TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM JANUARY 1965

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78T04759A002600010016-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 136
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 26, 2004
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: March 1, 1965
• Content Type: REPORT

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139 Pages
TECHNICAL
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
JANUARY 1965
NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER
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TECHNICAL
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
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JANUARY 1965
Prepared by the Plans and Development Staff
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NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER
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THE NPIC'S TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
(JANUARY 1965)
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The National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) is responsi-
ble for conducting an active program of technical development in equip-
ment and techniques to improve and advance the exploitation of photog-
raphy in support of the national intelligence effort. The development
of new systems, instruments, materials, and devices for photographic
exploitation includes a wide range of optical-mechanical and electronic
instrumentation as well as the application of automated systems for
the extraction of data from photographic
In addition, the Center provides technical advice and support
to Agency and government components responsible for the develop-
ment of new photographic systems for intelligence collection, and coordi-
nates its research and development activity with interested elements
of the intelligence community for their own use or further adaption.
The Plans and Development Staff is responsible for technical
development to support timely, efficient, and accurate photographic
intelligence production. This responsibility has increased in relation
to the increased size and significance of the reconnaissance effort.
The importance of this relationship was accented in the COMOR paper
of 18 April 1963 (and subsequent amendments) covering requirements
to 1968.
The ability of the NPIC to carry out its exploitation mission in
the future will depend increasingly on the equipment and systems avail-
able to handle the new demands. Advanced planning for technical de-
velopment is imperative to provide the lead-time necessary to make
equipment available to the user as it is needed. Planning will be
directed as much as possible toward systems' design that will take
into consideration the functional relationship of the various components
and the contributions that each piece of equipment will make to ex-
ploitation.
During the past year, a plateau was reached in the initiation of
new research and development activity. This plateau was directly
related to budgetary allotments and to the capacity of the Staff to
effectively handle the current work load. It does not reflect any re-
duction in the problems and requirements associated with new and in-
creased inputs from acquisition systems. This situation is not expected
to have an immediate impact on the Center's ability to carry out its
mission. It may, however, increase the lead-time necessary to develop
the equipment required to efficiently exploit inputs from new acquisition
systems now in the conceptual stage of development.
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As in preceding years, some development projects for photographic
exploitation equipment and techniques that had been commenced in
prior years were brought to completion and integrated into operational
activities. Other projects were modified to conform to changing needs.
New programs were initiated to provide the methods and means to
cope with the increased volume and high quality of photographic inputs.
Included in the new programs were investigations into problems
associated with interpretation and analysis of imagery other than
conventional black-and-white photography. These activities are de-
scribed in detail in the following pages.
Continued emphasis on NPIC research and development activity
will be required in the years ahead. Sophisticated high-quality material
in large volumes is on the horizon. Equipment and techniques must be
developed to extract the critical information needed to support national
intelligence objectives. Emphasis will continue to be directed toward
the on-line photographic measurement and viewing concept. Increased
activity will be devoted to development of techniques and equipment to
Development activity will be continued
on contingency programs in which exploitation teams may be required
to operate in remote areas.
This report presents a summary of the research and develop-
ment effort of the Plans and Development Staff in the technical develop-
ment field. This volume, however, has been altered in content from
ensure the NPIC's readiness
previous issues. In addition to equipment under development, it now
also contains descriptions of equipment in use to allow the reader
to visualize the base upon which research and development in the NPIC
is carried forward. Generally, each item is covered by a short narrative
and a photograph or conceptual drawing. Where possible, the
approximate cost of a production unit is given; these figures should
be used with care, however, as prices will vary.
This issue updates the last publication, dated January 1964. As
additional information becomes significant, this report will again be
updated.
For purposes of convenience, equipment and development activities
are grouped into 4 sections as follows:
1. Reproduction and Processing
II. Viewing and Interpretation
III. Measurement and Evaluation
IV. Special Techniques, Studies, and Automation
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SECTION I REPRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
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A. INTRODUCTION
B. PROCESSING
C. DRYING
D. PRINTING
E. ENLARGING
F. COPYING
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tion chip printer development is under way to
provide high-resoltuion cut-sheet transparen-
cies of targets from aerial roll film.
To the present time, virtually all roll-
film processing machines have employed de-
signs in which the film is transported by friction
in a serpentine mode over a series of motor-
driven rollers or belts. This method has
necessitated the physical contact of both the
emulsion and base of the film against a multi-
tude of surfaces as it passed through the various
solutions and the dryer. A new concept of film
processing now under investigation will provide
a state-of-the-art advance in that the film will
be fully processed through all solutions and
drying in a perfectly parallel path by air-
bearing transport with no film surface contact;
solution transfer or leakage from one tank
to another is prevented by differential air
pressure between solution modules. Also going
forward is a reversal processor program which
will improve the quality of duplicate negatives
for positive reproduction and reduce the pro-
duction time.
A chip processor program is under way
to automate the processing of film chips as
they are printed on the chip printer. An
automated large-print processor is under de-
velopment for the automatic processing of
briefing prints.
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In the broad area of reproduction and
processing, efforts are directed toward the
development of equipment and techniques which
incorporate the most advanced improvements
and features in order to produce all required
media for the full exploitation of acquired data
with the least possible delay between acquisition
and use.
To provide needed improvements in the
state-of-the-art in contact printing, flat-bed
step-and-repeat printer developments are under
way to achieve the maximum possible quality
and resolution as well as greater operational
versatility. The new concept envisions the
possibility of cleanroom operation and will
employ programed printing to facilitate single
or multiple printing of selected frames for film
conservation and for adjacent printing of stereo
pairs. Automatic exposure control is included
to assure correction for under- or over-ex-
posure in the original, and means are being
sought for a successful utilization of automatic
dodging. To supplement wet processing, the
development of dry-process printing is being
advanced with notable success, bringing with it
attendant savings in equipment, space, chemi-
cals, manpower, and time. Projection printer
programs are in process to improve the mod-
ulation transfer function and to increase nega-
tive coverage and print size. A high-resolu-
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This machine (Figure 1)processes
B. PROCESSING
sheet film in sizes ranging from 5 by 7 inches
to 24 inches wide by any length. It is a self-
contained unit having built-in temperature con-
trol, solution replenishment, and recirculation
of solutions. Film is transported through the
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several solutions and the dryer by a series
of rollers, the processing speed ranging up to
4.4 feet per minute. The machine is 40 inches
wide, 50 inches deep, 50 inches high, and weighs
approximately 1,000 pounds. It costs about
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The Film Processor (Figure 2)
accommodates sheet films ranging in size from
4 by 5 inches to 11 by 14 inches; by the use of
feed and take-up roller attachments, it will
accept roll films up to 9.5 inches wide. The
equipment makes use of a series of rollers to
guide and transport the film through the several
processing baths and the self-contained dryer.
Processing speed ranges up to 25 feet per min-
ute. Temperature control, solution replenish-
ment, and recirculation of solutions is built
into the machine, which is approximately 57
inches long, 24 inches wide, 51 inches high,
and 1,200 pounds in weight. The cost of a
production model is
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This lithographic film processor (Figure 3)
has power-driven rollers and web belts that
carry the lithographic films through the various
solutions and the dryer. It will accept either cut
sheet or rolls in any size up to 31 inches in
width and all graphic film thickness including
the .002 inch. The film transport speed can be
varied between 2.8 and 4.5 feet per minute, and
the processing time between 2.5 and 1.5 minutes.
Including the "tandem" dryer, the equipment
is 79.75 inches wide, 44.75 inches deep, 54.50
inches high, and weighs 1,610 pounds. It costs
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ROLLER-TRANSPORT REVERSAL PROCESSOR (12 INCH)
The roller-transport negative and reversal
processor (12 inch) will handle up to 12-inch
widths of either roll film or cut sheets (Fig-
ure 4). The self-threading machine will have its
own dryer and will allow ready conversion from
negative to reversal processing by change of
chemicals and adjustments. Output rates ex-
pected for negative processing are from 8 to
15 feet per minute; for reversal processing
from 5 to 10 feet per minute. The weight of
the machine without solutions will be about
7,000 pounds. It is estimated that delivery will
be made by in May 1965.
FIGURE 4. rOLLER-TRANSPORT REVERSAL PROCESSOR (12 INCH).
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5. OLLER -TRANSPORT PROCESSOR (24 INCH)
This roller-transport film and paper proc- negative materials will be 14 minutes; for
essor (Figure 5), which will handle up to a print materials, 7 minutes. The weight of the
24-inch sheet of cut film or waterproof paper, machine without solutions will be about 7,000
will be self-threading and will include its own pounds, and it is estimated that delivery will
dryer. The processing time from dry to dry for be made by 1 -7 in May 1965.
FIGURE 5. I
}ROLLER-TRANSPORT PROCESSOR (24 INCH).
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The film-chip processor (Figure 6) is being
designed to process the 4- by 5-inch cut-sheet
film chips produced by a chip printer which is
also currently under development. The film
chips will be processed without any physical con-
tact of the film emulsion or base at a rate of
10 chips per minute. In operation, the processor
will be wedded to the printer in such a manner
as to enable the chips to be passed automatically
from the printer to the processor with no interim
handling. Delivery of a production model is
expected in April 1965 at an estimated cost of
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This proposed development (Figure 7) is a
continuous processor that will fully process,
wash, and dry 70mm- to 9.5-inch-wide aerial
roll film with no physical contact of the film
base or emulsion. The film will follow a
perfectly parallel path through the developer,
fixer, stabilizer, washer, and dryer modules
by air transport. The film passes through the
walls of successive tanks on air bearings.
Solution transfer or leakage from one tank
to another is prevented by differential air
pressure between the tanks, greater than the
head pressure in the solution tanks.
The feasibility of this concept for processing
70mm-wide film has been fully demonstrated.
Processing at a rate of 4 feet per minute has
been accomplished in a processor 3 feet long and
15 inches high. In the proposed processor, the
length will not exceed 6 feet and the processing
rate will be 10 feet per minute. The prototype
model is due to be delivered by August 1966, and
the estimated cost of a production model will
be
EPRATRON AIR-BEARING FILM PROCESSOR.
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C. DRYING
1. PAPER DRYER (DRUM)
This machine (Figure 8) is an electrically uniformity in the drum is maintained by internal
heated paper-print dryer for glossy prints up to circulating water. The speed of the rotating
24 inches in width. The prints are carried around drum can be controlled to meet the time require-
a stainless steel drum by a web belt which also ments of the material being dried. The machine
serves as an apron for accepting the wet prints is approximately 3 feet wide, 3 feet deep, 6 feet
and discharging the dry ones. Temperature high, weighs about 200 pounds, and costs
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This dryer (Figure 9) will accommodate
either black-and-white (continuous tone) or
lithographic (halftone) cut film in widths ranging
from 5 to 24 inches and in lengths up to 36
inches. It is a heated-air (90 to 150 degrees F),
impingement-type dryer in which the negatives
are carried through by a series of driven
rollers. Drying time is as short as 1 minute
but can also be increased for the heavier-
type emulsions. The film transport speed
ranges from 6 to 30 inches per minute. The
minimum thickness of material able to be handled
without a leader is .005 inches for acetate and
.004 inches for polyester. The machine is 37
inches wide, 44 inches deep, 43.25 inches high,
weighs 470 pounds, and costs
FIGURE 9. "OLL ER- TRANSPORTED CUT-FILM DRYER.
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The large-print dryer (Figure 10) is an belt at a drying rate of approximately 7 linear
electrically heated machine for mat drying of feet per minute. The machine is 81 inches wide,
single- or double-weight prints up to 54 inches 35 inches deep, 49 inches high, weighs an
in width. The prints are carried around the estimated 900 pounds, and costs
thermostatically controlled drum on a canvas
FIGURE 10.1
1_ARGE-PRINT DRYER.
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A new roll film dryer (Figure 11) now
under development by can be
attached to the HTA/2 or HTA/3 Film Proc-
essors, or it can be used separately with other
equipment. Designated type ABD/4 (Air-Bear-
ing Drive), it employs the air-bearing principle
to transport the film through the drying cabinet
on a cushion of air warmed slightly above ambient
temperatures. The dryer will consume approxi-
mately 25 amperes at 230 volts and achieve
proper drying and conditioning of the roll film
to ambient relative humidity at approximately
30 feet per minute. It occupies only one-fifth
FIGURE 11. I
of the space of the former equipment.
Principal advantages are: 1) elimination
of direct contact with film surfaces, 2) simpli-
fication by eliminating many moving parts, 3)
reduction of required maintenance, and 4) im-
provement of transport method. The transport
method impinges large volumes of air against
the film surfaces, resulting in an accelerated
drying rate in a smaller compartment.
At the present time, only 1 prototype has
been completed; the estimated cost of a pro-
duction model will be
BD/4 FILM DRYER.
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rONTACT PRINTER (20 BY 24 INCH).
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This is a vacuum-type printer (Figure 12)
in which the negative and print stock are held
in intimate contact by vacuum: a rubber blan-
ket is brought into position over the negative-
paper sandwich and the air evacuated between
the blanket and the printer cover-glass. The
printer contains 2 light sources, one with
tungsten-opal lamps, the other with a "point"
light. Exposure is accomplished by means of
an electrical shutter actuated by a timer, and
filters are provided in a rotating filter disc.
No provision is made to handle roll negatives.
The machine is 32 inches wide, 34 inches
deep, 38 inches high, weighs an estimated 200
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This high- resolution contact printer (Figure
13) is a step-and-repeat instrument handling
either sheet film up to 11 by 19 inches, or roll
film in any width up to 9.5 inches and any
length up to a maximum of 500 feet. Critical
contact is obtained by means of an air bag, and
the light may be either specular or diffused,
depending on whether or not a diffusing glass
is used. Area dodging is accomplished by
manual manipulation of the controls, and vari-
able contrast papers may be used by inserting
contrast filters. The printer has a resolution
capability of 228 lines per mm, and the wave-
length of the unfiltered light is suitable for color
printing. It is 30 inches wide, 28 inches deep,
43.5 inches high, weighs 185 pounds, and costs
about
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(CONTACT PRINTER (AUTOMATIC DODGING)
This is a 12- by 20-inch format step-
and-repeat printer (Figure 14) in which the
printing light is a flying-spot scanner similar
to that in normal television. After passing
through the negative, the scanning light is
sensed by a phototube and, by means of a
feedback circuit, its intensity is altered to match
the local density of the negatives. Transport
of both negative and printing paper is manual,
and the printer will accept either cut or roll
negatives. The machine is 40 inches wide,
25 inches deep, 60 inches high, weighs 450
pounds, and costs I
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NPIC J-3917 (3/55)
CONTACT PRINTER (AUTOMATIC DODGING).
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This printer (Figure 15) accepts roll film
up to 9.375 inches in width and up to 400 feet
in length, both the negative and the print stock
being transported by motor drive at speeds
which can be varied from 6 to 60 feet per
minute. The printing light is a flying-spot
scanner which scans in a straight line across
the width of the film. After passing through
the negative, the scanning light is sensed by a
phototube and, by means of a feedback circuit,
its intensity is altered in ratio to the density
of the negative, thus providing local dodging
of the image. The machine is capable of res-
olutions up to 140 lines per mm at high con-
trast. It is 40 inches wide, 25 inches deep,
68 inches high, weighs 450 pounds, and costs
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This printer (Figure 16) is used for the
continuous contact printing or duplicating of
films ranging from 70mm to 9.5 inches in
width, at a speed of 82.5 feet per minute.
Exposure from the ultraviolet mercury light
is attenuated by means of a neutral-density
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wedge introduced into the light path at 22 posi-
tions ranging in density values from 0 to 1.10.
The maximum resolution capability of the printer
is 397 lines per mm at 1,000:1 contrast. The
machine is 60 inches wide, 34 inches deep, 70
inches high, and weighs 1,100 pounds.
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This contact chip printer (Figure 17) is
now under development and will be capable of
producing high-resolution photographic images
on 4- by 5-inch cut film. Three image sizes
will be provided -- 55 by 95mm, 80 by 95mm,
and 105 by 95mm -- offering the analyst an
image size commensurate with scale and ground
coverage insofar as can be accommodated. A
human/machine-readable accession or refer-
ence number consisting of usable information
as well as fiducial marks and security classifi-
cation will be simultaneously printed on the
output film chip. Input materials will be 70mm-
to 5-inch-wide original negatives in single or
dual roll, or single rolls up to 9.5 inches wide.
The printer will be paper-tape driven with
manual override for all functions.
CONTACT CHIP PRINTER.
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This high-resolution step-and-repeat con-
tact printer (Figure 18), currently under devel-
opment, will eliminate the known deficiencies
of existing standard printers, incorporate addi-
tional capabilities, and generally extend the
state-of-the-art in printing techniques and
equipment. It will be a high-precision, auto-
matically operated, step-and-repeat contact
roll-film printer capable of producing exposures
of the highest quality, resolution, and acutance
from roll film ranging in width from 70mm to
9.5 inches and in any selected frame length
from 2.25 to 30 inches at a printing rate of
10 frames per minute (equivalent to a printing
speed of 25 feet per minute). The unit will be
an electrically driven, daylight-operating floor
model with cleanroom interior atmosphere. It
will have automatic exposure control and, pos-
sibly, automatic dodging. Provision will be
made for programed selective printing, multiple
printing of selected frames, and adjacent print-
ing of stereo pairs. The prototype will be
delivered in June 1966. The estimated cost of
a production model is
"HIGH-RESOLUTION STEP-AND-REPEAT CONTACT PRINTER.
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8. 0 ELECTROCOLOR PRINTER-PROCESSOR (MODEL ECP-4J
The Electrocolor printer-processor (Fig-
ure 19) is an automated machine process in which
full-color photographic prints of high quality
are exposed, processed, dried, and delivered in
less than 4 minutes. The machine is presently
being leased for evaluation of its capabilities
and applications.
In the processor, color photographic prints
of variable magnification are prepared from
masked or unmasked color negatives by elec-
troplating 3 separate dyes (cyan, magenta, and
yellow) in sequence upon a white light-sensi-
tive surface. The printer accommodates color
negatives ranging from 2.25 inches square to 4
by 5 inches, and produces prints 8.5 by 11 inches.
The system provides either true-color prints or
prints of distorted color for special purposes.
In addition, when a single "black" dye is used,
good-quality black-and-white prints can be pro-
duced from black-and-white negatives. The
equipment is capable of a cycling rate of 1 print
every 5 minutes. The estimated cost of a pro-
duction model is
FIGURE 19. DLECTROCOLOR PRINTER-PROCESSOR (MODEL ECP-4).
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9. ^DRY-PROCESS PRINTER-PROCESSOR
This proposed development, as illustrated
in Figure 20, represents a simplified prototype
dry-process step-and-repeat contact printer-
processor for printing, processing, and deliv-
ering completely finished positive reproductions
from aerial negatives at a rate of ten 30-inch
prints per minute. The printer accomplishes
both exposure and heat development within the
same unit.
This printer-processor will be a compan-
ion item to the dry-photo material currently
being developed under the "Dry-Photo Process
Study" (q. v.) in which the film will remaincom-
pletely dry and require no wet processing. In
the dry-photo process, this printer-processor
will perform in 1 machine all the functions
which in the conventional wet silver system
require separate operations for printing, de-
veloping, fixing, washing, and drying. The
engineering model is due at NPIC in February
1966. The estimated cost of a production
model is
FIGURE 20. DORY-PROCESS PRINTER-PROCESSOR.
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With appropriate lenses, this instrument
(Figure 21) is suitable for enlargements up to
5x but requires long exposure times at max-
imum magnification. The lens, which has
rising and falling front and transverse ad-
justments, can be racked through 18 inches,
while the total bellows extension is about
2 feet. The 8- by 10-inch cut-film negative
holder can be rotated through 360 degrees. The
9.5-inch aerial roll-film holder, which accom-
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(HORIZONTAL ENLARGER [8 BY 10 INCH)
modates up to 300 feet of film, cannot be rotated.
The entire camera unit (less easel) is mounted
on a 12-foot track, with the maximum movement
being 8 feet. Exposure is accomplished by the
lens-capping method without use of a shutter.
There is no easel provided with this instrument
nor any rack for mounting one. The instrument
is 6.75 feet long (without track), 2.9 feet wide,
5.75 feet high (including track), and weighs an
estimated 1,000 pounds.
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HORIZONTAL ENLARGER (8 BY 10 INCH).
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The"VG-1 Enlarger (Figure 22) will
accommodate glass plates or cut film up to
9.5 by 9.5 inches, and roll film up to 9.5 inches
in width and 500 feet in length. The light source
is a diffused mercury-vapor lamp and the en-
larging lens is corrected to the narrow band-
width or wavelength of this light (350 to 700
MP ). The Reprogon lens has a focal length of
150mm, a speed of f/5.6, and a maximum an-
gular field of 74 degrees. Its capability ranges
from 100 lines per mm on-axis to about 60
lines per mm at 37 degrees off-axis. Exposure
time is controlled by a built-in meter and is
accomplished by means of a between-the-lens
shutter. The maximum paper, or easel, size
is 41 by 41 inches. The machine is 41 inches
wide, 77 inches deep, 9.25 feet high at 7x, and
weighs 1,160 pounds. It costs
NPIC J-0925 (3/851
G-1 AUTOFOCUSING ENLARGER (.75X To 7X).
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This enlarging printer (Figure 23) can be
used either vertically, with a 28- by 39.5-
inch adjustable easel, or horizontally, pro-
jecting onto the wall of a room. The enlarger
head can be tilted up to 90 degrees and the
lens stage can be swung to either right or
left to match the tilt of the negative. The easel,
or baseboard, can be ball-and-socket mounted
to provide movement in any direction to correct
for distortions. Lenses from 50mm to 360
mm are available, depending on the size of the
negative used and the degree of magnification
ENLARGING PRINTER (35MM TO 8 BY 10 INCHES).
desired, and 2 different lamp houses are also
available, one with a frosted tungsten lamp and
the other with a cold cathode grid. Condensers
and filters are designed with drawer mounts
and are readily interchangeable. A roll-film
carrier, available as an accessory, handles film
up to 9.5 inches in width and up to 500 feet in
length. The machine is 39.5 inches wide (at
the easel), 35 inches deep, and 9 feet 2 inches
high (at maximum magnification). It weighs 352
pounds and costs
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mersion gate, the refractive index of the liquid
matching that of the film base. On-axis reso-
lution capability is about 500 lines per mm. The
instrument is 32 inches wide, 36 inches deep, 70
inches high, weighs 725 pounds, and costs about
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RECISION ENLARGER [20X)
This high-resolution enlarger (Figure 24)
with a fixed magnification of 20x is designed for
70mm roll film and enlarges a .45-inch-square
area up to 9 by 9 inches. The enlarger uses
specular illumination and matching optics. The
negative being enlarged is held in a liquid im-
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PRECISION ENLARGER (1 OX-20X-40X)
This high-resolution enlarger (Figure 25) is
similar to the 20x Precision
Enlarger except that negatives of 70mm, 5, 6.6,
8, and 9.5 inches are accommodated and are
transported by motor drive. Magnifications of
10x, 20x, and 40x are obtainable by means of
separate lenses. The on-axis resolutions ob-
tained by this enlarger are: for the 10x, 350
lines per mm; for the 20x, 550 lines per mm;
and for the 40x, 575 lines per mm. The dimen-
sions and weight of this enlarger are only slightly
greater than those of the 20x enlarger. The cost
N PIC J-8928 13/651
)PRECISION ENLARGER (LOX-20X-40X).
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This new enlarger (Figure 26) has been
developed to accommodate a range of require-
ments not fulfilled by either of the enlargers now
10x-20x-40x En-
these instruments is a precision device but is
limited in magnification range. In addition, the
unit has a very small (9 by 9
inches) easel, and the VG-1 has no Y move-
ment of the film carriage to facilitate on-axis
enlargement.
The new enlarger has a continuously var-
iable ratio from 3x to 12x with an electrically
operated autofocus unit and a 40-inch-square
vacuum easel. The film carriage will accommo-
date 500-foot rolls of film from 70mm to 9.5
inches in width. Movement of the film in both X
and Y directions allows on-axis projection of a
70mm-square area from any chosen film size.
Separately collimated light sources are provided
for either black-and-white or color materials.
As originally developed, this instrument
was a prototype rather than a true production
model and after more than a year of use and
evaluation, certain modifications enabling more
efficient operation have been decided on. The
modified version is expected to be operational
in April 1965, and the cost of a production
model will be about
NPIC J.6929 (3/65)
PRECISION ENLARGER (3X TO 12X).
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This briefing print enlarger (Figure 27), design, will be suitable for small-scale black-
which is now under development, will enlarge and-white or color negatives, and will have a
a 2.25-inch-square area up to a size of 20 by range of magnification from 10x to 60x accom-
24 inches on film negatives ranging from 70mm plished by a family of 3 separate lenses. It is
to 9.5 inches. The enlarger will be of horizontal estimated that delivery will be made in June 1966.
FIGURE 27. 1BRIEFING PRINT ENLARGER (10X TO 60X).
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on the OVG-1 Enlarger and the
lOx-20x-40x Enlarger. The VG-1 En-
larger is limited to a relatively low resolution
because the film negative is held between glass
platens and all dirt and scratches appearing
on the negative are greatly magnified on the
prints. Images near the edge of a 9-inch film
cannot be faithfully enlarged because there is
no means provided to bring the area to the on-
axis position of the lens. In the case of the lOx-
20x-40x enlarger, the problems of dirt and
scratches on the on-axis position of the film
are overcome; however, this enlarger is limited
to 3 exact magnifications, namely lOx, 20x, and
40x. This leaves "holes" in the range of en-
largements that can be produced. With the con-
tinuing increase of information per unit of the
negative area enlargement, it must be possible
to bring the information to within the resolution
capability of the human eye.
The 3x to 15x Fluid-Gate Enlarger is
designed to meet this requirement. Although
the area to be enlarged will be limited to
70mm by 70mm, the entire width of the negative
will be immersed in the liquid gate. This
immersion of 9-inch film has already been
accomplished experimentally on film projection
equipment, but it has not yet been proven prac-
tical for enlargers. The 3x to 15x enlarger
will accommodate all aerial films in the range
from 70mm- to 9.5-inch widths in either black-
and-white or color, and in film lengths up to 500
feet. The fluid gate will remove dirt and
scratches and also prevent the generation of
Newton rings, which is also a problem with
glass platens. The easel, which will accom-
modate enlargements up to 40 by 40 inches, will
be of the vertical-vacuum type.
In appearance and basic configuration, this
enlarger is quite similar to the 1 Ox to 60x Brief-
ing Print Enlarger previously described (Figure
27). Delivery of a prototype model is estimated
for June 1966.
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The coherent-light enlarger currently under amount of intelligence enlarged from original
development (Figure 28) will make use of a
helium-neon laser light source and will produce
9- by 9-inch prints of selected 70mm square-
format negative areas from aerial roll films.
The prime objective of this development is an
optical system capable of producing 4x imagery
with a modulation transfer function that is flat
out to 200 cycles per mm. The basic purpose
of this instrument is to provide work prints
for the photo interpreter containing a maximum
FIGURE 28. I
low-contrast imagery recorded at frequencies
as high as 200 cycles per mm. By reduction of
the spatial frequency to one-fourth without loss
of information in the transfer process, the
photo interpreter will be able to read out the
image completely with conventional viewing in-
struments. An engineering model of this en-
larger is currently under evaluation. A pro-
duction model will cost an estimated
EOHERENT-LIGHT ENLARGER.
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This is a darkroom-type camera for half-
tone, line, and continuous-tone negatives or
transparencies, color separations, and masking
(Figure 29). The lens stage and easel are
mounted and travel on a heavy channel at
floor level; the four 1,000-watt xenon en-
closed-arc lamps are mounted to, and travel
with, the easel base. Vacuum is provided for
holding the film in the camera back, and ex-
posure is controlled by means of an electrical
behind-the-lens shutter. The equipment is
designed for through- the- wall- type installation
with the camera back and controls in a dark-
room. Capable of reproductions ranging from 7x
for enlarging to IN for reducing, the equip-
ment is 19.5 feet long, 4.75 feet wide, 7 feet
high, and is estimated to weigh about 1 ton
altogether. It costs
FIGURE 29. [IORIZONTAL COPY-CAMERA (32 INCH).
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This is a large, horizontal, precision,
overhead, darkroom-type camera (Figure 30)
for halftone, line, or continuous-tone repro-
ductions from either reflection or transparent
copies (color reproductions may also be made).
The overhead rails that carry the movable
copyboard and lens stage are supported by
columns at the ends. The camera is designed
for through-the-wall installation in which the
film holder and controls are in the darkroom.
Complete freedom of movement is provided
for the copyboard and lens mount to allow for
rectification and correction of distortion. A
double-reversing mirror system is also
provided for inverting the negative image when
necessary; vacuum is available for holding
both the film and the copy material. Four
1,000-watt xenon enclosed-arc lamps are in-
cluded for illumination of the copy material.
The range of reproduction is lx to 5x for
enlargements and lx to 12x for reductions.
Exposure is controlled by an electrically oper-
ated behind-the-lens shutter. The machine is
26.5 feet long, 10 feet wide, 10.5 feet high, and
the weight of the entire unit amounts to several
tons.
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This copy-camera (Figure 31) may be used
in either the vertical or horizontal mode, and 4-
by 5-inch film is accommodated by means of
a reducing back, the maximum enlargement/re-
duction obtainable being 4 times the linear
dimension of the area being copied. The easel
is fixed to the front of the camera bed and the
camera moves on the bed by means of 2 car-
riages, one supporting the lens, the other the
camera back. The lens is a Series XII Anastigmat
copying type having a focal length of 12 inches
IOPY-CAMERA (11 BY 14 INCH)
and a maximum aperture of f/6.3 with a 15-
to 60-inch focus range between the lens and the
copy object. The shutter is a between-the-lens
type with speeds ranging between 1.5 and .02
seconds, flash synchronization being provided
for both Class M and Class X bulbs at all speeds.
The lamps required to illuminate the copy
material are not included. The machine is ap-
proximately 87 inches long, 29 inches wide, 62
inches high, and weighs 147 pounds. It costs
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This machine (Figure 32) uses non-per-
forated 70mm film in 100-foot darkroom-load-
ing spool-type magazines. A cut-off knife is
built into the magazine to permit instant re-
moval of a single exposure from any part of
the 100-foot roll. The 60- by 40-inch easel
is equipped with vacuum and has a built-in
diffused backlight light source for exposing
any transparent subject matter. The reflection
illumination consists of 6 reflector-type flood-
lamps, the intensity of which can be controlled
from a console. Exposure with speeds ranging
from 0.1 to 11 seconds is accomplished by an
electrically operated shutter that is controlled
by an electronic timer. The reduction ratio
ranges from 8x to 30x and automatic focus is
provided throughout the entire range. The
reduction ratio is set by means of a motor
drive on a geared center post; the maximum
height is 9.5 feet. The cost of the machine
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This camera, under development, has a
fixed-focus IN enlargement capability onPola-
roid film. This development will enable the
operator to produce an instantaneous enlarge-
ment of the area of interest on an image. The
camera has been designed for use by inexper-
ienced operators, the only adjustment being that
of length of exposure, which depends on the
type of Polaroid film being used. This camera
is simply placed over the imagery that is on a
light table and the film is exposed by opening
the shutter. An enlargement is immediately
available. The camera can be used in a
normally lighted room.
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SECTION II VIEWING AND INTERPRETATION
Part 1. Basic Interpretation Tools
A. INTRODUCTION
B. MAGNIFIERS
C. MICROSCOPES
D. LIGHT TABLES
E. PROJECTORS
F. MISCELLANEOUS MEASURING TOOLS
G. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS
I
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The image quality of photography received at
the NPIC has continued to improve during the
past year, and a consequent upgrading of our
viewing capability remains a steady need. To
meet this requirement, many already existing
basic tools have been improved and, beyond this,
entirely new items and concepts are being
developed or evaluated.
Foremost among the new developments are
variable-ratio anamorphic eyepieces for the
Zoom 70 Stereoscope. In
addition, the optical industry is being canvassed
to search out the optimum capability of micro-
scopes in resolution, field of view, eye relief,
and exit pupil.
At present, the highest quality stereo instru-
ment in use is the~icrostereoscope.
It is anticipated that for several years to come
this instrument will furnish the photo interpreter
with an adequate capability for extracting photo
information. However, this instrument also
provides a performance standard in preparing
design objectives for future viewing equipment.
To provide a means for deriving relative
dimensions from photography, in addition to
the "Real-Time Photo Measurement System,"
(q.v.) several items are now available to the
photo interpreter, including a fixed 2-power
macroscope, a projected-scale micrometer,
and a more accurate stage-micrometer.
These and other basic interpretation tools,
both projected and in-house, are described and
illustrated in the first part of this section.
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B. MAGNIFIERS
The most used item of photo-interpretive
equipment is the 7x tube-magnifier (Figure
33) costing Q However, this instrument
is inadequate for the interpretation of very
small-scale imagery. The use of a higher
power simple magnifier presents its own prob-
lems, for as the power increases the field of
view decreases. Furthermore, the working
distance of the magnifier decreases to the
point where the instrument cannot be used com-
fortably. The present limit for a reasonably
comfortable magnifier is approximately 12x.
Therefore, there are currently under develop-
ment 2 prototype advanced-concept magnifiers.
One of these (Figure 34), a prototype zoom
tube-magnifier, is designed to provide the photo
interpreter with a light-weight, compact tube-
magnifier which incorporates continuous zoom
magnification from 8x through 18x with a
working distance of 15mm and an overall height
of 86mm. The production model of this instru-
ment is due in August 1965 at an estimated cost
II
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The second instrument is a binocular tube-
magnifier (Figure 35) which is designed to pro-
vide the advantages of binocular viewing in a
small hand-held instrument that can be used
in much the same manner and for many of the
same purposes as the present photo interpreters
tube-magnifier; experience with microscopes,
comparators, and other direct-viewing equip-
ment has shown that binocular viewing is both
more comfortable and more effective than
monocular viewing.
The binocular tube-magnifier will be of a
reasonable weight and size, with a transparent
and stable base mounting. Although both mechan-
ically and optically simple, it will offer excellent
image quality. The salient features will in-
clude a conversion whereby a single instrument
can be quickly modified to produce either lOx
or 20x magnification; a field of view of 15.5mm
at lOx, and 8mm at 20x; and an interpupillary
distance adjustment between 56mm and 76mm
with individual focusing adjustments for both
eyes. The first production model is due in June
1965 at an estimated cost of I
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NPIC J-8938 (3/881
FIGURE 35. ~INOCULAR TUBE-MAGNIFIER.
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C. MICROSCOPES
JI.5 MICROSTEREOSCOPE
The-5 Microstereoscope (Figure 36)
permits stereoscopic examination of either
transparencies or prints at magnifications of 6x,
12x, 25x, or 50x. The working distance between
objectives and stage-plate remains constant
after initial focusing no matter which mag-
nification power is used. There is no need for
changing of eyepieces or objectives, this being
eliminated by the intermediate optical system
provided for each single magnification which
operates in conjunction with the common ob-
jective component. By substituting the single
calibrated eyepiece and using the vernier-
screw-controlled stage-plates, accurate meas-
urement to within .01mm of both X and Y coor-
dinates can be effected. The same calibrated
eyepiece also permits angular measurement
through a full 360 degrees. Rheostat-controlled
variable-intensity illumination is provided for
each film stage. The cost of the, instrument is
FIGURE 36. "-5-MICROSTEREOSCOPE.
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is varied separately for each half of the stereo-
scope by the use of density filters that are ro-
tated into the light path, a total of 8 variations
being available.
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2. EXPERIMENTAL LIGHT FOR11MICROSTEREOSCOPE
An experimental light source (Figure 37) provided for the light source and is reflected
has been designed and fabricated in-house for
to the stereoscope by the same mirrors used
M-5 Microstereoscope. It with the original light source. Light intensity
makes use of projection systems taken from 2
Accura 35mm slide projectors. The projection
lamps are enclosed to a fan-cooled enclosure
located to the rear of the microstereoscope.
Light is projected into the 2 apertures originally
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fTEREOMICROSCOPE (MODEL II)
The Model II (Figure 38), a revised version
of the original Zoom 70 stereomicroscope,
incorporates numerous improvements and new
features. Its versatility has been extended by
providing additional zoom controls that can
either vary the magnification in both halves of
the optical system simultaneously or be dis-
engaged for individual magnification control
when photographs of different scales are viewed.
In addition, by detaching the rhomboid arm
assembly and replacing it with an adapter plate
and a supplemental 2x objective lens, the
instrument becomes a zoom microscope. It
can then be used for binocular viewing of
photographic images with continuously variable
3.5x to 120x. It costs
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ITEREOMICROSCOPE (MODEL II).
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This instrument (Figure 39), also known as
the High-Power Stereoviewer, has been de-
veloped by to provide the
capability of viewing, in stereo, conjugate pairs
of high-resolution images under high magnifi-
cation. It incorporates 2
plate and a metal pressure-plate. Image rotation
by optical means is provided in each optical path,
precluding the necessity for precise placement
of the film chips on the glass stage.
A total of 54 of these instruments has been
ordered by the intelligence community and the
preproduction model is scheduled to be com-
pleted in April 1965. After approval is given
on this model, the balance will be delivered
at the rate of 2 per week starting 4 weeks later,
Dynazoom laboratory microscopes and offers
continuously variable magnification from
approximately 8x to 200x by combinations of
6x and lOx eyepieces and 1.3x to lOxobjectives.
Film is acceptable in randomly precut chips,
each chip being held flat between a glass stage-
at an estimated cost of I
rYNAZOOM MICROSTEROSCOPE.
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This is a high-power, high-resolution
microstereoscope designed and built byl
evaluation. The instrument provides magnifi-
cations from 3x through 120x and resolutions
up to 600 lines per mm. Magnification is of
the zoom type and is continuously variable in
3 stages by utilizing 3 separate clip-on
rhomboid relay systems (Figure 41). Inde-
or the Naval Reconnaissance Techni-
cal and Support Center; the second prototype
(Figure 40) has been acquired by the NPIC for
pendent zoom magnification and optical image
rotation are incorporated into both right and
left optical paths. This stereoscope is unusual
in that the extremely long rhomboid arms pro-
vide a maximum spread of 469mm and there-
fore permit stereoscopic viewing of roll film in
all conventional widths. The production model,
equipped with 3 separate rhomboid sets for
different magnification ranges, will cost an
estimated and is due by October 1965.
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FIGURE 40. INTERCHANGEABLE RHOMBOID STEROSCOPE.
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FIGURE 41. RELAY SYSTEMS FOR INTERCHANGEABLE RHOMBOID STEREOSCOPE.
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The dual-viewing m icrostere os cope (Fig-
ure 42) is a sophisticated, high-resolution
device permitting 2 analysts to view simul-
taneously, in stereo, the same stereo pair at
a common magnification and orientation. To
be used for training in briefing and for actual
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interpretation where more than 1 analyst is in-
volved, the instrument will provide lOx through
75x zoom magnification and 375 lines per
mm maximum resolution through a 7:1 zoom
element.
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~STEREOMICROSCOPE
The ~Stereomicroscope (Figure 43)
provides a 4:1 zoom range (.75x to 3x) with
good- continuity of focus throughout. The use
of lOx and 20x eyepieces (with or without a
1.5x auxiliary objective lens) provides a total
range of 7x through 90x magnification. The
FIGURE 43.1
instrument costs $475 and is superior optically
and mechanically to the standard
Zoom 70; however, it cannot e use or
viewing stereo pairs and a stereo version is
currently under consideration.
IS TEREOMICROSCOPE.
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These are eyepieces which can be used to "stretch" the image up to 3x in 1 axis,
Zoom 70 Micro- thereby providing the interpreter with a cap-
stereoscope to enable the operator to enlarge
the image along 1 axis with the other axis
being held to the fixed microscopic magnifi-
cation. These eyepieces will enable the operator
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ability to visually rectify images. The proto-
types have been developed by
(Figure 44) and byl(Figure 45). Production
models are due in May 1965 at a cost of
FIGURE 44. VARIABLE RATIO ANAMORPHIC EYEPIECE
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FIGURE 45. VARIABLE RATIO ANAMORPHIC EYEPIECIIPROTOTYPE).
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 Approved For
1. Q IGHT TABLE (MODEL GFL 918)
The ~FL 918 Light Table (Fig-
ure 46) has an 11- by 18-inch viewing surface
mounted on a universal ball-and-socket base with
adjustable tension, allowing over 45 degrees of
tilt in any direction. All Richards light tables
are available with a cold-light grid having an
infinitely variable intensity control from 900
foot lamberts intensity, complete diffusion
being accomplished through a specially
coated grid and a translucent plastic top. A
plate-glass top for a rigid working surface is
also available. The table can handle film from
70mm to 9.5 inches in width and up to 500 feet
in length with welded polyester transport belts
and single-reel brackets; with segmented nylon
rollers and dual reel brackets, it has the
additional capacity of handling two 70mm, or one
70mm and one 5-inch, film roll up to 500
feet in length. All reel brackets have adjustable
nylon drags, positive-latching spindle retrac-
tors, and full ball-bearing spindles. The unit
is 32 inches wide, 12 inches deep, 11 inches
high, weighs 55 pounds, and costs
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.IGHT TABLE (MODEL GFL 918).
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A single-crank drive for theOGFL allows an operator to wind film onto either film
918 Light Table (Figure 47) has been designed spool by simply turning the crank in the proper
and fabricated in-house. Intended for use when direction. The production model is due in May
the table is in a tilted position, the device 1965 at a cost 01 I
is mounted near the bottom of the table and
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This table (Figure 48)
by 40-inch viewing surface,
degrees forward, with al
controls, and reel brackets.
system can be provided on
top, to order. Optionally
provides an 11-
tiltable up to 45
old-light grid,
An engraved grid
the plastic table
available on this
and other models is an ultrasonically spliced
polyester transport belt on ball-bearing rollers.
This table is available either with standard
light source, cold-light argon-mercury grid
having at least 900 foot lambert intensity at
70 degrees F, or with encapsulated light source,
cold-light argon -mercury grid embedded in
clear elastomer matrix having at least 900
foot lambert intensity at 70 degrees F. The
table is 54 inches wide, 12 inches deep, 11
inches high, weighs 70 pounds, and costs
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The Model 45 Light Table (Figure
49) is a unique, custom-made viewing table.
Designed for the convenience of the operator,
the instrument has many capabilities which
have never been utilized together in a single
film-viewing device. With al
zoom microscope mounted in the bracket pro-
vided, the operator may study an area on any
portion of the 9.5- by 11.5-inch illuminated
surface under magnification up to 60x.
For the convenience of the operator, the
table has been designed to rotate up to 90
degrees on either side of center and tilt 35
degrees to the front. The microscope may be
traversed 5.5 inches forward or back along
slides, and the slide mount itself may be ro-
tated. The actual viewing table maybe traversed
from side to side more than 1.5 inches from
center. Versatility was also considered during
the planning and, consequently, the instrument
is capable of handling either two 70mm rolls
of film side by side, or 1 of any other width of
film up to 9.5 inches. To cut down on eye strain
while working over the viewing table, sliding
opaque masks may be moved from the front and
rear. The illumination, consisting of 4 sets of
3 fluorescent lamps each, may also be varied
by independent switches to the sets. To provide
even lighting, an opalescent plastic diffuser is
mounted beneath the .25-inch plate-glass sur-
face. This illumination, together with the multi-
motion frame and microscope mount, comprises
a relatively compact unit weighing roughly 75
pounds and taking up an area less than half a
normal desk top.
NPIC J-6952 (3/65)
FIGURE 49. ^LIGHT TABLE (MODEL 45).
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This table (Figure 50) provides an 11- by
40-inch viewing area with a cold-light grid
having infinitely variable control with a 5:1
ratio (20:1 ratio optional) from 900 foot lam-
berts. type T-2-5 reel brackets with
multiple nylon rollers provide for the viewing
of dual 70mm or 5-inch film widths on standard
7.625 inch reels (500 feet) or single films
from 70mm to 9.5 inches in width. Brackets
have adjustable nylon brakes permitting any
desired film tension over the viewing area and
positive cam latches for the retractable spindles.
The microscope carriage covers a 10- by 28-inch
area with full recirculating ball-bearing suspen-
sion, adjustable drag brakes, and limit stops.
In addition, a quick and simplified optical
measurement of X and Y coordinates can be
provided. Other optional equipment available
includes an encapsulated light source, reel
brackets to accommodate 1,000-foot spools, and
a vacuum hold-down top. The table is 40.5
inches wide, 17 inches deep, 14 inches high,
weighs 80 pounds, and costs
IGHT TABLE (MODEL GFL 940MC).
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LIGHT TABLE (MODEL GFL 940MCE)
This unit (Figure 51), a combination of the
Model GFL 940MC Light Table and the new
Model TE-2140 Elevating Table, allows the
photo interpreter to be seated in a comfortable
position without strain while viewing the full
range of film sizes this table can handle. All
the features of the Model GFL 940MC Light
Table have been retained, including variable-
intensity cold-light source, recirculating ball-
bearing microscope carriage, and a choice of
T-series reel brackets. Operating controls
are mounted in a detached control box which
can be located wherever desired on the table.
These units are available with a choice of acces-
sories, such as power-plug strip, retractable
20-foot powercord fused for 7 amperes, heavy-
duty coiled powercord fused for 15 amperes,
drawers, or backboard. In addition, the unit
can readily be equipped with the E::~ tical
Measuring System for rapid film measurement.
The unit is 40.5 inches wide, 24 inches deep,
48 inches high, weighs 270 pounds, and costs
about $~
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IGHT TABLE (MODEL GFL 940MCE).
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7. LIGHT TABLE MOUNTED WITH MICROSCOPE
This unit (Figure 52), developed primarily
Microscope with associated photo-
for use in film evaluation, consists of an old-
style ~GFL 940 Light Table especially
micrographic equipment. The split light table
has an integral -tracking high-intensity light
source.
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In a parallel effort by 2 manufacturers, sim-
ilar groups of 3 prototype advanced-concept light
tables are currently under development. These
3 prototype models are:
a. An 11- by 18-inch format tilt-top unit
(Figure 53)
b. An 11- by 40-inch format non-tilting
unit with translating microscope carriage (Fig-
ure 54)
c. An 11- by 40-inch format non-tilting
unit with translating microscope carriage and
an integral high-intensity tracking light source
(not illustrated)
Overall, this effort will result in sophisti-
cated but reliable prototype light tables de-
signed with due regard for human engineering
and providing better illumination, better film
drives, and more comfortable viewing conditions
for the operator.
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NPIC J'895] (3/65)
FIGURE 54. 11- BY 40-INCH FORMAT LIGHT TABLE WITH TRANSLATING MICROSCOPE CARRIAGE.
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This table (Figure 55) will have a large
illuminated stereoscopic viewing surface that
can be tilted to positions convenient for the
user, and is divided into 2 separately controlled
viewing areas. Each light source will be con-
tinuously variable from 100 to 2,000 foot lam-
berts, and its operation will be independent
of the other. The size of each light source
will be 5 by 6 inches and the overall size
of the table will be 16 by 17 inches. The
F _____]Model II Zoom 70 Stereomicroscope or the
F--]M-5 Microstereoscope. If viewing in the
monoscopic mode, the light baffle between the
2 light sources can be removed and an even
distribution of light is produced over the entire
6- by 10-inch viewing area. The production
model is due in July 1965, and will cost an
estimated I
FIGURE 55. 1WIN-LIGHT-SOURCE STEROSCOPIC LIGHT TABLE.
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This light table (Figure 56), designed for
field use, is a rugged, light-weight unit which
is completely functional and yet easily packed
for shipment. The table is so constructed that
the reel brackets and film rollers can be re-
moved, allowing the table to be reduced to a
19.5- by 14.5-inch size. This small, compact
size will allow the table to be packed in the
present waterproof shipping containers. The
brightness of the viewing surface is continuously
variable from 100 to 1,200 foot lamberts without
flicker. The table is so constructed that it may
be used in 2 modes of operation: 30 and 45
degrees. Production models are due by April
1965 at an estimated cost of
FIGURE 56. LIGHT TABLE FOR PI FLY-AWAY KIT.
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NPIC J?8960 (3/65)
FIGURE 57. TRI-SIMPLEX
PROJECTOR, .
extra cost. The 4-inch-square stage is recessed
to compensate for cover-glass thickness. A
3.5-inch-diameter mirror with a clamp and
supporting post serves to project images onto
a vertical surface.
The original model of this instrument
(Figure 57), which costs $174, has now been
generally superseded by a US-Navy-developed
modification (Figure 58), which costs
objectives as optionals at
NPIG J-8981 (3/86)
rRI-SIMPLEX PROJECTOR,
FIGURE 58.
MOD I FI CAT I
Objectives on the Tri-Simplex Projector
are of microscopic quality and are balcotted
causes image deterioration. The internal con-
densing system is the -lens
design, engineered for maximum efficiency and
An external swing-in/out supplementary con-
high-power 43x objective. In addition, there is a
12x objective as standard equipment, and 2.7x
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59), developed for the NPIC by
provides a ready means of projecting contact-
size film positives at magnifications ranging
from 2x to 16x for the purpose of preparing
line drawings. The image is rear-projected
FIGURE 59. 1
onto tracing material placed over a 24- by
24-inch horizontal, glass work-surface. Either
film chips or roll film from 70mm to 9.5
inches in width can be used on the instrument,
which costs approximately
tARIABLE-MAGNIFICATION TRACING PROJECTOR.
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Two recently developted measuring tools Micrometer. An advanced version projected-
the
shelf items with the manufacturer: scale micrometer, the Model II, is currently
Dual-Power Measuring under contract.
This device (Figure 60) provides more device with 20.5x and 41x magnification can be
facility, twice the resolution, and 10 times the mounted in any ring stand that would normally
accuracy of the zoom macroscope, which was acce t a power pod. Its cost
previously the best simple measuring tool for is
small images. The filar eyepiece measuring
NPIC J?6963 (3/66)
DUAL-POWER MEASURING MACROSCOPE.
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- This already developed shelf item (not
illustrated) is a projection-type measuring de-
vice which clips to the base of the Model II
Zoom 70Stereomicroscope. It permits binocular
viewing of a .00001-foot scale superimposed on
the photographic image through the Zoom 70's
full range of magnification. Its cost is $500.
This instrument (Figure 61) incorporates
many improvements over the Model 1 production
version, including: a luminous-line reticle
instead of a scale projected into the plane of
the photograph, the reticle being moved across
the field of view by a micrometer screw; a
FIGURE 61. I
combination digital counter/micrometer drum
that will record the measurement. In addition,
the unit will be more compact and the micrometer
drum will remain in a fixed position when the
line azimuth is rotated. The production model
is due in November 1965 and will cost
NPIC J-8964 (3/65)
rROJECTED-SCALE MICROMETER (MODEL 11).
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 FHOTOMICROGRAPHIC ENLARGER
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larger (Figure 62) is designed to meet the
need of photo interpreters and photogram-
metrists who must frequently make photomicro-
graphs yet cannot afford more than a minimum
of time, effort, and preparation. The enlarger
provides magnified permanent photographic re-
cords of small areas of film and is intended
for table-top use in ambient light. It incorpo-
rates all the necessary elements for high-
quality photomicrography, including condenser
unit, microscope objective, ocular, viewing
screen, and Polaroid film back. Exposure and
fine-focus adjustments are provided for occa-
sional trim-up or use with a filter. A choice
of 3 magnifications (15x, 33x, or 64x) is offered
by substituting objective heads. The first
production models are due in June 1965 at an
estimated cost of I
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An X-Y translating stage, designed and fab-
ricated in-house, consists of a movable stage
that is easily mounted on a light base to permit
The stage
0
support arm set back from the rear edge of the
light base. However, it is versatile and can be
used with other stereoscopes having similar
light bases, as illustrated (Figure 63).
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3. HIP CUTTER
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This chip cutter (Figure 64), designed by sizes. The instrument operates in a horizontal
the I cuts rectangular position and consists of a die-cutter assembly,
chips from film frames on roll. film. Although 2 light tables with film rewinds, and a vacuum
it presently produces 70mm by 100mm chips, chip-removal device. Its cost is
it could easily be redesigned to cut other
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This chip cutter (Figure 65), being designed
and fabricated in-house, will cut rectangular
chips from film frames on roll film. Although
the prototype will produce 70mm by 100mm
chips, the size can be revised on any sub-
sequent models.
The instrument will consist essentially of
an integrated die-cutter assembly and a light
table with film rewinds, both mounted in a
vertical position that enables the operator to
view and cut the film while in a seated position.
A 360-degree rotation will be provided in the die-
cutter assembly to permit selective azimuth
orientation for the base lines of the chips.
FIGURE 65. CHIP CUTTER.
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A slitter for trimming 35mm headliner simultaneously from 1 to 3 lines of a specific
paper or film has been designed and fabricated size of type. Production models are due by May
in-house (Figure 66). It consists of a series 1965 and will cost I
of steel roller cutters, each designed to trim
FIGURE 66. FLITTER.
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SECTION II VIEWING AND INTERPRETATION
Part 2. Complex Interpretation Equipment
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A. INTRODUCTION
B. VIEWERS
C. READERS
D. STEREO VIEWERS
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encompassing. For example, viewer components
are being fully explored through independent yet
mutually supporting investigations into light
sources, film handling systems, lens systems,
and screen materials. At the same time, en-
tirely new concepts are being explored, such as
aspheric lens systems and virtual image viewing.
Prototype rear-projection film readers are
being built by both the
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in a development program designed to give the
photo interpreter a measuring capability while
scanning roll film. Both of the new readers will
operate directly on-line with the UNIVAC 490
computer, and will have the capability of meas-
uring over a format width of up to 9.5 inches
and a length in excess of 4 feet with a least-
count of 10 microns in either axis.
Thus, the design and development of a
growing family of complex interpretation equip-
ment continues to be an important part of the
NPIC exploitation program, as exemplified by the
various viewers and readers which are de-
scribed and illustrated in the second part of
this section.
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For the past several years, the quantity of
film produced by the various collection systems
has necessitated the use of a team concept in
photo interpretation, especially in the initial
readout phase. This team concept has, in turn,
established the need for a variety of group-
viewing instruments which the NPIC has been
able to satisfy only through the development of
increasingly complex rear-projection viewers
and through the emerging concept of "Real-Time
Photo Measurement" (q.v.) in which viewer-
reader combinations permit photo interpreters
to perform their own immediate measurements
by using this equipment on-line with a computer.
In addition, beyond these general viewing
and measuring problems, there is a rapidly
growing field of specialized requirements that
calls for equipment capable of handling stereo
viewing, panoramic stereo viewing, and pre-
cisely manipulated viewing, all demanding higher
quality, greater magnification, and a wider range
of detection capabilities.
To furnish the tools for all these varied
objectives, the development approach within the
NPIC has been equally varied and, hopefully, all-
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to advance at the preselected speed. A 2-lens
indexing turret is provided, allowing the operator
to electrically select either lOx or 20x magnifi-
cation. The lenses are parfocal and the operator
has an additional manual fine-focus control.
Each lens has its own optical rotating prism
which can be turned 360 degrees. The light
source is a 500-watt Sylvania Tru-focus projec-
This unit (Figure 67) provides rapid scan-
ning and viewing of images on 35mm and 70mm
perforated or non-perforated film on reels of
up to 1,000-foot capacity. Film transport speed
ranges from 0.1 to 3 inches per second in
"flomotion" forward or reverse. When the stop
switch is actuated, the film is immediately
stopped and a solenoid-operated glass platen
automatically closed for optimum focus. Upon
release, the platen opens and the film continues
FIGURE 671
tion lamp. The unit costs
NPIC J-89'10 (3/85)
IFILM VIEWER (MODEL 550-M).
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The 700-Series viewers retain many of the
qualities of the Model 550- Viewer;
they have many additional advantages, however,
including the ability to accommodate 70mm to
9.5-inch-wide film and permit viewing and read-
ing of images at 5x, 15x, and 30x magnifications.
Two models in this series are illustrated, the
705-V (Figure 68) and the 706-M/V (Figure 69).
An improved version, the 707-V, is currently
being developed and is discussed separately.
The costs of the 705-V and 706-M/V are about
the same, approximately
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3. ~ILM VIEWER (MODEL 101-V)
The Center is currently developing the
Model 707-V rear-projection film viewer (Fig-
ure 70), which has improved performance
characteristics over the Model 706-M/V, the
last in the ~00-Series viewers. The
new model is of the single-image reflecting-mir-
or type and has a completely redesigned film
transport, condenser system, and lens-shift
mechanism. As with the older models in the
700 Series, this one will also have fixed magnifi-
cations of 6x, 12x, and 30x with a maximum pro-
jection aperture of 5 inches and a film accom-
modation width of up to 9.5 inches. In addition,
the on-axis illumination may exceed 200 foot
lamberts at all magnifications, and the resolu-
tion will be no less than 6 lines per power. Suf-
ficient flexibility has been included within the
new design parameters to allow future modifi-
cations for the further upgrading of this viewer.
The production model is due by January 1966
and will cost about
(FILM VIEWER (MODEL 707-V).
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4. n1ARISCAN FILM VIEWER
In an effort parallel to the current develop-
ment program involving the 0707-V,
the NPIC has purchased for evaluation purposes
a Variscan Rear-Projection Film Viewer (Fig-
ure 71) from the
Iv ariscan is of
the same single -image reflecting- mirror design
as the 0707-V, but it is smaller be-
cause of the use of wide-angle projection lenses
and it has an interchangeable condenser-element
system. The major feature of the Variscan is
its ability to project a 9.5- by 9.5-inch frame
at 3x. Additional fixed magnifications are at 6x,
12x, and 30x. Also incorporated into the Variscan
is a new film-spool holding system which permits
use of virtually any film width between 35mm and
9.5 inches without modification or adapters. A
production model is due by August 1965 at an
estimated cost of
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Design parameters are being formulated
on a prototype chip scanner-and-selection unit
(Figure 72) for the Center's 4- by 5-inch photo
interpretation chip. This development is based
on the premise that a considerable number of
chips from previous missions will have to be
correlated with current material, and that a
rear-projection viewer utilizing 35mm slide-
projection techniques would be of great assist-
ance to the photo interpreter in this initial
selection and evaluation process. The proposed
viewer would have either single or multiple
magnification of sufficient resolution for screen-
ing purposes and would accept a cassette of
previous-coverage chips to enable fast and easy
review by the analyst. Such an intrument would
also be valuable for group viewing, small
briefings, and collateral referencing.
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Feasibility studies and subsequent develop-
ment are planned for a new viewer-illumination
concept. This concept of modulated-light
(dodged) film viewing is a direct result of studies
of the psychological and physiological reactions
of photo interpreters, and of observations of the
actual methods employed by photo interpreters
while viewing with present equipment. In cur-
rent practice, the photo interpreter is general-
ly restricted in the observation of roll-film
transparencies to the use of conventional fluo-
rescent -illuminated devices that have no facility
for localized attenuation or modulation of illumi-
nation over large or small areas. As a result,
it is usually considered futile to search for de-
tail in the dense regions of a transparency since
the brilliant illumination of the unmasked light
box causes the eye to close (stop down), thereby
further increasing the apparent opacity of the
transparency. The same visual difficulty is also
caused by flare in the clear areas between
frames. Naturally, if all extraneous illumina-
tion could be removed from the light box, ex-
isting detail in the dense areas of the trans-
parency would be more readily observed. But
even when the light box is correctly masked,
similar difficulties continue to arise when
seeking detail in the dense areas of a predomi-
nately thin transparency because the bright
light transmitted by the thin regions still appears
to the eye as flare. Thus, it would be advanta-
geous not only to be able to confine all illumina-
tion to the precise area under investigation, but
to be able to do so without the necessity of making
special masks.
As a means of correcting these evident defi-
ciencies in the film viewing and analysis equip-
ment presently available to the photo interpreter,
2 versions of a modulated-light viewer are pro-
posed: the Modulated-Light Rear-Projection
Film Viewer (Figure 73) and the Modulated-Light
Direct Film Viewer (Figure 74). An engineering
model of the rear-projection version is due in
December 1966, and of the direct-viewing vers-
ion in April 1966.
These proposed units, both employing the
new viewing concept which utilizes a kinescope
light source, will have an almost infinite capa-
bility for image masking and automatic modula-
tion of transparency illumination in all size
areas from the smallest to the largest. These
devices are expected to provide dodged visual
presentations of transparencies similar to the
well known effect produced by thel
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FIGURE 74. MODULATED-LIGHT DIRECT FILM VIEWER.
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1. jYARIABLE?WIDTH FILM READER
Then Variable-Width Film Reader (Fig-
ure 75) contains several advancements in rear-
projection viewing. It will handle film widths
up to 9.5 inches, and utilizes a liquid film-gate
cooling system. This latter feature is necessary
to give adequate cooling when using the 5,000-
watt xenon short-arc light source in the illumi-
nation system. Four optical magnification
ranges are available at the operator's option:
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FIGURE 75. VARIABLE-WIDTH FILM READER.
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6x, 12x, 24x, and 48x. Indications are that in-
tensities in excess of 300 foot lamberts will be
achieved at 48x with proportionately higher
levels at lower magnifications. This instru-
ment has been delivered to the NPIC and is
presently being evaluated. The production model
is due in June 1965, at an estimated cost of
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The development in this field, Viewer that has similar optical viewing charac-
the Model 707-R (Figure 76), consists of a teristics but will be coupled with the computer
modified version of their Model 707-V Film and teletype units. Its cost is 25
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In addition to the readers being developed of performing any single-frame photogram-
for on-line operation with the NPIC UNIVAC metric solution with little or no external com-
490, the Center is planning to contract for a puter support.
reader (Figure 77) with characteristics similar Contract details and expected delivery date
to the readers but with a are not available at this time.
small, self-contained computer system capable
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The basic characteristics of the versatile
high-performance stereo viewer were estab-
lished by the Model 387 stereo viewer developed
under contract to the Bureau of Naval Weapons.
The current development by
Inc., was sponsored by the NVIC to expand t e
versatility and increase the performance of the
instrument.
This new viewer (Figure 78) measures about
7 by 4 by 4 feet and has a cast frame, permit-
ting conversion to a 5-micron stereo compara-
tor. The zoom magnification range is from
1.5x to 135x in 4 steps. The field of view is
approximately 36 degrees, an increase of 3
times over the earlier model, with 600 lines
per mm resolution.
The versatility of the optical system is
indicated by independent magnification, 360-
degree rotation, independent image reversion,
crossover of the stereo channels, and binocular
monoscopic viewing. Scanning is controlled
through a single joystick, but the direction and
proportion of the scan is correlated to both the
magnification and the rotation setting of the
corresponding optical train. Film is handled
manually, with a capacity for 1 or 2 rolls between
70mm and 9.5 inches in width and in lengths up
to 500 feet. The loop-forming mechanism has
been expanded to handle 19 feet of film between
sequential stereo pairs. The film is held flat
by vacuum while being viewed.
The first production model is due by July
1966, and will cost an estimated)
NPIC J-8981 (3/65)
ERSATILE HIGH-PERFORMANCE STEREO VIEWER.
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2.1
PTEREO PROJECTION VIEWER
Although the individual advantages of stere-
oscopic and rear-projection viewing have been
well established, the possible benefits of com-
bining the 2 are not as well defined. One of the
reasons for this lack of definition is the unavoid-
able complexity of a device which would provide
stereo scanning of roll film and yet require but a
minimum of operator intervention to maintain a
fusible stereo image. However, exploratoryde-
velopment of a device to provide some of the
basic answers has been completed, and installa-
tion of the prototype viewer (Figure 79) was
made at the NPIC in September 1964. The
primary purpose of this prototype is to provide
a test bed upon which various projection techni-
ques and positional control systems can be
evaluated in the process of analyzing the signifi-
cance of rear-projection stereo viewing.
The prototype stereo projection viewer will
handle one or two 500-foot rolls of film 70mm
to 9.5 inches wide; thus, stereo images on the
same or different rolls may be viewed. Film
transport and scanning are motorized. For ac-
complishing registration of conjugate images,
3 degrees of freedom, X, Y, and o, are pro-
vided, but no adjustments for differences in
scale or distortion are included. Stereoscopic
viewing is achieved by the polarizing technique,
and 3 magnification settings are provided: 7.5x,
15x, and 30x. Equivalent magnification at the
normal 37.5-inch viewing distance is 2x, 4x,
and 8x, and these are subject to doubling by
halving the viewing distance if the operator
desires. A special design feature is an air-
bearing gate which cleans the film and maintains
the focus while operating in the scanning mode.
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The panoramic stereo viewer (Figure
80) will provide a means for viewing stereo
images on 2 rolls of conventional, conver-
gent, and panoramic stereo roll film re-
gardless of scale, format, orientation, or ob-
liquity. It will accept film in widths ranging
from 70mm to 9.5 inches, and in reels up to
10.5 inches in diameter. Two motorized film
FIGURE 80.1
PANORAMIC STEREO VIEWER
drives can be operated independently or can be
synchronized. A variable -magnification binoc-
ular optical system provides magnifications
from 3x to 48x. Each half of the optical system
can be adjusted separately, or the 2 sides can
be coupled for synchronized changes. Each
optical path contains an element allowing an in-
dependent, 360-degree image rotation.
r ANORAMIC STEREO VIEWER.
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SECTION III MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION
A. INTRODUCTION
B. MEASURING
C. EVALUATING
D. PLOTTING
E. MISCELLANEOUS
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Within the last few years, photographic
systems have been constantly improving and
from all indications will continue to improve,
putting greater and greater demands on men-
suration equipment. To meet this demand the
NPIC is constantly working toward improving
the comparators required by the photogrammet-
rist and photo interpreter. As the resolution
and acutance of the photographic input improve,
higher quality viewing systems (optics) are re-
quired as well as improved measurement tech-
niques. The NPIC is currently investigating
designs for comparators with viewing systems
having magnifying power in excess of 100x and
sub-micron least-count measurement systems.
An additional aspect of advanced comparator
requirements is the tremendous variation of
photographic input formats. One approach to
handling large formats is the chip comparator
designed for high-precision measurement of a
limited format. Another approach is the large-
format comparator with high-precision local
accuracy but reduced accuracy standards over
the full stage travel.
The value of stereo viewing is of ever-
increasing significance, even on an instrument
with 2-axis measuring systems, and several
developments in this area are included among
the following illustrations.
Also of increased importance with improved
equipment is a film evaluation program. The
NPIC is actively developing higher quality film
inspection tables, film analyzers, and micro-
densitometers, as well as image-quality evalu-
ation study programs. It is anticipated that in
the near future some of the current evaluation
developments such as microdensitometry will
be applied to mensuration techniques and
equipment.
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This is a large, 2-coordinate comparator
(Figure 81) with 500mm travel in the Y axis,
360mm in the X axis, and accommodation for
roll film up to 9.5 inches in width and 250
feet in length. Coordinates read direct to 1
micron by means of illuminated dial systems
located at the ends of the screws. Both screws
are motor-driven for ease of travel between
widely separated points. The microscope has
internal focusing and a continuously variable
power range from 12x to 28x. Instant selection
of any one of 4 reticle patterns is available. The
rotating stage has full 360-degree range and its
position may be read optically to 20 seconds.
The cost of the machine is
A modification is currently under contract
to apply a binocular optical system and a new
light source. This will provide a zoom system
capable of resolving 400 line pairs per mm at
the film plane with a magnification range of 20x
through 80x..
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FIGURE 87.OMPARATOR (TYPE. 621).
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2.OMPARATOR (TYPE 829C)
This type of comparator (Figure 82) is accommodated easily. A front surface projec-
designed for horizon data reduction work. Read- tion system gives superior resolution and
ings are direct to 5 microns in the 2 coordi- quality. Direct-viewing quality is provided
nate axes. Measurements can be made over an without the confining positions of direct-view-
area 100mm by 150mm on plates or films up to
4.5 by 7 inches; plates 2 by 10 inches can be
OMPARATOR (TYPE 829C).
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3. COMPARATOR (TYPE 880A)
This modified iIType 880 2-coordinate
comparator was insta ed in the NPIC in March
1964 (Figure 83). It accepts film formats of
70mm, 5, 6.6, 8, and 9.5 inches. Measurement
is accomplished on both axes by precision ground
and lapped lead screws. Readout is available
on a coded disc directly readable by the operator,
or from a position resolver which provides
paper tape and typewriter print-out when con-
nected through a digital accumulator. Viewing
is accomplished by a binocular optical system
which furnishes a continuously variable magni-
fication of 17.5x to 35x with 5x eyepieces, or
35x to 70x when IN wide-field eyepieces are
used. Field of view is 2.6mm to 5.2mm with a
crosshair constantly visible in the optical path.
Modifications consist of the binocular optical
system, provision for handling various film
sizes, a selsyn-drive system for the secondary
axis, a selsyn-drive high-intensity light source,
and provision for accepting a projection viewing
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The Stereo Comparator RIC/1 (Fig-
ure 84) handles formats up to 9.5 by 18 inches
in either cut film or glass plates. The magni-
fication range is from 4.5x to 18x, and the
measurement system is the Ferranti Moire
fringe with a 2-micron least-count. The in-
strument is designed primarily for control ex-
tension work but has a limited application in
the intelligence field utilizing medium-scale
high-resolution photography. It costs about
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5. DUAL-SCREEN MEASURING PROJECTOR
The Dual-Screen Measuring Projector
(Figure 85) is a high-precision film comparator
now operational at the NPIC. It has the capacity
to measure format areas up to 9.5 by 29 inches.
The Ferranti Moire fringe system has been
modified to give the measuring sensors a least-
count of 1 micron, and air bearings have re-
placed the conventional lapped method of stage
transport. The unique vacuum clamping and
film transport device accommodates films in
rolls from 35mm to 9.5 inches wide. This
instrument has been connected directly on-line
with the UNIVAC 490 computer for data
reduction.
Two screens are used simultaneously: the
larger, 40 by 40 inches, is for scanning; the
smaller, 12 by 17 inches, is for mensuration
purposes. The larger screen has a fixed mag-
nification of 8x; the smaller offers 8x, 16x, or
30x magnifications, with the area of high mag-
nification indicated on the low-magnification
image. A crosshair is projected on the small
screen as a fixed reference point. A2,500-watt
water-cooled mercury-vapor arc lampprovides
illumination for the crosshair projection and for
the image on both screens.
NPIC J-0988 (3/651
(DUAL-SCREEN MEASURING PROJECTOR.
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will be incorporated. A laser point-marking
system will make minute round marks about 20
microns in diameter at the selected image
point. A more prominent flagging mark and
number will be readily visible in the comparator
to act as a point of reference for position
measurement. This may be accomplished man-
ually by the operator or automatically by a
system within the comparator. In this way,
greater quantities of meaningful data may be
extracted more efficiently from a wide variety
of photographic sources. To further increase
the versatility of this unit, a 2.5-micron meas-
urement readout has been incorporated to pro-
vide a stereocomparator capability.
to develop the versatile
stereoscope point transfer device, and delivery
is expected in May 1965. The production model
is due in August 1966 and will cost an estimated
The device will consist of a versatile
roll-film scanning stereo viewer fitted with a
precision point-marking system (Figure 86).
The viewing system will handle 1 or 2 rolls
of film with widths between 70mm and 9.5
inches. Independent magnification of each eye-
train will range from 1.5x to 135x. Maximum
resolution is expected to be 625 lines per mm.
Highly versatile optical and mechanical systems
I ERSATILE STEREOSCOPIC POINT TRANSFER DEVICE.
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The stellar comparator (Figure 87) is a
precision, rear-projection measuring instru-
ment capable of plus-or-minus 1 micron ac-
curacy over a format 10 inches square. It can
handle film up to 9.5 inches wide and has a
magnification range from 20x to 40x. Centering
on the stellar image can be accomplished either
manually by the use of handwheels or automat-
ically by the use of a joystick coupled with an
autocentering device.
Although called a stellar comparator, it is
actually a dual-purpose instrument since both
stellar coordinates and distances on terrestrial
photography can be determined.
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ISTEREO CHIP COMPARATOR
count. Linear measurements are obtained
through the output of an X- and Y-axis inter-
ferometer, utilizing the wavelength of an Hg 198
lamp (5461A?). The comparator is designed
to operate on-line with the UNIVAC 490 system.
The prototype has been evaluated and production
models are under contract at a cost of
each.
(STEREO CHIP COMPARATOR.
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This prototype stereo chip comparator
(Figure 88) was installed at the NPIC in July
1964. It is designed with 5- by 5-inch stages
which accept the proposed NPIC 4- by 5-inch
film chip oriented in either direction. This
instrument simultaneously measures the X and
Y coordinates of any point on the film plane
with respect to a chosen reference. The sys-
tem is capable of resolving to .13 micron least-
FIGURE 88. I
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The AP/3 stereo comparator is a higher
capability version of the AP/2 stereo comparator
designed and built by The major
improvements that the AP/3 has over the AP/2
are higher magnification (100x), higher resolu-
tion, higher local measurement accuracy, ana-
morphic eyepieces, ground-distance readout
button, and an increased ground-photography
capability. Its cost is
In the near future, the NPIC plans to
develop an advanced state-of-the-art stereo
comparator having the following major design
features: 1) ability to accommodate any type
of photography in both cut and roll form up to
9.5 inches in width, 2) continuously variable
viewing magnifications ranging from lOx to 200x
with a minimum resolution of 6 lines per power,
3) a stage size 10 by 20 inches, 4) mensuration
characteristics of .25 micron least-count and
plus-or-minus-5-micron total-system accura-
cy, 5) a measurement readout system directly
on-line to the UNIVAC 490 computer or IBM
punchcards, at the operator's option.
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C. EVALUATING
inches in width. The table has a film tension
adjustment and a variable-speed, reversible,
motorized spool-drive.
The Inspection and View-
ing Table (Figure 89) has a 32- by 10-inch
viewing surface and is designed for use in
inspecting large quantities of film up to 9.5
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The 55-inch Viewing Table
(Figure 90) is a motorized light table designed
for the inspection and viewing of large volumes
of film. The 55- by 10-inch surface of the
light table allows viewing of more than 1
frame of photography at a time. Film speed
is variable, and photography ranging in width
from 70min to 9.5 inches can be accommodated.
The table costs
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FIGURE 90. I
p5-INCH VIEWING TABLE.
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The Microdensitometer (Fig-
ure 91), a low-cost double-beam instrument
capable of measuring specular-type densities,
is used primarily for edge traces and special
microdensitometer studies. Various slit and
circular effective apertures are available, rang-
ing down to 1 micron in diameter. The instru-
ment is capable of measuring densities up to
approximately 4, and the output is a continuous
trace of deflection (density) versus distance.
The distance scale of the trace can be expanded
from a ratio of 1:1 to 1:1,000. It costs
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4. ENSITOMETER
The Densitometer additional auxiliary units (not shown) the den-
(Figure 92) is a standard shelf item used for sitometer may be used on an enlarger easel to
the measurement of American Diffuse Densities read the average transmitted light in a projec-
on film. It may be equipped with a variety of tion printer or as an exposure control instru-
aperture shapes and sizes, ranging down to a ment to read reflection densities in copying. In
minimum diameter of 0.5mm. The reading
width, and the use of various accompanying
filters allows measurement of color film. With
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FIGURE 92.1
pENSITOMETER.
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The lI Plotter (Figure 93) is a pro- it can delineate both planimetric features and
jection-type plotting instrument which produces contours. Although primarily designed to utilize
a stereoscopic image by projecting a pair of 6- or 8.25-inch focal length aerial photography,
overlapping photographs. Its primary use it can be adapted for limited use with other
occurs in the preparation of maps for which photography.
FIGURE 93.~LOTTER.
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The Large Area Record Reader (LARR),
manufactured by the
Dis a semiautomatic precision coordinate
reader designed for reading and automatically
recording X-Y measurements from records up
to 48 by 48 inches in size (Figure 94). It may
also be used as a manual point plotter for the
precise positioning of points. The coordinates
are automatically displayed in a Position In-
dicating General Measuring Instrument (PIGMI
II). The read-plot head mounts a microscope or
crosshair and can be moved anywhere along
the length of the drum. X-axis measurements
are made by moving the read-plot head, Y-axis
measurements by rotating the drum with the
mounted record. Both motions are controlled
by 2 independently operated rollers immediately
in front of the operator. Precision steel bands
attached to both drum and reading-head drive
precision measuring drums geared to optisyn
shaft encoders. Counters in the PIGMI II
convert the emitted pulses into digital coordi-
nates at 1,000 counts per inch. The cost of the
combined LARR-PIGMI unit is
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3.
COTTER (MODEL H)
This Plotter (Figure 95)
accepts coordinate input data in digital form
and plots a point or symbol at the corres-
ponding' location on a 28- by 30-inch plotting
table area. The input data may be inserted
manually from a keyboard, or it can be read
automatically from punched paper tape. Other
modes of operation include an incremental
stepping of the X axis so that only Y values need
be entered, and an analog voltage input for
FIGURE 95.1
direct plotting from certain
record readers. In operation, the plotting head
follows the intersection of 2 chrome-plated
bars which move perpendicularly to each other.
Scaling of the plot is variable and permits
optimizing of the plot size and exact matching to
graph paper which is held in position by a vacuum
clamp system to prevent accidental displacement
during plotting. The cost of this plotter is about
rLOTTER (MODEL H).
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This remote-station plotter (Figure 96),
now delivered to the NPIC, is capable of plotting
data up to 29.5 inches wide and 120 feet long.
Since the plotter accepts data from a Dataphone,
it can be used at any computer outlet in the
building. Manufactured by
conjunction with film
the plotter is used in
readers and chip com-
parators in the "Real-Time Photo Measurement
System" (q.v.).
for plotting 1 variable
Plotter is a high-speed 2-
axis plotter designed
against another. The actual plot is produced
by the movement of a pen over the surface of
a chart paper, the X axis by rotary motion of
the chart drum and the Y axis by lateral
movement of the pen carriage. Z-axis motion
is provided for by a pen solenoid which permits
the pen to be lifted or lowered to the plotting
surface in response to electrical input signals.
A bidirectional rotary step motor on both
the X- and Y-axis drives causes the drum
or pen carriage to move .01 inch in either a
positive or negative direction at a rate of 200
steps per second. The plotter is about 39
inches wide, 15 inches deep, and 10 inches
high. It weighs 53 pounds and costs
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The high-speed precision coordinatograph
(Figure 97) is presently being evaluated at the
NPIC. Containing a 60- by 60-inch plotting
surface which is big enough to produce over-
lays for the largest maps generally available,
the instrument will handle general-purpose
plotting requirements, particularly coverage
plots based on ephemeris information. It will
be used on-line with the UNIVAC 490 and all
functions will be under computer control, in-
cluding vacuum hold-down and paper advance,
so that a minimum amount of operator attention
will be required. The system logic is digital
and no analog techniques are used. The pro-
duction model is due by March 1966, and will
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This film editing table (Figure
98), specially designed with an attachment for
handling large-diameter film spools and a
device for cutting the film, provides a capa-
bility for cutting any film base in roll form and
of joining the film with a temporary splice.
Used in the editing and breakdown of 9.5-inch
negative photography as received from the
processing laboratory, this table will facili-
tate the preparation of manageable-size film
spools and the removal prior to reproduction
of those portions of a mission which are com-
pletely useless. The operator will be able to
view the film on either side of the film cutter.
Production models are due in September 1965,
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FIGURE 981
IILM EDITING TABLE.
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This completed National Bureau of Stand-
ards (NBS) contract ran concurrently with
the Microdensitometer Capability and Data
Interpretation Study, so that one supplemented
the other. At present there is no accepted
standardized calibration technique. Since den-
sity measurement varies with procedure and
instrument, calibrations are neither reproduc-
ible nor generally reliable. It is felt that this
approach may eventually lead to a standardi-
zation of microdensitometer calibration. The
calibration procedure can lead to a standard
acceptable to the American Standards Associ-
ation and become invaluable as a tool for com-
parison of intensive microdensitometer studies
and evaluations now carried on by numerous
government and commercial agencies. An ap-
proved standard for calibration would elimin-
ate erroneous interpretations and duplication of
effort in a number of research programs.
Distribution of the final report is in progress.
t
For the NPIC to realize the capability to
provide more comprehensive, accurate, and
timely data on systems evaluation, it is es-
sential that the personnel engaged in micro-
densitometry have a study available for in-
struction and reference. This study has been
completed and the final report, in 3 parts,
has been distributed.
Part I of the study includes, but is not
limited to: practical applications of slit and
spot sizes; spectral and diffuse density rela-
tionships; relative sensitivity as applied to scan
apertures, emulsion depth, light sources, and
film types; and discussions on related scanning
capabilities of interrelated visual displays and
recording instrumentation.
Part II of the study presents a survey of
microdensitometers currently available on the
commercial market to enable evaluation of
capabilities versus the user's requirements.
Part III covers advanced microdensitometer
concepts, including color microdensitometry.
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SECTION IV SPECIAL TECHNIQUES, STUDIES, AND AUTOMATION
A. INTRODUCTION
B. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
C. DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES
D. AUTOMATION
E. MISCELLANEOUS
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A. INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of this category of
the development effort is to segregate those
projects on which significant investigatory
aspects remain to be accomplished before
implementation is indicated. In a sense, this
category can be regarded as the logical initial
phase of a development project, during which a
given requirement or advanced concept is ex-
amined for its broadest implications and to de-
termine the feasibility, potential impact, and
consequent level at which it should be pursued.
Also included in this category are basic
studies such as those required to define the
nature of an image and the response of the
human visual system to that image. These
studies are intended to assist in the definition
of parameters to be utilized in compiling ob-
jectives for more specific developments such as
light- modulation viewers or high- performance
reproduction materials.
The need for this subdivision of the develop-
ment effort has been recognized from the
beginning, but it is only within the last few
years that the functional importance of treating
it as a separate aspect has been realized. As
technological advances continue to multiply--
increasing the quantity, quality, and diversifica-
tion of the acquisition materials, and providing
new knowledge and devices pertinent to ex-
ploitation processes--it is anticipated that this
portion of the program will attain a status of
prime importance and that the yield from such
considerations of requirements and concepts
will be many times that of the original inputs.
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The Change Detector (Figure 99) or preproduction, model of the instrument with
is an instrument which automatically registers, a resolution limitation of 50 line pairs per mm
compares, and displays photographic data from 2 has been delivered and is undergoing shake-
views of a common area taken at different down adjustment and alignment preparatory to
times, presenting visually the changes that operational evaluation. The cost of the detector
have taken place between the times the 2 is
photographs were made. An experimental,
FIGURE 99.~HANGE DETECTOR.
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The Mark I Multiple Image Correlator (Fig-
ure 100) is designed to register with precision as
many as 8 photographic images containing
approximately the same photographic imagery
or geometry and to print these images simul-
taneously into a single photographic record
enlarged approximately 25 diameters. It has
both manual and electronic registration. The
latter is necessary to achieve a degree of
precision registration to within the limits of the
grain structure of the individual negatives. The
filling-in effect of the random patterns con-
tained in the several negatives to be integrated
results in rather spectacular improvement in
the final product.
The Mark I has been delivered and is now
undergoing a series of tests. Other NPIC
studies are being made to determine additional
instrument capabilities. The parameters for
the input materials and operational techniques
and procedures are also being established.
An image selector, or "cookie cutter,"
has been fabricated as an adjunct to the Mark
I to prepare negative formats in a circle 1
inch in diameter. The input materials will
come from several sources, including motion-
picture photography, small-format hand-held
cameras, and multiple-lens systems.
N PIC J-9003 13/651
FIGURE 100. MULTIPLE IMAGE CORRELATOR (MARK I).
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will investigate the design of aspheric
lenses and the methods of producing the aspheric
surfaces of such lenses. The design will be
applied to projection lenses for rear-projection
viewers, allowing a maximum of light trans-
mission, minimizing aberrations and distor-
tions, and improving the resolution over the
entire format of the area being viewed.
The project also includes research into
those improvements in performance that could
be obtained by using projection lenses designed
for use with highly monochromatic light, and
the preparation of a lens evaluation manual.
The system concept for a linear phasolver
has been successfully demonstrated and this
highly reliable measuring technique, superior to
any we now have, will be made available for
incorporation into future comparators.
Almost all large-format comparators now
in use rely on either a precision lead screw
with shaft rotation encoders or the Ferranti
Moire fringe techniques. The phasolver is apre-
cision device which accurately converts minute
increments of mechanical motion into large
electrical phase shift information. This infor-
mation can be easily processed and digitized
by electronic equipment for a highly accurate
readout.
8. VIRTUAL )DIRECT) IMAGE VIEWER
The virtual image viewer (Figure 101) is
capable of presenting the eye directly with ultra-
high-resolution aerial images which can be
viewed simultaneously with both eyes at mag-
nifications of 5x (60 lines per mm) or 50x
(200 lines per mm) in a 3.5- by 3.5-inch pupil
field. Because this viewer is not limited in
resolution by a diffusing screen and because
it can deliver the image directly to the human
eye, its performance is comparable in quality
to advanced microscope viewing.
1
NPIC J-9004 (3/65)
FIGURE 101. VIRTUAL (DIRECT) IMAGE VIEWER.
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To achieve such a high transfer of infor-
mation, the viewer makes use of a unique
optical approach involving diffraction gratings
(Figures 102, 103). The grating makes possible
a field of 169 pupils, thereby providing the eye
with 169 contiguous positions for viewing within
a compact area. The success of the viewer
depended on the quality of these gratings, and the
Exploratory Development Laboratory is respon-
sible for having discovered a technique which
makes such quality realizable.
NPIC J?9005 (3/65)
FIGURE 102. FIELD OF EXIT PUPILS AVAILABLE IN
EXPERIMENTAL VERSION OF VIRTUAL IMAGE VIEWER.
The optical system pro-
ducing this pupil is
working at approximately
30x -- high magnification
reduces the pupil size
proportionately.
The use of a crossed-
phase grating in the
system forms 169 use-
ful pupils over the
field where visual re-
solution has been ob-
served to be in excess
of 228 lines per mm at
high object contrast.
NPIC J-9006 (3/65)
FIGURE 103. SINGLE EXIT PUPIL TYPICAL OF DIRECT IMAGE
VIEWING DEVICES.
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ture have been copied onto high-gamma, con-
trasty film which, with careful control of ex-
posure and processing, transforms a small
difference in density into a large difference.
The drawbacks of this method, however, are
so severe that it is seldom applied in practice
and, even then, its results are often open to
question.
A recent development in microdensitometer
technology, the so-called Isodensitracer (Fig-
ure 104), now promises to provide a versatile
tool to aid the photo interpretation of very
low contrast images. Additionally, the Iso-
densitracer is able to perform certain tasks
of density analysis that will greatly improve
optical testing of screens and illumination
systems of rear-projection viewers.
Because the human eye sees an "edge" only
where the ratio of the photographic densities of
adjacent areas is large, it is usually difficult
for a photo interpreter to see any detail in over-
or under-exposed regions of a picture. Thus,
in the shadow of a building, for example, if the
film has been exposed for the brightness of the
surrounding scene as a whole, the eye sees
only a featureless area of black, even though
the image of objects lying in the shadow has
been faithfully recorded by very slight differ-
ences in photographic density.
It is possible, however, to make these ob-
jects visible by accentuating the minute density-
difference patterns until their contrast is great
enough to be perceived. In the past, this
accentuation of contrast has been done by
purely photographic methods: portions of a pic-
The Isodensitracer is a modification of
the scanning microdensitometer:
the specimen is scanned by abeam of light while
a recording pen moves over a blank sheet of
paper printing a series of lines, dots, and blanks
representing the density of that part of the
specimen being scanned. The final record is
easily interpretable as a set of density contours.
Applied to optical equipment problems, the
Isodensitracer furnishes an attractively simple
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method of evaluating the evenness of illumi-
nation on viewer screens. The illuminated
screen is photographed, the film is developed
under standard conditions, and an isodensity
map of the negative is made on the Isodensi-
tracer. Each of these maps can be interpreted
in terms of known optical qualities to yield an
understanding of the deficiencies or the strong
points of each viewer and screen. Other
optical tests on lenses, films, filters, and
other components are possible using isodensity
mapping.
In photo interpretation, isodensity analysis
will be valuable when intelligence must be ex-
tracted from photographs taken under unfavor-
able light conditions : low sun angle or overcast
skies, for example; or when the illumination
range of the scene exceeds the response range
of the film, as in the shadows of buildings or
trees, or with light-colored objects against a
snowy background. Some types of infrared,
such as the lower resolution imagery acquired
at very high altitudes, is diffuse and has low
contrast. Particularly with scanning infrared
systems, the Isodensitracer gives an opportunity
to smooth the scan-lines, to carry out local
rectification of scan- smear, and to detect images
hidden by the optical noise of the system.
Looking farther into the future, the Iso-
densitracer itself can be used to provide the
input to a relatively simple photomechanical
recording mechanism that would reconstruct
the original image with an altered contrast
structure or even with a pattern of color re-
placing the original pattern of density. The
color image, ranging from "warm" red through
"cool" violet, is especially promising for infra-
red interpretation. With black-and-white
material, the possibilities of contrast manipu-
lation of the image itself, bypassing the iso-
density map, were outlined earlier. The Ex-
ploratory Development Laboratory is presently
working on a prototype of such a mechanism.
t
Continuous photographic processing ma-
chines have been designed and engineered for
many years according to standard procedures.
In all cases, the film was transported by friction
over a series of motor-driven rollers or belts.
This method of drive necessitated physical
contact of both the emulsion and base of the
film against a multitude of surfaces as it
passed through the various solutions and the
dryer.
Repeated contact with the surfaces of
driven rollers has frequently caused damage
to images on soft emulsion surfaces. The
torque of the drive rollers has produced a
longitudinal image distortion of inconsistent
magnitude for which corrective computation is
difficult. Until recently, these processing de-
fects were of little or no importance. However,
now that photographic exploitation has been
developed to an exact science involving identi-
fication and measurement of extremely minute
targets, it has become imperative that means
be sought to minimize film surface damage and
image distortion.
A basically new processor known as the
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HTA/5 was built in prototype in an effort to
eliminate objectionable characteristics in ex-
isting equipment. It used an entirely new con-
cept of liquid- and air-bearing transport based
on patents originated in Canada. The system
employs no moving parts or rollers in the pro-
cessing and drying stages but transports the
film on a cushion of liquid and air with no
hard-surface contact. Tests of the HTA/5
have proved the concept to be sound. In addition
to the elimination of surface damage and dimen-
sional distortion, the concept simplifies the
equipment by elimination of many rollers,
bearings, racks, and other operating parts.
Required maintenance is reduced. Chemical
development is accelerated by the increased
agitation inherent in the system.
Despite the significant potential advantages
of the liquid/air-bearing concept, tests of the
first prototype clearly showed that many un-
tried features of the design needed improvement.
However, so little was known about the funda-
mentals of the concept that suitable research
had to precede any major change in design.
This research effort would have to be carried
on by competent research personnel in an ideal
environment properly supported by all necessary
facilities with major emphasis placed on relia-
bility, reduction of power requirements, reduc-
tion of size, controllable development, color
development, reduction of components, reduction
of plumbing, and efficiency of air bearings and
other components.
Such a research program is now under way
in a competent commercial establishment suit-
ably outfitted to provide empirical answers,
derived by scientific methods rather than by
trial and error, to the many unknowns re-
lating to photographic processing. The present
HTA/5 processor will be used as a research
vehicle. A portable, government-furnished
clean-room enclosure has been provided to
simulate realistic and variable operational en-
vironments and to assure proper security control
of work performed.
The prime objective of the Dry-Photo
Process Study is to produce a photographic
reproduction material that equals or exceeds
the capabilities of the conventional silver pro-
cesses without their known shortcomings of
wet processing, slow readout, and limitedreso-
lution. The Dry-Photo Process (Figure 105)
would be almost grainless and completely dry,
permitting near real-time readout. The media
is projection speed, exhibits extreme reso-
lution, and has a very low spread function. In
addition, it has a wide range of gamma control
and a density range in excess of what is re-
quired. Development is accomplished by appli-
cation of heat. This process shows excep-
tional potential and promises to exceed conven-
tional silver halide materials in virtually all
respects.
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BASIC
CONSTRUCTION
-t-STABLE FILM
SUBSTRATE
t
LIGHT
EXPOSURE
HEAT
DEVELOPMENT
4-LATENT IMAGE ON HEATING,
FORMED IN LATENT IMAGE IN
SENSITIZING LAYERSENSITIZING LAYER
BY LIGHT REACTION PRODUCES
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Currently under contract is a feasibility
study to develop a high-resolution rear-pro-
jection screen system. The basic concept of
this program is to provide a transparent lum-
inescent screen composed of organic phosphors
and to excite it by ultraviolet or near-ultra-
violet illumination. Such a concept also calls
for the development of new projection lenses
corrected for the 3650A? and 4047A? excita-
tion emitted by the mercury-arc lamp involved.
Optical microdensitometers are approach-
ing a sensitivity limit based on: a) flare light
in the optical path, b) diffraction of the light
as it passes over the edge of the scanning
aperture, and c) the dark current of the photo-
multiplier tube. Therefore, design objectives
are being written for a study of the feasibility
Reversal Processing of High-Resolution
Films. This study will investigate and develop
a reversal process for high-resolution origi-
nal negatives, duplicate positives, and dupli-
cate negatives. The process is intended to
accomplish reversal with a minimum loss of
resolution.
Definitive Study of Contact Printers. This
study undertakes a comprehensive evaluation of
existing contact printers, i.e., flat bed, step-
and-repeat, and drum platen (continuous types),
in order to determine the printer and/or tech-
nique which will provide maximum fidelity
of duplication.
Microdensitometric Data on Image Edges.
This program will collect and study micro-
Some of the apparent advantages of this system
are: non-directional character, high-resolution
capability, and image contrast independence
from ambient room light.
The program for the development of a
"breadboard" projection system is presently
coming to a successful completion and it is
anticipated that a follow-on study-and-evaluation
contract will be awarded.
of scanning the film with an electron beam in a
vacuum. A phosphor-type substance would be
coated onto the film to convert the electron beam
into light. A photomultiplier tube, as an integral
part of the device, would convert the light
transmitted by the film into an electrical signal
for recording purposes.
densitometric data from mission materials in
an attempt to determine the effect of film
emulsions, processing, and printing on the
characteristics of image edges. It will also
attempt to determine the true location of image
edges for mensuration purposes.
Color Photography Systems Capability
Study. This study will investigate color photog-
raphy as a possible future intelligence medium.
The investigation should also cover the cap-
ability of present and possible future acquisition
systems, in an attempt to predict future require-
ments to support the exploitation and data
reduction of the collected color photographic
intelligence material.
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Color Reproduction Systems Review. In
view of the recent importance attached to color
photography by the intelligence community, this
review will investigate and determine the most
suitable means to reproduce and utilize multiple
copies of color material. It would also determine
the most suitable reproduction systems and
types of equipment to be used in all phases of
the reproduction cycle. Further, it will attempt
to define how color photography can best be
utilized by the photo interpreter.
Exposure of Photographic Material with
Lasers. The purpose of this study is to de-
termine the manner and degree of the interaction
of present and predictable future photographic
films with coherent radiation from laser sources
in red and near-red infrared spectrum ranges.
Optimization of the Lasers. This study
will explore the production of .53-micron (blue-
green) laser radiation by harmonic doubling in
KDP and ADP crystals.
Frequency of coverage, large volumes of
material, and short response time require an
increase in the speed and efficiency of the
exploitation process. Time, quality, and quantity
are all crucial factors. The NPIC's ability to
carry out its exploitation mission will depend
increasingly on the equipment and systems
standing ready to handle requirements.
Some of the areas in which automation can
perhaps make a contribution to the speed and
efficiency of the photo interpreter and to tech-
nical intelligence exploitation are these (Fig-
ure 106): a) reduce the amount of film handling
required of photo interpreters, b) make rapid,
rough measurements or accurate measurements
to a fraction of a micron, c) communicate
quickly with in-house support elements, d)
produce enlargments, chips, and prints quickly,
e) store and retrieve collateral data and imagery,
f) detect targets rapidly and determine coordi-
nates, g) rapidly determine target changes
since last coverage.
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PHOTO LABORATORY
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
REPRODUCTION
REQUISITION
PHOTO REPRODUCTION
EQUIPMENT UNDER CONTRACT
CHIP PRINTER
MISSION INDEXING
EQUIPMENT UNDER CONTRACT
DATA MANAGEMENT
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
RECORDS
BLIP FILES
COLLATERAL INFO
TIE TO INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONS SUPPORT
COMMUNITY
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
CHIP STORAGE AND
RETRIEVAL
ANALYSIS OF
FLIGHT
PERFORMANCE
INCLUDING
ORIENTATION,
POSITION.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
(PRECISION MENSURATION)
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
COMPARATORS
ISTEREO/NON-STEREO)
PLOTTERS
EQUIPMENT ON HAND
OR UNDER CONTRACT
FLIGHT PARAMETERS
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
CAMERA DATA
ORIENTATION DATA
EQUIPMENT ON HAND
BINARY READER
PHOTO INTERPRETATION
SUPPORT CAPABILITY
REAR-PROJECTION READERS
MEASURING MICROSCOPES
POSSIBLE PLOTTERS
The mission of the 490
real-time computer system is to provide a
capability for high-speed, precise, efficient,
quantitative exploitation of all types of
photography
VELOCITY, RATES, ETC.
POSSIBLE FUTURE SUPPORT IN
TARGETING AND MISSION
SCHEDULING
Early in 1963, the UNIVAC 490 was in- will be the heart of the NPIC photographic
stalled in the NPIC. The 490 is a high-capacity measuring system. Several pieces of on-line
scientific electronic computer, chosen largely equipment have already been installed, and
because of its on-line capability. The 490 other equipment will follow. (See, for ex-
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ample, the "Real-Time Photo Measurement
System.")
The philosophy in emphasizing the on-line
concept is this: it will be increasingly costly
to make decisions on development and pur-
chase of isolated pieces of equipment, so plan-
ing must be directed as much as possible
toward system designs that will take into
consideration the functional relationship of the
various pieces of equipment.
Film readers are under development to
give the interpreter a mensuration capability
and a communications facility on-line with the
computer.
A comprehensive program is under way
to search out and evaluate all the automatic
image detection and recognition systems now
being proposed, developed, or produced. The
scanning process can be accelerated by an
automatic scanning device that will recognize
and indicate possible targets. (A more de-
tailed evaluation of this subject is found under
"Automatic Image Recognition Systems.")
A second step toward speeding up the rapid-
scanning process will be the addition of the
change detector, which is now under test and
evaluation at NPIC. The detector will auto-
matically recognize changes in a target since
the last coverage: 2 transparencies showing
the same area at different times are superim-
posed and, through proper registration, illum-
ination, and photographic manipulation, the
images are combined to make their differences
readily apparent.
A feasibility study is now under way on
a technique for optical change detection.
t
The intelligence community generally re-
cognizes that automation of all interpretation
procedures and tasks is impossible and proba-
bly undesirable. A more realistic first goal
may be to develop automatic or semiautomatic
equipment or procedures that the interpreter
can use to assist him in his most time-con-
suming and redundant tasks. For example,
a machine may be able to count identical or
similar objects such as railroad cars more
efficiently than a man could. Perhaps a machine
could re-scan previous coverage for earlier
traces of an item newly discovered on more
recent photography. In the past, manual re-
scanning for this purpose cost many valuable
man hours.
One basic deficiency common to all the
several concepts of automatic target recog-
nition that have been developed to date is
simply that the computer lacks the ability to
generalize. The human interpreter can learn
the basic characteristics of a target, and
then interpolate and extrapolate. The com-
puter identifies only those specific character-
istics it has been taught. The computer can-
not identify an unlearned variation of the tar-
get. Yet, to teach it all the image variations
caused by scale, orientation, contrast, shadow,
resolution, partial obscuration, etc., would re-
quire a computer with tremendous storage
capacity.
A number of the variations, such as scale,
distortion, tone, and orientation of the target,
might be eliminated by a system topre-process
or pre-normalize the imagery. This would, of
course, reduce the large capacity required
of the computer.
A current research project is now investi-
gating the potential of this approach. This
project, being performed by Scope, Inc., will
develop a high-resolution optical scanner to
pre-normalize image content and to filter the
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resultant video signals in such a fashion that
they can be "learned" by an existing adaptive
recognition device, the Conflex I.
Another approach to semiautomatic image
recognition is to use a hologram (of a target)
as an optical spatial filter to recognize other
examples of that same target. This technique
has demonstrated great potential in recognizing
words on a page of print, and a project is now
being initiated to investigate the possibilities of
adapting this technique to recognizing a target
in an aerial scene.
Of the various applications for the
UNIVAC 490 computer, one of
the most significant is the Real-Time Photo
Measurement System for conventional and--
eventually--special sensor material. Develop-
ment is proceeding on remote station equip-
ment for instantaneous response to assist the
photo interpreter in his scanning and detailed
analysis operations.
Pre-Readout Operations. The receipt of
orbital ephemeris and vehicle altitude infor-
mation and system time data will allow com-
puter personnel to establish a preliminary
frame-by-frame set of photo parameters and
a mission coverage plot by the time the film
arrives at the NPIC.
The necessary communications facilities
are now in operation to transmit the ephemeris
information. A high- speed precision plotter, the
has recently been de-
livered for evaluation. A timely binary readout
input is still required at the processing fa-
cility to handle information transmitted by cable;
no contract action has yet been taken on this
item.
Scanning Operations. Most development
efforts to date have been concentrated on
equipment to support the scanning operation.
Now under development to supplement or per-
haps even replace present film viewers are
2 film readers, the Film Reader
and the Film Reader (qq.v.). These in-
struments will give the photo interpreter a
measurement capability commensurate with the
scanning operation, and will provide a commun-
ications capability to be utilized in other phases
of the system. The I Plotter and
Receiver (q.v.), a prototype remote-station
plotter that provides a response for a recti-
fied plot from the reader, has been contracted
for, delivered, and is now operational.
Detailed Analysis Operation. One of the
most practical and efficient uses of real-time
measurements is in detailed analysis. For
this work, the photo analyst almost always
uses a cut piece of film (chip) instead of
the roll. The volume of such chips now in
use precludes a fully automatic chip-handling
system, but current plans are to investigate
semiautomatic techniques for future use while
continuing to use manual techniques. How-
ever, the proposed chip format includes a
machine-readable code. (Current chip use
and a proposed chip format are discussed
elsewhere in this publication.)
Four pieces of new equipment are either
now available or are proposed to aid in de-
tailed analysis. The first, a stereo chip com-
parator (q.v.), was delivered in March 1964
and is now operational. The second is the
prototype remote-station plotter mentioned un-
der Scanning Operations, which has also been
delivered and checked out. A contact chip
printer (q.v.) is currently under contract to
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produce the chip proposed elsewhere in this
publication. This chip printer is designed to
automatically produce the required mensura-
tion information. Contractual action is still
needed on a screening viewer (see "Rear-
Projection Chip Viewer" entry) which would
not only assist the photo interpreter in selecting
a chip from the storage system but would also
be valuable for group viewing or small brief-
ings.
Miscellaneous Operations. In addition to
the major operations discussed above, the
Dual-Screen Measuring Projector (q.v.) has
been placed on-line and a 0880 Com-
parator (q.v.) is being modified for on-line
operation. These precision comparators per-
mit rapid response to precise measurement
requirements. Due for delivery shortly is the
nc., Versatile Stereoscopic
Point Transfer Device (q.v.) which will also
operate on-line.
Roll film is extremely practical in oper-
ations that require the scanning of large areas,
but chips are more useful in a detailed study.
At the NPIC, chips were first cut from film
positives for mounting as stereograms in 1957.
There was considerable experimentation at
first to find a size adequate to cover a majority
of targets yet still usable with the simplest
stereo-viewing instruments. A governing factor
was interpupillary distance. The size finally
adopted was 2.5 by 3.5 inches for each stereo
pair, with the shorter side serving as the base.
The 2 chips that make up the stereogram are
mounted adjacently in the open center of a 5-
by 8-inch acetate-base form. The area sur-
rounding the mounted stereo pair provides space
for data, such as subject, mission, camera,
frame, control number, date, city, country,
geographic coordinates, scale, WAC number,
and accession number. It should be noted that
target photo images vary from the very small
(1mm or less) to sizes covering 12 or more 9-
by 18-inch frames. However, the 2.5- by 3.5-
inch chip covered a large percent of the targets.
A stereogram is generally framed to center
an item of interest and not to cover the entire
target. Some targets can be covered in a single
stereogram, others require several, and a few
installations require dozens. If the 2.5- by 3.5-
inch size is not adequate, the stereogram is cut
slightly larger or the film is cut to make a
foldout. These cases are rare, however, and
foldouts are made only to maintain continuity
The chip printer under contract will eliminate
the foldout completely, since it will easily pro-
duce overlapping or larger format chips.
The mounted stereogram, measuring 5 by 8
inches in its holder, is manually filed in a visible
index cabinet designed for this use. These
cabinets accommodate 1, 350 stereograms, which
can all be readily retrieved.
With the advent of more advanced photog-
raphy, most photo interpreters altered their
method of cutting stereograms. Instead of
mounting the cutouts in a fixed position as was
done with earlier photography, the photo inter-
preter cut out the area of interest from the two
70mm film rolls and inserted each copy in a
separate plastic envelope, 70mm by 6 inches.
Necessary information was typed on a small
square of adhesive-backed paper and attached
to the narrow end of the film, which had been
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cut longer than necessary to allow space for
the square. The pair was filed in the same
size cabinet used for permanently bound pairs.
Chips become especially useful when sev-
eral missions and several rolls of film are
involved in comparisons. They are also well
suited for briefings, since they can be carried
and handled easily. This ease of handling is
important, as a matter of fact, in all facets
of detailed analysis, e.g., retrieval of targets.
In addition, several persons or units may retain
duplicate chips and have the same photo infor-
mation on hand, while leaving the master roll
free for others interested in its targets or
general content.
Precise measurements remain a problem
in the use of chips. For the most accurate
and reliable measurements, image coordinates
must be related to the principal point of the
frame or identified with other points. Under
the present and proposed systems of chip
cutting, there is no provision for recording
displacements from the principal point in the
original and thus relating it to the chip. Any
measurements taken on cut chips as they are
now being used are subject to the photo inter-
preter's ability to relate the measurements to
a scale factor or some other approximate value
and to properly hand-reduce the data. In view
of this, the UNIVAC 490 system was set up
to relieve the photo interpreter of data re-
duction responsibilities and free him for
analysis.
A study made of the collateral information
required for a chip system in relation to image
sizes found that certain common factors would
fulfill the requirements of both a computer
measurement system and a retrieval system.
This unvarying information could be incorpor-
ated into the exposure process. It should be
duplicated in codes readable both by humans
(alpha-numeric) and by machines. A gummed-
paper label containing variable information could
be attached to the chip in the space provided.
The proposed image size is 55mm by 95mm,
with optional image sizes of 85mm by 95mm
and 105mm by 95mm available if needed. The
85mm by 95mm size is considered the largest
practical image area usable without special-
purpose viewing devices. In the future, it will
be possible to make precision enlargements of
selected targets with the same format. The total
size of the chip will be 100mm by 127mm
(standard 4- by 5-inch cut film). Two chips
will make a stereogram measuring approx-
imately 5 by 8 inches, or the same size as the
mounted stereograms now in use.
The overall size tentatively agreed on by
the Interservice Coordinating and Integrating
Group (ISCIG) for the Department of Defense
(DOD) photo chip is 70mm by 100mm. In the
image area of the NPIC's chip, the 95mm dimen-
sion has an additional 2.5mm border on each
end, resulting in an overall length of 100mm.
Therefore, 1 dimension of the Center's chip,
including the border, is actually the same as
1 dimension of the tentative DOD chip. Con-
sequently, it will be possible to butt-splice a
data block on the DOD chip and generate a
4- by 5-inch chip for entry in our system.
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The NPIC is planning to build an automatic
data-block reader for the coded information to be
included on the film chip produced by the chip
printer (q.v.). Currently, however, action on
this item is pending finalization of the exact
code to be produced by the chip printer. Once
the code design is established, the reader will
be produced to be used with chip handling equip-
ment, such as the comparator, and any storage
and retrieval system that may be developed.
In addition, action is anticipated shortly in
the development of a data-block reader for
various airborne systems which do not follow the
DOD Military Standard 782-A System because of
unique requirements; no further information on
this reader is presently available.
1
The Automatic Data-Block Reader (Figure
107) is used to read and record, in a form suit-
able for input to a computer, the binary time-
word imaged on each frame of photography. The
time-word, which permits calculation of when the
frame was exposed to the nearest millisecond,
is contained in a 29-bit binary data block and is
useless until translated into decimal time. The
data reader consists of a variable motor-driven
film transport, optics which magnify the data
block 3x, a reading head with 31 photo cells,
a transistorized amplification stage, a variable
light source, and associated electronics which
provide the output for the IBM card punch.
NPIC J-9010 (3/65)
FIGURE 107. AUTOMATIC DATA-BLOCK READER.
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The Plans and Development Staff is consid-
ering the use of closed circuit television (CCTV)
in the NPIC in terms of security, image quality,
alternate approaches, and time savings. While
CCTV would probably provide a flexible means
of transmitting visual information within the
NPIC, the hazard of compromising emanations
poses a security problem. Once this difficulty
is overcome, CCTV could make a valuable
contribution toward rapid communication with
in-house support elements. Sufficient equip-
ment must be borrowed or rented for testing
before any action is initiated toward installa-
tion of a CCTV system. An example of a
CCTV viewer is shown in Figure 108.
FIGURE 108. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION VIEWER.
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In July 1964, a group was formed to study
the problem of evaluating the quality of certain
mission photography. Organized by the Plans
and Development Staff, NPIC, this group consists
of representatives from industrial firms and
government agencies for whom such evaluation
represents a vital concern. Included are
NPIC, the Deputy Director for Science and Tech-
nology (DD/S&T), and the National Reconnaiss-
ance Office (NRO). In addition, there is a
technical advisor from the
This group is charged with fully investi-
gating edge-trace and GEMS (comparative pho-
tography) techniques, and with implementing the
most promising method(s) for routine mission-
quality assessment. The study is scheduled for
completion in the summer of 1965.
In NPIC's particular intelligence effort,
"man" -- the photo interpreter -- is the key
element and yet he remains the most unknown
factor in the total picture. There are proven
techniques for attaching numbers to systems'
capability (currently in terms of "modulation
transfer function"), but there is no means,
to date, of quantitatively accounting for or
predicting or enhancing human performance as
it relates to the quality and kind of materials
available in the interpretation task. This vague-
ness inhibits our development programs.
In general terms, we want first to ask
ourselves what threshold of quality is incon-
trovertibly set by accountable human factors;
then, what degree of image quality is really
needed for specific targets (for this will vary),
and exactly what details we want to be able to
see in various targets; and finally, the question
of when stereo and color, for instance, provide
more information to the human visual system.
Initially, the program will investigate 3
principal and basic areas of concern: a) the
relation between photo interpreter performance
and the ground resolution of photography, b) the
effects of stereo-image viewing (as opposed to
monocular viewing) as well as the effects of
mixed-resolution stereo pairs on photo inter-
preter performance, and c) the effects of color
photography on photo interpreter performance.
Other factors of contiguous or future con-
cern are:
Contrast and brightness range
Granularity
Sun altitude and azimuth
Obliquity
Infrared photography
Real color vs false color
Scene change detection
Season/terrain
Searching and viewing time
Viewing equipment/scale
Collateral information
Individual photo interpreter differences
Findings will supply objective measurements
that will serve to aid in the development and
use of collection systems and exploitation equip-
ment.
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