REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 1998
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: November 7, 1979
• Content Type: REPORT

Approv d For Release 200i INS
96-00788R002000 CF4~
REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES
PROJECT DECRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
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INS
EST
USAMICOM GRILL FLAME OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE APPROVAL:
WILLIAM C. McCORKLE
Director, Sys Sim & Dev Dir
US Army Missile Laboratory
Deputy Director
US Army Missile Intelligence Agency
RANKIN A. CLINTON, JR.
RICHARD L. HARTMAN
Director, Research Directorate
US Army Missile Laboratory
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(S) GENERAL (U)
(S) This document describes proposed DARCOM research
on remote perturbation (RP). The term "remote perturbation"
is used herein to signify an intellectual/mental process by
which a person perturbs remote sensitive apparatus or equip-
ment. RP does not involve any electronic sensing devices at,
or focused on, the RP agent. No drugs, hypnosis, special
sensory (visual, auditory or olfactory) or proprioceptive
stimuli, liminal, or subliminal, electrical, or electro-
magnetic, will be used in this investigation.
(U) The Commander, US Army Materiel Development and
Readiness Command (DARCOM), approved in principle the US Army
involvement in what is now known as Project GRILL FLAME, in
April 1978. In May 1978, the Assistant Chief of Staff for
Intelligence (ACSI) accepted lead responsibility for GRILL
FLAME applications. Overall DOD responsibility resides with
the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dr. B. Z. Jenkins
Systems Simulation & Development Directorate
US Army Missile Laboratory, MICOM
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35809
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(S) CONTENTS
Page
1.
BACKGROUND-------------------------------------------------
1
2.
SCIENTIFIC MERIT-------------------------------------------
1
3.
OBJECTIVE--------------------------------------------------
2
4.
STATUS-----------------------------------------------------
2
5.
PLAN-------------------------------------------------------
2
6.
PARTICIPANTS-----------------------------------------------
10
7.
FACILITIES--------------------------------------------------
11
APPENDIX A: DATA BASE FOR RNG EXPERIMENTS-----------------
13
APPENDIX B: DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT---------------------
25
APPENDIX C: TESTING PROCEDURES TO BE USED IN PHASE I------
33
APPENDIX D: VOLUNTEER CONSENT FORM------------------------
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APPENDIX E: MEDICAL FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES-------------
40
REFERENCES-------------------------------------------------
44
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(S) REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
1. (S) BACKGROUND
(S) There have been many reported accounts of phenomena variously
known as telekinesis, psychokinesis, teleportation, etc. Most of these
accounts are clearly derived from carefully staged tricks which are
revealed whenever they are studied under controlled and well recorded
conditions. There are a few, however, which describe serious research
by reputable investigators. Included among these are experiments in
which the subject attempts to perturb, by mental processes alone, the
outcome of an otherwise random event. This kind of remote perturbation
experiment is appealing in that it involves no subjective interpretation -
the results may be expressed entirely in probabilistic terms. Appendix A
contains a summary description of these experiments. As an overall evalua-
tion of this data base, it is unlikely that?the apparent RP effect is
simply an artifact of selected reporting by the laboratories involved; even
if one were to assume that there were ten unreported nonsignificant experi-
ments for each reported significant one, the entire expanded data base would
still show significant effects with odds against chance of better than 2000:1.
(S) There are, however, two characteristics of this data base which
pose problems. First, the effects are rarely stable with one individual's
RP effort, the quoted results being averages over a number of individuals.
Secondly, the physical environment of the random event sources and associated
electronics was not discussed in any detail for any of the experiments, so it
is possible that some of the effects may be the result of normal and possibly
subtle electronic interference.
2. (S) SCIENTIFIC MERIT
(S) Scientists have been slow to admit that such phenomena as RP may
be consistent with the formalism of established science. The interpretation
of quantum physics is flexible enough to encompass a number of seeming
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paradoxes and some scientists have suggested quantum mechanisms to explain
RP without violating the basic conservation theorems of physics. Mattuck34
describes one such mechanism and shows that effects on a macroscopic scale
are consistent with the theory. While these hypotheses do not prove the
existence of RP phenomena, when coupled with the findings discussed in
Appendix A they do strongly indicate that further research is appropriate.
In view of the obvious military value of being able to disturb sensitive
enemy equipment such as computers, locks, switches, codes, etc., it is to
the advantage of the Army to assess the validity of RP claims.
3. (S) OBJECTIVE
(S) This experiment is designed to replicate the type of experiments
described in Appendix A under more rigorously controlled conditions in order
to evaluate the claims of having demonstrated the RP phenomenon. While it is
recognized that the risk of failure is extremely great, the potential return on
investment is correspondingly great.
4. (S) STATUS
(S) Past research in RP has been discussed elsewhere. The current
effort in RP techniques is part of the DOD-wide program called GRILL FLAME.
Other GRILL FLAME projects involve "remote viewing" - the ability to access
and describe, by means of mental processes, information blocked from ordinary
perception by distance or shielding. Prior investigations and applications
of remote viewing over the past decade have been very encouraging. The
current project is the first GRILL FLAME investigation of RP.
5. (S) PLAN
(S) Expressed in simplest terms, the experiment may be described as
follows (Appendix B gives a detailed technical description):
a. (S) A truly random sequence of 0's and 1's (binary sequence)
is generated by processing and sampling the behavior of a noise source or
random event generator (REG).
b. (S) The RP participant is instructed to bias the composition
of the sequence in favor of 1's or 0's by exercising mental processes.
c. (S) Feedback is provided the participant, so that he can
instantaneously be aware of the degree to which he is succeeding.
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d. (S) The associated computer equipment simultaneously
carries out a statistical analysis of the sequence of digits until it can
be deemed perturbed (biased as instructed) or not whereupon the trial (or
test) is ended.
(S) The testing phase of the experiment consists of a large number
of such tests by-each participant.
(S) The basic elements of the--experiment are:
a. (S') Sources of Randomness: Two sources for genuinely
random binary sequences are to be employed as well as one pseudo-random
binary sequence generator. The radioactive decay of prometheum 147 (147PR),
occurs by the emission of beta particles which are readily detected. The
other random event generator is an electronic noise diode which is subject
to avalanche discharge which is also easily detected electronically. The
theory of both these devices and the distribution of random events (s-emission
or avalanche discharge) is well understood and has been well verified experi-
mentally.30,35 The random events are Poisson distributed in time. Each
time a random event-occurs, it will trigger a change in a flip-flop device -
from one to zero or from zero to one depending upon the state upon detection
of the random event. The flip-flop device thus randomly switches back and
forth between zero and one with the occurrence of random events. This device
is sampled periodically (at intervals much longer than the average event rate)
to produce the desired random binary sequence.
(S) In addition, a pseudo-random binary sequence will also be utilized
as needed. This differs from a random sequence in that, although the numbers
appear to be random, they are actually calculated by the computer from a
starting number or "seed" and thus for any given seed are deterministic. If
the RP phenomenon should exist, a great deal can be determined about the
nature of the phenomenon by the difference to which truly random and determi-
nistic events are affected by it.
b. (S) Analysis Capability: The random (or pseudo-random)
binary sequence must be statistically analyzed in order to determine if it
is actually random or is biased. Computational capability is also used to
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govern the sampling process described above, to drive the displays and to
catalog and store certain results of the tests. The analysis is carried
out in real time in order to provide effective feedback to the RP participant.
c.. (S) Feedback Display: In order that the RP participant can
benefit from almost instantaneous feedback, he will be provided with a color
video display driven by the output from the statistical analysis of the
binary sequence. A variety of preprogrammed displays will be made available
including simple clock motion or "race-car" displacement as indicators of
perturbation as well as more technical ones such as the progress of the
statistical pawn in the sequential analysis diagram (see Appendix B). An
auditory feedback channel will also be provided wherein the frequency or
intensity of a tone (or complex waveform) varies to indicate perturbation.
The participant is expected to choose the particular feedback mode which he
feels is most effective.
(S) It has been tacitly assumed that any RP effect would act upon the
random event generator.- This assumption will be checked by recording the
incidence of random events, the resulting binary sequence, and the output
of the statistical analysis on magnetic disc storage for subsequent stage-
to-stage analysis. The analysis of this for consistency along with the
recorded output of--the feedback channel (video or audio tape) will isolate
the source of any perturbation as being in the random source, the computer
equipment or the display equipment.
(S) We intend to address the two problems with previous experiments by
first focusing our attention upon a limited number (nine or less) of partici-
pants who have shown previous expertise as remote viewers. By using
experienced remote viewers, it is anticipated that we should observe any
effect within this limited number, rather than having to average over large
numbers of individuals as in the data base experiments. Also, by using more
sensitive analysis techniques than have been used previously, even a small
effect can be stabilized.
(S) Secondly, to assure ourselves that the noise sources are
sufficiently free of even subtle (but normal) electronic nonrandomness, we
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intend to use the most rigorous construction and design techniques possible
(battery power, optically coupled signals, etc.) to isolate the sources from
normal environmental influences. Furthermore, the noise sources will be
chosen for their internal simplicity30 and thus may be amenable to realistic
mathematical modelling. Using the models, we are able to calculate by Monte
Carlo techniques a noise source's dependence on various external and internal
physical parameters.
(S) The experiment will be conducted in two phases. Phase I consists
of the assembly and checkout of the apparatus and exhaustive validation
testing. During the validation testing the entire system will be exercised
over a wide range of environmental and testing conditions to assume the
randomness of the binary sequence and the proper functioning of the computer
and displays. Appendix C provides further information on the validation
testing procedures.
(S) Phase II consists of the actual RP participant testing. There are
three primary independent variables that may be varied during the course of
the investigation. Two of them, the random source (beta decay, noise diode,
pseudo random) and the mode of feedback have been discussed. The prime
independent variable is the presence or absence of an RP participant. The
final measure of significance of the experiment is essentially whether a
consistent difference can be discerned in the randomness of the binary
sequence when the apparatus is operating with and without an RP participant.
The dependent variable, provided by the statistical analysis of the binary
sequence, is a quantitative measure of the degree to which the composition
of the sequence differs from what would be expected by chance. (Details of
the statistical analysis are provided in Appendix B.) For individual trials,
the criterion for success will be that the odds against chance expectation be
greater than 20:1. The first four months of:-the investigation will be used
as a pilot period during which participants will familiarize themselves with
the experiment and explore various techniques in a learning mode. This
period will also be used to optimize the device parameters.
(S) During the final two months of the investigation, each participant
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will be asked.to contribute 100 trials. The following is a typical
succession of events during an RP trial session:
- The participant and experimenter will discuss
the program status to date. If the participant feels that set or circum-
stance are unfavorable to his participation, the session will be postponed.
The variables or other changes in the experiment
will be described to the participant to whatever extent desired.
- The participant will select whatever mode of
feedback he prefers for the trials for the impending session.
- The participant initiates successive trials at
his own pace at the instant of his choosing until the (nominally) 30-minute
session is concluded or sooner if the participant wishes.
- The participant is then debriefed. He is told of
the outcomes of the trial, the statistical significance or lack thereof
and given the answers to any other questions concerning the session or his
cumulative performance.
(U) At no time will any participant be exposed to radiation or be
instrumented for monitoring any physiological function - even by remote
sensors. No drugs, hypnosis, special sensory or proprioceptive stimuli,
liminal, or subliminal, electrical, or electromagnetic, will be used.
(U) After a participant has contributed one hundred trials, we will
determine the number of trials that had odds against chance expectation of
greater than 20:1. If this total number of runs is greater than ten (the
number required by exact binomial calculation to meet odds against chance
of greater than 20:1) then we will declare that participant to have a signifi-
cant result. To assess whether the entire investigation is significant, we
shall combine the results of the six participants using standard statistical
procedures. 33
(S) One primary consideration in the planning of the experiment is
assuring the credibility of the findings. If positive results are reported,
critics will challenge virtually every aspect of the test and data analysis.
The following measures are being taken to reduce the vulnerability of the
experiment to attack.
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a. (S) Safeguards Against Deception: The entire experiment
is being carried out twice; once at the facilities of SRI, International,
in Menlo Park, California, and duplicated in substance at Redstone Arsenal,
Alabama. The two experiments are to use almost identical apparatus and
RP participants. The experiment at Redstone Arsenal, however, will utilize
independently acquired and assembled equipment and will be conducted by
US Army MICOM scientists. In addition to allaying any question of manipula-
tion of equipment or concealed means of affecting the course of individual
tests built into the system (barring large scale collusion, of course), the
duplicate test provides a means of checking repeatability of results. The
equipment in the testing room with the participant cannot be used to program
the computer and can only be used for feedback display and to allow the
participant/experimenter to initiate the test, select among various displays
or similar preprogrammed options. All equipment subject to tampering which
could bias or invalidate the test will be located in a separate, locked room.
The susceptibility of the equipment to remotely applied agents such as
radiation, ultrasonics, etc., will be ascertained, as far as practical, in
Phase I. The recorded data from each trial session will be secured in a
manner comparable to classified material immediately upon completion of
the session.
b. (S) Validity of Data Sample: All data taken in Phase II will
be saved and made available for further analysis if the data analysis tech-
niques should be questioned. No data will be discarded. If any part of the
data taken subsequent to the four-month pilot period is not included in the
combined statistical assessment, it will be so identified. Any circumstances
during experimentation which are out of the ordinary will be recorded.
c. (S) Validity of Analysis Methodology: After Phase I valida-
tion of the functioning of the apparatus, the entire system will be exercised
using artificially biased binary sequences (Monte Carlo testing) to the extent
that the probability of errors of the first and second kind are accurately
s's
This document refers to the US Army MICOM experiment. A similar
one has been prepared for the contractor's experiment.
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known. These probabilities can also be calculated probabilistically to
provide an independent check. Basically we are testing the hypothesis that
the binary sequence is composed of 50% zero's and 50% one's. An error of
the first kind consists of rejecting this hypothesis when it is true; an
error of the second kind consists of accepting the hypothesis when it is
false. The previously cited criteria for each trial of judging the sequence
to be perturbed if the odds against its occurrence by chance are greater
than 20:1 correspond to a probability of error of the first kind of .05.
d. (S) Influence of Uncontrolled Parameters: It can be
endlessly hypothesized that such uncontrolled factors as solar storms,
cosmic radiation, the phases of the moon, etc., may affect the experiment.
In some cases, the threshold values at which the level of the parameter
might be significant can be determined. In general, however, we rely on two
safeguards to minimize any effect due to uncontrolled parameters. During
validation testing and before and after trial sessions, the experimental
apparatus will be exercised and any anomalous behavior recorded. Second,
the chief independent variable - presence or absence of RP participant -
should be uncorrelated with the uncontrolled parameters, hence a clear
dependence of any measured RP effect upon presence of a participant can be
attributed to the participant. In other words, it would be highly improbable
that any uncontrolled parameters would be effective only when the RP partici-
pant is present.
e. (S) Interpretation of Results: This experiment is an attempt
to determine if remote perturbation as defined exists. The nature of the
experiment was suggested by earlier research which has claimed some degree
of success. The scope of this project does not permit much extension in the
list of independent variables. As a result, such potentially important
variables as shielding, device/participant separation or the simultaneous use
of multiple participants cannot be investigated.
(S) It has been assumed that if any RP effect is detected it is due to
the designated participant. Obviously, there is a large number of individuals
who might be in a position to exert an RP influence on the device, in
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particular, the experimenter. No attempt has been made in the design of
the experiment to isolate the agent of any RP influence. Neither has any
attempt been made to distinguish between RP and precognition which (if it
exists) could permit the participant to initiate the trials in anticipation
of a favorable sequence and achieve the same result.
(S) At the end of the current program, the result can be characterized
in one of three ways as follows:
- Positive: Both the contractor and the government
experiments meet or surpass the overall criteria stated on page 5.
- Negative: Neither the contractor nor the
government experiments meet the stated criteria for the entire experiment
or the overall performance of a single subject.
Indeterminate: Anything other than positive
or negative as defined above.
(S) If the result is positive, further experiments will be undertaken
to determine the limitations of the phenomenon for military exploitation.
Such experiments would include an assessment of the effects of distance and
shielding, possible interference from other physical phenomena and the
potential for refinement for greater consistency or sharper definition. It
is also likely that some experimentation would be undertaken to attempt to
determine the mechanism for RP and the physiological source.
(S) If the result is negative as defined above, but with certain well-
characterized portions showing an effort which is quite unlikely to have
occurred by chance alone, an additional experimental phase will be added to
attempt to discover conditions (sampling rates, feedback, etc.), which might
salvage the program. Otherwise, this line of investigation will be terminated.
(S) An indeterminate result may take many forms. Contingencies have
been considered for some of these.
- If only one of the experiments is positive, an
additional phase of testing will be undertaken with an exchange of certain
critical hardware as well as other modifications which might be indicated
by an analysis of the results. In addition, the stored stage-to-stage data
from both experiments will be reanalyzed on the MICOM CDC 6600 computer.
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- If one or two participants show a significant
RP capability as defined on page 5 , further experiments will be considered
to determine if the capability can be transferred, or detected to be present
in enough individuals for military consideration.
- If any observed effect seems to be inconstant -
on again, off again - the data will be analyzed to seek correlations which
might explain the fluctuation. A limited number of additional tests might
be necessary to validate possible causes.
(U) It is understood that any experimentation not covered by this
document will be subject to the same course of review before implementation.
6. (S) PARTICIPANTS
(S) Some relation between remote perturbation and remote viewing might
be expected since in ordinary physical interactions information about the
state of a system (as in RV) can be obtained only by way of some interaction
with the system, which in some cases is supplied by the observer. We might
therefore expect an observable dependence between RV and RP under certain
conditions. For this reason, we plan to seek only experienced remote viewers
to participate in this investigation, and we will work with no more than nine
individuals. All participants are to'be in general good health, as determined
by a standard employment physical examination.
(S) The US Army Missile Command (MICOM), Army Materiel Systems Analysis
Agency (AMSAA), and SRI International have individuals who are presently, or
have past experience in, participating in remote viewing experiments. The
MICOM and AMSAA participants are government employees. The SRI participants
are consultants or members of the SRI staff and will work if selected in a
contractual arrangement. Only those individuals who indicate a positive
desire to participate, after familiarization with the remote perturbation
experiments and procedures, will be accepted into the RP program. The
information and consent form to be used is included as Appendix D. Some of
these participants will have had some familiarity with RP experiments of a
similar nature. The difference in levels of naivete among-the RP participants
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will be offset by the oral and written briefing material (see Appendix D)
and by the four-month pilot period.
(S) The total duration of Phase II of the investigation is six months.
Experiment sessions will take place during the normal work week and will not
exceed 1/2 hour length each. There will be no more than two sessions per
day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. The total number of trials
by any individual during the pilot period and the ultimate contribution of
100 trials will not exceed 300. This should require approximately 30 half-
hour sessions from each participant.
(U) A medical doctor will be briefed on the program and will be
available during all periods of experimentation on a standby basis. Appendix
E describes the available medical facilities, the procedures employed, and
insurance coverage applicable to the various participants.
(S) Participants will be debriefed as follows:
- Session Debriefing: At the end of each experi-
mental session, the subject will be given all the data available pertaining
to that group of trials. Any statistical significance or lack thereof will
also be clearly explained to him.
- Experiment Debriefing: At the conclusion of
experimental testing, a final unclassified report will be prepared, summarizing
all results from the experiment, together with any conclusions or scientific
findings that may have come out of the study. The report will be given to
each participating subject. Finally, any remaining questions that the subjects
may have about the experiment will be answered.
- Specific Debriefing Protocols: We do not anticipate
that participation in these experiments will have any effect on the day-to-
day life of the subjects. This study is a purely intellectual activity, and
we believe that the debriefing provided by the final technical report will be
a suitable termination of the experiment for the subject.
7. (S) FACILITIES
(U) The.MICOM experiment is to take place in Building 7770, Redstone
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Arsenal, Alabama. A three-room suite is being adapted to suit the
purposes of the test.
(S) The room to be used by the RP participants for this work is a
comfortable, carpeted, air-conditioned environment. It is lit by a combina-
tion of fluorescent fixtures in the ceiling and incandescent table lamps.
There is a couch, an easy chair, and four tables. The computer graphics
terminal stands on one of these tables. The participant will be seated on
a conventional reclining swivel chair.
(S) In an adjacent room, the random event generators, computational
equipment, programmable terminals and associated peripheral equipment will
be installed. This room may be secured independently from the rest of the
facility.
(U) The third room is a foyer with costumer, receptionists's desk
and filing cabinets.
(U) Standby medical facilities are described in Appendix-E.
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1.
(S)
(S) APPENDIX A: DATA BASE FOR RNG EXPERIMENTS (U)
EARLY EXPERIMENTS
(S)
In 1970, H. Schmidt2 reported that he had observed significant
perturbations by psychoenergetic means, of an otherwise binary (0,1) random
sequence that was derived from the beta decay of strontium 90 90SR. The
binary sequence was produced by the random interruption of a high speed
binary electronic clock when an electron from the 90SR decay was detected.
The sequence generation rate was approximately 1/S.
(S) In this experiment, individuals were asked to focus their attention
on the electronic system by remote viewing the noise source, and monitoring
any effects that occurred by watching the random walk of a display light
feedback system. (A circular array of lights was used to indicate the state
of the interrupted clock by advancing the position of the activated light
clockwise for each logical ."1" and counterclockwise for each "0".)
(S) When individuals focused their attention on the apparatus, the
resulting binary (0,1) sequence was found to contain only 49.1% one's.
Since the total sequence had a length of over 32,000 bits, the deficit of
one's was highly significant. The probability of such a result occurring
by chance is less than one in a thousand. Furthermore, during extensive
control runs when no individual was focusing his attention on the electronic
hardware, the system performed according to the usual binomial statistic,
and showed no statistical effect. The original paper describing this
experiment is inclosed at the end of this appendix.
2. (S) TOTAL RNG DATA BASE
(S) As of 1978, a total of 54 experiments of this type had been
reported in the literature (see Table 1). Of these, 35 reported significant
departure from chance expectation, and none reported similar effects during
control runs. We can summarize the data base generated in these experiments
as follows:
a. (S) The generation rate extended from a few per second to
300 per second.
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b. (S) The sequence lengths varied from 103 to 105 bits.
c. (S) Beta decay and thermal noise were used as sources of
randomness.
d. (S) The effects (deviation from 50% chance expectation) were
on the order of 1% to 5%.
e. (S) Control runs did not yield results which differ signifi-
cantly from chance expectation.
XTRACTTON
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RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR EXPERIMENTS - DATA BASE
Author
(Reference)
Comments
Level of
Significance
Schmidt (3)
Preliminary Experiment
n.s.
Main Experiment
0.00087
Schmidt (4)
1st Cat Series
0.016
2nd Cat Series
n.s.
1st Roach Series
0.0069
2nd Roach Series
1.2 X 10-4
Schmidt & Pantas (5)
Preliminary Experiment
0.012
Series I
6.3 X 10-5
Series II
0.0093
Matas & Pantas (6)
0.0014
Andre (7)
Experiment I
0.11
Experiment II
0.009
Honorton & Barks-
Group Series`i;
0.034
dale (8)
Individual Ss
n.s.
Selected Subject
3.4 X 10-6
Schmidt (9)
Exploratory Experiment
5.6 X 10-6
Confirmatory Experiment
2.1 X 10-8
Bierman & Hout-
0.026
keeper (10)
Schmidt (11)
Experiment I
Series I
0.001
Series 2
0.001
Series 3
0.001
Experiment II
Real-time
0.05
Prerecorded
0.0005
Experiment III
n.s.
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OF INT OI;,MATION CONTROLLED, TX
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TABLE 1 (Concluded)
Author
(Reference)
Comments
Level of
Significance
Stanford & Fox (12)
0.05
Stanford, et al (13)
0.0069
Braud, et al (14)
Experiment I
0.002
Experiment II
0.05
Experiment III
n.s.
Honorton & May (15)
0.035
May 9 Honorton (16)
0.011
Millar & Broughton (17)
n.s.
Millar & Mackenzie (18)
n.s.
Millar (19)
n.s.
Honorton & Winnett (20)
Meditator
0.018
Winnett & Honorton (21)
Meditators
0.0024
Braud & Hartgrove (22)
Meditators
0.034
Broughton, et al (23)
n.s.
Braud (24)
Experiment 1
0.028
Experiment 2
0.022
Experiment 3
n.s.
Experiment 4
0.044
Schmidt (25)
Expt. I (prerecorded)
0.00037
Expt. II (prerecorded)
n.s.
Terry & Schmidt (26)
Condition A
0.04
Condition B
n.s.
Jungerman 6 Jungerman
Experiment 1
n.s.
(27)
Experiment 2
n.s.
David &'Morrison (28)
Experiment 1
n.s.
Experiment 2
n.s.
New Procedure
n.s.
Braud & Braud (29)
Experiment 1
n.s.
Fbk
0.05
No Fbk
0.05
Experiment 2 (no Fbk)
0.05
TT DISSEMINATION AND EXTRACTION
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The eToui xia.1 of
Pa4ra,psy-o .o1ogy-
A PK TEST WITH ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
By HELMVT SCHMIDT
AB .The subjects in this research were tested for their psychokinetic
ability by' means of an electronic apparatus made up of a random number gen-
erator (RNG) connected with a display panel. The RNG produced random se-
quences of two numbers which were determined by a simple quantum process
(the decay of radioactive strontium-90 nuclei). The essential aspect of the display
panel was a circle of nine lamps which lighted one at a time in the 'clockwise
(+I) direction or the counterclockwise (-1) direction depending on which of the
two numbers the RNG produced. The subject's task was to choose either the
clockwise or counterclockwise motion and try by PK to make the light proceed
in that direction.
One run was made up of 128 "jumps" of the light, and there were four runs
per session. In a preliminary series of 216 runs, the 18 subjects had a negative
deviation of 129 hits. Accordingly, the main series, was expected to give negative
scores, and a negative attitude was encouraged aiiong the subjects. Fifteen sub-
jects carved out 256 runs, with a signiScant negative deviation of 302 hits
(P =.001).
The RING was checked for randomness throughout the experiment and was
found to be adequate--Ed.
In previous work (4, 5) the author was able to get significant ev-
idence of precognition in which the testing apparatus was an elec-
tronic device based on a simple quantum process. The present
experiment was an attempt to get significant evidence of psychoki-
nesis by the use of a similar apparatus.
The basic part of the apparatus was a binary random number
generator which produced the numbers "+1" and "-I" in random
sequence, and the general objective was to have the subjects try to
mentally influence the generator to produce one of the two numbers
more frequently than the other.
3
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176 The Journal of Parapsychology
The most easily available random generators, which have been
used in many PK experiments, area rolled die and a flipped coin.
In comparison with these, an electronic random generator, the op-
eration of which most of the subjects. cannot understand, may at. first
thought seem psychologically unfavorable. Results of experiments
with complex targets (3, p. 142), however, suggest that PK isigoal
oriented in the sense that results can be obtained by concentrating
on the goal only, no' matter how complicated the intermediate steps
may seem to the rationalizing mind. A.definite advantage of an elec-
tronic apparatus is that it permits a psychologically challenging for-
mulation of the goal. In the present experiment the random number
generator (RNG). was connected with a display panel showing a
circle of nine lamps. One lamp was lit at a time, and each generated
"+1" or "-1" caused the light to jump one step in the clockwise
or counterclockwise direction, respectively. The subjects were not
asked to try to force the generator to produce more +1's than -I's
but, rather, to force the light on the panel to make more jumps in
one direction or the other. Both tasks are certainly equivalent, but
the latter seems psychologically much more appealing to most sub-
jects.
A further obvious advantage of electronic test equipment is that
the detailed results can be automatically recorded and evaluated and
that one can work, if desired, at high speeds.
The particular type of random generator used here was chosen
partly for practical and partly for theoretical reasons. The sequence
in which the random numbers are produced is determined by simple
quantum processes, the decays of radioactive strontium-90 nuclei.
The electrons emitted in this decay trigger a Geiger counter, and
the random times at which electrons are registered at the Geiger
counter decide the generated numbers. Practically, the generator is
easy to build, and the randomness of the generated numbers has
been found to be very good. Furthermore, the simplicity of the gen-
erator allows a complete theoretical discussion (6) of its random-
ness properties; and in addition, one'can say fairly well at which
point the random element in th`~number generation comes in. The
generator is essentially deterministic except for the random decay
times of the nuclei.
The use of simple quantum jumps to provide randomness is, for
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A PK Test urith Electronic Equipment 177
the theorist, a rather natural choice, since these processes are as-
sumed by physicists to be nature's most elementary source of
randomness, and some psi tests utilizing quantum processes have
already been reported (1, 2). Certainly, the outcome of a die throw
is also largely determined by microscopic ;quantum processes. The
thermal vibrations of the surface and the air fluctuations at an atomic
level co-determine the generated die face. The process in this cast'
is much more complicated, however, since many more factors con-
tribute to the end result.
APPARATUS
J . y
The test equipment consisted of a binary random number gen-j
erator and a display pank`
Random Number Generator
The RNG, which was similar to the one described in connection
with earlier precognition experiments (4, 5, 6), can produce se-
quences of binary random numbers of any specified length. Electrons
emitted by the strontium-90 decay trigger a Geiger counter and the
momentary position of a binary high frequency counter at the time
of the electron registration determines w1-ether a "+1" or a "-1"
is generated.
The numbers of electrical pulses produced on the +1 output
and the -1 output are recorded by two electromechanical reset
counters, and the complete sequence of generated numbers is recorded
on paper punch tape.
Randomness Tests
Because of the simplicity of the circuitry, the degree of random-
ness to be expected of the RNG can be discussed in detail (6) and
it can be shown to be much greater than required by the experiment.
The electronic circuitry is designed so that variations in th e
characteristics of the components cannot impair the randomness. In
order, to guard against any gross malfunctions, the proper electronic
operation was tested frequently. Furthermore, file randomness of
the generated number sequence-was tested experimentally. For this
purpose, a. sequence of four million numbers, generated on many
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178 The Journal of Parapsychology.
different days, was recorded on paper tape. Then for the whole se-
quence the numbers N+, N" of generated +1's and -I's were
counted and were found to be consistent with randomness, as was
the total number of flips (F) ; i.e.; events where a +1 "was followed
by a -1 or vice versa. The same procedure was applied to the 400
number sequences obtained by cutting the whole sequence into
blocks of 10,000 numbers each. A goodness-of-fit test verified that
the 400 values for +1 and -1, and the 400 values for F were con-
sistent with their expected normal distribution.
Display Panel
The subjects in this experiment were members of the Institute
for Parapsychology plus a few visitors. During a test session, the
TEST PROCEDURE
In testing with this apparatus,,the two above-mentioned counters
for the numbers of generated +1's and -I's could serve as the only
display, i.e., the (visual) focusing point toward which the subject
could have directed his PK efforts. In this case, the subject might
try to enforce mentally on the +1 counter a higher number of counts
than on the -1 counter. It seemed desirable, however, to use a psy-
chologically more stimulating display in the form of a panel with
nine lamps arranged in a circle and connected to the RNG by a 30-
foot long cable. One of the nine lamps, ?as lighted at a time; and
each time the RNG produced a signal, the light advanced one step
in the clockwise or the counterclockwise direction according _ to
whether the signal came to the +1 or the -1 output. Thus the light
performed a "random walk" among the nine lamps. Rather than di-
rect his PK toward the counters, then, the subject generally tried
to "will" the light on the display panel to-advance in an overall
clockwise motion.
Some of the subjects, however, preferred to force the light in
the counterclockwise direction. For them the two signal wires from
the RNG to the display panel were interchanged by flipping a switch
on the display panel so that a count on the +1 counter was displayed
as a jump of the light in the counterclockwise direction. Thus, for
all subjects, a jump of the lamp in the preferred direction, whether-
clockwise or counterclockwise, was registered on the +1 counter.
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 A PK Test with Electronic Equipment 179
subject sat in a dark closet with the display panel in front of him,
The RNG and the experimenter were stationed in the room outside
the closet.
Each testing session comprised 4 runs of 128 counts (steps in
the random walk). A run took approximately two minutes. The
machine stopped automatically after the one hundred and twenty-
eighth count. There were short breaks, mostly between one-half_an&
two minutes, between the runs.
At the beginning of each run, the subject, having decided in:
which direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) he wanted to in-,
fluence the .light to go, set a switch on the panel accordingly. Then
the experimenter turned on the start switch, causing the RNG to
generate 1~8 random numbers. Af the end of each run, the experi-
menter recorded the readings of the +1 counter and -1 counter.
The correctness of the counter readings was later checked with the
sequence of generated numbers recorded on the paper punch tape.
From the experimenter's point of view, the subject's goal was
always to produce a high number of +1 counts. From the subject's
viewpoint the equivalent goal was to influence the light in the di-
rection desired and indicated by the position of the switch on the
d i spl ay' panel.
The subject was permitted to flip the switch during the course
of a run so as to change the direction in which he wanted the hits
displayed, but only a few subjects actually took advantage of the op-
portunity. With this arrangement, the subject could have had the
impression that he was doing a test in precognition (by setting the
switch in the direction in which be thought the light would move
on the next jump) while he was actually doing a PK test.
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JCPYRGHT
PRELIMINARY SERIES
There were 18 subjects in the preliminary series and they carried
out a total of 54 sessions, each subject contributing from one to
seven sessions.
The total score was a ne_ga~ve deviation of 129 hits below
chance expectation out of 216 runs; CR = 1.55. These results in-
dude one subject who obtained a high positive score of 52 hits above
chance in 16 runs (CR = 2.3).
dog
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 Approved For Release 2001/04/02 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2
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CPYRGHT
180
The Journal of Parapsychology
MAIN SERIES
. It was expected on the basis of the preliminary results that by
leaving out the one high-scoring subject, an overall significantly
negative score would be obtained in the main series. In order to em-
phasize the negative scoring, some subjects were asked to associate,
feelings of pessimism and failure. with the experiment.. The more
negative-scoring subjects were used more frequently, and a few
new subjects were allowed to contribute only after preliminary tests
had suggested a negative scoring tendency.
The total length of'tbe experiment was set in advance at 64 ses-
sions of four runs each. It was not determined in advance, however,.,,
how many sessions each individual subject should contribute. Alto-
gether there were 15 subjects and they contributed between one and
10 sessions each.'
Although the proper randomness of The generator had been tested
extensively, as mentioned before, a further safeguard against a pos-
sible bias of the generator was introduced. After the first half of the
confirmatory test was completed the two outputs of the generator
were internally interchanged. Thus, even a constant bias in the gen-
erator could not have caused the total significant score to be reported.
A total of 256 runs in this part of the experiment yielded a neg-
ative deviation of 302 hits (CR = 3.33; P < .001, two-tailed). Of
the 64 sessions, 46 gave below-chance scores, 15 above-chance scores,
and three were just at-chance level-_(CR. = 4.0). Of the- 256 runs,
147 were below chance, 92 above chance, and 17 at chance level
(CR = 3.55). These three CR values -are certainly not independent,
but they do emphasize the consistency of the results.
A post hoc analysis of the data showed two types of decline
effect: more negative scoring in the second half of each run than
in the first; and more negative scoring in the second half (the third
and fourth runs) of each session than in the first half (first two
runs). The decline results, however, are suggestive rather than sta-
tistically significant:
u
Deviation for! pooled first half of th e run
Deviation for pooled second half of the run: -211
Deviation for the pooled first half of the session: -83
Deviation for the pooled second half of the session: -219
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J+r.a we .c7bu14 4vutu t:crtalnly a.iso oe ascrioen to precognition on
the part of the experimenter or the subject. Since the sequence of
generated numbers depended critically on the time when' the test
run began, and since the experimenter, in consensus with the sub-
ject, decided when to flip the start switch, precognition might have
prompted experimenter and subject to, start the run at a dime which
favored scoring in a certain direction. 1
If the PK interpretation is appropriate, the results]imply the
action of PK at some distance, since the generator was separated
from the subject by a wall and only the display panel wks close to .
the subject.
The experiment has been discussed in terms of PK,' but in prim-:
was left unattended (in the randomness tests) but that it displayed a
significant 'bias when the test subjects concentratedI on the display
panel, wishing for an increased generation rate of one number.
A PK Test with Electronic Equipment 181
DISCUSSION
The result of the experiment shows that the binary random num-
ber generator had no bias for generation of -+-1's or -1's as long as it
REFERENCES
1. BELOFF., J., and EVANS, L. A radioactivity test of psychokinesis. J.
Soc. psych. Res., 1961, 41, 41-46.
2. CHAU'VIN, R., and GENTHON, J. Eine Untersuchung fiber die Mog-
lichkeit psychokinetischer Experimente mit Uranium and Geigerzahler
[An investigation of the possibility of PK experiments with ura-
nium and a Geiger counter].- Zeitschrift fur Parapsychologie and
Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1965, 8, 140-47. .
3. RniNE, L. E. Mind Over Matter. New York: Macmillan, 1970.. ? -.
4. ScaMmT, H. Anomalous prediction of quantum processes by some
human subjects. Document DI-82-0821 (1969). Boeing Scientific
Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington Available from Clear=
ing House, U.S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, Va.
5. SCHMI rr, H. Precognition of a quantum, process. J. Parapsychol.,
1969, 33, 99-108.
6. SCHMIDT, H. Quantum-mechanical random-number generator. J.
app. Physics, 1970, 41 (No. 2), 462-68.
I