geratore~ dishwashera and laboraCory glassware.
The aituation is the worat with reapect to labnr~Cory glagaware and devices.
_ The USSR Ministry of Instrum~nt Making, Automatioc~ EquipmenC and Control
- 5ysteme developed numerr~us inetruments, but not all of them by far nre being
manufactured. Even glass of the required grades is not being produced.
Instrument making is experiencing excep?:ional difficulties with calibrated
Cubes and capillaries, for example, the SKB of Analytical Instrument Making
ie compelled to produce thousands of calfbrated tubes for radiospectrometers.
The required sets of tubes for fracCion colleceors arc aot being produced,
etc.
The Miniatry also developed glass columns for chrocnatogra~.~k~s; however, in-
dustrial production of these columns has not been set up. Nor are there ~
enCerpriaea that could fill the columns with appropriate sorbents and -
produce them in ready form.
Unti1 recenCly, membrane instruments and dose-dispensing pipeCtes, urgently
needed in biological studies, were wanting. These small and simple
devlces were imported.
the preaent time, the SKB of Analytical Instrun~~nt Making has developed
and is manufacturing aets of FM-O1 membrane filters (abou*_ 200 per year) and
synthetic membranea of different types with specific meah sizes. These -
instrumenCa are not inferior in quality to those manufactured by th2
Amikon firm~ and they are severnl times less expensive. At the present
time, fine-channel and fiber filters of the membrane type are being
developed, e^d they are intended for purification, separation, concentration
and desalination of biopolymers. Evidently, membrane chromatographs based
on thin-channel multimembrane filters will be developed in the near future.
The SKB of Analytical Inatrument Making and SKB of Biological Instrument
Making have developed sets of pipetCes to handle samples of 2 to 1000 uQ.
Production thereof is being set up a~t the present time.
- It is necsseary to prepare a clearcut nomenclature of laboratory instruments,
equipment and meana of automation and mechanization of laboratory work,
as well as to prepare a plan for developing and learning to use them. The -
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U55R Min~.'stry of Inetrument Making, AueomaCion ~quipment and Control SysCems -
ehould devote epecinl ntCention tn development of produce~.on of laborntary
equipmenC and partic~~lnrly gl~~s gnnde.
In 3 year~, the executore of thP "Micrompthods in Prot~~.n ChemisCry" program
have perfora?ed an enormous ~mount of work in the field of instrument making,
and much of Chis work is original.
ImplemenCation of the program stimulated development of inatrument making,
not only for.the study of biopolymera, buC for other branches of science, -
and it was inaCrumental in universalizaCion of the instruments that were -
developed.
In the �utur.e, one ahould continue eo develop goal-oriented programs for the
_ main directions of research. ImplemenCation of such program~ could be
particularly effective within the framework of the Scientific and Technical
Association of the USSR AS.
Discusaion of ReporC -
Academician Yu. A. Ovchinnikov pointed to the great importance of instrument
making to development of phyaicochemical biology. This branch of science
is presently exercieing an appreciable influence on medicine, agriculture
and aeveral branchea of induatry. In particular, breeding genetics and the
microbiological industry are making wide use of inethods of phyaicochemical
biotogy.
Biologists are faced with the taek of submiCting the components of living
maCter to comprehensive analysis. Extremely refined and precise equipment
~s needed for this~ Our instrument makers have made considerable strides
in the last f.ew years. For example, an extremely sensitive microspectro-
photometer was developed, with a detector, for analysis of products of
vital functions; a Soviet s~quencer was also developed, which permits
- demonstration of amino acid sequencea in protein within a very short time
and using very emall samples.
X-ray methodR and electron microscopy are used to determine the spatial
atructure of aubstan.ces. These methods make it possible to observe
functioning molecules, to determine the coordinates of atoms in a molecule,
etc. Such inetruments have also been developed in our country.
The uae of laser technology is quite promising for biological research.
A very important step has been taken: unique instruments have been developed,
- which are on a par with the best models in'the world. Now we must set up
seriea production of new equipment.
Academician A. M. Prokhorov observed that physicists also us:: instruments
that have been developed at the Institute of Analytical Inst,'ument Making
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.
for biology and, of courne, they are developing Che~.r own equipmettt, However,
on Che whole, insCrument making ia somewhat behittd at physics ~ngtitutes.
~ Phyeicista have an acuCe need for inatrumenes to examine microprocesses, _
equipment for molecular epiCaxy and scanning electron microscopea.
- Recently, inatrumenta needed for boeh physical and biological research beg~n
to be produced at Che InsCitute of Radin Engineering and Electronics and
Institute of CryaCallography. Th~ work of exiating design offices should
be so organized ae to have Chem service more than eheir own branch of science.
Of rourae, academic institutions cannot implement production of al~ types of
equipment. Considerable assieCance on Che part of the relevant ministries
- is needed by the Academy in Che area of instrument making. -
Academician B. K~. Vaynahteyn diacussed problems of x-ray equipment making:
multich~nnel difractometers and two-dimensional detectors are be~.ng developed;
Che photographic ~ethod has been revived, and it requires appropriate
apparatus; new inetruments should not be available in a single sample, they
mueC be produced in series.
V. L. Tal'roze, corresponding member of the USSR AS, stated that one of the
taska for scientists is to detect more quickly new trends in science and -
to implement them in their work. Quite often a new idea is referable to
_ new equipment~ with which one should become acquainted. It would be quite
good to create a syatem of mobile information about new instruments, perhaps
a amall, periodically changed display at the presidium of the USSR AS. The ~
second question is a management one. It is imperative for developnent of
scientific instrument making to be backed up not only by different ministries,
but by incluaion in the national economy plan, as an independent item in the
plan,
As for inatrument making in the Academy, first of all we need modern technology.
It would be more expedient to purchase equipment with which we could build
excellent inatruments, than to purchase the instruments.
Academician A. A. Bayev observed that only a limited number of Academy
in~titutea is equipped with the latest instruments. Most institutes zhat
deal with biochemistry, molecular biology and organic chemistry do not
have modern instruments. In order to change this situation, it is imperative
to set up series production of instruments that have already been developed,
to sugment their reliability and expand production of small laboratory ~
equipment (pipettes, doae-batchers, etc.) and pre~arative instrume;its. Modern
equipment should be supplied not only to Moscow and Leningrad institutes,
but to thoae of republic academies and scientific institutions of all cities
in our country. Soviet instrument making should strive for total independence
from foreign firms.
Academician M. A. Markov considera it expedient to try to organiz~ the pro- -
duction of instruments in collaboration with foreign firms (according to
5oviet projects) and to set up export of our instruments in the future.
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Academician M. 5. Gilyarav called the atCention of the audience to problems
of making inatruments for general biology. There is no equipment in Che `
laboraCories �or seCeing conaeanC eemperature and humidity cand~.tions on a
emall acale, there ar~ no insCruments for transplantntion work and micro-
biological.,cultures in chambers witih asepCic flow of air; many oCher
instrumente, some of whic$ gre very necessary, are also wanting. The
- insCitutea Chat are noC regular cuetomers of the Institute nf AnalyCical
; Ynstrument Making cannot get eiCher apecCrophotometers or mass apecerophr~to-
metere. The amount of modern instruments in aeveral laboratories cannot
provide for growth of science. It is imperaCive to set up series production
of equipment. -
A. P. Yurkevich (Department of Instrument Making for Itadio Electronics, -
USSR State CommiCtee for Science and Technology [GKNT]): TY~e GKNT devotes
_ much attention to problema of scienCific insCrument making' however, Chere _
are ob~ective difficulties. Under. Che current Five-Year Plan, several
insCrumenC roaking planCs will be builr. In 1978, proposals must be prepared
~ for organiiing long-term collaboration with CEMA member nations in the
field of inetrument making. It would be desirable to set up a temporary
commisaion under the aegis of the Academy of Sciences, with involvement of
adminiatrators of concerned ministries, in order Co analyze Che state of
affaira in the field of ecientific inaCrument making and to prePare the
proposals.
Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, president of the USSR AS, in his summary of
the discusaion, stressed the importance of the intensive work in the field
of inatrument making, which is being pursued at the Academy of Sciences; he
_ also obaerved Chat the situation is unsatisfactory with respect to production _
of scanning micrascopea, spectrometers and certain other instruments. A. P. _
Aleksandrov expr~ssed the opinion that the most interesting work in
inatrument making must be noted in special decisions of the presidium.
Decree
The presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences adopted a decree, for the pur-
pose of prompt fulfillment of the plan to develop instruments for the study
of biopolymers and implement series production thereof, in which it voiced
its approval of the performance of the Institute of Protein, Institute of
Bioorganic Chemistry imeni M. M. Shemyakin, Institute of Molecular Biology,
Institute of High Molecular Compounds of USSR AS, Novosibirsk Institute of -
Organic Chemistry in the Siberian Department of USSR AS, Institute of
Physiology imeni A. A. Bogomoleta of the Ukrainian AS, Institute of Atomic
Energy imeni I. V. Kurchatov, Institute of Molecular Genetics of USSR AS,
Institute of Crystallography imeni A. V. Shubnikov of USSR AS, SKB of
Analytical Instrument Making, SKB of Biological Instrument Making, SKB of
the Institute of Crystallography of USSR AS, in the area of developing new
methods and instruments for the study of biopolymers, as well as the per-
formance of the Scientific Council for the composite problem of "Biological
membranes and rj~,plication of the principles of their function in practice"
under the USSX AS and Council for Scientific Instrument Making under the
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~
- presidium of the U5SR Academy of Sciences, fnr the coordination of the
above-mentioned work.
The ScienCific gnd Technical Aasociaeion of the USSR A5, along wiCh the _
Council for Scientific Instrumene Making under the presidium of the U5SR AS,
were asked Co prepare an appegl eo the Miniaery of Instrument Making,
AutomaCion Equipment and Conerol Systems to take iromed~.ate seeps to set up
seriea producCion of inatrumenes for biological research, including liquid
chromatographs, electrophoretic instruments, preparnCive and analytical
centrifuges, x-ray analysys inatruments and instruments of small laboratory
mechanizaCion and technology.
It was denided to submit a request to the State CommitCee of the USSR for
Scienca and Technology to consic!er, together with the USSR AS, ministries and
agencies, the plan for accelerated development of instrumenC making for
ecientific research in 19~9-1985, and to ask the USSR Ministry of the
Electronic IndusCry to provide microprocessors in the required amounts and
assortment Co instrument making organizaCions of the USSR ~iS.
The Scientific and Technological Associr~tion of Che USSR AS was asked to
organize regular exhibits of newly deweloped instrumenCs for members of
the presidium of the USSR AS. -
In accordance with the decision of the presidium, the Scient{.fic and ,
Technological Aesociation of the USSR AS and Council for Scientif:ic Instrument
Making under the preaidium of the USSR AS must comprehensively d~avelop the
practice of working on instrumentmaking fA racientific research in collabora-
tion with foreign instrument making organizations and firms.
1
The Council for Scientific Instrument Making under the presidium of the
USSR AS was asked to consider the structure of the plan for development of
new instruments, bearing in mind the inclusion of target-oriented programs
in the plan, similar to the complex "Micromethods in Protein Chemistry" -
program, in other branches of acience, along wi!n the planning of
development of sets of instruments based on a single physical principle. -
The section for chemicotechnological and biological sciences under the
presidium of the USSR AS, Council for Scientific Instrument Making under
the presidium of the USSR AS and Scientific and Technological Association
of the USSR AS were asked to expedite the creation of a temporary inter-
- agency commiesion for laboratory technology.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SS~R", 1978
" 10,657
CSO: 1870 -
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INDUSTRiAL MICfiOBTOLOGY
UDC 634.0.866/.A67.003.1:331.876.6
APPEAL FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE STATE PLAN AND SOCIALIST PLEDGES
Moscow GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 2,
1978 pp 1-2
(Article by V. N. Fedoryshin, Deputy Chief, All-Union Soyuzleakhimproduktsiya
Industrial Association]
(Textj The laborers of our motherland have responded enthusiastically to
the appeal made by the Communist Party to consolidate and develop the
succesaes of 1977, the jubilee year. As Comrade L. I. Brezhnev noted in
his speech to the December (1977) CC CPSU Plenum, 1977 was a very full year,
important in political and economic respects: Thc~ new USSR Const?tut?en
was adopted, the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution
was triumphantly commemorated, and our economy moved substantially forward.
Together with all Soviet people, workers of food chemical industry have
made their contribution to the country's economic development. They suc-
cessful.ly completed the plan for the second year of the five-year plan,
and their socialist pledges. Products produced in excess of the plan sold
- for more than 6 million rubles. The profit plan was completed, and the
labor productivity growth assignment was exceeded by 2.2 percent.
Wood chemical plants produced the prescribed assortment of products and -
managed to complete the plan for introduction ~f nAw equipment and produc-
tion processes.
A number of wood chemical enterprises took winning places in the all-union
socialist aompetition of enterprises and organizations ~f the Ministry of
Pulp and Paper Industry. Thus the Orgsintez Industrial Association was
- awarded the perpetual Red Banner of the Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry
and the trade i:nion central committee four times, the Syava Plant took
second place for work in the first, second, and fourth quarters of 1977,
the Dmitriyevka Plant took third place. for the first and second quarters
and second place for the third quarter, as well as the perpetual Red Banner
of the Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry and the trade union central
committee for the fourth quarter, and the Neyvo-Rudyanka Plant took second
place for the fourth quarter. Mention was made of the good work done by
- the collectives of the Asha, Barnaul , Lesosibirsk, and Tikhvin plants.
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The competitiion among worker ~eams in ~he leading occupations in honor of
the 60th anni.versary of Great October assumed broad scope. The following
teams won: Ye. G. Loginova's ethylacetate production team and N. A.
Kondrat'yev's oharcoal production t~am (the Asha Plant), A. I. Pestov's
reain production team (;:he Barnaul Pla~,t), Ye. B. Kolokolenkina's acetic
~ acid produc~ion ~eam (tihe Dmitiriyevka Plant), and G. A. Andreyeva's resin
production team (the Tikhvin Plar.t). F'ive hundred sixty of the best
- producers in the All-Union 5oyuzleskhimproduktsiya Industrial Association
were awarded the "1977 Socialist Competition Winner" badge. `
Last year the new ro3in extracti~~n plants improved their work noticeably:
The use level of output c~pacities and product quality increased, and the
unit mater:tal constunption norms dropped. -
However, there are also a number of shortcomings in the a~sociatiot~'s plants.
_ Thus despite a decrease in production costs in all the enterprises as a
whole, some of them ~ermitted cuii~iaerable overconsumption of raw materials,
chemicals, and power (the Reshotinskiy, Novo-Mikhaylovskiy, Molomskiy, _
Asha, and Neyvo-Rudyanka plants and the Orgsintez Industrial Association).
Incomplete assimilation of planned output capacities, ineffective use of
materials, growth in production outlays, a low level of inechanization of ~
manual labor, deterioratiion of the q~,~ality of raw materials supplied to _
enterprises, and inadequate work in price forming are all in the end reduc-
ing the sector's profitability.
The production volume of brand A top and first grade rosin at enterprises
such as the Reshotinskiy and Vologda pl~ants and the Orgsintez Production
Association continues to be low. -
- Collectives of plants in the All-Union Soyuzleskhimproduktsiya Industria~l
Association must achieve maximum assimilation of output capacity, a
reduction in the unit consumption norms for raw materials, chemicals, and
power, growth in product quality, and a decrease in losses in the third
year of the five-year plan; this pertains mainly to the Zima, Lesosibirsk,
Medvezh'yegorsk, Molomskiy, Novo-Mikhaylovskiy, Reshotinskiy, and
Barnaul plants.
- Considering the decisions of the December (1977) CC CPSU Plenum and the
premises and conclusions in the speech given by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev
at this plenum, every labor collective must mobilize its efforts to complete
the following tasks: Completing and surpassing the 1978 state plan for
economic and social development of the USSR, continually increasing produc-
tion effectiveness and work quality, making sensible use of the created ~
economic potential, accelerating scientific-technical progress in every -
possible way, intensifying production, raising labor productivity, and
intensifying economization in behalf of a further rise in the welfare of
the Soviet people.
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The plan for develapmen~ nf wood ctiemical industry in 1978 �oresees thQ
- further fullest possible satiis�action of the national economy's and
population's demands �or wood chemical products. Products wor~h more than
300 million rubles will have to be produced in 1978. The rosin extraction
~lants builtin the Ninth I'ive-Year Plan will er~joy the greates~ development
in 1978. Production o� clarified and modified extracted rosin will exceed -
- 10,000 tons, which wi11 be 26 percent more than in 1977. Solving the
problem of refining extracted rosin, especially cedar rosin, is the main
prerequisite for increasing the economic effectiveness of ~his production
operation.
The plans ca11 for production of about 87,000 tons of pine rosin, 100,000
tons of charcoal, 53,000 tons of butylacetate, and 42,500 tons of ethyl-
- acetate.
One of the important tasks facing the wood chemical enterprises is that of
increas3ng the propor~ion of products in the top quality category. While
last year production of goods bearing the State Seal of Quality totaled
more than 61 million rubles for the association as a whole, in 1978 the
association is to produce 75.5 million rubles worth of such products, which
will be 24.9 percent of the total volume.
_ The Asha, Dmitriyevka, Amzya, Barnaul , and Tikhvin plants and the Orgsintez
~nd~~striat Associztion hav~ a great deal of work to do in preparin~ for. .
certification of products for the State Seal of Quality and in increasing -
their production volume. The managers of the Neyvo-Rudyanka, Syava, and
Vologda plants, which are still not producing products bearing the State -
_ Seal of Quality, must mobilize the collectives to solve this problem.
One of the effective ways for upgrading the quality of products is to intro-
duce an integrated product quality control system. This system will go
into operation this year at the Dmitriyevka Plant and in the Ors~sintez
~ Industrial Association. All of the preparatory work is to be done with the
- assistance of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Wood Chemical
Industry at the Neyvo-Rudyanka, Asha, Syava, Vologda, and Tikhvin plants
in 1978 so that introduction of the integrated product quality control
system could be started in 1979.
Jointly with the sector institute, the wood chemical enterprises must
assimilate new production processes and organize production of new types ~
of products of better quality. Thus the Neyvo-Rudyanka Plant will begin
industrial production of clarified and modified extracted rosin, and the
Orgsintez Industrial Association will begin production of glue made from
modified clarified extracted rosin and a compound consisting of clarified
extracted rosin and fatty acids to be used in soap-making. Industrial
production of clarified extracted rosin will be organized at the Reshotin-
skiy Plant and a device intended for rectification of extracted turpentine ~
with the goal of obtaining industrial fractions of turpene hydrocarbons
17
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(a-pinane, ~3-carerte, and dipentene) will be put into operation at the
~Iedvezh'yegorsk Planti. Production o� glue from csdar rosin intendecl for
cardboard glueing will begin at ~he Novo-Mikhaylovskiy P1ant. The Vetluga
Plant is to work out the production processes and increase produ~tion of _
better-quality inhibitor.
The Syava P1ant must introduce a production process for ob~aininq saponified
wood resin for construction materials inclustry, and a casting binder. A
' second brand DAK activated charcoal production kiln will be put into operation.
_ The Molomskiy Plant must assimilate production of soluble resin for activated
; charcoal industry.
Experimental projects occupy a prominent place in the new equipment plan. ~
Thus tests will begin on the following at the Asha Plant: A charcoal cooling
and stablizing unit mounted on a vertical continuous-action retort, a new
type of settling tank used to separate resin from pyroligneous distillate,
an apparatus designed by the Moscow Institute of Chemical Machine Building
to separate wood resin from steam and gas, and a cascade-type automatic regula-
tion system (SAR) used in processes requiring esterification of acetic
acid by ethanol.
The Orgsintez Industrial Association wi11 test an extraction battery SAR
an~i a c;~i~i.inuaus acetic acid butanol esterification process. The Dmitri-
= ye�~ka Plant will test a cascade-type SAR used in butylacetate neutralization
and rectification processes. The Neyvo-Rudyanka Plant will obtain an
experimental industrial lot of purified synthetic camphor intended for
- medical purposes. The Syava Plant is to test a method for final purifica-
tion of biologically treated waste water and produce an experimental
industrial lot of binding agents made from cold-hardened wood resin. The
Lesosibirsk Plant must produce a unit intended for clarification and
modification of extracted rosin.
The TsNILKhI [Central Scientific Research and Planning Institute of Wood
Chemical Industryj is to play an impoxtant role in solving the problems
facing wood chemical industry in the third year of the five-year plan.
Enterprise workers await effective research from the scientists, the results
of which will make it possible to improve the quality of rosin, extracted
pine resin, and especially extracted cedar rosin. ThP institute must
accelerate the work of obtaining new products from wood resin to replace
those which no longer enjoy a sufficient demand. Jointly with the Orgsin-
tez Industrial,Association the TsNILKhI must finish its research on _
vaccum-cooking of rosin and submit recommendations to all rosin enterprises,
_ which will make it possible to increase production of top quality and firs-~
grade brand A rosin.
Technical assistance from the sector institute has great significance to
_ improving the work of the enterprises and their assimilation of planned
18
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rOR 0~'I~'TCIAL USE ONLY
outputi capacities. Thus this year the TsNILKhI must provi.d~ assistance in
assimil$ting; Production ot ethylacetate and industrial acetic acid at the
Molomskiy Plant, a continuous acetic acid bu~anol esterification process and
_ an automa~ic regulating system at the Dmitriyevka Plant, a process for
_ obtaining clarified extracted rosin and clarified modified extractpd rosin -
at the Reshotinskiy and Neyvo-Rudyanka plants, a process for producing glue
out of modified clarified extracted rosin and larch balsam for chewing gum
in tihe Orgsintez Tndustrial Association, and others. _
i '
The institute must submit recommendations to new rosin extracting plants
' on assimilating resinous substance extraction processes with the goal of
achieving the interim planned output capacity approved by the Ministry of
Pulp and Paper Industry.
In order that wa can successfully complete the state plan, in addition t-o
broadening the socialist ccmpetition even more we must promote an all-out
, movement of efficiency experts. In 1977, the economic impact enjoyed from
utilizing inventions and efficiency proposals exceeded 1 million rubles.
The most valuable ones included combustion of excess uncondensable g~.ses -
- from retorts in the drying kilns of the Asha Plant (economic impact--36,000
rubles) and turpentine wasr.ing in ball mixers at the Neyvo-Rudyanka Plant
(economic impact--73,200 rubles). ~
~ In 1978 ~the sector's entprpr;cPC w;ll ha~e te implement sgecifi~d measuies
to improve labor protection and safety foreseen by the appropriate integrated
` plans. Among these measures, mechanization of heavy physical labor,
automation of production processes, introduction of hoisting and transport
~ equipment, and mechanization of freight handling operations will have a
prominent place.
The party teaches us that the fate of our plana rests with the people.
Success is forged in the primary party organizations and labor collectives,
and at the workplaces. It is the duty of the directors of the enterprises,
the Orgsintez Industrial Associatic~n, and the TsNILKhI to organize the work
in such a way as to ensure unconditional completion and overcompletion of
the state plan and socialist pledge~s in the third year of the five-year plan.
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
_ cheskaya prom-st", 1978 -
- 11004
- CSO: 1870
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INDUSTRIAL MTCROBIOLOGY
UDC 634.0.863.5:663.14.033.83
i
' ASSIMILATION OF A FLOTATION METHOD OF YEAST ISOLATION ~
i
Moscow GIDRpLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLONNOST' in Russian No 2,
1978 p 22 -
[prticle by Engineer P. A. Smetanin, Bratsk Lumber Industry Complex]
_ (Text] The yeast shop of the Bratsk Lumber Industry Complex was put into
operation in May 1967. The plan foresaw separating yeast from mash by
a flotation method, followed by three-stage separation of the yeast sus-
pension.
_ ~c~ fl~tat?ntl method :9d~ ;.@]2Ctc^3 }^.,Gcause 3 days af~2i C. oi:O~~Zu 1111.-b
yeast was transferred from the pure culture department into industrial
yeast-growing tanks outfitted with an airlift air distributing system,
40-50 percent of the yeast was substituted by incidental nonflotating forms. -
- Capitalizing on the partial capability yeast has for flotation and its ~
- concentration within the flotation tank, we attempted separate delivery of
suspension and mash for separa~ion. Thus mash from the flotation tanks
underwent three-stage separation while t;ie yeast suspension was delivered -
at a concentration of 70-SO gm/liter to the second and then to the third
separation stage.
Due to inoperability of the yeast flotation unit all of the mash obtained
, in the yeast-growing apparatus was subjected to separation, for which
purpose additional DSG-35 separators had to be installed. _
Following the example of enterprises that had introduced the flotation
m~r,�thod for isolating yeast from mash, in 1972 our shop raised the cuvettes _
_ in the yeast growing apparatus, which had a volume of 600 m3, to different
heights--1,500, 1,000, 700, and 300 mm from the bottom of the apparatus.
As a result the possibility arose for using the flotation tanks as intended.
It should ae noted that an apparatus with a cuvette raised to a height of
300 mm above the bottom works more stably and with greater productivity
than an innoculator in which the cuvette is located 1,500 mm above the
bottom; yeast flotation, meanwhile, is identical. in these apparatus.
zu -
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' I
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When the flotation method was introduced, unexpectedly the stability of
foam in the yeast-growing apparatus increased significantly, and conse-
' quently difficulties arose in quenchinq it during floi:ation in a two-stage
- 170 m3 flotation tank. The chei~?ical (light fractions from rectification of
tallow oil) and mechanical foam quenchers ceased to provide the necessary -
degree of foam quenching.
Earlier, the yeast suspension was moved by gravity flow from the flotation
tank through a hydraulic seal i.nto the collecter. But after stable foam
_ appeared the suspension began traveling periodically (in volleys), which
- resulted in ove~filling of the collector and a sigr.ificant loss of yeast.
The foam quenching problem was solved in the following way through the e�forts
of the shop efficiency exp~rts. We began to quench foam in the housing of
the centrifugal pump by a hydromechanical method. Together with chemical
- foam quencher, some of the yeast suspension and foam were returned by a
_ pump from the lower part of the flotation tank to its tapered lid through
a ring sprayer installed on the latter, and then into the working wheel of
the mechanical foam quencher, which was replaced by a disk-type device.
- To quenc~h small f~am bubbles in the housing of the centrifugal pump and
achieve hydromechanical quenching in the yeast suspension collector, fluid
was allowed to circulate in the latter.
In order to reduce losses of yeast combined with mash, the two-stage f1o-
tation tank, which had three sections in its first stage, was reconstructed
as a single-stage tank with five sections. As a result the concentrat�~on
o� yeast it~ mash following the flotation tanks decreased by 1.5-2 times.
Introduction of the flotation method for isolating yeast from mash mads it
- possible to substitute three-stage separation by two-stage separation.
An economic impact totaling 60,000 rubles per year was achieved. _
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
- CSO: 1870
21
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INnU5~~AL MICtt(~gIOLOGY
_ ~dMP~TITION F'OI~ MILLIbNTEi TON OF' NUT~t2ENT Y~ASm INImIA'P~n �
Moecow GIDR4LIZNAXA I L~SOKf1IMICH~SKAYA PROMYSNL~NNOSm' in itus~iar~ No 2,
1978 pp 29-30
(Text~ In the beginni:~q of January 1978 the CO11eCtiVe of the Kirov
Biochemical Plant appealed to all enterpriaes producing nutrient yeast,
including those of p~zlp-and-paper and food industry, to initiiate a sacial-
ist competition for early completion of the assignmants planned for 3
years of the five-year plan, and �or the honorary right to produce the
- millionth ton of nutrient yeast for agriculture in 1978. This patriotic
initiative was soon apFroved at a joint session of the giverninq boards
of the Main Administration of Microbiological Industry and the Central
Committee of the Chemicaland Petrochemical Industry Workers Trade Union.
The Kirov Bioch~mical Plant is the flaqship of the country's hydrolytic
industry. Hard work, competent use of internal reserves, and assimilation _
of production capacities permitted the collective to produce 57,162 tons
of nutrient yeast in 1977. Eight hundred tons of yeast and 5,000 tons of
premixed combinations not foreseen by the assignment were produced in
excess of thP plan. Completing the annual plan ahead of schedule, on
21 December 1977, the Kirov workers gave the country an amount of extra
products worth 800,000 rubles. In comparison with 1976, production and _
sales of commercial products increased by 30 percent, while labor produc-
, tivity increased by 40 percent. Thus the entire growth in production was
- achieved owing to growth in la~~r productivity. _
The plant completed its plan for introduction of new equipment and oryani-
zational-technical measures, which permitted the collective to make another
- significant step forward on the path of technical progress. Thus assimila-
tion of the condensation-adsorption method for trapping exhaust gases
from inverters made it possible to increase furforal production and reduce,
by 90 percent, the quantity of toxic substances entering the environment;
labor safety and effectiveness were increased as a result of the addition
of remote control of hydrolysis; six hydrolyzing units have been con��^rted
to program control.
22
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Kirovwo~'ke~`d managed to significantly upgrade the exCellence of production
~nd make ~heir labor more heaLthy. Ing~allation c~f five semiautdmatic
packing machine~ in the yeast ghop, for example, has ardltldt~Cc'~LlY r@(~UC@cj
the du~ti ~on~~ntraeion in ~he atimosphere= Che gpeaified meagure~ of labor
proCectiion and gafety were implemented completiely in 1977. _
mhe wdrk indi~es of the Kirov giochemical plxnti wer~ giv~n a high assess-
ment at a~oint ~~gginn of tih~ g~v~rning ba~~ds of the Main Administration
of Mi~robiological 2ndugtry ~nc1 ehe pregidium c~f the trade union's central
cc~mmitit~e in mid-January 1978. mhe Kirov warkerg were named the winners
of the all-uni~n ancialigt cdmpetiition for greater productiion effectiveness
and work qualiey dn the bagis of tihe resultg they achieved in 1977; they
algo won the competition fnr an honorable welcome to tihe 60th anni~
versary of ~reat Octiober. The cnl].e~tive has been nominaeed for the
perpeeu~l It~d Banner of the CC CPSU, the USSFt Council of Ministers, the
AUCCTU, and tihe Kotnsomol Central Commitiee~.
Thig year tlie Kirov workerg are once again examples of high conscidusness.
mhey have p~edqed to complete the 3 year assignment of the five-year plan
by the first anniversary of the new USSR Constitution's adoption, to
~urpass the assignment for growtih in l~bor productivity by 8.5 percent,
tio increase the nutputi-capital ratio by 1.5 times over the 1975 level,
raise nutrient yaast yield by S perc~nt, and economize a significant -
quantity of materials, fuel, and power.
The laborers of many ent~rprises in the All-Union Soyuzgidrolizprom
Tndustrial Association are following the example of the Kirav Hiochemical
Plant collectives since the very first months of 1978 they have been trying
to achieve a gond work rhythm and to complete the planned as~ignments and
satisfy the socialist pledges.
In response to the letter from the CC CPSU, the USSR Council of Ministers,
the AUCCTU, and the Komsomol Central Committee to party, soviet, business,
trade union, and K,omsomol organizations workinq in the Soviet Union,
published on 14 January 1978, the labor collectives of hydrolytic industry
have bzoadened the scope of the socialist competition for completion and
overcompletion nf the 1978 plan, and they have intensified their struqgle
to increase production effectivenese and work quality. ~
The socialist pledges adopted by workers of hydrolytic industry for 1978
include upgradinq product quality, making fuller use of fixed productive
capita2, economizing materials, fuel, and power, assimilating productive
capacities m~re quickly, introducinq new equipment, and improving the
work of scienzific institutions and the planning and desiqn organizations.
"Make 1978 a year of shock labor, new successes, and new victories�': That
is the sloqan of the competitors.
COPYRIC~iT: Izcatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi- ~
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
CSO: 1870 23
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INDUSmAiAL MICfi~BIOLOGY
UOC 634.863.5.n0~:6'16.16.02~.168
EXPANDIN~ PRObUCTIdN 0~ NU'rRTENT Y~AS~ IN pULp-AND-PAF'~It INnU5TRY
Mogcow CIbROLIZNAYA I I.~SOKHIMICH~5KAYA pROMYSHLENNOSm' in Russi~n No 6, ~
1978 pp 1-3
(Artii~le by V. I. Kr~p~t~v, US5fi Gosplen~
(TextJ Workers of agriculeural machine building, chemical,
microbiological, meae and dairy, food, fishing, combined
feed, and other sector~ of industry must take the most
active parC in creatiion of a mndern feed industiry.
F'rom the decree nf the July (1978)
CC CPSU Plenum "On ~'urther
Development of USSI2 Agriculture"
As a result of constant improvements in the productfon of nutrient yeast,
fr~~m year to year the enterprigeg of pulp-and-paper industry are increasing
th~e rate of yeast production. Thug in 1977 yeast production attained
142,200 tons.
An~3lyzinq the yeast production indices for the Ministry of Pulp and Paper
Industry as a whole and in relation to individual enterprises in recent
years (tables 1-3), we can note that the yielc3 of yeast from 1 ton of
sulfite pulp has stabilized in relation to both processes fn which yeast and
alcoho), are obtained simultaneously and in those in which only yeast is
produced.
In addition to an increase in yeast production at enterprises of the Ministry
of Pulp and Paper Industry, a tendency toward a reduction in ethyl alcohol
production has taken shape. This tendency will also persist in the future.
Amonq enterprises producinq yeast and alcohol, the Svetogorsk, Kondopoga,
and Arkhar:gel'sk pulp-and-paper combines and the PriozQrsk Pulp Plant
achieved the hiqhest yeast yields (33-35 kg per t~on of pulp) in 1977. Low
capacity of yeast production equipment was the cause of the low yeast _
yields in the Kotlas and Kamsk combines. As a consequence not all liquor
24
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~'dit dt~~YCIAL U5L ONLY
l~Uc)UY'!i clY'l! CntltiWllUCj lt)Y yCi1Nl ~~YOt~Ut7t:~11f1~ 1t1t1ft~~h~j ~`l+C~1~~Ittc~ ~~~71'11,1~~y f111~~
~u1fiC~-ye~gt magh Concetitrateg. 7`he yeagt yi~ld ha~ decreased signifi-
cantily ~t the 5lokqk pulp and pa~er rlanti, where for 15 years tihe yield has
been below 31 kg per tinn of pulp, tihough attaining 34-35 kg in some years.
mable 1
~ .
~L~ fipoH~eo.tctno uc.1.110� y ~
Ao1N (t~ai, t) H.1 ~5~ ~7~ ~ ~
apa~i~� Nxn,t l1~~paGn� r
npctnpnnrnn~, ~
hMpaG~tMea~duU~t t,nn Apo;uMCi1 r~no s'Q
r0~ kopwdcNt na t t 91n.~onnr ~ z
~ ~(in;w;ACd, UCJI.t~t.tn. CtlHrtd, r n
k P ee e I tN. p eiaA I t ~e+, ~r n+c, aa.~ y M
~ u*ntN~ tn~i t� + ~
14T0 I 2k/1,1 :M l,~ ISIA; 7:,G 1Z;~3 G4,6
Ib~l :~rt1,S YUGi,,i I~J~ei 4~,/ 1'liUtl G1,4
14?4 R~li.i,0 :111,~~ RI~[PI Zd,fi 12d:d 59,d
1~17:1 :IS1,0 Y: ~t,~4 :4JIii :5,: 1?~i7u 5~,5
19~/ 7_~~5,1 2'119,M SiMf.V ~f,7 l:fr17 ifi,3
177,i 21.;4,9 ZIM,1,1 fi ~i~~l 2G,0 I 1fiM/ 6:1,0
1!I~A "l19,1 :":~~~.I f.ttGl Zd,O 1:)IR9 58,1
197~ 1125,1 2123,1 StBW 41,J 17811 G~,3
*~ata on pulp production at ~nterprises producing yeast from
sulfite liquor after acquisition of ethyl alcohol.
**^'he same, at enterprises concurrently producing alcohol and
yeast, or alcohol alone (Makarov Combine).
- Key: -
l. Ye~r 5. Nutrient yeast produced,
2. Pulp production (1,000 tons) tons
at enterprises producing 6. Yeast yield per ton of
3. Nutrient yeast i~'_~, kg -
4. Ethyl alcohol 7. Ethyl alcohol produced,
1,000 decaliters
8. Alcohol yield per ton
of pulp, liters
The Tallin Combinc achieved very high yeast yield per ton of pulp (95.1 kg).
At thc:;ame time at~the Kzyl~Orda Pulp Plant, which also gets yeast only from
sulfite liquor, the yeast yield is only 29.2 kg, which is in turn signifi-
Cantly below the corresponding index for the Balakhna and Amursk combines
(40.4 and 66.'7 kg).
- 25
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Table 2
tt~~r~eo~ct+o ~3~ ~4~ ClGm~e npon~�
n~'~� b0.1C1qOt~l~r;.
Vl.1JbA0JN N8 (IN~J~i(1� nN!(11.1 HU]fTUll M111 II~ tl~~C,l�
npe~np~~rniar, t;wo ayuM~c~N tpo;~,~rA iipuun:~�:
f eft ee~pa6urb~na� k0(fNqtlMR No I t wetuao~i ~Iro~Ay~w,,o~~a i
WnR Tn.~A~n ..1poM*~A, (ll.1.IM.10� rHdpo.~uaa (g tUW 41IC.te
,f C.Af ~ T ~d~ AI' ]pNlptNllhl,l npne~.~eHnue
T r T'�]~'~~ t
- 19~0 b07,S 4~15) ~R,1 :8.41 1:IPn
1971 01l~4 7!+6S$ SI,tl :~~1J i!~iu':
1!li2 Si7~2 ;1~lJI' 6~~11 ;'.h.li.1 tlv;l:~~
10~1 7~5,9 14105 6?,d 6~J~il 1'Otl:
197~ ~i1,i A;U111 liA~l l~.i.ia l:~I~:l
_ IA75 Au~,U fi31!~~i Gy,J 17U:~ 111'r21
ID78 NI0,:1 A75AU J0,7 1~~3:~; I~,i�;+:
IY77 A19,J lilitN G1,5 ?22t~ 144IYt
Key: ~
1. Year 4. Yeast yield per ton of
2. Pulp production at enterprises pulp, kg
producing yeast only, 1,000 5. Yeast production by wood
tian$ hydrolysis method, tons
3. Nutrient yeast produced, tons 6. Total yeast production
at entezprises of the
- Ministry of Pulp and
~ Paper Industry (includinq
that shown in Table 1),
tons
In addition to increasing the yeast production volume, we are also increasing
yeast quality. While in 1975 the crude protein concentration averaged
45.9 percent for enterprises of the Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry,
by 1977 it increased to 46.9 percent. The quality of yeast improved espe-
cially at the Sloksk Pulp and Paper Plant, the Balakhna, Ingursk, and Tallin
combines, and at the Syktyvkar Lumber Industry Complex.
The yeast production volume of the Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry as
a whole wfll continue to increase in future years. This growth is to occur
mainly through fuller utilization of existing output capacities at the
Syktyvkar Complex, the Kz~rl-Orda Plant, and the Amursk Combine. In addition
yeast production is also to be increased as a result of introduction of
new larqe hydrolysis-yeast plants in the Ust'-Ilimsk and Bratsk lumber
industry complexes and a new yeast shop beinq created at the Svetogorskiy -
Combine. The perspectives for increasing yeast production at most sulfite
pulp plants are not very high because production of sulfite pulp is in a
26
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- Table 3 _
" Key :
Uupa~utnuu e ~ 5 ~u g7~
(1) a ~u~, c~ d b) e,
Uep.+a.+o~iie�Q~Al1iNNN! , ~ ' ~a o~~ ~'u1p-and-paper entierprises
nppAnp~i~tN~ o ~ ~ 4 ~ n L a~:" ~ S" 2� 1977 productian
~ ;~y ~~~o 3. Pulp, 1,Ob0 tions
G~
bu
~ ~,3 e�ir I C~s~n CK~~ f~~w 4. Y~~Sti~ tidT15
(g) I. Itpe~npNNrM~~ rup~6~r?ie~a~~uNe Na uteaaKO~ Apowwr 5. Yeasti yield per ton of
H 3tN10~?IA CflMpT pulp, kg
C!lTOtPQtkHR k011ENNIT~9~ 8~~~ '19A1 1~5~~ ~~~9 ~~~8 Yeast yield corrected per
tin~~oarp;k~~n aooua, ,(~Q ts~~,s asao a~,~ ssst ~a,s -
CMfltNNil kpMONH1t ,~~~1 13:?,8 3181 23,9 I;i/J ~4,1 100~ pro~ein, tiOri3
Du6oprtau0 . ~~2~, 56,T 1513 45,8 719 ~1,6
OKye~inetiuA . ,~~3~ 1'4,8 GP,4 7.i,1 319 ~8,0 7. Concentration Of crude
KoNnunoMC?cNA . , 113,1 3772 3~~9 1~~~ ~8~~ rotein in east $
t10 .Kpa~iHniirpnabywnpo 19J,7 b1~9 R8,8 43/0 ~6,6 P Y ~
Coecrcwiut aaoo~ . ~6. 11a,B 3165 25,A 1381 ~~0 Enter ~'~S@5 roducin
IIlM~Nt1:1~R .(~7~ :e~,o ~asa ~e,~ ~aso M,e P P g -
nux~NrelbfNN~ kOM~~~~S ~I6): ; ~,o ~a~o s+~z 3301 ~3~9 yeasti and ethyl alcohol
� Kurna~e~:u~ :4.1,n ~,1SG 17,U 4076 ~7,7
fib .c~~oAey?~n~oM' ~~0~. . ~~!~,7 35'l/ ~!1,9 1811 4S,1 from sulfitie liquor
K!?ftN1U1 NONONNBt 1~~~ .10,3 513f 21,~ Z~JO ~7,4
COJIN~1~!tNNA ,~Z~~ :(221 :~:n,a ~i4a a~?,n zseo ~~,e 9. Svetogorsk Combine _
tiopmnne~Na . ~r,,e ~3~n 2R,o e~6 4~,f
C10MtA11R ~IbO~, X2d~ ; ao,~ t~9s ze,a ct,t 10. Priozersk Plant
11. Syas'sk Combine
(25)t t o ~ o Nen ~ epemicu~ . ai2s,~ ~ areia ~ n,~ ~~se~~ ~ M~~ 12. Vyborg Combine
(26)1, ilpeanpM~rN~, rup ~~TN~~1nWN! Na WtJ10K0~TOJ1~N0 ~Q011t11tM 13. Okulovka Combine
E011~7tNNllC7:~111 kOMdNMOT~~7~. . 107,1 ~144 40,4 41G9 b0,4 14. Kondopoga Combine
T~�pm~exml 3+~nox~~~~ '..~3. ~~1.4 9J12 8~),9 1518 16,7
icau.,�o~~~+N~~Nn . +~~,e �so z9,s R9~ ~~,s 15. Kaliningradbumprom
A~ip~CAIIH KONCH110~32X (3z). . 115,~ 11fr1.3 66.7 yG~~ ~8~~ Industrial Association
Hur~�pc~n~1 I;,~ 130t 7~,3 851 b0,0
K.,.~tincnc~;uA ~iaoe . 4): 3A~, ~z,e �v 16. Sovetski Plant
TrA.1111icNN~ IfOM~NH~TI~~~ . � ~~3 ~~1 a~~~ y _
' 17. Nemanskiy Plant
' ~25~tt n t o u~~t e tpeancM 51G,9 I 819SS I 63,0 I iS~11 I~7,9~ 18. Arkhangel'sk Combine ~
- (36)~~, j~p~a~pN~TN~~ ~WQ~6~TM~~IOIIINt J,Q0I1fMfN M1 �QlJI~MAQOJIN~~tO~ 19. KOt13S COfibirie
20. Sokolbum rom Industrial
GpercK~in ?~own.~eke (3Z). 210,~ I if689 I 89,8 I 95rM! I 4R,7 P
6,1aK11btkN~ ItOM~NNIT . ~1~~~ ~1~.~~0 ~9.5 ~~9 ,8~~ Association ~
21. Kamsk Combine
~ 25~ N t o r o e~u s cpenne?t ..+2a,4 ~~o~ ~~�9 ~e'S 22. Solikamsk Combine
(39) IV. Iipea~P~~~*?+p~ rup~6Rrwsaroiupe rNapoaMabwe Apo~c*r 23. Poronaysk Combine `
[:et.:~ctK~~A KnvAunar (4~)� j ~ = I 1~8 8 I - I~98
S I 19,7 24. Sloksk Plant
CI/AtNMAA ~tAl:ll NU1~tIAlIfG � . ~41� ~ _
25. Total or average
( 25) t~ t o r o u~N o cpeauc?i I~^~� I 108~ I~9~~ 26. Enterprises producing
n e c r o (42! I~+~�~ I- I~~ I~6'~ yeast only from sulfite
liquor
27. Balakhna Combine
_ 38. Baykal'sk Combine 30. Turinsk Plant
39. Enterprises producing hydrolytic 31. Kzyl-Orda Plant
yeast 32. Amursk Combine
40. Segezha Combine 33. Ingursk Combine
41. Syktyvkar Complex 34. IClaypeda Plant '
42. Total 35. Tallin Combine
36. Enterprises producing
yeast from prehydrolysates
37. Bratsk Complex
27
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stiage of major technical changes lnvolving nnt only improvements in ~he
procesa, reduction of r~w material and chemical Consumption, and a de~reage
in contamination of wastie water and itt tihe quanrity nf exhaustis and tiheir
toxici~y, buti also tihe use o� qualitiatively dif~erent wodd as the raw
material.
It shou].d be notied tihat an increasinc~ly greater number of enterprises are ~
replacing the ~raditional calcium substra~e by ammonium, sodium, and
maqnesium aubstrates in sulfite cooking. The exi~ting system for processing
sulfite liquor (ethyl alcohol--nuturient yeast--aulfitie-yeast mash con-
centraties), the nu~rient yeast--concentrates system is coming into more
frequent use. The Balakhna Combine has converted to this sys~em~ while the
_ 5loksk Plant and other enterprises are presently being converted. This
conversion requires mand~tory solu~ion of the problem of growing yeast in
concentrated mediums. This would considerably reduce the load nn evapora-
ting apparatus and decrease watier consumption in productiion. Acquisition
of yeast by this system would require lower productive capacities, and the
~ quantity of waste water will decrease signfficantly. Consequently bio-
_ chemical treatment of undiluted liquor and prehydrolysaties containing 3
percent and more sugar wi11 produce a large economic impact (lower outlays
of materials, power, and so on).
Solving the problems of processing undiluted liquor and prehydrolysates,
scientists and production specialists are selecting and breeding the highest-
_ yield yeast cultures for these mediums. The Amursk Pulp and Carcboard
Combine has achieved good results working with undiluted liquor obtained
from the digestion of pulp on an ammonium substrate (with a reducing agent
concentration of 2.8-3.2 percent). The enterprise's yeast plant is working
with the initial Candida scotii, using a two-stage process. The yeast is
grown in yeast-growing tanks with a volume of 600 m3 employing a vibration-
controlled air distribution system. The yeast is isolated from the
suspension by the flotation method, and then it is thickened on separators. -
Before drying, the suspension is plasmolyzed. The experience of the
Amursk Combine should be broadly disseminated among pulp-and-paper enter- ~
prises producing yeast.
The scientific research institutes have created and are now developing new
methods of chemical wood processing, in which the spent liquor from the
two-stage digestion method is to be used to produce yeast, using a magnesium-
bisulfite substrate. Later, the oxygen-soda method, the oxidative
- ammonolysis method, and others are to be put to use.
With the goal of improving yeast quality and, in particular, increasing the
crude protein concentration, jointly with tt?e enterprises the scientific -
organizations are directing their efforts at selecting new high-yield, high-
protein yeast culture strains. F`or this purpose they are studying the
questions of using biostimulators as well as of supplying nutrients and
mic~oelements more sensibly and fully to the yeast.
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-
- Work don~ by the Lettingrad ~'arestiry Engineerinq Academy iment 5. M. Kirov
h~e demonstrated tiha~ sulfite-yeaeti plantg can produc~ up to 50,U00 m~re
tone of yeaet by utilizing lactiones. Yt ig known that during sulfitie
digestiion, up to 40 perc~nt n� the sugars are broken down, and almost half
of this quanti~y participat~~ in the oxidation-reduc~ion reactiinns in which
aldonic acids are formed. When sulfite liqunr is prepared for biochemical
treatmen~, yeast does not utiilize aldonic acids, which basically remain in -
the �orm of lactanes. By dev~loping the appr~priatie cnnditions �or eheir
utilization and inetalling th~ additional ~ppar~~us, we can obtain good
quality yeasti.
. The enterprises are devotinq special attention to factiors influencing yeast
quality--production exce~lence, atrict maintenance of prescribed production
, canditions, and prevention of bacterial contiamination.
The poseibilities for significantly increasing production of nutrient yeast
and improving its quality are present at the pulp-and-paper enterprises.
1Zealization of these poasibillties will produc~ a tangible economic impact.
Alteration of the yeast production procedures at some of the enterprises,
exploration for highly productive yeast atrains, modernization of the equip-
ment, and other measures must be implemented with the active participation
_ of the enterprise departments of scientific organization of labor in
cooperation with scientific and planning institutes. Enterprise and asso-
ciation directors bear the reaponsibility for practical implementation of
production modernization measures.
In his report "Further Development of USSR Agriculture" given at the July
(1978) CC CPSU Plenum, L. I. Brezhnev attached important significance to
the protein problem, due to the lack of which tremendous overconsumption
of feed is occurring in livestock breeding. "Our chemists and workers of
microbioloqical, pulp-and-paper, fishing, meat and dairy, food, medical,
and a number of other sectors of industry must make their cantribution to
solving the protein problem," said CC CPSU General Secretary, Comrade L. I.
Brezhnev. "The appropriate assignments are being set for them, and
capital investments are being allocated to them." _
_ By increasinq its yeast production, pulp-and-paper industry can provide
consfderable assistance to agriculture in developing livestock breeding,
increasing its production and, consequently, providinq meat products to
the population.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
- CSO: 1870
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.
~
~ox n~rrcrnl, us~ oNLY
INDUSTRCAL MICROgIOLOGY
UbC 634.0.284:634.0.8~3.5
TAPPING PINES WITH NiJ'rRiENT YEAST IN~USION,
Moecow GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESIUIYA PItUMYSHLENNOST' in Russian Nd 6,
1978 pp 5-6 -
_ (Article by Cand Ag Sci Ya. G. Drochnev, Senior Engineer M. V. Perelyubskiy,
and I. N. Selukov, Senior Scientist, Kirniflp~
[Textj Stimulants prepared out nf wood chemical products from pulp-and-
paper production have come into use in tree tapping in recent years. These
, reagents have an intense influence on resin discharge, but when they get
into the resin the latter becomes difficult to process at rosin plants
(1).
This is why there is special significance to seeking new stimulants that
do not reduce the quality of the obtained product. The experience of the
GDR and Poland is interesting in thfs regardi these countries make broad
uae of a new stimulant in pine tapping--a nutrient yeast extract (2).
Introduction of yeast extract tapping has also begun in Bulgaria (3,4).
_ The Kirniilp (Kirgiz SSR Scientific Research Institute of Lumber Industry] �
has studied the possibilities for using an aqueous infusion of dry nutrient
yeast as a resin discharge stimulant. The results of this work are presen-
ted in this article.
The experiments were conducted at the Central Zonal Experimental Station
(TsZOS) in Gor'kovakaya Oblast, ~t the Belorussian SSR Research Station ~
(BelOP) in Brestskaya Oblast, at the Ural'sk Research Station (UOP) in
Sverdlovskaya Oblast, and at the Siberian Zonal Experimental Station
(SibZOS) in Irkutskaya Oblast. The research was conducted in mature pine
stands typical of each region. Each experiment consisted of from two-fold
to five-fold replications: The main experiments were conducted with
- 50-100 trees, and exploratory experiments were conducted with 10-30 trees.
This ensured an observation accuracy of 95-97 percent in the first case
- and 90-94 percent in the second.
The infusion was prepared from dry nutrient yeast produced by pulp-and-
paper ~ombines, hydrolysis plants, and protein-vitamin concentrate (BVK)
- plants. Hot water at a temperature of 60-90� C was added to the yeast
30
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~
~OE~ O~~ICIAL U5~ ONLY ,
(GOST 20083-74*) at ~ ratiio of 50 qrame per litier, efeer which the product
was mixed and allnwed to infuse for 2-3 days. Agter infusion, the solution
was filtered through two layers of gauze. ~:nough atimulant was prepared
to lasti not mnre than 14 days. The tirees were tapped conven~ionally by
(khaki) intended for work with mash. The resul~s ~re shown in Table 1.
~ Tab1e l. -
_ Ilu~ua w~~nHw~ npn uo.uaiwe c eoaiu+W q~ctoc?~
~2Kopwunur apa�;,~c0 na K1(fl, ~ noaeo~~Ke
a
(l~ 19i6 r. 1977 r, ~y epea~r
M ecto npoecacHUr on~td
ee ,d
a ~ e o
7 a 7 ~ ~ ~
- 8 ~ '8 ~ o ~
6eA0(1 , 140 9.i IIB f00 14/ 97
uaoc , ~7.): ; : . i~~ ~ s~ iaa s~
vor~ I8X taa n, ~z; se taz sn
cMaacic . . : ; ; : ie~ a~ ~et ~e iss ~
Key:
1. Place of experiment 6. BelOP
2. Regin yield from tapping 7. Ts~aS
with an aqueous nutrient 8. UOP _
yeast infusion per KDP, 9. SibZOS
~ of tappinq with following
methods
3. Average
4. Conventional ~
5. With mash
As we can see from Table 1, an aqueous nutrient yeast infusion significantly
intensifies resin discharge. On the average in 2 years of research, the
yield of resin per (karrodetsimetr) (KDP) of (podnovka) was 32-55 percent
larger with nutrient yeast tappinq than with conventional tapping. These
_ results agree with data obtained by the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Wood Chemistry in relation to yeast extract tapping (5).
C~srtain fluctuations can be observed in resin yield in different geoqraphi-
cal reqions, which is associated with weather ai~d veqetation factors as
well as with the use of yeast from different plants.
In 1976-1977 the Kirniilp tested aqueous infusions prepared from nutrient
yeast produced by the Balakhn~ and Turinsk pulp-and-paper combines, the
31
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Table 2
r Iliaro.t ~uni~u:i n.~ I: ;!I ;~p~~
(Z~ 112i~t,uin I uu.ten~i~e c n,,rn.u t, ,~eril,
Ilp~~n~ne~cnn~ uapn,ui~un It,3y~ K'!�aen~u,e A~1d.AR~111
ebpaA~itiao:~qWlQ A~IONtMN ~u~tar~ ur r -
I '
a~nMac~a ( Ip;G r. ( 1~;1 r, ip ~uml
I1~iweeo� ,~.5.~ s 11~ s~ l07
t'~po~Nwoe ,~6~ b 98 91 9A
L(e~~ano~NO�Ay?ia~cxoe,~~~ ~ 7 9J 91 4~2
6l11NOb0�~Nt~4N11HM1t IfON4tHT~ I
p~tos . . , . . . ~ . . . 4 A6 7~ BJ
I
Key : . _
l. Production operation producing 5. Food
yeast , 6. Hydrolysis
~ 2. Plant yeast varianta tested 7. Pulp-and-paper -
3. Resin yield per KDP when 8. Protein-vitamin
tapping with yeast infusion, concen~.rates
- $ of tapping with mash ~ -
4. Average
Tavda, Kirov, Ivdel', Lobw, and Zima hydrolysis plants, the Kstovo and
Ufa BVK plants, and the Tagil'sk and Talitsa yeast plants. The results
are shown in Table 2, qrouped in relat3on to type of production operation.
As we can see from Table 2, the best results were obtained with tappinq ~
using stimulants prepared from nutrient and hydrolysis yeast; yeast obtained
from pulp-and-paper combines had a weaker influence on resin yield, while
that from BVK plartts had the weakest influence. Obviously the diff~rences
in degree of influence of the yeast infusion upon resin yield depend on
many factors defininq the unique features under which yeast is grown at
these enterprfses. In particular, the best results are obtained when we
use nutrient yeast from plants processing conifer wood primarily. Yeast
produced from raw material containing a large proportion of deciduous tree
wood has a weaker influence on resin discharge.
We also established that the influence yeast has on resin discharge also
depends on the temperature at which the yeast is dried at the plants.
Resin yields obtained with the use of infusions of hydrolysis yeast dried
at different temperatures were:
Yeast drying temperature, �C..... 130-140 160-170 200-300
Resin yield, ~ of that obtained 107 97 90 -
- with mash tapping -
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- roK ot~~�tcrnt, us~. ONLY
mhe obtain~d results demonstrate the high stimulatory capability of yeast
from hydrolysis productiion ob~ained at a drying tem~erature not greater
~han 140�'C, and they p~rmit uy tn recommend ehem for prepara~ion of -
stimulant, and testing of the latt~r in tnduatrial conditiions.
Similarly as with ~ulfitie-yeast magh, nutirient yeast in�usion hdrdly aleers
~he dynamics of regin flow observed with conventional tapping (FigUre 1).
_
~ 1 1.~5 ~ I ~~r
i.~
N ,I~
_ ~ i~
10
_ ~ ~
~ i~, 1
i
o� IS - ~ ~ % , '
i~ /
~ ,Ji ~.S
- i
-
,S ~.~___t.
- ? y 6 1? TV J5
( 2 ~penA, v
, Figure l. Dynamics of Resin F1ow From Pines Tapped
With: 1--Sulfite-yeast mash; 2--aqueous
nutrient yeast infusionj 3--conventional
technique
Key:
1. Resin quantity, gm
~ 2. Time, hours . ~
~ Also of interest are data on changes in resin yield of trees tapped with
aqueous nutrient yeast infusion dependinq on month of the season. Stimulant
made from yeast as a rule has a stabler influence on resin discharge. It
is less sub~ected to.fluctuations from month to month than when mash tappi:~g
is employed (Figure 2). This can be explained basically by the relatively
low effectiveness of yeast infusion at the beginning of the season in com-
parison with that of mash or other residues. During this time, the resin
yfeld achieved with yeast tapping can be 15-25 percent lower, while in
August-September it can significantly exceed the yields observed with
mash tapping.
In order to increase the effectiveness of yeast stimulants, physiol.ogically
active compounds added to the yeast infusion were tested in er.~ioratory
_ experiments in 1977. _
- 33
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I
~'OR n~~~CIAL U5~ UNLY
.
. . _
oe iP~? � `
1~(~I � r
~ ~ lSl~
t~ r
!
V C,yC � ```,,r~ P i?, ~
k o ~JD � ~a.~~ p ~
~ J ~`e~"~ '`?1.
,
~ .
1 1
f:u ~'R�ro l~a+e A~~,cm (2~m,v(ws
' (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Figure 2. Resin Yfeld Depending on 5eason Frnm Trees Tapped
With: 1--aqueous riutrient yeast in�usion;.
2--sulfite-yeast mash
Key:
1. Re~in yfeld pear KDP, $ of 4. July
yield with conventional 5. August ;
tapping 6. September
2. May
:i. June
As we can see from Table 3, socne additives (2M-4Kh, Kh-1, Urosulfan, birch
sap) have a positive influence on the stimulatory capability of yeast
infusion, increasinq its effectiveness by 6-12 percent.
Table 3
Place Compound Added Resin Yield per
of to KPD, $ of that with ,
Experiment Yeast Infusion yeast infusion tapping
TaZOS Atrazin 99
2M-9Kh 106
M-1 102
TsZOS 2,4D 103 _
Kh-1 106
UOP Urosulfan 112
Birch sap 108
' ?
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Table 4
� ~ Ilu,1~U'IRJ tUCllbl C 00.111NN IIOCtOCM AUONfk(Cd
~ 5, Cpcnuufl oaxon *notiun+
(1) ~~~4~ ua Kapp na noauoeKy
OOucamicima ~ ~ ~
�r~ =�d� r"�~9)
0
~g v u~~ Y~A
b M L�u~o iQ�u~o
NpKyreKZUM,~ec (],Ql 230,~ 412,55 1010,0 76 G2,4 71
_ CnepAZHM~cC l~~r I~i3,1 15o fi5 1115,(3 9Z ~2,9 PO
rop?Kx~M,,~c~~~~ ~ ~IB,I 330,7 8u5,0 OJ 3i,1 89
KnpenzNM.~ec ~:,0 3~,1 BIB,O 09 35,2 99
N T~ f~ 11.1~1 b l(IC.111CN BJ3,1 I iG3,3 ( 913,9 ! 9Y I~?,2 I 67
Key:
1. Asaociation g, ~ .
2. Tapping pines with aqueoua 9. $ of that with mash tapping
. yeast infusion 10. Irkutskkhimles =
- 3. Number of karri, 1,000 11. Sverdkhimles
4. Resin obtained, tons 12. Gor'kkhimles
5. Average resin yield 13. Karelkhimles
6. Per karri 14. Total or average
7. XPodnovka)
Results obtained in experimental conditions made it possible to produce ~
recommendations for broad industrial testing of yeast infusion tapping.
These tests were performed in the 1977 season at a number of enterprises -
of the USSR Ministry of Timber and Wood Processing Industry (Table 4).
As we can see from Table 4, enterprises working with yeast infusion achieve
relatively high technical-economic indices. Thus resin production for
four associations was 763.3 tons, the resin yield per karri attained 915.9
gm, and the yield per podn~vka was 42.2 gm, but oii the average it was lower
than with sulfite-yeast mash tapping. These indices vary in relation to
individual eiiterprises, which is obviously associated with difficulties in
assimilating the new production processes and organizing the tests. As a
rule wherever a persistent effort was placed into introducing yeast infusion ~
tapping, the best results ~�rere obtained. As an example the resin yield
per podnovka in the Karelkhimles Association was 99 percent of that obtained
with sulfite-yeast mash tapping. On the whole, the data of the production
tests confizmed the experimental results.
35
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To determine resin quality, samples were analyzed in the Central 5cientifi~
ttasearah and Planning Inatt~ut~ df Wood ~hemical indugtry and proceagecl in -
a laboratory rosin unit. in this case it wa~ determined that resin obtained
with nutrienti ycast ~g hardly dif~erene at ~11 in chemical composition frotn
reain obtained witihoue chemi~al influenCe.
~ Nexti an experimettti~l 2.6~ton lot of resin wa5 procegsed at the experimental
plant of tihe Central 5cientific Ftegearch and planning Ingtitute o~ Wood
Chemical Indugtry (in 1~77). 7'he processing results Confirmed the labora-
tory data. When setitled turpentine was poured off, cl~5t~hCt separation of
layers was observed; emulsificaeion nf the turpentine was not revealed.
Rosin and ~urpentine obtiainec1 �rem thig ~:e~in cdrregponded to ~~T
requirementis.
A large lot of resin will be processed in 1g78 to determine the effect _
nutrfent yeast infusion tapping has on rosin quality.
~2$LIqGRAPNY
1. Polyakov, P. P., Itadbil', B. A., Smirnova, Ye. B., and Chashchin, A. M.,
"Effect of Tapping Technique on Quality and Consumer Properties of
Rosin," REF. INFORM. LESOKHIMIYA I PODSOCHKA, No 5, 1977, pp 11-12.
2. Stephan, G., "Die Gewinnung des Hartes der Kfefer," Leipzig, 1973.
3. "Effective Utilization of Bulqaria's Raw Material Base," REF. INFORM.
LESOI~HIMIYA I PODSOCHKA, No 9, 1977, pp 15-16.
4. Kostov, P., "Tree Tapping With the Help of Yeas~: ~xtract Biostimulant,"
- GORSKO STOPANSTVO, No 8, 1977, p 30.
5. Kalnin'sh, A. Ya., and Tsakars, E. Ya., "Tapping Using Yeast Extract
a$ the Stimulant," ItEF. INFORM. LESOKHIMIYA I PODSOCHKA, No 12~ 1976,
PP 7-8.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
CSO: 1870
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~Ott 0~~'ICIAI, t15~ ONLY
INf~U5'~RIAI, MIC~bICJ~Y
~ UDC 634.0.863.06.091.5
ANDIZIIAN HYD~OLY~IS PLAN~'S 25TH ANNIt?~Fi5A~2Y
Mogcow ~I~t2~LI~NAYA I L~SO1tHIMICH~SKAYA pttOMYSHI.~NN~ST' in ~tussian No 6,
1978 pp 13-15
(Article by N. I. Pavlova, P. 5. Uavydov, V. Y~. Oleynikov, anc~ V. g.
Shpannagel'j
(TextJ '2'he Andizhan Nydrolygis Plant issued its first products in Auquse
195~. In th~ quarter of a century since ehen the enterprise has become
a major guppller of furfural and its derivatives, nutrient yeast, and
_ hydrolytic lignin chemical procesging products. The plant has achieved
a high rate of production, especial~y nf new types of prnducts. Thus in
comparison with 1976~ in 1977 producefon of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
increased by 6 p~rcent, prnduction of nitroliqnin increa~ed by almost
14 percene, and the total comrrwdity prociuction volume increased by 450,000
rubles.
Production growth is resultinq mainly from intensification of production
on the basis of technoloqical advances.
In furfural production, for example,a third vapor tapping line was placed
into operation in 1977, makingit possible to introduce new working condi-
tions affording a possibility for increasing the time of furfural-containing
vapor collection td 2.5 hours per cycle of the hydrolysis apparatus.
A system borrowed from the Georqiyevka Hiochemical Plant for preparing
aulfuric acid solution with which to wet cotton pods in a jet mixture
was introduced. The need for laborious preparation of the solution in =
periodic-action tanks has been eliminated.
- Following the example of the Fergana Chemical plant, which produces furan
compounds, chemically treated water is now fed into the residues of the
principal furfural column, makinq it possible to partially neutralize the
furfural-containinq vapor and reduce consumption of soda ash in this process.
Six-section fractionatinq columns and coolers having a cooling surface of
of 15 m2 each in relation to the azeotropic mixture have been assembled
and placed into operation.
37
FOR OFFICI~,L USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
~Oit d~'~'tCIAt US~ ONLY
, Se~inl~~g ~~e~l ~crew Conveyors of new degi.~gn have been manu~actured ~a
obtiain nitrdlignin by a dry method. As a regult of ~heir u~e, pradu~tion
of nieralignin ~nc~ itg derivative~ ha~ increaged signifiCantly, and
d~~eharge c~f nitrogen nxide int~ rhe atmosptte~e hag been ~c~tally h~lted.
~'h~ e~onomic impact en~~yed in 1977 from introcluGing thege measureg was
130,tl00 rubleg.
7'h~ plant colle~tive i~ celebrating its 25th annivergary in a time ~f
reequipmene of ~he principal produc~ion c~perations. A ye~st growing
apparaeu~ witih a u~c~ntr~lixed ~ir digeribu~ion system designed by tihe
UkrNIISP h~g already been in~talled and pl~ced ineb operaeion. Thi~ has
m~de it poggibl~ et~ increage ehe ye~~t yield frnm ~he apparatus by 50
percent and free nrt~ tank for biological c~xtda~ion of yeagC-free n?ash.
This year there are pl~ns td rep~ace the airlifti air distribution systiems
by thc~ Ukz'NIISP gysCem in another yeagt-growing apparatus.
The Kiev Technologic~l institute has provided us with the plans for an
_ experin?ental colurt:n with a diameter of 1,4b0 mm and fishscale Contace plates.
The colwnn has already be~n manufactured and sene to ehe plant. It~ use -
will permit ue to increase the shop'g productivity, improve overall quality,
and r~duce steam con~umption.
Productinn of furfural derivatives is growing. A furfuryl alcohol shop
with a capacity of 2,000 tons per year went into operation in 1976. The
production procedures of this valuable product were worked out and its
production was assimilated in 1977. Jointly with the All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Bioengineering, for several years we have been
growinq Chlorella in an exp~rimental unit= ChZorella is distinguished by
high adaptability to environmental Conditions, valuable biochemical pro-
perties, and high yields. ChZoreZZa has been fed to mulberry silkworm
moths on an experimental basis. The firet results have shown that the
yield c': the latter could be increased by 16-20 percent.
The plant collective is proud that it was a pioneer in qualified utilization
of hydrolytic liqnin. The plant's experimental shop has now assimilated
- industrial production of products such as nitrolignin (by wet and dry
- methods), sunfl, igetan, APK, and LSU. Moreover iti is producing experi-
mental lots of OL-2 and BP-100 reagents, new drilling preparations, and
other products.
The methods used for chemical processing of hydrolytic lignin at the plant
can be subdivfded fnto two groups: 1) Modification; 2) destruction _
coupled with utilization of total acquired products, without their separation.
38
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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,
;
, ~Ott 0~~'ICIAL U5k; ONLY
_ Qualifieclutillxation oflignin wag inttiaeed in 1961, when our collectiive
b~gan ob~nining nitrollgnitt by ehe wee me~hod jointly with the USSI2 Academy
O~ SC~~hC88 In~~i~u~e df Organic Chemistry (f+rdf N. N. Shorygina's labora-
tory). Yn 17 ye~~s the nitrolignin prdductian opera~idn hag transformed
fr~m ~n ~xp~rimental eo an indugtrial opera~ion. Th~ output of ~his
prdc~uC~ ha~ been incre~~ed by doxens of times. 6ut the demand considerably
exee~d~~our pogsibili~ie~, since the ghdp'g capaci~y does noe p~rmit
produ~~ibn df more Chan 60 ~dns of ~his valuable product per month. rn our
gearch fc~r a g~lutic~n toqe~her with tihe Uzbek S5fi Academy of 5ciences
Instituti~ of Chemigtiry we develdped a modified, sn-called dry meChod for
~btaining nitrolignin. I~ alldwed ug tio significanely increase production
whil~ m~tnta~ninq tih~ same qu~liCies of the prr~duct, and ~d raise the
output en 600 tdn~ per mon~h ~t ~ very high profiti~bility. Nierolignin
produ~~d by the ~hop is exported to pakistan, Vieenam, and other countries.
Today the plant cannoe even partiially satisfy the national economy's
demand fdr this prnduCt. Its produc~idn muat be expanded by utilizing the
- modern gchievements of te~hnology and chemical machine building.
Working togEther with the geology department of Patrice Lumumba University,
the plant developed and introduced the procedure for obtaining sunil out
_ of nitroliqnin. Sunil has a number of advantages over nitrolignin. But
because the former is a liquid product,andis not convenient to transport,
jointly with the Moscow Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry imeni -
Gubkin the plant nrganized production of igetan, a new producr having the
form of a paste, but with the same properties. The plant produced 1,680
tons of igetan in 1977. But this could satisfy only a small part of the
national economy's consumption. We must dramatfcally increase production
of igetan on the basis of the latest technological achievements.
Since 1976, the plant has been working jointly with the lignin chemistry
laboratory of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydrolysis
Industry tc acquire APK (ammonium polycarbonic acids)--yeast, microorganism, _
and agricultural crop ~rowth stimLlants. The hiqh effectiveness of APK
was confirmed by many years of aqricultural experimentation in different
' soil and climatic zones and with different crops.
APK was used as the basis for creating the procedures for obtaininq bulk
lignostimulatory organic fertilizer (LSU). Today the plant ships 200-300
tons of LSU per year to fi11 the orders of aqricultural organizations, but -
once again this is only a very small part of agriculture's total demand.
Unfortunately the existing semi-industrial unit cannot satisfy the growing
demands of agriculture. LSU production must be expanded to a scale satis-
fying the demand.
~
The table below provides data on the output volumes of the principal
products of our plant's experimental shop.
39
FOR OFFICIAL USE OIVLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
- ~Utt 0~~'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
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40
FOR OF~ICIAL USE ONI.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
F'OIt OI~'E'tCIAL USL ONLY
~z'egentily th~ c~xperimental stlop is uying 2,000-3,000 tiony of absolutcly
dry lignin per, year, which is only 12-15 percent di the tiotal quantity
available,a~ t,he plant. All obtained lignin ig to be processed in the
futiure.
Uespitie tihe g~if~' requirements of the plan, work aimed at obtaining new
1Sgnin procesging products is constantly going on in the experimental shop.
Plant and shop colleagues are full .nembers of all crea~ive explorations.
- We recently received two inventnr's certiificaties. Fourteen efficiency
proposals havQ been submitted.
Tha colleetive of the experimential ~hop, which joined ehe sociali~t
comp~tition in honor of the 50th anniversary of Gre~t october, has won
first place in tihe plant five timea and second twice. In Jtu~e 1978 the
workers of this shnp completed the plan for 3 years of the five-year plan.
Celebrating the 25th anniversary of our plant, we must give proper credit
to its mechanical service, without which it would have been impossible
to complete even a single task posed to the collective.
The senior mechanic's section anfl shop mechanical services have completed
a number af major projects in the last 3 years in cooperation with the
plant's design o~fice, as a result of which production of furfural and
its derivatives, nutrient yeast, and lignin products has increased signifi- -
cantly. T}~ese projects include: Assembly and bracing of a yeast-growing
apparatus with a decentralized air distribution system, and of a TV-175/1.6
turboblower; installation of a TsRM-12/75-800shch centrifugal sprayer in
the yeast drier; reconstruction of flotation tanks in the yeast shop in -
cooperation with the All-Union Scien~ific Research Institute of Hydrolysis
Industry; assembly of a main furfural column with a diametez of 2,200 mm;
assembly of two six-section fractionating column batteries and two pipe-
lines conveying furfural-containinq vapors into reheaters; replacement of
= worn reheaters with a heat exchange surface area of 150 mz, and assembly
- of two new reheater batteries; reconstruction of raw material wetting _
screw conveyors; replacement of the firebox and rear heating surfaces of
three medium-pressure steam boilers (pressure--36 kg/cm2, productivity--
22 tons/hr); assembly of two metallic containers for fuel oil storage,
each with a 1,000 m2 volume.
The best people of the plant, who have earned government awards, were
examples in the implementation of all organizational and technical measures.
The collective is rightfully proud of Cavalier of the Order of *_he October
Revolution tinsmith B. Abdullayev; Order of the Red Labor Banner recipients
cooker V. P. Khvan, instrument controllers S. Ye. Malakhov and A.
Rakhmatulina, and engineer D. M. Igoshin; Order of the"Badge of Honor"
recipients director A. A. Pavlov, me~hanic P. Mamirov, cooker Sh. Khashimov,
and instrument controllers I. Dadakhanov and A. Ismanov; order of Labor
41
FOR OFFICIA:. USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
FOit OF~ICTAL U5~ ONLY
Glory, 3d begree recipients V. I. Dorosh~nko and G. I. Selina, workez~s in
the fu.rfural-hydrolygi~ shop~ "F'or Labor Valor" medal recipients electr3cian
A. T. Pl~~nev, engineer P. S. Davydov, and instrument controllers F'.
Churay~v and R. T. MullagaliyevaJ "For Excellence in Labor" medal recipien~s -
ins~rument controllers V. A. Shchegoleva, S. A. Golikov, and R. Kirichenko,
mechanic N. V. ltomanov, foremen Ye. V. Podkhlebnoy and M. Irmatov, and
electrician S. I. Pereyaslovets. The Presidium of the Uzbek SSR Supreme
Soviet awarded honorary certificates to engineer P. S. Davydov and instru-
ment con~rollers S. Ismanov and R. T. Mullagaliyeva~
~?o and a half years of the ].Oth Five-Year Plan are now behind us. Our ~
plant collectiive has successfully completied itis current assignments in
- relation to the output of i~s prinicipal products. It is fully resolved
to mark the lOth Five-Year Plan with highly productive, truly shock labor.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'sCvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
CSO: 1870
- I
42
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
~OEt O~F'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
INDUSTRIAY, MIC~20DIOLOGY
UDC 634.0.863:658.562
� IMPR~DVING~THE SYSTEM FOR CONTR~LLING MI~INTENANCE OF PRODUCTION CONDTTIONS
Moscow GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 6,
1978 pp 16-18
(Article by Enqinee. V. Ya. Ivanova, Tavda Hydrolysis Plantj
(Text) Much attentfon is being devoted at the Tavda Hydrolysis Plant to
upgrading product quality and increasing labor indices in every production
section and at every workplace.
Improvements in the equipment and production processes have played an =
important role in upgrading product quality. Thus inversion units, new
settling tanks, vacutun coolers, and vacuum evaporators have been put into
operation, and neutralysate aeration, a system for obtaining chemically
pure rectified alcohol with a five-column apparatus, biological oxidation
of mash following yeast separation, and other processes have been introduced.
But no improvements can achieve the required results if the parameters of
the production processes are not strictly maintained. This is why a great
responsibility lies with researchers working on concrete process control
projects and shift foremen who monitor compliance with production condi-
tions.
A system monitoring maintenance of production conditions has been in its
introduction stage at the plant for 5 years. It is being improved more
with every year: New forms of monitoring are being introduced, and the
methods for transmitting monitoring results to controllers are being -
improved. A daily system for monitoring all stages of hydrolysis and yeast
production operations has been introduced. This system is based on
monitoring and measuring instrument record sheets and on laboratory
analysis notes entered into the production logs. Since the integrated
product quality control system has been introduced, the procedures for
determining the quality of each laborer's work and the methods of error-
free work have been formulated and are presently being introduced. In
both the hydrolysis and the yeast production operations work quality is
- beinq evaluated on the basis of five coefficients, one of them being the
43
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
~OEt 0~'F'~CIAL USB dNLY
coeffioi~nt of productifon prc~cess vioL~eion. zn tih~ hydrolysis productinn
operation ~h~ violatidn coefficienti ig computed at all stiages of the
production procese.
- As an ~xam~le in th~ ~onking departmen~, ~o perrt?ie cnmputation nf ~he
produetion procese violation coefficient we have singled out the main
parametera of the hydrolysis conditions upon tihe maineenance of which the
yield of reducing agents from tihe cooking stage and ~he qualitiy of hydro-
lysat~ depend. Tabl~ 1 shows the norms fnr ~he productiion conditions.
Table 1
- Process Parame;:er Normal Permissfble Information Source
Conditions Deviation
Sulfuric acid dosage (al ) ,
liters 50 t5 Record sheet of in-
strument recording
acid level in measur-
ing gauge
Dosage of acid for
percolation (a2), liters 145 t10 "
Time of pressure increase Recording pressure
(a3) , min 40 -5 gauge
- Bleedinq at excess pres-
sure* (a4) , k9/~?2 5 -1
Excess pressure in first
20 min of percolation
(a51 ~ k9/~~2 6-7 -
Excess presaure in hydro-
lysis apparatus during
second half of percolation
(a6~ ~ k4/~m 12 -0.5
Weighing device readings 1 ton Record sheet of
every 20 min of cooking decrease �1 recording weigher
(a~) , tons
Water consumi~tion (ag), m3:
for percol~ition and Water gauge record _
washing 55 t3 sheet
for loading 10 +2
*The process cannot be performed without bleeding.
44
FOR OFFICItiI. USE ONLY
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1
- ~ ~Oi~ O~~ICIAL U5C ONLY
~
Z`he following formula is u~~d in r.he computatiinns:
K ~,ai +az +a3 *a
v n?
nc
where K i~ thp coef�icient of production proaess violatiion, a-a are the
_ numbers~of production condition violatiinns in r~lation to specific para-
metera, n ie the number of parameters befng monitored, ~nd a is the number
of cooking cyclea per ~hifti.
The work of the ~hift is said to be unsatisfactory when gross violations
af the production aonditions occur (double discharge into binw pit, entry
of acid into hydrolysfs apparatus without water, splash-nver of hydrolysate
entering the evaporator, increase of cooking pressure above 12 kg/cmz,
emergency aituations arieing at the faulti of the cooker). Tn this case
K is not computed and the ovQrall work qualfty coefficient for the mnnth -
i~ decreaged by 0.5. When the conditions for feeding loading water are �
violated (below 10 and over 12 m3), or when the acid feed rate is irregular
the production process violation coe�ficient is increased by 0.1 for
every violation. The work quali~y coefficient for the month is
decreased correapondingly by 0.1. Practice has s own that introduction of
this monitorinq method has made it possible to reduce the number of produc-
tion procesa violations. Thus violations concerning the amount of water
and acid delivered in the loading stage and concerning the rate at which
acid fa dolivered for percolation have dropped to a minimum.
For 4 t~nths of 1977 (since the time the new monitoring system was intro-
duced) Kv was 0.15 for the cooking department, which is the main productfon
section.
The best work quality indices were achieved by the team led by A. N.
Izyumenko, a cavalier of the Order of Lenin and the Order of Labor Glory,
3d Degree. The ItV (reducing aqent?~ yield following the cooking stage was
2,032 kg (1,900 kg was planned), 21,000 rubles were accumulated in the
team's 1977 personal account, and K= 0.135. The K figures for other
production sections were as followsv v
Neutralization station 0.161
Settling unit 0.062
Cooling station 0.251
Fern~entation department 0.160 -
Mash distillation department 0.130
� The production process violation coefficient is computed in the yeast shop
- for workers in the principal occupations. They include the settling unit
and heat exchange, pure yeast culture qrowinq, biomass cultivation, and _
vaccua? evaporation unit operators, the separator operator, the spray drier
furnace firetnan, the drfer operator, and the yeast packer.
45
FOR OFFZCIl~L USE ONLY -
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
~Ott O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
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46
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020031-4
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- 47
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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A tiabl~ demnnserating computiatinn nf Kv fc~r tihe yeasti~qrowing nperatior
_ ig p~e~ented as an examplQ (Table
The figure~ obtiained for pN, y~asti concentiration, and regidu~l RV obtained
- at ~he beginninq of the shift are used in ehe computaeions for eh~ previous
shift= the figure det~rmin~d for ~he residual P2b5 quantitiy is used in
the compueatiions for the following shif~.
As a result of e~ricti obaervance of the production conditiions, in 1977
tho yield of yQas~ from RV was 48.8 percent, 45 parcent being planned. As
a result of economizing materi~ls and chemicals, the yeast producers
accumuleted 464,000 rubles in their personal ~ccoune and 350 tons of
nutrient yeast were prnduced in excess o� the plan.
Thig work method is also being tntroduced into otiher production sections
and into the shop repair teams.
Observance of production conditions and compliance with this work method
are the main indices used in swnmarizing the results of Che socialist
competition batween teams and shifts. These data are also the basis for
; awarding Che "Best Worker in Occupatiion" title.
Muoh significance fs attached at the plant to visual publicity on the
results of monitoring strict compliance with production process conditions.
"Quality Nxks" have been set up at the workplaces. Violations in
production process conditions are discussed in daily 5-minute breaks and
in work experience exchanqe schools.
The method for monitoring compliance with normal production conditions -
in all staqea of the principal production operation has been introduced -
into the work of the process engineering division. The monitoring
- schedule is drawn up for the year and approved by the senior engineer.
Remarks concerning violations and concrete proposals for improving the
production process are recorded in a special shop production discipline
violation log. The workers and shift foremen are made aware of these
remarks. Correction of deficiencies stated in these zemarks is monitored.
On Quality Day a complete analysis is made of the production discipline -
violationa committed in the last month, and concrete proposals concerning
- elimination of the existing shortcomings are submitted.
Zntraduetion and improvement of the production conditions monitoring
system is promoting not only an increase in the yield of yeast and RV from
the cooking stage and improvements in the quality of substrates and the
end product, but it is also increasing the responsibility of every laborer
for precise completion of his functions in the production operations. In
the end, all of this improves the enterprise's technical-economic indices
and promotes its rhythmic operation.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi- _
cheskaya prom-st", ?978
11004 48
CSO: 187Q
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INDUSTRIAL MICRi0BI0LOGY
UDC 634.0.863.5(103) -
NUTRIENT~PROTEIN ACQUISITION IN CEMA COUNTRIES
Moscow GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian, No 6,
_ 1978 pp 25-27
[Article by Cand Tech Sci V. S. Minina, Cand Biol Sci M. Ya. Andrusenko
and L. I. Ignat'yeva, and Cand Chem Sci E. G. Mirzanyanova, (ONTITEImikro-
bioprom) and (VNIIsintezbelok)]
[Text] Industrial production of nutrient protein by the method of micro- _
, biological synthesis has been.given the most important role in recent
years in supplying nutrient protein to animal husbandry. The ::eason for -
this is that microbiological synthesis permit~ us to process various
forms of nondietary raw materials, wood and agricultural wastes in particular.
_ Nutrient yeast obtained by this method is a natural bioconcentrate because
in addition to protein it contains a complex of vitamins and other bio-
logically active compounds.
The first patents on contin~ous yeast growing processes making use of
carbohydrate mediums were awarded in Germany, Hungary, and Denmark as
long ago as in 1915-1920, but it was long before these methods enjoyed
practical implementation.
Presently many countries are producing unicellular protein with carbohydrate
substrates. The principal raw materialsused are the wastes of wood processing
industry and agricultural plant wastes, the polysaccharides of which are .
transformed by hydrolysis into sugars that can be assimilated by micro-
organisms; sulfite liquor and wastes from food processing, starch, -
_ winemakinq, and alcohol production operations are also important.
The CEMA cour~tries are devoting a great deal of attention to developing the
methods for producing nutrient yeast with carbohydrate-containing mediums,
orienting themselves on raw materials present in sufficient quantities in
each of the countries. Because the demand for nutrient protein is not
being fully satisfied by production operations within these countries, each
year they are forced to import mill cake, grist, and milling bran (2.5-3
million tons) and fish meal (200,000-250,000 tons) from other countries.
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~Olt OI~~ICtAL t?5C ONI,Y
Moreover tihey im~orti l~rge quaneities of soy meal, synrheei~ amino acids,
vttamins, nutrient antibiotics, and so on. ThiS is why clevelopment of ~
nutrient protein ~roduction is r~ui~e validly said to be one of the mdse ~
urgent prinrity t~sks (1}.
Considering tihe urgency of golving the protein prnblem, we must concentrate
our attentiion mainly on hageening mobilizatinn of xvailable reserves that
can be utilized without special expenae by prac~ically all C~MA r~unCri~s.
One such reserve is growtih in prnductiior df nu~rient protein of microbial
nrigin.
The Peoples Republic of Bulgaria--a country with well developed agriculture--
possesses large quantities of agricultural wasees. Two hydrolysis-yeasti -
, planta built on the basis of 5nviet plans have been oper~tiing in Bulgaria
since 1964. Candida and Trichosporon yeasts are use~ as tihe producers.
Nutrient pr.otefn production will increase by a~out 4.8 times during the
Seventh Five-Year Plan. The capacities for pro~ucing nutrient yeast using
wood waste and the wastes of agriculture and food and chemical industry
will increase by several orders of magnitude (2) . ~'uc~t.re !iutrient protiein
production in Bulqaria is characterized by the following ,:igures: By
19d5--150,000~200,000 tons= by 1990-2000--300,000-400,000 tons per year (3).
~ro facilities with an dutput capacity of 10,000-15,000 tons per year,
producing nutrient yeast from the waste of sugar and alcohol production,
are to be buflt during the Seventh Five-Year Plan (4). There arN plans at
the Sviloza Chemical Combine to obtain about 5,000 tons of yeast and 1,000
tons of furfural per year from aqueous prehydrolysates formed during pulp
r.ooking, thus concurrently s~lving the problem of environmental protection
(4).
i Tk~e Hungarian Peoples Republic uses wastes from alcohol production to obtain
nutrient yeast. Out of the total volume of nutrient yeast produced, 70
percent is obtained as biomass separated from fermented molasses, and 30
percent is grown on alcohol production wastes not containing alcohol and
yeast.
In the first case, where alcohol is produced out of molasses in fermenters
= with a 1,000-1,200 m3 capacity, the yeast concentration is 1.0-1.2 percer.t.
The yeast is separated in separators produced by the A1'fa-Lavan' Company,
and the biomass is washed, thickened to a 25-percent concentration, and
dried in a drum drier. The dry yeast yield per 100 liters of alcohol
produced is 12-16 kg, and the protein concentration of the end produc~ is
- 45-50 percent. The cost of pr~ducinq such yeast is low, since it is a
byproduct of the principal--alcohol--production operation.
When CcmdZc~LZ or Torttla yeast is grown on molasses residues following alcohol
production, nutrient salt must be added to this medium. A continuous
cultivation method is being employed in fermenters of the French Soris
Company. The yeast is separated in separators and dried in driers produced
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f~'Ott U~I~~ICIAI, U5~ ONLY
by ttt~ Nird Atomayxer Gompany, The protein concentration in the end ~
pr~dU~t atiC~ing 50 percen*. mhe vdlume of yeas~ produced with alrohol
production wagteg ia limi~ed by the output capacities of the alcohol
pl~nt~, and it i~ not exhibitiing any indications o~ a~igtiificant inCrease.
Nutrient yease can ~l~o be ohtained with tihe use of corn processing wasee~,
low-grnd~ r~w food material5 rtnt u~.ilized in other production op~rations,
and meati,~~oduc~it~n wastes, animal fatg in par~icular. mhe Centiral
Scientific ft~~earch Ins~itute of ~'ood Industry in guc~apest is condu~~ing
r~gearch ~n Cultivatiion af yeagti u~fng plant and animal �ats at laboratidry
~nd indugtrial gCaleg (in 39 m~ ferntettters of tihe F'ogel'bush Company).
Itg ami.nn ~Cid composition ~nd biological value are eypical of nutrient
yeasti (5):~' in tihis cage 1-1.1 k~ of nutrient yeast with a protein concen-
tration of 45-50 percent are dbe~ined fram ~ kg of fat. devQldpment of
thi~ meth~d is cr~a~inq the basis for fuller utiilization of live~tock
prdducts, eince ~ust in Hungary alone ehe quantity uf wastes at slaughter-
houses ~titains 40,000 Cons per year (6).
Hungarian scientists have developed and patented a unique method for
obtaining protein concentrates frdm the green par~s of feed plants. Thc
method, called "Vepeks," ent~ils separation of protein from leaf sap under
Ghe in�luence of high temperature. A high protein yield is a merit of
this method. For example up to 7 tons of protein can be obtained per year
from one hectare of alfalfa (7). The Vepeks Kontraktorz Company, which
- was founded in the cow?try's west, in ~he city of Tatabanya, has the
purpose of diss~minating this method for obtaining protefn feed concentrate
in Hungary and abroad. One plant working in Hungary produces protein
concentrates from alfalfa and various grasses using this method. The
_ protein product is sold abroad at soy prices (8).
Processing of cellulose-containinq raw materials is presently not foreseen
in Hunqary, since this would require acquisition of expensive equipment
and materials.
The German Democratic Republic does not possess large resources of carbo-
- hydrate-containing raw materials. Molasses, molasses residues, and sulfite
liquor are used in yeast production. C. utilis yeast serves as the biomass .
producer. F~rmentation apparatus at these plants is represented by Mamnut,
Val'dkhof, Friks, and Foqel'bush fermenters and spray apparatus. Vacvum
evaporators and falling-film apparatus are used to evaporate the yeast
suspension. The product is dried in roller units or in spray driers
produced by the Niro Atomayzer Company.
The Republic of Cuba, which grows sugar cane, possesses large amounts of
cellulose-containing wastes that are used for nutrient yeast production.
There is a plant on the republic's territory producing Torula yeast using
suqar cane molasses. Nutrient yeast is also grown with alcohol plant
wastes. By 1980 another few plants producing yeast from molasses are to
be built in Cuba. Plants purchased from the French Speyshem Company will
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~dEt 0~'~'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
, b~ ~uppll.ed wit~h Lefransua~Merrilen teYmetlteYS, Al'fa-Lava1' separaeor~,
Veg~ndo ~vapnrators, and Niro A~omayzer driers, while planes purcha~ed
from tihe F'rench Scho~�eller ~lekman Company will be outfittied witih ~'ogel'-
bu~h fermenCers, A1'fa-Laval' separatin~s, and Angidro evaporetinrs (9).
Methnds for acquiring nutrient yeast from the g~lid was~es of sugar
produCtion by hydrolyais and direct utilizatiidn of ~u.;.rs are being studied.
Commigginning of the~e plantg in ~he ~u~ur~ wi11 mak~._ti posgible tio
increase productiian of nutrient yeage frnm sugar cane pro~essing wasties
by mnre than 8 timea.
Nutirient protiein prnducti.on reaches 20,000 tons per year in tihe polish
~ Peoples fiepublic (10). The bulk of tihi~ production consists of yeast �
obtained fran alcohol distillery grains by a method developed by East
German apecialistis. 5tarch and lignocellulose wastes, the reserves of
which are large in the country, can b~come an importane sc~urCe of raw
mat~rials for Poland. The problem of obtiaining biomass of some molds using
Cellulose and lignin has been studied. Solving the problem o� decomposing
lignin has important significance, since a lignin concentratian greater
than 5 percent makes it difficult for micro�lora to functinn in the
stomach of ruminants. Wood wastes, which total 1 millfon tons per year
in Poland, might become an important protein source.
Industrial waste water also serves as a specific substrate for biomass
acquisitfon. Active sludge obtained from treatment of waste water from
molasses residue fermentation in aerobic conditions has a protein content
of 50-60 percent (10).
Th~ Instftute of Fermentation Industry is conducting research on the qrowing
of yeast in sugar plant molasses. A productivity of 1.35 kg dry yeast
per cubic meter of apparatus volume per hour has been achieved in the
existing production conditions. The institute is also studying the pro-
- blems of treatinq the waste water of this production operation together
with danestic wastes with the end goal of acquiring active sludge. When
this method is used, over 93 percent of the organic contaminants are removed
from waste water (11). The sludge formed contains up to 50 percent
protein, which can be used as animal feed.
The Socialist Republic of R~mania ia producing nutrient yeast from plant
hydrolysates. Specialists at the Romanian Scientific Research and Planning
Institute of Wood Processinq Industry have developed a new method for
producing nutrient yeast using the wastes of wood processing industry
enterprises. The method has been tested successfully at a pilot plant.
Eight wood processing combines are being outfitted with nutrient yeast-
qrowing unfts employing the new production process; the output capacity
of each of them is the to 1,500 tons per year (12).
Production of nutrient protein in the Czechoslovakian Socialist Republic
exceeds 15,000 tons per year, which includes 7,000 tons obtained through
sulfite lfquor processinq and 8,000 tons obtained from distillery 5rains ~
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~ ir
c~f alcoh+bl plane~ end citric acid prnducCion wagteg. 5ulfite liquor is
b~lieved t~ tihe bes~ raw matierial soura~ in Czechoglovakia= by processing
it, the+~countiry could in~reage yeas~ prdduction in ehe future tio 50,000
ton~ per~pe~r. C~ utitie and C. ZipaZytica culeureg ~re u~ed ag th~ bin-
mae~ produc~rs (13).
The principal ~quipmant (~epara~nrs, cirierg, ev~poratnrg) u~ed in yeast
production is import~d. m~gts arQ preg~ntily being run nn ~ Czechnslovakian
drier witih ~ productivity of 2.2 tons of evaporatied moi$ture per hnur, and
on a fermentatiinn apparatus employing mechania~l mixing produced by th~
Cz~cho~lov~kian Khepos Company.
A cellulose produCtion plant at which ye~st produc~ion dut of sulfite
liquor wi11 be organized ig to be buil~ in the citiy of Pac~v.
Straw and wood chipe are a potential r~w material for nutrient yeast
production in Cz~choslovakia. The Liko Tndustrial Assoaiation is planning
_ to produce nutrfent yeast 'srom wood processing wastes. The prices on
wood chips and bark are very low in the country since only the shipping -
expenses are considered. By 1980 the annual quantity of these wastes will
attain 1 million tons. A variant of mfcrobiological wood-cellulose waste
precessing having nutrient yeast, alcohol, glutaminic acid, and others
as the end products has been developed for the Slovik Plant fn (Leopol'-
dov) .
Effective ways for hydrolyzi�g wastes and the methods for preparing tihem
for direct feeding of animals are also being developed. Experimental feed-
ing of filtered biological sludqe havinq a protein concentration of 35-45
percent to animals for 5 years produced positive results (14). A method
has been proposed for processinq fine cellulose fibers unsuited for paper
and cardboard production into nutrient yeast. The fibers are separated
from waste water by filtration or settlinq, and they are subjected to
fermentative hydrolysfs with the help of the filtrate of liquid in which
Triehoderma viride, a cellulase producer, had been cultured. The hydro-
lysates are used to grow C. utilis and Cr?yptococcus aifZuens yeasts.
Together with the substrate residue, the biomass is dehydrated and dried.
The end product contains up to 20 percent protein (15).
A method for growing nutrient yeast in sugar beet processing wastes has
_ been developed jointly with East German scientists. According to tentative
estimates this method can produce 3.5-4 tons of protein from a hectare of
suqar beets. Absence of waste water is an advantage o� the method.
Hydrolysfs industry in the Soviet Union is presently responsible for about
50 percent of the entire output of nurtrient yeast, which is being used
successfully to intensify livestock production.
~
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~Oit n~~~~tAL U5~ ONLY
In tihe very near future, c~n the bagi~ of gpeCializatian a�d concentration
of produa~idn the livegtdck f~rmg will be transfnrmed into industri~l
entiarprieeg prdducing meat, eggg, mi1k, and wool. F'eed qualiey and the
phy~iologiCal completiene~g nf ~he feQd r~~ion are acquiring decisive signi~
ficance to maintaining high animal biological productivity. The quality
of the f~~d ratidn can be raised to the requir~c~ 1~vel c~nly on the conditiion
ehat nutri~n~ yeagt, vitiamins, microelemeneg, anc~ otiher substianCes are
introduC~d 1n~o ~he ~nim~l ra~inn. Thus ehe main task o� hyc~rolygis industiry
in tihe lOth ~ive-Y~ar pl~n Contiinues tin be to significan~ly incre~se the
productiion vdlume, improve qu~litiy, and reduce production cnsts by intro-
ducing additional high-output plants outfitted with high-output machine
uniCs, ~nd by intiengifying production through extensive intrnductiion of
new equipment. -
The prototypeg of contiinuous-a~tSan ~pparatus for aontiinu~us one-stiage and
twc~-stag~ hydrolysis of planti r~w material are to be tes~ed in procluctiion
conditions {n the very near futurej the productiviey of this appartus is
12 tons of absnlutely dry wood per haur. When compared with the periodic
= process, continuous hydrolysis in su�~h apparatus can increase the concen-
tration of the obtained sugars (by ~-2.5 times) and the size of the batches
obtained, derrease consumption of steam, energy, and chemicals, and reduce
production cost by 20-30 perc~ne.
Such hydrolysis apparatus will be si~polied to new high-output plants, and
conversion of periodic-actfon appa~�atus to continuous operation will beqin.
This will make it possible to convert the entire sector to continuous
hydrolyais withfn a short time and with lower capital outlays (16). '
i
- Fermenters characterized by intense mass exchange, multiple-body evaporators, '
hiqhly productive driers, and other equipment will be installed at the '
hydrolysis plants, and hydrolysis industry's first automated production
process control system (ASUTp) will be introduced at the Kirov Biochemical
Plant.
~
As a result of improving yeast production, introducing high-yield strains,
and implementing other measures, the average total protein concentration
in yeast will increase to 55-60 percent, and the yeast yield from RV
(reducinq agent?) will attain 54 percent (16). ,
The bulk of the feed yeast is to be enriched with biologically active
compounds (amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, microelements) and supplied
in the form of yeast additives.
Production of nutrient hydrolytic suqar (syrup), synthetic milk substitute,
fructose-glucose syrups, and other substances is to be started.
We can conclude from this that the problem of satisfying animal husbandry's
demand for nutrient protein is equally pressing to all CEMA countries.
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, ~OEt O~~IC]:AL U5~ dNLY
C~p~ration amonr~ gpecialigtig from tihe fra~ernal cauntries will make iti
poegible to reve~l new forms of raw mater~ial from which to produce nutirienti -
protein, anc~ td create the proceduree for processing these raw matierials
witih a consideration �or tihe bea~ experience of ehe C~MA countries and
the achievemenes of world gcience ~nd practice.
Futur~ cooparatiion in this area may d~velop in tihe directiion nf production
- of amino e?cide, nutrient vitamins, antioxidants, and otiher feed additiives,
and it mqy.include ~oint constiruction of production capacit3es nece~sary
for satisfying the feed additive demand o� the CEMA countries.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_ 1. Chanayda, E., "Coopera~ion Among CEMA Countries in Solving the Nutri~nt
Protein Problem," NtEZHDUNARODNYY SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTV~NNYY ZHURNAL, No 4,
1977, p 25.
2. Cherkezov, I., "The Feed Problem and the Perspectfves of its Solution
in Bulgaria," MEZHDUNARODNYY SEL'SKOKHOZYAY5TVENNY~Y ZHURNAL,No 4, 1977,
pp 30-34.
3. G"bev, A., Vasil'yev, A., and Stoychev, M., "Proyzvodstvo na prmy-
shlen edinoklet"chen protein (PEP) ot nekonventsialki surovinni
iztochnitsi (bioinzheneren i tekhnfko-ekonomicheski analiz)," Sofia,
1976. �
4. Komitetski, V., "Increasing Production of Synthetic Protein Components,"
2HIVOTNOVODSTVO, No 4, 1976, p 36.
5. Szecheniy,E., Simek, F., and Karpati, G., "Produkcja drozdzy pokarmowych
na tluszczach zwierzecych i roslinnych," PRZEMYSL FERN~NTACYINY I
ROLNY, No 2, 1977, p 31. -
6. BERLINER ZEITUNG, 7 January 1974.
7. Waskiewicz, A., and Szymanska, B., "Preparaty biaekowe z zielonych
szesci roslin," PRZEMYSL FERMENTACYINY I ROLNY, No 2, 1977, p 19. _
8. INDUSTRY UND HANDELS REVUE, No 51, 1976, p 632.
9. PRZEMYSL FERMENTACYINY I ROLNY, No 1, 1977, p 16.
10. Labendzinski, S., "Zajist ovani meme beznych surovin na vyroby
- krmne biomasy," KVASNY pRUMYSL, No 11, 1976, p 250.
11. PRACE INSTITUTOW I 7~ABORATORIOW BADAWCZYCH PRZEMYSLY SPOZYWCZEGO,
Vol 26, No 1, 1976, pp 25,43.
i
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~OR 0~~'ICIAL U5~ dNLY
12. ~'U'i'TEI2HEF~ AUS ABWASS~ItN. WA55~RWIRTSCHAF'm UND WASS~R'I'ECHNIK,
Vol 26, No 5, 1976, p 168.
13. Patent No. 228a14~ (Czechoslovakia). "Aerobic Microorganism Culti-
vation Method." Publish~d 18 April 1976.
14. Abber, W., "Muhlberg Konferenz uber Perspektiivische Rich~ungen in
der Verwes:tung fester, flussiger und gasformiger Abfalls~off,"
~ELLSTOFF UND PAPI~R, Vnl 25, No l, 1976, p 2~.
15. Barta, J., "Die Verarbeitung des biologischen Schlammes zu Futter-
eiweib," PAPIR A CELULOZA, Vol 31, No 9, 1976, p 193.
16. Kozlov, A. I., and Epshteyn, Ya. V., "Hydrolysis Industry in the
10th Five-Year P1an," GIDROLIZNOYE PROIZVODSTVO, Vol 84, No 6,
1976, p 1. .
- COPYRIGHT: I~datel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", Gidroliznaya i lesakhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004 -
CSO: 1870
,
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,
~Ott O~F'YCIAL U5~ dNLY
,~~1~
INDUSTAYAL~MICROBIOLOGY
UDC 621.43(100)
INPIibD'PORGMASH-70--EXHIBITION REPORT
Moacow GIbROLiZNAYA I LESOKHIMiCHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russfan No 6,
1978 pp 30-31
[Article by B. L. Smolyakov~ ~
[Text~ Durinq the time that the July (1978) CC CPSU Plenum was in session,
discussing the problems of agricultural development, 5oviet machine builders
displayed technical innovatio;~s for industrial food sectors, trade, and
public food services at Sokol'~~i,ki Park in Moscow. The USSR had the largest
' exposition in the international Inprodtorgmash-78 Exhibition, in which the
companies and associations of 23 countries participated. Its displays
contained equipmenC for enter~rises of breakbaking, suqar, dairy, oil,
- cheese, meat, and oil-and-fat industry.
Microbioloqical industry, which Comrade L. I. Brezhnev numbered in his
- report to the July CC CPSU Plenum among those specialized, independent,
and large sectors which had not existed before, also demonstrated its
poten~ials for producing goods for the public, and its contribution to
solvinq the protein problem.
Visitors to the exhibition could acquaint themselves with a process far
producing crystalline xylate, nutrient sorbitol, and mannitol, with a model
of the B-50--a microorganism qrowing apparatus, with the apparatus and
processes used in the production of pectolytic enzyme preparations, with
a process for utilizing biomass when culturing pectolytic enzyme producers,
and with the characteristics of products of microbiological industry--
P-lOKh (pectofoyetidin), (amilori~inj, (dekaren), G-lOKh amylosubtilin,
- (kormagrizin), (batsilikhin), (vitamitsin), vitamins B2 and B12, acido-
philus, monocarbonic acid, nutrient yeast, etc. These products are
enjoying a constantly increasing demand in meat, feed, canninq, winemaking,
- brewing, baking, and starch-syrup production operations.
_ The CC CPSU and USSR Council of Ministers dearee "On Elirther Development of
the Production of Feed Additives, Plant Protection Resources, and Other
Products of Microbiological Industry in 1978-1985," approved by the July
(1978) CC CF~SU Plenum, contains an elaborate program for raising production
,
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of nutiri~nti protein, amino acid, premixes, enzyme preparations, nutrienti
entibiotic~ and vitiamins, miCrobiological plant protiection agenC.s, and
- bacterial ~'er~ilizerg in 1978-1985.
~ The Ministry of Machin~ Buildittg fnr Ligh~ and Fond Industry and Household
Appli~nCe~, ~}t~ enterprises o� which provided the greater part of the
exhibits in the 5oviet section of the Ynprdd~orgmash-78 ~xhibieion, is
. numbered among the minigtries ordered to manufacture ~he apprc~priaee equip-
ment for microbinlogical industiry.
Durinq the time of this exhibieion ~pecialists had the possibility for seeing
modele of highly productive machines and unit~ characterixed by high unit
output capacity. Improved separators, driers--particularly those used to
pulverize and dry baker's yeast, and evapoYators used in sug~r indus~ry
were of doub~less int~rest to workers of hydroly~is industry. Thus the
VAG-3000 apparatus thickens sugar-cont~ining juice, evaporating the water
from it. It is unique in that it has an all-welded body with a built-in
secondary steam separator. The obtained syrup is then conked in a VAV-60
vacutun apparatus, which is distinguished by �orced circulation o~: the
product as it is cooking. Right next door the visitor can inspect the
OGSh-321K-5 and FPN-1251-5 contiinuous-action automatir centrifuges intended
for separation of sugar crystals from intercrystalline syrup within the
centrifugal force field.
Soviet and foreign specialists were attracted by Soviet apparatus used to
dry bulk products in a so-called vibration-induced flui~iized bed. Intense
mixing results from vibration of the grid and an ascending current of hot
afr. In the opinion of specialists, creation of devices (also making use
of active hydrodynamic conditions) which would make use of the principle of
spiraling a biphasal current is also a promising direction. One such drier,
the A1-VGS, consists of a drying chamber, two ventilator-radiator stations,
a pulverizer, cyclones, an', exhaust fan, and a monitoring and control panel.
There are four boxes one on top of the other in the drying chamber. The
two pairs of boxes vibrate vertically in opposite phase, as a result of �
which full balance of the vibrating mass is achieved. The vibration fre-
quency is 350 cycles per minute. How, for example, is yeast dried ~,n them7
After beinq pressed through a 2.5 mm diameter die, it is cut by a knife
mechanism into individual granules which are then sent to the drier. The
thickness of the layer during drying is 100 mm. The temperature of delivered
air is maintained and tlie temperature of spent air is monitored automati-
cally in each drying box. Such drying machine units, according to their
designer--the All-Union Scientific Research and Experimental Design Institute
of Food Machinery--are characterized by high effectiveness, and they are
favorably distinguished by working reliability and simplic.ity of manufacture
and operation.
Visitors of all sn.xes and ages--not only Soviet but also foreign, including
some from faraway At~;stralia, observed with interest the work of the A1-IIU
unit, which produc~es protein-rich imitation roe, a new food product that
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w~s fira~ dev~lnped in tihe US5R. Thie rival of stiurgeon rne is made from
milk protiein, g~latin, and vegeti~ble oil. I~ contains viti~mins and micro-
elements: 'rti is very gimilar to gtiurgeon roe in appearance, nutritiional
value, ahd taete. All o� the complex procesaes of the A1-IIU unit are
fully mechanized and au~omated. This innflvation wa~ areatied by tihe US5R
Academy of 5ciences In~tiitute of Elementio-Organic Compnunds and the All-
Union So~.entific iteaearch and Experimental Degign Tnstiitu~e o� Food
Machineic~?. 'Som~ of the industrial imi~ation roe production units are
operatiing at one of the Moscow enterprises.
Enterprisea and organizations of 11 ministries and departments participated
in the Pzeparations for the Soviet exposition, and about ~00 exhibits were
diaplayed. Five CEMA countriea (Bulgaria, GDR, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslo-
v~kia) and Yugoslavia ~ook an ac~ive part in the exhibition: The expositinn
of the socialist countries was a clear demonstration of the fruitful
result of scientific-technical coopera~ion amonq CEMA countries aimed at
creating new equipment and production processes for the food sectors of
industry, trade, and public food services. Cooperation is presently based
on contracts with about 90 scientific research and planning-and-design
organizationa.
The displays sponsored by Austria, Austral3a, FRG, Great Britain, Denmark,
Spain, Italy, Columbia, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Norway, USA,
Finland, France, Sweden, and Japan werE dominated by food dressing and
packaging equipment, wrapping machines, filling machines, metering machines,
driers, machinery and machine units for vegetable canning and food concen-
trate industry, and weighing instruments and devices.
Scientific symposiums were held, lectures and reports were given, and press
conferences dedicated to the national days of the companies representing
particular countries were held concurrently with the exhibition. Repre-
sentatives from foreign companies and associations said that they viewed
participation in the international review in Moscow as a new possibility
for establishing and strenghthening scientific-technical and co~nercial
ties in the spirit of the closing document of the All-Europe Conference
in Helsinki.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Lesnaya prom-st", "Gidroliznaya i lesokhimi-
cheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
CSO: 1870
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INDUSTRIAL MICRi0BI0LOGY
UDC 634.0.863.5.002:65.011.56
CONTROL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS (SOVTET PAT~NT LITERATURE REVIEW)
Moscow GIDRpLI~NAYA I LESOKHIM2CHESiWYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 1,
1978, pp 30-32
(Article by Engineera A. 5. Fedorov and V. I. Boboshko, ir~stitute of
Automation, Kiev]
[Text~ The main objective of microbiological synthesis is to acquire an
_ end product with minimum expenditure of nutrients. This objective can be _
reached by creating production conditions which would promote maximum
utilization of the components of the nutri.ent mixture and the largest
yield of an end product having prescribed properties. These conditions
can be created by means of biosynthesis control systems.
Control of biosynthesis boils down to maintaining the ratios and absolute
_ values of nutrient concentrations necessary for development and reproduc-
tion of the microbe population, and to creating physicochemical conditions
ensurinq the best course of the process, oriented toward optimum acqui-
sition of the end product.
The biosyntheais control s,ystems currently being used in the sector are
basically particular--that is, they are systems which regulate and stabilize
individual parameters of the process: The rate at which the nutrient
components are delivered into the apparatus and their volumej air intake
for the purposes of aeral:ion; the volume of culture medium in the apparatus;
- its temperature; the acidity of the medium in the apparatus.
Consequently the main indices of the process--the concentrations of biomass
and nutrients in the apparatus--are not utilized in the control systems.
Such control of microbiological synthesis by indirect parameters is necessary
because of the absence of reliable industrial sensing elements that could
tneasure these principal parameters.
The effectiveness of c:ontrol by indirect parameters decreases due to
- iqnorance of the dependencies among important factors of the process, for
example the intensity of mass exchange, gas exchange, the growth rate of
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microorganiems, and otiher contirolling parame~ers. Reduction of tihe number
of parametera being measured means a ldsa of information on factors having
a significanti influence on rhe procesa, and consequ~ntly it worsens tihe
possibilities for keeping the process optimum.
Considering tihe little knowledge we hav~ o� the in~ernal relationahips of
microbiological syntihe~is, the complexity of the syntihetic procesa makes
iti difficult for us tio chonse the optimum control variant from the many
possible methode of solving this probl~m. -
This article discusses an attempt made to generalize developments published
in the ~.ast 1Q years in the USS R as inventions dealing with control of
microbiological syntheais, developments which in the opinion of the authors
offer the greateat practical interes~. These developments are at the -
level of present development of science and technology.
The Institute of Physica o� the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of
Sciences has developed a microorganiam culturing device (1) in which the
culture fluid is maintained at a certain optical density with the goal of
keeping the pro~esa continuous; thfs density is maintained by balancing
the volume oE fluid introduced into the cultivator and withdr~wn from it.
The Al1-Union Scientific-Production and Planning-and-Design Association
of Microbiological Industry has patented a number of inethods and systems
of automatic control of continuous microorqanism growing processes.
Thus one of the methods (2) foresees maintaining an optimum level of air
consumption for aeration dependinq on the quantity of carbon dioxide
liberated, the latter beinq determined from the consumption of air for
aeration and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the emerging gases.
Another method (3) involves regulation of delivery of the nu~rient medium's
components into the apparatus depending on the quantity of heat liberated,
which is estimated from the distribution of the medium's temperature field.
_ Now tha~ computer technology has recently been introduced, it has become
possible to use complex integrated indices as control criteria. An example -
of this can be found in a method proposed by the same association, in which
- the rate of change of the economic coefficient of substrate utilization is
used as the control criterion. The numerical value of this coefficient is
the ratio of the quantity of biomass obtained to the mass of nutrients
utilized within a certain time interval.
In this method (4), the concentration of the nutrient substrate delivered
and consumption of air and mineral salt solution are regulated depending
on chanqe in the economic coefficient of substrate utilization, which is
determined by comparing previous and subsequent (following certain intervals
of time) computed economic coefficients. In our opinion this control me~hod
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hae the ~hortcoming that the inertia of the process is noti considered in
~he computations of the principal index--the economic coefficient, which -
is uaed to contral the process. The economic coefficient is computed on
tihe basis of both input parameters (the concentration of RV [reducing
aq~nt?] at tihe input of the apparatus) and output parameters (the concen-
tration of biomasa and resic3ual RV at the output). An economic coe�ficient
computed on the basis of simultaneous measurements of input and output -
parametiers cannot reflect tihe course of the process at the moment at which
the parameters are beinq measured, since in most cases the practical lag
of the proceas attains 4.5-5 hours.
Control can be effective only in the event that the time interval between
- control instructions is longer than the laq time. However, we believe such
control to be not very effective, since the process may deviate signifi-
cantly from optimum in the time interval between control instructions.
The All-Union Scientific-Production Association of Microbiological Industry
has also proposed a system for automatic control of continuous microorganism -
cultivation (6), which makes use of the method described above to grow
- nutrient yeast. Another system for automatic control of continuous micro-
organism cultivation (5) developed by the same association foresees
stabilization of water delivery and the temperature of the culture and
nutrient mediums, regulation of the acidity and volume of inedium in the
apparatus, and regulation of substrate delivery depending on the respiratory
coefficient and concentration of RV in the spent mash. The respiratory -
coefficient is determined from the concentration of dissolved oxygen and ,
consumption of air for aeration with the help of a special logical unit.
In a third system for automatic control of continuous microorganism culti-
vation (7) patented by this association, the temperature of the yeast
biomass and the volume and acidity of fluid in the apparatus are stabilized,
and delivery of nutrient substrate into the apparatus depends on ~he
' respiratory coefficient, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the fluid, -
residual RV, consumption of air for aeration, and substrate acidity.
The Institute o� Automation (Kiev) has developed a system for automatic
control of continuous microorganism cultivation (S) which foresees stabi-
lization of consumption of air for aeration and nutrient substrate,
temperature, and the acidity and volume of culture medium in the apparatus,
regulation of the ratio between consumption of water for dilution and
consumption of substrate, corrected in relation to the RV concentration
in the substrate, and the time the biomass remains in the apparatus, and
sampling of culture medium depending on the concentration of biomass in
the yeast ~uspension and residual RV.
The institute has also proposed a system for controlling periodic micro-
organism biosysthesis (9) in which control of the principal parameters of
the process--temperature, medium acidity, and consumption of air for
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~..n ,
4~
aeratiori=~-"is achieved with an adaptive model of the process, the algorithm
of which is initially written into one of the system's blocks. The model's
coefficien~s are tuned to the rate of the process. _
Two system~', for automatic contral of qualitative indices in microorganism _
cultivation (10,11) created by the same institute permit control of quality
_ parameters, for example the concentration of biosynthesis products in a
bank of working apparai:us using one analyzer-sensor and a recording instru-
ment, and automatic determination of the end of biosynthesis (for example -
in the production of �eed antibiotics) in each apparatus. ~
The All-Union Planning-and-Design and Scientific Research Institute of
Automation of Food Industry has proposed a method (12) for automatic control _
of microorganism cultivation, in which consumption of aerating air, the rpm
of the mixer, and pressure in the apparatus are stabilized, these indices
simultaneously being corrected in relation to the di�ference in concentra-
tions of carbon dioxide in delivered and spent air.
- The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Bioengineering has developed
a device regulating microorganism cultivation (13); it regulates biomass
concentration in the apparatus depending on microorganism growth rate by
, changing the substrate delivery rate.
V. N. Ostroumov and his colleagues have proposed a method of continuous
microorganism cultivation (14) in which liquid hydrocarbons, �or example
paraffins and other components necessary for cultivation, mineral salts _
in particular, are delivered into the apparatus depending on the gas
concentration in the culture medium; the latter is maintained constant
throughout the entire cultivation time.
~ I. S. Ryvkina, et al. have patented a method for automatic control of
continuous microorganism cultivation (15) foreseeing, with the goal of
stabilizinq the concentration of residual hydrocarbons and reducing
fluctuations in the productivity of the apparatus, regulation of the
consumption of hydrocarbons and water depending on biomass concentration. -
The Groznyy branch of the Scientific Research and Planning Institute of
Full Automation in Petroleum and Chemical Industry has developed a method
for automatic control of aerobic microorganism cultivation (16) in which,
with goal of intensifying the process, the delivery of air into the
apparatus to aerate the medium is regulated with a consideration for the
rate of change in the redox potential or with a consideration for the
partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in the presence o� a zero rate of -
change in the redox potential.
- The colleagues of this same institute have proposed a method for automatic
control of continuous fermentation in a battery of fermenters, in which
the raw material-gas ratio in the first apparatus and temperature in
subse~uent units are regulated; in this case all regulated parameters are
R
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correcCed on the basis o� the amount of hydrogen measurEd in the �erment~-
tio~~ qases of eaah npparatus.
The Institute of Biochemistry and Physinlogy of Microorganisms of the USSit
Academy n� Sciencas has deve~oped a method for controlling mfcroorganism
cultiivation in thermdstaeic condieion~ (18), in which the biomass concen-
tratfon is maintiained ~t a pre~scribed 1eve1 and the ra~e of delivery of
nutrient medium ia regulated dependln7 on cultiure fluid tiemperature.
The Inatitute of Micrnbioloqy imeni Avgust KirkhenshtQyn has proposed a
system for automa~ic control of microorganism cultivatiion (19) in which
air delivery for aerAtion and the rpm of the mixer are regulatied depending
on tihe quantity of oxygen conyumed for endogenous respiration of the
culture and syntheais of the end product.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gitel'zon, I. I., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 182870,
15 July 1963," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 12, 1966, p 79.
_ 2. Odinokov, G. M., et al., "Inventor's ~ertificate No 334240,
13 April 1970," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 12, 1972, p 96.
, 3. Tokarev, B. I., and Loskutov, G. M., "Inventor's Certificate No 424875,
30 June 1972," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 15, 1974, p 86.
4. Odinokov, G. M., and Los}:utov, G. M., "Inventor's Certificate No 507625,
10 June 1974," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 11, 1976, p 83.
. 5. Balashevich, I. I., Litvin, E. I., and Tokarev, B. I., "Inventor's
Certificate No 412241, 20 December 1971," BYULLETEN' IZG!BRETENI1l,
N~o 3, 1974, p 10.
- 6. Odinokov, G. M., and Loskutov, G. M., "Inventor's Certificate No 5274~2,
25 September 1974," .9YULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 3, 1976, p 83.
7. Litvin, E. I., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 522228,
30 Ocrober 1974," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 27, 1976, p 82.
8. Govdya, Yu. D., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 308060,
23 January 1y69," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 21, 1971, p 89.
9. Zakharchenko, N. Ye., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 488847,
18 December 1972," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 39, 1975, p 70.
10. 2akharchenko, N. Ye., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 489784,
20 November 1973," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 40, 1975, p 64.
64
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11. ~~}charchenko, N. Ye., et al., "Inventor's Certi�icate No ~189788,
16 ~anuary 1974," gYULL~TEN' IzO~Ft~TENtY, No 40, 1975, p 65.
12. mrinchuk, G. S., and Golg~r, L. I., "Inven~or's Certific~tQ No 355213,
_ 24 November 1970," BYULI,ET~N' IZOgR~TENIY, No 31, 1972, p 87.
13. Voroitiri, G. I., et a1., "Inventor's Certiifica~e No 365373,
31 July 1970," BYULLETEN' I20BRET~NIY, No 6, 1~73, p 49.
14. betroumov, V. I., et al., "inventor's Certificate No 390136,
30 August 1971," BYULI,~TEN' IzOgRETENIY, No 30, 1973, p 86.
15. Ryvkina, I. A., e~ al., "Inv~ntior's Certificate Nn 469740,
10 Jltly 19~3," BYULLE'!'EN' IZOBRETENIY, No 17, 1975, p 74.
16. Arzumanov, Ye. N., Qt al, "Inventor's Certificatie No 502015,
9 April 1974," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 5, 1976, p 82.
17. Babayants, A. V. et al., "Inventior's Certifiaate No 311961,
27 March 1970," BYULLETEN' SZOBRETENIY, No 25, 1971, p 109.
18. Shkidchenko, A. N., "Inventor's Certificate No 506611,
20 December 1971," BYULLETEN' IZOBRETENIY, No 10, 1976, p 66.
19. Selga, S. E., et al., "Inventor's Certificate No 483426,
25 October 1973," BYULLETEN' YZOBRETENIY, No 33, 1975, p 84.
- COPYRIGHT: Izda~el'stvo "Lesnaya prom'st", "Gidroliznaya i
lesokhimicheskaya prom-st", 1978
11004
CSO: 1870
~
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SCIENTIST3 AND SCIENTI~'IC ORGANIZATIONS
SXMPOSIUM ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING
Moecow MIKRnBIOLOGIYA in Ituseian No 6, 1978 pp 1129-1132
(ArCicle by M. Zh. Kriatapsona and Yu. 0. Yakobson]
[TextJ In the last few yeara there has been significant development of
research in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering. The decisions _
of tha 25th CP5U Congreae played a large part in development of euch re-
Mt aearch; they put a number of importar.t taska to microbiologiats. It became
neceseary to sum up the completed research and prepare programa for future
work. The eymposium Chat convened in Riga from 14 to 16 March 19~8 dealt
' with thie iseues. The Scientific Council for Phyaiology and Biochemistry
of Microorganiems~ USSR AS [Academy of Sciences], Main Adminiatration of
~ the Microbiological Industry under the USSR Council of Miniatere, All-
Union Micrabiological Society, in collaboration wiCh the Latvian AS, were
� thQ inatigatora of these symposiucn. The practical organization of the
- sympoaium was aeaigned to the Inatitute of Microbiology imeni Avgust
Kirkhenahteyn, Latvian AS~ and Latvian Republic Department of the All-Union ~
Microbiological Society.
�More than 500 specialists participated in the symposium: representatives of
inetiCutions of the USSR and Union republic AS's, Glavmikrobioprom [Main
- Adminiatration for the Microbiological IndustryJ, USSR Ministry of the
Medical Industry, USSR Ministry of the Food Industry and other agencies
and WZ's, se well as scientiats from the German Democratic Republic,
Poliah People's Republic and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
The Latvian SSR was represented by specialists who work at 11 scientific
research institutione, WZ's and scientific-production associat~ons. Speci-
aliets from the Uzvar feed producing kolkhoz (Bauskiy Rayon, Latvian SSR) _
- also participated in the symposium; at this kolkhoz, an experimental shop
wae built for commercial production of protein and vitamin enriched feed,
and a problem laboratory was opened in collaboration with the Institute of
Microbiology imeni A. Kirkhenehteyn.
A. A. Drizul, Academician of the USSR AS and vice-president of the USSR AS,
delivered the opening remarks at the symposium. The following also
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- delivered some brief greetings: Praf I. L. Rabornova, on behalf of the
= problem council for phyeiology and biochemisCry of microorganiame, US5R AMS~
and the presidium of 'VMO [All-Union Microbiological Soc3ety]; Prof E. Galas,
- on behalf of Che delegation of scienCists from Che Poliah People's republic,
who etreased in par~icular Che importance of aceive collgboraCion among~
specialiete of CEMA member countries to golve theoreCical gnd practical
problems in the field of bioCechnology and bioengineering.
Several keynoCe and aurvey papera were delivered: "Problema of Technological
and Bioengineer~Lng Science as Related Co Development of the Microbiological
Industry" (A. N. Garpov, Glavmikrobioprogm under the tiSSR Council of
- Miniaters~~ "Problema of Economics of Microbiological Synthesis" (M. P.
Morozov, U5SR Goaplan). Prof N. Ring�ay1, head of Che scientific delega-
Cion from GDR and corresponding member of tt~e GDR AS, in his paper entitled
"SynCheais of Microbial Protein by Unicellular Organisma and Technical _
Back-Up of This Procees," diacussed comprehensively the possible technologi-
cal solutions from the standpoinC of combining data on physiology of
producer microorganiems~ optimum cultivation conditions and equipment for
the process.
In his paper, entitled "Some Theoretical Prerequisites for Developing
Fermentation Equipment," Prof P. I. Nikolayev described and subsCantiated
Che principles of engineering aspecte of fermenters developed at the Moscow
Institute of Chemical Machine Building, and he used the systems approach to
analyze the chief factora affecting the efficacy of fermentation equipment. -
Prof V. Sikita (CSSR), in a paper entitled "Continuous Cultivation of Micro- _
organisme," demonstrated the potential of the continuous method for the
atudy of theoretical problems of physiology, biochemistry and genetics; he
stresaed ttie practical importance of the method for accumulation of highly
- productive; mutants in the producer population. The producer of acylases
- used as one of the examples. -
Academician M. Ye. Beker of the Latvian AS discussed dev~elopmex~t of the main
_ directiens of microbiological research and microbiological production in -
that republic, which were the prerequisite for intensive development of
investigatione in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering, in his
pa~er entitled "Development of Biotechnology and Bioengineering in Latvian
SSR"; he also reported the main results of developing diverse technological
processes, finding new forms of raw material, des3gning fermentation equip-
ment for different purposes and development of automated regulation,
inapection and control systems for microbiological pro~esses developed by
apecialisCa of this republic, including the Institute of Microbiology imeni _
- A. Kirkhenshteyn, Latvian AS, in collaboration with many institutions of
the naCion.
A total of 40 survey papers were delivered and about 120 display reports -
were discussed at two plenary sessions, as well as meetings of three sections
("Proceases of Fermenation," "Media and Products af Microbial Synthesis," �
,
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"EquipmenC and Management"). In addition, summariea of submitCed topics,
including about 350 tiClea ("BioCechnology and Binengineering," in 3 volumes~
IzdaCel'etvo "Zinatne~" Riga, 1978) were brought to the atCention of Che _
participanta.
IC should be noCed that the viaual [display] reporta prompCed particularly
lively discusaion~ and Chia form of sympoaium work was highly praised by
~
- Che participanCa.
Various factore of basic importance to optimization of fermentation processes '
were discusaed in the qection enCitled "Fermentation Processea." The sympoaium
_ partiicipanCe observed that the the data obtained 3n laboratory experiments
on phyeiology~ biochemiatry and genetica of producers of biologically active
aubet+~ncee are obviously not precise enough to make use of the poCential
capabilitiea of a producex ~n the presence of specific technology and
equipmenr.
Investigation of thermodynamics of the fermentation process (B. Heinrits,
F. Glombits, GDR) and uae of the balance method of estimating the proportion
of base raw material, ~ntermediate and end products in the biological
reaction mixture as related to a specific technological proce;~s, as well as
recording the kineCic characteriatics of inetabolite synthesis, are very
important.
Comprehenaive knowledge of activity of various enzymatic systems, as related
Co the intenaity of the process (A. M. Bezborodov, M. P. Ruklisha), investi-
gation of bioenergetic mechanisms of inetabolism of microorganisms (Yu. E.
Shvinka) make it possible to increase significantly the effectiveness of _
the biosynthetic process. Serious attention must be given to the study of
the regulatory role of carbon dioxide in cultivation of microorganisms
- (A. D. Golologob, Ye. R. Davydov).
Comprehensive analysis has been made of mass transfer and scaling in extra-
polating the results of laboratory processes to semi-industrial and industrial
conditions, and attention was given to the significance of stirring (Ye. S.
Bylinkin,a L. D. Shtoffer). In this aection, due attention was also devoted
to processea of continuous cultivation of microorganisms in order to obtain
- biomass and secondary products, both in the casc of inhibited growth (I. L.
Rabotnova) and from the atandpoint of res~.stance and microevolution of a
population, which is also governed by the main laws of evo~ution under -
artificial continuous cultivation conditions (N. S. Pechurkin).
Foam production plays a dual role under various fermentation conditions,
- depending on physicochemical properties of fermentation media and specific
' equipment used~ and wise restriction of this phenomenon requires special -
approaches (M. Zh. Kirstapaons, M. K. Yakobsone). It should be noted that
these problema are also being investtgated intensively at the Institute of
Microbiology imeni A. Kirkhenshteyn, under the supervision of Academicians
M. Ye. Beker and U. E. Viyestur. _
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.~c~ic'
In the s~c'tion on "Media and Products of Microbial SynCheais," ateention w~s -
focused primarily on discusaion of the suitability of various forms of raw
material for microbial syntheaie of secondary products (N. V. Gluahchenko, !
M. Ye. Beker and others). There was detailed discussion of the question of
new types of raw mr~Cerial for biosyntheais of lysine (G. K. Liyepin'ah and
othere).
Among the various forms of waete and by-producCs of other industries,
attenCion was called to the uae of whey for cultivaCion of microorganisms
(M. V. Zalashko). In the general opinion of participants aC this section,
raw material of which there is An abundant supply--products of photosynthesis,
_ wasCe and by-products of various induatrial and agricultural enterprises,
chemical precursora, minerals and atmospheric gases--should be used to
influence biosynthesis of biologically active substances.
At this section, much attention was given to questions of immobilization of _
live cella and isolated cell components, which can now be classified in an
_ independent direction, engineering enzymology.
There was discussion of immobilization of lysozymes on collagen (E. Galas, _
Poland), preparation of solid carriera of the cellulos type for immobiliza-
~ tion (I. Avgustin, C5SR), physicochemical properties and enzymatic acCivity
of immobilized lipase, as compared to the unadulterated producC (R. Yu.
Are et al.).
The question of choice of technique and metabolite purification depends on the
nature of the substrate that is being developed and the product obtained,
so Chat there was discuasion of the general principles that must be taken
into consideration. No doubt, some methods, including ultrafittration, may
have several advantages (R. Yu. Are). Physicochemical products of the
"concentrate" type depend not only on the type of raw material, but produc-
tion technology; for this reason, special attention should be given to the
study of correlation between the properties of such products and technology
of production thereof (Ya. Ya. Laukevits and others). A,t this section,
there was also diacuss3on of problema of disintegration of microorganisms
in various dieintegrator systems (B. A. Fikhte), special methods of dehydra-
tion for preservation of viable cells (M. Ye. Beker), as well as problems
related to purificatior: and sterilization of air (G. L. :totina), and a few
others.
In the section on "Equipment and Management [or contrdl]," attez~tion was
- mainly concentrated on problems and specific results pertaining to the -
_ development of complex fermentation lines, various instruments for inspec-
tion, control and automation of the fermentation process with a hook-up to -
a computer.
In most cases~ the submitted data were the result of generalization of con-
siderable experimental and semi-industrial material, as well as production
knowhow, and in many cases comparable products were evaluated on the basis
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of the syaCems analytic approach. Some original daCa were reporCed on
automaCic regulation of cell mass eynrhesis (D. Poland ee a1., GDR); there
was diecusaion of bioengineering and machine-building aspects of designing
large fermentation apparaeus (A. Prokop eC a1.~ CSSR), problems of
development of fermentera for optimum management of the process of micro-
biological eynChesis over a maximum range of variable parametera, and
~ equipping them with au*omatic devices for inspecCion and control of tl~e
procesa by the producing plant (U. E. Viyeatur), comparaCive data on techno-
, logical apparatus for sterile procesaes (V. A. Osen'kina et al.), data on
varioua devicea for culCivation of bakers' yeast (G. G. Gandzyuk, A. I. _
Sokolenko), development of modern technological linea varying in capability
for the production of enzymea and enzymaCic preparaCions (K. A. KalunyanCs~
L. I. Golger). There was a report on development of original, selective
electzodes (Yu. Yu. Kulis, E. V. Rallis), and a meChod was proposed for
- examining bioengineering operations wiCh the use of computers (K. G. Fedoseyev,
A. A. Kampe-Nemm).
It ahould be noted that an ent~re set of engineering systems for cultivation
of microorganisms, with which the symposium participants could become
_ acquainCed, in part, by visiting Che biotechnolog~.cal complex of the Institute
_ of Microbiology imeni A. Kirkhenahteyn, Latvian AS, was brought to the
attention of the syu?posium participants by this institute, in the papers,
display reports and special publications for the symposium. The technical -
apecifications of these aystems are reflected in a special brochure ("Technical
SyeCema of Cultivating Microorganisms," Zinatne, Riga, 1978, 32 pages).
, Many apeakers also touched upon economic problems of microbiological syntt?esis
in Cheir papers dealing with fermentation processes, choice of raw material,
methods of isolating and purifying end products and developing apparatus.
However, economic problems were discussed the most vividly in the paper of
p. P. Zamakh, general director of the Biokhimreaktiv [Biochemical Reagents]
- Scientific and IndusCrial Association, wh3ch was entitled "Technological
and Economic Aspects of Production of Biochemical Reagents and Products
; in the USSR," in which he demonstrated the complexity of organizing produc-
_ tion, as related to the volume of production of each specific type of -
product. The epe~+'.~:~~r offered several specific suggestions on organizing and
backing up such production, as well as organizing collaboration between a
scientific team and industrial enterpr~ses.
On the last day of the symposium, a film, entitled "Irreplaceable Lysine"
(Riga Motion Pict~e Studie) was acreened for the participants; it dealt
with creation and industrial use of a microbiological method of producing
a lysine feed concentrate at the Livany Experimental Biochemical Plant
- of Glavmikrobioprom in Latvian SSR.
- At the final plenary session, the accomplishments of the symposium were
aummed up, the moet important problems to be submitted to comprehensive
investigation were outlined, and a~oint decision was elaborated. It was
atressed that biotechnolog~? and bioengineering are of exceptional scientific
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aed practicAl importance as ehe key element that links microbiological
science with practica]. use of microor~aniema in varioua br~nches of the nnCional
- economy, and first of gii wiCh regard to culCivation of microorganiems for
biosynthesie of secondary metabolites.
Prompt evaluatiion of biotechnological and bioengineering aspects could be
largely instrumental in apecifying the types of laboratory invesCigaCions
_ and thereby expedite development af proceasea and introduction thereof eo
induatry. It was atresaed that in solving purely biotechnological and bio-
engineering problema, considerably more attention should be given to environ-
mental protection. In ehis respect, of exceptional imporeance are the -
- directives of Cite 25th CPSU Congress pertaining to development o� waste-
free production and cloaed-cycle produceion. It can be noted that some
- advances have been made in the area o� developing waste-free production by
the ataff of the Experiffiental Biochemical Plant of Che Latvian AS, under the
supervieion of ita director, A. A. Lurinya, Hero of Socialist Labor, and
chief engineer R. Ya. Karklinya, Honored IndusCrial Worker of Latvian SSR
and correaponding member of the Latvian AS.
It can also be noted that some microbiological products of the "concentrate"
type can be well-used for regulating microbiological proceases in soil, in
particular for accelerating degradation and elimination of chemical pollutants
' and recycling the material in mining industry dumps, as well as products for
stimulating plant grown in eatablishing green belts in the regi4n of indus-
_ trial buildings where tlEre is a high degree of pollution of atmospheric air.
The sympoaium participants observed that the time is ripe to single out -
biotechnology and bioengineering as independent scientific specialties.
It was shown at the symposium that many problems of biotechnology and bio-
engineering are complex; they are being worked on at different scientific
and industrial inatitutes, many WZ's, as well as planning institutes and
_ apecialized design offices; many problems are being resolved directly
under induatria~ conditions.
- Varioua branches of industry are concerned with the results of this research
and these pro~ects: microbiological, chemical phaxmaceutical, medical,
food, agriculture, as well as auch branches as oil production and oil refining,
- as well as the enrichment [processing?] industry. However, finalization
~ and industrial application of many inveatigations are being delayed (some
types of fermenters, automatic control devices, apparatus for cell disinteg-
ration and others). For this reason, it would be expedient to coordinate
this wc~rk within the framework of a specialized interagency council, under
the ~upervision of the State Committee for Science and Technology of the
USSR Cnuncil of Ministers.
In the course of the discussion, it became apparent that different specialists
interpret differently the content of such concepts as "biotechnology," "bio-
engineering~" and "biotechnical"; there is also disagreement on terminology.
~
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The parCicipants unanimously concluded that it is time eo seriously tackle
probleme of rerminology, and for thie reason Che U5SR AS ehould be aeked
Co establish a apecial commission to syatematize exiating terms and develop
new ones in the field o� biotechnology and bioengineering.
- The opinion wae voiced Chat Chere ia an urgent need for special biotechno-
].ogical and bioengineering periodicals~ as we11 as the desirabillty of
publishiug the proceedings of this symposium. In addition, it was noted
Chat it would be expedient to organize such sympoaiums regularly, at least
once every 203 years. ~
The sympoaium participants were pleased with the announcement of Prof M.
Ringfayl Chat Che GDR AS and GAR Biological Society propose that the second
sy mpoaium of socialist countries on bioCechnology and bioengineering be
held in November 1980~ in Leipzig.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Mikrobiologiya", 1978
10,657
CSO: 1870
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PUBLICATIONS
_ '
i1~T ( ~
UDC 629.1.075
OPTIMIZATION OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DESCRIBED TN NEW HOOK ~
Moscow UPRAVLYAYEMOST' MASHIN (The ConCrollabiliCy of Machines) in Russian -
_ 1977 aigned to press 15 Jul 77 pp 3-8, 279--280
%Foreword, introduction and table of contents from book by Nikolay Vladi- -
mirovich Adamovich, IzdaCel'sCvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 9,500 copies,
280 pages/
,~Text/ Foreword
~
In Che vast field of modern enRineering paychology research the development ~
of inethoda of recording Che energy expenditures of Che body of the man-
- operator on the proceasing of controlling a machine occupies a very modest
place. Proper attention is not being devoted to questions of limiting the
energy load on the body in the practice of planning the work place of the
man-operator when determining his work posture, developing new systems of
- control and information, determining the feasible limits of the sutomation
of the functions of control and so on.
Meanwhile experimental data attest that the correlation of the required and
proposed energy expenditures of the body during the process of controlling
- a machine cannot but have a decisive influence on the quality and reliabil-
ity of the performance of the functions of control. In general from the
technical point of view the neglect of questions of the power supply of any -
unit of an operating syste~m is inadmisaible, since a deficiency of supply
entails the rejection of this unit, no matter how perfect it might by func-
tionally. The human body, of course, ts not a Cechnical unit, but 3n its
activity on the control of a machine ..."the contraction of muscles, the
s~epping up of the work of the nervous system,... the increase of attention,
of precision--everything requires additional, as compared with the state of .
rest, expenditures of enerQy resources" /26/. These energy resources are
expended by the body from its own, very limited source of power supply, `
therefore it is logical to asaume that there is an energy limit of the load-
_ ing of the man-operator with functions of control and that exceeding it
entail8 the nonperformance of functians.
, In this case the question arisea: how to convince the designer that the
actiona~ which he has planned, of the man-operator on the control of a
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machine are within Che 1imiCs not only of the funcCionul, buC also of tt~e
energy potentials of man and, conaequently, wi11 be performed with th~ re-
_ quired r~liability? Tn order to anawer this question there is needed, gp-
parently, the devel.opmenC of a meChod of the calculation and direct record-
ing of the energy expenditures during the proceasing of contro113ng a ma-
chine, which in addition Co the existing meehods of organizing the funcCion-
al activity of Che man-operator would make it poasible to regulate this ac-
Civity with reapect to energy.
The theoretical part of Chis book was developed on the assumption that the
- indicaCed energy limit of Che loading of Che man-operator with functions of
- control exista~ a limiC which is quite cloae and often is unintentionally
overstepped by deaigners due to the lack of the appropriate manuals. In the
book the method of approaching the designing of the man-machine system,
which provides for the minimization of the energy expenditures of Che body
of the man-operator ott actions on controlling a machine,is subsCantiaCed,
and examples of the practical application of the methods to problems of de-
signing the work place of the man-operator are described.
The order of exposition, which was adopted in the book, corresponds to the
methodological approach of the author Co Che solution of problems of this
sort over many years, beginning with the first postwar years, when the
idea of the method wae formulated as applied to problems of aircraft build-
- ing / 2 7. The experience gained at the time confirmed the effectiveness
of the method, while the use of the concept of information, which was intro-
duced by N. Wiener in 1948 %5 made it possible to extend it to general
machine building. Regardlesa of the methodology chosen by the author, the
experimental materials and empirical data cited in the book can also be of
independent inCereat.
IC is impossible, of course, to count on the exhaustive completeness of all
the parCicular theoretical assumptions of the book. The questions of the
development of mPthods of the quantitative definition of the obtained cri-
teria on the basis of the recording of both the general energy expenditures
of the body of the man-operator and those on the functioning of its indi-
vidual organs and systems are the most complicated and are subject to fur-
ther study. According to existing notions, the ma~ority of these energy
expenditurea are connected with physical movements /13, 20/, while the -
� nerve and brain activity, which constitutes, as a rule, the basis of the
activity of the man-operator, is not energy-consuming and therefore is not
governed by energy expenditures. Such a notion does not accord with the
data to the effect that there passes through the Lrain more than 20 percent
of the blood which supplies it with oxyge*~ %26/, and with well-known cases
of appreciable general fatigue following great nerve and brain strains: the
~ fatigue of a pilot after an instrument flight (as compared with a visual _
- flight), an engineer after a crucial conference or, say, a student after
taking an examination.
- The very fact of the lower ener~y consumption of nerve and brain activity
as compared with physical activity does not give grounds to assert that
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~oK or~rcrnt, us~ orrLY
ehe amounC and quality of Chis acCivity do noC depend on Che energy z~e-
sourcea of the brain and Che appropriate aystems o� the body. The develop-
- ment of inethods of eytim~ting nnd regulating the energy expen~litures oC the
body a9 h~plied to ~nll types o� acCiviCy of the mttn-operator is one of the
central ,p�roblems of engineering psychology.
However, in any theoretically complicated technical problem (and in this
case it"~.s a matter precisely of the Cechnical problem of adApting the ma-
chine Eoi~hian) an approximate solution can be found by means of simplifying `
it on t$e condition of the preservation of the essence of Che problem. In
this case the esaence of Che problem c~n be reduced to Che limitaCion of
- the energy strain on the body as a whole and ott iCs systems from Che condi~
Cion of the preservation of cerCain functional daCa of the man-operator,
while Che essence of simplification can be reduced to the adoption of a _
conventional model of Che energetics of Che body which uniformly expends
energy on the operaCion of Che appropriate organs, like fluid from communi-
caCing vessels. The system of criCeria, which was elaborated on the basis
of such assumptions, made iC poasible to substantiate the requirements of
the optimization of the work place of Che man-operator, which satisfy the
qualitative appraisals by operators of the ease of control of a machine.
The methodological appro~ch to Che solution of Che problems of designing
' aircrafC cockpits, which is based on the obtained requirements, made it
possible to make a number of result-producing sCudies and to build equip-
ment models which are quite idpal as Co ease of use during a flight (some
- of them are described in the book). This methodological approach is being
- succesafully used in the further development of equipmenC. Therefore, re-
gardless of the degree of Cheoretical validity of this approach at present,
its use in other sectors of machine building is feasible.
In the book the practical experience of the appraisals and designing of \
_ the work place of the man-operator is systemaCized for the purpose of help-
ing the designer to create the maximum conveniences in the control of equip-
ment, and the crew of an airplane, the driver of a motor vehicle, the worker
at a works and in general the person dealing with equipment to facilitate
_ the contsol of this equipment and to increase labor safety and productivity.
In connection with the greaC amount and diversity of the research, the
materials of which were used in preparing Che book, it is impossible to
list all the participants in this research. The performance of such opera-
tions as the development of new systems of control and indication, the
search for new forms of the interior of the cockpit, the study of the dynam- _
- ics and systems of automatic aircraft equipment and so on has always been
governed by the creative efforts of many spe~ialists, from the technician
to the skilled engi?~eer and test pilot. '~`ne author expresses his gratitude
to all the participants in this research for many years of joint fruitful
work.
The author expresses thanks to Honored Figure of Science and Technology,
Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor V. S. Vedrov; Honored
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ci~.,.
. FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
- Figure of Science and Technology~ Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor
M. A. Tayta, and to the readers: Honored TesC PiloC of the USSR, Hero of
the SovieC Unibn, Doctor of Technical Sciences M. L. Gallay, and CandidaCe
of Medical Sciencea V. A. Popov for a number of valuab~.e remarks and ad-
vice, which they made when Leviewing the manu~cripC.
IntroducCion
- The deaigning problem of adapting a machine to control by man becomes more
complicated with the development of Cechnology and at present has assumed
Che form of the "man-machine problem," which urgently requires solution.
Doea this mean that before this problem did not exist?
Every machine is above all a tool of labor, while the appearance of the
firat toola of labor was connected with the beginning of the labor activity
- of man and his formation as a thinking being. The aspiration to adapt the -
tool of labor to his handa and to make it easy to use, and to develop in
himself the appropriate labor skills accompanied man from the first steps
of civilization. Moreover, Che proceas of the "muCual adaptation" of man
and the tool of labor together with the aspiration of man to invent new
toola conatituted the basis of the increase of labor productivity--the
basis of the development of civilization itself. It can be asserted, con-
aequently, that the "man-machine problem" was incorporated in the basis of
the formation of man himself and arose at the same time as his appearance
on earth.
Why did this problem not arise earlier with such urgency?
The losaea of production due to the poor "mutual adaptability" of man and
machine depend on the level of development of technology and labor produc-
tivity. With the growth of technology and labor productivity the price of
an error of man in interaction with a machine, which is expressed in abso-
lute loases of production, increases. For example, the consequences of an -
error in the piloting of a passenger plane of 30 years ago with 20 passengers
on board and of a modern liner seating 200-400 are incommensurable. Conse-
quently, the observed increase of interest in the problem of optimizing
the man-machine syatem and the search for its solution are not accidental,
but are the natural result of the development of technology and the in-
crease of labor productivity throughout the world.
That is the aituation with the man-machine problem right now. What are
the prospects of its development in the fuCure? '
The solution of this problem, which in itself is not simple, i5 complicated
by the fact that a synthesis of the data of the psychophysiology of man, on
the one hand, and the design and tactics of the operation of the machine, on
the other, is required. In other words, the organization of research work
at the meeCin~ Qoint of psychophysiology and the two fields of technology
is required /17/. The experience of organizing such work�shows that it is
1
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.41~~
an extretriely complicaCed matter to overcome the unique "barrier of occupa- -
tional incompatibiLity," which arises here, and to organize the result-pro-
ducing ~Qoperation of specialists of such different specializaCions. ~
r;;
_ The delay,~+iri the solution of the man-machine problem served as a pretext
for the atCempts to "bypass" this solution by means of the complete automa-
tion of the cycle o� operation of the machine and the exclusion af man from
- it. For the designer of a machine this means is always tempting because
~ he limits the designing to a group of technical problems which y3eld to
calculation or modeling and is completely freed from the need to guess,
what surprisea the unknown "blank spaces" of psychophysiology can give arid :
whom of 'Ctie moat competent specialists on these matters he should believe
more. In connection wiCh this direcC,ion in technology two questions arise
which are of deciaive importance in formulating the man-machine problem:
To what exCent are the attempta at the complete automation of the man-machine _
system ~ustifiable and universal?
How do you solve the man-machine problem, if it does not appear possible to -
a~oid this solution by complete automation?
If the technology of the future will make it possible to exc~ude man
_ � from the cycle of operation of a machine, right now it is expedient to aim
the efforts not at the solution of the man-machine problem, but at the de-
velopment of automatic equipment which eliminates this question from the
_ agenda. If there are areas of technology, in which complete automation in
principle is imY~:~ssible, it is necessary to find this solution by develop-
ing a scientific method of the optimization of the man-machine system.
In this book the man-machine system is examined in a conventionally simpli- r
fied form, as a system of organized influence on the environment, which -
formed spontaneously in the struggle for existence and led to the appearance
_ , on earth of man, who controls the system. In such an examination, man out-
side the s�~stem is inconceivable, while the further evolution of the system
- is the material basis of the development of civilization.
This evolution is represented in the form of the improvement of the system
in two directions:
the i.ncrease of the functional possibilities of the machine as the executor -
of the control signals received from man,
the attribution to the machine of a set of properties which guarantee the
- utilizat~on by man of its functional possibilities and are united with the
concept of the /controllability/ /in italics/ of the machin~.
The former, technical, direction rests only on technical achievements. The -
latter is governed by the synthesis of the data of technology and psycho-
physiology.
,
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M aCCempt is made in the book Co elaborate Cheoretically Che laCter direc-
_ Cion on the bnsis of ehe consideration of the influance of Che energy ex-
- penditiures of Che body on iCe funceional potentinls,
_ ConCenes p~ge -
~'oreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduceion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Part One
Theoretical Principles of Deaigning Che Work Place of the Man-OpeYator
Chapter 1. The Or~.gin and Development of Che Man-Machine SysCem. . 9
1.1. Tha Machine-AuComaCic Machine, "Man" and Man-Machine SysCema. 9
1.2. The Coefficient of Labor ProductiviCy. The Manual and Mechan- ~
ized Tool of Labor. The Machine Controlled by Man 14
1.3. The Concept of t:?e Controllability of a Machine 20
Chapter 'L. The Peculiaritiea of Man ae a Unit nf L�he System. 28 ~
2.1. The Averagin~ of Che Data of Paychophysiology 28
2.2. The Permissible Energy Strain. The Reliability o� the System. 30
2.3. The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Working
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Z�4. The Mutual Independence of Functional Data. 36
2.5. Compatibility WiCh Other Units. The Functions of Performance
and Stability. The Steadinesa of the Operation of the Machine. The
Functions of the Program Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 .
- 2.6. Nerve and Brain Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ 47
2.7. Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 3. The Distribution of Control Funct'c-:is Between i~an and
, the Automatic Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.1. Regular Variants of the Man-Machine System. 54
~ 3.2. The Limits of Automation of Control Functions 57 -
3.3. iorecaating of thA Automation of Control Functions. 61
Chapter 4. Regulation of the Controllability of Machines 63
4.1. Norms of the Signals of Reaponse and Feedback of Automatic
- Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2. Means of Linking Up Man With the Machine. The Work Place of.
:ian at the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
' 4.3. Norms of the Signals of Reaponse and Feedback for the
Man-Machine Syatem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.4. Criteria of the Controllability of a Machine. 72
' 78
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OpCimization o� Che Work Place of ehe Man-Operator
� Chapter 5. Meane of C.onditioning ~nvironmenCal Cnnditions. . . . . . $1
5 .1, The Work Poa Cure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
- ChapCer 6. Means of Influence on Che Machine-Performer 91
5.1. The AllocaCion of ~nergy Expenditures in Operations WiCh a Con-
trol Lever, Design parameters of Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2. The Number of Control Levers. AutomaCion. The Combination of "
Levera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3. The LocaCion of ConCrol Levers in the Work Zone of the Hands. _
Areas of Different Power-IntenaiCy of Che Uge of Levers 101
6.4. External Design of ConCrol Levers and Their RelaCive Posi-
tioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 -
G.S. The Kinematics of Control Levers. The Kinematic Diagram, Orienta-
Cion With Respect to Che Man-OperaCor and the Form oF Levers. 118
' 6.6. Systems of Manual Control. The Definition, Classification and
N:ethods of Uptimizatinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
~ 6.7. SyAtems Used Discretely. SysCems of Continuous Manual Tracking. 129
6.8. Functions of the Movement oF a Lever and the Forces on It. The
Source Parameter of the System. The Order of the Coherent Function. . 131
6.9. The Concept of Uuambiguity of the System of Manual Tracking 135 _
6.10. Tactile Control, the Alignability of the Lever, the Coordination
~ o: the Movements of the Lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
- Chapter 7. '':~ans of Informatic,n of the Man-Operator. . . . . . . . . 145
- 7.1. Means of Visual InformaCion (SVI). Classification. Allocation
of Energy Expenditures When Using SVI. Design Parame~ers 146
7.2. The Number of SVI's. Automation of the Functions of Control and
- Com~unications. The Combination of SVI's. . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.3. The Location of ~VI's According to the Front and�Depth of the
Zone of View. Areas o� Different Power-Intensity of the Use of SVI's.
Angles of Orientatio~i of SVI's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.4. External Design of SVI's: Relative Poaitioning, Form, Painting
and Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.5. Form of the Image on the Face of SVI's. The Degree of Modeling
and the Forms of Coding of Information Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . 169 -
- i.5. Form of the Details of the Image: Angular Dimensions, Lighting,
Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.7. Mas~er and Forecasting SVI's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.8. Means of Sound and Tactile Information (SZI and STI). 177
Chapter 8. Examples of the Optimization of the Work Place of a Pilot
in an Airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1. Systems of Path Control of an Airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
- 8.2. Structure of Pitch Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.3. Structure of Roll ConCrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
79
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8.4. ~'irch c~nd IZo11 CnnCiol in CaKe of I'i.luting According ro an Ob~ect
rlyin~ in l~ront c~f tt?e Airrlane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21_i
8.5. StrucCur~ of the 5y~tem of Control nf I~ltghr 5peed 217
8.6. EXper:LmettC~11 SCtldy of Systems c~f Pt.t�ct~ ~tnd Ro11 Control, 222
8.7. htenne of Viaual Irifnrmut:ion of the ~'il.ot (Crew) . . . , , . . , . 24g
- 8.8. Optimum ~orm of T'lanar. Indi.c~tlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.9~ "13arrier df q~cupntional Ski11~" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.10. Axran~ement of. Cnclcpit rqtttpmeiit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "ria~hinostroyeniye", 1977
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CSO: 1870
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