GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000300050002-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 55
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
CIA/RR-MR-54.
February 1958
E"CLASSIF EO
LASS. CHANGED TO: TS S C
NEXT REVIEW DATE:
AUTH: HR 0-2
DAT~..y9PEVIEtVER: 312044
D+v+CIUM,ENTNO. __.,_
NO CHANGE IN CLASS. Ci
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFIFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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CIA/RR-MR-54
Office of Research and Reports
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Page
A Survey of Developments in Asiatic USSR . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Oil Industry of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Rehabilitation of Southern Italy . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Administrative Divisions of North Korea . . . . . . . . . . 41
Following page
USSR: Principal Developments in the Sixth
Five Year Plan (26117) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Siberia and Kazakhstan (26570) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Italy: Petroleum Industry (26321) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Southern Italy: Land Reclamation (26310 . . . . . . . . . 32
Southern Italy: Metaponto (26315) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
North Korea: Administrative Divisions (26523) . . . . . . . 46
North Korea: Workers' Districts (26522) . . . . . . . . . . 1i6
*The individual classification of each article in this Review
is given at the end of the article.
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A SURVEY OF DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIATIC USSR
Introduction
Since 1956 the industrial development of Asiatic USSR* has been
emphasized increasingly in Soviet planning. Considerable industrial
expansion had occurred in the east before and during World War II,
but the first postwar indication of a systematic, large-scale
industrial effort appeared in the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960).
In comparison with the Fifth Five-Year Plan, the Sixth called for
an increase in capital investment of 150 percent for Western Siberia,
180 for Eastern Siberia, and 170 percent for Kazakhstan. The greater
part of the planned expansion was earmarked for the southern parts
of Eastern and Western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan (see Map
26117). Development at this rate, however, was apparently too
ambitious; and goals in many instances have had to be revised
downward. The capital investment scheduled for all of Asiatic USSR
in 1958 is substantially below that called for in the Sixth Five-Year
Plan, which apparently is to be superseded by the new Seven-Year Plan
(1959-1965). Despite the present setback, the abundance of raw
materials in the east makes it probable that emphasis will continue
to be placed on the development of Asiatic USSR, but at a rate
slower than had been originally planned.
*For the purposes of this report, Asiatic USSR is delimited to
include the following areas: Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, the
Far East, Kazakhstan, and Soviet Central Asia.
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Background of Industrial Development
Traditionally, Asiatic USSR has had a raw-material economy and
therefore has had to rely heavily upon the west for finished goods.
In the past, when new industries were established in the USSR, the
majority were located in the west -- near centers of population and
complementary industries and accessible to existing transportation
systems. Because of the abundance and variety of resources in
Asiatic USSR and the inadequate supply of some of these resources
in European USSR, bulky raw materials had to be shipped long distances
from east to west for utilization and processing.
Although significant industrial expansion occurred in conjunction
with the prewar Five-Year Plans, World War II provided the greatest
impetus to industrial development in Asiatic USSR. During the war,
both industries and people were transplanted from west to east to
prevent their capture by the German Army. Development continued in
the postwar years but at a reduced rate, the main economic effort of
the USSR being concentrated on the restoration of the western
industries that had been destroyed during the war. In Asiatic USSR
the major postwar interest has been in agriculture. Between 1954
and 1957, about 36 million hectares of land was put under cultivation
in conjunction with the New Lands Program.
A major deterrent to the development of the east has been the
inadequacy of labor supply. According to an official pronouncement,
however, the labor force of Asiatic USSR (presumably including the
Urals) was scheduled to increase by about 3 million workers during
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the Sixth Five-Year Plan. The Soviet Government made an appeal for
400,000 to 500,000 volunteers to move eastward during 1956 and 1957.
To encourage this migration, the state is probably continuing its
policy of offering monetary incentives. Should this fail, a system
of compulsory enlistment may be adopted, as has been the case in
other areas in the past. The increase in population will also create
a larger local market for manufactured products and an additional
stimulus for industrial development.
The current economic program is emphasizing the location of
industries near sources of basic raw materials and increased self-
sufficiency in the east, with resulting significant transportation
economies. The areas of major planned development are therefore in
the mineral-rich lands of southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan.
Resource Base
Asiatic USSR possesses both an abundance and variety of raw
materials ranging from vast timber, hydroelectric power, and
agricultural resources to fuels and metallic minerals. The great
bulk of the coal and nonferrous minerals of the USSR are found in
the east, as well as large quantities of iron ore, ferroalloy ores,
and nonmetallic minerals. These minerals, in conjunction with the
vast energy resources, provide the basis for the current development
of industry in the east. (See Map 26570.)
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The planned eastward movement of Soviet industrial production
reflects an increasing inadequacy of fuel, power, and minerals in
European USSR and the availability of these critical materials east
of the Ural Mountains. About 90 percent of the estimated coal
reserves and about 80 percent of the potential hydroelectric power
resources of the USSR are located east of the Ural Mountains. Since
probably four-fifths of both the industrial production and the
population of the USSR are concentrated in European USSR, most of
the fuel and power is currently consumed in the west. Industrial
production has increased more rapidly than the supply of energy in
European USSR, and a fuel and power shortage has resulted. In 1955,
about 12 million tons of coal were shipped from the Kuzbass in
southern Siberia and Karaganda in northern Kazakhstan to European
USSR and about 33 million tons to the Urals.
The most important coal reserves in the east are in the Kuzbass
of southern Siberia. Reserves here are estimated at 990 billion
metric tons, 260 billion of which are of coking quality. The total
is far greater than that of the Donbass, the largest field in
European USSR. Other deposits of significant size are the Kansko-
Achinskiy and Irkutsko-Cheremkhovskiy fields. To meet current plans,
coal production is to be initiated or expanded at the following fields
in southern Siberia: Itatskiy and Tom-Usinskiy in the Kuzbass,
Nazarovskiy and Irsha-Borodinskiy in the Kansko-Achinskiy Basin,
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Azeyskiy and Cheremkhovskiy in the Irkutsko-Cheremkhovskiy Basin in
Irkutskaya Oblast'. In northern Siberia are the huge but inaccessible
Tunguskiy and Lenskiy coal basins. Recently coal of coking quality
has been discovered near Chul'man in the southern part of Yakutskaya
ASSR near exploitable reserves of iron ore.
In northern Kazakhstan the largest deposits are at Karaganda,
and other important deposits are located at Ekibastuz and Kushmurun.
Current plans call for the expansion or initiation of coal mining
at these deposits. The Soviet Central Asian Republics and the Far
East have small, scattered coal deposits.
Electric Power
Extensive hydroelectric-power potential and coal deposits
provide the basis for increased electric-power production in Asiatic
USSR. Most of the power-generating increment will be in the form of
thermal facilities, but hydroelectric installations are also scheduled
for significant expansion.
Siberian rivers account for about one-half the estimated
hydroelectric power resources of the USSR and are capable of producing
more than 900 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power annually. For
Siberia, the Sixth Five-Year Plan called for an increase in capacity
of 250 percent by 1960. The 1955 production of Siberia and the Far
East, amounting to 20 billion kilowatt-hours, is to be increased to
50 billion by 1960.
In Siberia, hydroelectric plants are to be located along the
Ob', Yenisey, and Angara Rivers. On the Ob', the Kamenskaya GES
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(500,000 kilowatts) and the Novosibirskaya GES (400,000 kilowatts)
are now under construction. These are the first in a chain of
stations on the Ob', six of which are to be even larger. For the
Yenisey, two stations have been planned -- the Krasnoyarskaya GES
(4,000,000 kilowatts) and the Yeniseyskaya GES (5,000,000 to 6,000,000
kilowatts), which is to be located at the junction of the Angara and
the Yenisey. The construction of a station of comparable size, the
Osinovskaya GES, is planned at the confluence of the Yenisey and the
Podkamennaya Tunguska. Developments along the Angara will include a
cascade of six huge power stations. The Bratskaya GES (3,600,000
kilowatts) and the Irkutskaya GES (660,000 kilowatts) are under
construction, and two of those planned for the middle and lower
courses of the river will have capacities of about 3,000,000 kilowatts
each.
For the Amur River system plans are less firm. They will
probably include a joint Sino-Soviet program for hydroelectric
development in conjunction with the industrial development of the
Aldan-Amur region. The ultimate planned capacity of the Amur
hydroelectric stations is about 13 million kilowatts, with an annual
output of 70 billion kilowatt-hours.
The hydroelectric potential of Kazakhstan is of significant
size, but it is not comparable to that of Siberia. Much of the
development is scheduled for the Irtysh River. The Ust'-Kamenogorsk
GES (322,000 kilowatts) has-already been completed, and construction
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has been started on the Bukhtarminskaya GES farther south. Nine
other stations are to be built along the Irtysh, including the
Shul'binskaya GES near Semipalatinsk. Plans have also been made for
the construction of the Kapchagayskaya GES on the Ili River south of
Lake Balkhash. Seven smaller plants in the Soviet Central Asian
Republics are either projected or under construction.
Despite the numerous hydroelectric projects planned and under
construction, thermoelectric development is scheduled to exceed
hydroelectric. In Siberia, thermoelectric development is limited
largely to the immediate vicinity of coal deposits. Several stations
will have a rated capacity of over 1 million kilowatts each. One
such station is under construction at Nazarovo south of Achinsk, two
are under construction in the Kuzbass, and another is being built at
Cheremkhovo. Thermoelectric stations are also planned for Itatsk,
Achinsk, and Tayshet. In Kazakhstan, thermoelectric plants are
under construction at Karaganda and Petropavlovsk. Three others
are planned for Pavlodar and several for the vicinity of Ust'-Kamenogorsk.
The creation of a unified electric-power grid for southern
Siberia within the next 10 to 15 years is under consideration. This
grid, connecting all stations between Novosibirsk and Irkutsk, will
be linked to the European grid via the Ural grid. Ultimately the
southern Siberian grid will include thermoelectric and hydroelectric
stations with a combined capacity of 50 million kilowatts. Construction
has been completed on a 1+00-kilovolt transmission line from Irkutsk
to Bratsk, a distance of about 600 kilometers (375 miles); and a
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220-kilovolt line from Novosibirsk to Stalinsk in the Kuzbass grid
is well underway. Transmission lines to Kazakhstan and to the Altay
Kray are projected, and eventually the grid is to be extended to the
Far East.
In Kazakhstan, a planned transmission grid will link the
hydroelectric plants along the Irtysh River with Favlodar, Semipalatinsk,
and other major cities of eastern Kazakhstan, and eventually with the
Altay Kray.
Iron Ore
Until recently, a shortage of iron ore has been a major deterrent
to industrial development in the coal producing areas of Asiatic USSR.
The discovery and exploitation of new ore deposits in recent years,
however, has changed the prospects. The major stimulus to exploitation
has been the difficulty European USSR has encountered in mining
sufficient ore to support its expanding iron and steel industry.
Apparently Asiatic USSR now has sufficient reserves to supply its
present and planned metallurgical plants and still provide some ore
for export to the Urals.
In northern Kazakhstan, large deposits of iron ore have been
discovered near Kustanay, at Sokolovka and Sarbay. The Sokolovka
and Sarbay deposits are close to the surface and can be exploited by
strip-mining methods. At these deposits, a concentrating plant is
being built that will have an output of 5.6 million tons of processed
iron ore annually, which will be shipped to the southern Urals. Large
deposits of lower grade iron ore were also discovered slightly to the
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south. In central Kazakhstan, southwest of Karaganda, is the Atasuskiy
deposit, which is being developed to supply the iron and steel plant
being built at Temir-Tau near Karaganda.
Iron ore deposits in Gornaya Shoriya, south of the Kuzbass,
already supply the Kuznetskiy metallurgical plant with much of its
ore requirements. Even larger deposits have been discovered to the
northeast in Kuznetskiy Alatau.
Other sources of ore for the Kuznetskiy plant are currently
being developed in Eastern Siberia. One of these is at Abaza in
southern Khakasskaya AO near Abakan. Two large additional fields --
the Nizhne-Angarskoye and the Angaro-Ilimskoye -- are located along
the Angara River. In the Angaro-Ilimskoye field the Korshunovskoye
deposit east of Bratsk is already being developed. Deposits of iron
ore have also been discovered in southern Yakutskaya ASSR near
Chul'man and in the southern part of Chitinskaya Oblast'. Within
the next 10 to 15 years, all of these deposits are scheduled for
development. In the Far East, only limited quantities of iron ore
have been found.
Other Minerals
Asiatic USSR has large reserves of nonferrous, ferroalloy, and
nonmetallic minerals. Kazakhstan holds first place in the USSR in
reserves of copper, zinc, lead, silver, cadmium, tungsten, vanadium,
and chromite and has significant reserves of bauxite, manganese,
nickel, cobalt, titanium, phosphorite, asbestos, molybdenum, petroleum, and
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salt. The Soviet Central Asian Republics also have significant
mineral reserves, including scattered coal deposits, petroleum, and
raw materials for chemicals and fertilizers. Of particular importance
in Siberia are the large nepheline deposits south of Achinsk, the
copper-nickel deposit at Noril'sk, and the natural gas deposit at
Berezovo on the lower Ob'. Diamonds of potential industrial importance
have been discovered in west-central Yakutiya. In the Far East,
tungsten, tin, and gold are found.
Industrial Expansion
Industrial phases of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for Asiatic USSR
emphasized primarily the expansion of metallurgy and machine-building,
followed by the wood and chemical industries and industries producing
consumer goods. Most of these industries require large amounts of
fuel and power, which can be produced in abundance in Asiatic USSR.
The greatest industrial expansion is scheduled for southern
Siberia and northern Kazakhstan. In southern Siberia, industry will
be developed primarily in the Angaro-Yeniseyskiy industrial complex,
which extends along the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Irkutsk to
Achinsk; in the Kuzbass; and around the larger cities along the
Trans-Siberian Railroad, such as Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Tomsk. In
northern Kazakhstan, industrial expansion is to be concentrated in
the vicinity of the larger cities such as Karaganda, Pavlodar, and
Ust-'Kamenogorsk.
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Ferrous Metallurgy
In the next 10 to 15 years, plans call for the production of
15 to 20 million tons of pig iron in Asiatic USSR annually. Within
the southern Siberia-northern Kazakhstan region, four large new
plants are to be built, and the Kuznetskiy metallurgical plant at
Stalinsk is to be expanded. One large plant is under construction
at Temir-Tau, just north of Karaganda, which will be supplied with
coking coal from Karaganda and iron ore from Ata-Su, 65 kilometers
(40 miles) to the southwest. A second is under construction in the
Antonov area 17 kilometers (10 miles) from Stalinsk and will utilize
iron ore from Abakan and probably from the Angaro-Ilimskoye deposits.
The construction of the other two plants is scheduled to be started
before 1960, probably in the vicinity of Achinsk and Tayshet. Both
of these plants probably will use coking coal from the Kuzbass and
iron ore from the deposits along the Angara River.
Although a great expansion of ferrous-metallurgy was called for
under the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there are indications that the
construction of new ore-processing facilities is behind schedule.
At the Sokolovko-Sarbayskiy and the Korshunovskiy concentrating
combines and the Atasuskiy iron-ore mine, construction work is
reportedly lagging.
Nonferrous Metallurgy
For the Soviet Union as a whole the Sixth Five-Year Plan called
for a 2- to 3-fold increase in capital investment in nonferrous
metallurgy above the amount provided for in the Fifth Five-Year Plan.
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Most of the expansion is to be in the form of new developments in
Asiatic USSR for the smelting of aluminum, copper, zinc, and lead.
Four large aluminum plants are to be built in the Siberia-Kazakhstan
region, and the aluminum plant at Stalinsk is being expanded. At
Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, aluminum plants are under construction, and
another is planned for the Kuzbass. An alumina plant is under
construction at Achinsk, which will utilize the large nearby nepheline
deposits at Uzhur. In Kazakhstan, an aluminum plant is being built
at Pavlodar. For this plant, raw materials will be supplied by the
bauxite deposit near Turgay.
Other significant developments in the field of nonferrous
metallurgy are the construction of a large copper smelting combine
at Dzhezkatgan; planned copper and lead-zinc smelting plants in the
Rudnyy Altay, southern and northeastern Kazakhstan, and the Uzbek
SSR; and expansion of the existing smelters at Ust'-Kamenogorsk
(lead-zinc), Almalyk (copper) and Altyn-Topkan (lead-zinc). A
ferro-alloy plant is scheduled for Yermak near Pavlodar.
Machine Building
The Sixth Five-Year Plan called for the construction of
approximately 100 machine-building plants in Asiatic USSR, which
represents about two-thirds of the new machine-building establishments
planned for the entire USSR. Sixty-five plants are to be built in
Siberia, and about 15 in Kazakhstan. Presumably, the remainder are
to be scattered among the other Soviet Central Asian Republics and
the Far East.
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Although machinery of many types will be manufactured, individual
plants will primarily reflect local requirements. The production of
mining, electrical, agricultural, transportation, and power-engineering
and machine tools will probably receive major emphasis. For example,
in Petropavlovsk a plant for rolling-mill equipment is being built;
in Tomsk a plant for automatic lines; and in Pavlodar -- in the heart
of the New Lands -- the largest combine plant in the USSR. Six
specialized automotive-parts plants were also scheduled to be built
in Eastern and Western Siberia, and a turbogenerator plant has been
constructed in Novosibirsk. With the development of machine building
in the east, it is expected that this region will be able to export
machinery to other parts of Asia.
Oil Refining
Seven large oil refineries are to be constructed east of the
Urals. In the past, refineries have been located primarily in
oil-producing areas, but the Sixth Five-Year Plan emphasized the
building of new refineries near centers of consumption, where crude
oil would be supplied by pipelines. Recently, a large oil refinery
was constructed at Omsk, and oil refineries are under construction
at Irkutsk in eastern Siberia and Fergana in the Uzbek SSR. Others
are planned at Pavlodar and Chimkent in Kazakhstan, near Bogotol in
eastern Siberia, and in Amurskaya Oblast', probably at Blagoveshchensk.
The refineries in northern Kazakhstan and eastern and western
Siberia will be supplied from the Volga-Ural region; only those in
southern Kazakhstan will operate on local oil. To relieve the load
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on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, four petroleum pipelines will lead
eastward from Bashkirskaya ASSR via Chelyabinsk and Petropavlovsk
to Omsk in western Siberia. Pipelines have been completed from
Tuymazy to Omsk and from Ufa to Omsk. The line from Ufa probably
carries refined products, whereas the one from Tuymazy probably
carries crude oil. Two other lines to Omsk -- paralleling the two
recently completed -- are under construction. A projected branch
line will lead from the main line at Omsk to the planned oil
refinery at Pavlodar. A double line from Omsk to Irkutsk via
Novosibirsk is under construction and, on completion, a single line
is to be extended to Khabarovskiy Kray.
Chemical Industry
Raw materials such as salt, coal, sulphur, and phosphorite, and
gases from oil refineries and coking ovens will provide the base for
the chemical industry of the eastern regions. The production of
mineral fertilizers is being encouraged in an effort to satisfy the
demands of the New Lands area and of the irrigated cotton lands in
Soviet Central Asia. Because of the high premium placed on
nitrogenous fertilizers, their production is to receive especial
attention. New plants are to be constructed in the Kuzbass and in
eastern Siberia; the capacity of the Chirchik electrochemical combine
in Soviet Central Asia is to be expanded; and an even larger
nitrogenous-fertilizer plant will be built at Angren, where there
is a sizable coal deposit. At Karaganda, a plant will be built for
the production of ammonium sulphate, a nitrogenous fertilizer, which
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is derived from coke gases. At Samarkand and Kokand, existing
superphosphate plants are to be enlarged; and new phosphate fertilizer
and chemical plants are to be built at Dzhambul and Chardzhou. Raw
materials for these plants will be supplied from the phosphorite
deposits at Kara-Tau.
Among the other chemical industries included in economic plans
for the eastern regions are soda, dye, alcohol, synthetic-rubber, and
synthetic fiber production. At the synthetic alcohol plant now under
construction in Omsk, petroleum gases will serve as raw materials.
Seven new synthetic fiber plants are to be built at various
unspecified points.
Wood Industries
The USSR has the largest forest reserves in the world -- more
than 650 million hectares of forests, of which four-fifths are in
Asiatic USSR. About 50 percent of the volume of standing timber
reserves are located in Eastern Siberia, primarily in the Angaro-
Yeniseyskiy Basin. The Sixth Five-Year Plan calls for the expansion
of the wood products industries in the east. According to plans,
Siberia should account for about 50 percent of the Soviet production
of wood products by 1960. New enterprises of the wood and wood-chemical
industry have been planned for Tomskaya Oblast', Krasnoyarskiy Kray,
Irkutskaya Oblast', Buryat-Mongol'skaya ASSR, and Khabarovskiy Kray.
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Construction Materials
To meet the rapidly growing needs of capital construction in
the east, increased production of construction materials is being
emphasized. Many new plants have been planned for the manufacture
of a variety of construction materials. About'50 percent of the new
Soviet cement-production capacity scheduled in the Sixth Five-Year
Plan was designated for Kazakhstan and Siberia. Large cement plants
are to be constructed at Achinsk, Semipalatinsk, Chimkent, and
Angarsk. Plants for the production of reinforced concrete materials,
building blocks, bricks, and limestone and slate materials are also
included in the program.
Consumer Industries
At present, Asiatic USSR is largely dependent on European USSR
for consumer goods, many of which could be produced in the east. In
an attempt to develop self-sufficiency in Asiatic USSR, the Sixth
Five-Year Plan envisaged a significant expansion of the textile and
clothing industries. The new production capacity, however, is not
expected to be adequate to satisfy local requirements for consumer
goods.
Rail Developments
Railroads comprise the most important means of transportation
in the east, carrying about 90 percent of the volume of traffic.
The planned expansion of economic activities in the eastern regions
would undoubtedly tax the already heavily burdened rail system.
Efforts are now being made to relieve this situation by constructing
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alternate routes and feeder lines and by double tracking, dieselization,
and electrification (see Map 26570).
Although the Trans-Siberian Railroad is still the only route
linking Siberia and the Soviet Far East with European USSR, the
rail system in the eastern regions is gradually being extended. In
the early 1950's, the first east-west alternate route to the Trans-
Siberian Railroad -- the South Siberian Railroad -- was completed.
This single-track line leads from Magnitogorsk in the southern Urals
through Akmolinsk to Stalinsk in the Kuzbass. A westward extension
from Magnitogorsk to Abdulino on the Chelyabinsk-Moscow line and an
eastward extension from Stalinsk to Abakan (with a branch to Abaza)
are under construction. The latter extension will carry iron ore to
the Kuznetskiy metallurgical combine in Stalinsk. Plans call for a
further extension from Abakan to Tayshet on the Trans-Siberian
Railroad.
A second east-west alternate route -- the Central Siberian
Railroad -- will lead from Troitsk to Barnaul. This line, which
initially consisted of a series of broad- and narrow-gauge lines,
is being converted into a broad-gauge, single-track trunkline. The
greater part of the line has been completed, and the remaining sectors
are either under construction or planned for the immediate future.
The chief function of the line will be the servicing of the rapidly
developing New Lands area.
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Another recently completed alternate route is the Petropavlovsk-
Akmolinsk-Chu line, which supplements the older Turk-Sib Railroad
and leads into the heart of Soviet Central Asia. Also important as
alternates are the cut-offs from Omsk to Sverdlovsk and from Kurgan
to Sverdlovsk. The Kazakhstan-China railroad, which is currently
under construction, leads eastward from Aktogay on the Turk-Sib via
Dzhungarskiye Vorota to China. When completed, it will provide a
more direct route to China and will greatly relieve the traffic load
on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which at present carries the China
traffic. Future plans call for an extension of this line from
Aktogay westward to Karaganda, which will connect with the South
Siberian Railroad at Akmolinsk.
Another important rail development is the projected line from
the Pechora coal basin to the central Urals, which would reduce
substantially the amount of coal that has to be shipped to the
Urals from the Kuzbass and Karaganda.
In addition to the alternate routes, a number of north-south
feeder lines are being constructed to connect the three east-west
trunklines, or to tap important mining and agricultural areas. Among
these are (1) the Kustanay-Tobol-Aydyrlinskiy line to the iron-ore
deposits south of Kustanay; (2) the Yesil'-Turgay line to the bauxite
deposit at Turgay; (3) the Ata-Su--Karazhal line to the important
iron-ore deposit at Karazhal; (4) the Achinsk-Abalakovo line, which
will eventually connect with the iron-ore deposits on the lower
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Angara and will also provide an outlet for the timber resources of
this area; (5) the Tayshet--Ust'-Kut line, which connects with the
Angaro-Ilimskoye iron-ore deposits and the resources of the Lena
Basin; and (6) the planned Ol'doy-Yakutsk line, farther east, which
will tap the iron-ore and coal deposits of the Chul'man-Aldan area
as well as the resources of the Yakutskaya ASSR.
Double tracking to improve rail transportation in the east is
well under way. The Trans-Siberian Railroad has been double tracked
throughout its entire length, as have also the main lines in the
Kuzbass. Double tracking is also planned for the Omsk-Sverdlovsk,
Kurgan-Sverdlovsk, and Stalinsk-Barnaul, and Omsk-Barnaul lines.
Currently the electrification program is limited chiefly to the
Trans-Siberian Railroad and is designed not only to improve the
efficiency of the line but also to eliminate the need for carrying
fuel. Electrification of the line from Chelyabinsk to Irkutsk was
scheduled under the Sixth Five-Year Plan and from there to Vladivostok
during the 1960's.
Conclusions
Although the timetable for the planned development of Asiatic
USSR has been delayed, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that
plans have passed the propaganda stage and expansion can be expected
to continue. Major emphasis is currently on the increased exploitation
of raw materials, the expansion of the power base, and the extension
of the rail network. These developments will provide the basis for
future industrial expansion. (SECRET)
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THE OIL INDUSTRY OF ITALY
Introduction
Within the past decade, Italy has developed one of the largest
oil refining industries in Western Europe, with a capacity exceeded
only by those of France and the United Kingdom. The role of refining
in the economy of the country is steadily increasing, and petroleum
products are among the major exports of Italy. Recent discoveries
of fairly large petroleum reserves on the mainland and in Sicily
have attracted the attention of Italian and non-Italian oil groups
and may alleviate the present almost complete dependence upon
imported crude oil. The viability of the refining industry, however,
is still based chiefly on the location of Italy midway between the
oilfields of the Middle East -- the source of most of the oil refined and the major consumers in Western Europe.
The Refining Industry
The Italian refining industry has been characterized by a large
number of refineries, many of which are locally owned and operated.
Most of the plants are located at ports where the crude oil can be
delivered directly by tankers. Refineries are also located in the
Po Valley near industrial centers, the largest inland group being
near Milan. Crude oil for these inland refineries is brought in by
pipelines from the ports of Genoa and Savona (see Map 26321).
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In recent years, changes of two types have been occurring.
First, there has been a trend toward the absorption of the independent
refineries by large companies. Of the 35 refineries in operation in
July 1957, 9 were responsible for about 75 percent of the total
Italian production of petroleum products. These major plants are
located at Augusta (Sicily), Bari, La Spezia, Leghorn, Naples, Rho
(near Milan), Trecate, Trieste, and Venice. Second, greater reliance
is also being placed on crude oil from newly discovered reserves of
petroleum within Italy. This has led some groups to believe that
Italy eventually may become a major European oil-producing state.
Nevertheless, there seems little doubt that the refineries of the
country must continue to rely upon imported crude to meet the
expanding internal and external demands in the foreseeable future.
Of the major European importers of petroleum from the Middle
East, Italy was least affected by the drastic reduction in the amount
of Middle East oil available to European countries during the Suez
Crisis from October 1956 to March 1957. The reason was twofold. In
the first place, Italy was not involved in the invasion of Egypt and
consequently was not denied access to whatever oil was available
from Arab nations. Secondly, various events within Italy reduced
the local need for petroleum, thus enabling the country to meet its
own requirements and to maintain a surplus for export, albeit at a
substantially reduced level.
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8 10
12
14
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LIECHTENSTEIN
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ITALY
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Limit of Po Valley
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36
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8
10 12
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Normally, over 90 percent of the Italian oil imports have come
from the Middle East. Through October 1956, imports from the Middle
East averaged about 1,600,000 metric tons a month. Thereafter, they
declined to 1,150,000 in November, and 1,1+0,000 in the following
March (see Figure 1). The total decline of all imports was less
pronounced, but crude oil from the Middle East dropped from an
average of 90 percent of the total during the earlier months of
1956 to 77 percent in March 1957.
Prior to the Suez Crisis, about 40 percent of the Middle East
oil for Italy came by way of the Suez Canal. Most of the remainder
was brought by pipeline to one of three eastern Mediterranean ports --
Sidon and Tripoli in Lebanon, and Banias in Syria -- for transfer to
tankers. During the crisis, the terminal at Sidon was kept open for
Italian use, but it was closed to the British and French as
cobelligerents in the invasion of Egypt. Pumping stations on the
lines serving Tripoli and Banias were damaged during the crisis, and
oil was not available again at these terminals until March 1957.
Italian exports of refined products fell off appreciably after
the closing of the Suez Canal, but the decline was not felt immediately
because of the reserves of crude on hand. In December 1956, exports
of major petroleum products amounted to 590,000 metric tons, which
was actually higher than during the preceding months of that year.
By March 1957, however, exports had dropped to only 235,000 tons.
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Thereafter, exports of major petroleum products increased rapidly
and reached an all-time high, nearly 700,000 tons in April, reflecting
the new high level of crude imports (see Figure 2).
Contrary to predictions made by many observers at the time,
Italian consumers of petroleum products experienced no great or
lasting harm as a result of the Suez Crisis. In fact, Italy suffered
less than did any other European country in which the refining
capacity far exceeds the domestic production of crude oil.
Throughout the crisis, Italian imports from the Middle East
remained higher than those of most of the other countries because
Italy had access to Middle East oil via the pipeline terminal at
Sidon. To compensate in part for the loss of tanker-hauled oil via
Suez, Italy increased its purchases at this terminal. Italy also
located new sources of crude, including the USSR, and increased its
imports from the United States and Venezuela. Eventually, tankers
brought some oil directly from the Persian Gulf area by way of the
Cape of Good Hope, but because of the extra time and added cost
involved the amounts were small compared with those formerly shipped
via Suez.
Within Italy, other factors helped to alleviate the shortage
caused by reduced imports. Natural gas -- of great and increasing
importance as a source of power and heat in Italy -- was used as
an oil substitute wherever possible. Coal imported from the United
States was substituted for oil in some thermoelectric plants. A
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mild winter in 1956-57 also reduced temporarily the demand for heating
oil. Of even greater significance, however, was the increasing
production of crude petroleum within Italy itself.
Domestic Production of Crude Petroleum
Surveys made within the last two decades, especially since
World War II, have shown that about one-third of the total area of
Italy and Sicily can be classified as "oil possible"; no oil or gas
has been detected in Sardinia. Oil-possible areas include the Po
Valley, most of the eastern coast of Italy, and the southern
two-thirds of Sicily (see Map 26321). Geologically, these areas
consist of sedimentary rocks deposited during Tertiary times.
Of the oil-possible areas the largest is the Po Valley, which
has long been known as a potential source of gas and oil. Nearly
all of the natural gas produced in Italy today, as well as increasing
amounts of oil, comes from the Po Valley. The eastern and southern
slopes of the Apennines have been recognized as oil possible only
since the discovery of a large pool of oil near Alanno a few years
ago. In Sicily, evidences of oil and gas have been recognized for
centuries, but only within the last few years have any significant
amounts been definitely located. The large reserves of oil discovered
at Ragusa, Sicily, in 1953 have been largely responsible for the
recent rise in Italian production; in 1955, this field yielded about
120,000 metric tons of crude -- an amount greater than the combined
production of Italy and Sicily during the preceding year. Small
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areas on or near the west coast mainland have also been classified
as oil possible and production on a limited scale has been underway
for several years in a few of them.
With an estimated oil reserve of about 20,000,000 metric tons,
Italy ranks high among European nations. Known reserves now equal
those of France; and the only western European countries that have
larger reserves are Germany, with 60,000,000 metric tons, and Austria
with about 53,000,000. As a result of postwar oil discoveries the
production of crude petroleum in Italy has increased rapidly -- from
about 17,000 metric tons in 1951 to 547,000 in 1956 (see Figure 3).
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Although domestic crude accounted for only some 3 percent of the
total products refined in 1956, the presence of oil in Italy in
hitherto unsuspected quantities has stimulated the interest of
Italian and non-Italian oil groups, who hope to make Italy one of
the major oil producers of Europe.
Legal Aspects
The prospecting for and the development of oil and gas, both
on the mainland of Italy and on Sicily, are strictly regulated by
law. On the mainland the law is so restrictive that private
organizations have been discouraged from prospecting. In Sicily,
which has a semiautonomous status, the laws are somewhat more
favorable to private exploration.
Most oil and gas developmental activities on the mainland of
Italy are carried on by subsidiaries of the Entente Nazionale
Idrocarbon (National Hydrocarbon Association, referred to as ENI).
This government-favored organization was formed in 1953 and was
given exclusive rights to develop oil and gas in the Po Valley.
Elsewhere on the Italian mainland, ENI must compete with all other
companies. Although a number of small oil companies are active on
the mainland, few large concerns -- particularly international
organizations -- are willing to invest in prospecting under the
present legal restrictions.
Permits to private organizations for prospecting are granted
on a limited acreage basis, and the company discovering oil has no
guarantee that it will be allowed to exploit it. Even when permission
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to pump oil is granted, the Italian Government allows the company
only 40 percent of the profits, in contrast to the 50-50 profit-sharing
basis in practice in most other parts of the world. Although ENI must
compete with private concerns outside the Po Valley, it has a distinct
advantage over them, principally because it does not incur as great
financial risks. In 1955, ENI subsidiaries held permits to explore
for oil in about 1.5 million acres on the mainland outside of the
Po Valley. Private Italian and non-Italian companies held permits
for about 3.6 million acres. The ENI, although holding less than
the combined area allotted to private concerns, has exploration
rights to much more territory than any other single company.
Despite legal restriction on prospecting activities on the
mainland, companies from several foreign countries -- notably the
United States, Great Britain, Belgium, and France -- are interested
in developing Italian oil. These countries are among the chief
advocates of more liberal legislation. The major American oil
companies engaged in prospecting in Italy or Sicily include the
Gulf Oil Company, Standard Oil of New Jersey, Pacific Western Oil
Corporation, Macmillan Oil Company, and Cities Service Oil Company.
Most of the foreign companies operate in conjunction with Italian
concerns as joint enterprises. Undoubtedly, the non-Italian partner
furnishes most of the capital, as is certainly the case with
Italian-American companies.
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The Ragusa oilfield, the largest in all Italy, was discovered
by Gulf Italian, a subsidiary of Gulf Oil Company. According to
American experts, this field could not have been discovered and
developed if the laws of Sicily had been as restrictive as those in
effect on the mainland. Pro-ENI spokesmen, however, say that the
more recent ENI discovery of oil in Sicily, made in direct competition
with foreign and domestic private companies and estimated (but
perhaps overoptimistically) by some as being as large as the pool
on Kuwait, illustrates that the ENI is able to operate as efficiently
as any private group.
Exponents of private oil development further state that the
oil and gas of Italy cannot be fully utilized until the laws are
liberalized. On the other hand, some circles want to keep foreign
and domestic private concerns out of the Italian oil picture. They
feel that the ENI is quite able to develop Italian oil, pointing
out the great growth of the industry accomplished under the aegis
of ENI. Recently ENI was reported as ready to agree to a liberalization
of the oil law whereby the Po Valley would be opened to exploration
by foreign and domestic private companies and whereby more generous
terms would be granted to companies for exploration elsewhere in
Italy.
The oil situation may also be affected indirectly by repercussions
of the Suez Crisis. Disputes have already arisen between Italian
Governmental officials and between governmental and nongovernmental
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bodies, the central issue being what to do in the face of the further
curtailment of oil imports from the Middle East. The price of various
petroleum products rose during the crisis and has remained high;
otherwise, the oil situation has returned practically to normal.
The threat of future crises, however, still remains.
Conclusion
Although the refining industry of Italy will continue to depend
upon imported crude, the country has an advantage over other Western
European nations. The prestige of Italy is relatively high among
Middle East countries because it was not involved 'in the invasion
of Sinai. In case of another crisis like that of Suez, Arab states
might continue to supply Italy with crude while denying it to other
nations. Furthermore, Italy has no possessions in the Mediterranean
area nor any oil concessions there or elsewhere that might give rise
to future disputes. Therefore the chances of losing a previously
assured supply of oil because of rebellious nationalistic action are
relatively slight. Even if imported crude were denied Italy the
domestic reserves could, in the foreseeable future, provide all of
the domestic petroleum requirements of the country. In the event
of a crisis in the near future, Italy could again turn to substitute
sources of power -- natural gas and hydroelectric power. If imports
were cut off the exports of refined petroleum products to other
nations, however, would be greatly reduced if not practically
eliminated and large sectors of the refining industry would be
closed down. (UNCLASSIFIED)
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THE REHABILITATION OF SOUTHERN ITALY
Economically and sociologically, Italy is divided into two
parts. The northern half is characterized by great industrial
regions, thriving cities, and a generally high economic standard.
In sharp contrast, the southern part of Italy and the islands of
Sicily and Sardinia -- often referred to collectively as the
Mezzogiorno -- is a poor agricultural region where, for hundreds
of years, most inhabitants have lived on a bare subsistence level.
The poverty of the Mezzogiorno has attracted the attention of
Italian statesmen for generations, and schemes for land reform and
economic improvement on a local scale have been advanced from time
to time. In the face of generally rising prosperity elsewhere in
Italy and throughout Europe -- particularly noticeable during the
recovery period after World War II -- it became socially, economically,
and politically imperative that the Italian Government no longer
ignore the miserable conditions within the Mezzogiorno. In 1950,
the Government for the first time officially recognized the plight
of the area as a national problem -- not merely a regional one --
by establishing the Cassa per it Mezzogiorno (Fund for the South).
This agency, usually referred to as the Cassa, was charged with the
responsibility of rehabilitating the entire Mezzogiorno. Its program
was originally scheduled to last 10 years, but the period was
subsequently increased to 12 years.
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CORSICA
(FR.)
ISO LA
? D'ELBA
SOUTHERN ITALY
LAND RECLAMATION
Limit of Coss& jurisdiction
Areas of active land reclamation
and reform
Region boundary
*La Cosssa per 1 Mezzogiorno-
The Fund for the South
0 25 50 100Miles
0 25 50 1 0 Kilometers
TYRRI-IENIAN
SEA
ISOLE ECLIE
e o ~Qo
a 4
&
18
1
YUGOSLAVIA
SEE MAP 2~
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Although Communism as a factor in the establishment of the
Cassa has not been openly stressed by Italian officials, Communists
have tried to exploit the poverty of the Mezzogiorno to their own
ends and have tried to gain converts in the region, particularly
among the peasant youth. Most of the population, however, is
apathetic not only toward Communism but also toward other radical
political philosophies. The establishment of the Cassa cannot help
but nullify in part the leftist propaganda issued elsewhere in Italy,
in which the feudal system of the Mezzogiorno was pointed out as a
prime example of capitalistic exploitation. The Cassa may well
prevent future inroads of Communism into this region.
The Mezzogiorno was not always so depressed. In Roman times
it supported a flourishing culture in which agriculture had reached
a high technical level. Then, as now, successful crop production
was dependent on efficient irrigation; and a system of canals,
aqueducts, and reservoirs was well developed. During the period
of general disorganization that followed the collapse of the Roman
Empire, the land began to deteriorate. Irrigation works fell into
disrepair, and fields were neglected. Livestock raising became
more widely practiced and eventually replaced farming as the chief
occupation.
Although the owners of large estates or latifundia profited by
this economic change, the peasants were no better off. Subsequent
political and social practices resulted in further decline in
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living conditions for them. Thus from a once relatively productive
farming region, the Mezzogiorno deteriorated to its present
impoverished status.
Physical conditions on both uplands and lowlands in the
Mezzogiorno have been unfavorable to economic development. In the
uplands, which occupy most of the area, good farm land was never
plentiful. Years of overcutting have removed most of the original
forest, overgrazing has denuded the terrain of grass. As a result,
bare land has been exposed to the heavy rains that tend to fall in
concentrated spells during the winter months. Vast gullies, the
product of accelerated erosion, deepen and widen during these
downpours; floods increase; and great quantities of soil and rock
debris carried downhill are spread over lowland areas. During the
long, dry summers, drought also practically precludes the growth
of vegetation. Because of the seasonality of rainfall and the lack
of subterranean springs, the uplands have either more water than can
be retained and used or scarcely any at all.
On the coastal plains, some of which are fairly extensive,
floods and disease have discouraged settlement. Runoff from the
denuded and badly eroded uplands causes floods that have deposited
great amounts of sediment over the flat land, thus obstructing the
drainage and creating breeding grounds for malaria.
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The general area put under the jurisdiction of the Cassa
includes the regions of Abruzzi e Molise, Campania, Basilicata,
Puglia, Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia; the provinces of Latina
and Frosinone; the island of Elba; the communities in the province
of Rieti included in the former district of Cittaducale; and the
communities within the reclamation area of the Tronto River (see
Map 2631+). The land-betterment schemes of the Cassa do not
necessarily cover all parts of these regions, provinces, or
communities. Instead, each is investigated and the specific areas
that are most in need of improvement are earmarked for action.
Although the utilization of local mineral resources may prove
a boon to the economic development of certain parts of the Mezzogiorno as, for example, in Sicily where oil has recently been discovered --
the livelihood of most people of the region must continue to be based
on agriculture. The two-fold program of the Cassa is therefore
directed towards increasing agricultural productivity through land
reclamation and land reform. Land reclamation includes flood and
erosion control, irrigation, land-use betterment, and reforestation.
Land reform has to do with the redistribution of land and, at the
same time, with resettlement of people. Although the two aspects
are closely connected and boundaries of reclamation districts and
land-reform districts often overlap, the Cassa areas are established
specifically for one or the other purpose.
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The Cassa is also concerned with building roads, constructing
power lines, establishing new settlements and opening up tourist
centers in its areas of jurisdiction. By providing liberal loans
the Cassa is trying to persuade industries from other parts of the
country to set up plants in the Mezzogiorno, chiefly for processing
agricultural raw materials. It has also been active in encouraging
the assembly and training of agronomists, engineers, and even
farmers to help solve the various problems.
The Cassa does not have exclusive powers within its areas of
operation. A number of local agencies -- mainly public but some
private -- that were established either before or after the Cassa
also work on land reclamation and reform projects. The chief
functions of the Cassa are to coordinate these groups and to assist
in their activities. Cassa assistance is mainly financial, since
lack of funds had been a major handicap to the progress of earlier
local programs. In many cases, only supplementary funds and
technical advice are needed to complete projects already started.
If no local agency is working on a particular problem, however, the
Cassa takes over completely and plans remedial action.
A more detailed examination of one project, the Metaponto,
which covers about 420 square miles, is representative of the work
of the Cassa throughout the Mezzogiorno. A reclamation program had
been established in 1925 by private land owners in the Metaponto,
an area in the arch of the Italian boot (see Map 26315). The
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SOUTHERN ITALY
METAPONTO DISTRICT
Hill land
Plain
Flood zone
Dune area
Irrigable land
Irrigation canal
Diversion dam
Road built or improved by Cassa
Existing road
M
Statute Miles
0 2 4 6
Kilometers
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S-E-C-R-E-T
topography of the Metaponto is varied. Along the coast is a strip
of sand dunes that tend to migrate inland and cover the adjacent
coastal plains. Flanking the streams that flow from the interior
uplands are broad alluvial plains. Although they are flooded
seasonally and are normally barren, these riverine plains have
proved to be very productive wherever they have been protected.
The hills farther inland are steep and badly eroded and have little
agricultural value. Since the alluvial plains have the greatest
agricultural potential, reclamation efforts have been concentrated
there.
In 1949, the Metaponto program was reexamined. The new measures
then proposed -- and approved with slight modification by the Cassa
a year or so later -- cover a variety of fields. Rivers are to be
regulated both to prevent flooding and to impound waters for
irrigation. Trees are to be planted on dunes to stabilize them and
eventually to furnish a supply of lumber. A four-fold increase in
agricultural productivity by 1969 is planned for the 41,000 acres
of plains considered irrigable. The production of forage, industrial,
and tree crops is to be increased and new settlements established.
On nonirrigable parts of the plains (about 89,000 acres), plans
call for a three-fold increase in productivity, the extension of
cropping to about 1,000 additional acres of land, and the establishment
of new settlements. Livestock raising is to be introduced or
improved; the cultivation of tobacco, vegetables, and tree crops
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increased; and flood and erosion control extended. No specific
program has been drafted for the uplands. Reforestation and erosion
control, however, are obviously required if improvements on the
lowlands are to be maintained.
Even though land reclamation in some parts of the Metaponto
was underway before the Cassa was established, such work is now
being financed by the Cassa. That agency has also initiated a
land-reform program of its own. In the Metaponto, latifundia
cover about 57 percent of the area -- a very high percentage. The
subdivision of the many large estates is therefore essential, the
size of the new holdings to be determined on the basis of the type
of land involved. Of the 56,000 acres included in the land reform
program, about 30,000 acres are on the irrigable plains, about
16,000 acres on nonirrigable plains, and 9,000 acres in the hills.
The approximate size of new family farmsteads to be established on
land of these three types will be 10, 12.5, or 18 acres, respectively.
Resettlement will involve a total of 4,790 farms and 21,555 persons.
Since the plan calls for a population increase of 50 percent more
than the approximately 60,000 living on the land in 1950, new
villages will be established, and people from areas outside the
Metaponto will be brought in.
Even though the Cassa program in the Mezzogiorno is half
finished, the achievements are difficult to assess. Critics of the
entire program and its individual parts minimize all positive
results. Others feel that the results have been overestimated
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S-E-C-R-E-T
for political reasons by the Christian Democrats, the principal party
in power since the establishment of the Cassa. Specific data on the
total amount of land reclaimed are lacking; nevertheless the miles
of irrigation ditches, canals, aqueducts, and roads that have been
built are evidence of notable accomplishment. Low-lying areas have
been drained, additional farmlands have been brought under cultivation,
and new settlements established. Trees and various soil-holding
plants have been planted. Economic standards have also improved.
The number of tractors in the Mezzogiorno has increased from 7,452
during the period 1950-54 to 20,014 in 1957; the number of buses
from 1,456 to 2,151; and the number of trucks from 39,213 to 62,201.
Production and consumption have also risen in practically all fields.
Social achievements are also notable. Many families have
moved from unproductive hilly areas to newly established farm
communities on the lower plains. The natural reluctance of some to
leave their original villages has been overcome in part by the
obvious prosperity of families who preceded them to the new villages
and in part by the availability of cheap bus transportation back to
their former homes for occasional visits. In some cases, however,
success has brought new problems in the form of an influx of people
to the new communities, which has resulted in overcrowding and an
unbalanced distribution of population.
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It now seems certain that, through the efforts of the Cassa
per it Mezzogiorno, the general economic conditions are improving.
Even more important is the general recognition now prevailing for
the first time in Italy that part of the nation cannot really be
healthy while another part is sick. (UNCLASSIFIED)
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s_ q
Information about the extensive 1952-51 internal boundary changes
of North Korea, although freely reported by Communist press and radio
sources, has heretofore lacked the definition required for plotting
at useful map scales. Since the autumn of 1956, however, a few
detailed political maps of Korea have reached this country; of them,
Chosen Chido* is the most reliable and has proved extremely useful
in the preparation of up-to-date administrative maps of the so-called
"Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Chosen Chido shows internal
boundaries down to the county (gun) and city (si) level, as well as
the location and names of all 170 county seats (up), and 57 of the
78 workers' districts (nodongjagu). In addition, the map includes
helpful data on transport routes and urban population.
The present administrative structure of North Korea dates from
a series of decrees promulgated on 22 December 1952 and implemented
early in 1953. These decrees altered considerably the previous
"province-county-township-village" system which Korea had inherited
from the Japanese. Townships (myen) were abolished, and the resultant
administrative vacuum was filled by almost doubling the number of
counties and reducing the aggregate of village units by about two-thirds
through consolidation. Current information about North Korean civil
*Chosen Chido Korean Ma , 1:1,350,000; published by Kungnip
Ch'ulp'ansa State Publishing House), P'yengyang, 1 Oct 56; CIA Call
No. 103121-R.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF NORTH KOREA
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S-E-C-R-E-T
divisions is presented in the appended table (p. 45), The tabulation
reflects information derived from the 1 October 1956 map Chosgn Chido
and from a North Korean listing of administrative units as of 31
December 1956*, both documents as modified by subsequent intelligence
reports.
The two accompanying maps are based primarily on Chosbn Chido.
The first (North Korea: Administrative Divisions, Map 26523) portrays
the boundaries and administrative centers of the 11 first-order and
189 second-order civil divisions as of 31 December 1957. The second
(North Korea: Workers' Districts, Map 26522) gives the locations
and names of the 78 workers' districts as of the same date.
Certain boundaries shown on the administrative map, notably
that delimiting the special city (t' kpyblsi) of P'y~5ngyang, are not
definitive and are therefore indicated by dotted lines. Nor are the
internal boundaries of P'y'5ngyang T'tikpy61si adequately known, but
the special city consists of five wards (guy6k) whose relative
locations may be judged from their names: Chung (Central), Tong
(East), Puk (North), Nam (South), and Sts (West). In April 1957,
both S6-guyZSk and Tong-guytSk were enlarged at the expense of the
adjacent counties of Taedong and Chunghwa, respectively. Although
independent of P'ybngan-namdo, within which it is situated, P'y6ngyang
T'tUkpy6lsi provides the site for the provincial capital.
Chos n Chungan (Korean Central Yearbook) 1957,
P'yZSngyang, 31 August 1957; (FDD Translation No. 701, Basic Admin-
istrative Units in North Korea. 27 February 1958).
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Kaes'Sng-chigu (district), another first-order civil divisidn,
is that portion of South Korea's Kyynggi-do (province) that was
occupied by Communist forces during the Korean War. Following the
July 1953 Armistice Agreement, Kaes25ng-chigu was temporarily
established as an administrative entity responsible directly to
P'y*6ngyang and therefore independent of provincial authority. The
general reorganization of civil divisions in November 195+ confirmed
this autonomous status, and subsequent events indicate the probable
elevation of Kaesgng to the rank of special city equivalent to that
of P' y6ngyang.
The administrative revisions of early 1953 also provided for
the creation of an additional type of civil division -- the workers'
district -- defined at that time as "a village of 400 or more adults
of whom at least 65 percent are wage earners and in which mining,
manufacturing, or fishing is the principal occupation." The workers'
district is an expression of the planning and control requirements
of the socialist economy of North Korea, coupled with a traditional
adherence to the basic dichotomy of Communist society -- that
between worker and peasant. Locations of 3 of the 78 workers'
districts are only approximate, nevertheless the map provides an aid
that is particularly helpful in the study of the industrial geography
of the country. (CONFIDENTIAL)
- 4.3 -
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NORTH KOREA.: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
(based on information available as of 31 December 1957)
First Order
Provinces,
Special city,
and District
County
City Ward
County
seat
Workers'
district
Agricultural
village
Agricultural
village within
a city
Village
within
a city
Total
Hamgy~Sng-bukto
18
3 -
18
14
331
19
41
423
Ch 1'6ng j in-s i )
7)
(25)
Nanam-si)
Kim Ch'aek-si)
5~
(lo~
Hamgy6ng-namdo
23
2 -
23
16
516
12
2
1
618
Hanhring-s i )
(Hungnam-si)
~5)
1
)
5S
(23)
Kangw7Sn-do
16
1 -
16
3
405
9
36
469
(Wonsan-si)
(9
6)
(
3
-do
Yan
an
10
1 -
10
4
206
10
233
gg
g
(Hyesan-si)
(3)
(lo)
Chagang-do
17
1 -
17
7
280
5
22
331
(Kanggye-si)
(5)
(22)
P'y*6ngan-bukto
25
1 -
25
19
556
32
632
(Sinniiju-si )
(32)
P'y'6ngan-namdo
26
1 -
26
8
613
8
670
(Namp'o-si)
P'yZ5ngyang T't1kpyb1si
-
- 5
-
-
-
(8
14
(15)
103
117
Chung-guy'6k)
)
27)
Tong-guy'6k)
(6
20)
S6-guy6k)
1)
8
12
Nam-guy6k
Puk-kuy'ft
6)
I
13)
Hwanghae-namdo
18
1 -
18
3
415
7
459
(Haeju-si)
Hwanghae-bukto
15
2 -
15
4
302
(7
15
(16)
29
365
(Sariwgn-si)
(8)
(14)
(Songnim-si)
(7)
(15)
Kaes'bng-chigu
2
-
33
3
14
52
(Kae s'6ng-s i )
(3)
(14)
170
14 5
170
78
3,657
95
369
4,369
province to, do
special city t'ttkpy61si
district chigu
county kun, gun
city si
ward kuy6k, guy6k
county seat Ctp
workers' district nodongjagu, lodongjagu
agricultural village ni, ri, li
agricultural village ni, ri, li
within a city
village within a city tong, dong
-do province
-pukto, bukto north province
-namdo south province
t1tikpy'61si special city
-chigu district
-kuy'6k, guyZft ward
-45-
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NORTH KOREA: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
-??- Intematianal boundary
-- Military demarcation line
Boundary of province (te, do),
specialiy (t'gkpyfilsi), or
dsfict (chug.)
Boundary of county (kun, -gun),
or cry lsi)
? National capital
Province capital
? city (.'in
? County seat (no)
D?ewdl:..s mdk.w wd?F.m Ae..d..y.
,uh Mu:.me?u .ssMe n..w 1-a~NM.I.kA nk
woan.a IWAem kdk.wd.
Ora? , l'.Appht ud kda?.d?.e.(G'ya.p.. .?.de A.e p...:d.. M.
!w Mew ~??. ~utwl.
Raved o. inPo.mado. available as of Decen.b.. at, iqn
Approve or a ease 50002-6
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NORTH KOREA: WORKERS' DISTRICTS
~..- International bpuntlary
-- Military tlemarcation line
-?- Boundary of province ( to, -do),
special city (t'ukpydlsi), or
district (chigu)
? Workers' district (nodongiagu)
wI1t= (wSk.rb m.
County )
O,ewd Ilse, ?drc.s. ;,d,F,,S b?^d?.y.
B.sed?!^!?.m,EO ,r~ll.bl.,:ofDenmbersl,w,
/A xar6ee.. l i
HWANGHAE- ~L._'"\?, V
NAMDQ (1!~'
- 1 's Jam, 1J ,,~.`HIGU :f"
% Solon sinbukdf,np? ,?WOO a
CMnP'w,a
Nl-
P"ke^ P'YONGAN-BUKTO ) HAMGYONG- ?
/ M1 na ?s'^a?Y ?