NOTE ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN ITALIAN SOMALILAND AND ETHIOPIA

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00976A000100060001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 28, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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NOTE ON THE BOUNDARY
BETWEEN ITALIAN SOMALILAND
AND ETHIOPIA
M-6
Published July, 1948
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
DECUSS!
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This document contains information affecting the na-
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Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any
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1. Reports issued in the M-series generally pertain to territorial
questions, geographic intelligence, evaluation of available map informa-
tion and technical intelligence on .mapping in foreign areas.
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NOTE ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN ITALIAN
SOMALILAND AND ETHIOPIA
1. Summary and Conclusion.
The Ethiopian-Italian Somaliland boundary has never been delimited
satisfactorily in spite of two attempts to do so. Neither the accord
of 1897 nor the Convention of 1908 defines the line clearly enough
to form the basis for demarcation. An entirely new agreement should be
drawn up for this purpose. Pending such agreement, the line reportedly
shown on the map used by the Emperor Menelik II in 1897 should take
precedence over other conjectural lines as the tentative boundary
northeast of the Uebi Scebeli River.
The line drawn in 1897 by the Emperor Menelik was accepted by
the Italian government. Heretofore there has been an impression that
the 1897 accord consisted of this map and a written description of the
line, and that the two were contradictory. It seems, however, that the
map was the only official document of the accord other than the Italian
telegram of acceptance. The contemporary written descriptions appear
to have been no more than official statements made in Italy by Italians.
These could not be considered as legally binding on Ethiopia.
Even if the Italian statements could be considered as having
legal validity, they do not necessarily disagree as seriously as formerly
supposed with the information said to be on the Menelik map. According
to the Italian statements, the boundary was to be a line roughly paral-
lel to the coast at a distance of about 180 miglia inland, whereas the
map was thought to represent a line lying nearer the coast. The Italian
statements, however, were probably intended to give only a general idea
of the proposed boundary without describing it in detail. It is also
possible that the 1897 Italian statements used the word miglia in its
colloquial sense to mean "kilometers".
No reproduction of the Menelik map appears to be available in
Washington and a definitive statement regarding the boundary as shown
on the map must await a search of Italian archives. However, according
to secondary descriptions, the line extended from the Von der Decken
Falls on the Giuba (Juba) River to the British Somaliland boundary at
the intersection of 8?N., 48?E. This intersection is approximately 180
kilometers from. the nearest point on the coast.
Article IV of the Convention of May 16, 1908 between Ethiopia and
Italy defined the boundary northeast of the Uebi Scebeli as that ac-
cepted by the Italian government in 1897. There are some confusing
statements in this article about a division between tribes, but in the
Note: This report was submitted on 1 July to the intelligence organi-
zations of the Departments of State, Army, Navy, and the Air
Force for information, at which time comments were solicited.
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main the intention of the article seems to be to confirm the Menelik
line.
Italian cartography is inconsistent in the treatment of this line.
Several maps published by Italian government agencies before 1925
showed a line northeast of the Uebi Scebeli from near Belet Uen to the
point 8?N., 48?E., e.g., an approximation of the Menelik line as de-
scribed above. The line was generally shown as indefinite, however, and
was marked as undelimited or undemarcated. After 1925 Italian maps
usually omitted the boundary entirely.
At the time the Ualual (Wal Wal) incident was before the League
of Nations in 1935, the Italian government insisted that the question
of the location of the boundary was not under discussion. Consequently
the arbitration commission dealing with the incident was not empowered
to deal with the boundary question. The Ethiopian government, in
asserting its claim to sovereignty over Ualual at this time, made con-
tradictory statements regarding the location of the boundary, probably
because of a lack of first-hand knowledge.
The Department of State does not seem to have had any occasion
to take a position regarding the boundary in the past, and until re-
cently, at least, the British government does not seem to have done so
either.
2. The Problem.
The basic documents to be examined in any attempt to determine
this boundary are the so-called agreement between the Emperor Menelik II
and the Italian representative Nerazzini of about June 1897, and the
Italo-Ethiopian Convention of May 16, 1908 which was supposed in part
to amend and in part to confirm the 1897 understanding. Neither of
these instruments is satisfactory as a basis for delimitation: the first,
because of its informal and incomplete nature; and the second, because
its description did not conform to geographic reality in many cases.
The discrepancies between the text of the Convention of 1908 and the
actual location of tribes, water courses, etc. is discussed at some
length in Department of State, OIR Report No. 4288, "Undemarcated Bound-
aries of the Italian Colonies and their Cartographic Presentation". It
is evident that a new agreement will have to be drawn up before there
can be any demarcation of the boundary on the ground.
The present report is concerned primarily with that section of
the boundary from the River Uebi Scebeli northeastward to its point of
juncture with the boundary of British Somaliland, because certain
American interests in eastern Ogaden may be affected by the location of
the boundary. An attempt will be made to determine the intent of the
understanding of 1897, on the assumption that this understanding may
form the basis for any future agreement.
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3. Evaluation of Documents Dealing with the Boundary.
In 1897 Nerazzini received from Menelik a map on which the
Emperor had drawn the southeastern boundary of Ethiopia as desired by
him. The map used was the German Spezial Karta von Afrika, sheet
Abessinien (6)? compiled by Herman Habenicht. Nerazzini reported to
the Italian government that according to the tentative agreement with
Menelik, the boundary would start at the frontier between Italian and
British territory in the Somali country and extend to a point on the
Giuba (Juba) River at the Von der Decken Falls (above the town of
Bardera), giving to Italy a zone about 180 miglia in depth from the
Indian Ocean. This, according to Nerazzini, was the line traced on
Menelik's map. The proposed accord is said to have been published
officially by the Italian Stefani Agency on 9 August 1897. This release
stated that the proposed boundary was traced at about 180 miglia from
the coast, intersecting the Giuba River north of Bardera, and that Italy
remained at liberty to accept or reject the terms of the agreement, the
frontier in the meantime remaining in status quo de facto. On 3
September 1897 the Italian cabinet ministers directly concerned ad-
dressed a telegram to Menelik accepting the proposed boundary.-
Apparently no official text was drafted embodying the terms of
the Menelik-Nerazzini accord and bearing the signatures of both parties.
If such a document exists it seems not to have been published. The only
available information about the accord is from the two secondary Italian
sources - Nerazzini's report and the press release of the Stefani Agency.
These give information about the agreement and purport to describe the
boundary in general terms, but they do not include an official text. The
Ethiopian government had no part in their drafting. Therefore the docu-
ments cannot be considered as having legal validity, or as being binding
on Ethiopia. The only document mutually agreed to by both parties which
shows or describes the boundary is the Menelik.map. The line shown on
this map should, for the above reasons, be considered more authoritative
than the description of Nerazzini and the Stefani Agency.
The Convention of May 16, 1908, promulgated as law by Italy on
17 July 1908, represented a substantial concession of territory by
Ethiopia to the west of the Uebi Scebeli. Article IV, however, provided
that from the Uebi Scebeli the frontier should proceed in a north-
easterly direction, "following the line accepted by the Italian Govern-
ment in 1897", that all the territory belonging to the tribes toward
the coast should remain dependent on Italy,_and that all the territory
of Ogaden "and all that of tribes toward the Ogaden" should remain
dependent on Ethiopia.2 The apparent intention of this article was to
confirm the Menelik-Nerazzini line, but an element of uncertainty is
1. Carlo Rossetti, Storia Diplomatica dell'Etiopia durante it Regno di
Menelik II. (Torino, 1910) pp. 404-405.
2. Rossetti; see also Sir Edward Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty.
(1909 edition) v. III, pp. 1223-122-l-.
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introduced by the reference to tribes. It is scarcely conceivable that
a straight line from the Uebi Scebeli to the British Somaliland boundary,
which was presumably intended in the 1897 accord, would coincide with a
line separating tribes "toward the coast" from those "toward the Ogaden",
and it is probable that tribal base areas and tribal grazing lands
overlap in such a manner that no such line of separation could be drawn.
However, since no tribes are named, and since the reference to tribes is
so ambiguous, the portion of the article confirming the 1897 accord
seems to take precedence over the other portions. Although the 1908
convention included a provision for demarcation of the boundary on the
ground, the line was never surveyed or marked.
No primary source giving the line as it was shown on the Menelik
map is available. Search in Washington has failed to reveal any repro-
duction of the Menelik map. The descriptions of the 1897 line given by
the Stefani Agency and Nerazzini are of little value for drawing the
line on a.map because they do not state the exact point on the British
Somaliland boundary at which the line ends. However, it is stated by
Manlio Magini, an Italian student of East African frontier changes, that
the line extended from the Von der Decken Falls on the Juba to the inter-
section of the parallel 8?N. and the meridian 48?E.1 This line is shown
on State Department Map No. 10652, "Southeastern Ethiopia, Status of
Boundaries - 106", and is labeled "Boundary shown on Menelik's map,
1897". Northeast of the Uebi Scebeli this line and the line indicated
as "Boundary according to Convention of May 16, 1908", which is shown
identical to it on this map, should take precedence over other lines as
a tentative boundary.
In the past it has been assumed that the official descriptions of
the line, such as those of the Stefani Agency and Nerazzini, were in
conflict with the line shown on Menelik's map. Italian writers them-
selves within recent decades have called attention to this supposed
discrepancy.2 The wording "180 .miglia" has been interpreted to mean
180 miles, whereas the line-on the Menelik.map reportedly represented
a line much nearer the coast than this. It is possible to show, how-
ever, that the textual description and the map are not necessarily in
conflict. Von der Decken Falls on the Giuba are roughly 150 English
miles from the nearest point on the coast and the intersection of 8?N.
and 48?E. is about 115 miles from the coast. A straight line connecting
these two points would be about 180 English miles from the coast only
along its middle portion. Neither the Nerazzini nor the Stefani reports
stated specifically that the line was exactly 180 miles (or .miglia)
from the coast at all points. They merely stated that it was about 180
miglia from the coast. Thus, Nerazzini, even if he had been thinking
in terms of miles, might have estimated the distance from the middle
portion of the line to the coast, and in writing his report might have
made a general statement, not intended to be taken too literally.
1. Manlio Magini, Vanazioni territoriali nell' A.0, dal 1880 al 1938.
(Firenze, 1939) p. 48?
2. Magini, p. 51.
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Another possibility is that Nerazzini was thinking in terms of kilometers
rather than miles. The Italian word miglio is sometimes used colloquially
to denote "kilometer" and it has been suggested that "180 kilometers" is
actually what was intended by the wording of the Nerazzini and Stefani
reports.- The point 8?N., )+8?E, is approximately 180 kilometers from
the nearest point on the coast, In short, although the Nerazzini and
Stefani descriptions may not be taken as having legal validity, there
is reason to believe that they agree, in general, with the line as
shown on the Menelik map. Any assumption that these two descriptions
call for a line every point of which is exactly 180 miles from the
coast is incorrect.
4. Treatment of the Line on Italian Maps.
As pointed out in Department of State, OIR Report No. 4288, Italian
maps are very inconsistent in showing the line. This is understandable
since the documents dealing with the line are confused and misleading.
It is well to point out, however, that a number of maps published by
Italian government agencies before 1925 favored a line approximating
the Menelik line as the latter is described above.
A map of the Ministry of Colonies published in 19172 shows a
line extending from Belet Uen on the Uebi Scebeli northeast to 8?N.,
)+8?E. This line is designated "Italo-Ethiopian Convention, may 16,
1908 (undemarcated)". The lame line is shown on another map published
by the same agency in 19-8. It is a broken line, indicating its
indefinite character. A map published for the Italian Somaliland
government in 1917 differs from the above maps. It shows the line
northeast from the Uebi Scebeli intersecting the British Somaliland
boundary at 8?N., 47?E. and including Galadi in Italian Somaliland.
This map does not distinguish between demarcated and undemarcated bound-
aries. Even as late as 1925 a Ministry of Colonies map5 represented
the line as ending at 8?N., )+8?E. Later editions of this same map,
in common with most Italian maps of east Africa published in the later
Fascist period, show no boundary between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia,
1. M. A. Ethiopia, Report P-3O3-45, Oct. 10, 19+5; Council of Foreign
Ministers Document, CFM/D/L/)7/I.C. Com.
2. Ministero delle Colonie, Direzione Generale Affare Politici, Ufficio
Cartografico, Somalia Settentrionale, scale, 1:2,000,000, (Rome?),
1917.
3. Ministero delle Colonie, Direzione Generale degli Affari Politici,
Ufficio Cartografico, Somalia e Paesi Limitrofi, scale, 1:4,000,000,
(Rome?), 1918.
4. Governo delta Somalia Italiana, Carta delta Somalia, scale,
1:2,000,000, compiled in Mogadiscio, 1917.
5. Ministero Belle Colonie, Ufficio Studi e Propoganda, Servizio Carto-
grafico, Africa Orientale, carta dimostrativa fisico-politics scale,
1:2,000,000, Rome and Bergamo, 1925.
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One unofficial map of the pre-Fascist periodl is of particular
interest because the author or compiler, Carlo Rossetti, was a student
of Italo-Ethiopian relations and presumably had access to all the
official documents. The 1907 edition of this map represents the
Ethiopian-Italian Somaliland boundary as extending in a curve from Lugh,
on the Giuba River, to approximately 8?N., 47OE., placing Galadi in
Italian Somaliland. The line is shown as indefinite and bears the
notation "to be delimited" (da delimitarei). The 1909 edition of the
same map shows a definite boundary, labeling it as the line established
by the Convention of May 16, 1908. This line, however, includes more
territory northeast of the Uebi Scebeli in Ethiopia than does the line
shown on the 1907 edition. Galadi is shown in Ethiopia and the line
intersects the British Somaliland boundary at 8?N., 48?E. Rossetti thus
appears to have concluded that the intention of the 1908 accord was to
place the line approximately 180 kilometers from the coast at its
northeastern end. A reproduction of the 1909 edition of the Rossetti
map is attached to this report. The Ethiopian-Italian Somaliland border
as represented on the 1907 edition has been added to the attached copy
of the 1909 edition..
A book2 by a former governor of Italian Somaliland, Giacomo de
Martino, published in 1913, includes a small map on which the line is
shown in close agreement with that of the 1909 Rossetti map.
5. Later Positions of the Italian and Ethiopian Governments.
After the early 1930's, the Italian government did little or
nothing to clear up the ambiguities of the Ethiopia-Italian Somaliland
frontier, doubtless because of its ambitions for conquest. As stated
above, the official Italian maps of this period omitted the boundary
completely. At the time of the Ualual (Wal Wal) controversy, Italy
admitted that the location of the frontier was governed by the Convention
of May 16, 1908, but asserted that the boundary had never been demarcated
because of Ethiopian negligence and obstruction.3 The dispute was
referred by the Council of the League of Nations to an arbitration
commission having rather limited powers. Upon the insistence of Italy,
the Council decided, in July 1935, that frontier questions or the legal
interpretation of agreements or treaties concerning the frontie' did
not fall within the jurisdiction of the arbitration commission.
1. Carlo Rossetti, Schizzo Dimostrativo della situazione politica nell'
Affrica Orientale, scale, 1:5,000,000, Novara, 2nd edition, 1907,
3rd edition, 1909. The 1909 edition is included in the Rossetti work
cited above.
2. Giacomo de Martino, La Somalia Nostra. (Bergamo, 1913), p.9.
3. Dispute Between Ethiopia and Italy, Request by the Ethiopian Govern-
ment. Memorandum by the Italian Government on the Situation in
Ethiopia. League of Nations Doc. No. C. 340. M. 171. 1935. VII
(Geneva, 1935), pp. 6-7-
4. Pittman B. Potter, The Wal Wal Arbitration. (Washington, 1938), PP.
13-15.
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The attitude of Ethiopia regarding the location of the line was
also confused. When the boundary between British and Italian Somaliland
was surveyed and marked on the ground in 1929-1931 the work was carried
west along parallel 8?N. to meridian 47?E. When the British Somaliland-
Ethiopia boundary was similarly demarcated in 1931-1934 the Ethiopia
members of the mixed commission agreed to start the work at the point
where the British-Italian commission had stgpped and proceed northwest,
but with the understanding that the point 8 N., 47 E. should not neces-
sarily be considered as thT trijunction point of the British, Italian
and Ethiopian territories. During the discussion of the Ualual case
before the League, the Ethiopian government published a statement to the
effect that the boundary was based on the Convention of 1908 which in
turn accepted the line agreed upon in 1897. After quoting a description
of the 1897 line similar to that of the Stefani press release of 1897,
the Ethiopian statement continued: "The frontier between Somaliland and
Abyssinia is therefore demarcated by a winding line keeping parallel at a
distance of 180 miles to the sinuosities of the coast-line of the Indian
Ocean." The same statement, however, declared that the Ethiopian govern-
ment maintained0that the point at which the Anglo-Italo-Ethiopian fron-
tiers.met was 8 N., 48 E. This point, of course, is only about 115
English miles from the nearest point on the coast (although roughly 180
kilometers from the coast). The Ethiopian representatives seem to have
relied upon the conflicting Italian sources in drafting this statement,
possibly not having pertinent material in their own archives.
6. Positions of United States and British Government Agencies.
Inquiry of the Visa Division and the Special Adviser on Geography
of the Department of State has failed to reveal any instance when the
Department was required to take a stand on this question in the past.
The British government apparently tried to avoid taking a stand
in favor of either party in regard to the question of the location of
the trijunction point of Ethiopia, British Somaliland, and Italian
Somaliland at the time the southern boundaries of British Somaliland
were demarcated. Recent official British maps favor the line ending
at 8?N., 480E.3 However, these maps carry a note to the effect that
boundaries have not been demarcated in all cases and their representation
1. Geographical Journal (London), vol. 87 (April, 1936) pp. 289.
2. Dispute Between Abyssinia and Italy...Memorandum by the Imperial
Abyssinian Government on the Incidents at Walwal Between November
23rd and :December 5th, 1934. League of Nations Doc. No. C. 49. M.
22. 1935. VII. (Geneva, 1935), pp. 5-6.
3. East Africa Survey Group, Africa, 1:1,000,000, sheet Belet Uen, NB
38, E.A.F. No. 1177 (First East Africa Edition, 1942); East Africa
Survey Group, East Africa, 1:500,000, sheet Rocca Littorio, NB 383,
E.A.F., No. 705 (Second Edition, 1942).
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cannot be regarded as official. It was said in 1945 that the point
8?N., 48?E. was accepted in British official circles as the correct
meeting point of the three frontiers.1 More recently, however, the
British governor of Italian Somaliland stated that the boundary would
have to be determined by agreement between Ethiopia and whatever power
or administration takes over from the British military administration in
the former Italian colony.2
1. M.A., Ethiopia, Report R-320-45, October 15, 1945.
2. CFM/D/L/47/I.C.COM.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000100060001-2
Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00976AMIM60001-2