GERMAN CARTOGRAPHIC AND MAP COLLECTING AGENCIES: THE GEODETIC BASES OF GERMAN CARTOGRAPHY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00976A000100020001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 59
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 28, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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N CARTOGRAPHIC AND MAP
?G AGENCIES: THE GEODETIC
GERMAN CARTOGRAPHY
M - 2
DOCUMENT NO.
N. CHANGE IN CLASS
CLASS. CHANGED 10: TS S C
REVUIV DATE:
AU TH: HR (0-.;
DATET"..22r,L41..,FIEviLivail- _37,2044
NTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
March 1948
tOpl NO. do
l'OP TOE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE,
FOR FURTHER ROUTING
TO T:1E EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, THE LCVISORY
r,.:NCIL, AND CENTRAL RECURDS FILE
RESPRIeTZL')
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DISSEMINATION NOTICE
1. Reports issued in the M-series generally pertain to
territorial questions, geographic intelligence, evaluation of
available map information and technical intelligence on mapping
in foreign areas.
2. This copy may be either retained or destroyed by
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returned to the Central Intelligence Agency by arrangement with
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national
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(5271)
GERMAN CARTOGRAPHIC AND NAP COurPOTING AGRICIES:
THE GEODETIC BASES OF
O.
CARTOMAPHY
M-2
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
MARCH 1948
.1111111111111"1"
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary
Introduction
Pare
iv
I. Dimensions of the Earth, and Geographic
Grids ? . ? ? ? ? ********** ? ??? ? 1
II. Projections 00000000 ...??????. 3
III. Triangulation . 7
A. Triangulation up to 1938 000
B. Maintenance of Triangulation
Stations and Restoration of
Station Marks
? I ? ?
7
12
C. The Situation in 1938 14
1. Areas with Adequate
Triangulation Nets . 4 ? ? # ? ? 4 0 ? 15
2. Surveys Planned or in
Progress 18
EV.
Connections of the German Triangulation
with that of Other Countries ? ? 4 0 0 *******
23
A. Lithuania
24
B. Poland
C. C zechoslovakia and Austria
? ? 0
.
26
D. Switzerland ? a ? a ? * 4 ?
? ? *
.0
E. France e ******** ?
??
* 0
28
F. Luxembourg 6 ..... ?
. .
? a
31
G. Belgium.
.
.
? 0
0 .
32
H. Netherlands . . . ? ? 0. ? ?
? ..?
....
32
I. Denmark 0 0 0
: ?
33
V.
The Reich Level Net ..... i, ?
? S ?
?
?
0 e
. ..
33
VI.
Hydrographic Net 0 ? ?
39
,
VII.
Magnetic North
39
Appendix A: Summary of basic geodetic
information for German States 41
Appendix : Triangulation Nets of
Greater Germany ? ..
.... .....
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LIST OF TABLES
Prte
1. Great Circle Maps for Air Navigation
(Grosskreiskarten) 9
2. Relation between Connecting Nets .. . ? ? if ? 20
LIST OF MAPS
Facing Page
Figure 1. Germany: Main and Connecting
Triangulation Grids 8
Figure 2. Net of Precision Leeling 9 4 ? ? I 0 4 ? ? 0 34
Figure 3. Bavarian Precision Leveling,
1868-90 - 34
Figure 4. The Principal Triangulation
Nets of Greater Germany - 1944 . . . . ? ?
lit
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SUMMARY
Germany is one of the few countries in the world that has complete,
accurate, and detailed geodetic and topographic.surveys of the major part
of its area. The program of unification and coordination of surveying and
cartography initiated in 1935, however, created several serious problems
for German geodetic and cartographic agencies. Most of the German states
except Bavaria and WUrttemberg had adopted the Bessel ellipsoid. Polyhe-
dric projections with degrees of longitude measured from Ferro (Canary Is-
lands) were used on many of the older, large-scale maps. The large-scale
maps of Bavaria and WUrttemberg and the cadastral maps of many north Ger-
man states and provinces, however, were compiled on the Soldner and Soldner-
Cassini grids; and Bavaria used the Bonne projection. In the recent unifi-
cation program, the Gauss-KrfAger projection was introduced. All large- and
medium-scale maps published since the beginning of World War II have a geo-
graphic grid based on the Gauss-KrUger projection superimposed on them.
The Gauss-KrUger projection has been developed in three-degree bands by
the Reichsamt far Landesaufnahme and in six-degree bands by the General
Staff of the Army.
Although Germany is covered by a number of dense and accurate
triangulation nets, they were poorly integrated because they were
surveyed at different times and by different states. By 1938, sev-
eral nets had been resurveyed, and other areas were scheduled for
resurveying. In some areas, where differences between nets were not
too great, adjustments had been computed. The outbreak of the war
slowed down surveying, but along the Westwall Germany attempted to
NOTE: The Intelligence Organization of the Department of State and the
Office of Naval Intelligence have concurred in the report; the
Intelligence Division of the Department of the Army and the Air
Intelligence Division, Directorate of Intelligence, Department
of the Air Force, had no comment.
iv
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complete new, accurate triangulation nets; and between 1939 and 1941,
first-order triangulations of Mecklenburg, Warttenberg, Bavaria, west-
ern Austria, and southern East Prussia were completed or continued.
Before the war, Germany had started to connect its triangula*
tion net with those of adjoining countries, but the German not dif-
fered considerably from those of France and Poland. After those
countries were conquered, their nets were adjusted to the German net
even though comparatively large junction differences had to be ab-
sorbed. The first-order connection of the German-Belgian nets was
completed as were also the German-Polish nets with the exception of
the Warthe not.
The level net was renewed continuously because of deteriora-
tion due to slight shifts or loss of bench marks. At the outbreak
of war, approximately one-third of Germany had been covered by new
first-order and email parts by a second-order level net. An older
first-order level net covered all Germany. Although many of the old
markers have been lost, a number remain and are accurate within a
few millimeters.
Until 1941 hydrographic surveys along the German coast were
continued by the Deutsche Seewarte, the leveling being done by the
Rtichsamt far Landecaufnahme. The results of these surveys, however,
may have been lost.
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INTRODUCTION
? Hr, .
Germany is the classic exatple of a country that has complete,
accurate, and modern horizontal and vertical control surveys of-the major
part of its area. However, techniCal advances :in' road construction, min-
ing operations, land redistribution, and military science require surveys
of increasingly higher degrees of accuracy. In the past, the planning and
execution of a comprehensive'program for the production of large-scale maps
were hampered by the existence of numerous small survey districts whose
activities were not co-ordinated. To remody.this 'situation, Germany
inaugurated in 1935 an extensive surVeying program to provide a uniform
basis for large-scale topographic maps. This paper, which outlines the
status of this program at the time hostilities ceased, has been revised
to include immediate postwar developments.1
I. DIMENSIONS OF THE EARTH. AND GEOGRAPHIC GRIDS
One of the basic difficulties in the unification of German cart-
ographic work is the use by various states of different dimensions for
the "geoid" or earth ellipsoid. Since the smaller state cartographic
agencies were either absorbed by the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme or
followed its lead, only the three assumptions that are discussed in the
following paragraph remain to be considered.
The Wurttemberg map projection was based on the ellipsoid of the
Nurttembergian astronomer Bohnenberger. The Bavarian projections were
based on a sphere with a radius of 6,388,172 meters. The dimensions of
this sphere were determined from the Laplacian spheroid, which has an
equatorial circumference of 40,000,000 meters and a curvature at the
latitude of Bavaria that is almost identical with .the Bavarian reference
1. Unpublished report by Captain Spencer D. Smith, in charge, Land
Survey Office, Bamberg, Germany, September 15, 1947.
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sphere. Prussia and all the states following its lead adopted the.
dimensions determined by Bessel who in 1841, computedAhe polar radius
6,356,078.963 meters and the equatorial radius 6077,397.155 meters.1
On some airway maps there are notesstating that a "norgol" radius of
6,370,000; 6,382,750; or even 6,395 000 meters has beep used.
By 1924, all German states, most of which had previously used
Ferro, had adopted Greenwich as the prime meridian. On their surveys,
Prussia and Bavariacalculated that Greenwich was 170 391 57.5" east of
Ferro and subtracted 170 401, Since German topographic maps are bounded
by meridians and parallels, the subtraction of 17? 40' made it possible
to retain the old borders without change, For example, 200 501 E of
Ferro became 30 101 E of Greenwich. Only for Baden did the sheet borders
have to be changed. These -changes were made' during the war. The margin
of error introduced was less than 0.5 Mm., even on the 1100,000 map,
Baden and Wirttemberg relied on the Wurttemberg Observatory at Tubingen
in establishing their latitude and longitude. Ovang to a mistake in cal-
culating the latitude and longitude of Tubingen and to a slight torsion
in the established prime meridian, these two states could not easily
adjust the established geographic grids to the accepted Greenwich-equator
system. Baden 'whiCh hid based its prime meridian on the now demolished
observatory at Mannheim,' discovered an -eah.tward deviation from the true
north of 107914" along this .meridian north of Mannheim. The amount of
deviation along the Arttemberg meridian based on Tbingen is not known.
1. The internationally accepted dimensions are those of Hayfotd for
the polar radius 6,3565-911.946 meters and for the equatorial radius.
6,378,388.000 meters. In Germanythese dimensions are used as
,reference only for ,leveling connections with Baltic countries. 'Figures
for the Bessel ellipsoid are givpk,in German legal,meters, whereas
those for Hayford are in international meters. 1 legal meter .
1.000,013,355 international meters,
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,vIe.mar
A
When the borders of the Baden and Wurttemberg surveys wore compared a
difference of 4.32" in latitude and 2;58" in fongitude became apparent.
On the ground, this error amounted to between .135 and 141 meters in latitude
and between 35 and 40 meters in longitude, respectively. The W'Urttemberg
and Bavarian nets, however, were adjusted satisfactorily, leaving a mean
error of two to three meters; The difference between the Prussian and
Baden nets was 94" in latitude or 280 meters on the ground,
II. PROJECTIO---
NS
--------
In projections differences between states were even more complicated
because- a'single state might use a variety of projections, depending on the
scales of the maps produced. Arttemberg and Bavaria used the Cassini-
SoIdner projection and co-ordinates for their large-scale maps at-1:2,500
and 1:5,000. This projection virtually shifts the poles and equator of
the:sphere in such a way that the prime meridian and equator intersect
at the center of an area surveyed. This means that if a 1-degree area is
projected as a quadrangle, the distortion is reduced to a minimum. The
zero of the co-ordinate system for Wurttemberg is the observatory in
Tubingen and for Bavaria the co-ordinate zero is the northern tower of the
Liebfrauen Kirche in Munioh.
Originally the Prussian topographic map at the scale of 1:25,000
(Messtischblatt) was drawn according to the Prussian poly4edric.prOjection.
This projection disregards the curvature of the earth, and considers each
part of the sphere as a plane bordered by two successive Ferro meridians
and two successive parallels. Length; area, and angles are absolutely .
correct at the corners of each of the isosceles trapezoids so formed and
the error at the center is insignificant. The Bavarian mapset at 1:25,000,
on the other hand, was drawn in tWo forms; a topographic map (Gradabtoilungs-
. blatt) on the Prussian polyhedric projection with Bessells reference
.spheroid, and -A location sheet (Positionsblatt) on the Soldnerpolyhedric ?
projection bordered by parallels and meridians. Recently the latter have -
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been made on the Gauss-Kruger projection, using the same sheet lines as
the Prussian Mosttischbfatter. The prime meridian adopted by Bavaria in
the Sold= system was 293' 160 08.8" et' of Ferro. Bavarian latitudes
also have had to be adjusted by adding 02.6" - owing to the use of
independent astronomic locations. Bonnets projection with Soldnerts
reference grid is used for the maps of the Bavarian Topographic Atlas
at 1:50,000. The standard parallel is 4:56i1 and meridian is that of
the old Munich Observatory, which has now been demolished.
Polyhedric projectione were used also on the Baden and Hessian
1:25,000 maps. - Because paraliele are drawn as straight lines on all
polyhedric projections, instead of being slightly curved, there is an
insignificant error along the middle line of the maps. The greatest dif-
ference between the lengthe of the chord on the 1:250000 map and the arc
of the true parallel is 0.13 mm., or 3.2 m, on the ground, and on the
1:100,000 map 0.3 mm., or 29 m. on the ground. These errors lie within
the margin of uncontrollable error in map production.
About 1928, the Reichsamt fir Landesaufnahme adopted the policy of
superimposing on all German topographic maps a plane co-ordinate grid
derived from the Gauss projection, a technique suggested by the use of
the Lambert grid by the French. KrAger was editor of Gauss' papers 'after
his death, and completed and amplified some of the Gauss computations.
The Gauss-Kruger projection, from which the co-ordinates of the same
name are taken, is d modified transverse Mercator projection adjusted to
the spheroid. The projection cylinder is tangent to the spheroid along
d meridian which therefore like the equator in theTiercater-projection
- has no scale error. In order to keep the distortion within mall limits,
the extension of the projection to the east and west of this centrdl.
meridian is limited to 1? 30 on. German non-military maps. Thus, from
cast. to west new cylinders are used as projection Surfaces at progressive
intervals of 3 degrees of longitude. This results in a Series of narrow
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-
strips or bands. The ordinates of the Gauss7Kruger projection are not
meridians but small circles parallel to the central meridian. .The
abscissas are not parallels of latitude, but great circles perpendicular
to the principal meridian. All grid lines appear as straight lines,
distances can be measured easily, and angles are conformal.. The projection
is not equal area, but the distortions are too small to be measurable if
the band is sufficiently narrow. The main disadvantage is that true north
is coincident with co-ordinate north only along the central meridian.
In February 1942, the Army adopted the Russian system of 6 degree
meridian bands for its maps. This difference in width of projection bands
distinguishes the army grid (Deutsches HeeresLitter, DHG) from the grid of ?
the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme (Deutsches Reichsgitter, DAG).
The distortions are, of course, more pronounced on the military
grid than on the Reichsamt grid. The following tabulation, computed for
550 N, shows the comparative distortions at the edges of the meridian bands:
Measured Distance
N-S distortion
E-W distortion
DRG DHG
(3? bands) (6? bands)
1 km.
0.45 m.
0.5 m..
10 km.'
4.76 m.
4,8 in.
*
The Gauss-Kruger co-ordinate grid divides the map into squares whose
sides vary in length according to the scale of the map. The relationship
between the size of the squares and the scale of the map is given below:
Scale
1:25,000
and
1:500000
1:100,000
and
1:200,000
1:300,000
Size Of Square Size of Square
(In cm.) km.)
1
4.00
5.00
3.33
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10
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The co-ordinates are SQ numbered-that the meridian 6? is marked 2,500,000 m.;
that. of 9? is 3,500,000; that of 12? is 4,500,0000 and so on. Between these
principal meridians, measurements are made in meters which, as Germany is
east of Greenwich, are designated. as Rechtswert or rechts (to the right).
Latitude is measured as the true length in meters from the equator and is
called Hochwert or hoch (high). The following tabulation gives a comparison
of the DRG and DIM numbering systems:
DRG
DHG
,53
1,500 000 m.
1,500,000 m.
6?
2,500,000 m.
56
3,500,000 m.
' 2,500,000 111,
12-
4,500,000 m.
-
? 150
5,500,000 m.
3,-500,000 m.
The Germans used two types of reference grids. The Army grid
(Heeresmeldnetz), used for tactical purposes, was based on the Gauss-Kruger
projection with 6 degree bands (DHG). The geographical reference grid,
(Gradmeldnetz), used for operational purposes (especially by the ;Air Force),
was based on parallels and meridians.
The 1:1,004000 map of the world was drawn on a modified polyconic
projection with straight meridians. On each sheet, the meridians 1 degree
-
west and 1 degree east of the central meridian are true in length.
The Army surveyors have used the Gauss-Kruger grid with. 6? bands
exclusively in recent years. The Navy has always used the Mercator projec-
tion for its maps; no exception is known. There is no indication that the
Navy will follow the lead of the Army. Obviously, in order to take advantage
of .rhumb lines in air navigation, most of the general maps used by the Air
Forces are drawn on the Mercator projection. On these maps, the scale is
correct for one of the three parallels 700 N., 510 N., or 230 N., depending
on the area covered. Occasionally other projections are used, including the
gnomonic with an oblique axis and the center of reference at latitude 50?N
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but at different longitudes, the stereographic, and the azimuthal with
? ?
various centers (Table 1). Maps On a larger scale Were planned, but nothing
is known about projection selected. In the meantime, the air force has used
an adaptation of the old Vogel map at 1:500,000 on the Bonne projection, or
the general map at 1:300,000 (see above).
III. TRIANGULATION
A. Triangulation before 1938
Germany was covered by a dense network of triangulation points, but
the observations were made at different times and with various degrees of
accuracy. Those areas for which the coverage was considered unsatisfactory
were either resurveyed or were scheduled for new triangulation. In some
states such as Mecklenburg, the triangulation had to be repeated since the
original values could not be adjusted to the general system.
The resurveying of. the first-order net was begun in 1936 and was
scheduled for Completion in 1942. Most of the second-order nets completed
since 1900 could be converted to the new datum.. Only a small amount:of
second- and third-order work was required along the Mecklenburg-Prussia,
Saxony-Prussia, Bavaria-Prussia and Bavaria-Austria. boundaries. Some of
the third-order work in Bavaria and Wurttemberg would normally have required
two to three years, and the triangulation of Germany within its prewar
boundaries could have been completed by 1945 if the war had not intervened.
Figure 1, though dated in 1938, actually gives data for 1935. By:1938, the
new triangulation of Mecklenburg, Wurttemburg, and Bavaria was nearing
completion.
In Germany the accuracy of triangulation usually. was established by
plotting all values of a given point as determined by the various observa-
tions. If these values fell within an ellipse whose major axis. did .not
exceed 0.30 m. in length, the triangulation was regarded as sufficiently
accurate. The pertinent figures for triangulation of first order are:
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(1) The average length of half of the major axis of the ellipse is
A i 0.04 m., the maximum error should not exceed three times the absolute
mean; (2) the mean deviation from the adjusted direction is .1- 0.2" computed
for a mean distance of 40 km., and the maximum deviation is in accord with
the newer first order (i 0.15" to -1- 0.201); (3) the accuracy in measure-
ments of base lines increased progressively, from 1 in 2,000,000 in
earlier measurements to 1 in 3,000,000 in 1935 for the base line of the
Island of Rugen.
A nation-wide triangulation net of three orders of accuracy was
planned to replace the various state systems. The Reich was to be
A
responsible through theReichsamtl.ur Landesaufnahme for the establishment
and maintenance of the first-order triangulation net, Although for the
time being Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Baden were allowed to continue their
separate triangulation nets. Wurttemberg and Baden surveyors were at-
tached to Reich survey parties, however, and Reich and Bavarian surveyors
took part in the execution of triangulation in Wurttemberg and Baden. The
reconnaissance and signal tower construction for the new Bavarian first-
order net was done by the Reichsamt fr Landesaufnahme, and the observa-
tion by the Bavarian surveyors under. the supervision of the Reichsamt.
In first,order triangulation a distinction was made between principal
and intermediate triangu2ation stations, the latter being observed only
after the establishment of the principal net. Their accuracy, however,
equalled that of the principal stations and after August 1940 both were
accepted, as comprising the Reich Triangulation Net (Reichsdreiecksnetz)
and were designated as TP(). Points of the third order Were to' make up
the State Triangulation Nets (Landesdreiecknetze) and were designated as
TP(L). All'points of fourth order were included in the .Survey Net and
designated as TP(A). - The relation between points of various orders is
shown .below.
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62

GERMANY
MAIN AND CONNECTING
TRIANGULATION NETS, 1938
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES, 1937
SCALE 11,775000
50 75 109
11C:214 ','
' AlOrli" MILES
17.20
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i.d -igp1-i0,iwoR1rML7rg*PIffN,11 .,t1,\,-h .k\'._ .4.,7t_.i l.t ,/ .1?ii W,i-
MA 0-'1' ',ff rr.6,akNEn''1t7''V7 '51' i-''i lrffi M'-A"0-lIA ,-:i-IMn
-
I rEir'M .ot IgsN4,A?em1g?0)1.0.\O
f \_
M\
WL 'm4
AW/,' Emt2Eaa_tn 1
aI i6r E___tl :r _ iLPOrtlgOV1_4,P'.1, 1 ,_ 'tQ,.v0.t,;1irf.iV
OeIaA-_?._4 t4l
aHI1 6Ei
D
a
AR'-i1=0
i_M,2B-0
1r,..l.gdQAoIaM.EasOk1?1
. .1.VO -1 lMII
..
11Vd
liFP1i.l.A,,
. NNfrIENirrdP0A,1.KeAwr4a_ _1.0P
PM EC1L,2 ,0a'I
L11
.,.:r
,T pE I
.
Ntn IaVENnVia
L
ia.
w-
i-
;
102

MI
rke timalliV4 Ii.A
'l
201.

11m_,1ml__A_n "tN-hhM-.%-7ihLgg.ri44 ,
W
Mpig1
heat!,
31.30'
TRIANGULATION NETS
Fer
Mew
v-aUl
6.20, LONGITUDE EAST 7?20' OF GREENWICH 8?20'
11?20 13.20'
freurre.
BERLIN 11908)
STREHLEN (1854)
SCHUBIN 11903)
GUMBINNEN 11906)
BASE NETS
Scale 1:887.000
BONN AM RHEIN (1892)
FIDGEN - ISLAND (1932)
North Base
South Ba
First Order, in present use
Supplementary
Older, important only to safeguard
connections of newer nets
New, First Order. Lower orders
incomplete, so nets are now
of scientific interest only
First Order,planned or in progress
Intermediate Point of first order
Base Line
In WUrttemberg, Cadastral Survey
In Baden only
Extent of Pre-World War Austrian
Military Geographical Institute
Green print indicates all nets still in use.
Dates denote time surveying was done.
SOURCE (ibersrdo?kart? dor Havirand?alinta?? DendwIdend
aelost den AnseNdamw di? Naddowalvalrn, r,009044.
Two Sheex. Roidww4144 L?nclonflinahaw,11014. i434
a. liana, a 8a,
BERLIN 11846)
OBERBERGHEIM IN ALSACE (1E177)
STOLP IN POMMERN 11935)
Dew
.wer
BRAM IN HOLSTEIN (1871) MEPPEN IN HANNOVER (1883) WOHLAU IN SILESIA (1914)
GOTTINGEN IN HANNOVER (IWO)
17.20' 18.20'
10?20' 20?20'
21.20 22.20'
10262 September 1946
Department of State, DivisLigioogf4ahpeclinitneWigeelizraoridducctinrr:chri
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Table 1.
Area
SET OF "GREAT CIRCLE MAPS FOR AIR-RAVIGATION" (GROSSKREISEARTEN)1
Center of -Radius of the
Projection Projection -Sphere -Earth
Scale at Center
of Projection
(in mm.) (in km.)
North Polar Region
Polar Azimuthal
North Pole
479.0 6,370.7
1:13,300,000
Northern Atlantic
Oblique Azilmithal.-
Lat. ito? N
392.0 6,370.0
1:16,250,000
Ocean
Loa3. 30? W
Middle Atlantic
Equatorial Azi-
Lat. 0?
217.5 6,372.75
1:29,3000000
Ocean -
muthal
Long. 300 W
Europe-Asia
Oblique Azimuthal
Lat. 309 N
205.5 6,370.5
1:31,000,000
Long. 75? E
A.. Ordered by the Minister of Air Navigation and Supreme Commander Of the Air Force, compiled by the
_ Deutsche Seewarte, Haniburg, printed by Gebruder Salter, Hamburg 36.
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Order Satze Length of Sides Density
(1 point per)
(1st 12 (30 km. (average)
TP(R) (
(2nd 6 6-15 km. , 50 sq. km.
TP(L) 3rd:. 3 3?..5 (average) 5 sq. km.
TP(A) 4th
;. 0 I. ,....
In the above tabulation, zeTt is used in place of "Number of
...---
Pointings," since the latter might be mialeading. In the Schreiber
method of obserVations used by, the-ReichsaMt fur Landepaufnahme, each
angle and all combinations of angles about a station are -measured a:number
- ?
of times, according to the total number of angles.:' For example, in first-
order observations from a five line station', ea-ph angle and combination of
angles is measured five times with the telescope in the direct posiAdon
and five times with the telescope in the reverse position.
Triangulation stations were characteristically make4 by stone plates
surmounted by Stone pillars. The pillars had crosses chiselled on the
top, and the letters TP and a triangle welt engraved on the aides
Aufnahme or fourth-order stations were marked AP on one side and a hetal
pipe or bolt was used for the subsurface marker. Metal bolts or plates
were used only as bench marks. Church spires and lookout towers used as
triangulation stations had leveling bolts at their base. The bolt,::
stamped TP (or HP if it is also,a levelling point), had'a hole drilled in
the top. The center axis of the hole was used as an eccentric station
mark.
Second-. and third-order triangulation stations are distinguished
from first order only by a lower degree of accuracy, which means that
observations were not repeated as often as;for those of first order.
In many second- and third-order. nets, however, the accuracy is as good
or better than the average for the,Reich- triangulation nets, Only in a
few cases is the'maXimum permissible:errerfor.first-order triangulation
exceeded, and then usually because of- forced-adjustments to. older_adjoining
nets. Similarly, in many cases the probable error of the adjusted direction
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is well within the Reich average. In the -Old third-order nets, however,
the error is much larger, amounting to a maximum error of 150" in the
southern part of Pomerania.. The error in the new first- and third-order
nets are well within the Reich average. The triangulation program called
eventually for a density of stations averaging about one station'to each
square kilometer. There are about 54,000 triangulation stations in
Prussia. The number was to be increased to-between-'250,000 and 3000000.
This density was considered necessary. (a) for military reasons,' (b) t
create a sufficient number of control'points'for the use of aerial
photographs, and(c) to enable the local authorities to fit their local
surveys into the national net. There were 6;000 additional stations in
the smaller north German States, and 60,000 in southern Germany. Of these
triangulation stations, 12,000 were of first-order accuracy in 1938..
Since then, the army established an 'unspecified additional number of
- points, especially in the territory' of the Wet Wail, where they are
called artillery points (AP).
For purposes of surveying, the French 'Ind Belgian division of the.
.right angle into 100 degrees, 10,000 minutes, and 1,000.$000-seconds. was".
adopted, oven the French abbreviations being retained. It was deeided,
howeVer, to express measurements in decimals rather than use the
abbreviations for minutes and seconds. The term "Neugradn (new degree)
was coindd for this .new unit.1 Instead of manufacturing new theodolites,
it was planned to equip those already in use with the new Seale by
April 10 1945. Computations have boon made in thia new system since 1938.
1. Circular Order...of October 18, 19370 concerning the division of
angles, ibid., Vol. 14, No. 2, 1938., The centesimal system was not
used for first-order triangulation. This exception was officially
sanctioned by Section II, paragraph 2, of the Circular Order of
October 18, 1937.
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The decimal graduation was printed also on airway maps, together with
the much older alriPion of the circle into64,points (Striche), each
9ne subdivided into 100 points (also called Striche).
The German Reich is thus covered by a system of triangulation nets
of various ages and degrees of accuracy. Originally triangulation arcs
were surveyed, which were later used to combine isolated nets. For
these arcs and nets, base lines from 3 to 10 km. (2 to 6 miles) in
length were measured, which were expanded by triangulation to a junction
with the larger aides of the nets. To insure accuracy, most of the base
lines were remeasured and compared with the bases of 960 m. at Potsdam
and of 1248 m, near Munich. These remeasurements were necessary also
because all base lines were originally measured with the Bessel apparatus
rather than the recently introduced invar. wires. The Munich baseline
was the first tote measured with invar wires. The use of two primary
base lines for purposes of control was adopted because of the possibility
of changes in the true length of one of them. .No triangulation point
was to be more than 200 km. (about 120 miles) from the nearest base line,
B. Maintenance of Triangulation Stations and Restoration of Station Marks
Even a perfect triangulation net needs continuous aupervision.
Buildings are removed and highway and building construction destroys
station marks;, mining Operations may change the surface of the earth,
and station marks may be damaged by the negligence of landowners. The
restoration and maintenance of station Marks is, therefore, a continuous
process. Before the war, reports on station marks were made semi-
annually by local policemen. Geodetic engineers usually recovered about
90 percent of those reported as lost.
Since the outbreak of World War I, maintenance has not kept pace
'with needs. In 1935, about 3,900 of the, 55,000 triangulation, stations
in the Reich saint net were reported to be -damaged or lost, and by now
the figure is probably much higher. Furthermore, systematic restoration
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in some areas showed that 30 to 60 percent more station marks than
estimated had' to be either restored or replaced. Such restoration can be
done only by experienced surveyors and, until 1936, sufficient trained
personnel was not available. During 1936, 11546 station marks were
restored, but in the folloWing year, when surveyors were needed for other
work, less than half that number was'restored. Triangulation stations
known to be damaged or lost as of April 1, 1938 numbered 2,944.
Restoration has progressed furthest in Silesia and Pomerania, the state
of Lippe, and the northern part of the Rhineland.
The restoration of lost station marks, especially if the Surface
plate has been lost, is both time-consuming and expensive. The Reichsamt
'fur Landesaufnahme, therefore, charged one of its surveyors with the
problem of experimenting with the parallactic polygon chain method, which
Professor W. W. Danilow of Moscow had formulated, The theory is based on
the fact that the lengths of the longer diagonal of a very long and. narrow
deltoid (kite-shaped quadrangle) can be determined from the length of the
smaller diagonal and the very small parallactic angles at the ends Of the
longer'diagOnal. In practice this involves the difficulty of measuring
very small angleS 4nd distances with sufficient accuracy. If the follow-
ing conditions can be fulfilled, however, the method is accurate enough
for use in replacing triangulation stations of second and third order.
The smaller diagonal line must be measured with absolute accuracy by an
invar'wire,'and its two parts, formed by its intersection With the longer
diagonal line, must not differ more than 0.2 m. The angle at the inter-
section Must not deviate more than 2' from a right angle, and the line of
sight fromthe theodolite to the marker should be high enough above ground.
to exclude refraction. The theodolite itself must be accurate-. Under
these conditions, the deviation from the true length is less than 1 in
35,000.
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It is understood that this method has proved satisfactory in at
least two trial measurements; once in 1935 when two lost points in
Holstein were restored, and again in 1936, not far. from Berlin along
the planned route of a super-highway that cut through the woods and
offered, therefqre, conditions unfavorable for the usual method of
triangulation. The parallactic polygon chain method was not intended
for use in mountainous areas.
After the outbreak of war, the Germans stopped showing the exact
locations of subsurface station marks on their maps, in spite of the
resulting inconvenience, because such information was considered too
valuable to the enemy.
C. The Situation,.1938-44
It is possible to give a fairly accurate picture of the condition
of German triangulation in 1935 as well as the plans for the, future from
a report of President Vollmar of the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme of
. .
December 1, 1935 (see Figure 1). The scattered information on plans
for triangulation during the next few years has recently been supplemented
by an unpublished report prepared byGaptain Spencer D. Smith, in charge
of the.Land Survey Office, Bamberg, Germany. Of the first-order nets,
the Mecklenburg net was completed in 1938 the Danish connecting. net in
1939, thetwo.Fompranian,netsin 1936 and 1937, theaxonconnecting
chain in 1941 the_North and,,South Bavarian nets in 1940, the Baden-
4rttembergnet in 19371 and the Austrian net in. 1940. In Germany all
medern nets of first order. are completely adjusted to adjacent nets.
Older. triangulation data are still in use especially inland registry,
because the l:.20500 and 1:5,000 maps were often bordered by co-ordinate
lines on the old grid system, and because thousands of fourth-order
(Aufnahme). statione.were given in the, old state survey systems, -A
summary of the situation is given in Appendix A.
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? ,
The Temporary Reich Survey Net was completed in l92$ and the final
Reich Survey Net was ready for publication in 1944.- The Reichsamt fur
Lahdesaufnahme had assembled a complete card file for Greater Germany
showing for each triangulation station, (l) geographic pesitiona and
elevations; (2) Gauss-Kruger co-ordinates (DRG) in the temporary system,'
i.e., the system wherein adjustments are made without taking in-be con-
sideration the base lines and Laplace stations outside northwestern
Germany; (3) co-ordinates in the final system in which all possible
adjustments are made, and (4) the kilitary Gauss-Kruger co-ordinates (DHG).
These files were used in all HVAls (Hauptsurmessungsabteilungen) and the
Army Cartographic office received several copies of all cards. At the end
of the war, the file for the final Reich Survey Net Was loaded into two
trucks. One half was sent to Wittenberg and may be in Russian possession
and the other half was sent to Imrsbruch ad is believed to be in .the
possession of the French Army in Paris. No examples are in-U.S, or
German possession.
Such files are necessary, since maps can show the positions of
triangulation stations' only within graphic limits, ? On 1:50,000 maps,
triangUlation stations are given with, an accuracy of tiO m., other points
t,30 m. On Maps at 1:25,000, the accuracy increases to t5 in., and ,t20 m.,
respectively. To obtain the position of a,point with ah err Of not more
than one meter, it is necessary to use the Grundkarten at 15000., or
cadastral'maps,for,states such as Baden, BaVaria, HaMburg, HesSen,- Saxony,
4
and Wurttemberg, and for f Thuringia.
, 1. ...te.2.prith4....k2;qIeuateTrd.anTeL
The regionsdiscussed in the followinaparagraphs'are provided with
adequate-triangulation nets, though not necessarily of?ali three orders.
In Germany, moreover, a distinction must he made between .= arc of
triangulation and a triangulation net, The former covers a strip of land
50 to 70 km. wide, while the latter may.be.any irregularly shaped area.
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Prussia West of the.Elbe and Connecting _Nets. Adequate triangu-
lation,was established in this region between 1878 and 19001. The
different triangulation arcs and nets have been adjusted satisfactorily.
The Prussian net Was the largest of the German nets and contained the
datum point of Rauenberg (related to the observatory in Berlin), and the
base lines of Berlin 1846, Konigsberg 1834, Strehlen (Silesia) 1845).
Braak (Holstein) 1871, Oberbergheim (Alsace) 1877, GOthingen 1880,
Meppen 1883, and Bonn 1892. Consequently all other nets were converted
to the Prussian system. The newly measured nets of East and West
Prussia, with the base lines of Schubin and Gumbinnen, were adjusted to
each other and connected with the Prussian net by holding the border
stations fixed by the old not..
'
In 1924, the Prussian system was transferred to the Gauss-Kruger
grid and was ,ealled the Preliminary Reich Survey Net. Mecklenburg,
-Wurttemburg? Saxony, Bavaria, and Baden thereafter were converted to the
system by computation only and without additional measurements. Many
discrepancies remained along the borders. All stations in all orders were
completely converted to this adjustment and the results were published in
trigonometric lists and on index cards.
In 1936 it was decided to hold the northwestern part of Germany
invariable (nets underlined-in Figure 4, Appendix B) in order to avoid
changes in position. The eastern nets Were adjusted internally without
base or Laplace conditions, were connected to adjacent nets by the Helmert
method, and then connected with the northwestern nets. The southern nets
were connected to the combined northern net. The adjustment was further
enlarged by addition of the Polish', Czechoslovakian, and Austrian nets in
1944. The result was called the Final Reich Survey Net.
In July 1945, the U.S. and the British Armies decided to readjust the
Final Reich Survey Net by the Bowie method using all base lines and
1. "Official Triangulation Grid," ibid, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1940.
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Laplace stations. The junction figures and sections of this adjust-
Ment were completed in July 1947 and called the Central European Net.
The polygons should be completed by July 1948.
b. East Prussia. Triangulation of all three orders has been
completed.
c. West Prussia. Triangulation of all three orders has been
completed in the former Province of West Prussia. The greater part of
this net, however, lies beyond the 1937 boundaries of the Reich, in the
Polish Corridor and Danzig. A small part of the triangulation is in the
section-of West Prussia that was joined to East Prussia in 1919, but it
is atill.referred to in German publications as part of the West Prussian
net.
d. Berlin-Schubin. A first-order triangulation are connects
Berlin and. Sthubin, the latter in the part of Poland that belonged to
West Prussia before 1919. At Schubin, the arc connects with the East
and West Prussian nets mentioned. The adjustment of the Berlin-Schubin
arc revealed large junction errors. By moving the Prussian nets 2.3 m.
(or 0.1184) to the west those errors were reduced, but a slight dis-
tortion developed in the north (see Table 2).
e. Markisdh-Silesian net. Principal first-order triangulation
(without intermediate points) has been completed for this area. The
second-order has. been: remeasured and the third-order partly remeasured
in thp.eastern part of the area. The base line near WOhlaul which had
not been used.before was remeasured in 1941 and was used in adjusting
the net.
-f. Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Lubeck. Triangulation, of all
- three orders has been completed.
g. Eastern Pomerania, The principal first-order triangulation has
been completed for Eastern Pomerania, and the intermediate net was
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4)
AARON F;,1? rtff eftrg aTaN91 (74W7AiRk7W?914NPRP 01-6
(on Wellin Island), Vogelsang (near Stettin), and Gornow in the west
to the Berlin-Schubin triangulation arc in the south 'Northeast of
Stolp, a new base line 9.6 km long Was measured with'invar'Wires it 1935.
As the triangulation clata were urgently needed'-fer-the area east of the
meridian 201 E. because of the man Y new G6rman settlements in the
area, the second and third-order triangulation, though observed
independently, was done at the sometime as the first-order triangulation.
The necessary adjustment to the first order stations, a relatively simple
office procedure, was scheduled for the winter of 1938-39.
h. Vorpommern .(Northwestern Pomerania), A first-order triangula-
tion net was dompleted in this area. A base line of 4.8 km. Was
measured on Riigen and another of 10 km. was planned for the Werbelliner
heath'. Inl93, there was no plan for second- and third-order triangula-
tion and, because of the war, it is unlikely that any has been done
2. Surveys Planned cr in Progress
a. German-Danish Net. In the east, the German-Danish net joins
the Vorpommern net, which in turn joins that of East Pomerania at
Jordansee, Vogelsang and Gornow, and in the south the-Berlin-Zchubin
arc. This German-Danish net was to be enlarged to include the northern
part of Mecklenburg and to join the Holstein net in the west. This
- -
would provide a trustworthy framework'for the future triangulation of
.
Southern Mecklenburg. The first-order triangulation'was completed in
1939; second- and third-order triangulation Was planned only for the
Mecklenburg-Prussia border.
11
b. Markisch-Silesian Net. In the area covered by the Markisch-
Silesian net, observations for intermediate first-order triangulation
stations were scheduled to legih in'the-SUmmer of'1938- SeCond- and
third-order triangulation was completed in parts of Upper Silesia
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because of settlement projects, but no"plans had been made for the rest
oft4e second- and third-order nets, since it was considered unnecessary.
East Pomeranian Net. In the,7a,ea west otmeridian 15 20t in
zaWPomerania? second- and third-oraer;triangulan, started on completion
the first-order net, has been completed.
.d. Vorpommern Net (Northwestern Fameranin:), $4rne as above.
,c4 Berlin-Schubin ,Arc. When the:Berlin-SChubin triangulation are:
:Wa0 ,:cpmpleted, plans were made for future secorid-.ana third-order trianula-
. tion. Computations wore started to adjust the Markisen-Silesian net to,
, .
tfla Berlin-Schubin arc, but the( adjustments could not be Completed because
of.other connections with adjoining nets. Thetadjustment-of tleliarkisch-
? .
Silesian not, hoWeve* .would?moVe'the points in seutheast,Silesid-about
,
6 m., which was not acceptable to land registry authorities. Other types
of adjustitents were, therefore, ulider investi EAr
cation. The kisch,
? ? , ? e
Siledian'triangulatiCn'net had its own base line near Wohlua, measur.od
, .
_.asearly as 1914. No adjustment to this base line was made at thetime;
n ,
:because -)f -the outbreak of ijorld is.lar I. It?was neceSsary:? therefore:, to
,
? ,?
reMPasure the base line which was finally done in 1941 (See above).
Sacheischer AnsChluss. A reconnaissance was made in 1935 for
-the Sachsischer Anschlup (Saxon connection) covering a small area:
located between the principal Markisch-Silesian triangulation net the
. Saxon4lannoverian triangulation arc of 1880-1881 and the principal;
?
Saxon triangulation net, First,ordertiangUlation has been corpleted,
'a.tWell as a small aln6u'rit of loWerorder triangulatin along the Sakon ?
,berder.
MeckIenburgrkisches Net. The Mocklenburg-Markisches
. .
first-order triangulation was observed between.1936 'and 1939) and in
, .
.1941-.a. base line measured on Sohorffheiae. This net is bordered
-- _ _
- . ,
.,,
by the Elbe are of 1874.5* the golsteinarc of:1869c,the German-Danish
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Nets'
A. After adjustment
Rflb-East Prussia
West Prussia
RfL -Mecklebbtrg
RfL - Saxony
Bavaria-
Wffrttemburg
TABLE 2. RELATION BETWEEN COMMUTING BETS IN TBE PRELIMINARY REICH SURVEY NETa
.Commen Points
Average Distance Apart (in meters1
Gausa-Erager
Number :Location
6
Shortest N-S E-W
Distance (Hochwert) (Rechtswert)
3 north and 3 south 0.90 (N)
on Potheranian border 1.46 (S)
9.59
:All first-order tri.
angulation stations
in Mecklenburg
50 All first-order'. 0.21 .
Stations in Saxony
10 Along the border 1.73
.near . 2.83
WfirtteMberg. 16
Baden
Baden-Alsace
B. Before adjustment
Wfirttedberg
Baden RfL
SE corner of 6.39-
Wfirttemberg 7.87
30 Along the common 0.76.
border 2.04
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
-0.74 to
0.54
*3.55 to
+5.41
0.59 to
1.60
135.141
(or 4.32")
about 280
(or 9.11
? OP
4110
el.64 to
+2.31
-5.97 to
-4.56
-1.62 to
0..87
35-40
(or 2.58")
Notes
East and West Prussia not moved
2.3 in. westward as a unit
Maxim= 1:50 in.
Minimum: coincidence 2 cases
Maximum: 0.60 - 1 case
a. Although the Baden net is connected. With the net of the Relehsamt,fOr Landesaufnahme via Wilrttedberg, the two nets touch
at one point. The error introduced by indirect connection results in a difference of 9.1" or about 281 in in the N-S,
direction, using the Gauss-Et-U.8er system. These discrepancies are for identical stations along the boundaries of
adjacent states, but will not appear in the final net, which should be completed in July 1948.
b. RV, -Peichsamt fer Landesaufnahme.
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conneCting net, Whieh'c&verts--rierthernliietkIeribb:rgrand-the.;T:riridipal
triangulation net of WeStern Pomerania, -i,thich coMprises pari6 of eastern
,MeelapnbUrg, the Berlin-SChubin Connecting triangulatiOn arc, arid the
Principal-Sakon'triarigulatien net.. The Older Mecklenburg first-Order
trianguiatien? originally Observed in 1853-60, had td be discarded
because of ekeessive errors in azimuth; which prevented satisfaCtory
adjustment to the Prussian triangulation. Most of the old MeCklenburg
stations, however, were scheduled to be absorbed into the new net as
sedond-order triangulation station. 'First-order adjUstMents Were com-
pleted in 193.. For Mecklenburg, second- and third-order nets Were
remeasured between 1910 and 1912. The computatin to connect the
second- and third-Order with the first-ordor was started in 1944. and
is now (1947) being completed by HVA VI.
h. Bavarian Triangulation. In Bavaria new firat-order triangulation
was Started in 1920. It Was connected With the Hesbian, Thuringian, and
Saxon triangulation nets, folloWing,the Methods and rules established by
the Reichsamt fur LandesaufnahMe. A base line was measured near SchIbis-
sheim, but the base lino near Nurnbberg was not agreed to by the Ministry
of the Interior and was riot measured during the surver-work of 1941.
Reconnaissance and remeasuring of the ontire.first-order net Was completed
by the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme and Bavaria.- M6 interthediate
triangulation was undertaken, and second= and third-order Were Planned
only for some area. At Schleissheim, Bavaria *m(-3asUred a base line with
invar wires in order to compare it with another older base line near
Munich, Which-had been measured with the Bessel apparatus. There are,
however, two bases in Germany that may be used as standards of comparison
at Potsdam and at Munich. Thus, it is possible to detect tectonic changes
in either One.
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. Bavarian Palatinate Triangulation. In 1937, second-order
triangulation was completed for the Bavarian Palatinate. No plans were
?
made for immediate continuation of third-order triangulation, presumably
because the surveyors were needed on the main Bavarian triangulation.
Since-the army did a tremendous amount of triangulation in all areas
crossed by the West Wall, presumably the Bavarian Palatinate was
included. To what extent .the army survey fulfilled the requirements
for the third-order triangulation is unknown.
j. Baden and WUrttemberg Vet? Although the old triangulation net
- of Baden and WUrttemberg was connected with the old Rhine Survey net,
which afforded a connection with PruSsia, it was net satisfactory and
new triangulation was considered necessary. Observations for. the
principal first-order stations were completed in 1937. ,Because of
nearness to the Schleissheim and Oberbergheim -(Alsace) base lines,
no others were planned for Baden and Arttemberg, but several Laplace
astronomical stations were planned,. Intermediate triangulation, was not
completed in the southern part of the area but is now being done by.
HVA XII and should be finished by the end of 1947,
k. Hessen Net, Inasmuch as'Hessen adopted the principal
triangulation net of the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahmo, there was no
obstacle to the integration of its lower-order net into that of the
Reich. In 19.37, the positions of.a number of intermediate first-order.
stations were published.
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IV. .CONNECTIONS CF THE GERYAN TRIANGULATION
VITH THOSE OF OTHER COUNTRIES
In general the German triangulation not is, connected with those
of adjoining countries. Where there are junction difficulties, they
are due less to insufficient common pc.aits. than to the peculiarities
and, in some cases, deficiendies of adjOining nets. During the war,
the Germans conceived a -far-reaching program for the unification of,
surveying and mapping in all Europe. 'Preliminary steps were taken,
:especially in Western Europe. The first German triangulation in
France included the parallel from Paris to Brest, the parallel of
Rochefort, and the section of the meridian of,,Bayeux that connects
the two parallels. Extensive second-order triangulations were carried
out along the Atlantic and Channel. coasts,
The two most important states adjoining.Germny - Russia and.
France - had no elaborate triangulation like., that of Germany. Instead,
between the triangulation arcs that criss-crossed the countries were
wide intervening areas that were filled in more or less adequately
with lower-order triangulation.
On Ootober,14-),6, .1943, a conference of military survey officers
was held in Vienna. to create a European Geodetic. Unien. Under the
leadership of the German Army. The army propesed to take over most
of the work? of the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme. .The adjustment of
a European net was planned and later executed for large areas of Europe
by the army. The results, which were inadequate, were in the pLssession
of the army only. Since differences became progressively larger as the
distance frem.the northwest German block,increased and since the block
was regarded as fixed, the difference could not be adjusted adequately.
Discrepancies along the eastern borders ,of Moravia and Austria, however,
were only about one meter. Tt was stipulated that maps of all European
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states should be made according to the same specifications, on the
e ?
Gauss-Kruger projecifon using the Gauss-Kruger military grid,
In ?..
July 1945, the U.S. and British ArMes decided to undertake
the readjustment of the Final Reich Survey Net, using the Bowie method.
This was to be called the Central European Net, the title indicating
its ultimate scope. (See above p.
A. Lithuania
. par. 4.)
Among the successor states of Czarist Russia, only Lithuania and
Poland had common borders with Germany, The northwestern part of
Lithuania is crossed by a triangulation arc that has four points in
common with the East Prussian net. This are forms the backbone of the
Lithuanian triangtlation, Lithuania adopted the Gauss-KrUger grid and
its recent map, scale 1:25,000, has the same sheet size and scale as ,
the German Topographic Lap. Consequently, the new Lithuanian maps
and the adjoining German maps fit together accurately, The Lithuanian
triangulation was scheduled to be completed in 1943, but was retarded
by the war. The work completed, however, was done by Lithuanian surveyors
under German supervision.
B. Poland
Poland tried until 1927 to combine the parts of the German,
Austrian, and Prussian triangulation nets within its borders, but
,
failed because of the lack of a sufficient number of common points.
The locations of first-order triangulation stations differed by as
much as 5 iters, the differences where the triangulation nets joined
in the border areas were up to 120 meters; and some station marks could
not be recovered. Thus there were junction errors not along the German
border of 1919, but along the pre-First World War border, which
coincides. with the 1919 border only in East Prussia and approaches the
1920 (Versailles) boundary only in Upper Silesia. Difficulties were
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encountered also at one place along the Pomeranian border of the
Polish corridor, when the new East Pomeranian net was surveyed. The old
nets of this area were discarded, but Poland and Germany could not come
to an agreement that would make possible the connection of their
respective nets.
One of the original Russian arcs followed the border of Suwaki
Province from its northern border to north of Lomza, Southeast of
Lyck, it was connected with an old Prussian arc of 1859. This are
is retained. only as the connecting link between the newer East Prussian
net and the old Russian aro, although it has only -two stations -near
its northwestern end - in common with the East Prussian net of 1903-08.
Its other stations are no longer used for German' internal measurements.
A Russian arc leading north from Warsaw had two stations along
the German border, but no connection with the'PrusSian net was established.
Another aro from WarsaW'follOwed the Vistula River and originally joined
?the disearded Prussian WeichSelkette of 1853 near Torun (Thorn). At
this point another .old Russian arc 'branched off to the south,, paralleled
the old border; and joined the 'Anschluss Tarnewite of 1852, which was
still legal and in use in 1944. The survey of-a'hew first-order net,
however, is in progress in the area.
In the broad area between the Lomza-Lyck and Tarnowitt regions,
junctions errors cOUld develop because the nets Were silty-eyed
independently; but in the area's most distant froM the junctions cf the
nets, the adjustment is purely an-internal'Plish problem.. TO overcome
difficulties along the historical boundaries within Poland; differences
have been temPorarily adjusted graphically On the"MapS. AS d result,
maps covering areas on both sides of the old border cannot be Considered
adequate.
A new Polish triangulation net 1Tas begun in 1927. Ares of
triangulation were planned to cross and join ono another, thus forming
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10 more or less regular polygons. The triangulation around eight of -
these polygons was Completed by 1939. The remaining triangulation arcs,
which were-to close the two remaining polygons, were postponed because
they were in territory formerly belonging to Prussia, where the old
? triangulation seemed most nearly adequate and where a new survey was
therefore least urgent. In general these arcs were of first-order
accuracy, except in a few areas along the eastern border (now in
Russia) and around Warsaw. Besselts reference spheroid is used. .
The use of a new projection was planned for future maps, a stereographic
projection according to Roussiihe. AS far as it is known, no maps on
this projection have been published:
After the conquest of Poland, the Germans tried to adjust this new
-Polish net to the German net, despite the difficulties arising from the
.uSe- of a different reference spheroid and the long distance from the
Northwest German net. An intensified program of observating was .planned
to complete the gaps in the new triangUlation, but only the work in the
Suwaki region was completed. Contrary to professed principles, most of
the work in 1940 and 1941 was done alongthe Soviet border.; later the
tempo Of the whole program seem to have slackened.
C. Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia and the Republic of Austria, both heirs to territory
of the old Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, may be-discussed together. The old
Austrian Empire was the first large country to cover its entire area with
a triangulation net of uniform accuracy andspecifications. This net is
usually called the grid of-the Military Geographical Institute, after the
agency responsible for it. A feature of this triangulation to be noted
is that it stopped some distance from the international. boundaries. .No
first-order stations were established with a view to connecting thenet
with the triangulation of other countries. In 1878, an ._Osterreichischer
-Anschluss (Austrian connection) was established by means of the Prussian
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triangulation in the southeasternmost part of Upperalezia- which
connected with the Austrian triangulation in Austrian Silesia (after
1918 Czechoslovakian Silesia and the Polish part of Teschen). Along
the other parts, of the border also, German triangulation. as extended
across into Austria to the triangulation stations of:the Military
Geographical net, which later became the Austrian and Czechoslovakian
- . . .
state nets.
The Austrian Republic and Bavaria- had new triangulation underway
at the same time and worked in close collaboration with each other.
After the conquests of Austria and Czechoslovakia, the triangulation
nets of both countries were adjusted to the Reich net. In Bohemia, a
new net - probably containing only first-order stations - was surveyed
in 1943,
Naps of both countries differ slightly from those:of.Germany.
Austria as well as Czechoslovakia retained the polyhedric projection,
the unit being a quadrilateral ramed by two meridians 301 apart and
two parallels 151 apart. Longitude was measured from the meridian of
Ferro. Germany, however, had given up use of the meridian of Ferro
? _
and, even on older sheets where it had beenusedhe.projeCtion unit.
was a 1-degree quadrangle. .Practically all Germanjaapsi With the
exception of the Bavarian -IL221441.11..2SLE,, usp,lengitude referred
0
to Greenwich. The Positionsblatter, which have been replaced by
newer maps to Only a small degree, are similar to the Austrian and
Czechoslovak sheets but differ slightly from them. On the German
sheets, including the PositionsbliAtterv the bounding parallels are
straight lines, the secants of arcs; whereas on the Austrian and Czech
sheets arcs are used and the resulting,paralTels are. slightlycurved.
Both Austria and Czechoslovakia consistently made allowance for this
slight curvature.
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Bessells reference spheroid is used in Austria and Czechoslovakia.
It is also used in Prussia and Saxony and is sufficiently -Similar to the
one used in Bavaria to avoid bad junction errors.
Though such theoretical differences may be of minor concern, the
difference in basic scales employed creates a practical difficulty.
The Austrian and Czechoslovakian scale of 1:75,006 is not used on any
official German map. The few existing Austrian maps at 1:25,000 are
.of large cities and their environs. Czechoslovakia, however, has a
,Considerable number of 1:251000 sheets along the German border. The
new Austrian sheets at 1:50,000 like the German sheets at the same
scale, are few in number.
The Austrian and Czechoslovakian general maps at 1:200,000 are on
the polyhedric projection with a 1-degree grid - a combination that was
.never employed by the Germans. Since the corresponding German maps
have greater distortion at the corners of the sheets (up to 5mm., the
equivalent of 250 m, in the field), it is difficult to match them to
Austrian and Czechoslovakian sheets. Along the edges where-the maps
are joined, discontinuities appear in the form of gaps, overlaps, or
displacements, amounting at places to as much as several hundred meters.
D. Switzerland
Switzerland, like Bavaria, used the Bonne projection for its
topographic maps. Bavaria, however, is the south German state with the
shortest common boundary with Switzerland. The triangulation of all
south German states has been closely connected with that of the. Swiss
for many years.
E. France
The condition in France is badly confused, partly because of
inadequate adjustment between the French triangulation nets, (and
-consequently between the Maps themselves) and partly because of the change
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in allegiance of Alsace-Lorraine. .Alsace-Lorraine was connected with
the other German nets through the 1876 triangulation arc. In 1899, a
temporary Connection was made with the triangulation arc of the parallel
of Paris in the Department de Vosges. A short time before the outbreak
of World War II, the French surveyed a new triangulation arc extending
along the parallel of Paris to the Rhine, incorporating triangulation
stations of the earlier German triangulation Through this rearrangement,
the arc of the parallel of Paris now joins the German triangulation
through two common stations that form one side of Belchen-Kaiserstunl
of the Rhine-Baden triangulation, as well as of the French triangulation.
This .new triangulation was not completed for all orders, but serves as
control for the 1:10,000 and 1:20,000 maps (Plans directeurs), and the
1:50,000 map (Nouvelle carte de France). Other French maps are based on
older -triangulation. Conversion ? tables have been prepared ?for trans-
ferring the old positions to the new system. At some distance from the
main triangulation arc, junction differences of 100-150 meters develop.
This is especially noticeable on the 1:80,000 map and consequently on its
enlargement to 1:50,000.
The 1:80,000 map is the Only map of large scale that covers all of
France. It is drawn on the Bonne equal-area projection using the
reference spheroid of Plessis. The latter is an adaptation of the
spheroid according to Delambre, insofar as it assumes a periphery of
40,000 km for the spheroid, which creates an error of 1 in. for every
13.8 km. This does not exceed the normal error of drafting or of
expansion or contraction of paper. It is also consistentwith the-
. 1
French adaptation of 'the decimal system to longitude and latitude.
Thus, a second is exactly 10 meters long and a minute 1 km. However
1.. According to this system the right angle is divided into 100 degrees
(100?1 Of 100 minUtes (1009 each, which are Made up of 100 seconds
(100c1 each.
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the more recent geodeticJaork.in-France:is-based on.Clarkets spheroid
of 1880.
The Bonne projecticn for France used the Paris meridian as its
central meridian- and latitude 50g (453) North as itscentral parallel.
The error in azimuth may be .as great as .30c (171), or 0.5 meter in a
1 kilometer. Thescale.error.may amount to 1 in 400, or. 2.5 meters-per
kilometer. Since the First World War, a grid based on this projection
has teen used on French maps. .
In 1920, the Lambert projection was adopted. This is a conformal
projection, with parallels shown ? as concentric circles and meridians
as straight lines. The distortions are less than on the Bonne projection.
Scale error increases with distance from one of the standard parallels.
For this reason, three slightly overlapping zones wore established, each
with a width of 4g. latitude. -The scale error generally is leas than 1
in 6,250, but in outlying areas such as Alsace and Brittany-it may
amount to 1 in 2,0004
On its own Lambert projection, there is also a separate zone,
Nerd de Guerre, whose central meridian is 6e" east cf Paris, central
parallel 55g, and with -standard parallels 53g and 57gN. This zone
is to be eliminated gradually, but at presentmany maps use this.
grid. The older maps are shaped according to the rectangular Bonne
grid, which has its origin at-the intersection of the central parallel
with the meridian of Paris. They do not fit together exactly however,
because the main triangulation arcs were not adjusted to one another.
There also are similar differences between individual sheets, depending
on which triangulation arcs they are based on. For example,.the
1:80,000 Strassbourg sheet differs asimuch as 20 to. 30 meters from
adjacent sheets at its corners, and as much as 50 to 100 meters at
the middle of the upper edge. Because about 70 percent of the old
triangulation station marks have disappeared, the geodetic data. in
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these areas are insufficient for the control of aerial photogrammetry
and for artillery range-finding. This is less significant for maps
at 1:80,000 or smaller scales, than for the old maps at 1:10,000 and
1:20,000. The new French sheets on the Lambert projections are bounded
by meridians and parallels.
The newest French survey and mapping program progressed furthest
in eastern France. Since the new triangulation was not connected with
the German until 1943, it cannot have had much practical influence on
the co-ordination of German and French maps. There was, however,
another older indirect connection via the Belgian net.
Few. general statements about the relationship between French and
German maps may be made, since junction errors and distortions can be
found even between adjacent French sheets. Because Germany continues
to use 360? for its topographic maps,_and France has adopted the 400E
division, sheet sizes differ in the two countries, and it is impossible
to correlate them. The new 1:50,000 French map, however, is a well
designed accurate set covering the entire border region. It may,
therefore, be assumed that disturbing features will develop only at
a distance from the border if the new French set is used, but may be
expected to develop anywhere if the older sheets are used. The dis-
tortions of the Lambert projection on the French side are too slight
to affect the fitting together of adjoining French and German sheets.
F. Luxembourg
The Luxembourg triangulation net was surveyed by the Belgians
about 1930 and was closely linked up with the survey of Belgium. Good
connections were also established with two French triangulation arcs.
During World War II, the Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme surveyed a new
net, which was closely integrated with the triangulation in the Rhineland
and with the Old Alsace-Lorraine triangulation arc.
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G?. Belgium:-
Belgium was. linked. with Germany through! :connecting triangulation
in 1894. .During the World' War' II, the Germans wanted to integrate the
Belgian triangulation net into that of .the. Reich,, but had not ,quite
completed the computations when the Allies liberated Belgium.
?The older Belgian.maps are, on the Bonne- projection; recently the
Lambert- conic conformal projection was introduced.. The distortions of
the Bonne projection are insignificant for as small an area as Belgium.
The same is true :for the Lambert projection. The scale error does not
exceed 1 in 10,000 or 10 centimeters in I kilometer, The Hayford
spheroid of _reference .was adopted at the same time as the Lambert
projection, -
H. Netherlands. ?
The Dutch triangulation is well connected with the German through
two nets.. One net has several -stations .in comraon with the German
triangulation between Limburg in the south and Bentheim in the north,.
and was surveyed in 1889-92.? The second, a smaller net with three
common points in Friesland, was. established 1884-88. The German and
the Dutch computations of the geographic positions of these stations,,
however, differ from 1 to 2 meters.
.. The Dutch reference :spheroid differs little from the Be-ssel
-spheroid used. in Gerr4any. The Bonne projection is lied for older
Dutch maps, but in 1940 it was about to be _replaced by a stereographie,
projection... Owing to the smallnoss of the area, distortions on both
projections are -so insignificant that German and Dutch sheets at the
same scale can be joined without difficulty.
The prime meridian of the old.er Dutch sheets is ? Amsterdam,
40 53 !0.0"E., ? and. of the newer maps the meridian of Aramersfoort?
50 34'15.5"E.
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Measured and computed by Trigonometrical Division of the Reichsamts fur Landesaufnahrne (1941).
15 16 17 18 590 mei
FREE
SWEDEN
uronannem
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KILOMETERS
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BASE MAP: Nets der Fainainwfigungen 1:200,000. TrIgononetrical Division
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- New net leveled
'Leveling of Pt order
Old net leveled
'Leveling of 2nd orderI New net leveled======= Old net leveled
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Lines outside Trig. Division area
Lines of the Saxon State Survey
New Leveling of let Order?average error of .3 millimeters per kilometer.
'Old Leveling of let Order?overage error of 2 millimeters per kilometer.
'Leveling of End order (Old and New)?averags error of 5 millimeter. Per kilometer.
0 Normal elevation point of 1912
o Connecting points
For lines numbered thus,- ??-?=-2 elevations are measured in the new
system.
?..-1937 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
THE CLOSED TRAVERSES OF 1912 IN BERLIN
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Swede& fre,,bediare
...
,.
Borle..,
'''.
G?lel
Arm
-I A:D.1ff .
k_ ItitkeefraeL
Mara
?-?-
2
.-
., , T,'
. ., ?
, .
,..--' i'd?rn
) dame ea
C? ..
...
'':
r."-'2 '-'
... Lleahlies Immo
Bremuleburs.
meThet
re. snASVAI
sr..
MRS
i"--`?-* Berri. n
\,...'
1,
7
'
?
. - 5?R&A, OSS
9 JUNE 1945
FREE
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RESTRICTED 33
In adjusting the triangulation nets of -BelgiuM?. the Netherlands,
and Luxembourg to the-German Reich net only minor difficulties were
encountered. The junction errors remaining along the Dutch border
average 0.40 m, and do not exceed 0,60 m. The computations of the
Belgian-Luxembourg adjustment were almost completed by the middle of
1944.
I. Denmark
Danish and German triangulation. nets were connected across the
narrow seas at an early date, more than 100 years ago. In 1869, a
triangulation arc was surveyed through Schleswig and Holstein, which
has a direct continuation in Danish Jutland. The German-Danish
connecting net across the Baltic was resurveyed in 1929-32.
Danish maps are on a Lambert conical projection. Direct evidence
is not available, but it may be assumed that owing to the smallness of
. the country no significant distortions have developed, and that
because .of the integration of the triangulation nets at an early date,
adjacent Danish and German sheets fit together well. The prime meridian
for Danish maps is Copenhagen, 12?34'40" E.
? V. THE REICH LEVEL NET
Because of natural soil movements, cultural changes, and other
factors, level nets deteriorate rapidly,and should be renewed once in
each generation. The old German net is based on leveling performed
during the years 1869-1900 and was being releveled when the Second
World War broke out. Details of the new leveling were published in
Die Nivellements von hoher Genauigkeit. The first volume (1923)
covered apart of Mark Bradenburg, the second (1927) northwestern '
Germany,. and the third (1935) the addlinistratiVe districts
(Regierungsbezirke) of Dsseldorf, Aachen, Cologne,. and Arnsberg.
(See Figures 2 and 3.) A series of booklets entitled EtaialLp_s_sla
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M
Feineinwagungen, started publication in 1930 and: continued until 1939.
One booklet was issued for each Re0.erungsbezirk and the series covers
all Germany with the exception of Bavaria 'The series contains the
most recent published results of levelling:and-Supersedes all, other
publications on elevations.
Since more urgent problems needed attention, only a few lines;
?
around Lubeck and Stettin were leveled. First- and second-order
leveling.in Holstein led to the discovery that the entire region
between 'theBaltic, Sea and the North Sea is slowly rising MCAt
perceptibly in the northwest. Germany Is connected by lines of level
with the Danish islands via Fehmarn, and'With the Netherlands, Poland,
and Lithuania) in most cases at the requeSt Of. these countries.
The most important levels of 1936,'1937,.and 1938 were in
Thuringia, Anhalt, and the 22L12ElluataaLa of Hildesheim and Kassel,
which were for the purpose of connecting these regions with the Bavarian
net. The results of leveling were published in pamphlets, one. for each
Regierungsbezirke. In them the results of the 1868-90 levelings are
called "heights in the old system." The results of the oldand new
levelings differ very little. When the connection is comparatively
completed, Bavaria whose own surveys are progressing comparatively
rapidly01 will be able, to adjust its levels to the new system of the
Reicheamt. The leveling of Thuringia was also initiated to connect it
with the level net of Saxony, which had been completed several years
earlier. Both the Bavarian and Saxon level nets were consistent within
themselves,, but lacked any connection with leveling lines leading to
N.N. the standard datum point.2 'The leveling of Silesia was colvleted
1. The 'comparatively rapid progress of the Bavarian leveling is due to
the fact that fist-order lines usually follow railroads, whereas
in Prussia and Wurttemberg the lines follow highways in order to '
secure greater stability of benCh'marks.
2. N.N. is the usual German abbreviation for Normal Null or normal
zero, the standard datum point.
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before the war, but results have been published only for the
Regierungsbezirke Liegnitz,and'Oppeln in Upper Silesia. First-order
leveling has been completed in the northern half of Wurttemberg.
Plans for 1938 and 1939 provided for the determination of elevations
by the Reichsamt in the 22.612Ealgbezirke of Koblenz Wiesbaden, and
Trier, the State of Hessen, the Bavarian Palatinate, and the Saar
Territory, and for the continuation of the work in Baden southern
Wurttemberg, and Bavaria'. In Bavaria, the level net, even the first-order
- ?
net was far, from .completion at the outbreak of war. In Baden, the
levels lll require some checking, especially in the region of
occasional edrthquakea. Only Hessen, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden., and
possibly the. Saar were completed When plans had to be dropped because of
war.
The Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme also started leveling :along the
Baltic coast. This leveling was scheduled in accord with the decision
of the Baltic Geodetic Commission and. adjustments were to be made
according to a common plan. Leveling of the entire coastal area by
all of the Baltic states was decided upon. and by1939, Denmark,: Latvia,
and Lithuania had cormloted their parts and German leveling extended as
far east as Koslin in pomerania., The. oId-leveling between Koslin and
KOnigsberg has an accuracy of_;.oniy 46-8 mm. The rise of 0,12 m, in the
level of the Baltic Sea from Travemiinde near LiAbeck to Pilinu2near
K8nigsberg noted by the Germans was therefore probably based on readings
of several open-sea water gages,.
The Reichsamt f?r Landesaufnahme planned to follow first-order
leveling by second-order leveling.- Although no definite programs had
been prepared for most regions by 1938, the work was regarded particularly
important since the principal first-order level lines were in some cases
more than 100 km. apart. As a rule, second-order-level8 will be run in
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ItEbTIL_ hu
only one direction: Second-order leVels are not as accurate as ffirst-
,
order lev:els but should be sufficientlraccurate for technical and
,
economic*,Purposbb. Some of .the larger cities, including those in the
Buhr area, started Second-order leveling without waiting for the
Reichsamt. The leveling in the Ruhr region was especially urgent because
of ground ,settlements caused by mining. For this reason the Reichsamt
program provided for a.loop of.firstorder circuits around the Ruhr on
stable ground and a connecting second-order line passing through it.
Levels in urban areas were to start from these lines. In addition,
many second-order level6 along their rights of way have been measured
by railroads and along rivers by the Landesanstadt fUr Gewasserkunde.
All Are connected with the first-order leveling of the Reichsamt fur
Landesaufnahme.
In 1935, the level n t of the Reichsamt fur Landesvermessung in-
cluded 15,000 accurate elevations, which were connected by 16,000
levbling lines. The number in southern Germany is proportionately
large. In addition to the leveling connections with Lithuania, Poland,
- and Denmark) which have been made during recent years) there are older
connections with all 1adoining countries, including not less than 5
from Prussian Silesia. into :Czechoslovakia, several into Belgium and
France, and one from Baden into Switzerland. Bavarian levels were
connected at tmo points with the Prussian levels in the old net and
at all crossing points of the new net. Nothing is known about leveling
across the Bavarian border, to the south except that Bavaria formerly
based its elevations on the old Austrian sea level datum at Trieste.
Consequently, there must be at least one line from Bavaria into Austria.
The Reich elevations arereferred to N.N. which is supposed to be
the same elevation as the Amsterdam:sea level datum (A.P.). It is
actually 16 Mm. :above this point and 66 mm, above the mean level of
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the Baltic Sea at Swinemunde. A bench mark (N.H. or Normal-Hochpunkt
1879) was established at the former Astronomical Observatory in Berlin
in 1879 to insure the constancy of N.N. In 1912, it was replaced by
a new bench mark near kilometer 40.7 on the highway from Berlin to
Manschnow (N.H. 1912), which was connected with N.H. 1879 by lines of
precise leveling. The establishment of N.H. 1912 did not change
N.N. and all elevations in Germany are still measured as above N.N.
Since about 1930, all of the south German states have completely
revised their separate systems and now refer their elevations to N.N.
Originally the elevations in southern Germany were based on the mean
level of the Adriatic Sea, as evidenced by older maps still in circula-
tion. Some old Bavarian maps state that elevations on them are about
1 m. higher than they would be if measured from N.N. Recent leveling
however, seems to indicate differences of as much as 2 m. in Bavaria
and 1.74 in, in the Bavarian Palatinate. Until 1910, Baden referred
its elevations to the floor level of Strassbourg Cathedral, which is
actually 143,730 in. above the mean level of the Adriatic Sea although
it had b,.:en erroneously assumed to be 145,752 m. Wurttemberg referred
its net to an elevation of 272.5 m, above N.N. which seem to have been
derived from the Baden level and, therefore, shares its error. Both
the Baden and Wurttemberg reference levels were especially unsatis-
factory because large parts of both states lie at levels lower than
their reference points. Only the Hessian maps refer to the mean level
of the Baltic Sea, which is not the same as N.M. The accuracy of
elevations in Hessen, varies from 0.10 to 0.15 in,
The unification of the elevations within Germany also correlates
them with points in most of the neighboring countries. Only Belgium
has widely different elevations, because they are measured above mean
low tide at Ostende, which is 2.34 in. below the German N.N. Other
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international dif,ferences are"given below?-
Belgium
'Netherlands
France
?
Switzerland
Austria ,
-2.34 rn. Elevations above mean ?
low tide at Ostende.
7!0.01 in, Due to slight inaccuracy
by deriving the German
N,N, from the Amsterdam
..gea.level?datum (LP.)
-740.26 in..
/0.30Tit.
/006 m.
Mean level of the
Mediterranean Sea at
Marsailles.
The never maps show
elevations 3,26 m. lower
than the older mapp.'
Mean sea level on the
Adriatic Sea at Trieste.
Czechoslovakia /0.36 m. Same as Austria.
Poland 0.0 -0.06 in, Derived from the Amsterdam
sea level datum via the
German N.N, Elevations,
theoroticaly equal
Lithuania- Referred.to tea level
.datum at Kronstadt near .
'Leningrad.
Denmark /0.245
On nautical charts elevations near the coast are referred to mean
highrwater, and therefore have no common reference level.
?
1. Plus sign (/) indicates that datum point is higher than N.N.';
and.minu$ sign (-.)lower.
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VI. HYDROGRAPHIC REFERENCE DATUM
The German navy (Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine) had its own
nautical division, charged with all matters pertaining to surveying
and mapping. Though the coastal features were taken from topographic
maps, the navy was equipped to do its own surveying in order to keep
correct the continuously shifting features of the coast line. Likewise,
hydrographic surveying was continuous in order to keep the depths on the
nautical charts correct. In general, the navy was able to keep the data
reasonably up-to-date. Unlike the triangulation and leveling nets the
depth measurements along the German coasts never became so out-of-date
that new systematic soundings throughout whole areas became necessary.
The hydrography in the German parts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
seems to be satisfactory throughout. -A service was maintained through
private firms that enabled ships to obtain revised charts at every port
of call.
The plane of reference in the North Sea is mean low water; in the
Baltic Sea it is mean Sea level.
The Mercator projection is used for nautical charts.
VII. MAGNETIC NORTH
Since 1930, most German maps have carried some information on
magnetic declination. The newer maps, however, instead of showing
the declination (MissweisUng) from true north, show the deviation
from the straight lines of the Gauss-Krager grid (Nadelabweichung).
On Reichsamt maps the deviation is shown in the margin, and on the
maps of the south German states additiunal numerical information is
given. The magnetic declination is Westerly throughout most of Germany,
and it is decreasing by 0.2? yearly. Only in parts of East Prussia
is the declination easterly. Formerly, German maps gave the declination
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. _
for April 1925 in order that computations could be made on a uniform
basis. The accumulated deviations, however, had become so large that
a new basis was adopted as of the middle of 1936. On more recent air
force maps the basis for calculation of the declination may be either
1938, 1940, or 1942.
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a)
APPENDIX A
a
Summary of the basic geodetic facts of the German states.
? ,
Name
Origin of
the azimuth
(counted
clockwise)
Triangulation
Origin of the
Coordinates
Location of Coordinate
Files
Gauss-Xi-tiger CoordinAtes
'Status LoCation of records
CD
Baden
CD
9- 1.000Z0001.000V9/600-6/dCIN
BaverW
(on the right
bank of the
Rhin9
Former astronomic
observatory in
Mannheim
Northern tower
of the church
of Our Lady in
Munich
a. Scurc6rPlamEoft-Okossdeasch;s Reich,
b. EVA - Eauptvermessungoabteilung
1. EVA XII in Stuttgart
2. Baden Ministry of
Finance and'EcOnomics,
Cidastral ana Survey
Div. in Earlsruhe,
3. Survey offices
1. EVA 'XIII in Munich
2. Oberfinanzprasident
in Munich and branch
offices in Augsburg
and. Landshut; Ober-
finanzprBsident in
Nfirnb erg and. branch
, offices in Anobach
and. Warzburg
3. Survey offices
All geographic
positions are
computed
provisionally.
1. General Command of
the 5th-Army Corps,
Stuttgart
2. EVA XII in-Stuttgart
Coordinates 1. HVAXIII in Manch=
computed provision-
ally for large
areas in NE,
? NW, and S and
for the vicinity
garrisons.
Nemo
Origin of Triangulation
the azimuth Origin of the
(counted Coordinates
Location of Coordinate Oeuss-Krager Coordinates
Files Status Location of records
Bavarian - W
PalatinatO'
Brunswick
?
Former astronomic EVA XI in Wiesbaden Tomporarr'aCtOrdi..
observatory in ?
Mannheim
Same as Prussian
? Landeskultur and T44oraryxdciiii4f-
.Vermeesungsamt dates:?:,
(Agricultural and
Surveying Office)
2. Landosforstver.
r.,14.0k4ung,(Stato
-.,ForeWAd00.pistra-
',
3. Mayor's? 'OiltiO'e
SurvernivOion-of
the BuildIngs
Idmir4stration -
k. Prussian Neumessung.
sent (New Survey Off ice}.
Berman Garing_Werke
in YOlfenbatfei
?
-
EVA XI in :Wiesbaden
? .
'!:1,..:-.11etreaVormeteiungs4'::.?
stalls (Army Surviii.
4.?Pg SorviteY
? --
. iChsamt-, far Landes
(??
?
7Olfhorno
Hann.
?
?
Landeskulturt4.1
?Itersteattingsezat in
Brunswick
7,4
'
Name
Origin of
the azimuth
(counted
clockwise)
Triangulation
Origin of the
Coordinates-
Location of Coordinate Gauss,Krager Coordinates
Files Status . Location of records
co Emma',
(1:$
CAD
CAD
CAD
CD
CAD
CD
o
1-1
I-
c'kj
13
.4 Hamburg
CID
6
CD
CAD
.4
0)
0
0
Gotha (part
-6f-Thuringia)
Eannover
since
1868
Ansgariikirchturm
Astronamic.observa-
tory at Seeburg
Spire of Gross
Michaelis Eirdhe
VermessUngsami Bremen Temporary
coordinates
Thuringian cadastral
office of Gotha
EVA VI in Hamburg
? . .
Topographical- -- - EVA VII in Gifhorn
Survby-ffbservatory
of cy.ttingen and.
31 eiur.vey..dietricts
triangulation station
of the stiss
triangulation as
points of departure
for Cadastral Survey
Definite
coordinates'
available for.'
most,triangu-
lation stations
.0010
1. Heeresvermessunga-
stelae (Amy Survey)
2. Reiebtamt far'landde-
aufnahme
3. EVA VII in Whom,
Hann.
4. Vermessungsamt in
Bremen
1. EVA VI in Eamburg
2. Vermessungsamt of
the city administra-
tion of the Sanaa
City Hamburg.
0
CD
a.0
CD
CD
co
cr)
CD
CD
C.0
$2
0
0
.4
CAD
6
c)
CD
.4
Ch
Ch
0
Name
Origin of
Triangulation
Location of Coordinate
CD
the azimUt4
? Origin of the
Files
0
(counted: .
clackwise)
.Coordlnates
- ?
CD
Hessen-
town cburt4. of
1. EVA XI in Wiesbaden
Darmstadt -
Darimstadt -
. 2. Eeseisches Landes-
"
Cn
CD
(state Hesse)
veimessungeamt in
Darmstadt
CAD
CAD
CAD
'
Beacon-
.:BaSsau (not ,
quite coin-
cident with
the present
Province of
Nassau
Kurile-seen
(comprises a
someWhat larger
area than the
Artededt-Priodian
Province)..
Triangulation
station: at
Kassel,
southern tower
cfr-.10#153:4PkirOhe/,,.. -
V*XIin Wiesbe.d.en
EVA Xi in Wiesbaden
GaussZttger Coordinates
Status Location Of records
All old trian-
gulation stations
of lst and 2nd
'order, 96 percont
of 3rd order, and
? 51 percent of 4th
order are Gauss--
Kreger
65 percent of the
triangulation - -
stations were
computed provi-
sionally
The majority of
-triangulation
stations are
sionally
EVA XI in Wiesbaden
EVA 'XI in Wlesbadeir,?
EVA.1 'IfieSbaderi
F.
Name Origin of Triangulation
the azimuth - Origin of the
(counted Coordinates
clockwise)
Pa
m
ET Mecklenburg
m
C,)
CD
_&
CID
CID
CID
-PD
CD
OD
INeiningen
0..
No , (part of
et-- .,Thuringia)
33
0
CD
6
CD
. - ?
Location of Coordinate Gauss-Erfter CoordinateW.W
Files Status Location of recer4s
114?
towards
OldenbUrg, Old Oldenburg
triangulation
6
'Tower, of the
deetle in
Schwerin -
Northern
spire of
Liebfrauen-
kirche in
Munich
Tower .of the
castle. in
Oldenburg
Newer Prussian ?
triangulation
N
'
C
HVA VI in Hamburg
Thuringian Cadastral
Office in Noiningen
1..01denburgische
Vermeesungsdi-
-rektion
2. Cadastral offices
3. EVA VII in Gifborn
The. lot-order
triangulation
stations are
definitely
computed, the
others
provisionally
Only the
corners of a
few sheets.,,
areHeomputed
-
1. EVA VI in Hamburg
2. Mecklenburgisches
Landesvcrmesovng-
samt in Schwerin
Office it Neiningen
-
Antage 12 (zu Nu ft)
THE PRINCIPAL TRIANGULATION NETS OF GREATER GERMANY -- 1944
Approved FtilleftWO e19A04111fftir?ft- BAFRUcli 90tWigHllig020001-6
bWilnale'__
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'41110lb`L
/-44grop .4p - ?
AW AtOttrieSP4
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4,410tr- AIPI
1932-1937
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irtik
4614/e4611111310%*
Zittrii
aLa 4* 4.-Lift4V., mi.
trArdialgrA14
Ado. PolesIsches
-.54 /13117,0 13164sicker
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19
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if%
otraitiffir-Aadbr'IW410:01111
11 tiltokrti ttleie kw. . riii it1,1
Pik 44006411 4 i i li t.
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Ittearo
wtliv
95 zu ep ire
9 1930-1934
-...e. A
r
AtiyaripmtsfirdirriikT tai____ilAireblimgrvkAlismaiivm
'IFI,,,
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treflAteleisk ,goirt4ArATIMPP. atill
4
goraVill. --AirtfaiP'Cliketitttlif, Atin
miroppl .1?.?.___
'''I' t n
9 .41
4111010
-.0**i #
iiik
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-
Pg.
Lu blin.:
0
tri Hauptdrelecksnetz
,,rfAIA 1931 _193.
.0%047
OS"
Wolhrlsebes
hauptdrelecasnetz
1934-1935
vittwzrzetwqmo
itiVeltr AtiVli A &Ai-11W- 41pATAI ,A,,,,i,
4triatePttiplipi... 110 Afb'Alli,? Apyio.4. ftrAll ifilirotah, --
liaillbY&VTErilialMblr?j Watigiff4TPA"
. 16 .-
1.111WaV, re'
41-.11VIM
Toff Av
-411450VANt
WarPOWATA
' lit" San-
Aio... we Hauptekelecksnat
10 I Ile
ember001
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1 A'
,igurni.., 189 lho lym._willayA -410401.1* 401s
4 V
011.10`7.4?7.'' Ai am. 401 iporAtMAIS.b.
,..4400, . IPAPER41411'
AL ..,-?, .4,00.-
1934-1937 ___-- ?
11
tzb,
?41tottivier-c-tiikroireros1/4,vozyggeor
*44/PgrAililtitAratiiidiTirialoTAMV",%Vp
re& ,-4/iPmrim. 44/9004tdiv i =tr. riisokm. *Le.
4
mwelikwalterftr.-tm isiiemovelfwg"...,44
w vol. -.811* ALTIONA alib- ,,,k14
?.....?,
$r/ '''' gmavy lines: the boundaries between the triangulation nets.
OPP
A- fr ..,di
ALIC*1242541?4AalliarAllia. .45211,
aottrires.... ,wav,1
Trat".74e*/
'1100.7_,,,_,- "'TANA
,?offpwww
Light lines: sid of the incipal triangles.
es pr
Dashed lines: proposed nets.
EmPty areas outlined in the East: triangulation nets of the
Polish survey, adjusted provisionally to the German net.
when first order triangulation was surveyed.
LAMSK441441b
4.61trall er?
'IP.A4Wrilahlr-dah\ 1
1 Vrilr it2
iethe nyearsr r
Eauptdreckeets o If D N.: first order triangulation net.
B Hauptdreieckakette or H Dr K.: first order triangulation chain.
Verbindungskette: connecting triangulation chain.
Anschlus: connecting grid with a foreign OnuntrY (the name Of the
neighboring country always indicated).
Unger. liasstab: approximate scale.
'Ig&
-t* V
Fr.:. formerly.
-.41.40
4*
The names and years of thetriangulation net. and chains which are
underlined, are considered of sufficient accuracy to be a basic
block to which surrounding triangulation nets should be adjusted.
Ir. m. "...
Ungef. Ale8sfee 1:4000000
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0/6661, eseeieN .10d PeA0iddV
9-1.000Z0001.000V9/600-6/dCIN
Name
Origin of
Triangulation
Location of Coordinate
GeutS-Krager Coordinates ?
the azimuth
Origin of the
Files
Status .Location of records
(counted
clockwise)
Coordinates
Prussia and
For Topographical
1. Reichsamt far
All trigonom-1. Reichsamt ffir
Anhalt
Survey -Rauenberg
Landesaufnahmo
etrical points Landosaufnahme
(excepting
area's
south of Berlin,
and since 1923
2. EVA IIII,IV-X.
completed 2. EVA
provisionally
enumerated
Helmert tower?
3. Cadastral offices
3. Generaikommandes
separately)
of the Geodetic
InatitUte in ?
(Army district
commands)
Potsdam. For the
I. R egierungsprasi-
4. LuftgaukamMandos
Cadastral Survey--
dent ea ?
(Air force district
40 different points
of origin; since
--commands)
Saxony
1927 Gauss-Krager
coordinates used
in new surveys.
Topographic survey
of let order in
Greasehhain; Cadent-
tral Survey; three
local conformal
systems
1. Reichsstatthalter
(Reich governor)
in Saxony, State
government
2. EVA III in Dresden
Completed
1. Reichsstatthaltar
in Saxony, state
government
2. EVA III in Dresden
11
0
CD Sachsen-Weimar N
CD (part of
O ? Thuringia)
CD
? Schaumburg-Lippo N
CD
Schwarzburg-
Pcti3 Sondershausen
40"
I MO
ItNZ
Wiirtobberg and
Hohepiollern
Ramo
Origin of
the azimuth
(counted
clockwise)
Triangulation
Origin of the
Coordinates
Location of Coordinate Gauss-Krager Coordinates
Files Status Location of records
0
C^ D
6
CD
Point of origin
of the Schreiber
projection
Ida Tower
Triangulation
station mark
POsson Tower;
since 1892
Poss en-Stein
Astronomic
Observatory in
Tabingen; no
longer extant
? SOURCE: Planhoft Grosedeutschee Reich, 1944
4?0??????St
HVA VIII in Magdeburg
HVA VIII in Gifhorn
1. HVA VIII in Magde-
burg
2. Thuringian Rentamt
(treasury) in
Sondorshausen
1. EVA XII in Stuttgart
2. WtrtteMberg Ministry
of the Interior,
Cadastral and Survey
Division
3. Messungsffmtor
Provisionally
computed
It
Provisionally
computed most
triangulation:
stations
Provisionally-,
computed !
et:
EVA VIII in Magdeburg
EVA, VIII in Gifhorn
EVA VIII in Magdeburg
1. General Command of *
-8th Army Corps.
Div. :IA Mese in
Stuttgari-
2.* EVA XII in Stuttgart
9-1.000Z0001.000V9/600-6/dC1N-VI3 : 1.0/60/6661. eseeieN Jod peAcucldV
Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000100020001-6
RESTRICTED 48
APPENDIX B
TRIANGULATION BETS OF EAT GERMANY
The appended Gorman map, dated 1944 showing triangulation
completed during the early years of the war has became, available
since the completion of the foregoing _report. Since practically
all of the now triangulation was for occupied areas, the map adds
little new data for Germany proper: .It does, however, confirm the
deduction drawn from other sources that German trigonometrical ac.
tivity came to a standstill after ,194, due apparently to the
drain -of trained personnel into the army.
-RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000100020001-6