AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES DELEGATION VISIT TO THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS SEPTEMBER 14-28, 1974

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 86
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 8, 2000
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: December 1, 1974
• Content Type: REPORT

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AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL IN
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS
Report of the United States Delegation Visit to the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
September 14-28, 1974
SOUTHERN SOVIET UNION
ROUTE AND AREAS VISITED
1974 VISIT
eo ~o?
Visit Arranged in Accordance with U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission
on Scientific and Technical Cooperation
December 1974
State Dept. declassification & release instructions on file
S S R ? TASHNE~
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Page
Authorization/Introduction ................................ 1
:itinerary ................................................. 3
Moscow
Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management ........... 5
SOJUZVODPROJECT ........................................ 7
BNIIMiTP ............................................... 9
Uzbek Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management ..... 10
SANIIRI ................................................ 11
Ferghana Valley ......................................... 11
Golodnaya Steppe .......................................... 14
Zarafshan Valley .......................................... 17
Frunze
VNIIKAMS ... ......................................... 21
Chu River Basin ........................................ 22
Observations and Conclusions .............................. 31
References ................................................ 35
Appendixes
A. Record of Meeting .................................. A-1
B. Selection of the U.S.S.R. Experimental/Operating
Project for Joint Research on Topic 111.2 ........ B-1
C. Delegation Membership and Soviet Hosts .......
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Figure
Page
1
Moskva River ......................................
6
2
Mobile Boom-type Sprinkler ........................
9
3
Big Gun Sprinkler .................................
10
4
Canalette ...........................:.............
12
5
Ferghana Valley
...................................
12
6
Ferghana Valley,
Big Ferghana Canal ...............
13
7
Ferghana Valley,
Andizhan Canal ...................
14
8
Golodnaya Steppe
..................................
15
9
Golodnaya Steppe
Wasteway Turnout .................
16
10
Golodnaya Steppe Local Water Level
Controller ......................................
17
11
Akkaradarinsk IIydrocomplex ........................
18
12
Akkaradarinsk Iiydrocomplex ........................
19
13
Akkaradarinsk Remote Control Center ...............
20
14
Akkaradarinsk office ..............................
21
15
VNIIKAMS office ...................................
22
16
Irrigation Works of Chu River Basin ...............
23
17
Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir ............................
24
18
Typical Concrete-lined Lateral ....................
24
19
Chumysh Diversion Dam .............................
25
20
Alamedin River Headworks ..........................
25
21
At-Bashinsk Canal .................................
26
22
At-Bashinsk Canal .................................
27
23
At-Bashinsk Canal .................................
27
24
Controller ........................................
29
25
Chumysh Diversion Dam .............................
29
26
Chumysh Diversion Dam Motorized Gates .............
30
27
Eastern Big Chu Canal Headworks ...................
30
28
Chu Basin Directorate .............................
31
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AUTHORIZATION/INTRODUCTION
The U.S./U.S.S.R. Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical
Cooperation came into existence as a result of the detente agree-
ments reached between the two countries in 1972. One of the areas
of cooperation identified was the field of water resources. Like-
wise one of the four problem areas in water resources that was
selected for joint effort is the subject of this report, namely
Project 111.2 - "Methods and Means of Automation and Remote Control
in Water Resource Systems."
Active pursuit of this project started in 1973 and early 1974 with
an exchange of correspondence and technical literature. A four-man
Soviet delegation visited the United States from June 16-28, 1974,
and toured automated water resource systems through the Western
United States. At the conclusion of this visit an agreement was
reached to consider a 6-year joint program of research and develop-
ment of automated water systems in each country. The four-man U.S.
delegation then visited automated water systems in the U.S.S.R. dur-
ing the period September 14-28, 1974. At the end of this visit an
agreement was reached on the joint activities for the next 2 years.
The program of cooperation that was agreed upon consists of the
selection of an "experimental project" in each country. The Soviets
chose a canal system in the Chu River Basin near Frunze, Kirghizia,
described in Appendix B and the United States chose the Corning
Canal in California. Each country will prepare a report, or series
of reports, on their own projects, describing the projects, the
alternatives considered for automation, and the automation system
finally selected. These reports will be exchanged, and there will
be a technical exchange in person in the fall of 1975 involving a
2-week trip to each country to review progress.
The emphasis in the present agreement is on automation of main
canals and large turnouts. Both countries recognize the need for
the automation to extend "up" to the river system and "down" to
laterals and onfarm systems. The more complete approach (from
snowfield to farm sprinkler) perhaps would be theoretically pref-
erable, but at present it appears more practical to take the more
limited and more manageable step of concentrating first on main
canals and turnouts.
On the basis of the exchange of visits in 1974, it appears the
prospects are favorable for mutual benefits to be obtained by
both the United States and the U.S.S.R. on the exchange of automa-
tion technology. Another, but important, benefit of the exchange
has been the personal friendships that have been formed between the
United States and the U.S.S.R. team members.
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This report is intended to document the visit of the U.S. delegation
to the U.S.S.R. in September 1974. The contents are presented in
chronological order with descriptions of locations and institutes
visited. The appendices include:
A. Record of Meeting
B. Description of U.S.S.R.' Experimental Project
C. Delegation membership and Soviet hosts
While best efforts to obtain accurate data were made by Soviet
engineers, the interpreters, and the Delegation, it should be
recognized that the information reported herein may contain errors.
The vast areas of interest and geographical locations involved,
and the press of time at each location, made it difficult to verify
or coordinate all information received. Additional insight and
general background on "Irrigation in the U.S.S.R." can be gained
from the 1963 and the 1972 U.S. Team Reports.
E. F. Sullivan
U.S. Project Coordinator
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Itinerary of the Visit to the U.S.S.R.
by the U.S. Team under
Project 111.2, "Methods and Means of Automation and
Remote Control of Water Resource Systems"
September 12 Briefing in USBR Commissioner's Office
Washington, D.C.
September 13-14 Travel to Moscow
September 15 Arrange itinerary and transportation in Soviet
Union
Moscow sightseeing
September 16 Visit to the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achieve-
ments (the pavilion "Reclamation and Water
Management in the USSR"). Confer with experts
from the BNIIMiTP Institute
Visit to the design center of water resource
projects (V/O SOJUZVODPROJECT)
Leave for Tashkent
September 17 Arrive Tashkent in the morning
Confer with officials at the Uzbek SSR Ministry for
Reclamation and Water Management
Visit to the SANIIRI Institute
Tashkent sightseeing
September 18 Depart for Ferghana
Visit to the Ferghana Canal
Trip by automobile to the headworks
Visit projects furnished with automatic and remote
control devices
Return to Tashkent
September 19 Visit water projects in the Golodnaya Steppe
Arrive Samarkand
T
September 20 Samarkand sightseeing
Visit to Ak-Karadarinsk hydroelectric complex
September 21 Depart Samarkand
Arrive Frunze
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September 22 Frunze sightseeing
Visit to the All-Union Research Institute of Water
Resource System Integrated Automation (VNIIKAMS)
Explanation of Institute
September 23 Visit to the joint pilot project site
Discussion of subjects related to research programs
September 24 Discussion of the comprehensive program of the
second-stage activities for 1976 and of the
joint pilot project
September 25 Finalize the program of activities under project
"Methods and Means of Automation and Remote
Control of Water Resource Systems" for 1976
and of the protocol on the stay of the U.S.
delegation in the U.S.S.R.
September 26 Leave for and arrive Moscow
September 27 Visit to U.S. Embassy, Moscow
Clearance of Record of Meeting
Signing of Record of Meeting
September 28 Depart Moscow for Paris
September 29 Return to United States
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MOSCOW
Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management (MRWM)
MRWM is the main water resource agency in the U.S.S.R. Its mission
is somewhat equivalent to that of the Bureau of Reclamation's in the
Western United States; however, it is much larger in size and budget.
Because of its size and importance this Ministry is comparable to a
full department in the U.S. Government.
Irrigation is considered vitally important to insure adequate food
and fiber for the Soviet nation and to assure wise use of the nation's
natural resources. Shortly after the formation of the Soviet Union,
V. I. Lenin documented the importance of assuring successful harvests
with irrigation and land reclamation. The Lenin document is given
great significance by the Soviet government and portions of it can
be seen prominently displayed at many water resource control centers.
The following quotes from an article in the Moscow News, September 21,
1974, by Boris Shtepa, U.S.S.R., Deputy Minister of Reclamation and
Water Management, demonstrates the U.S.S.R. water resource situation
and the eminent role of the Ministry as viewed by the Soviets.
"The Soviet Union has the largest water resources in the world.
The average Soviet river discharge is over 4,700 cu km (3,820,000,000
acre feet), and the annual water consumption for household and indus-
trial use is nearly 300 cu km (244,000,000 acre-feet). So one would
hardly expect to find any water supply problem. But the resources
are not evenly distributed--the better developed areas, which have
85 per cent of the population and produce some 80 per cent of indus-
trial and agricultural output, have only 20 per cent of the total
water resources.
"The Soviet state, which abolished private ownership of natural
resources right from the start, has paid a lot of attention to the
rational use of water. The regulation of water is codified in the
Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics.
Water conservation is an inseparable part of the ecomonic management
of water. There is a master plan for an integrated use and conserva-
tion of water resources and patterns for individual large basins,
regions and administrative districts.
"The responsibility for rational use and for protecting water resources
against pollution, contamination, and depletion is vested in the * * *
MRWM * * *. Daily state supervision is exercised by 102 Basin Inspec-
torates, which keep an eye on approximately 85,000 projects.
Information in parenthesis added by author of report
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"The Soviet water economy is many-faceted an includes water supplies,
agricultural hydroengineering systems, internal waterways, logging,
fisheries, and hydroelectric power. * * *.
"New canals built in Soviet years include the Moskva Canal linking
the Moskva River (fig. 1) with the Volga, and the White Sea-Baltic,
the Volga-Don, the Volga-Baltic, and other canals. They have added
18,000 km (11,200 miles) to our navigable waterways. Many of these
canals have helped solve the problem of water supply and irrigation.
Figure 1. Moskva River viewed from Hotel Rossia, Moscow
"Water supply has been improved in many parts of the country--3,700
km (2,300 miles) of canals were built to redistribute 40 cu km
(33,000,000 acre feet) of river water. More than 1,000 reservoirs
were built-- 17 per cent of the world's reservoirs. The dam of the
Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station on the Angara River in Last Siberia
has formed a reservoir of 169 cu km (137,000,000 acre feet), the
largest in the world.
"All this has already been accomplished. Now a mammoth plan is in
the offing--to divert part of the northern rivers' discharge to the
Caspian Sea basin, and a part of the Siberian rivers' discharge to
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the Aral Sea basin, to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. These projects
are being developed.
"About 57 per cent of the water consumed in the USSR is used for
irrigating 12.5 million hectares (31 million acres) of land. Last
year alone saw about a million hectares of new irrigation, to say
nothing of more than 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of drainage.
Work is nearing completion on reclaiming salt land in the Hungry
Steppe in the Uzbek SSR--more than 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres).
Today the Hungry Steppe is hungry no longer. It is a land of vast
cotton plantations, modern well-appointed state-farm communities,
crisscrossed by highways, water mains, and overhead transmission
lines.
"Only three per cent of all farmland in the country is reclaimed,
yet it yields 25 per cent of the total agricultural produce. Some
7.66 million tons--a record cotton crop--was taken in 1973.
"The total area in need of irrigation in the USSR is estimated at
120 million hectares (300 million acres). Irrigating them means a
tenfold increase in water consumption. This means that more rational
use of water is required. Seepage control, canal troughs, pipelines,
modern patterns of watering, automatically controlled irrigation
systems--all help greatly reduce water consumption and lessen the
danger of salinization and bogging."
IRW1 is responsible for Water Resource development and management.
As such it recognizes the importance of automation of water resource
systems. The ministry's support of the joint U.S./U.S.S.R. Water
Resource Program also includes involvement in two of the other three
joint projects, namely, "Planning, Utilization and Management of Water
Resources" and "Use of Plastics in Construction." The project "Cold
Weather Construction" is handled by the Ministry of Hydro-Power.
MOSCOW
SOJUZVODPROJECT
The following functional description was provided at a briefing by
Director A. M. Volynov on September 16, 1974:
This All-Union Institute is responsible for the planning, design,
and construction inspection of reclamation projects throughout the
Soviet Union. While this Institute is analogous to the Bureau of
Reclamation's Engineering and Research Center, it encompasses more
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activities. Included in the Institute are the headquarters office
in Moscow and 55 design institutes located throughout the U.S.S.R.
These can be divided into (1) Institutes engaged in investigations
and research; and (2) Institutes that prepare final plans and spec-
ifications for projects. Construction is performed by another orga-
nization but is inspected by SOJUZVODPROJECT. After a 3-year testing
period, the project is assigned to another organization for opera-
tion and maintenance.
About one-half of the work of the 55 institutes is done under assign-
ment from MRWM and the rest of the work from various Soviet republics
and individual collective or state farms or other organizations is
handled by "contract."
The cost of operating the Institutes amounts to 300,000,000
rubles per year ($400,000,000) and the construction program is
6,000,000,000 rubles ($8,000,000,000) per year. Before compar-
isons are made with the U.S.A., it must be noted this includes
not only the design of main canals and laterals, but also distri-
bution to the collective and state farms which range from 800 hec-
tares (2,000 acres) to over 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) in size.
Also included are all associated activities such as villages,
roads, and so forth. A ruble converted to man-hours of work may
not be the same as in the U.S.A. since wages and other economic
values are not necessarily comparable. The area of land to be
drained and irrigated is an impressive 13,000,000 hectares
(32,000,000 acres) in the current 5-year plan. Official exchange
rate at the time of our visit was 1 ruble = $1.33.
The following explanation of an automated irrigation system on the
Volga River was presented in our briefing:
Two hundred thousand hectares (500,000 acres) are to be irrigated.
The project is now about one-third complete and is to be fully
automated with controls operating on electrically and hydraulically
powered systems. The entire project area is to be irrigated by
sprinkler systems having a total power requirement of 300,000 kw.
Main pumps for the sprinkler distribution system supply about
1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) each. These pumps are served by main
canals and subcanals. The capacity at the headworks is 60 cubic
meters per second (2,200 ft3/s) and water must be pumped from the
Volga River. Many reservoirs on the system help regulate the
supply to the land. This can be characterized as partially a
demand system and rotation system. Demand will be met within the
capabilities of the system. One interesting aspect is that even
though power use is high, they did not design for and do not have
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to operate to meet onpeak/offpeak conditions on power supply. The
power system is managed by the Ministry of Electrification. No
question has been raised about power peaking problems. Based on
these brief discussions, we concluded the Soviets have found it is
less expensive to provide peaking on the power system than to try
to operate the water system offpeak as much as possible (as we do
in the U.S.A.). This may be valid now, but in the future power
needs will probably grow faster than water pumping needs and more
and more power will be supplied by oil and coal. This may eventu-
ally lead to the condition that we have in the U.S.A. where it is
important to reduce onpeak pumping by providing as much offpeak
pumping for irrigation and drainage as possible.
MOSCOW
BNI IMiTP
We met with members of this institute at the U.S.S.R. Exhibition of
Economic Achievements in the pavillion "Reclamation and Water Man-
agement in the U.S.S.R." This institute is concerned with the mech-
anization of irrigation. Our discussions indicated a great deal of
interest in sprinkler irrigation and we were supplied literature on
the various sprinkler methods used in the U.S.S.R. however, automation
was treated as a peripheral activity of this institute. The Soviets
continue to use sprinkler methods such as large boom sprinklers
mounted on crawler tractors (fig. 2) and "big gun" sprinklers (fig. 3)
which also are mounted on crawler tractors. Both of these methods
required a full-time operator and a closely spaced ditch system for
water supply.
Figure 2. Mobile boom-type sprinkler irrigating sugar beets
near Frunze, Kirghizia.
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Figure 3. Big gun sprinkler.
TASHKENT
Uzbekistan Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
Each republic in the U.S.S.R. has a Ministry of Reclamation and Water
Management. This Ministry is very important in Uzbekistan because
of the eminence the Uzbek Republic holds in irrigation. Uzbekistan
is the largest producer of cotton and has some of the best: irrigated
and irrigable lands in the Soviet Union due to its southerly location
and hot summer climate. The two major river systems are the Syr Darya
and the Amu Darya, both of which form in the high mountains along the
southern boundary of the U.S.S.R. and empty into the Aral Sea. At
the present rate of development, these river systems will soon be
fully utilized. However, only approximately one-third of the poten-
tially irrigable land is irrigated. Additional irrigation will
require that more water be made available in Uzbekistan and the
other republics of Central Asia. To reach the full potential for
irrigation, it will be necessary to reverse the flow of several
northward flowing Siberian rivers. The magnitude of these water
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diversion projects is unprecedented. The successful operation of
this scheme will require highly coordinated electronic supervisory
control equipment and systems. Well-developed automation of water
resource systems is obviously called for to meet these future
requirements.
The Ministry designs, constructs, and operates the main conveyance
systems of all the irrigation systems in Uzbekistan except those
in the Golodnaya Steppe Project.
TASHKENT
"SANIIRI"
The Central Asia Research Institute of Irrigation, "SANIIRI," located
at Tashkent has played a prominent role in the research and develop-
ment of new tools for irrigation in the Soviet Union over its approx-
imately 50 years of existence. While "SANIIRI" is a regional institute,
it does some work on an All-Union (throughout the Soviet Union) basis.
[light hundred technical employees cover a wide range of activities
on research and planning of all aspects of irrigation work but do not
construct or operate and maintain the systems.
The institute and its associated laboratories are currently develop-
ing improved methods of irrigation automation and water measurement.
Some of the work demonstrated and discussed included both hydraulic
and electromechanical self-actuated automatic controls, and remote
control. Some rather exotic water measurement devices were described,
with emphasis on water measurement in canalettes or raised precast
concrete flumes (fig. 4). In general the water measurement devices
and the automation concepts developed at "SANIIRI" require a large
amount of head loss for operation. However, gradients of irrigated
regions in Central Asia are generally steeper than comparable ones
in the United States and this would allow more head loss.
The Ferghana Valley located in eastern Uzbekistan (fig. 5) is the
largest irrigated area in the Soviet Union. This tremendous agri-
cultural area depends entirely on irrigation. The largest crop is
cotton but silk from mulberry trees, corn, rice, and fruits are also
produced. Irrigation has been in progress since ancient times, how-
ever, much development has taken place during the Soviet period.
The Kara Darya and Naryn Rivers flow from the high mountains in
Kirghizia to the east into the Ferghana Valley and together form
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Figure 4. Canalette or above-ground reinforced concrete flume.
Toktogul dam
(proposed)
ANaIZHAN
Rev", av a d
Raat d aa .
m
Figure S. Layout of irrigation facilities
in the Ferghana Valley. From
A. N. Askochensky.
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the Syr Darya which is the second largest river in Central Asia.
Runoff from the Kara Darya is mostly snowmelt peaking in early summer.
Runoff from the Naryn is both snowmelt and glacier melt. Thus, the
Naryn has two runoff peaks - one in early summer from snow, and one
in late summer from glaciers. To take advantage of this, a cross
canal from the Naryn to the Kara Darya has been built above the Big
Ferghana Canal. The Naryn has tremendous hydroelectric potential
due to its large discharges and elevation drop. Several large dams
have been built, one is under construction, and more are planned for
the Naryn in Kirghizia.
Features visited included the Big Ferghana Canal headworks (fig. 6)
and control center at Kuiganyar Dam and the check (fig. 7), siphon,
Figure 6.
Ferghana Valley. Big Ferghana
Canal headworks water level
measurement. Note selsyn
motor in top left.
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Figure 7. Ferghana Valley. Andizhan Canal check and Karadarya
Siphon.
and control center of the Central Ferghana Canal at the Kara Darya
River. The latter control center remotely operates canal check gates
and turnout gates, while the former performs the same plus headwork
gates on the diversion dam. The equipment is not sophisticated, but
seems effective. Short-distance remote sensing of gate position and
water level is accomplished through the use of selsyn motors while
long distance requires frequency pulse or tone equipment. Push-
button control is carried out by women operators. Records or data
logs were kept in long hand.
GOLODNAYA STEPPE
The Golodnaya or Hungry Steppe (fig. 8) is a vast area of some 1 mil-
lion hectares (2-1/2 million acres) of fertile virgin land in central
Uzbekistan lying above the adjacent Syr Darya River. Limited develop-
ment was started under the Czars but apparently water utilization
was poor and lands became salted and lost to production. The Soviet
development has progressed with emphasis on proper drainage and
water use. Development work is all inclusive, starting with roads
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~~unuul CIif 11
Fart h - I dam
'J
Figure 8. Layout of the Golodnaya Steppe
irrigation system. From A. N.
Askochensky.
and powerlines, and continuing through settlements, services, irri-
gation systems, and growing of crops. The construction organization
will continue to build and then move to adjacent areas of the project
until it is completed 10 to 20 years from now.
In the area below the Southern Canal, there will be 45 state farms
of which 37 are complete. Then work will start on the north side
of the canal. The construction organization maintains control until
a cotton yield of 25 centners per hectare (2.2 tons per acre) is
obtained. Then responsibility is transferred to the Uzbekistan Farm
Ministry. This change in ministry is just at the top, since the state
farm organization continues. Fourteen farms have been transferred.
The objective is to get maximum production with minimum labor. Peo-
ple are encouraged to move there by initial bonuses (for first 3
months given three times normal pay, rent-free housing for 2 years,
et.c.). About 3,000 people live on a state farm which has an area of
6,000 to 7,000 hectares (15,000-17,000 acres). The principal crop is
cotton (70 percent), others include alfalfa and fruit. Over 90 per-
cent of cotton is machine harvested (we saw some picking machines
and airplanes spraying defoliates.).
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Drinking water is brought in 110 km (70 miles) by pipe. The canal
water is quite high in salts (1,000 ppm) and the ground, water is
extremely high (up to 40,000 ppm). The high salt content of the
water and the need for drainage are both critical. Open drains and
closed horizontal drains are provided at 3-meter (10-foot) depths,
also vertical drains (pumped wells) average 18 meters (60 feet) deep.
At the 50-km (31-mile) point on the Southern Canal is a large waste-
way turnout (fig. 9). The water level in the canal and the flow in
Figure 9. Wasteway turnout located at 50-km point, Southern
Canal-Golodnaya Steppe.
the turnout can be regulated through remote set-point control of
local automatic controllers. An automatic control (fig. 10), with
sensor in the pool above the canal check, provides upstream control
of the wasteway gates. Another control with sensor located below
the canal check gate provides downstream control of the canal check
gate. Both controls are quite similar to Reclamation's "Friant-
Kern Little Man" except for the remote set-point capability.
Canalettes are widely used on the Hungry Steppe Project to distrib-
ute water from the conveyance canals to the farms.
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Figure 10. Golodnaya Steppe. Local
water level controller which
operates gates shown in
figure 9.
ZARAFSHAN VALLEY
The Zarafshan Valley is located approximately in the middle of the
Uzbek Republic. Climatically the Zarafshan Valley, as is all of
Soviet Central Asia, is characterized by much sunlight, hot summers,
great variation in daily temperatures during the year, and low pre-
cipitation. The relatively short winter is characterized by capri-
cious weather and some years the temperature can drop to -25? C
(-13? F). The irrigated zone of the eastern part of the Samarkand
17
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Oblast is 733 to 485 meters (2,400-1,550 feet) above sea level. It
is protected on three sides by comparatively high mountains and there-
fore the climate is somewhat milder and the precipitation greater
than to the west. Cotton is raised extensively throughout the area
and is the most important crop.
The Zarafshan River is the main source of irrigation water for the
valley. It originates in the high mountains to the east of the
valley. The runoff is derived from snowmelt peaking in June and
glacier-melt peaking in August.
In the valley, the Zarafshan River is split into two branches, the
Kara* Darya and the Ak Darya, which flow westwardly for 110 to
115 kilometers (approximately 70 miles) before rejoining into the
Zarafshan.
The location where the Zarafshan splits and which we visited
(fig. 11) is a very important hydraulic control point. Here are
Figure 11. Akkaradarinsk Hydrocomplex. Looking downstream at
the Diversion Dam.
the headworks for the Kurdanabad Canal and the Central Mainkal'ek
Canal. The diversion dam and associated structures are known as
the Akkaradarinsk Ilydrocomplex (figs. 11 and 12).
* Note: A different Kara Darya than in the Ferghana Valley.
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698,0, 700I5
-Uf Q 6975 Q = 230 m3/s at beginning of operation
gl-nr. --
E
E
.x
Figure 12. Akkaradarinsk Ilydrocomplex
1. Dam
2. River control structure
3. Sill
4. Training dike
5. Automobile bridge
4 96p 696,0
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In 1924 a cribwork water divider was constructed with a control
structure for the Zarafshan water entering the Ak Darya and Kara
Darya. This complex was somewhat improved in 1950-51 by substitut-
ing concrete for the wooden piers and downstream apron. In 1967
the construction was started on a permanent engineered hydrocomplex
with the necessary canal headworks.
Construction of the Akkaradarinsk Iydrocomplex was very signficant
in terms of improved operations. When it became operational, water
was conveyed to 85,000 hectares (210,000 acres) of Samarkand Oblast
with less outlay in time and labor or regulation work. The number
of takeoff points for water from the Zarafshan River was reduced
from 31 to 3. All irrigation water in the Zarafshan is directed to
the Kara Darya and only surplus floodwater is sent down the Ak Darya
Channel. This reduces streambed losses occurring during conveyance
of water in the Ak Darya. The necessity for annual performance of
a large volume of protective and regulatory work on the Ak Darya is
greatly reduced.
When the U.S. Delegation visited the hydrocomplex, the remote control
features (fig. 13) were explained in the adjacent control center
Figure 13. Near Samarkand. Akkaradarinsk Hydrocomplex remote
control center.
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(fig. 14). From this control center the diversion dam and canal
headworks gates can be operated. Remote readout is provided for
both water surface and gate position.
Figure 14. Near Samarkand. Akkaradarinsk Hydrocomplex office.
FRUNZE
"VNIIKAMS"
"VNIIKAMS" or the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Inte-
grated Automation of Reclamation Systems is the institute that has
the responsibility of research and development for water systems
automation throughout the Soviet Union. Dr. 0. A. Bilik, U.S.S.R.
Project Coordinator, is Director of this institute. Over 800 people
are employed here. VNIIKAMS is a most significant institute because
of the magnitude of its responsibility and authority. Figure 15
shows the entrance to VNIIKAMS Building.
Various categories of work are performed in laboratories. Groups
of laboratories with common concerns are headed by divisions. There
are 10 divisions in the Institute. There is also a services division
which includes a computer center, chemistry laboratory, library,
and training section. In addition, a total of 17 other institutes
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Figure 15. VNIIKAMS Office Building
throughout the Soviet Union report to this "All-Union" institute.
The VNIIKAMS organization chart is included in Appendix B-IV.
The array of Soviet engineering talent collected at VNIIKAMS for
the automation of water systems is most impressive. This highly
organized and well-structured institute should produce concepts and
equipment which will improve water resource development and management.
The most important business of the trip, the drafting of the Record
of Meeting, Appendix A, was conducted at VNIIKAMS. This agreement
details the joint activities for the period 1975-76.
The Chu River originates in the mountains of Kirghizia and after
leaving the mountains, flows generally northward through the Chu
Valley (fig. 16) which extends into Kazakhstan. The main sources of
water, in addition to the Chu itself, include its tributaries the
Big Kemin, the Red, and a number of mountain streams flowing from
the Kirghiz Range. The irrigated area is located in both republics
and the irrigation system of the Chu Basin Directorate provides
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Figure 16. Irrigation Works of Chu River
Basin. From A. N. Askochensky.
water to seven districts in Kirghizia and two districts in Kazakhstan.
The canals also provide water for industry, power, and fisheries.
The water management system of the Chu River Basin is complex and
includes Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir (fig. 17) with a capacity of 470 mil-
lion cubic meters (380,000 acre feet), several large canals (fig. 18),
three diversion dams (fig. 19) and numerous water distribution and
control structures (fig. 20).
The canal systems are interconnected as shown in Appendix B-I. This
loop arrangement provides for flexible conveyance of water with many
alternatives of operation. The rivers and streams are fed both by
snow and glacier melt with large flucuations in runoff over the sea-
son. Generally the natural stream discharges do not coincide with the
irrigation system demands.
A great deal of automation work has been done in several areas of
the Chu Basin. The At-Bashinsk* Canal has especially been the subject
of both supervisory control and local automatic control application.
The water users of this canal are provided demand service when suf-
ficient water is available. However, the users do suffer limita-
tions during periods of water deficit.
* Same as Atbashi in figure 16.
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Figure 17. Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir on the Chu River. Main
storage reservoir for the Chu River Basin
Figure 18. Typical concrete-lined lateral in the Chu River
Basin
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Figure 19. Chumysh Diversion Dam on the Chu River.
Figure 20. Alamedin River headworks to the Eastern Big Chu
Canal.
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Thus the Chu Basin Water System presents perhaps the ultimate chal-
lenge for optimal operation. On the supply side, regulation is
provided on the Chu River but other streams discharge in a stochastic
manner. The water users are allowed stochastic demand when water
supplies are ample. Between the source and the users is a very com-
plex interconnected conveyance and distribution system.
The Chu Basin was identified as the Soviet Experimental Automation
Project for several reasons:
1. The system complexity described above;
2. Existing automation with experienced personnel;
3. Similarities to other areas of irrigation;
4. Feasible and successful irrigation underway; and,
S. Good location for scientific research work.
Existing automation on the At-Bashinsk Canal includes supervisory
control of canal check, turnout, and wasteway gates and local auto-
matic control of check and wasteway gates. The local automatic con-
trol is shown in Figures 21, 22 and 23.
Figure 21. At-Bashinsk Canal. U.S. Delegation investigating
U.S.S.R. Experimental Project
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Figure 22. At-Bashinsk Canal. Note hydraulic gate with stilling
well and sensor downstream on right
Figure 23. Near Frunze. At-Bashinsk Experimental Project Canal.
Gates controlled with remote set-point hydraulic
controllers.
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Water from the upper reach of canal flows under or by the check
gate. The discharge of water depends on the gate position. The
configuration of the gate is one quarter of a cylinder with closed
ends. Water enters the gate through an orifice in the upstream
plate, and drains through a small valved hole in the end of the
cylinder. The amount of water in the cylinder determines the weight
or bouyancy of the gate and depends on the position of the valve
which opens to release water or closes to hold water in the cylinder.
This valve is powered either hydraulically or pneumatically by taking
advantage of the differential head across the canal structure. The
valve operator is connected to a float position either upstream or
downstream from the canal structure. For downstream control a desired
setpoint of the float is determined which corresponds to a particular
water level. When the float is in this position gate action does
not take place. If the water level drops, the float follows and
this causes the valve in the cylinder to open thus releasing more
water from the cylinder. The cylinder gate then becomes more bouyant,
thereby raising and allowing additional water to be released through
the canal structure. When the water level rises above the setpoint a
similar reaction but opposite in effect occurs. These control devices
are currently in use on the At-Bashinsk Canal. Downstream control
is used on canal check structures and upstream control is used on
wasteway gates. In addition, remote control of setpoint has been
achieved through the use of small direct-current motors which operate
from the low-voltage communications system (fig. 24). Thus conven-
tional 110- or 220-volt electrical power systems are not required
and yet precise control of canal operations is realized.
The control center for the At-Bashinsk Canal provides monitoring
capabilities for water level and gate position sensors located at
critical points along the canal and at the headworks, Chumysh Diver-
sion Dam (figs. 25 and 26). At the present time a dispatcher performs
this monitoring and remote control activities. The addition of a
minicomputer to this operation is planned in the near future. This
will allow programmable operations to be performed automatically by
the computer with human interface at a higher level of decisionmaking.
Another control center visited was at the Alamedin River headworks
to the Eastern Big Chu Canal (fig. 27). Here, equipment installed
in 1974 allows the operators to monitor and control water levels,
discharges, and gate positions at critical locations in the service
area. The man in the photograph (fig. 28) is explaining how releases
of water are conveyed through the network of canals to the irrigators.
Water for this area can come from the east through the Eastern Big
Chu Canal or can be diverted from the Alamedin River. The Alamedin
River is a Chu River tributary but ordinarily the flows are fully
utilized before they can reach the Chu' River.
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Figure 24.
Controller _ 4k - -
set-point, for hydraulic gate
featuring remote
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Figure 26. Motorized gates on Chumysh Diversion Dam.
,$~Ir~~6Illi~l ~Iillfl~~~l ~I
. rr
19.
1 I z. "`
gi , Y
Figure 27. View of Eastern Big Chu Canal headworks
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figure 28. Chu Basin Directorate of Irrigation Systems. First
Alamedinsk Branch. Diagram depicting irrigation
network.
retailed technical information on the Chu Basin is included as
Appendix B.
The importance of irrigation and the optimal development and man-
agement of water resources in the U.S.S.R. cannot be overstated.
This is demonstrated by the magnitude of the Soviet effort in the
subject area of automation and remote control of water resource
systems. While the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have comparable irrigated
acreage at the present time it appears the Soviet potential and
:probable development will be greater in the future. This future
development includes projects which will reverse the northward flow
of several major rivers in Siberia to supply water to the thirsty
South. The magnitude of the projects are unprecedented in the world.
The costs will be enormous and complex control schemes will be
required for successful operation.
31
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The Soviet research and development program necessary to meet present
and future needs in automation is focused through the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Integrated Automation of Reclama-
tion Systems "VNIIKAMS" located in Frunze. However, there are numerous
other institutes throughout the Soviet Union involved in the develop-
ment and application of automation to water systems.
In the Soviet Union the current level of application of automation
to water systems is somewhat behind that of the United States This
is especially the case in the application of minicomputers for real-
time control. There appear to be no minicomputers in this use in the
U.S.S.R. at the present time. This situation will probably be rem-
edied in the near future either through domestic production or
foreign purchases of computers. The Soviets do have practical
automatic and remote control equipment installed and working at
many locations. Also there is a universal recognition of the system
concept of water resource development and management. Unfortunately
the application of systems analysis to the total water resource
system from source to user appears to have some problems at the
point of delivery. A similar problem is encountered in the United
States with reclamation systems generally ending at the point of
delivery to the farm. However, state farms or collective farms in
the U.S.S.R. are usually much larger than individual farms in the
United States. While much interest was expressed in on-farm automa-
tion, the United States Delegation encountered very little during
the visit. Indeed, while both countries share concern about the
macro water system, namely watershed, storage, and river operations
at one end and onfarm, irrigation scheduling and drainage operations
at the other end, automation of canal systems is emphasized in the
joint program.
Current automation of canal systems in the U.S.S.R. includes the use
of local electronic and hydraulic controllers installed for upstream
or downstream control and the use of remote control of headworks,
check;, and turnout structures. Some unique equipment and concepts
of operation were seen that are not in use in the United States. An
example is the local hydraulic or pneumatic controller for headworks,
checks or turnouts that has been widely used for some time with suc-
cess. An important recent development is the ability to perform
remote setpoint adjustments on this controller with only a low-voltage
direct-current, single-pair communication cable.
The array of Soviet engineering talent collected for automation of
water systems is most impressive. While a certain sense of concern
.is detected over availability of critical components, such as mini-
computers, the highly organized and well-structured Soviet effort
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is expected to produce concepts and equipment that will have univer-
sal application.
The joint U.S./U.S.S.1:. effort in Water Resources Technical and
Scientific Cooperation will produce positive results in the field
of automation. The exchange of information and ideas called for
in the enclosed Record of Meeting will stimulate each country to
better develop their own concepts and will introduce new concepts
from the other. This type of competitive cooperation brings out the
best solution for common problems.
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This is a blank page.
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1. Moscow News, September 21, 1974, "USSR Water Resources:
Utilization and Conservation," by Boris Shtepa
"Report of the U.S. Team Visit to the Soviet Union," Irrigation
in the Soviet Union, 1972
3. "Report of the U.S. Delegation Tour of the U.S.S.R.," Irrigation
in the Soviet Union, 1963
"Irrigation and Water Supply in the U.S.S.R.," by A. N.
Askochensky, Moscow, 1970
S. "Water Problems of the Zarafshan Basin and How to Solve It,"
by S. M. Mamarasulov, Tashkent, 1972, translated by A. IV.
Sands, 1974
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APPENDIXES
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Appendix A
..CORD
n
THE' SECOND US--U"'SR COORD17TA OpS 'TIl'a ON ;O~ C'.i' III 2,
"1 ETHODS KD LUJ'A?iS OF AUTO, ATIC,1 A R== CO.IT. OL' L7 IP lIGA-.ICiI
SYST Z"
Ft .nzo, 'Kirghiz L` , USSR 24 Septembers 197.5
I
In accordan^e with the Ua-USS:2 .gr3o1uent on Cooperation in
the Field of Scicr.co gad Technolc ;-, reigned 11ay 24, 1972 and the
Results of Disc ssion of the first meeting of tho US-USSR Joint
working Gaou--) ca Scicnti is and T; chnicol Cooperation in the field
of Water Fo:;o rcoe siC-,-wd Sept nber 30, 1972, t=ie second meotin..; of
US-UuSR coordaln tora was held in rt,. ;e on Cepte nbar 24, 1974 en
Project III 2, '"-3t hods and Leans of Lutonation and Re_nota Control
in IrriGetion ay enZ .
Pxojoct'coordinators, who headed the US-US:SR Partios
The OS pert_ , S D . , . .C.,a
Aoaista,.t Co:.;: iFcioner--
Bureau of Declenntion
The USSR Party:
O.Bilik
Director of the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of In t as d Automation of
Reclenation Syctcns
The list of participc to is attached (Appendix 111).
The following ite-i3 care indcr aiccu: lion:
'1i Coordination of esporincata1 prof; ct,s for joint research
2. Consideration and approval of the DetaijPro, 'en of
works to be carried out during the second stao of coope-
ration for the period of 1975 m d 1976.
II
'I. As a result of o haxzge of opinions, the sides !efined the
general program of work for the per.iod of cot! eration (App.II)
Agrees.,nt 'was reached on selection of the o pericental pro jcct
for joint rote _~S in USSR-A L'tzI Canal of the River Chu
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Appendix A - Continued
Basin ( Kirghiz SSE) in uSA-a Main C.aal of the Sacramento River
Basin (Cali: orni.a).
In accordance wii the agre i e rat, reached at the coordinatio.ral
meeting in U,3A Jte 1974 the USSR aide has prepared technological
charactori tica end. X quir3.~_ont to r3 r---t by automated control
syste l of t aelectod e:^:eri:.rntal project in tho USSR, and
commended then to the U3 side. The LS oide Will preaont 8-n,a7Logous
documents for e perii:_-ntal pro j3ct in WA to the U".3002 coordiuator
before the end of the year of 197->.
They developed and adopted a fully detailed. progrca of work of
the Second phase of cooperation for 1975-197b (Ar, ?ndi= ~)
2. In accordance vii: the coordinated prograu of work of the aocond
phase the coordinators found it aapropriato to carry o:at a exchange of upecialists daring the fourth quarter of 1971' for zu-
tusl discussion of reoults of zosearch on e-"perirentai installer
tions relatii to points 1.2.1. of the progrc:a.
3* The American Group has boon acquainted with the works of sore
water economy organizations of USSR and visited the following
organizations:
All-Union Administration of water projects dosing V/0 f?So juzvodpro-
ject", Moscow.
-Middle Asian Research Institute of Irrigation, Tashkernt.
-Uzbek ESR water projects.
-Kirghiz SSR water projects.
-Scientific Center-All-Union Scientific Rese _rch Institute of Integ-
rated Automation of Irrigation Systems, From..,.
4. The Project Coordinators and the particip4 : s of this Joint
meeting state with satisfaction that the rare hold, in
an atmosphere or friendship and mutual und?i:standing and contri-
buted further aevelopm nt and extension of Coc oration in the
field of Automation and Remote Control of Water Recource Systems.
The pres3nt record is signed on September ?-4, 1974 in trwo copies,
Russian and English, both copies being equally valid
Mr. 0.2.BIICl ?~. Mr. E.SULLIVA3
PIOJECT 0002DIflATOR ,-' PROJECT COORDINATOR
THE SOVIET THE US PARTY
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Appendix A - Continued
List of Participants at Second Coordinator Meeting
USSR Sides on Project III "i,tethods and Means of Automation
Remote Control in 'later Resources Systems".
E.F. SULLIVAII,US Project Coordinator, Assistant
Commissioner-Resource Management,Bureau of
Reclamation
CHARLES A. CALHOUN, Team Leader Water Systems Automation
Devision of Water Operation and Maintenance
Bureau of Reclamation Engineering and Research Center.
Professor P.F. FISCHBACH
University of Nebraska
LEONARD J.ERIE
Agricultural Research Service'US Department of Agriculture
Water Conservation Laboratory
VLADIMIR B.GRIIIIO1F
Interpreter,State Department.
of US-
and
O.A. BILIK,Project Coordinator Director,All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Integrated Automation of Reclamation
Systems(VINIIKA Iielioracii )
V.A. BESSARABOV-Deputy Director,VIIIIKA Lielioracii,
D.A.SUIUI.IBAEV,Deputy Director,VNIIKA Idelioracii
E.E.MAKOVSKY,Department Chief,Institute of Automat:ics.,Kirghiz SSR
Academy of Science
VIACHESLXV I. KUROTCHEI-,,,:O,Chief of Technical Cybernetics
Laboratory, Institute of Automatics, Kirghiz SSR Academy of
Science.
DI,'; ppfoftdFbT gMtef20 C3/2Bi:CIA- R AI1'L?> AOGDk6 "8 0I1 BPP1
A-3
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Appendix A - Continued
Department, V/0 "Sojuzvodproject".
SVETLANA F. KORBUT, secretary, Soviet side of the Joint Water Resourses
Working Group, USSR Ministry for Reclamation and Water Management.
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Appendix A - Continued
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A-5
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix A - Continued
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix A - Continued
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix A - Continued
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Approved For Release 2002/63/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
A-11
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
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Appr ved For Release'-2002/03h8 :CIA-RDP7'00798A000600100008-3
A-12
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix A - Continued
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Approved For Release 2002/03/,2813CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix A - Continued
1 (D
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Approved For Release 2002/03/28-:1QIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B
Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
of the U.S.S.R.
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Complex Automation
of Irrigation Systems
SELECTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL/OPERATING PROJECT
FOR JOINT RESEARCH ON PROJECT 111.2
"METHODS AND MEANS OF AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS"
0. Bilik
Coordinator of the Project
for the Soviet Team
Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
B-1
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
I. INTRODUCTION
With reference to the agreement between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A.
on scientific and technical cooperation signed May 24, 1972, a
program of cooperation has been worked out and agreed upon by both
sides on Project 111.2, "Methods and Means of Automation and Remote
Control of Water Resource Systems."
The program of scientific-research work envisages the development of
methods of structuring automated systems of control. of technological
processes in hydroreclamation systems on the basis of mutual -investiga-
tions of test/experimental irrigation systems in both countries.
The ultimate goal of developing a project for mutual, research is the
selection, development, and experimental/operational testing of a set
of technical and programing means which would assure the optimum
control of technological processes in automated irrigation systems of
various types. The result of the work on the experimental/operating
project is the formulation of recommendations on the design and opera-
tion of similar systems.
Considering the many unusual diversified natural and structural dif-
ferences of irrigation systems, the selection of such a project is
recognized as being difficult if the maximum benefit is to be
obtained from the work conducted on the project.
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Appendix B - Continued
We selected our experimental/operating project based on the following
criteria:
1. The experimental/operating project must, of necessity, have
existing means of automation of the basic technological processes
in reclamation and water management.
2. The basic technical and operating characteristics of the
project (length of canals, bottom slope, discharges, etc.) and
the operating criteria of its complexes and structures should
have sufficient similarities as to zones of the countries, types,
and structures of the systems.
3. The amount and stage of automation in use on the experimental/
operating project should be compatible with future plans for full
automation of the project.
4. The project should be located in the most typical and promising
zone for irrigated farming.
5. The project should be, to a sufficient degree, ready for the
introduction of an automatic control system both from the stand-
point of the acute need of automation for servicing personnel and
in regard to construction features.
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Appendix B - Continued
6. It is desirable that the project have some experience in
the use of systems and means of automation at: various levels,.
7. Conditions should be favorable to the conduct of scientific
research work (installation and operation of apparatus? location
of the project, etc.).
A detailed analysis of the characteristics of the water management
complex in the Chu River. Basin in Kirghisia showed that this system
meets all the given criteria, and in comparison, with a number of
other projects, it has certain essential advantages. The information
given below will serve to illustrate this.
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Appendix B - Continued
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER MANAGEMENT
COMPLEX OF THE CHU RIVER BASIN
The irrigation systems of the Chu River Basin provide water to the
irrigated lands of the Chu Valley, located in an arid climate typical
of Central Asian conditions (see the schematic of the irrigation
systems of this basin - Appendix I). The irrigated area in the Chu
Valley comprises 308,000 ha.
The water management complex of the Chu River Basin is a complicated
irrigation system including a reservoir capacity of 470 million m3,
main canals with a discharge of 60 m3/sec, large intake structures
capable of handling 300-400 m3/sec, and a significant number of water
distribution and water measuring/control structures varying in design
and purpose.
The irrigation systems of the Chu Basin Directorate provide irrigation
water to seven rayons 1/ of Kirghizia and two rayons of Kazakhstan.
The canals also provide water for the needs of industry, power, and fish
raising.
The main source of water for the Chu Basin is the Chu River itself and
its tributaries, the Bol'shaya (Big) Kemin', the Krasnaya (Red), and
a number of mountain streams flowing from the Kirghis Range: Kyzyl-Su,
Shamsi, Issyk-Ata, Alamedin, Ala-Archa, and others.
1/ Translator's note: A rayon is the smallest administrative district
making up the larger administrative unit, called an oblast.
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Appendix B - Continued
The main interrayon canals basically derive their water from three
sources, the Chu, the Big Kemin', and the Krasnaya. The majority
of mountain streams in the basin are significant within the rayons
and supply water for agricultural purposes mainly; within the rayons.
The Chu River, the Big Kemin' and other mountain rivers are fed both
by snows and glaciers, making for large fluctuations in runoff over
the season. The discharges of these rivers over the season as a rule
do not meet the hydrograph of discharges needed for the irrigation
systems.
The Krasnaya River has a spring source with an insignificant variation
in discharge in the course of a year (nearly 25 m3/sec).
The principal components of the water management complex of the Chu
Valley are as follows:
1. The Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir, constructed on a canyon-like
constriction of the Orto-Tokoisk basin of the ~;hu River, was
designed to store water during the nongrowing period and to smooth
out flood peaks in the river flow. The maximum storage capacity
of the reservoir is 470 million m3. The reservoir is designed
to store more than a half year's runoff of the Chu River with
systematic use of all the runoff in the course of a year. It
assures irrigation water to more than 220,000 ha.
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Appendix B - Continued
The reservoir is formed by an earth dam 52 in high, 360 in long at
the crest, and with a crest width of 60 in. It has a 570-m-long
pressure tunnel with a circular section 4.5 m in diameter and a
through capacity of 140 m3/sec. In addition, it has an emergency
spillway 700 in long, 4.0 in wide at the bottom, and slopes of
1-1/2. The maximum discharge of this spillway is 150 m3/sec (equal
to the maximum discharge of the Chu River).
The Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir has a data collection system for water
levels in the bowl, in the lower pool, and in observation wells.
It also has a device for remote control of the discharge of the
tunnel outlet.
The Chu Bypass Canal is a unique reinforced concrete water channel
16.7 km in length with a design discharge of 60.0 m3/sec and a flow
velocity of 6 to 8 m/sec. The canal is rectangular in section, with
a bottom width of 5.0 in, a construction height of 2.5 m,and a wall
thickness at the bottom of 65 cm and 30 cm at the top.
The purpose of the canal is to increase the water reliability to
a land area of 42,500 ha by avoiding a subsided zone of the Chu
riverbed and reducing water losses.
The canal has four turnouts, two pipes under the canal, and eight
The drives for the hoisting mechanisms at all the hydraulic
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Appendix B - Continued
3. The Eastern Big Chu Canal passes through the eastern:
foothill part of the Chu Valley intersecting the -alluvial fans
of the mountain streams: Kyzyl-Su, Shamsi, Kegety, and others.
The structure controlling water intake into the canal from the
Chu River is a dam. The maximum discharge at the head of the
canal is 50.0 m3/sec, the length is 97.3 km. The width of the
canal bed varies from 11.0 m at the head to 4.0 m in the terminal
reach. The area irrigated by the Eastern Big Chu Canal is 48,000
The canal operates solely during the growing season because it is
intended for irrigation only.
The canal has 4 turnouts, 13 checks, and 5 storm drain structures.
The Eastern Big Chu Canal conveys irrigation water to the Kemin',
Chu, Kant, and Alamedin Rayons; to the city of Frunze for irriga-
tion of parks and street plantings; and it can supply water to the
Western Big Chu Canal through the concrete channel of the South
Distribution Canal.
In the area supplied by the Eastern Big Chu Canal, there are 30 water
users, including 17 kolkhozes and 7 sovkhozes.2/
2/ Translator's note: A kolkhoz is a collective farm composed of
earlier small farms. The sovkhoz is a state farm, usually organized
in new farming areas.
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Appendix B - Continued
4. The Western Big Chu Canal extends from east to west intersect-
ing the central part of the Chu Valley. The canal has a dam-type
headworks on the Chu River. The second source of water supply to
the canal is the Krasnaya (Red) River, the flow of which is diverted
to the Western Big Chu Canal by the Krasnaya River hydrocomplex.
The maximum through capacity at the head of the canal is 58 m3/sec,
the length of the canal is 147 km, the bottom width of the canal
varies from 20 m at the head to 10 m at the end.
The Western Big Chu Canal is an irrigation power canal. It conveys
Irrigation water to the Chu, Kant, Alamedin, Sokuluk, Moscow, and
Kalinin Rayons, the city of Frunze, Merken Rayon of Kazakh SSR,
and to the Alamedinsk Cascade of hydroelectric powerplants, the
sugar and cement plants in the city of Kant, and the thermal power-
plant for the city of Frunze. The area supplied by the canal has
78 users including 46 kolkhozes and 9 sovkhozes.
The reach of the canal from Pickets 3/ 468 to 500 is a temporary
channel to take the flow of the Alamedin River to the Lower Ala-
Archinsk Reservoir.
Beyond its upper reaches where water is conveyed for use in power-
plants (as far as the Alamedin Aqueduct) the canal is used solely
3/ Translator's note: This "GK" is not the usual stationing abbre-
viation and a suitable interpretation cannot be found in available
abbreviation dictionaries. However, the "G" could stand for hectometer,
making it the same as PK, standing for canal pickets, which are a
hectometer a art.
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Appendix B - Continued
for irrigation and operates only during the growing period.
The total area of land irrigated by the Western Big Chu Canal
is only 78,000 ha.
There are a number of complexes and structures on the Western
Big Chu Canal: 105 turnouts and 78 subcanal pipes have been
constructed on the canal.
5. Chumysh Dam and the At-Bashinsk Canal. - The C:humysh hydrocompLex
consists of a dam-type diversion works (the dam is the El'sden
type 4/) from the Chu River to the left-bank At-Bashinsk Canal in
the Kirghis SSR and the right-bank Georgievsk Canal in the
Kazakh SSR with a design discharge capacity of 42.5 m3/sec each.
The total through capacity of the hydrocomplex is 565 ma'/sec.
The At-Bashinsk Canal with a total length of 56.3 km provides
conveyance of water to the Alamedin and Sokuluk Rayons for irrigating
21,200 ha of land and for power purposes (the Sma:l At-Bashinsk
Hydroelectric Powerplant). The actual discharge '.'lowing in the
canal reaches from 17 to 20 m3/sec.
The At-Bashinsk Canal has 75 hydraulic structures and 85 gaging
stations. It has been partially automated: the 4Irives for auxiliary
4/ The El'sden-type dam is defined by the Soviet Committee on Technical
Terminology as "A dam-type water-intake structure with lower and sluic-
ing galleries located in the river channel." The preferred term is
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Appendix B - Continued
mechanisms in all the hydraulic structures are electrified,
remote measurement of water levels has been installed at tens of
gaging stations, and a number of hydraulically operated automatic
controls are operating successfully.
6. The complex of features for regulating the Alamedin River
runoff consists of the following structures:
a. Sediment basin traps at water intake structures on the
Alamedin River
b. Reinforced concrete wasteway channel with a capacity
of 22.0 m3/sec 10.6 km long
c. Approach channel to the Lower Ala-Archinsk Reservoir with
a conveyance capacity of 18 m3/sec and a length of
11.2 km
d. Lower Ala-Archinsk Storage Reservoir with a capacity of
39,000,000 m3
e. Main canal from the reservoir with distribution canals for
irrigation of 20,000 ha of land. The canal has a conveyance
capacity at the head of 16.5 m3/sec and a length of 24.1 km
As an illustration of the technical equipment possessed by the irrigation
systems of the Chu Basin, the technical characteristics of a few of the
complexes of hydraulic structures are given in Appendix 2.
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Appendix B - Continued
III. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE OPERATION OF THE
COMPLEX OF INTERRAYON CANALS UNDER THE BASIN DIRECTORATE OF
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF THE CHU VALLEY
The Directorate of the Irrigation Systems of the Chu Va_-ley exercises
basin administration of the irrigation systems through its structural
subdivisions (services administering the canals and complexes of large
structures), through rayon directorates of the irrigation systems, and
indirectly through the water users.
The administration of the irrigation systems is conducted on three
hierarchical levels (Figure 1):
1. Upper - The interrepublican and interrayon level. of water
division under the Basin Directorate of Irrigation Systems
2. Middle - The intrarayon water division administered by the
rayon directorates of irrigation systems
3. Lower - The intrafarm water division administered by the
water users
The use of water resources of the basin is resolved taking into account
of the following basic conditions.
At the beginning of the growing period (April, May) canals are
supplied from the Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir because of low water in the
Big Kemin River. The water flowing along the Chu Bypass Canal goes
to the Eastern Big Chu Canal from which part of the discharge is
conveyed to the Western Big Chu and the At-Bashinsk Canals. In this
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B Contiznued z
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
period the headworks structure of the Western Big Chu Canal and the
Chumysh hydrocomplex discharge only return flows cr seepage water
in the Chu River. With an increase in discharges above the con-
veyance capacity of the Chu Bypass Canal, the water enters all water
intake structures from the Chu riverbed.
At this point, successful operation of the systems constantly
impinges on the necessity to solve a number of problems in operation
,Manning. For example, among the goals for economic use of the water
capacity of the Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir is the need for shielding the
water turnout of that structure during an increase in the discharge
from the Chon-Kemin'River taking into account the rapid inflow of
water.
Water is discharged to the various users according to the principle
of equal water reliability with full satisfaction of consumer require-
ments during sufficient water discharges in the system and. with limita-
tions during water deficits.
The necessary operations for intake and distribution of water are
conducted by the staff at the canal operating subdivisions, which
are guided in their work by the plans for water use and the instruc-
tions coming from the Central Dispatching Office (TsDP) of the Basin
Directorate of Irrigation Systems (Figure 2).
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Appendix B - Continued
The staff conducts the work of regulating and mea.uring water with
transmission of all the necessary information to the Central
Dispatching Office. This office compares the actual discharges
with the plan (the limit) and makes a suitable decision.
The task or operation planning of water distribution is complicated
by the large number of mountain streams, whose water plays such an
important role in assuring irrigation water to the basin but: whose
discharge change appreciably.
When necessary, instructions are issued to correct the discharges
in the system according to the results of an analysis of the
information coming into the Central Dispatching Office.
Collection of information from the canals and transmission of orders
from the Central Dispatching Office are conducted by telephone with
which all large canals and structures are equipped (see Appendix 3).
The operations by direct control of the actuating mechanisms depend
on the technical equipment. at the structures (electric drive, means of
Local automation, and by hand).
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
IV. AMOUNT OF AUTOMATION FEASIBLE FOR USE
IN THE FIRST STAGE
Because of the mutual dependence of one on any of the other canals of
the basin which is necessitated by the very complex scheme for intake
and distribution of water as well as the numerous sources of irrigation
water with very uneven runoff, the control of water distribution
from the top administrative level is a very complex problem. Control
of irrigation by traditional means without automated control systems
cannot assure optimum water distribution without wastage of water.
Actually, good operation of the complex can be obtained only when there
is; the capability of timely reception of information concerning condi-
tions at the various features and of their centralized control.
Such a task can be successfully resolved during introduction of complex
automation on all levels of administration of the Chu Water Management
Project. However, considering all the facts given above on the Chu
Basin as a project for control, the question of automating the top
level of administration in the first phase appears feasible.
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Appendix B - Continued
V. PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS FOR AN AUTOMATED
SYSTEM OF CONTROLLING TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES
1. The system should assure the collection of information on the
basic parameters of the project, characterizing its condition and
enabling judgments for long-time and operating control of interrayon
water distribution (discharges of water at the head of the main canals
and at alinements at the boundaries of the rayons, and others).
2. The system should have the necessary apparatus tor carrying out the
plans for water distribution (including the operational plans) within
the time corresponding to the possibility of their effective realiza-
tion in the system.
3. The system should not have to tolerate water losses in the form
4. The experimental/operating project should contain subsystem predic-
tion of runoff from the principal sources, compensating for drawdow?an
o[ the Orto-Tokoisk Reservoir.
5. The experimental/operating project should have a functioning system
of centralized control of the main hydraulic struct:.ires regulating
the intake of water into the main canals and also at the operational
boundaries of dispatching points of the second level of administration.
B-18
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Appendix B - Continued
6. The subsystems of the lower levels of administration should assure
fulfillment of control commands of the experimental/operating project
within a time corresponding to the permissible time for realization
of optimum plans for water distribution of the rayon services for
control of the irrigation system.
7. The information necessary to the experimental/operating project
concerning the discharges from the small sources should be gathered
by the rayon control centers and transmitted to the Central Control
Office.
8. The automation system for control of technological processes
should envisage the use of instruments compatible with the local
subsystems of the automated control system for technological processes
at the lowest level.
9. The experimental/operating project should have the capability of
.automatic data reception with a printer as well as of signals at the
project concerning deviations in control parameters from set values.
10. The apparatus should envisage the possibility of using instrumenta-
ition with automatic input and analysis of information.
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
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 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued r
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Approved For Release 2002/03/18`3: CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
u l ~. ~ I w r F S x
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Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
B-29
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix B - Continued
3?B
SNOISIAIO 53H]NYN'3
ANOSIAN3d11S ':VJINH~SL
3AIIYNISINIWY :lad IIN31 ]S
Approved For Release 2002/03128D CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix C
DELEGATION MEMBERSHIP AND SOVIET HOSTS
Travel to U.S.S.R.
Joint Commission of Scientific and Technical Cooperation
"Methods and Means of Automation and Remote
Control of Water Resource Systems"
U.S. Delegation
H. F. Sullivan, U.S. Project Coordinator
Assistant Commissioner - Resource Management
Bureau of Recl~.mation
Washington, D.i";.
P. E. Fischbach
University of Nebraska
Room 214
Agricultural Engineering Building
Lincoln, Nebraska 68503
Leonard J. Erie, ARS USDA
Water Conservat.ion Laboratory
4331 East Broadway
Phoenix, Arizona 85040
Charles A. Calhoun
Division of Water Operation and Maintenance
Bureau of Reclamation
Engineering and Research Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
U.S. Interpreter:
V. B. Grinioff
U.S. Department of State
Language Services Division
Washington, D.C.
U.S.S.R. Party
O. A. Bilik, U.S.S.R. Coordinator
Director, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Integrated
Automation of Reclamation Systems "VNIIKAMS"
Frunze 720052
Kirgiz
D. D. Koslov, Chief Specialist of Automatic and Power Supply Department
"Sojuzvodproject"
Moscow
Approved For Release 2002/03/28 C1IA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix C - Continued
V. I. Kurotch^nk.o. !: `, .^ f of Technical Cybernetics Laboratory
KSSR Academy of Science
Institute of Automatics
Frunze
I. B. Khamadov, Chief of Operational Hydrometry and Hydraulic
Automatics with Sector A.C.S.
Central Asia Research Institute of Irrigation "SANIIRI"
Tashkent
Moscow
A. M. Volynov
Director, All-Union Institute for Design of Irrigation and
Reclamation v/o "Sojuzvodproject"
P. G. Fialkovsky
Chief Engineer, v/o "Sojuzvodproject"
L. D. Pavlenko
Deputy Director, v/o "Sojuzvodproject"
L. Zimenkov
Chief, Department of Scientific and Technical Cooperation
U.S.S.R. Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
V. Medvedev
Department of Scientific and Technical Cooperation
U.S.S.R. Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
S. Korbut
U.S.S.R. Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
Tashkent
V. A. Dukhovny
Director, Central Asia Research Institute of Irrigation
"SANIIRI"
A. Mukhamedov
Head of Channel Department, "SANIIRI"
L. M. Taroshetsky
Chief of Hydraulic Control, "SANIIRI"
N. N. Limakov
Assistant Minister, Uzbek Ministry of Reclamation and Water
Management
Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
C-2
 Approved For Release 2002/03/28 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3
Appendix C - Continued
Sa,.rzarkand
0. T. Fairadyan
Chief of Oblast Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management
E. E. Makovski
Head of Institute of Automation of Kirgiz
Academy of Sciences
A. M. Bessarabov
Deputy Director, "VNIIKAMS"
D. A. Suyumbaev
Deputy Director "VNIIKAMS "
A. I. Balievich
Chief, Coordination Department "VNIIKAMS"
Approved For Release 2002/03/26 :3CIA-RDP79-00798A000600100008-3