MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN MR - 26

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000100210004-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 29, 1999
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: August 1, 1951
• Content Type: BULL

MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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MR-26
June 1951
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Territorial Administration in the Baltic States,
19+0-1951 ............................................
II. Administrative Changes in the Soviet Zone of
Germany .............................................. 15
III. Japanese Topographic Mapping since the War .............. 19
IV. Brief Notices..... ..................................... 25
A. Map Series on Railroads of Africa ................... 25
B. A New Atlas of India ................................ 25
C. New Provincia in Dominican Republic ................. 26
D. A Postwar Japanese Geographic Periodical ............ 27
E. Atlas of Moroccan Agriculture ....................... 29
Following Page
Lithuanian SSR: Administrative Centers,
19+9 and 1950 (CIA 1182+) ............... ............
Latvian SSR: Administrative Divisions,
1950 (CIA 11825) ................................. ..
Estonian SSR: Administrative Centers,
19+9 and 1950 (CIA 11829) ................... :........
Railroads of Egypt and Libya, 1950 (CIA 117+7).......... 25
Dominican Republic (CIA 11787) .......................... 26
This Bulletin has not been coordinated with the intelligence
organizations of the Departments of State, the Army, the Navy,
and the Air Force.
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I. TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE BALTIC STATES, 19)+0-1951
The "Sovietization" of territorial-administrative organization
in the three Baltic Republicsl, which began in 1940, was completely
achieved during 19-9 and 1950. Within Latvia, Estonia, and
Lithuania the civil divisions now conform to the Soviet pattern
of oblasts, rayons, and selsovets. The last remnants of the old
territorial-administrative systems were eliminated in Latvia on
31 December 19)+9, in Estonia On 26 September 1950, and in Lithuania
on 20 June 1950. The principal aims of the Soviet reorganization
appear to have been to discourage local tradition and nationalism
in the interest of Soviet nationalism, to expedite administration
and control, and to promote the Bolshevik agrarian reform
(collectivization, etc.).
The accompanying maps (CIA 1182-, 11825, and 11829) illustrate
the current territorial-administrative organization in the three
Baltic states. For all of the countries, administrative centers
are located, but information adequate for mapping internal boundaries
is available only for Latvia.
The gradual alignment with the Soviet structure has been
progressing, step by step, since 1940. The first step was a revision
of administrative terminology.2 Although internal territorial units
1. ,The United States has not recognized the incorporation of any
of the Baltic states into the USSR.
2. Much of the information for this summary was provided by the Air
Studies Division of the Library of Congress.
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were at first left intact, the old Tsarist administrative terms
uyezdl and volost were revived and used by the Soviets instead of
local or Russianized forms of local terminology. The Tsarist terms
were applied in all three Republics even though their administrative
subdivisions were not comparable.
In Latvia, changes were at first limited to terminology. In
Estonia and Lithuania, where the minor civil divisions were
considerably smaller, a sharp reduction in the number of second-
order units soon followed in an attempt to make the administrative
divisions of the three countries more nearly comparable. The
problem in Lithuania was further complicated by a succession of
international territorial transfers, which made adjustments in
both international and internal boundaries necessary.
More drastic steps in the Sovietization were delayed until
1944-45. During the turbulent period of the German occupation from
19+1 to 1944, territorial administration of the Baltic States
reverted in general to its prewar status. When the Soviets re-entered
the area, they revived the programs of assimilation with increased
vigor. Important towns and cities were designated as separate
administrative units and placed directly under the control of a
republic or a uyezd, depending on their economic significance; the
1. The Russian terms u ezd (u zd ), volost' (volosti)' oblast'
(oblaeLti), rayon (rayon okrug okruga),1ray kraya), and
sel'skay sovet or sel'sovet sel'skiye sovet or sel'sovety)
will hereafter be given in their anglicized forms.
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typical Soviet settlements structure with selsovets and workers'
settlements was introduced; and internal administrative boundaries
were progressively adjusted to make the units conform more nearly
in size to their established counterparts in the Soviet Union. Old
administrative boundaries at all levels appear to have been dis-
regarded when they interfered with the programs of rural reform and
collectivization.
c
An'outline of the progression of Sovietization in each of
the Baltic Republics follows. For each Republic, changes and
modifications introduced are divided according to five periods:
the period of independence, the first Soviet. occupation, the German
occupation, the Soviet re-occupation, and the complete reorganization
that began on 31 December 1949.1
1. For use in working with maps, statistics, and other data for
the period of transition from 1940 to 1951, a detailed tabulation
of administrative units for each of the periods is in preparation
and will be issued as a Working Paper.
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Latvia
The major territorial divisions of Latvia during tle period of
independence were the 4 apgabali and 19 aprinki. Historically the
apgabali (provinces) were Latvian tribal kingdoms. During the period
1924-39, they were of general regional significance only and had no
administrative functions. The aprinki, or distr ts, were the
first-order rural administrative.divisions under e republic.
They also are historical in origin, having developed around the cities
for which they were named. The administrative body of each apri inkis
was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs but had
fairly complete responsibility for activities within its territory,
including some judiciary functions.
The pagasts, or rural community, was the basic unit of Latvia's
local government. Like apgabali and aprinki, the pagasti are the
result of historical evolution, having developed around feudal
manorS. Pagasti were smallest and most numerous in the most highly
cultivated areas. Each pagasts had elected officers, a rural court,
clerk, etc. The Latvian Republic included 517 pagasti ranging in
population from less than 500 inhabitants to more than 10,000 --
the majority had between 1,000 and 5,000.
The four principal cities of Latvia (Riga, Liepaja, Ventspils,
and I)augavpils) were self-governing units with special rights
similar to those of aprinki: These and 55 other self-governing
cities were called pilsetas. The administration in all 59 cities
was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
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During the period of the first Soviet occupation of Latvia
(1940-41), internal boundaries were little changed. The Soviets
were interested chiefly in establishing Latvia as a.Soviet Republic
and in replacing the Latvian administrative personnel with temporary
Communist administrators. They did, however, make several adjust-
ments in the territorial-administrative organization. Apgabali
were totally ignored; the 19 aprinki and their centers were
retained, but the term uyezd was applied to them in all Russian-
language literature; pagasti also were left intact -- but were
renamed volosts. The 59 pilsetas, or city administrations, were
retained. The four cities with special rights were made directly
subordinate to the republic; the city of Yelgava became the fifth
city of republic subordination. The other 54 cities were placed
under uyezd administration.
When the Germans entered the area in 1941, they reinstated
the pre-1940 aprinki and pagasti with their administrative organs.
For the purpose of supervision by the military government, regions
corresponding to the former apgabali were established. Kurzeme,
Zemgale, and Latgale were renamed Liepaja, Jelgava, and Daugavpil.s,
respectively. The Apgabals of Vidzems was divided between the
Valmiera and Riga regions; the city of Riga formed a region in itself.
In 1945, when the Soviets re-entered Latvia, they resumed the
process of Sovietization where they had left off in 1941. Information
concerning the progressive changes-is available only through study
of the periodically published lists showing the number of divisions.
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These lists reveal several important trends:
1. Selsovets, or village councils, were introduced in
1945. In the Soviet system the selsovet is the organ of state
authority in the villages and their associated lands. It directs,
the economic, cultural, and political development in the rural
communities. Between 1 August and 19 December 1945, selsovets were
established in the volosts of all the uyezds of Latvia.
2. The number of uyezds was increased and the number of
volosts slightly decreased in an apparent effort to centralize
control and to make each division more nearly an economic unit.
3. All cities except the five of republic subordination
were placed under the supervision of the uyezds:
As of 31 December 1949, the territorial-administrative
organization of Latvia was totally revised to make it conform
to the Soviet pattern. In the reorganization the u.yezds and
volosts as administrative units were entirely disregarded and were
replaced by 58 newly established rayons (see map CIA 11825). Each
of the former uyezds was apportioned among two to six of the new
rayons, which are about half the size of the former uyezds. Of
the now rayons, 32 are made up solely of a part of one former
uyezd, 17 others contain areas from two former uyezds, and 9 include
parts of three former uyezds. The majority of the new rayon
boundaries follow older boundaries of some type (often parishes),
but some entirely new boundaries were drawn, particularly in the
southeastern zone. Of the 58 rayon centers,.25 were formerly uyezd
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centers, 19 were cities or towns that had not been uyezd centers, and 14
were villages., All of the 14 villages that became rayon centers
under the decree of 31 December 1949 were redesignated as "workers'
settlements" in February 1950. By definition, a "workers' settle-
ment" must include an adult population of-no fewer than 400, with
a minimum of 65 .percent as wage earners. In this way a distinction
is made between agricultural and industrial villages.
The essential unit which the Soviet's carried over from the
pre-1950 organization was the selsovet, which had been introduced
in Latvia in 1945 and which is a basic element in the Soviet
structure for economic, cultural, and political administration.
Since 1947 the number of selsovets has remained approximately
constant. The new rayons include from 16 to 34 selsovets each,
in most cases about 25. The total number of selsovets under the
new system is approximately 1,360.
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Estonia
In pre-19+0 Estonia the largest of four types of self-
administering units was the maakond (district). The units of
subordinate rank were the vald (rural c(mmune), linn (city) and
alev (borough). All functioned independently of the central
government, which could intervene only in questions of constitu-
tional legality. Within the maakonnad,of which there were 11,
the vallad were comparable in function to the pagasti of Latvia.
In 19;38, there were 396 vallad in Estonia. The linnad and alevid,
though including a much smaller area than the rural. communes,
contained 31 percent of the total population in 1934. At that time,
Estonia included 19 linnad and 17 alevid.
During the first Soviet period, Estonia became: a Soviet
Socialist Republic, and the old administrative bodies were replaced
with temporary Communist executive committees. The maakonnad
were :retained, but the term uyezd was applied to them by the
Soviets. Neither their names nor centers were changed. The
term volost was applied to the Estonian vallad, or rural communes,
and their number was reduced by about one-third in the process of
making them conform more nearly in size to the Soviet rayons. Such
consolidations took place in all uyezds except Petserskiy. Four
cities (Tallin, Narva, Pyarnu, and Tartu) were designated as cities
of republic subordination, adopting the classification used in the
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Soviet Union. The 15 remaining linnad and all 17 of the alevid
were considered to be of sufficient economic importance to become
cities of uyezd subordination.
As in the case of Latvia, the Germans on entering Estonia
in 19+1 reinstated the pre-191+0 administrative system. For the
purpose of. surveillance over the self-administering units, however,
the occupation government divided Estonia into six regions, each
under a. Generalkommissar. These regions were centered at Kuressaare,
Parnu,..Petseri, Rakvere, Tallin, and Tartu.
Upon reoccupation by the Soviets in 1945, territorial
administration was returned to its status immediately prior to
the German occupation.
The first major change thereafter was the transfer of most
of Petserskiy Uyezd and the part of Viruskiy Uyezd east of the Narva
River to the Leningrad Oblast,?RSFSR. Vyruskiy Uyezd probably
received the four remaining volosts from the Petserskiy Uyezd,
which was dissolved. Selsovets were introduced into Estonia, and
the volosts were subdivided into selsovets in all of the uyezds.
With few exceptions, the 637 selsovets established by 1946 seem
to have persisted even through the 1950 reorganization.
Settlements of urban type (poselki garodskogo tips) were
differentiated in about half of the uyezds, and one city (Paldiskiy)
was elevated to the position of direct subordination to the republic.
Urban rayons were established within the city of Tallin.
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During the period 1946-47 the Khiumaskiy Uyezd was established
from part of the Lyayaneskiy Uyezd (center formerly at Kaapsalu).
The number of volosts remained unchanged, but one additional selsovet
was established, one town was elevated to the rank of uyezd
subordination, and several settlements were recognized as of urban type.
After 1947 the two new uyezds of Yygevamaskiy and Yykhvimaskiy
were established. The major portion, if not all, of. Yygevamaskiy
Uyezd had.fsrmerly belonged to Tar.uskiy Uyezd, whereas the major
portion of Yykhvimaskiy Uyezd was formerly part of Viruskiy Uyezd
(center at Rakvere). The number of volosts and selsovets in the
Vil'yELhdimiskiy, Khar'yumask:iy (center at Tallin), and Yarvamaskiy
(center at Payde) uyezds was reduced, apparently as a result of
consolidation.
One city (Kokhtla-Yarve, the shale mining center) was elevated
to the rank of republic subordination, and four settlements were
newly designated as settlements of urban type.
Following the 26 September 1950 territorial-administrative
reorganization in Estonia, all administrative units above the
selsovet level were abolished. The 8 uyezds containing 236 volosts
were replaced by.39 rayons. The selsovets, the number of which was
not changed, were apportioned among the new rayons. All of the
former uyezd centers were retained as rayon centers, which include
26 cities, 8 settlements of urban type, and 5 villages.
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Lithuania
The first-order civil division of the independent Republic
of Lithuania was the apskritis (district), which had administrative
duties similar to the aprinki Of Latvia, but with less autonomy. The
country was divided into 23 apskrity, which together included
365 valsciai?, or rural communities, which in turn consisted of
small administrative units known as seniunijos, or "senior groups."
Two classes of cities were distinguished -- those directly
subordinate to the republic and those subordinate to the apskrity
but taping part in the apskritis administration. This city
organization resembled that of the Soviet Union.
Unlike the other Baltic republics, the boundaries of Lithuania
did not remain constant during the period of independence. The
territory claimed by the Lithuanians as "Lithuania Proper" includes
two problem areas, the Klaipedal (Memel) Region and the Vilnius
Region, which were the main foci of boundary disputes.
In 1920, Poland annexed the district of Suvalkai along the
southwest tip of Lithuania and the district of Vilnius in the
southeast. In the extreme east the Zarasai district was added
to Lithuanian territory. In 1923 the Klaipeda Region of East
Prussia was taken over by Lithuania, and an autonomous government
was established under the administration of a governor appointed by
1. Lithuanian forms of place \names are used for the pre-1939
and the German occupation periods., since they appear in
statistical reports and maps of these periods.
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the president of Lithuania. On 22 March 1939 the Klaipeda Region
was taken back by Germany. About 6 montAs later, on 10 October 1939,
part of the Vilnius Region again was turned over tc Lithuania,
following the Russian occupation of part of Poland. After 1940,
some -territory was added to Lithuania around Shvenchenus and Druskininkay,
northeast of Vilnius and along the southern tip of Lithuania, respec-
tively.
Following the first Soviet occupation in 1940, a plan of
political and economic absorption parallel to those! in Latvia and
Estonia was initiated. Changes and adjustments, which were made
progressively, were always toward conformity with the system of the
USSR. Lithuania became a Soviet Socialist Republic:, and the Soviet
terms uyezd and voloat were substituted for the-Lithuanian apskritis
and valscius, respectively. In the area taken from Poland, three new
uyezds;wore established with centers at Vil'nyus, Shvenchyonelyay, and
Shvei hionis. The city of Vil'nyus was also made the capital of the
new Soviet Republic. The number of volosts (valscIai) was reduced by
104, leaving a total of 261. In some cases the reduction represented
consolidation, but it may have been partly the result of loss of
territory to Germany in the southwest, where valsc:iai had been small,
and the acquisition of other territory from Poland, where the units
were larger. Selsovets were established immediately within the volosts
of the new uyezd of Shvenchyonskiy.
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The German policy during the occupation from 1941 to 1945 was
much the same in Lithuania as in Estonia and Latvia, including the
reinstatement of the earlier administrative terminology. Lithuania.
was divided into four districts -- Siaulia, Kaunas, Ponevezys, and
Vilnius -- each under the direction of a Generalkommissar. Part
of Belorussia was arbitrarily included in the Vilnius occupation
district for military administrative purposes. The Germans also
altered the boundaries of the apskritis of Alytus and established
the two new apskrity of Svyriai (east and north of Vilnius) and
Eishishkps (south and west of Vilnius). The numerous other changes
were minor.
With the re-entry of the Soviets into Lithuania, the process
of Sovietization was resumed. By January 1946 the Klaypeda Region,
including three districts or uyezds, had again become Lithuanian
territory. The number of cities had increased from 37 to a total of
40, the number of uyezds from 23 to 26, and the number of volosts from
261 to 266, partly as a result of the annexation. Apparently no other
significant changes had occurred prior to January 1946.
Records published in 1947 show that many important changes
were made in 1946.,, The number of cities directly subordinate
to the republic was increased from 4 to 5, and the number
subordinate to uyezds from 36 to 49. Uyezds increased in number
from-26 to 30, and volosts from 266 to 320. Prior to 1946, only
23 selsovets had been established, all within a single uyezds
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Records published in 1947 show that a total of 2,889 selsovets, dis-
tributed throughout the country, had been established by then. Seven
settlements had been designated as-of urban type. Changes such as
these must have altered the minor administrative boundaries radically.
:Between January 1.947 and May 1949 the most significant change
was the increase in the number ofhuyezds from 30 to 41, thus again
altering the administrative boundaries and continuing the systematic
modification in the size of the uyezds. The rapid increase in.number
of uyezds between 1946 and 1949 indicates an almost continuous
state of change.
Mid-1950 marked the complete Sovietization of Lithuania.
Unlike the other three Baltic countries, Lithuania was divided into
four larger units or oblasts -- Kaunas, Klaypeda, Vil'nyus, and
Shyaulay. These were further subdivided into 87 rayons comparable
to those of the other Baltic Republics.
From the listing of the component parts of the new rayons, it
appears that 20 additional settlements have been designated "cities."
Of the 74 cities in Lithuania, 67 are rayon or oblast administrative
centers or both. The new oblast centers that had formerly been
subordinate to the Republic are now subordinate to the ablest. Only
Vil'nyus is.a city of Republic subordination. Twenty villages were
designated rayon centers.
The maj rity of the new rayons were made up from parts cf two
former uyezds. The number of uyezds contributing territory to each rayon,
however, varied from 1 to 4. The number of selsovets in each rayon
averages about 30, although the range is from 19 tc; 51).
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II. ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES IN THE SOVIET ZONE OF GERMANY
In line with the Soviet policy of centralizing authority, the
internal administrative areas of the Soviet Zone of Germany were
radically changed in mid-1950. The German administrative set-up in-
cluding Land (state), Landkreis (rural county), Stadtkreis (urban
county), and Gemeinde (township) has been retained, but changes in
functions, numbers, administrative centers, and boundaries of the
divisions have altered the administration at all levels.
Boundary changes have been made, and areas have been transferred
between Lander, Landkreise and Stadtkreise. Administrative seats of
many Landkreise have been moved, which required a change in Landkreise
names to conform to those of the new administrative centers. But
the most significant change has been the elimination of 4+9
Stadtkreise. This represents an important step in the reduction
of local autonomy, since a number of former Stadtkreise that. had
strong tendencies toward self-government have been relegated to
the status of Landkreise centers.. The functions and-interests of
the cities are thus spread over and subordinated to those of larger and
more diversified Landkreis areas. All cities of-over 100,000
population, however, have retained their Stadtkreise'status for
the sake of greater administrative efficiency. Alteration of the
traditional mechanism provides stronger centralized control and
in many cases greater effectiveness.
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A detailed list of the new administrative units is included
in the Berichte zur Deutschen Landeskunde, 9 Band, 1 Heft, December 1950,
CIA Map Library Call No. F304 p. B1, Bd. 9, Eft. 1. The Soviet Zone
changes were made in Land Sachsen-Anhalt on 15 June 1950 and in the
other Lander on 1 July 1950. Maps showing the new boundaries are
available only for Thuringen and Mecklenburg (AMS Call No. 1M
23-26J.3611-300). Both maps were printed in 1950 by Schaffmann and
Kluges, Berlin, and are at the scale of 1:300,000.
/L comparison of the list of new administrative divisions with
that of the last official census of the four zones of Germany,
published in 1950 in the Deutaches Gemeindeverzeichnis, Volks-und
Berufszahlung vom 29 Oktober 1916, reveals the following changes
in the Soviet Zone:
LAND MECKLENBURG -- The number of Stadtkreise is reduced from
6 to LF; Rostock, Schwerin, Stralsund, and Wismar remain on the list,
but Greifswald and Gustrow are missing. The number of Landkreise
is decreased from 21 to 20, the territory of Randow having been
transferred to Land Brandenburg. Two Landkreise hate new names -
LAND BRANDENBURG -- The number of Stadtkreiae is decreased
from 9 to 2; Brandenburg (Havel) and Potsdam remain, but Cottbus,
Eberswalde, Forst (Lausitz), Frankfurt (Oder), Guben, Rathenow,
and Wittenberge are missing. Although the number of Landkreise
remains the same, many extensive boundary changes have been made.
Landkt,eis Frankfurt (Oder) was created from parts Of several
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-Schonberg is changed to Grevesmuhlen and UeckermUnde to Pasewalk.
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Landkreise, including Guben. The following changes were made in
Landkreis names: Beeskow-Storkow to Furstenwalde, Lebus to Seelow,
and Calau to Senftenberg.
LAND SACHSEN-ANHALT -- The number of Stadtkreise is reduced
from 19 to 4; Dessau, Halberstadt, Halle (Saale), and Magdeburg
remain; Aschersleben, Bernburg, Burg b. Magdeburg, Eisleben, K3then
(Anhalt), Merseburg, Naumburg (Saale), Quedlinburg, Salzwedel,
Schonebeck (Elbe), Stendal, Weissenfels, Wittenberg, Zeitz, and
Zerbst are missing. The number of Landkreise is changed from 33
to 30, Ballenstadt and Blankenburg (Harz) are missing and Man.sfelder
Gebirgskreis and Mansfelder Seekreis have been combined and re-named
Eisleben. Calbe is now Schonebeck, Dessau-Kothen is Kothen, Eckartsberga
is Kolleda, Jerichow I is Burg, Jerichow II is Genthin, and Schweinitz
is Herzberg.
LAND SACHSEN -- The number (6) and names of the Stadtkreise.
are the same. The number of Landkreise is decreased from 29 to
28; only Stollberg is missing. The relatively few changes are
probably due to the extensive reorganization effected in January
1947, when 17 Stadtkreise were abolished. The new administrative
divisions were used in the Gemeindeverzeichnis, even though the date
19+6 appears in the title.
LAND TH.URINGEN -- The number of Stadtkreise is reduced from
12 to 4. Erfurt, Gera, Jena, and Weimar remain; but Altenburg,
Apolda, Arnstadt, Eisenach, Gotha, Greiz, Miihlhausen i. Th., and
Nordhausen are missing. The number of Landkreise is changed from
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22 to 21; Langensalza, Schmalkalden, and Weissensee are missing;
Bad Salzungen and Erfurt are newly created Landkreise; and the name
of Landkreis Stadtroda is changed to Jena.
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Japan has been more adequately mapped than any other comparable
area outside Western Europe. Prewar Japanese maps, especially those
of Japan proper, are justly famous for their accuracy, fine cartog-
raphy, and elaborate detail. The renewal of Japanese topographic
mapping under the occupation is therefore a development of major
importance.
.The official Japanese topographic mapping agency at present
is the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI; Chiri Chose, Sho) under
the Ministry of Construction(Kensetsu Sha), with headquarters in
the city of Chiba, 25 miles east of Tokyo. The GSI was formed in
1948 and is the descendent of the former Japanese Imperial Land. Survey
(Rikuchi Sokuryo Bu), which had been moved from Tokyo to Matsumoto
in Nagano prefecture as a precautionary measure during the war.
To date, postwar mapping activity has not been great, but
it is increasing in both scope and volume. Unfortunately, many
recent maps have been printed in quantities sufficient to satisfy
only the immediate requirements of agencies of the Japanese
government and of the Occupation. Since but few postwar maps are
currently available in the United States, this article is of
necessity based largely on recent coverage indexes. The index
maps available cover topographic urban maps at the scale of
1:10,000; topographic series at 1:25,000,-1:50,000, 1:200,000,
and 1:250,000; and prefectural maps at 1:200,000.
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A. Urban Maps
The scale of 1:10,000 has been adopted as standard for
urban- and suburban-area maps. In 1944, urban coverage was as
follows: Tokyo-Yokohama-Yokosuka, 90 sheets; Osaka-Kobe, 33 sheets;
Shimonoseki-Moji,'37 sheets; Nagoya, 18 sheets; and Kyoto, 14 sheets.
According to the current index, 31 sheets of the Tokyo-Yokohama-
Yokosuka area were revised in 1948 and 1949, 34 sheets of the Kyoto
and Osaka areas were scheduled for revision in 1950 and 1951, and
41 sheets of the northwestern suburbs of Tokyo and of the Kanoya
area in southeastern Kagoshima prefecture were to be surveyed in
1950 and 1951. Plans for the future provide for the mapping of all
cities with populations of 50,000 and over.
A more extensive program of urban mapping at large scales was
initiated in 1947 by the War Rehabilitation Bureau, also under the
Ministry of Construction, and is being continued by local governmental
units. Of a projected total of nearly 500 maps of cities and large
towns, 130 had been completed by October 1950; scales employed range
from 1:3,000 to 1:20,000, but most are at 1:5,000 and 1:10,000.
B. Topographic Series
1. Large Scale
1:25,000 -- Sheets at this scale have been completed
for about one-quarter of Japan (1,152 out of approximately 4,800
sheets). The completion of the 1:25,000 series is expected to
require 25 years, after which it will replace the 1:50,000 as the
standard series for Japan.
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The areas covered include most cities with populations of
50,000 and over and some strategic areas such as Tsushima, Tsugaru
Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido, and the exits to the Inland Sea.
In 1950 and 1951, two areas on Hokkaido are to be surveyed. The
58 sheets to be prepared from the surveys include a strip of coa:L
mining and agricultural country between Sapporo and Asahikawa, and
the east coast from Kushiro to Nemuro, an area in which agricultural
settlement is currently being encouraged. Many of the prewar sheets
have been revised since 1947. All the revisions examined, however,
concerned only administrative boundaries and railroads, and other
important changes were ignored.
1:50,000 -- This series of 1,24+ sheets was completed
for all of Japan long before the war and is at present the standard
map of the country. All but 159 sheets, mainly for Hokkaido, have
been revised since 1925. Postwar revision of 373 sheets has been
undertaken. As in the case of the 1:25,000 series, changes are
apparently limited chiefly to administrative boundaries and railroads.
"Provisional" revisions based on aerial photography are indexed as
"underway" or in some cases "completed."
All Japanese maps at 1:50,000 and 1:25,000, and most of those
at 1:10,000, are monochromes. GSI hopes eventually to print both
the 1:50,000 and the 1:25,000 series in several colors. Although
the format (which is similar for maps at all three scales) has been
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standardized, it may be useful to point out that the following
information is given:
(1) Contours, at intervals ranging from 20 to 2.5 meters
depending on,relief; arrows indicate depressions.
(2) Iand use (six types of crops) and natural vegetation (six
types of forest).
(3) Administrative boundaries down to the ku level in large
cities. and to the machi and mura in rural areas (the 1:10,000
sheets also show cho and chome boundaries in cities).
(4+) Roads of seven classes (national and prefectural roads,
local roads of three widths) roads impassable to carts, and trails).
(5) Railroads, classified as ordinary (mostly government-owned)
and special (passenger, lumber, etc.); number of-tracks; and tunnels,
bridges, and stations.
(6) Power lines.
(7) Buildings of about 30 types-, differentiated by symbol;
outlines of large buildings and 3 intensities of shading for built-
up areas, on maps at the two larger scales.
2. Medium Scale
Before World War II, all of Japan was covered by a
1:200,000 series in four colors, but the. plates of the series were
destroyed during the war, in 1948 and 1949, three-color versions
of 124 sheets were. made from original copies, presumably by color
separation. The remaining 13 sheets are to be reproduced in the
same way during the current fiscal year. The series, however, is
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not being revised and will be replaced by an 8-color 1:250,000
series in 88 sheets. An experimental sheet at 1:250,000 has been
reported as completed.
A six-color set of prefectural maps at 1:200,000 is also in
preparation, with sheets for 21 out of a total of 4+6 prefectures
reported as completed. In view of the.large size of Hokkaido, which
at 1:200,000 would require a map measuring 80 by 100 inches, it
seems possible that separate maps of each of the 14 shicho might
be prepared.
C. Comparison of Al and Japanese Maps
At present the Japanese topographic maps as a whole are
inferior in several respects to equivalent or nearly equivalent
AMS maps of Japan. Important types of changes that have taken place
since the compilation of Japanese maps and are not shown even on
the revised sheets are as follows: (1) the tremendous. expansion of war
industries and military installations that took place on the outskirts of
the major cities and in some previously rural areas immediately before
and during the early years of the war; (2) the devastation of large
areas in almost all cities of industrial or military importance as
a result of Allied bombing during the latter part of the war; and
(3) the rebuilding since the war of much of the devastated area,
in some cases along quite different lines than before the war.
The large industrial plants that were not destroyed have been converted
to peacetime production or in some cases dismantled in compliance
.with the reparations program.
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Extensive wartime and early postwar aerial photography has been
used in preparing many AMS maps., These maps portray correctly the
developments during the war years but do not show postwar reconstruction.
Furthermore, the use of color on AMS maps makes them much clearer than
the Japanese monochromes. On the other hand, the omission of Japanese
characters on many AMS maps is a disadvantage when it is necessary to
use the maps in conjunction with textual materials published in
Japanese. The current plans of GSI indicate that maps which will
compare favorably with current AMS sheets may soon be forthcoming.
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A. MAP SERIES ON RAILROADS OF AFRICA
The accompanying map, Railroads of Egypt and Libya, 1950,
CIA 117+7, is the second in a series of four railroad maps of
Africa being prepared by CIA. The first map, Railroads of North.
Africa, 1950: French and Spanish Zones, CIA 117+6, and a general
introduction to the series, appeared in Map Research Bulletin No. 25.
The remaining two maps, Railroads of.Tropical Africa, 1950, CIA 11798,
and Railroads of South Africa, 1950, CIA 11799, will be included
in subsequent issues of the Map Research Bulletin.
B. A NEW ATLAS OF INDIA
India in Maps, the first atlas of India to be published since
the partition in 1947, is now available (Enclosure 1 to R-63-51, AA,
India, 3 February 1951). The atlas was published in August 1950 by
the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India.
The volume.containb 38 small-scale maps, with supplementary
statistical tables, and two world maps. The maps of India, at approxi-
mately 1:15,000,000, are mainly sociological and economic, but a few
cover physical and political subjects. Several of the sociological and
economic maps present information not available elsewhere in map form.
Noteworthy among these are the maps locating universities, medical schools,
technical schools, and research institutes and those showing number of
workers and annual production for various types of industry by states.
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Most of the information is official and is for 19+7 or later. Al-
together the atlas presents a good, though highly generalized.,
picture of the distribution of a number of sociological and economic
features of post-partition India.
C. NEW PROVINCIA IN DOMINICAN, REPUBLIC
A new first-order administrative division, the Provincia de
Santiago Rodriguez, was created within the Dominican Republic on
1 January 1951. The provincia was formed by combining two second-
order administrative divisions, the Comunes of Moncion and Santiago
Rodriguez, formerly the southernmost comunes of the Provincia de
Montecristi. Law No. 1892, which created the Provincia de Indepen-
dencia on 1 January 1950, proposed the creation of the Provincia de
Santiago Rodriguez on the same date, but an amendment (Law No. 1995)
postponed the effective date until 1 January 1951.
Formation of the new provincia increases the number of first-
order administrative divisions in the Dominican Republic to 21 --
the Distrito de Santo Domingo and the following 20 provincias:
Azua, Bahoruco; Barahona, Benefactor, Duarte, Espaillat, Independencia,
La Altagracia, La Vega, Libertador, Montecristi, Puerto Plata, Samana,
San Pedro.de Macoris, San Rafael, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, .S.ieibo,
Trujillo, and Trujillo Valdez.
The accompanying outline map of the Dominican Republic (CIA 11787)
shows the boundaries of the 21 first-order administrative divisions now
in effect. A Dominican map set, Mapa Para el Censo de 1950, showing
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comunes is available at the Army Map Service map library (AM 13E
3-26-6570'-V). This set, prepared by the Instituto Geografico Militar,
gives the correct boundaries of the 27 comunes and can be used to
delineate provincia boundaries even though the scale (generally 1:100,000)
varies from sheet to sheet. This set and the accompanying CIA map are
the only available maps known to include the new first-order admin,lstra-
tive division.
D. A POSTWAR JAPANESE GEOGRAPHIC PERIODICAL
Twenty-seven issues of a postwar Japanese geographic periodical
entitled Shakai Chiri, with the English subtitle "Geography for Social
Life," have been received in Washington. Numbers 1 through.27 are avail-
able by title at the Library of Congress. Of the issues received, the
first was published in September 19+7 and the latest in August 1950.
During the first 2 years, publication was irregular, but the periodical
is now being issued on a monthly basis.
The periodical is significant as a source of factual information
as an indication of trends
in Japanese geographic thought since the war. Several articles
indicate the influence on geographers of the great changes in the
Japanese political, economic, and social structure that have been
brought about under the Occupation. In contrast with the earlier
preoccupation with physical geography, these articles are concerned
with the, development of geography as a social science and with the
role of geography in political, economic, and- social planning.
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ThEi text of the periodical is entirely in Japanese, but an
English table of contents is included. Most of the issues are about
35 pages long and contain 5 or 6 articles 4 or 5 pages long (some with
maps), shorter notes and book reviews, several maps without accompanying
text, a. national affairs section, and a section devoted to events in
foreign countries. Nearly 60 percent of the articles, notes, and maps
examined dealt with specific areas of Japan or geographic aspects of the
Japanese economic or social life, 13 percent with foreign areas, 20
percent with aspects of geography not limited to specific areas, and
the remainder with the teaching of geography. One entire issue (Number 20)
was devoted to Hokkaido.
Of special interest are the current items included in the national
affairs section. Among the topics considered are newly discovered
mineral deposits or major extensions of previously known deposits, changes
in administrative areas, population data, plans for the extension of
railroad electrification, and road construction projects. Much of the
information of this type is not readily available elsewhere.
Most of the maps included are cartographically simple and can be
understood readily with the translation of a few characters in the
legends. A few, however, are confusing, because too many types of
interrelated data are plotted and the colors and shading are not well
selected.
Before World War II, many Japanese geographic periodicals flourished
briefly and then disappeared; the survival of Shakai Chiri through 3 years,
and its increasing regularity of appearance bodes well for its continuation.
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E. ATLAS OF MOROCCAN AGRICULTURE
The Department of Agriculture Library has recently received a
copy of Atlas Agricole Marocain (Rabat, October 1950), a new atlas
which provides the most complete coverage of agriculture in the
French Zone in Morocco that has been published to date. Statistical
material, which covers the years 191+1-J+8, was supplied by several
services of the French Administration, the official source for the area.
Although a publishing authority is not indicated, some pages were printed
by the Maroc Matin in Rabat, others by Imprimeries Re'unies, Casablanca.
Maps of the regions of Morocco are at different scales within
the general 1:1,000,000 range, the scales having been adjusted to
the size of the page without regard for uniformity. For each
region, the total area cultivated and the number of hectares and
percentages of cultivated land in selected major, crops are shown
by territoire. Figures are given for total area cultivated by
Europeans and by Moroccans. In addition, maps of The French Zone in
Morocco as a whole give average annual rainfall at 1:3,000,000; density
of rural population per cultivated hectare and per square kilometer at
1:4,500,000; and field crops, tree crops, and animal population by
territoire at 1:6,000,000. The maps of population density included also
differentiate between Arab- and Berber-speaking people and show the
boundaries and the seat of government for each region, territoire,
cercle, circonscription, and annexe.
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The graphs on many of the maps are difficult to interpret
and might well be omitted, since the same information is more
effectively presented in marginal tables.
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