ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. DOCUMENT SET FROM 1972 TO DATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170016-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: June 16, 1995
• Content Type: REPORT

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OBJECTIVE
The objective of this report is to provide an annotated bibliography of the document set that
was generated by the Cognitive Sciences Program under contract to the government from
1972 to date.*
' The document constitutes partial fulfillment of the deliverable under Subtask 1 of the FY95 SETA Task
2545-230.
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INTRODUCTION
The Cognitive Sciences Program was initiated by SRI International in 1972 under contract
to the Federal government to determine whether anomalous mental phenomena (i.e., extra
sensory perception and psychokinesis) existed and the degree to which such phenomena
might be applicable to problems of national interest.
Over the years, the terminology has evolved; however, in this document we will use the
following definitions:'
? Anomalous Cognition (AC) -the acquisition, by mental means alone, of information that
is secured by distance, time, or shielding.
? Anomalous Perturbation (AP)-the influence, by mental means alone, of physically
isolated and secured matter.
? Anomalous Mental Phenomena (AMP)-the combination of AC and AP.
? Basic Research-Research that is primarily oriented to understanding the mechanisms of
AMP.
? Applied Research-Research that is primarily oriented to increasing the magnitude of the
effects.
For the first 13 years of the project at SRI International, there was no research mandate.
Any research that was conducted was to examine foreign claims or was conducted on an ad
hoc basis. To illustrate the point, out of a total budget of $11.3 M spanning 17 years, $5.0
M was identified for research and only $700 K was allocated during the first 13-years. The
majority of the research funding ($4.3 M) was allocated under a single contract that began
in FY 1986 and lasted through 1989. The temporal distribution of the documents in this
annotated bibliography reflect this temporal distribution of resources.
Rather than simply list the documents chronologically, they are presented in the context of
the overall view of applied and basic research. In addition, the emphasis is on anomalous
cognition, however, anomalous perturbation and search are presented in their own
sections.
Infrastructure for Research
An outline for basic and applied research is shown in Figure 1. Regardless of the ultimate
use of anomalous cognition, success intimately depends on the skill of the receiver. This
applied research problem is indicated as Receiver Selection and T raining. In other words,
how do we identify individuals who possess a native AC skill, and is it possible to increase
that skill by training?
* Please see the Glossary at the end of this document for a complete definition of terms that may be found
in the document set.
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Requirements: Applications and Research
? Reliable/Calivrated Receivers
? Appropriate Targets
? Optimal Protocols for Data Collection
? Optimum Data Assessment
? Integration of Results (Data Fusion)
Basic
? Source
? Transmission
? Detector
Applied
? Receiver Selection
? Receiver Training
? Target Selection
? Protocols
? Analysis
Figure 1. Document Domain
It follows naturally from these questions to address what are the ideal target systems for
laboratory investigations and for potential applications. Figure 1 also shows that "what are
the ideal protocols to illicit the best possible functioning" is an appropriate topic under
applied research. Determining the level of AC functioning requires a sensitive analytical
technique.
Basic research as illustrated in Figure 1, demonstrates our use of an engineering
communication metaphor. That is, like other human sensory systems, we posit that there is
a source of energy/information, a propagation mechanism, and a detector system (i.e. the
human). The minimum this allows is to assign all the current research problems into one of
these three categories. For example, much of the field focuses upon the psychology of the
receiver. Under the engineering metaphor, psychological effects can be considered as
affecting "detector efficiency." Recognizing these categories has allowed us to design
experiments that more easily separate physical properties from psychological ones and has
allowed us to test their relative contribution.
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Caveats
For each category in Figure 1, we provide a definition of the major problem and what we
have learned from the research that was associated with it. Neither of these descriptions are
meant to be definitive; rather, they should be considered as providing a context for the
documents in this annotated bibliography and as a guide to reading the associated reports.
An attempt was made to include all technically relevant documents. All documents from the
sponsor's tasking that are not discussed below, were deemed not critical for the project
review. The documents that were marked "destroyed" or were classified will be accounted
for at a later date in our McLean offices.
There appeared to be a few errors in the original bibliography. For e xample, a few titles
were incorrect and some author orders was wrong, but they have been corrected in this
document. In a few cases, documents were replaced with later versions, and those
instances are marked within the body of this report. Documents marked as [***] were not
present in the original bibliography, but are important enough to included here.
All documents annotated in this report are now on file with the sponsor.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Applied Research
We begin with the documents that are a product of our applied research, because they
represent the vast majority. Please refer to Figure 1 for a graphical representation of the
applied topics
Receiver Selection
Research and applications need high-quality receivers. The problem is to identify them
within the general population or within specific special populations. Three approaches
have been used:
(1) Medical profiles
(2) Psychological and/or personality profiles.
146. Humphrey, B. S., Saunders, D. R., Lantz, N. D. (1986). Screening and Selec tion
of Personnel: The Personality Assessment System (PAS). [Replacement Document]
This report describes the Personality system in detail and its ability as a predictor of
good performing receivers. The report also includes and application of the Myers-
Brigs Type Indicator self report instrument.
203. Lantz, N. D., Kiernan, R. J. (1986). Neuropsychological Assessment of
Participants in Psychoenergetic Tasks.
Dr. Kiernan is a clinical Neuropsychiatrist. He used clinical testing techniques to
examine primarily frontal lobe contribution to successful receivers. In addition, Dr.
Kiernan provides a commentary on the PAS.
*** May, E. C., Luke, W. L. W., and James, C. L. (1994). Phenomenological
Research and Analysis. Final Report. Science Applications International
Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. 13-16.
This is the final technical report for 1994. The Q-sort is an empirically derived
instrument to examine personalities that have been used successfully for 30 years.
This provides a status report on the Q-sort's ability to screen for receivers.
(3) Correlations with other phenomena.
(4) Behavioral profiles.
Conclusion
Identifying talented receivers remains problematical. Although the numbers are small, the
medical profiles of receivers are essentially normal without any discernible spread among
them. Some of the psychological/personality measures produce significant results, but it
appears that these correlations are likely to be artifacts of the collection methodology. The
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cognition ability appears to be static within a given receiver and, like other human activities,
there is considerable variability across receivers.
Target Selection
Analogous to other sensory systems, perhaps AC is more acute on some targets than
others. In an application setting, is it a good policy to accept all possible tasking, or are
there certain tasks that should not be attempted? In the laboratory, proper target selection
may improve the level of AC functioning, and in applications it may improve the efficiency
of resource allocation.
243. May, E. C. and Trask, V. V. (1989). Forced-Choice Viewing. Final Report, Project
1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
Guessing binary target is one of the most difficult AC tasks. This report describes a
cross-country, 50 trial experiment that was monitored by two government
representatives. A 76% hitting rate was achieved.
*** May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J. S., and James, C. L. (1994). Shannon Entropy as
an Intrinsic Target Property: Toward a Reductionist Model. In May, E. C., Luke,
W. L. W., and James, C. L. (1994). Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.
A reviewed and edited version of this paper has been accepted for publication in the
Journal of Parapsychology. It is suggested that the gradient of Shannon's entropy
may be an intrinsic target property and that the quality of AC may proportional to it.
*** May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J. P. and James, C. L. (1994). Managing the Target-
pool Bandwidth: Possible Noise Reduction for Anomalous Cognition Experiments.
The Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 58, 303-313.
This published paper describes what was learned about target selection from the
experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993. That is, a compromise between forced-
choice guessing, where the receiver knows all possibilities, and open-ended material,
where the targets are completely unrestricted on content, can reduce response noise.
Conclusions
It has been known for some time that the results from targets that are symbols, such as
simple geometric figures or alphabet letters, are an order of magnitude smaller than they are
when the targets are photographs or video clips which are relatively unrestricted with
regard to content. We have found, however, that the "noise" (i.e., incorrect elements in
responses) increases as the number of potential differentiable cognitive elements increase in
the target pool.
Resent results suggest that the quality of AC is statistically proportional to the gradient of
Shannon's entropy for photographs or video targets. We hypothesize that this result would
extend to gradients of thermodynamic entropy for physical targets because of the
relationship between Shannon and thermodynamic entropy and because of a number of
results in the application data set.. That is, accelerators, directed energy systems and
explosions appear to be easily-sensed.
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Protocols
What is the optimum methodology to collect AC data? That is, what is the "set and setting
for sessions?" How long and how often should sessions be, and what is the best way to
indicate the target? What psychological state is best for the receiver? How should we
guard against the inadvertent leakage of non-AC information into responses or protect
against fraud? In the laboratory, we require strict adherence to the standards of behavioral
science such a double blinds throughout. Yet with applications in which it is critical to
obtain an answer, what is the degree to which "front loading" helps and how should this
non-AC information be tracked in the output. Analysis of data and controls are also
protocol issues, but we consider them as a separate item under the analysis section, below.
84. May, E. C. and Hecker, M. H. L. (1982). Audiolinguistic Correlations with the
Quality of Remote Viewing Sessions. Final Report, Project 3279-5, SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
To date, there appears to be no a priori indicator of remote viewing quality. Dr.
Hecker is a specialist in audio analysis, and he applied his techniques to a series of
trials with one receiver. Linguistic style of this receiver predicted performance to a
statistically significant degree.
230. Lantz, N. D. (1989). The Effects of Hypnosis on Remote Viewing Quality. Final
Report, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
We used various methodological approaches to hypnosis to improve the quality of
remote viewing. Dr. Lantz, a clinical psychologist, gives probable explanations for
why the technique is not useful.
*** Lantz, N. D., Luke, W. L. W. and May, E. C. (1994). Target and sender
dependencies in the Anomalous Cognition Experiments. The Journal of
Parapsychology, Vol. 58. 285-302.
The published paper describes the primary AC experiment that was conducted in
1992 and 1993. Significant AC was observed. The report concludes that a sender is
not a required element in a successful AC protocol.
Conclusions
Although we have not studied all protocol issues systematically, we have evolved to an
operating environment that is productive. As guidelines, we believe that for receivers two
AC sessions per day lasting no more than an hour each is near the upper limit. For short
periods of time this pace may be maintained about every other day. Altered states of
consciousness such as dreaming or hypnosis appear not to increases AC-quality.
Analysis
How to determine, in a statistically valid way, whether an information-transfer anomaly
(i.e., AC or RV) exists is the basis of the analysis problem. Although simply put, the
analysis of AC data in the laboratory is a complex issue. For example, what constitutes a
control depends upon the question under study. After seeing an example of AC that has
high visual correspondence with the intended to rget, the natural question is, "What is the
probability that the receiver would respond that way given there were no target?" While
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compelling, that question is impossible to answer in any specific instance and can only be
addressed on the average. In laboratory studies, we ask a different question, "Given a
response, what is the probability that it matches the intended target?" This can be answered
with statistical rigor because the random element, which is necessary in a statistical analysis
of this type, is the initial target choice rather than the response, which cannot be assumed to
be random.
In the application environment, the analysis problem is compounded in that often the details
of the intended target are not known. For example, how should the analysis proceed when
the target is the whereabouts of a crashed commercial jet liner?
120. May, E. C. (1983). A Remote Viewing evaluation Protocol. Final Report (Revised).
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
The analysis technique described here is a pre cursor to the application of fuzzy sets.
A score is computed from relevance weighting factors of target and response
"concepts" and a judge's blind assessment.
162. May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Matthews, C. (1985). A Figure of Merit
Analysis for Free-Response Material," Proceedings of Presented Papers, The
Parapsychological Association 28th Annual Convention, Tufts, University,
Medford, MA. 335-372.
The figure-of-merit technique is commonly used within the program at SRI. The
technique is defined for crisp sets in this paper. Later, the definition of figure of
merit was extended to include fuzzy sets.
178. Humphrey, B. S. (1986). Remote Viewing Evaluation Techniques. Final Report A-
4, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, Ca.
Ms. Humphrey describes crisp and fuzzy sets and how they have or can be applied to
the analysis of remote viewing.
227. May, E. C. and Humphrey, B. S. (1988). Applications of Fuzzy Sets to Remote
Viewing Analysis. Final Report, Objective F, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
This is published in the peer-reviewed technical journal (Journal of Parapsychology ,
Vol. 54, September 1990, 193-228-included in the document set). Fuzzy set
concepts are applied to visual correspondence between targets and responses in
remote viewing experiments.
260. Luke, W. L. W., Frivold, T. J., May, E. C., and Trask, V. V. (1989). A Prototype
Analysis System for Special Remote Viewing Tasks. Final Report, Task 6.0.3,
Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
The fuzzy set analysis is extended by incorporating an adaptive learning technique.
A receiver-dependent historical response set might bean a priori predictor of remote
viewing performance.
*** Spottiswoode, S. J. S. (1987). Investigating the Semantics of Remote Perception
with Similarity Estimates and Multidimensional Scaling. Final Report to the
Cognitive Sciences Program, SRI International.
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Mr. Spottiswoode applies multidimensional scaling to remote viewing analysis. In
photographic targets, he found weak evidence for the existence of underlying
semantic dimensions of predominately man-made scenes versus predominately
natural scenes and the presence versus the absence of land-water interfaces.
Conclusions
The analysis of choice for laboratory experiments is the rank-order method. In this
technique, a target pack, from which the target will be randomly selected, is constructed
prior to the experiment. Usually great care is exercised to include targets within a pack to
be as different from one another as possible and that the random number generator meets all
accepted criteria for being random. For a single response, an independent analyst who is
blind to the experimental details, rank orders the targets within a pack from the one that best
matches the given response, second best, and so one through the pack. Under the null
hypothesis, the average rank after many such trials should be (N+1)/2, where N is the
number of targets in the pack. Typically N=5 in our studies so the expected average rank is
3. Our best receivers generally produce average ranks of approximately 2.
We have also explored a variety of other methods including concept analysis-reducing a
response to conceptual elements, rating scales, and an elaborate application of fuzzy set
procedures.
In the application environment, we have developed a variety of approaches that rely upon
historical responses to similar situations or invoke pre- and post-session calibrations where
the target material is completely known. One method has incorporated an adaptive fuzzy
set approach; however, these methods have not yet been tested in the field.
Basic Research
Research that is primarily directed to understanding the mechanisms of AC is called basic.
In this section we follow the engineering metaphor as illustrated in Figure 1.
Source
What is the source of the energy/information that is available to AC-receivers? Some in the
parapsychological research community believe we are dealing with non-physical parameters
and that traditional science must be signif icantly modified to account for AC phenomena.
Our approach is more conservative. We assume that AC will eventually be explained by
the known laws of nature, or perhaps small modifications to them. There is no known
transfer of information without a concomitant transfer of energy. Our research assumes
that is must be true for AC as well.
May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J. S., and James, C. L. (1984). Shannon Entropy as
an Intrinsic Target Property: Toward a Reductionist Model. In May, E. C., Luke,
W. L. W., and James, C. L. (1994). Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.
[Note: This document is also listed under Target Selection above. The concept
applies to both areas of the research infrastructure.]
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A reviewed and edited version of this paper has been accepted for publication in the
Journal of Parapsychology. It is suggested that the gradient of Shannon's entropy
may be an intrinsic target property and that the quality of AC may proportional to it.
Conclusions
Out latest results suggest that the gradient of Shannon's entropy is, or is related to, the
source for AC. Considerably more research is required to validate this finding, but to our
knowledge, this is the first physical variable that is exclusively related to the target that
produces reliable correlations with the quality of AC.
Transmission
How does the information propagate from the source to the receiver? What is the carrier
for the information? Since there is compelling evidence for precognition (i.e., a statistical
leakage of information from the future), the transmission is required to be a 4-space
mechanism.
207a. May, E. C. and Lantz, N. D. (1987). Feedback and Precognition Dependent Remote
Viewing Experiments. Final Report-Objective F, Tasks la and lb. Project 1291. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
An experiment to contrast real-time versus precognitive remote viewing is presented
in addition to a feedback experiment using a tachistoscope. The first ex perirnent did
not yield significant evidence for remote viewing, but the second one showed strong
evidence.
207b.May, E. C., Lantz, N. D. and Piantineda, T. (1994). Feedback Considerations in
Anomalous Cognition Experiments. Journal of Parapsychology.
The second experiment has been accepted for publication in the peer-reviewed
technical journal, Journal of Parapsychology. [This version has been included in the
document set as a replacement for 192. ]
Conclusions
Very little has been explored in this domain; thus, it is premature to comment other than to
say that special 4-dimensional geometries have been examined in hopes to reduce the 4-
space distance from source to detector to zero.
Detector
What are the physiological mechanisms for the detection of AC information? We generally
have proposed that AC is detected by an additional sensorial system. We expect to find
neurological structures that behave similarly to the known ones for other senses (e.g.,
receptor neurons that are sigmoidal in their response, etc.).
13. Targ, R. May, E. C. and Puthoff, H. E., Galin, D. and Ornstein, R. (1976).
Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Psychological Correlates). Final Report, Project
4540. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
This report describes in detail three experiments with a single receiver that
demonstrate that the central nervous system (i.e., the brain) responds to sensorially
isolated stimuli. This was a joint effort between SRI International and the Langly
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, CA.
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13a. May, E. C., Targ, E., and Puthoff, H. E. (1977). Possible EEG Correlates to
Remote Stimuli Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding. Proceeding of Electro/77
Special Session (IEEE): The State of the Art in Psychic Research. New York, NY.
May et. al present their analysis of the SRI/Langly Porter experiments. They
acknowledge that there appears to be significant changes of alpha production
concomitant with remote stimuli; however, they advise caution in that the sign of the
changes are not consistent and the effects occurs under different EEG leads.
229. May, E. C., Luke, W. L. W., and Frivold, T. J. (1988). Neurophysiological
Correlates to Remote Viewing. Final Report--Objective D, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
This is the first of a series of experiments to search for central nervous system
neuromagnetic response to isolated stimuli. The first of two protocols was based on
a Hungarian experiment involving classical conditioning. The second was more like
a replication of SRI's 1977 EEG studies-13a, above.
266. May, E. C. Luke, W. L. W., Trask, V. V. and Frivold. T. J. (1990). Observation
of Neuromagnetic Fields in Response to Remote Stimuli. The Proceedings of the
Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual Convention,
National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, MD.
This represents the best description of the magnetoencephalograph studies. It claims
that an alpha rhythm phase shift occurs from a remote and isolated stimulus.
*** May, E. C. and Luke, W. L. W (1992). Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA
This is the final technical report for 1992. After a careful attempt at replicating the
magnetoencephalograph results, it was discovered that a subtle design error
accounted for the earlier results. The technical flaw involved measuring
instantaneous phase in a noisy environment during too short a time interval.
*** May, E. C.. Luke, W. L. W, and James, C. L. (1994). Phenomenological Research
and Analysis. Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo
Park, CA
Capitalizing upon all the earlier central nervous system studies, SAIC initiated an
EEG experiment to search for an event-related desynchronization to isolated stimuli.
While there was significant evidence for AC, the preliminary analysis on one of 4
leads does not appear to demonstrate a central nervous system response.
Conclusions
During the 1972-1976 period, we found significant alpha blocking in a fe w receivers that
was concomitant with an isolated visual stimulus. Although the experiments were
conducted carefully, the results were weak and the number of receivers was small. This
line of investigation was abandon until 1987 at which time a multi-year effort was initiated
using magnetoencephalography to measure central nervous system (CNS) magnetic
responses to isolated visual stimuli. Early results were especially encouraging, but later
replications revealed a subtle statistical artifact that accounted for the earlier results.
Each replication attempt yields suggestions for the next experiment. Our most recent study
posited that since external stimuli, cognitive thought, or conscious attempts at moving a
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body part all interrupt alpha rhythm (i.e., called event-related desychronization-ERD),
that it is reasonable to assume that AC stimuli will also invoke an ERD. In 1993-4, we
conducted a series of experiments that used matched filters that were derived from direct
stimuli to search for ERDs in the C NS record resulting from AC stimuli. The analysis is
not yet complete but the preliminary results do not show occipital ERDs, but we have been
able to suggest a lower limit for occipital ERDs. We collected EEG data at other scalp
locations but that data has yet to be analyzed.
Remote Perturbation
Large Scale
Is it possible to affect physical/biological objects, by mental means alone, in such a way
that statistical analysis is not required to observe the effects? Examples include stopping
the hearts of animals, levitation by Saints in India, and materialization and dematerialization
of objects.
59. Hubbard, G. S. and May, E. C. (1981). Macro-Remote Action: A Survey and
Evaluation. Final Report, Project 3279-3, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
Hubbard and May provide a list of parameters that must be true based on a survey of
all large-scale remote perturbation effects they could find in the English language
literature to date. They conclude that it is highly likely that these reported effects are
not examples of anomalous mental phenomena.
*** May, E. C. and Vilenskaya, L. (1994). Overview of Current Parapsychology
Research in the Former Soviet Union. Subtle Energies, Vol. 3., No. 3, 45-67.
*** Vilenskaya, L. and May, E. C. (1995). Anomalous Mental Phenomena Research in
Russia and the Former Soviet Union: A Follow Up. Subtle Energies, Vol. 4. No. 3,
231-250.
These two published papers describe what the authors found during three trips to
various laboratories in Russia. Some of the experiments, esp ecially the ones on the
central nervous system and on the behavior of laboratory animals are particularly
interesting and well constructed.
200. Hubbard, G. S. and Issacs, J. D. (1986). An Experiment to Examine the Possible
Existence of Remote Action Effects in Piezoelectric Strain Gauges. Final Report-
Objective E, Task 8, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
A design, protocol, and construction details for an attempt to replicate earlier findings
is presented. It was claimed that individuals can inelastically deform piezoelectric
strain gauges. Positive results were obtain in a pilot study.
224. Hubbard, G. S., Bentley, P. P., Pasturel, P. K. and Isaacs, J. D. (1987). A
Remote Action Experiment with a Piezoelectric Transducer. Final Report -Objective
H, Tasks 3 and 3a. Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
This is a definitive formal study that displays the extensive number of things that can
mimic remote action. It is a clear demonstration of the level of effort that is necessary
to properly conduct such experiments. In the final analysis, no effects were seen that
could be called examples of large scale remote action.
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217. May, E. C. Spottiswoode, S. J. P., Piantanida, T. and Walker E. H. (1987). A
Quantum Measurement Experiment with a Single Photon Interferometer. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
248. Walker, E. H., May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J. P. and Piantanida, T. (1988).
Testing Schrodinger's Paradox with a Michelson Interferometer. Physica B, Vol.
151, 339-348. [Replacement for the original 248.]
This experiment demonstrates that consciousness is not a necessary condition for the
collapse of the quantum mechanical state vector-the claim which sometimes appears
in the physics and parapsychological literature.
Conclusions
Based on these studies and on the knowledge of the vast number of ways to mimic large-
scale remote perturbations, the claim for such effects on mechanical systems cannot be
validated. Because of some of the recent work in Russia, the case for these effects on
biological target systems is still open.
Beginning with so-called PK experiments with dice in the 1930-50s it has been claimed in
the literature that small statistical effects can result from the mental intention of subjects. In
1969, Dr. Helmut Schmidt used modern technology to address this question when
radioactive or electronic noise devices were used as target systems. There is a vast
literature now that suggest such effects are possible on a variety of target systems;
however, the effects are all small and can only be observed after sophisticated statistical
analyses.
42. May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Hubbard, G. S. (1980). Electronic System
Perturbation Techniques. Final Report, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo Park,
CA.
May, E. C. and Hubbard, G. S. (1980). Phase I: Hardware Construction and
System Evaluation. Quarterly Reports 1&2, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo
Park, CA. [Note: 46 was a repeat of this report in error.]
May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Hubbard, G. S. (1980). Phase II Test Plan.
Quarterly Report 3, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
May, E. C. (1983). Psychokinesis Research at SRI. In Proceedings: Symposium on
Applications of Anomalous Phenomena. November 30-December 1. Leesburgh, VA.
This conference proceedings version is an excellent summary of the SRI study of
anomalous perturbation on a true random number generators. The study is
characterized by state-of-the art engineering controls and methodology. The authors
report significant effects that are consistent with other such experiments.
May, E. C., Utts, J. M. and Spottiswoode, S. J. P. (1995). Decision Augmentation
Theory: Toward a Model of Anomalous Mental Phenomena. Accepted for
publication in the Journal of Parapsychology.
May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J. P., and Utts, J. M. (1995). Applications of
Decision Augmentation Theory. Accepted for publication in the Journal of
Parapsychology.
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These two papers represent a formal presentation of Decision Aug mentation Theory
(DAT). DAT holds that statistical anomalous perturbation can be considered a form
of anomalous cognition. That is, subjects in these experiments are "statistical
opportunist" by initiating a trial to capture a locally deviant subset from an
unperturbed parent population. In the second paper, the authors apply DAT to a
variety of published data sets and find strong support for informational versus force-
like mechanisms. These papers should be considered instead of documents 16.5 and
219.
169. Humphrey, B. S. and May, E. C. (1985). Bacterial Mutation Study. Final Report,
Project 7408-10, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
In a triple-blind experiment, the authors asked subjects to attempt to modify the
mutation rate of Salmonella typhimurium. They observed significant effects;
however, the results were more consistent with an informational process than with a
force-like mechanism.
188. May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Pleass, C. M. (1986). Measuring Remote Action
Influence on the Vertical Component of dunaliella Velocity. Interim Report-
Objective E, Task 9, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park CA.
218. May, E. C. and Pleass, C. M. (1987). A Remote Action Investigation with Marine
Animals. Final Report-Objective E, Task 1, Project 1291, SRI Intentional, Menlo
Park, CA.
These two documents describe an unsuccessful attempt to observe mental influence
of living motile plant cells. The velocity was measured by Doppler lasers effects.
199a. Hubbard, G. S. and Braud, W. G. (1986). An Experiment to Test Apparent Remote
Action (RA) Effects on Electrodermal Activity. Final Report-Objective E, Task 6,
Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
199b.Braud, W. G. and Schlitz, M. J. (1989). Possible Role of Intuitive Data Sorting in
Electrodermal Biological Psychokinesis (Bio-PK). The Journal of the American
Society for Psychical Research. Vol. 83, No. 4, 289-302.
These two reports describe experiments where humans were the target systems. The
intent was to ask an isolated and remote agent to attempt to calm or arouse the target
person. The state of arousal was monitored by measuring the electrodermal skin
behavior. The authors report significant effects.
225a. Hubbard, G. S., Utts, J. M., and Braud, W. G. (1987). Experimental Protocol for
Hemolysis: Confirmation Experiment. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
225b.Braud, W. G. (1990). Distant Mental Influence of Rate of Hemolysis of Human
Red Blood Cells. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research . Vol.
84, No. 1, 1-24.
Braud observes significant effects when individuals were asked to modify the rate at
which blood cells were being destroyed in a saline solution. In a later analysis May
et al. show that anomalous perturbation better describes the data than does anomalous
cognition-a situation which is not true for most other forms of statistical anomalous
perturbation.
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There is no correlation between quality of the study and study result, yet study
quality significantly correlates with year of publication (i.e., methodology improves
over time).
(2) Radin, D. I. and Nelson, R. D. (1989). Evidence for Consciousness-Related
Anomalies in Random Physical Systems. Foundations of Physics , Vol. 19, No 12,
1499-1415. Radin and Nelson analyzed the complete literature of over 800 studies
of consciousness-related anomalies in random physical systems. They found a
combined effect of 9.8 a with an single trial effect size of 0.0003. The found no
correlation of study outcome with study quality as determined by a 16-point quality
measure, and a sophisticated analyses showed that the estimated file drawer studies
cannot reduce the result to non-significance.
(3) Bem, D. J. and Honorton, C. (1994). Does Psi Exist? Replicable Evidence for an
Anomalous Process of Information Transfer. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 115, No.
1, 4-18. Bem and Honorton analyzed the compete Ganzfeld literature and included
329 studies in their primary analysis. They found an overall effect of 2.89 a leading
to a trial effect size of 0.159?0.005. Their flaw and file drawer analysis was unable
to reduce the result to non-significance.
(4) Radin, D. I. and Ferrari, D. C. (1991). Effects of Consciousness on the Fall of Dice:
A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 5, No. 1, 61-84. The
authors examined the published data from 1935 to, 1987 and found 148 studies from
52 different investigators, involving more than 2 million dice throws by 2,569
subjects. Their careful analysis of a balanced, homogeneous subset of 59 studies
showed an overall effect 3.19a for a single trial effect size of 0.0032?0.0012. As in
the other meta-analysis, neither study quality or file drawer studies can reduce the
result to non-significance.
Taken together, these analyses provide compelling evidence for a statistical anomaly. Or as
Professor Lee Ross (Department of Psychology, Stanford University), who has been a
leading critic of anomalous mental phenomena research, remarked in a seminar, "We must
reject the null hypothesis."
Search
In general, Search-AC is the reverse process of standard anomalous cognition. Rather than
specifying a target location and seeking a description, Search specifies the description and
seeks the location. For example, suppose an aircraft is lost at sea. A forward-direction AC
task would be to describe the details of the aircraft, perhaps the pilot as well. If accurate
data were obtained in this way, it would not help in locating the pilot." The Search
approach to this example is to provide a photograph of the pilot and a description of the
aircraft and ask, "Where is this material currently located?"
* By using a form of AC-triangulation, it might be possible to locate something relative to land marks.
There are a few cases such as this in the Program Office,
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60. May, E. C. and Puthoff, H. E. (1981). Feasibility Study on the Use of RV
Detection Techniques to Determine Location of Targets. SRI International, Menlo
Park, CA.
This report describe the use of a sequential sampling to solve the 1-in-N problem.
That is, given that a target is actually located in one of N possible locations, how may
the correct location be specified? A sample data set from the published literature was
used to demonstrate a 12 out of 12 hit rate in a 1-of-10 example.
174. Lantz, N. D. and May, E. C. (1986). Location of Target Material in Space and
Time. Interim Report-Objective E, Task 2, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo
Park, CA.
Using a hidden computer-generated 20x20 grid, the authors show that 8 of 27
participants were able to locate a hidden target square to a significant degree.
Conclusions
With computer-generated laboratory tasks and statistical averaging techniques, it appears
possible to locate hidden targets. This result could be generalized to real-world problems
by assigning each computer square to a real-world location. In a potential application, if by
using computer-assisted search techniques, expended resources could be reduced by a few
percent, the technique would contribute significantly. Generally speaking, however, what
has been called dowsing in the literature is difficult to confirm in the laboratory. Although
there are examples in the program office of spectacular hits with Search, the rate is
generally lower than it is for forward direction AC. Information models suggests that this
may be so because of a channel bandwidth limitation.
Replication of Foreign Experiments
Often spectacular claims are made in the foreign literature with regard to anomalous mental
phenomena. These experiments are designed to provide a conceptual replication to
determine the degree to which the claims can be supported.
173. Hubbard, G. S. and May, E. C. (1986). An Experiment to Explore Possible
Anomalistic Behavior of a Phonon Detection System During a Remote Viewing Test.
Interim Report-Objective E, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park,
CA. [Note: This report was inadvertently entered twice on the Bibliography as 185.1
208. Hubbard, G. S., May, E. C., and Frivold, T. J. (1987). Possible Photon
Production During A Remote Viewing Task: A Replication Experiment. Final
Report-Objective E, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
These documents report on a replication attempt of a claim found in the People's
Republic of China's journal Nature. The claim was the light is generated
concomitantly with successful remote viewing. The study showed significant
evidence for remote viewing, but no evidence of generated photons.
*** May, E. C. and Luke, W. L. W. (1993). Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.
Using sequential sampling as an aid to the binary search problem (i.e., one of two
possible targets) is described as part of this final report. One experienced receiver
produced significant results; however, the process was extremely inefficient, and in
addition, the novice receivers did not produce significant results.
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229. May, E. C., Luke, W. L. W., and Frivold, T. J. (1988). Neurophysiological
Correlates to Remote Viewing. Final Report--Objective D, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA. [Note: This document also appears under Detector
above.]
This is the first of a series of experiments to search for central nervous system
neuromagnetic response to isolated stimuli. The first of two protocols was based on
a Hungarian experiment involving classical conditioning. The second was more like
a replication of SRI's 1977 EEG studies- 13a, above.
Scientific Oversight Committee Protocols and Other Reviews
Beginning in FY 1986, the Cognitive Sciences Program has enlisted the aid of a Scientific
Oversight Committee. They perform three functions: (1) Review all formal protocols prior
to their implementation. No experimentation could begin without the SOC's approving
these protocols. (2) Exercise unannounced "drop-in" privileges to observe experiments in
progress. (3) Review the final reports as they would if they were reviewing technical
articles for publication. All comments were appen ded to the final report to the sponsors.
The SOC was to assure the sponsor that the highest possible scientific experimentation was
being conducted.
Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R. and May, E. C. (1978). Psychoenergetic Research:
Suggested Approaches. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
This presentation pre-dates the SOC, but it does contain an overview of what was
known and unknown about anomalous mental phenomena at the time.
Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R. and May, E. C. (1979). Experimental Psi Research:
Implications for Physics. Presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Houston, TX. [Note: This document
covers the information in #2Q. Document #21 was an error in the Bibliography.]
This presentation to the AAAS provides a state-of-the-moment assessment of the
physics implications of the anomalous mental phenomena research at SRI
International. Included is a description of a remote viewing experiment conducted
under 170 m of sea water and an experim ent that shows that small, film-can sized
objects and 1 mm micro-dot targets do no inhibit the acquisition of AC data.
May, E. C. (1986). Enhancing Human Performance Investigations. Final Technical
Report, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
Although this document summarizes many of the ones presented elsewhere in the
Bibliography, it contains the unedited comments of the SOC for the research
conducted in 1986.
May, E. C. (1987). Enhancing Human Performance Investigations.
Report, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
Although this document summarizes many of the ones presented
Bibliography, it contains the unedited comments of the SOC
conducted in 1987.
May, E. C. (1988). Enhancing Human Performance Investigations.
Report, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
Although this document summarizes many of the ones presented
Bibliography, it contains the unedited comments of the SOC
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elsewhere in the
for the research
elsewhere in the
for the research
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