THE FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 157
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: September 21, 1953
• Content Type: IR

Dt'B
TIAL
. _ ICIAL$ ONLY
?PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY
IN THE .USSR
WL
CIA/RR PR-38
21 September 1953
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WARNING
This material contains inforrnation affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the =Leaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is ;prohibited by law.
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CONFI
ORMATION
CIA/RR PR-38
(ORR Project 3-52)
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position. of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Additional data or comments
which may be available to the user are solicited.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
gp~F
. &IN IM
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CrIll +~rmr
CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 4
A. Food Canning under the Tsarist Regime . . . . . . . . 4+
B. Food Canning under the Soviet Government . . . . . . 5
III. Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
IV. Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A. Fruit- and Vegetable-Canning Plants . . . . . . . . 9
B. Meat-Canning Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
C. Milk-Canning Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
D. Fish-Canning Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
E. Distribution of Food-Canning Plants by Economic
Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
F. Location of Individual Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
V. Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A. Postwar Developments in the Location of Plants . . . 12
B. Mechanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
C. Current Problems . . . . . . . . . . 14
D. Current Assortment of Canned Food . . . . . . . . . . 17
VI. Pattern of Canned Food Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A. Type of Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B. Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
VII. Vulnerabilities, Capabilities, and Intentions . . . . . . 20
A. Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
C. Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
QVQW A", ;r r"ap-b-i 1; 646
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Production of Canned Food in the USSR . . . . . . 27
Appendix B. Input Requirements of the Soviet Food-Canning
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Appendix C. Imports of the Soviet Food-Canning Industry from
the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Appendix D. Organization of the Soviet Food-Canning
Industry . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Appendix E. Sizes and Locations of. Soviet Food-Canning
Plants . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendix F. Varieties, Sizes, and Markings of Soviet Canned
Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Appendix G. Estimated Utilization Pattern for Canned Food
in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Appendix H. Estimated Production of Canned Food in the
USSR by Economic Region, 1951 . . . . . . . . . 131
Appendix I. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Appendix J. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Appendix K. Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . . . . . . . 139
1. Numbers of Cans of Food Produced Annually in the USSR,
1932-40 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Planned Production of Canned Food in the USSR by
People's Commissariat, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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Reported Production of Canned Food in the USSR by the
Ministry of Food Industry, 1945-50 . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. Computed Production of Canned Food in the USSR by the
Ministry of Food Industry, 1945-50 . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Estimated Fish Catch and Production of Canned Fish in
the USSR by the Ministry of Fish Industry, 1940,
1945-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6. Estimated Percentage of Total Production of Canned Food
Produced in the USSR by the Ministry of Meat and Dairy
Industry, 1940, 1941, 191+7-51 . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.
Estimated Production of Canned Food in the USSR by
Ministries, 1940, 1941) 191+5-52, 1955 . . . . . . . . . 36
8. Estimated Production of Canned Food in the USSR,
Showing Breakdown into Tin Cans and Glass Jars, 1951 . . 41
9. Estimated Input Requirements in the Manufacture of
Glass in the USSR by the Food-Canning Industry . . . . . 43
10. Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning
Industry in the US and the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
11. Estimated Numbers and Regional Distribution of the
Labor Force of the Food-Canning Industry in the
USSR, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12. Estimated Production of Canned Food in the USSR and.
Consumption of Electric Energy by the Food-Canning
Industry, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13. Estimated Haulage Required by the Food-Canning Industry
in the USSR, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
14. Capital Investment of the Food-Canning Industry in the
USSR According to the Five Year Plans, 1928-50 . . . . . 56
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15. Soviet Lend-Lease Imports of Canned Meat Products
from the US, 1941-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Regional Distribution of Food-Canning Plants in the
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Food-Processing Plants in the USSR: Location, Type,
Labor Force, and Capacity by Economic Region . . . .
18. Regional Distribution of Enterprises Servicing the
Food-Canning Industry in the USSR . . . . . . . . . .
19. Varieties of Canned Food Produced in the USSR, 1949 . .
20. Comparison of the Contents of Military and Commercial
Tushonka before Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. Comparison of the Contents of Military and Commercial
Tushonka after Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. Contents of Sboynyye Konservy (Canned Offals) . . . . .
23. Net Weight of Cans and Caloric Value per Can for
Various Varieties of Fish Packed in the USSR . . . . .
24. Standard Sizes, Volumes, and Weights of Cans for Fruit,
Vegetables, Meat, and Fish Used in the USSR . . . . .
25. Standard Sizes and. Volumes of Cans for Fruit and
Vegetables Used in the US. . ... . . . . . . . . .
26. Standard Sizes of Cans for Fish Products Used in the
US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. Estimated Civilian Consumption of Canned Food in the
USSR According to Type of Container, 1951 . . . . . .
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28. Estimated Consumption of Canned Food in the USSR by
Commodity and Consumer, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130
29. Estimated Production of Canned Food in the USSR by
Economic Region, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
30. Location of Fish Canneries and Types of Fish Canned
in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
31. Estimated Production of Canned Fish in the USSR by
. Economic Region, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134+
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ZNEIDE
C IA/RR PR - 38
(ORR Project 3-52)
THE FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY IN THE USSR*
Summary
The food-canning industry in the USSR has,grown from a small-scale,
cottage-type industry, which produced 120 million standard** cans in 1913,
to one of the major branches of the food-processing industry, which pro-
duced an estimated 1,637 million cans in 1951. Planned production of
canned food in the USSR for 1952 is estimated at 2,187 million standard
cans and for 1955, at 2,862 million standard cans.
Three ministries, the Ministry of Food Industry, the Ministry of
Meat and Dairy Industry, and the Ministry of Fish Industry, are respon-
sible for canned food production in the USSR.*** Plants under the Min-
istry of Food Industry produced an estimated 983 million cans in 1951
(60 percent of the total Soviet production) and an estimated 1,337 mil-
lion, cans in 1952 (61 percent of the total Soviet production). Plants
under the second largest producer, the Ministry of Meat and Dairy
Industry, produced an estimated 366 million cans in 1951 and 476 mil-
lion cans in 1952 (22 percent of the total Soviet production in each
year). Plants directed by the third largest producer, the Ministry
of Fish Industry, produced an estimated 288 million cans in 1951
(18 percent of the total Soviet production) and 374 million cans in
1952 (17 percent of the total Soviet production).
Fruit and vegetable canning is centered in the following economic
regions****: the Ukraine (III), the Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV),
This report contains information available as of 1 December 1952.
?~* The standard, or statistical, can is a can with a net capacity of
353.4 cubic centimeters (21.57 cubic inches), or a net weight of 400
grams (14.11 ounces). The standard 400-gram can is the unit by which
production of canned and preserved food products is measured.
*** Since the completion of this report, the government of the USSR
has announced (.on 15 March 1953) the integration of the three minis-
tries previously controlling the production of canned food into one
ministry, the Ministry of Food Industry.
**** The term region in this report refers to the economic regions
as defined and numbered on CIA Map 12048, 9-51, USSR: Economic Regions.
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the Transcaucasus (V), the Volga (VI), the Kazakh SSR (Xa), and Cen-
tral Asia (Xb). The two largest fruit and vegetable canneries are
the Krymskaya Canning Combine of Krasnodar Kray in the Lower Don-
North Caucasus (IV) and the Stalin Gigant Canning Plant of Kherson
Oblast in the Ukraine (III). Meat canning; in the USSR is more scattered
than fruit and vegetable canning, tending to concentrate in areas
where pastures and meadows offer cheap feed for livestock. The
more important meat-canning regions are the Lower Don-North Caucasus
(IV), the Volga (VI), Central European USSR (VII), the Urals (VIII),
West Siberia (IX), the Kazakh SSR (Xa), Central Asia (Xb), and East
Siberia (XI). The Ulan-Ude (Buryat Mongol ASSR) and Moscow meat
combines are the biggest and most important Soviet meat-packing plants.
A recent development in meat canning has been the growth in impor-
tance of the Ulan-Ude Meat Combine and its subsidiaries at Irkutsk
(Irkutsk Oblast), Chita (Chita Oblast), and Borzya (Chita Oblast),
which import livestock for slaughter and canning from the Mongolian
People's Republic and Manchuria. Milk canning is most prominent in
the dairy cattle regions of Northern European USSR; (Ib), Belorussia
(IIb), the Volga (VI), Central European USSR (VII), and West Siberia
(IX). Fifty percent of the Soviet fish pack is canned in the Far
East (XII), which has access to the Pacific Ocean. Access to the
Caspian Sea makes the Volga (VI) an important fish-canning area, and
the Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV) and the Kazakh SSR (Xa), each of
which fish several seas, are also significant.
Since the end of World War II the Soviet food-canning industry
has made efforts to modernize and mechanize its plants and equipment.
Although reparations from Germany and imports from the US have facili-
tated Soviet attempts at modernization, the Soviet food-canning indus-
try remains backward by US standards. Inefficient utilization of
plant capacity, lack of adequate refrigeration, shortages of con-
tainers, inadequate transportation, and unreliable sources of canning
machinery tend to retard the development of this industry. An
especially important inhibitor to rapid expansion is the dispropor-
tionate use of labor in relation to available machinery.
Under peacetime conditions, canned food produced in the USSR is
either stockpiled, exported, or consumed directly by civilian con-
sumers and, to a lesser extent, by the military. It is believed that
the greatest share of Soviet canned food output goes into stockpiles.
The concentration of food-canning facilities in a few areas close
to the raw material tource of supply, the great distances from the
plants to the consumers of canned food, and carelessness in preparing and
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handling canned food render the Soviet food-canning complex vulnerable
to attacks of various sorts. To offset these weaknesses and to in-
crease availability of certain types of canned food, Soviet fruit and
vegetable canneries, through the use of additional machinery or modifi-
cations of their canning lines, might be capable of canning meat or
fish. More thorough utilization and exploitation of the resources of
the Soviet Satellites might make larger quantities of canned food
available to the USSR.
Soviet intentions may be indicated by (1) the priority the Russians
give to food canning as a segment of the over-all economy in any given
period, as contrasted with the priority placed on this industry in
other-periods; (2) the utilization of the output of the food-canning
industry; and (3) the size of cans. The Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-
55) calls for an increase of 212 to 3 times in the consumption of canned
foods by civilians. An increase of this magnitude could be brought
about only by a substantial cutback in stockpiling of canned food
products. A cutback in the stockpiling program would seem to imply
either attainment of goals or a change in policy.
I. Introduction.
The food-canning industry is one of the most important branches of
the food-processing industries in the USSR. The canning of such sea-
sonal foods as fruit and vegetables, meat, and fish makes these foods
available for consumption throughout the year. The balanced diet thus
available aids the population in attaining a year-round level of work-
ing efficiency. 1/* Canning furthers the state policy of substituting
processed food products, sold only through state channels of distribu-
tion, for raw foods available from private individuals on the collec-
tive farm market thus tightening state control of food distribution.
Canning facilitates stockpiling of perishable foods and, to a certain
extent,, offsets the serious lack of refrigeration facilities in the
USSR. 2/ Canning further supplies choice luxury items such as crabmeat,
caviar, and salmon for export to the West and thereby provides much
needed foreign exchange. J Finally, because of the relative ease of
* Footnote references in arabic numerals are to sources listed in
Appendix K.
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transport and storage, canned food represents a very important requi-
site of the rations of the armed forces, especially in time of war.
The Soviet Army lives off the land as much as possible in time of
war, but as the tempo of destruction increases it becomes more and
more difficult to live off the devastated land. Canned food becomes
an ever more necessary supply component, ultimately representing, as
in the late stages of World War II, an important source of protein
foods for both the armed forces and the civilian population. ,/
II. History.
A. Food Canning under the Tsarist Regime.
In Tsarist Russia, food canning was a primitive small-scale
industry, largely of the cottage type, producing hors d'oeuvres,
delicacies, relishes, and desserts. Meat and fish were the princi-
pal foods canned commercially, with most of the production being
used for army supplies. Meat canning had been introduced into
Russia in the 1870's to provide a meat ration for the Russian Army
in the Khiva War. Production of canned meat tended to keep pace
with the needs of the Army, increasing somewhat during the Russo-
Japanese War and to a much greater extent during World War I
1914-17). Compared to other ]European armies, however, the absolute
quantity of canned meat supplied to the Russian Army was relatively
small. J
In prerevolutionary Russia there were about 100 canning plants,
of which only 10 to 15 were commercially important. In 1913 the
Russian canning industry produced a total. of 120 million standard 400-
gram cans* of meat, fish in oil or tomato sauce, fruit, vegetable hors
d'oeuvres, and tomato puree. 7 Much of the canned food eaten in
Tsarist Russia was imported.
* The total of standard 400-gram cans given may actually include
400-gram cans, 1-kilogram cans, and other cans of varying sizes as
well as glass jars, all of which are converted to 400-gram-can
equivalent. J Any reference to cans of food in this report will
be in terms of standard 400-gram cans unless otherwise stated.
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Following, the outbreak of the Bolshevik Revolution, the com-
mercial production of canned goods, with the exception of canned meat
for military needs, was almost completely discontinued. 9/
B. Food Canning under the Soviet Government.
1. Early Years.
The food-canning industry developed slowly during the early
years of the Soviet government, remaining a semicottage industry un-
til 1926-28. 10/ Production of canned food in 1928 was about 90 mil-
lion cans of food of which 33 million were fish, 21 million meat, and
the remaining 36 million,fruit and vegetable products. 11/ Some of
the factors tending to retard the development of a modern canning in-
dustry in the USSR during this period were poor organization; a lack
4f modern plants, equipment, and technical skill; and an inadequate
supply of raw foodstuffs.
2. First Five Year Plan (1928-32).
Starting with the First Five Year Plan (1928-32), the USSR
made strenuous efforts to build a modern canning industry. Most can-
neries, except those which formed an organic part of meat or fish
enterprises, were brought under the administration of Soyuzkonserv
(All-Union Canning) by a special decree issued by the government in-
1930 organizing the industry. 12/
Substantial investments were made in the construction of
from 25 to 30 new canning plants including the large plants in Krym-
skaya (Krasnodar Kray) and Kherson (Kherson Oblast). 13/ Although
Soviet representatives visited the US to study in some detail the op-
eration of US canning plants, US engineers and technicians were em-
ployed by the USSR to install many new canneries which were largely of
US design and equipment and to train Soviet personnel in their opera-
tion. Krymskaya was one of the canning plants installed by US
engineers. 14/
The collectivization drive of the early 1930's directly
aided the Soviet canning industry by creating a more easily accessible
.source of supply of the raw foodstuffs necessary to keep the canning
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plants in operation. Collective farms furnished over 50 percent of
the fruit and vegetables required by the canning industry in 1930,
as compared with 70 percent in 1933.*
3. Second Five Year Plan (1933--37)-
Under the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) the food-canning
industry made marked advances. Over 200 million rubles were invested
in the industryyand about 30 to 35 new canning plants, including the
Nakhodka fish-canning plant in the Far East in the present Primorskiy
Kray and the Kherson cannery in the Ukraine, were put into
operation. 16
Further efforts were made to improve the supply of food-
stuffs available to the canneries. Collective farms in the vicinity
of canneries were obliged to supply the canneries with fruit and
vegetables, and numerous state farms were set up directly under the
jurisdiction of the ministries controlling the canning industry.
A problem frequently encountered in the 1930's was the
poor quality of the canned goods produced. 17/ For example, at the
Petropavlovsk Meat Combine, spoilage of canned meat products in 1936
amounted to 2.5 percent of total canned meat production, and 150,000
cans of meat did not meet minimum standards. 18/
4. Third Five Year Plan (1938-42).
The-primary objectives of the Third Five Year Plan (1938-
42) for the food-canning industry were increases in plant production
attended by an increase in the foodstuff base; decreases in produc-
tion costs; and local development of the industry in such economic
regions as the Far East (X II), with a view to cutting transport costs,
eliminating bottlenecks, and making various outlying areas as nearly
self-sufficient as possible. 19
Canned food output increased slightly during the 3 years
of the Third Five Year Plan actually completed (see Appendix A).
* By 1937, collective farms were supplying about 85 percent (406,500
metric tons) of all vegetables canned by plants of the People's Com-
missariat of the Food Industry and about 70 percent (115,000 metric
tons) of all fruit. 15/
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There was a decrease of about 30 percent in canned food
production from 1937 to 1938. The official explanation given by the
Russians for this decrease was that numerous unprofitable assortments
of canned fruit and vegtables had been eliminated. 20/ Output of
canned food
leveled off in 1939 and 1940, attaining a total of
1
billion cans
activities,
in 1940. 21/ The 1941 Plan, uncompleted because
called for the production of 1,262 million cans of
of war
food.
22/
Significant expansion of the foodstuff base of the food-
canning industry was achieved during the completed portion of the
Third Five Year Plan. Just before the outbreak of World War II, can-
ning plants were supplied with foodstuffs by 70 state farms and about
3,000 collective farms, which had over 70,000 hectares* planted in
vegetables and over 110,000 hectares in fruit. 23/ In addition to
these farms specifically serving the canning industry, numerous other
state and collective farms also supplied some fruit and vegetables to
canning plants. 24/
By the outbreak of World War II an estimated 212 million
rubles had been invested in the food-canning industry under the Third
Five Year Plan (see Appendix B). Much of this investment went into
the development of plants in regions where food canneries were not
previously located. Although World War II interrupted this plan, it
did speed up decentralization of the canning industry. During the war
years, 12 canning plants and 2 glass container plants were constructed
in Central Asia and Siberia. 25/
5. World War II.
a. Wartime Difficulties.
The Russo-German phase of World War II, which surged
back and forth through the key food-producing and food-canning areas
of Moldavia, the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Lower Don-North Caucasus,
and Stalingrad Oblast badly crippled the Soviet food-canning industry
in these devastated regions. The area planted with vegetables avail-
able to canneries was reduced to half the prewar acreage, and over 30
canning plants were completely cut off from their areas of supply. 26/
In addition to the losses in foodstuffs, the food-can-
ning industry also lost over half of its equipment. The productive
* A hectare equals 2.471 acres.
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capacity of the industry decreased by about 70 percent. Among. the
larger canneries destroyed during World War II were the Krymskaya
Canning Combine imeni Mikoyan; the Stalin Gigant Canning Plant;
the Odessa canneries imeni Lenin and imeni Voroshilov; the Tiras-
pol' "First of May" cannery; and the Krasnodar, Kropotkin, Stalin-
grad, Adygey, and Cherkassk canneries. 27/
During World War II, limited resources of food for
canneries, shortages of labor, and a scarcity of materials for con-
tainers resulted in utilization of a variety of low-quality raw ma-
terials and in a lowering of standards in the preparation of various
recipes. An example of the substitution of low-quality for high-qual-
ity foodstuffs was the substitution of wild berries for cultivated
berries. 28/
b. Lend-Lease Imports.
The Soviet food-canning industry was buttressed by US
Lend-Lease shipments throughout the war from 19+1 to 1945. The US ex-
ported 169,953 short tons (15+,181 metric tons) of tinplate to the USSR
during World War II. Substantial. amounts of this tinplate were con-
sumed by the Soviet food-canning industry, especially by Far Eastern
fish-canning plants. The food-canning industry was also supported by
such measures as the shipment of 7 million tin cans by the American
Can Company to the Soviet Far Eastern fishing industry. 29/
Over 0.5 million metric tons of canned meat products,.
primarily pork and beef tushonka (a type of stew) were exported to the
USSR by the US 30/ (see Appendix C). Although most of this tushonka
was used to feed the Soviet Army, 3 civilians consumed sizable quan-
tities, as indicated by the fact that tushonka cans were scattered
about village dwellings from above the Arctic Circle to the Black Sea.
6. Postwar Recovery.
During the immediate postwar years, dismantled German can-
ning plants supplied machinery and other equipment for reconstruction
of Soviet canning plants, 32 and German, Japanese, and other prison-
ers of war furnished the manpower necessary to rebuild and re-equip
old plants and to set up new plants in various sections of the coun-
try. 33 Under the Fourth Five Year Plan. (1946-50), 24 wholly or
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partially destroyed canneries were rebuilt, 7 new canneries were put
into operation, collective farms in the vicinity of canneries were
re-established, and their prewar production was restored. 34/
The re-establishment of the food-canning industry re-
sulted in significant increases in production. Output of canned food
increased from an estimated 379 million cans in 1945 to an estimated
1,074 million cans in 1949, thus exceeding prewar (1940) production
only 4 years after termination of hostilities. Production of canned
food rose town estimated 1,363 million cans in 1950 and an estimated
1,637 million cans in 1951. The 1952 Plan indicated an estimated
production of 2,187 million cans (see Appendix A).
The Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55) anticipates an esti-
mated 2,862 million cans of food by 1955. 35/
III. Organization.
Administration of the Soviet food-canning industry is divided
among the following ministries: the Ministry of Food Industry, which
cans primarily fruit and vegetables; the Ministry of Meat and Dairy
Industry, which cans meat and dairy products; and the Ministry of Fish
Industry, which cans fish products.*
The plants under the Ministry of Food Industry, are estimated to
have produced 983 million cans in 1951 -- 60 percent of total canned
food production. The plants under the Ministry of Meat and Dairy In-
dustry, the second largest group of canned food producers in the USSR,
are estimated to have produced 366 million cans in 1951 -- 22 percent
of total canned food production. The plants under the Ministry of
Fish Industry, the third largest group of canned food producers in
the USSR, are estimated to have produced 288 million cans in 1951 --
18 percent of total canned food production.
IV. Location.
A. Fruit- and Vegetable-Canning Plants.
1. Location of Fruit- and Vegetable-Canning Facilities.
The two largest fruit and vegetable canneries are the Krym-
skaya Canning Combine of Krasnodar Kray and the Stalin Gigant Canning
Plant of Kherson Oblast. O1-,her important fruit and vegetable canneries
See footnote, p. 1, referring to merger of ministries.
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in European USSR are located in Stavropol' Kray; Rostov, Stalingrad
and Groznyy oblasts; the Dagestan ASSR; the North Osetian ASSR; the
Ukrainian SSR; and the Moldavian SSR.
In recent years the Moldavian SSR has become increasingly
important in the canning of fruit and vegetables. 36 The huge
Tiraspol' canneries, "First of May" and "Tkachenko, and the recently
built Kalarash Canning Plant, along with numerous smaller plants, en-
abled the Moldavian SSR to double its prewar output of canned foods in
1951 despite slipshod work by many plants. 37 Present plans call for
3 new canning plants to be built in the Moldavian SSR during the
period 1953-55. 38
2. Eastward Expansion.
During World War II, 12 new canneries were constructed in
eastern regions, and since the war there has been an even more sig-
nificant eastward movement of the fruit- and vegetable-canning in-
dustry to the Central Asiatic republics, particularly to the southern
Kazakh SSR, which in 1951 produced 6 times as many canned goods as
before the war and to the Kirgiz SSR, which in 1951 quadrupled its pre-
war canned food production. 39 Important canning centers are also
found in the Uzbek SSR and the Tadzhik SSR in Central Asia, as well as
in the three republics of the Transcaucasus -- the Georgian SSR, the
Armenian SSR, and the Azerbaydzhan SSR.
B. Meat-Canning Plants.
1. Location of Meat-Canning Facilities.
Much of the canned meat in the USSR is produced by the
large meat-packing plants of Ulan-Ude, Moscow, Leningrad, Semipalatinsk,
Petropavlovsk, Baku, Leninakan, Chkalov, and Alma-Ata. However, meat is
also canned in numerous small- and medium-sized meat-packing plants of
the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry throughout the country and, as
a slack season operation, by canneries of the Ministry of Food Industry
such as Krymskaya. LO/
2. Eastward Expansion.
There has also been an expansion eastward in meat canning,
and one of the largest meat-canning plants in the country is now in
Ulan-Ude. The Ulan-Ude meat-packing plant, along with its subsidiaries
at Irkutsk, Chita, and Borzya, built up a wartime canning industry,
which supplied the army with canned meat, taking the place of the many
important packing plants overrun by the Germans. Imports of cattle,
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sheep, goats, and horses from the Mongolian People's Republic and of
swine from Manchuria, Li as well as the increasing indigenous herds
which were augmented by wartime livestock shifts eastward, would indi-
cate that these eastern plants have continued large-scale operations
in the postwar period. 42
C. Milk-Canning Plants.
Milk canning is most prominent in the dairy cattle regions of
the Northwest (Ia) and West Siberia (IX). / Important milk can-
neries are the Sukhona, located at Sokol in Vologda Oblast., the Kansk
in Krasnoyarsk Kray, the Alekseyevka in Tatar ASSR, the Yalutorov in
Chelyabinsk Oblast, and the reconstructed Rogachev milk cannery in
Belorussia (Iib). L
D. Fish-Canning Plants.
Fish canneries are operated primarily by the Ministry of Fish
Industry and are located along the shores of various seas, lakes, and
rivers with a few inland exceptions including the Krymskaya cannery of
the Ministry of Food Industry, where, as in the case of meat, fish
canning constitutes a slack season operation during the winter
months. ~+5
In the Far East (XII), most of the crab canning and some fish
canning is done by floating canneries, several of which were "inher-
ited" with the dispossession of their former Japanese owners. Approx-
imately 50 percent of all Soviet fish canning takes place in the Far
East . L6/
E. Distribution of Food-Canning Plants by Economic Regions.
The packing plants of each of the canning industries operate
in the areas best adapted to supplying them with the raw material in-
puts that they require. Thus the Ministry of Food Industry, as indi-
cated in Appendix H, packs 25 percent of its output in the Ukraine
(III), 47 25 percent in the Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV), 15 percent
in the Transcaucasus (V), and 15 percent in Central Asia (Xb).
The Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry has distributed its
packing plants more diffusely but tends to concentrate in areas where
pastures and meadows offer cheap feed for livestock. Fourteen percent
of the canned meat output is packed in the Kazakh SSR (Xa), 12 percent
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in East Siberia (XI), and 10 percent in the Urals (VIII). Some 19 to
20 percent of the canned milk is processed in Northern European USSR
(Ib) and in West Siberia (IX); 17 to 18 percent in the Volga (VI);
12 to 13 percent in Central European USSR (VII); and 10 to 11 percent
in Belorussia (IIb). Fully 50 percent of all the USSR's canned fish
is packed in the Far East (XII), which has access to the resources of
the Pacific Ocean. Another 10.5 percent is packed in the Lower Don-
North Caucasus Region (IX) which has access to the Caspian Sea, the
Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov; and 9.9 percent, largely from the
Caspian Sea, is packed in the valley of the Volga (VI). A more de-
tailed breakdown of the canned food production by region and by cate-
gory of food canned is given in Appendix H.
F. Location of Individual Plants.
Appendix E shows the location of individual food-canning
plants by economic region and by republic, oblast, or kray. Informa-
tion that is available on individual plant capacity and labor force
is also included.
V. Recent Developments.
A. Postwar Developments in the Location of Plants.
Aftex World War II a determined effort was made to rebuild
canning facilities near their prewar locations and thereby utilize
those resources of local skilled personnel, living quarters, and
transportation and power facilities which had originally made the
sites good cannery locations. 1+8/
For example, the 2 modern giant canneries of the prewar
Soviet fruit- and vegetable-canning industry, the Krymskaya
Canning Combine imeni Mikoyan of Krasnodar Kray and the Stalin
Gigant Canning Plant of Kherson Oblast, with a combined pro-
ductive capacity of 200 million cans, which accounted for over
20 percent of the prewar total Soviet production, )+9/ were destroyed
during World War II. 50/ Since World War II, these plants have been
reconstructed, with dismantled German canning plants initially sup-
15
plying the necessary machinery. Subsequently, new US and Soviet
equipment has been installed. At present the Krymskaya and Kherson
canning plants have more modern equipment than before World War II
and have already regained and perhaps surpassed their prewar produc-
tion. 51/
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1. Utilization.of US and German Equipment.
Modern US canning and tin-plating machinery was sent to
the USSR during World War II under Lend-Lease and, since World War II,
through normal trade channels 52/ (see Appendix C). Among the tin-
plating machinery exported to the USSR were two complete hot-dip tin-
ning units. The hot-dip process is considered obsolete in the US, hav-
ing been superseded to a great extent by the electrolytic process. 53/
Much German canning machinery was transferred to the USSR
as reparations. .L4/ Most of this German canning machinery is reported
to have been exceedingly useful to the USSR, although it is similar to
equipment used in the US during the 1930-35 period and is therefore
obsolete by US standards. 55/
2. Soviet Plans and Achievements.
Plans are under way to replace obsolete canning machinery
with more modern equipment and to mechanize time-consuming hand pro-
cesses such as the washing of glass containers and the loading, un-
loading, and sorting of raw materials. 56 The planned construction
of steam and electric power plants at Kherson, Tiraspol', and Kamyshin
will increase the power base of food-canning plants located in the
vicinity of these plants. 57/
Despite these grandiose Soviet plans for mechanization of
canning equipment and actual increased production of canned food, the
food-canning industry in the USSR, with the exception of a few big
plants, is still backward by US standards. Recipes sent to US canners
for the wartime production of tushonka called for hand labor in many
operations which are performed by machines in the US. Filling cans
was a hand operation broken down into several activities, with each
component of the final product, onion, spices, meat, lard, and bayleaf,
requiring separate handling. Preparation of the various raw materials,
cooking, and loading and unloading of kettles, all of which are
mechanized in the US, were also hand operations in the USSR. 58
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1. Utilization of Capacity.
Canning plants are supplied with seasonal foods. Canning
of fruit and vegetables coincides with the months in which these pro-
ducts are harvested in the USSR, roughly the middle of May through the
middle of October. Meat canning coincides with the period of large-
scale slaughter of livestock, which runs from the middle of October
through January. Some fish are caught and canned throughout the year,
but the periods of heaviest catch and, consequently, maximum canning
activity,come in the spring and in the fall. Milk is canned on a year-
round basis.
If the canning industry were located in a small area, the
pattern of production outlined above would provide some form of food-
stuff for canning plants on a year-round basis so that these plants
could remain active by switching from production of canned fruit and
vegetables to canned meat and then to canned fish. However, except
for Krymskaya and a few other large plants, switching from one product
to another with the season has not proved feasible for Soviet canning
plants. Areas providing fruit and vegetables are not always near
livestock-producing or fish-catching areas. Furthermore, because of
high transportation costs and the fact that transportation facilities
are operating near capacity, hauling of raw materials over long dis-
tances to processing centers is not practicable. As a consequence, it
is frequently cheaper to keep a small fruit-canning plant in a non-
meat-producing area idle during the off-season than to import meat.
However, in the case of Krymskaya, which employs over 1,000 workers
and is equipped with modern and costly machinery, it would seem de-
sirable to import raw food if this were necessary to keep the plant
operating continuously. Krymskaya does have a rich hinterland for
the supply of livestock products as well as fruit and vegetables and
is close enough to the Black Sea coast for the supply of fish. It
therefore receives an excellent year-round supply of raw foodstuffs,
but even this plant must import meat products from Hungary and
Rumania to keep its assembly lines rolling. 79
The division of canning facilities among three ministries
also acts as a deterrent to year-round activity in individual enter-
prises. Meat combines and fish-processing plants are set up to pro-
cess products in various ways, including canning, whereas canning com-
bines of the Ministry of Food Industry are set up for canning only.
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Although meat and fish canneries are equipped to process
a whole animal, their facilities are not flexible enough to engage in
the canning of fruit and vegetables. Canning combines of the Ministry
of Food Industry on the other hand are frequently equipped to can wide-
ly different commodities such as fruit and fish by making relatively
slight adjustments in supply, processing, and distribution channels.
Because of the long-enforced inactivity, the Russians
are making strenuous efforts to utilize capacity to the fullest dur-
ing the cannir: season. In spite of these efforts, the coefficient of
utilization never exceeded two-thirds of capacity during the war years
and dropped well below this figure in the postwar period. Even though
the Fourth Five Year Plan called for special attention to be given to
the problem of increasing seasonal utilization of capacity, some plants
were operating below capacity as late as the 1951 fruit- and vegetable-
canning season. 60/
2. Lack of Adequate Refrigeration.
The lack of adequate refrigeration capacity to store foods
awaiting processing, or already processed, is- a serious weakness in
canned food production and distribution. Although many plans have
been made to increase refrigeration capacity, this was still a major
problem in 1951. 61
3. Botulism.
It cannot be accurately determined whether botulism exists
as a serious problem in the Soviet food-canning industry. Food poi-
soning, which was called botulism, was noted in Odessa. and Dnepropet-
rovsk in 1935 and was attributed to carelessness. 62/ Botulism was
reported in Lithuania in 1940-41, where it was attributed to sabo-
tage. 63/ No other information is currently available on the occur-
rence of botulism. Both pork and beef tushonka are excellent media
for the development of bacteria which produce the toxin. The toxin,
however, is destroyed if exposed to heat at 212?F for 5 minutes. 64/
4. Shortages of Containers.
Before 1930 the containers used in the canning industry
consisted mainly of tin cans. However, since much of the tin utilized
in the tin cans had to be imported, attempts were made, to increase the
use of glass containers. As a consequence of these efforts, the number
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of glass. containers used in the Soviet food-canning industry increased
from 5 million in 1930 to a planned 1.00 million in 1936, about 8 per-
cent of total canned food production. 65/ By 191+0, almost half of the
total canned food production was being put up in glass jars. L6/
In 1936, despite greater utilization of glass jars, the
shortage of containers in the food industry led A.I. Mikoyan, then
People's Commissar for the Food Industry, to complain of "a lack of
tinplate and glass for tins and jars." To alleviate the shortage of
containers, the Ordzhonikidze (now Dzaudzhikau) plant with a capacity
of 75 million jars per year, and the Stalingrad plant, with a capacity
of 35 million jars per year, were set up to produce glass jars for the
food-canning industries; and the Novomos:kovskiy.tinplate rolling plant
was constructed to supply tinplate for canning factories. Ll/
As a. consequence of -tin shortages during World War II,
there was an increased tendency to preserve foods in bottles and jars
that would normally have been preserved in tin cans. Because of a
.lack of packing boxes, canned or bottled, goods were often stored in
the open and were loaded, unpacked and in bulk, on railroad cars
resulting in considerable breakage and loss. 68
The packaging of canned goods continues to be a problem in
spite of the numerous efforts that have been made to increase the sup-
ply of containers. To compensate for the short supply of tin to the
food-canning industry and to reduce consumption of tinplate, the use
of lacquered blackplate cans of a type used in Germany during World War
II has been introduced. / Although increased use is being made of
glass jars, / 70 the glass industry has experienced difficulty in
meeting its obligations. This industry has too many small plants pro-
ducing haphazardly and maintaining outmoded techniques and unproduc-
tive labor methods. Another difficulty encountered by the glass in-
dustry is the unprQfita'ble distribution of glass enterprises of simi-
lar type among many different ministries. 71
Available information indicates that the Russians still
rely primarily on the hot.-dip method of tinplating, which has been re-
placed by the electrolytic method in, the US. The hot-dip method uti-
lizes a higher ratio, of tin in the tinplate than the electrolytic
method 'but requires less space and machinery and costs less. In 191+9,
tinplate plants of meat combines processed 3 million rubles worth of
electrolytic tinplate. The 1950 Plan called for production of 5 mil-
lion rubles worth of electrolytic tinplate by the meat industry. 72
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D. Current Assortment of Canned Food.
In 1912, about 90 different varieties. of canned. food were.
produced in Russia, whereas by 1949, 517 varieties were being.pro-
duced. These included 120 varieties of meat, 150 of fish, 70 of
vegetables, 150 of fruit, 22 of fruit and vegetable juices, and 5 of
canned milk. 7j (See Appendix F for names of varieties and sizes.
Df cans.)
VI. Pattern of Canned Food Utilization.
A. Type of Container.
In the USSR, canned food is packed in tin.cans.or glass jars,
depending on the availability of raw materials for the containers, the
type of product canned, and the utilization pattern of the canned food.
Appendix B briefly traces the history of the relative position of tin
cans to glass jars in total canned food production. Based on.-the his-
torical developments and on information from numerous individual plants,
it is estimated that about 90 percent of all canned meat, fish, and.
dairy products and about 25 percent of all canned fruit and vegetables
are packed in tin cans and that the remainder is packed in glass jars.
Of the estimated total 1951 production of 1,637 million cans of food,
an estimated 675 million were packed in glass jars and the remaining
962 million packed in tin cans..
B. Outlets.
Canned food produced in the USSR is consumed by the military
or the civilian population or is exported or stockpiled. It is dif-
ficult to determine accurately the quantity of canned food going into
each of the above channels, but the military takes priority as a con-
sumer, either for immediate use or for future use of stockpiled canned
food.
1. Civilian Consumption.
Despite.Soviet claims that, by 1948, consumption of canned
food by the civilian population had increased 10 times in comparison
with 1913, 7)/ that 1951 sales of canned food were 27 percent greater
than 1950 sales, 75/ and that prices of canned fruit and vegetables.
had been reduced 20 to 10 percent, respectively, in 1952 as com-
pared with 1951, 76/ only small quantities of canned food are
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available to urban consumers. Since only a very small fraction of
the total 1913 population of Tsarist Russia consumed canned food, a
tenfold increase in per capita canned food consumption over a 35-year
period is virtually meaningless. As for the increase noted in civil-
ian consumption between 1950 and 195.1, members of the American Embassy
in Moscow frequently note the absence of canned food in Soviet food
stores and the very small actual per capita consumption of canned food.
Since over one-third of the 1951 canned food production was
canned in glass jars not useful for either stockpiling or army rations,
it is assumed that most of the Soviet canned goods output going into
civilian channels is preserved in glass jars. Circulars advertising
the canned food products of the Ministry of Food Industry for civilian
consumption always show illustrations of glass jars of fruit and 25X1 C
vegetables, never of tin cans. 77/
3. Exports.
Exports of canned food by the USSR are insignificant ex-
cept for canned fish. As long ago as 1937 the Russians exported about
6,900 metric tons of canned fish, 81/ or about 17 to 18 million stand-
ard 1+00-gram cans. The post-World War II expansion of the Soviet can-
ning industry in the Far East, primarily caused by the acquisition of
Japanese canning facilities and the attendant elimination from the
export market of the Japanese canning industry, formerly one of the
world's leading exporters of canned fish and seafood, enabled the
Soviet Far Eastern fish-canning industry to monopolize the Far Eastern
export market until very recently. 82/ The Russians have long been
capitalizing on the export of high-value canned fish products such as
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caviar, lobster, and salmon to Western Europe, the British Common-
wealth, and the US while importing much larger quantities of cheap
Norwegian salted herring for domestic consumption. 83/ In this man-
ner the USSR gained in total food tonnage and also picked up much
needed foreign currency in exchange. If a small tonnage of canned
fish from other areas such as the Baltic (IIa) or the Volga (VI)
is added to Far Eastern exports, an estimate of about 100 million
cans of fish is obtained as the export total for 1951.
In January 1952 a new All-Union export-import association,
Prodintorg, was set up to handle among other products the export of
canned fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish. Prodintorg thus replaces
the former Eksportkhleb in the handling of canned food. 84/
4. Stockpiling.
Stockpiling is a major factor in Soviet wartime supply po-
tential. It has been indicated that considerable quantities of canned
food are currently going into stockpiles. 85/ Accurate figures on the
number of cans of food stockpiled are, however, not obtainable (see
Appendix G).
Two factors qualify the implementation of a stockpiling
program: (a) production must be maintained or increased, or con-
sumption decreased; (b) canned food must be stored for long periods
of time to enable production to meet annual turnover and add to the
stockpile.
The theoretical limit to the number of cans that can be
stockpiled, given available storage, facilities, depends upon produc-
tion and the rate' of stockpile inputs and withdrawals. Canned food
cannot be stored indefinitely, but must be taken from storage and used
after about 5 years. Thus, if increases in production or decreases in
utilization permit larger inputs of food than must be withdrawn, stocks
will show net increases. If, however, a decline in production occurs
or the government, by decree, reduces annual inputs below the neces-
sary withdrawals, stocks will show a net loss. A constant rate of in-
puts may even be accompanied by a net lowering of the level of stocks.
If, for example, inputs level off at 5,000 units but withdrawals are
6,000 units because of high inputs a few years earlier, the level of
stockpiling will show an absolute decrease until withdrawals likewise
level off at 5,000 units.
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The levels of stocks at any given time are not therefore
determined by the rate of inputs alone, but estimates must be based on
the moving and ever-changing ratios that exist between the accretions
to and withdrawals from stocks.
Soviet production of canned food has shown continuous in-
creases from year to year since the end of the war, ranging from a 20-
percent increase from 1950 to 1951 to a 35-percent increase from 1948
to 1949, with an average annual increase of 30 percent in canned food
production. The Plan for canned food production in 1952 called for
a 33-percent increase over 1951 production, and 1955 production is to
be 2.1 times greater. than 1950 production (see Appendix A).
The Russians estimate the maximum storage period for lac-
quered tin cans to be 5 years and for unlacquered tin cans, 3 years. 86/
Only limited quantities of glass jars are stockpiled. On this basis,
there would have to be a complete turnover of canned food stocks at
least every 5 years.
VII. Vulnerabilities, Capabilities, and Intentions.
A. Vulnerabilities.
1. Location.
During World War II the Soviet food-canning industry suf-
fered a loss of 70 percent of its productive capacity 87/ primarily
because the most important canneries were located within the area over-
run by the Germans. During and since World War II the Russians have
made consistent efforts to move many of their plants eastward. De-
spite these efforts, almost two-thirds of total estimated Soviet canned
food production in 1951 was still located west of the.Urals inasmuch
as canning plants must be located near the source of supply. Another
15 percent of production is concentrated in a few industrial areas of
Central Asia, and 10 percent, representing fish canning, along the
Pacific Coast. The remaining food-canning facilities, under 10 per-
cent, are dispersed throughout Siberia. These Siberian plants, which
are important in the canning of meat and include such large plants as
the Ulan-Ude Meat Combine, produce about one-quarter of total Soviet
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canned meat output (see Appendix H). In the case of canned meat, can-
ning seems to be a sort of salvage operation. Only through canning
and other forms of preserving is it feasible to transport to centers
of consumption meat of poor quality grown in distant places.
2. Transportation.
The distance required to transport the canned goods from
the canneries to the consumers may be a wartime source of weakness to
the Soviet canned. food industry (see Appendix B). Canned goods pro-
duced in the various canning centers in the southwestern European
areas of the USSR and in the Transcaucasian-and Central Asiatic re-
publics have their primary civilian markets in Moscow, Leningrad,
Sverdlovsk, and Rostov-on-Don but are also shipped to the Far East
and the Far North. L8/
In the event of war, the output of these canning centers
would have to be shipped to military forces scattered throughout the
country. Strategically located stockpiles of canned food would tend
to reduce the transportation difficulties of the food.-canning industry.
3. Food Supply.
The raw food supply of the industry is a potential target.
US chemical or biological attacks against livestock, crops, and fish
might deny these sources of food to the canning plants. In addition,
blockade and strategic bombing might cut down production of tin and
steel, affecting directly the production of containers for the food-
canning industry.
a. Improper Handling of Canned Food.
During World War II, improper handling of canned food
by the Russians resulted in very severe losses. Labor shortages and a
scarcity of materials for containers motivated destructive shortcuts.
Cans were frequently stored in the open and were loaded unpacked and in
bulk in railroad cars. 89
Since both pork and beef tushonka are excellent media
for the growth of bacteria, careless processing and handling of these
products can result in, considerable loss., 'Tushonka must be processed
rapidly. If allowed to stand between operations, particularly between
closure and processing, gassy meat with resultant loss of can vacuum
may ensue. 90
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b. Improper Use of Equipment.
Finally, wartime speed-ups will result in additional
pressures on already heavily taxed equipment and may well reduce the
life of much machinery. Replacement of foreign equipment now being
used by the USSR may be virtually impossible, and replacement with
Soviet-made equipment will depend on the priority attached to food
canning by Soviet planners.
c. Emphasis on Labor over Machinery.
An especially important inhibitor to rapid expansion
is the disproportionate use of labor in relation to available machin-
ery. Such dependence on labor might very well prevent necessary ex-
pansion in canning production at a time when labor is badly needed for
other wartime operations.
B. Capabilities.
1. Unused Capacity.
Experience in the canning industry in the US has shown
that expansion of production to meet military needs depends first on
the industry having a potential capacity to produce in excess of that
currently being used in peacetime. This potential is made up of phys-
ical plant equipment that can be speeded up or used for longer periods
than is the usual practice in peacetime. In the US the excess capac-
ity was enough to permit an increase in production of about 70 to 80
percent during World War II. It is usually not feasible in any coun-
try to build machinery, install it, and train men to operate the ma-
chinery rapidly enough to increase the production soon enough to be-
come effective under about li- to 2 years. Therefore, even though the
USSR does have a considerable unused capacity, it may not have the
capability to utilize this unused capacity because of a lack of mana-
gerial ability and trained workers.
Likewise, the age of the available machinery and its life
expectancy under more intensive conditions of use, for example, 3
shifts per day instead of 1 or 2 shifts, is a limiting factor in
determining how much of unused capacity can actually be put to ef-
fective use.
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2. Conversion of Fruit- and. Vegetable-Canning Plants to Meat-
or Fish-Canning Plants.
If the necessary fresh meat and fish were available, many
plants such as Krymskayanow canning meat or fish as an off-season
sideline to fruit and vegetable canning, might be able to step up their
canned meat or fish output with a few additional adjustments. However,
a qualification should be noted in the Soviet conversion potential.
At present the Soviet food-canning industry is packing a wide variety
of products in relation to the total volume (see Appendix F). Speed
in processing and elasticity in the use of machinery depends to a con-
siderable degree on specialization in the packing of a relatively small
number of items, each in considerably larger volume than is presently
the case in the USSR.
3. Other Sources of Supply.
Additional sources of canned meat and fish supply for the
Soviet Army may be found in the Soviet Satellites, particularly East
Germany. During World War II the German food-canning industry over-
expanded and, since World War II, local civilian consumption has been
unable to absorb more than a small fraction of the canneries' capac-
ity. gl The Soviet Army in East Germany is being currently supplied
in part by the Germans with both canned meat and canned fish, 92 and
in a future war the supply of German canned food to the Soviet Army
could probably be increased, approaching World War II levels of pro-
duction for the German Wehrmacht.
C. Intentions.
1. Introduction.
Soviet intentions may be indicated by the following as-
pects of the food-canning industry: (a) the priority which the USSR
gives to food canning as a segment of the over-all economy in any
given period as contrasted with the priority placed on this industry
in other periods, (b) the utilization of the output of the food-can-
ning industry, and (c) the size of cans.
2. Priority.
During World War II the USSR considered the production of
canned goods less important than the production of munitions and
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converted several glass jar and tin can manufacturing plants into
munitions plants. For instance, the Kamyshin Glass Container Plant
made cartridges, and various can-making plants made land mines. 93
Information on the diversion of tin, steel, coal, and other raw
materials which limit canned food output might also indicate the re-
lative importance that the government attaches to the canning. industry
in relation to the economy as a whole and, particularly, as indicating
diversion of plant capacity to military utilization.
3. Utilization Pattern.
The relative quantities of canned food allocated for
civilian or military consumption, for exports, or for stockpiling
might indicate Soviet military intentions. Continued extensive stock-
piling at the.expense of other segments of the economy might even
indicate preparations for war.
Consideration should be given to the canned food utiliza-
tion pattern as indicating the extent to which the Russians plan to
supply canned food to the civilian population. Even in time of a meat
and fish shortage the Soviet government may desire to maintain the
animal protein and fat ration of workers in certain key industries or
of certain groups of government employees.
The Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55) looks forward to an
increase of 22 to 3 times in the sale of canned food to the civilian.
population. 94/ Based on estimates indicated in. Appendix G, sales
of canned food for civilian consumption alone would, by 1955, amount
to between 1,640 million and 1,968 million standard cans, a figure
which would exceed the total production in 1950 estimated at
1,363 million standard cans.
The Fifth Five Year Plan calls for an increase of 2.1 times
in the production of canned food from an estimated 1,363 million cans
in 1950 to an estimated 2,862 million cans in 1955.* If the supplies
of fish, meat, and other raw materials were available, it might be pos-
sible to increase the output of the caaz:ning industry to the present maxi
mum plant capacity, but this capacity is probably not great enough to
* The canned food production envisioned by the 1955 planned maximum
would indicate a 75-percent increase over the estimated 1951 production
of 1,637 million cans and a 31-percent :increase over the estimated 1952
planned production of 2,187 million cans.
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produce 2,862 million cans. It is probably for this reason that the
Plan envisions a 40-percent increase in the capacities of fish, fruit,
and vegetable canneries during the period ending in 1955. It is also
planned to increase capacities of meat-canning plants by 4+0 percent
and milk canneries by 160 percent. 95/
It appears from the steady annual pqstwar rise in canned
food production that fulfillment of the canned food production phase
of the Fifth Five Year Plan would be possible if the Russians were
willing to divert from other channels the raw materials and capital
necessary to meet the planned goals.
Despite the grandiose promises outlined by the Plan, past
consumption patterns indicate little likelihood of an increase in
civilian consumption of the proportions planned. The stockpiling pro-
gram has priority over civilian consumption. If the USSR actually
increased retail sales of canned food to the population as planned,
it would be only because the stockpiling objectives had already been
achieved, or because the USSR had abandoned its stockpiling program.
Since neither of the latter two assumptions are regarded as realistic,
it seems safe to conclude that the USSR will not increase retail sales
of food as indicated by the Plan.
The application of the utilization pattern of canned food
as an indicator of the USSR's intentions is valid because of the im-
portance placed upon canned food by Soviet planners and also because
of its extensive use by the Soviet Army in World War II. The validi-
ty of the assumption that changes in canned food production and stock-
piling indicate warlike or peaceful intentions of the USSR may, of
course, change with the development of different methods of preserving
food which can be substituted for canning. It may be assumed that the
USSR is capable of adopting and developing innovations in food preser-
vation such as dehydration of milk and eggs and the manufacture of
food similar to the US Army's World War II "D" ration, a food product
containing a high concentration of vitamins and nutrients. If these
concentrates were manufactured in large quantities and became mpor-
tant stockpile items, the appearance of greatly increased numbers of
cans on the civilian market might, or might not, indicate the attain-
ment of canned food stockpiling objectives -- it might only represent
the release of one type of food product from stockpiles to make room
for another type.
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To the extent that these substitutions take place, the use
of canned food as a measure of intentions becomes less reliable. Sub-
stitution is, therefore, a development that must be scrutinized at all
times. At the present time, however, since canning is a very important
method of food preservation, its observation may reveal intentions.
4+. Size of Cans.
The size of the cans of food. packed in the USSR may afford
a clue to Soviet intentions. Based on US experience and depending on
the commodity canned, a 300- to 800-gram. can normally meets the needs
of the average civilian family for 1. eal and represents the most
popular size of can for civilian use.6/ For military purposes, a
100- to 150-gram can, suitable for feeding 1 soldier for 1 meal, or -
cans of 1,000 grams and up, suitable for feeding groups of men for 1
meal, are the most useful can sizes. Consequently, the size of the
cans being produced will generally indicate the type of consumer,
civilian or military, for whose ultimate use the can is intended.
Furthermore, mass production of one size of can usually requires a.
certain amount of retooling by the canning and auxiliary industries.
Any retooling activity by the Soviet food-canning and can-manufacturing
industries would be a possible indication of the direction the Soviet
food-canning industry was taking.
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APPENDIX A
PRODUCTION OF CANNED FOOD IN TEE USSR
1. Tsarist Russia to World War II.
In 1913, under the Tsarist regime, the following canned commodi-
ties were produced: meat, fish in oil or tomato sauce, fruit, vege-
table hors d'oeuvres, and tomato puree. The total quantity produced
was equivalent to 120 million standard 400-gram cans. 97/
In 1928, production of canned food under the Soviet government had
not yet reached prerevolutionary totals and was only about 90 million
cans, of which 33 million cans were fish; 21 million cans, meat; and
the remaining 36 million cans, fruit and vegetables. 98/
As indicated in Table 1*, annual production of canned food in-
creased to 906 million standard cans by 1932 and showed steady in-
creases for the next 5 years, reaching a prewar peak of 1,371.9 mil-
lion cans in 1937. Production dropped sharply in 1938 to 990 mil-
lion, 28 percent below the peak level of the previous year. This
sharp drop has been attributed by the canning industry to the elimi-
nation of certain assortments of fruit and vegetables. 99 From 1938
to 1940, canned food production leveled off to about 1 billion cans,
of which in 1940, 750 million were turned out by the People's Commis-
sariat of Food Industry, and the remaining 250 million were divided
between the People's Commissariats of Meat and Dairy Industry and
Fish Industry. 100/
The 1941 Plan called for the production of 1,262 million cans,
broken down among various people's commissariats as shown in Table
2.**
War and the invasion by the Germans of several regions important
to the canning industry disrupted the execution of the 1941 Plan. Im-
mediately following the close of hostilities., however, new goals were
set by the canning industry.
Table 1 follows on p. 28.
* Table 2 follows on p. 28.
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Table 1
Numbers of Cans of Food Produced Annually
in the USSR
1932-40
Million Standard 400-Gram Cans
1932
906.1 lol/
1933
900.4
102/
1934
1,121.9
103/
1935
1,290.1
10I /
1936
1,274.4
105/
1937
1,371.9
106/
1938
990.0
107
1939
1, 060.0 low/ a/
1940
1,000.0 l09/
Planned Production of Canned Food in the USSR
by People's Commissariat 110/
1941
Standard 400-Gram Cans
Producer
Millions
Percent
People's Commissariat
of Food Industry
900
71.3
People's Commissariat
of Meat and Dairy
202
16.o
Industry
People's Commissariat
of Fish Industry
160
12.7
1,262
100.0
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Ministry of Food Industry.
planned production of canned food for the Ministry of
In 1946
,
Food Industry was set at 308 million cans. 111/ This 1946 planned
total was reported to have been 30 percent 'greater than actual 1945
production, 112/ which would set 1945 production at 237 million cans.
I.K. Sivolap, former Minister of Food Industry, in a 1950 publication
indicated the progress of canned food production on a percentage basis,
as shown in Table 3.
Reported Production of Canned Food in the USSR
by the Ministry of Food Industry a/ 113/
1945-50
Year
Percent
1945
100
1946
118
1947
146
1948
206
1949
264
1950 b/
337
a. 1945 equals 100.
b. Planned.
The conversion of these percentages into numbers of cans, em-
ploying the estimated 1945'production of 237 million standard cans as
a base., indicates the annual output as shown in Table 4.*
These figures are substantially confirmed by other Soviet
sources. Production in 1947 was reported 25 percent greater than in
1946) 114/ or 350 million cans, as compared with 346 million cans
Table 11 follows on p. 30?
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Table 4
Computed Production of Canned Food in the USSR
by the Ministry of Food Industry
1945-50
Million Standard 400-Gram Cans
Year
1945
237
1946
280
1947
346
1948
488
1949
626
1950 J
799
a. Based on planned percentage.
computed in Table 4. In 1948, production was reported to have been
about 41 percent greater than in 1947, 115 or 488 million cans, which
is the same as the 1948 total computed above. Production in 1949 was
reported to have been 35 percent greater than in 1948, 116 or
659 million cans, as compared with 626 million cans computed above.
Another source indicates a doubling of canned food production between
1946 and 1949, 117 or 560 million cans. The accepted figure of
626 million cans based on Sivolap's percentages falls between the
upper and lower extremes of 659 million and 560 million cans.
According to one source, production in 1950 was 33 percent
greater than in 1949, 118 or 833 million cans and, according to
another source, about 3 times 1946 production, 119 or about 840 mil-
lion cans. Although these calculated production figures indicate an
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appreciable overfulfillment of Plan, the lower figure of 833 million
cans (4.4 percent above.Plan) has been accepted as the tentative
approximation of 1950 production.*
Production in 1951 was reported by one source as having been
118 percent of 1950, 122/ indicating 833 x 1.18 equals 983 million
standard cans. Another source reports 1951 production for the first
11 months as having been about 150 million cans more than during the
same period of 1950. 123/ This would indicate the 1951 production at
983 million plus cans for the year.
To determine the approximate quantities of the various com-
modities canned by the food industry, the detailed breakdown given
by the 1941 Plan was utilized. This breakdown showed about 80 percent
of the canning production of the food industry in fruit and vegetables,
15 percent in meat products, and the remaining 5 percent in fish and
dairy products. 124/ Applied to 1940, this breakdown gives 650 million
cans of fruit and vegetables and 100 million cans of meat, fish, and
dairy products turned out by the People's Commissariat of Food In-
dustry. The figure of 100 million cans agrees with a statement made
by Zotov in 1947 that the People's Commissariat of Food Industry
produced about 100 million cans of meat, fish, and dairy products in
1940. 125/ The above ratios of 80, 15, and 5 percent for food industry
products were carried through to 1952, since no contradictory material
has been turned up for later years.
Additional confirmation for this breakdown by the Ministry of
Food Industry is afforded by a 1948 statement that the Ministry,of Food
Industry was producing 100 million more cans of fruit and vegetables
* Planned production for 1952 was given by Sivolap as 178 percent of
1940, 120/ or 1,335,000 cans. Another statement by Sivolap in the
same article gives 1950 production as 148 percent of 1940, 121/ or
1,110,000 cans. This percentage (148 percent) is irreconcilable with
all other figures available for the Ministry of Food Industry but may
actually stand for canned production by all ministries, or 1,480
million cans, in 1950 as compared with 1 billion cans in 1940. The
difference between 1,363 million and 1,480 million cans might repre-
sent production of local ministries, or, less likely, production of
the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Far Eastern fish canneries.
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for the first 11 months of 1948 as compared with 1947. 126 The com-
puted figures for canned fruit and vegetables in 1947 were 277 million
cans and in 1948, 390 million cans, or an increase of 113 million cans
between the 2 years. The planned increase for canned fruit and vege-
tables from 1945 to 1946 was 25 percent, 127 or an increase from
190 million to 237 million cans. The computed figure for actual 1946
production of canned fruit and vegetables was 224 million cans.
b. Ministry of Fish Industry.
The total Soviet fish catch in 1940 has been estimated at
1.4 million metric tons landed weight. 128] The USSR canned 3.2 per-
cent of this catch, 129 or 44,800 metric tons. On the basis of 400
grams per can, production of canned fish amounted to 112 million
standard cans in 1940. The planned output of the fish-canning industry
in 1941 was 160 million standard cans. 130]
Little data are available for the years from 1941 through 1944,,
but the fish catch for 1945 was reported at 1,060,000 metric tons. 131
.Based on the 1940 pattern and the generally chaotic conditions pre-
vailing in the fish-canning industry during and immediately after the
war, 132 it was assumed that 2.5 percent of the 1945 fish catch, a
processed equivalent of 26,500 metric tons, or 66 million standard cans,
was produced in 1945.
The next year for which data on canned fish production are
available is 1950, when the fish catch was reported as being 27 percent
greater than in 1940, 133 or about 1.8 million metric tons. The out-
put of canned fish in 1950 was reported at 182.5 percent of 1940, 134
or 204 million standard cans, equivalent to 81,600 metric tons. This
quantity of input is 4.5 percent of the estimated catch.
To obtain canned fish production for the years 1946-49, the
percentage of total catch was interpolated between the 2.5 canning
factor of 1945 and the 4.5 factor of 1950, allowing an annual increase
of 0.4 percent in the percentage of the landed weight canned.
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The 1951 catch was reported to be 22 percent greater than
that of 1950, 135/ or a computed 2.2 million metric tons. In 1951
the output of canned fish was reported to be 41.3 percent greater
than in 1950, 136/ or 288 million* standard cans, equivalent to an
input of 115.2 thousand metric tons. This quantity of input is
equivalent to 5.2 percent of the estimated catch. (See Table 5 for
figures on the Soviet fish catch and canned fish production in 1940
and 1945-51.)
Estimated Fish Catch and Production of Canned Fish in the USSR
by the Ministry of Fish Industry
1940, 1945-51
Fish Catch 138/
Year
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Canning
Percentage
1940
1,400
3.2
1945
1,060
2.5
1946
1,170
2.9
1947
1,500
3.3
1948
1,530
3.7
1949
1,870
4.1
1950
1,800
4.5
1951
2,200
5.2
Thousand
Metric Tons 139/
Million Standard
400-Gram Cans
44.8
112
26.5
66
33.9
85
49.5
124
56.6
142
76.7
192
81.6
204
115.2
288
c. Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry.
The Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry produces canned meat
and dairy products. Production by this ministry for 1940 was 138
million standard cans, the difference between 250 million cans pro-
duced by people's commissariats other than the People's Commissariat
of Food Industry less the 112 million-can output of the People's
Commissariat of Fish Industry.
* The 1952 output of the fish-canning industry was also reported as
being 156.4 percent greater than in 1940, 137/ or 286.7 million cans.
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The Fourth Five Year Plan called for 1950 production of 116
million cans of milk, which would have been 189.2 percent of 1940 pro-
duction. !Lo/ Therefore, 1940 production of canned milk must have
been 61 million cans. Actual canned milk production in 1950 was 118
percent of 1940, 141 J or 72 million cans. Canned milk production
planned for 1951 was to have been 79 percent greater than 1950 pro-
duction, 142 or 129 million cans, but was actually only 44 percent
greater than the 1950 figure. 143 On this basis, estimated 1951
production was 104 million cans of milk. Production of milk in 1950
was greater than the output of 63 million cans in 1949, which was the
first postwar year to exceed the prewar 1940 production of 61 million
cans. 11L4/ The estimates for 1947 and 1948 are based on Plans, growth
patterns for subsequent years, and monthly performances in the dairy
industry.
Total production by the People's Commissariat of Meat and
Dairy Industry for 1940 has already been estimated at 138 million
cans, of which 61 million cans were milk and 77 million cans,meat and
meat products. A comparison of postwar production of canned meat with
prewar production shows that 193 million cans were produced in 1949,
or 2.5 times greater than that in 1940, 145 254 million cans, in
1950, 146 or 3.3 times greater than in 1540, and 262 million cans in
1951, 1 7 or 3.4 times greater than in 194-0.
Since the 1949 Plan for canned meat was fulfilled by 140 per-
cent 148 and actual production in 1.949 was 193 million cans, the
1949 Plan must have called for production of about 138 million cans
of meat. The 1949 planned production was to have been 28.2 percent
greater than 1948 production. 149 The 1948 actual production was,
'therefore, about 108 million cans. In turn, production of canned meat
in 1948 was 43.2 percent greater than. in 1947, 150 indicating a 1947
output of 75 million cans of meat.
To obtain 1945 and 1946 production of canned goods by the meat
and dairy industry, the position of this industry's canned food pro-
duction relative to total canned food production was obtained for the
years 1940, 1941 (planned), and 1947-51, as noted in Table 6.*
The average of these percentages indicates that the meat and
dairy industry produces about 20 percent of the total canned food
* Table 6- follows on p. 35.
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Table 6
Estimated Percentage of Total Production
of Canned Food Produced in the USSR
by the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry
1940, 1941, 1947-51
Year
Percent
1940
14
1941
16
1947
21
1948
21
1949
24
1950
24
1951
22
output. Applying the 20-percent factor to 1945 and 1946 percentages,
the estimated 1945 production is 76 million cans and the 1946 pro-
duction, 91 million cans. Averages based on the relationship of meat
to dairy products in total canned meat and dairy output for the years
1940, 1941, and 1947-51 indicate that roughly two-thirds of this out-
put consisted of meat products. The resulting breakdown for 1945 and
1946 showed 51 million cans of meat products and 25 million cans of
dairy products for 1945 and 61 million cans of meat products and 30
million cans of dairy products for 1946. (See Table 7* for a tabula-
tion of the breakdown of the Soviet' production of canned goods.) An
independent survey of the Soviet food-canning industry made by a US
.firm in 1945 estimated Soviet canned meat production for 1945 at 50
million cans, thus agreeing with the above figures. The other esti-
mates of this survey were a little further off, with canned fruit and
vegetable production estimated at 150 million to 200 million cans and
canned fish production at 300 million to 350 million cans. 151
Table 7 follows on p. 36.
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T, M
APPENDIX B
INPUT RE(ULUMENTS OF THE SOVIET FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY
1. Tin Cans.
a. Tin Plate.
The analysis of the input requirements in the manufacture of
tin cans for food was based on the number of tin cans required by the
food-canning industry during the calendar year 1951.
The total output of the food-canning industry in the USSR in
1951 was computed to be equivalent to 1,637 million cans of 400-gram
capacity each. This total output was broken down by commodities into
tin cans and glass jars, as indicated in Table 8* of this appendix.
No recent data are available as to the ratio of tin cans to glass jars'
in the total canned food output, but figures on these ratios are avail-
able for the years 1933 and 1934. In 1933, 100 percent of the total
output of canned meat, 80 percent of the canned fish, 16 percent of
the canned fruit and vegetables, and 67 percent of the canned dairy
products were packed in tin cans. 156/ These ratios were fairly con-
stant in 1934. 157/
During the immediate prewar years a tendency to increase the
use of glass jars in place of tin cans was noticeable. In 1940, almost
half of all the output of canned food was put up in glass jars. 158/
Wartime tin shortages and losses of tin-plate manufacturing facilities
because of enemy action contributed to the. continuation of the tenden-
cy toward the use of glass jars in the immediate postwar years. 159/
In the last few years, however, an increase in the relative
number of tin cans packed by the food-canning industry as compared
with the number of glass jars has taken place. One of the primary
factors in this development has been the greater relative increase
in the output of meat, fish, and dairy products, all of which are
usually packed in tin cans, in comparison with the output of fruit
and vegetables which are generally packed in glass jars.
* Table 8 follows on p. 41.
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Based on the developments noted. above and on information re-
garding numerous individual plants, it has been assumed that approxi-
mately 90 percent of all canned meat, fish, and dairy products and 25
percent of all canned fruit and vegetables are packed in tin cans and
that the remainder are packed in glass jars. Table 8*, based on out-
put as indicated in Table 1 of Appendix A, shows the output of canned
food by type of container.
Based on US standards and on analyses of Soviet cans, a net
weight of 3.2 ounces of tin plate per 400-gram can has been accept-
ed. 160/ Applied to the total of 962 million tin cans, the 3.2-
ounce weight factor indicates a total of 3,078.4 million ounces, or
87,272 metric tons, of tin plate, excluding solder, utilized in pro-
cessing this number of tin cans.
In the US a standard box of tin plate weighing 100 pounds net
would average 1.5 pounds of tin and 98.5 pounds of steel. This US"
ratio is equivalent to 12.342 kilograms of tin per metric ton of tin
plate. The application of this factor to the total requirements by
the Soviet food-canning industry in 1951 of 87,272 metric tons of
tin plate, indicates a total required input of 1,077 metric tons of
tin and 86,195 metric tons of steel.
Based on current US practice, an additional 1 ounce of tin
would have been required to solder 140 1+00-gram cans. 161 The re-
quirement of tin for solder for 962 million tin cans is computed to
be 195 metric tons.
Tin plate is also utilized in the screw caps of glass jars,
with a requirement averaging about 18 kilograms of tin plate per 1,000
glass jars equivalent to 1+00 grams each. 162 An output of 675 mil-
lion glass jars would require 12,150 metric tons of tin plate, which
is equivalent to 150 metric tons of tin and 12,000 metric tons of
steel.
Total tin requirements, excluding loss, for packaging the
quantity of food canned by the Soviet food-canning industry in 1951
is thus computed to be 1,1+22 metric tons and the corresponding steel
requirements for tin plate would have been 98,195 metric tons. As-
suming 10 percent for loss and waste, the over-all requirements for
tin are indicated at 1,564 metric tons., and for steel, at 108,015
* Table 8 follows on p. 41.
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rd
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metric tons. Since, in the above calculations, no account has been
taken of the USSR's ability to substitute lacquered thin steel plate
or electrolytic tin plate for the hot-d.ip tin plate believed to be
most widely utilized at present in the USSR, it is preferable to give
a range rather than a firm figure for tin and steel utilized. Tin is
thus estimated to range from 1,400 to 1,800 metric tons, plus or
minus 15 percent, and the range for steel is 100,000 to 115,000 metric
tons, plus or minus 8 percent.
b. Vegetable Oil.
An important input requirement in the manufacture of tin plate
is a vegetable oil, preferably palm oil. If palm oil is not availa-
ble, cottonseed oil may be substituted. The vegetable oil, which must
be edible since it comes in contact with-food products, coats the tin
plate with a thin film to facilitate the feeding of sheets into fabri-
cating equipment and to prevent rust, scratching, and abrasion during
fabrication by automatic equipment.
US practice requires 11.75 pounds of oil per long ton of tin
plate, or 5.42 kilograms per metric ton. 163/ Applied to Soviet pro-
duction of at least 110,000 metric tons of tin plate, the vegetable
oil requirement would be about 600 metric tons. Despite the inferior
performance of cottonseed oil in comparison with palm oil, which has
a higher evaporating point, locally available cottonseed oil is prob-
ably the principal vegetable oil utilized by the Soviet tin-plate
industry.
Unknown quantities of acid, generally sulphuric acid, are re-
quired to pickle the steel, which must be cleaned prior to tinning.
The pickling operation consists of immersing the steel in a mixture of
acid and water to remove scale from the surface of the steel and to
expose defects.
2. Glass Jars.
a. Glass.
In 1951 the number of glass jars used by the Soviet food-can-
ning industry was statistically equivalent to 675 million jars with a
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capacity of 400 grams each. Such a jar would contain 14 ounces of
glass, indicating.a requirement of 268,000 metric tons of glass to
produce 675 million jars.
Based on standard US procedure, 164/ the input requirements in
the manufacture of 268,000 metric tons of glass are as follows in
Table 9.
Table 9
Estimated Input Requirements in the Manufacture of Glass in the USSR
by the Food-Canning Industry
Input Item Quantity
Sand
Sulphate
Magnesium Borate (Asharite)
Dolomite
Soda Ash
Coal Dust
192,000
64,000
32,000
32,000
13,000
2,000
The loss factor is negligible, since broken glass, or Gullet,
may be utilized in the manufacture of glass.
Rubber is utilized in the screw caps of glass jars at an aver-
age rate of 2.7 kilograms of rubber per 1,000 jars. 165 Production
of 675 million jars would require between 1,800 and _1750 metric tons
of rubber.
3. Additional Raw Material Input Requirements.
To determine Soviet inputs for various raw materials required to
maintain existing equipment and for normal expansion of the Soviet
food-canning industry, a comparison was made with the US food-canning
industry. Soviet and US practices and equipment are not strictly
comparable, because many machines considered indispensable in the US
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are replaced by hand labor in the USSR. For example, in meat canning,
rotary meat cutters and fillers utilized in the US are replaced by hand
labor in the USSR. Moreover, the Russians tend to use equipment
longer than the period considered feasible in US practice. Although
squeezing additional years of usefulness from worn-out equipment may
cut down somewhat on replacement requirements, the apparent gain in
utilization of machinery is offset by frequent breakdowns and over-all
decreased productivity per machine in terms of labor, fuel, and other
input factors. Finally, since the Russians are notorious improvisers,
scarce materials may be completely or partially replaced by other ma-
terials. For repairing any US machinery being used by the Soviet food-
canning industry, however, US standards would have to be followed if
the machines are to function properly.
With the above qualifications modifying the results obtained,
Soviet raw material requirements for the food-canning industry in 1951
were compared with US requirements for 1942 on the assumption that
the Soviet food-canning industry as a whole is roughly 10 years be-
hind the US industry. US canned food output in 1942 was estimated at
16 billion cans, 166/ whereas Soviet output in 1951 was estimated at
1,637 million canstsee Appendix A), or roughly one-tenth of the US
figure. Based on the 10 to 1 ratio of 1942 US canned food output to
1951 Soviet output, current Soviet needs for all materials required
for canning machines and equipment were carried at one-tenth of 1942
US needs as shown in Table 10.*
4. Labor Force.
The estimatelof the labor force engaged in the food-canning
industry in the USSR was obtained by totaling the number of workers
in each canning plant listed in Appendix E Where the number of
workers were given, figures were accepted; where no figures were
available for the number of workers in a given plant, estimates based
on the relative size of the plant were made. Slight adjustments were
also made to allow for plants which may not have been listed.
In 1936 the number of workers employed in the Soviet food-can-
ning industry was estimated at 34,400. 167/ By 1951 the number of
workers engaged in this industry had risen to an estimated 52,500
distributed regionally as shown in Table 11.**
* Table 10 follows on p. 45.
** Table 11 follows on p. 51.
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Table 10
Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
Estimated 1942
US Requirements Estimated 1951 Soviet
Based on Produc- Requirements Based
tion of 16 Bil- on Production of
lion Standard 1.6 Billion Standard
400-Gram Cans 1661 400-Gram Cans
Bars
5
0.5
Castings
91
9.1
Sheets
40
4.0
Tubing
4
0,.4
Paint
6o
6.o
Bars
134
13.4
Castings Miscellaneous
3146
34.6
Valves and Seats
310
31.0
Sheets
52
5.2
Tubing
32
3.2
Copper
Bars
108
10.8
Castings
7
0.7
Tubing
22
2.2
Rolled Copper Wire
1.9850
185.0
Screen and Sheets
625
62.5
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Table 10
Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
(Continued)
Estimated 1942
US Requirements Estimated 1951 Soviet
Based on Produc- Requirements Based
tion of 16 Bil- on Production of
lion Standard 1.6 Billion Standard
Commodity 400-Gram Cans 166/ 400-Gram Cans
Bars
8
0.8
Castings
3
0.3'
Sheets
48
4.8
Tubing
9
0.9
Bars
1,185
118.5
Castings
135
13.5
Sheets
564
56.4
Tubing
177
17.7
Cutlery
4
0.4
Bars
2
0.2
Castings
7
0.7
Sheets
11
1.1
Tubing
4
o.4
Nickel Silver
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Table 10
Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
(Continued)
Estimated 1942
US Requirements Estimated 1951 Soviet
Based on Produc- Requirements Based
tion of 16 Bil- on Production of
lion Standard 1.6 Billion Standard
Commodity 400-Gram Cans 166/ 400-Gram Cans
Waukesha Metal
Castings
Dairy Metal
Castings
Tin
Ingots
Lead
Sheets and Bars
Paint
Babb it
Ingots
Solder
Bars
Zinc
Sheets
77 7.7
3 0.3
53 5.3
25 2.5
1,8oo 18o.o
75 7.5
75 7.5
947 94.7
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Table 10
Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
(continued)
Commodity
Estimated 191+2
US Requirements
Based on Produc-
tion of. 16 Bil-
lion Standard
1+00-Gram Cans 1661
Estimated 1951 Soviet
Requirements Based
on Production of
1.6 Billion Standard
1+00-Gram Cans
H and I Beams
12,200
1,220.0
Angles and T's
16,500
1,650.0
Channels
2,571
257.1
Plates
5,200
520.0
Reinforcing
4,500
1+50.0
Black Sheets
580
58.0
Galvanized Sheets
13,600
1,360.0
Galvanized Pipes
8oo
80.0:
Black Pipe
1,000
100.0
Well Casing
2,250
225.0
Cast Iron Pipe
6oo
0Q.0
Galvanized Conducting Pipe
200
20.0
Miscellaneous Malleable
Castings
8,oo6
800.6
Gray Iron Castings
7,266
726.6
Galvanized Pipe Fittings
200
20.0
Black Pipe Fittings
250
25.0
Valves
8o
8.o
Bolts, Nuts, Screws, and
Washers
1,1+00
11+0.0
Wire and Nails
Electric Conduit and
Fittings
Boiler Tubing
Spring and Tool Steel
800 8o.o
1,775 177.5
6,8oo 68o.o
300 30.0
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Table 10
Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
(Continued)
Commodity
Estimated 191+2
US Requirements
Based on Produc-
tion of 16 Bil-
lion Standard
1+00-Gram Cans 166/
Estimated 1951 Soviet
Requirements Based
on Production of
1.6 Billion Standard
1+00-Gram Cans
Iron and'Steel (Continued)
Pails and Buckets
200
20.0
Miscellaneous Steel and Iron
(Welding Rods, Pulleys,
Shafting, Railroad Sidings,
Cable, Auto Parts, Lift
Trucks)
6,000
600. o
Rubber Belts
2,250
225.0
(Gloves, Boots, Suits, and
59
5.9
Aprons)
59
5.9
Rubber Hose
1+00
1+0.0
Chlorinated Washing Powder
700
70.0
Phosphate Washing Powder
1,650
165.0
Paper, Labels
1+2,000
1+, 200.0
Paper, Boxes
250,000
25,000.0
Stitching Wire
960
96.0
Lumber
11+,500,000
1,1+50, 000.0
Transmission Belt
N.A.
N.A.
Soda Ash for Waste
Treatment
N.A.
N.A.
Lime for Waste Treatment
N.A.
N.A.
Ferrous Sulphate for Waste
Treatment
Sodium Chromate for Waste
Treatment
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Estimated Raw Material Requirements of the Food-Canning Industry
in the US and the USSR
(Continued)
Estimated 191+2
US Requirements Estimated 1951 Soviet
Based on Produc- Requirements Based
tion of 16 Bil- on Production of
lion Standard 1.6 Billion Standard
Commodity 1+00-Gram Cans 166/ 1+00-Gram Cans
Liquid Chlorine for Waste
Treatment N.A. N.A.
Zeolite for Water
Treatment N.A. N.A.
Lubricating Oil and Grease N.A. N.A.
Boiler Compounds N.A. N.A.
Lacquer and Enamel for Tin
Cans N.A. N.A.
Inks for Lithographing Cans,
Boxes, Labels N.A. N.A.
Paste for Labels and Cases N.A. N.A.
11+, 899, 997 1,9489,999.7.2/
a. 1,351,728 metric tons.
Lumber constitutes about 97 percent of the
total.
b. Employment of Women, Prisoners of War, and Forced Labor.
The number of women in the labor force of individual plants
ranges from 30 to 80 percent of the total number of workers. 168/
Large numbers of German and Japanese prisoners of war were also em-
ployed by canning enterprises as unskilled manual labor or for con-
struction work through about 191+9. 169/ Forced laborers are presently
found in unknown numbers in canning enterprises, especially fish can-
neries in the Far East. 170/
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Table 11
Estimated Numbers and Regional Distribution of the
Labor Force of the Food-Canning Industry in the USSR
1951
Economic Region Number of Workers
Northwest (Ia) 1,700
Northern European USSR (Ib) 300
Baltic (IIa) 1,700
Belorussia (IIb) .500
Ukraine. (III) 7,000
Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV) 8,000
Transcaucasus (V) 5,000
Volga (VI) 2,500
Central European USSR (VII) 3,000
Urals (VIII) 3,000
West-Siberia (IX) 2,000
Kazakh SSR (Xa) 4,000
Central Asia (Xb) 5,300
East Siberia (XI) 2,500
Far East (XII) 6,000
USSR Total 52,500
5. Energy Requirements.
Consumption of electric energy by the entire Soviet food-prn-
cessing industry in 1934 was computed to be about 590 million kilo-
watt-hours. The food-canning branch of this industry is estimated to
have utilized 12.8 million kilowatt-hours of electric energy, or a
little over 2 percent of the total energy consumed by the food-pro-
cessing industry as a whole.
The 1941 Plan called for the output of 560 million kilowatt-hours
of electric energy by the People's Commissariat of Food Industry and
an additional 66 million kilowatt-hours output by the People's Com-
missariat of Meat and Dairy Industry, which in 1934 was a branch of
the food industry. The electric energy output of the food and meat
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and dairy industries was smaller than the consumption requirements
with the deficit being made up by power stations of other people's
commissariats.
Based on the 1934 figure of 590 million kilowatt-hours' consump-
tion of electric energy by the food industry and the 1941 total of
626 million kilowatt-hours by the food and meat and dairy industries,
a 1940 consumption figure of about 600 million kilowatt-hours seems
reasonable.
Although the food industry had lost 50 percent of its electric
power installations during World War II, by 1950 electric energy con-
sumption had increased 22 times as compared with 1940, 171 to an
estimated annual consumption of about 1,500 million kilowatt-hours.
At the same time, the energy base of the food-canning industry
was to have increased considerably with the construction of electric
or steam-electric power stations at Kherson, Tiraspol', Kamyshin,.and
other canning centers. 172 Based on the expansion and increase in
mechanization in the canning industry, it is assumed that the food-
canning industry would have consumed about 5 percent of the total
electric energy consumption of the food ind.usty, or about 75 million
kilowatt-hours in 1950. The average increase per year in electric
energy consumption for the years 193)4--50 is computed to be about
3 million kilowatt-hours. If this average increase is added to the
approximated 1950 consumption figure, the 1951 electric energy, con-
sumption by the food-canning industry may be considered to be about
78 million kilowatt-hours. This total is shown in Table 12,* broken
down by regions on a direct ratio of output of canned food to elec-
tric energy consumed. See Table 29** for the estimated output of
canned food produced in each Soviet economic region.
6. Fuel Requirements.
Based on consumption patterns in the US food-canning industry, the
total fuel demand of the Soviet food-canning industry would be 1 mil-
lion metric tons of coal equivalent in terms of average Soviet coal
(10,450 Btu per pound). This figure for fuel consumption does not in-
clude the fuel required for the production of energy for the food-
canning industry.
* Table 12 follows on p. 53.
P. 132, below.
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Table 12
Estimated Production of Canned Food in the USSR and
Consumption of Electric Energy by the Food-Canning Industry
1951
Canned Food
Production a/
(Million Standard
Percent
of
Consumption of
Electric Energy
(Million Kilowatt-
Economic Region
400-Gram cans)
Total
Hours)
Northwest (Ia)
Northern European
42.0
2.6
2.0
USSR (Ib)
31.5
1.9
1.5
Baltic (IIa)
32.0
2.0
1.6
Belorussia (IIb)
38.5
2.3
1.8
Ukraine (III)
Lower Don-North
231.0
14.1
11.0
Caucasus (IV)
264.5
16.2
12.6
Transcaucasus (v)
145.0
8.9
6.9
Volga (VI)
Central European
167.5
10.2
8.0
USSR (VII)
86.0
5.2
4.1
Urals (VIII)
46.5
2.8
2.2
West Siberia (IK)
65.5
4.0
3.1
Kazakh SSR (Xa)
103.0
6.3
4.9
Central Asia (Xb)
156.0
9.6
7.5
East Siberia (XI)
68.0
4.1
3.2
Far East (XII)
160.0
9.8
7.6
USSR Total
1,637.0
100.0
78.0
a. See Appendix H.
The actual type of fuel utilized varies locally and may include
coal, wood, peat, or petroleum depending on the location of the indi-
vidual canning plants and the local aVailability of fuel resources.
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. Haulage Requirements.
Table 13 lists the average estimated haul for each major input
commodity required by the food-canning industry together with the
canned food output (in thousand metric tons) and expresses the over-
all transport requirements in ton-kilometers: that is, quantities
multiplied by the average haul. Average haul for the various items
was obtained from Soviet figures where available; otherwise it was
estimated on the basis of locations of consumers, producers, and
raw material sources and the distances between'each of these elements.
Estimated Haulage Required by the Food-Canning Industry in the USSR
1951
Commodity
Quantity
(Thousand. Metric Tons)
Average Haul
(Kilometers)
Ton-Kilometers
(Million)
Tin
2.0
2,000
4.0
Steel
115.0
250
28.8
Vegetable Oil
0.6
1,700
1.0
Rubber.
1.8
1,200
2.2
Coal
Equivalent
1,000.0
650
650.0
Equipment
Requirements
1,350.0
boo
810.0
Glass Jars
200.0
200
1+0.0
Tin Cans
100.0
200
20.0
Canned Food
700.0
1,200
81+o.o
3,469.1+
691
2,,396.o
8. Capital Investment.
Figures were available for the periods of the First and Second
Five Year Plans (1928-32 and 1933-37) for the total capital investment
of the USSR, for the capital investment in the food-processing in-
dustry, and for the food-canning branch of this industry. The figure
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for the total Soviet capital investment for the Third Five Year Plan
(1938-42) to the time of the German invasion, a period of 32 years,
was also available as was the planned figure for the food-processing
industry and its food-canning branch for the entire Third Five Year
Plan (1938-42). 173 The Third Five Year Plan figures for the food-
processing industries were divided by 5 to give average yearly
planned figures,. and the total for 32 years was computed. The fraction
of total Soviet capital investment represented by the food-processing
industry was then determined for each of the first 3 Five Year Plans
as was also the food-canning fraction relative to food processing
for the period of the same 3 Plans.
With the planned total Soviet capital investment for the Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50) known, the fraction representing food pro-
cessing for each of the first 3 Five Year Plans was averaged; and
then this average was applied to the total Soviet capital investment
to obtain the planned capital investment for the food-processing in-
dustry as a whole during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The food-canning
fraction of the investment for the food-processing industry as a whole
was calculated for each of the first 3 Five Year Plans and then
averaged. The average thus obtained was applied to the total food-
processing industry investment to obtain the capital investment in the
food-canning industry.
The figures for capital investment in food processing and food
canning for the three prewar Plans represent capital investment by
the People's Commissariat of Food Industry. Both the food-processing
and food-canning figures for the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) in-
clude the planned capital investment of four ministries -- Food In-
dustry, Meat and Dairy Industry, Fish Industry for Western Regions,
and Fish Industry for Eastern Regions. The latter two ministries
were merged in December 1946.
Of the estimated planned capital investment of 9.5 billion rubles
for food processing in the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), 5.6 bil-
lion rubles were planned capital investment for the Ministry of Food
Industry. 174/ Fifty-nine percent of total food-processing capital
investment seems to go into the Ministry of Food Industry. If the
relationship between the Ministry of Food Industry and food-processing
capital investment is carried over for food canning, a figure of 247
million rubles is obtained for capital investment in food canning by
the Ministry of Food Industry. The remainder of 172 million rubles
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represents capital investment in canning by the Ministry of Meat and
Dairy Industry and the Ministry of Fish Industry. The capital in-
vestment of the food-processing and food-canning industries is shown
in Table 14.
Capital Investment of the Food-Canning Industry in the USSR
According to the Five Year Plans
1928-50
First
Five Year Plan
Second
Five Year Plan
Third
Five Year an
Fourth
Five Year Plan
Economic Sector
(1928-32)a/ ?75/
(1933-37)4!Z 175
(1938-42) a 175
(1946-50) b/ 176
Total Economy
(Million Rubles)
51,000.0
115,000.0
130,000.0
250,000.0
Food Processing
(Million Rubles)
1,574.2
5,313.9
4,822.0
9,525.0
Food Canning
(Million Rubles)
69.6
233.4
212.1
419.1
Food Processing as
Percent of Total
Capital Investment
Food Canning as Percent
of Food Processing
a. 1926-27 ruble value; actual capital investment.
b. 1945 ruble value; planned capital investment.
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APPENDIX C
IMPORTS OF THE SOVIET FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY FROM THE US
1. Lend-Lease.
During World War II the USSR imported (a) canned meat, (b) tin
plate, (c) tin cans, and (d) canning machinery from the US under
Lend-Lease, as follows:
a. Canned meat products, primarily pork or beef tushonka. 177/
(See Table 15.)
Soviet Lend-Lease Imports of Canned Meat Products from the US
1941-45
1941-42
1942-43
1943-44
.1944-45
Canned Beef
22
5,013
466
61
Canned Pork
19,072
79,692
53,153
50,842
Other Canned Meat
438
38,304
204,354
131,207
b. 169,953 short tons (154,181 metric tons) of tin plate. 178/
c. Tin cans, with at least 1 shipment of 7 million tin cans to
the Soviet Far East. 179/
d. Among other canning machinery, the following was sent 180/:
(1) Double-seaming machines for attaching bottoms to cans in
the can-making process. Capacity: 300 73-millimeter by 91-milli-
meter cans and 100-millimeter by 112-millimeter cans per minute.
(2) Can-closing machines. Capacity: 200 cans per minute.
(3) Tomato-paste-canning machineQ. Capacity: 40 to 60 US No.
10 cans per minute.
(4) Double-seamers and vacuum-sealers. Capacity: 150 84-mil-
limeter by 108-millimeter, 54.8-millimeter by 71-millimeter, and 54.8-
millimeter by 46-millimeter cans per minute.
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2. Postwar.
a. Canning Machinery.
In 1950 the Russians were seeking the following canning ma-
chinery from US firms.
(1) Complete tomato juice installations. Capacity:
20 gallons per minute.
(2) Complete citrus juice (tangerine) installations. Capacity:
10 to 16 gallons per minute.
(3) Complete green-pea-canning installations comprising selec-
tion machines, hydraulic conveyors, blanching machines, washing ma-
chines, portion-measuring machines, 'vacuum-sealers for cans and bot-
tles, and machines for emptying containers into the spiral of the
autoclave and for discharging the autoclave. Capacity: 100 US No.
2.5 cans per minute.
(4) Complete sweet-corn-canning installations. Capacity: 100
containers per minute.
(5) Apple-peeling and core-removing machines. Capacity: 1 ton
per 8 hours.
(6) Machines for the extraction of pits from cherries. Capac-
ity: 1 ton per hour.
(7) Machines for snipping cherry stems. Capacity: 500 kilo-
grams per hour.
(8) Vacuum-sealers for fruit juice.
(9) Shelling machines for leguminous vegetables.
b. Tin-Plating Machinery.
In the postwar period, among tin-.plating machinery sent to the
USSR by the US were 2 complete hot-dip, 75-inch, three-way tinning
units. This equipment consisted of a, large tinning pot and machinery
to convey sheet or strip steel through a fluxing bath into the molten
tin and, finally, through a palm oil bath. Buffing and polishing
equipment was also furnished. The 2 units were designed for an annual
combined capacity of 20,000 metric tons. This is obsolete equipment
in comparison with the electrolytic process now in use in the US. 181/
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APPENDIX D
ORGANIZATION OF THE SOVIET FOOD-CANNING INDUSTRY'
1. Ministry of Food Industry.
a. 1951 Production of Canned Food by the Ministry of Food
Industry.
The Ministry of Food Industry 182 has been the leading Soviet
ministerial producer of canned food with its Main Administration of the
Canning Industry (Glavkonservy) turning out an estimated 60 percent.,
or 983 million standard cans, of all-Soviet canned food in 1951.
b. Main Administration of the Canning Industry.
The Main Administration of the Canning Industry, in turn, is
broken down into regional canning trusts. Some of these trusts seem
to represent the areas of entire republics -- the Moldavian SSR, 183
the Ukrainian SSR, 184+ the Azerbaydzhan SSR, 185 and the Georgian SSR
canning trusts 186 -- whereas other trusts apparently only represent
certain areas within republics -- the Kanibadam Canning Trust of the
Tadzhik SSR 187 and the Leninakan Canning Trust of the. Armenian
SSR. 188 These trusts, however, appear to be in every case subordinate
to the Main Administration of the Canning Industry. It is possible that
republican food ministries may also engage in food canning. 189
The link between the Main Administration of the Canning In-
dustry and the several trusts may not be direct. Administration
(upravleniye)lor comparable units, may form intermediate administra-
tive organs between the Main Administration and the trusts.
In addition to the production of canned goods, the Main
Administration of-the Canning Industry of the Ministry of Food Industry
shares responsibility with the Ministry of Trade for supplying fresh
fruit and vegetables to industrial centers. In 1940 the canning
industry supplied 27,000 tons of fresh fruit and vegetables to Soviet
industrial centers. Export regions supplying fruit to industrial
centers include: the Crimea Oblast, Krasnodar Kray, the Moldavian
SSR, and all the Transcaucasian and Central Asiatic republics. 190
See footnote, p. 1, referring to merger of ministries.
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c . Food Industry Canning Trusts.
The trusts appear to administer combines or individual enter-
prises (canneries). Under the Main Administration of the Canning In-
dustry, the only distinction between combines and canneries seems to
be the size of the canning complex, with. combines such as Krymskaya
merely being very large canneries. In practice, some of the larger
combines may actually be bigger than certain of the trusts and perhaps
on an administrative level comparable to the main administrations. 191
d. All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Canning
Industry.
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Canning In-
dustry maintains research centers in several cities. 192
2. Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry.
a. 1951 Production of Canned Food by the Ministry of Meat and
Dairy Industry.
The Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry is the second largest
producer of canned food in the USSR. Through its Main Administration
of Meat Industry (Glavmyaso) and its Main Administration of Canned
Milk Industry (Glavkonservmoloko), 193 the Ministry of Meat and Dairy
Industry in 1951 turned out. an estimated 22 percent, or 366 million
cans, of USSR canned food production. Of this ministerial total,
roughly 72 percent, or 262 million cans, was estimated as being the
contribution of the Main Administration of Meat Industry, and the re-
maining 28 percent, or 104 million cans, represented the 1951 output of
various types of canned milk by the Main Administration of Canned Milk
Industry (see Appendix A).
b. Main Administration of Meat Industry.
In the organization of the Main Administration of Meat Industry,
there is a Canning Administration directly responsible to the main ad-
ministration. 194 There are also republican main administrations of
meat industry, such as Rosglavmyaso (RSFSR Main Administration of Meat
Industry). 195
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With a few exceptions in the case of individual meat trusts,
it has not yet been ascertained whether the individual meat trusts,
which cover the whole of the USSR on a regional basis, 196/ are sub-
ordinated directly to the Main Administration of Meat Industry under
the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry or to republican main ad-
ministrations, or whether both types of subordination exist side by
side. 197/
There are apparently no meat-canning trusts as such. The
meat trusts supervise canning activities merely as one of several
forms of meat processing, such as sausage manufacturing and bacon
production. 198/ The relationship of meat trusts to the Canning
Administration is not known.
c. Meat Trusts.
The trusts are composed of various meat-packing combines
which are the basic productive units, the equivalents of the enter-
prises in other industries. 199/ For operational purposes, the com-
bines are further broken down administratively into plants, the plants
into shops, the shops into sections, and the sections into brigades.
In most combines, canning represents the functions of one particular
shop. A canning shop seems to be a part of most meat combines. 200/
In addition;, there were in the past, and there still may be, a few
small local enterprises directly subordinate to the meat trusts which
handle one particular processing operation such as canning, sausage
manufacturing, or bacon production. 201/
d. Main Administration of Canned Milk Industry.
There is as yet no form of information available on the or-
ganization of the Main Administration of Canned Milk Industry. The
existence, however, of canned milk plants in various regions has been
established (see Appendix E), and it may be assumed that there are in-
termediate organs, possibly trusts, linking the canned milk plants and
the Main Administration of Canned Milk Industry.
3. Ministry of Fish Industry.
a. Production of Canned Fish by the Ministry of Fish Industry.
The Ministry of Fish Industry is-the third most important pro-
ducer of canned food with an estimated 18 percent, or 288 million
cans, of the total Soviet canned food output in 1951.
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b. Organization of the Ministry of Fish Industry.
Administratively, canning is a more decentralized operation
in the Ministry of Fish Industry than in the Ministry of Food Indus-
try or the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry. Main administrations
have been set up on a regional rather than a commodity basis for all
the important fishing areas -- the Northern, the Azov-Black Sea, the
Caspian, the Siberian, the Amur, the Primorskiy Kray basins, and
Sakhalin, and Kamchatka. 202/
Although there are administrations subordinated to certain of
the main administrations of the Ministry of Fish Industry, there is
no record of any administrations under the regional main administra-
tions. ,Sectional trusts which handle various phases of fish catching
and processing seem to be placed directly under the regional main ad-
ministrations. Under the trusts are combines, which represent another
step in' the geographical delimitation of administration. 203/ Finally,
the combines are broken down into fish-catching bases and fish-process-
ing plants which include fish canneries. 201/
An example of the organizational pattern of the Ministry of
Fish Industry may be traced in the Main Administration of Fish Indus-
try in Kamchatka. Subordinate to the main administration, either
directly or through an intermediary, is the West Kamchatka Fish Trust.
At the next level of subordination are the Ozernoye Fish Combine, which
has various plants under it, including Fish Cannery No. 55; the Avachs.
Fish Combine, which has, among other subordinate units, the Mokhovaya
Base; and the Kikhchik Fish Combine, which has canneries Nos. 44 and
45 under its administration. 205/
The numbering of fish canneries in the Far East seems to be
on a consecutive basis with all canneries carrying a numerical desig-
nation. Not enough canneries have as yet been identified to estab-
lish any pattern. 206/
4. Other Food-Canning Organizations.
In the past, small-scale food canning has also been carried out by
various other organizations such as ministries of local industry, in-
dustrial cooperatives, and consumers' cooperatives. 207/ It is not
known whether the MVD does any canning in its own enterprises, but
slave laborers have been observed in numerous canneries in the USSR,
especially in the Far East. 208/
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5. Auxiliary Enterprises Servicing the Soviet Food-Canning
Industry.
Each of the three principal ministries interested in food can-
ning has numerous auxiliary enterprises which service the canning
industry. Appendix E lists a few of these diverse plants by min-
istry.
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 Table 16
Regional Distribution of Food-Canning Plants
in the USSR a/
Region Number of Plants
Northwest (Ia)
10
Northern European USSR (Ib)
5
Baltic (IIa)
24
Belorussia (IIb)
8
Ukraine (III)
59
Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV)
36
Transcaucasus (V)
34
Volga (VI)
25
Central European USSR
(VII)
28
Urals (VIII)
18
West Siberia (IX)
20
Kazakh SSR (Xa)
22
Central Asia (Xb)
31
East Siberia (XI)
15
Far East (XII)
61
Total 396
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APPENDIX E
SIZES AND LOCATIONS OF SOVIET FOOD-CANNING PLANTS
1. Canning Plants.
In 1951, almost 400 food-canning plants were identified as oper-
ating in the USSR under the control of three ministries: (a) Ministry
of Food Industry; (b) Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry; and (c)
Ministry of Fish Industry. These plants are irregularly distributed
throughout the USSR, both. as to type and capacity, depending upon the
nature and quantity of input food materials available in the various
republics, oblasts, and krays as shown in Table 16.
a. Incomplete: includes only plants identified as
July 1952.
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Canning plants vary greatly in size and capacity, ranging from
the Krymskaya in Krasnodar Kray, employing 2,000 workers and having
an output capacity of more than 80 million standard cans per year
to the Salyn Cannery in the Crimea, which employs 50 persons and has
an annual capacity of only 36C thousand standard cans.*
The type of the plants located in any given region is characteris-
tic of the nature of the raw food materials available for processing.
In the Far East (XII) for example, 38 plants are engaged in canning
fish, 7 plants can fish and crabs, 10 plants can only crabs, 3 plants
can vegetables, 2 plants can meat, and 1 plant cans whale meat. Not
only do the enterprises of the Ministry of Fish Industry in the Far
East and other regions of the USSR engage in canning, but some of the
canning plants, as well as other fish enterprises, smoke, salt, pickle,
fillet, and freeze fish.
In the Transcaucasus (V), 9 plants are engaged in canning fruit;
13 plants can fruit and vegetables; 1 plant cans fruit , vegetables,
and meat; 5 plants can meat; 1 plant cans fruit, vegetables, meat, and
fish; 3 plants can fish; 1 plant cans milk; and 1 plant has not been
classified. Enterprises of the Ministry of Food Industry also put out
dried or frozen fruit or vegetables, which are sometimes listed along
with canned food under the heading of Konservy (preserved foods).
In the Urals (VIII) the Ministry of :Meat and Dairy Industry oper-
ates 17 plants canning meat, 2 of which also can fish. The enter-
prises of the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry process various meat
and dairy products including fresh meat, sausages, bacon, cheese, and
whole milk, as well as canned goods. The Ministry of Fish Industry
operates 2 plants in the Urals and the Ministry of Food Industry op-
erates 1 plant canning fruit and vegetables.
* The estimate of capacity of the plants given in the accompanying
table (Table 17, Appendix E) must be treated with caution since in
most cases these estimates do not represent actual output but rather
the potential output of a plant working approximately a year-round
8-hour day and a 5-day week. In actual practice the plants will
usually work on a seasonal basis, 3 to 9 months a year, but may work
around the clock on a three-shift basis during the season.
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Table 17* attempts to locate alphabetically within economic re-
gions all plants in the USSR engaged in food canning. The products
canned by each plant are also given. Available information.on the
number of workers and the capacity of various plants is listed as an
indicator of the comparative sizes of Soviet food-canning enterprises..
Only those meat combines and fish-processing plants specifically
cited in available sources as having canning facilities have been in-
cluded. Many additional meat combines and fish-processing plants may
possibly carry out canning operations but have not been included be-
cause of a lack of specific confirmation.
In the listing of individual plants, one plant has been listed for
each locality known to have a local canning enterprise unless there
is proof of the existence of additional plants in the vicinity. Vari-
ant names used for a plant may, however, have resulted in a single
plant having been listed twice in 1 town, or even 2 or more towns.
Far Eastern fish combines frequently have a main plant located at one
point where the combine has its administrative headquarters and sub-
sidiary plants in other localities, but only the main plant may have
been listed.
The constant geographical name changes indulged in by the Russians
have tended to obscure the location of some of the older plants which
may be listed by an old name, or even by both old and new names as a
consequence of a lack of positive identification.
War destruction may have resulted in a plant's disappearance or
movement to another locality. Although most canning plants destroyed
during World War II were rebuilt in their old locations, some were
never rebuilt, and others were moved to new locations, where they may
have retained their old name or acquired a new name.
In approximating the number of workers engaged in canning food,
the entire labor force was taken into consideration in the case of can-
neries, but, in the case of meat combines which perform processing
functions other than canning, only a fraction of the total are actually
employed in the canning shops. Depending on the information available
on the individual meat combines, the number of workers engaged in can-
ning was estimated at 10 to 15 percent of the meat combines' total
estimated labor force.
Table 17 follows. on p. 68.
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2. Enterprises Servicing the Food-Canning Industry.
Enterprises servicing the Soviet food-canning industry include
plants manufacturing tin, glass, wooden, and cardboard containers
(many canning plants manufacture their own tin cans), food-process-
ing machinery and equipment, tools, and fixtures. Many of these
auxiliary plants are owned and operated by the three ministries en-
gaged in food canning -- Food Industry, Meat and Dairy Industry, and
Fish Industry. When highly complex machinery or tools are required
by these ministries but not produced by them, they may turn to other
ministries such as the Ministry of Machine and Instrument Building,
for their requirements. 610/
Table 18 is a partial listing of enterprises servicing the Soviet
food-processing industry and its food-canning branch.
Table 18
Regional Distribution of
Enterprises Servicing the Food-Canning Industry in the USSR
Republic, Responsible
Plants by Economic Region Kray; or Oblast Ministry
Northwest (Ia)
Leningrad Krasnaya Vagranka
Machine-Building Plant 611/ Leningrad Oblast
Baltic (IIa)
Riga Food-Machine-Building
Plant 612/ Latvian SSR Food Industry
Tallin Calibrating Instru-
ment Plant a/* 613/ Estonian SSR
* Footnotes to Table 18 follow on p. 110.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 18
(Continued)
Republic, Responsible
Plants by Economic Region Kray, or Oblast Ministry
Ukraine (III)
Bar Food-Machine-Building
Plant 61!+/
Kherson Glass Container
Plant 615/
Odessa Canning Equipment
Plant a/ 616/
Vinnitsa Oblast Food Industry
Kherson Oblast Food Industry b
Odessa Oblast Food Industry
Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV)
Dzaudzhikau Glass Container
Plant a/ 617/
Rostov Food-Machine-Building
Plant a/ 618/
North Osetian ASSR Food Industry
Rostov Oblast Food Industry
Transcaucasus (V)
Batumi Machine-Building Plant
imeni Beriya a/ 619/ Adzhar ASSR
Kirovakan Machine-Building Armenian SSR Meat and Dairy
Plant 620/
Kutaisi Glass Container
Industry
Plant a/ 621/ Georgian SSR Food Industry
Tbilisi Machine-Building
Plant imeni
Ordzhonikidze 622/ Georgian SSR
Volga (VI)
Kamyshin Glass Container
Plant a/ 623/ Stalingrad Oblast Food Industry
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
Plants by Economic Region
Central European USSR (VII)
Bol'shevo Machine-Building
Plant a/ 624/
Moscow Glass Container
Machinery Plant a/ 625/
Moscow Cardboard Container
Factory 626/
Moscow Wood-Packaging
Materials Combine 627
Moscow Calibrating
Instrument Plant 628/
Moscow Ideal Machinery
Plant 629/
Moscow Machinery Plant imeni
Yaroslavskiy 630/
Podol'sk Machine-Building
Plant 631/
Vladykinskiy Food-Machine-
Building Plant 632/
S -E -C -R -E -T
Table 18
(Continued)
Republic,
Kray, or Oblast
Responsible
Ministry
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Meat and Dairy
Industry
Food Industry
Meat and Dairy
Industry
Meat and Dairy
Industry
Urals (VIII)
Nizhniy Tagil Food-Machine-
Building Plant a/ 633/
West Siberia (IX)
Kurgan Food-Machine-
Building Plant 634/
Kurgan Oblast
Food Industry
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S -E -C -R -E .-T
Table 18
(Continued)
Republic, Responsible
Plants by Economic Region' Kray, or Oblast Ministry
Central Asia (Xb)
Leninabad Glass Container
Plant a/ 635/ Tadzhik SSR Food Industry
Far East (XII)
Khabarovsk Packing Materials
Combine 636/ Khabarovsk Kray Fish Industry
Petropavlovsk Tin Can
Factory a/ 637/ Khabarovsk Kray Fish Industry b/
Ust'-Kamchatsk Tin Can
Factory a/ 638/ Khabarovsk Kray Fish Industry b/
Vladivostok Machine-Building
Plant 639/ Primorskiy Kray Fish Industry
a. Confirmed as doing work for the food-canning industry. The
other plants listed may also be doing work for the food-canning in-
dustry, but as yet not enough is known about them to make any posi-
tive statements.
b. Probably the responsible' ministry, although responsible ministry
is not yet certainly known.
S-E-C -R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX F
VARIETIES SIZES AND MARKINGS OF SOVIET CANNED FOOD
1. Assortment of Canned Food.
a. By Varieties.
In 1912, 90 varieties of canned food were produced in Russia.
By 1949, over 500 varieties were being produced, as shown in
Table 19. 640
Varieties of Canned Food Produced in the USSR
1949
Canned-Food
Number of Varieties
Meat
120
Fish
150
Vegetables
70
Fruit
150
Fruit or Vegetables
Juice
22
Milk
5
b. By Method of Production.
Canned food may be grouped according to the method of pro-
duction as follows. 641
(1) Natural -- in its on juice.
(2) Processed.
(a) In tomato sauce (meat, fish, vegetables).
(b) In bouillon (meat, meat and vegetables).
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
(c) In oil (fish).
(d) In sugar syrup (fruit).
(e) Marimated (meat, vegetables).
(3) Concentrated.
(a) Tomato products.
(b) Fruit sauces.
(c) Milk products.
(4) Pastes (meat, fish).
(5) Ground (meat, fish).
(6) Puree (vegetables, fruit).
c. For Civilian Consumption.
(1) Varieties of Canned Meat. 642/
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(k)
(m)
(0)
(q)
Tushonka (braised beef, pork, or mutton).
Sboynyye (mixed offals).
Fried meat.
Sausages in pork fat.
Sausages in tomato sauce.
Kidneys in tomato sauce.
Hearts in tomato sauce.
Roast brains.
Roast pork and rice.
Pressed meat.
Liver paste.
Tongue in jelly.
Macaron}, noodles, or vermicelli with beef, pork, or
mutton.
Beans, peas, and lentils with beef, pork, or mutton.
Meat pies.
Sweet and sour meat.
Chicken.
(2) Varieties of Canned Fish. 643
(a) In vegetable oil (sunflower, cottonseed, mustard).
1. Sardines.
2. Mackerel.
3. Red mullet.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
(b) In tomato sauce.
1. Sturgeon.
2. Pike-perch.
3. Sheatfish.
4. Sardines.
5. Sprats.
6. Red mullet.
7. Mackerel.
8. Whitefish.
9. Carp.
10. Bream.
11. Goby.
(c) In the natural juice of the fish.
1. Sturgeon.
2. Salmon.
3. Caspian roach.
(d) In vinegar.
1. Anchovies.
2. Sprats.
3. Sardines.
In fishcakes.
Ground.
Mixed with vegetables.
(3) Varieties of Canned Fruit. 644/
(a) In the natural juice of the fruit,
1. Sliced apricots.
2. Sliced apples.
(b) In sugar syrup (compote).
1. Apricots.
2. Quince.
3. Grapes.
4. Cherries.
- 113 -
S-E-C -R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S -E -C -R -E -T
5. Pears.
6. Raisins.
7. Tangerines.
8. Plums.
9. Peaches.
10. Apples.
(c) Puree.
1. Apricots.
2. Pears.
3.. Peaches.
4. Plums.
5. Apples.
(1i) Varieties of Canned Vegetables. 645/
(a) In the natural juice of the vegetable.
1. Green peas.
2. Whole tomatoes.
3. Beans.
t. Sweet corn.
5. Cauliflower.
6. Asparagus.
7. Beets.
8. Carrots.
9. Cucumbers.
10. Olives.
(b) In tomato sauce with vegetable oil.
1. Sliced eggplant.
2. Eggplant paste.
3. Pepper and tomato.
4+. Eggplant and squash.
5. Vegetable marrow.
6. Sliced vegetables.
(c) Concentrated tomato products.
1. Tomato puree.
2. Tomato paste.
3'. Tomato catsup.
11L -?
S -E -C -R-E -T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
(d) Puree.
1. Spinach.
2. Sorrel.
3. Red pepper.
(e) Children's food.
1. Green pea puree.
2. Beet puree.
3. Carrot puree.
4. Spinach puree.
5. Vegetable soup.
(f) Dietetic foods.
1. Vegetable marrow. '
2. Vegetable marrow stuffed with rice.
3. Vegetable-marrow in tomato sauce.
(5) Varieties,of Canned Milk.
Condensed and dried milk constitute the most common canned
milk products. 646/
d. For Military Consumption.
(1) Canned Meat.
The following types of canned meat are included in the
ration of the Soviet Army. 647
(a) Tushonka.
(b) Boiled meat.
(c) Fried meat.
(d) Corned meat.
(e) Brains..
(f) Chicken fillet.
(g) 'Chicken ragout.
(h) Tongue.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S -E -C -R -E -?T
The difference in the contents of the army ration type of
tushonka and the type distributed to the civilian economy is indi-
cated in Table 20. It will be noted that the fat content of military
tushonka is greater than that of its civilian counterpart. 648 The
caloric value of a 338-gram can of military tushonka is 545 net
calories. 649/
Comparison of the Contents of Military and Commercial Tushonka
before Cooking
Net Weight
Item Military Tushonka Commercial Tushonka
Boneless Meat 288.3 304.0
Fat 41.7 26.0
Salt 3.5 3.5
Onions 4.5 4.5
Total Net Weight 338.0
338.0
Black Pepper 2.0 grains 2.0 grains
Bay Leaf 0.5 leaf 0.5 leaf
The contents of these two types of tushonka after steriliza-
tion and cooking are shown in Table 21.'*
* Table 21 follows on p. 117.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 21
Comparison of the Contents of Military and Commercial Tushonka
after Cooking 650/
Net Weight
Military Tushonka
Commercial Tushonka
Pieces of Cooked Meat 175
180
Fat
Fat
on Meat and Melted
L13
30
Meat
and
Bouillon with Salt
Onions
120
128
338
338
Sboynyye konservy (canned offals), a popular commercial canned
product, occasionally fed to the Soviet Army, has the following con-
tents, 651/ as shown in Table 22.
Contents of Sboynyye Konservy (Canned Offals)
Item
Net Weight
Head (Cheek), Tail, Ends, and Trimmings
11+.0
Offals
(Udder, Liver, Heart, Kidneys, and so forth)
198.0
Fat
18.o
Salt
3.5
Onions
4.5
Total Net Weight
338.0
Black Pepper
Bay Leaf
2.0 grains
0.25 leaf
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C -R-E-T
(2) Canned Fish.
The following types of canned fish are included in the
ration of the Soviet Army. 652/
(a) Sturgeon.
(b) Chastik* species (perch, pike, and carp).
(c) Far Eastern species (dog and humpback salmon).
Fish for the Soviet Army is not canned in tomato sauce,
vegetable oil, or marinated sauce but is processed in its own
juice. 653
The net weight of the cans utilized for various types of
canned fish and their caloric value are indicated in Table 23. 654/
Table 23
Net Weight of Cans and Caloric Value per Can
for Various Varieties of Fish
Packed in the USSR
Net Weight of Cans
Type of Fish (Grams) Caloric Value. per Can
Sturgeon 490 N.A.
Salmon 473 279
Chastik Varieties 450 189
* Chastik is the commercial name for a group of fish which have thick
scales and are caught in close-mesh nets. This group is subdivided
into (1) large chastik, which include sheatfish, perch-pike, pike,
bream, carp, croaker, mackerel, mullet, burbot, barbel, rosefish, eel,
and wachna cod; and (2) small chastik, which include minnow, ruff,
gudgeon, crucian carp, perch, tench, smelt, and goby.
S-E-C-R-E.-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S -E -C -R -E -T
(3) Canned Vegetables.
Canned vegetables for Soviet Army consumption include
stuffed peppers, eggplant, and vegetable marrow. When available, they
may be eaten cold or heated but are usually served as a component of
one of the following soups: potato, macaroni, barley, sour cabbage;
and millet. 655/
2. Customary Sizes of Cans Used for Food in the USSR.
Although admittedly incomplete, a considerable amount of infor-
mation is available concerning 41 types of metal cans used in the
food-canning industry of the USSR.
Table 24* gives all available information known about 41 types of
cans that'are used in the food-canning industry. Canning plants in
the USSR use cans of varying sizes and shapes according to the kind of
food they.process. Table 24 indicates the type of can used, its
number and description, volume in cubic centimeters, the kind of pro-
duct for which it is used, and its relationship to a standard 400-gram
can (No. 7 - cylindrical),. Where information was available, the
weight of certain cans filled with specific products has been given.
There is very little interchangeability between the types of cans
used in plants directed by the three ministries engaged in food can-
ning. Of the 41 types of cans identified as food containers in this
report, 32 types are used by not more than 1 ministry, 3 types are
used by 2 ministries, and only 2 types are used by all 3 ministries.
No data were available,to indicate which ministries used the four re-
maining types. Table 25,** showing standard sizes of cans used for
fruit.and vegetables,and Table 26,XXX showing standard sizes used for
fish in the US, give a list nearly as long and equally as varied as
that for the USSR. Whereas the USSR has 14 types of cans for fruit
and vegetables, the US list has 32 types of such cans. The US list
shows 8 types of cans used principally for fish products, whereas the
USSR list includes 21 types used exclusively for fish or other sea
food.
Table
2+rfollows
on p.
120.
*
Table
25 follows
on p.
123.
**
Table
26 follows
on p.
125.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
Standard Sizes and Volumes of Cans for Fruit and Vegetables
Used in the US 657
Minimum
Volume
Fill L/
Can Number Diameter ~nd (Cubic
and Name Height a/* Inches I)
2Z Mushroom 202 by 204
202 by 214
6Z 202 by 308
5.45 Mushrooms
7.63 Baby Food
9.42 Juices (except Pineapple
Juice), Mushrooms, Tomato
Paste
202 by 314
10.62
Citrus and Grape Juice
4Z Pimiento
211 by 200
7.18
Olives, Pimientos
211 by 210
10.38
Baby Food, Dry Beans,
Spaghetti
4Z Mushroom
211 by 212
11.12
Mushrooms
8z Short
211 by 300
12.34
Dry Beans, Tomato Sauce
8Z Tall
211 by 304
13.48
Fruit, Juices, Olives, Soups,
Spaghetti, Vegetables
1 (Picnic)
211 by 400
17.05
Dry Beans, Kraut Juice,
Mushrooms, Soups, Vegetables
211 Cylinder
211 by 414
21.28
Juices, Pineapple,
Prunes (Dried)
Pint Olive
211 by 600
26.47
Olives
7Z Pimiento
300 by 206
11.37
Pimientos
300 by 308
18.03
Dry Beans
8Z Mushroom
300 by 400
21.11
Mushrooms
300
300 by 407
23.71
Asparagus, Citrus Segments,
Cranberries, Dry Beans,
Juices (except Pineapple
Juice), Pimientos, Spaghetti
1 Tall
301 by 411
25.99
Fruit (except Pineapple),
Vegetables, Olives
* Footnotes to Table 25 follow on p. 124.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S -E -C -R-E-T
Table 25
(Continued)
Can Number
and Name
Diameter _~nd
Height a
Minimum
Volume
Fill
'Cubic
Inches 2/)
Product
303
303 by 406
26.31
Dry Beans, Fruit (except
303 Cylinder
303 by 509
3+.11
Pineapple), Hominy, Soups,
Vegetables
Soups
1 Flat
307 by 203
13.21?
Pineapple
Kitchenette
307 by 214
19.17
Dry Beans
2 Vacuum
307 by 306
22.90
Vegetables (Vacuum Packed)
95
307 by 400
27.63
Dry Beans, Snap Beans
2
307 by 409
32.00
(Asparagus Style)
Dry Beans, Fruit, Hominy,
Juices, Vegetables
Jumbo
307 by 510
40.28
Asparagus, Dry Beans,
Mushrooms
2 Cylinder
307 by 5J2
40.95
Juices (except Pineapple
Quart Olive
307 by 704
52.62
Juice), Soups
Olives
11
401 by 207.5
22.07
Pineapple
22
401 by 411
46.45
Dry Beans, Fruit, Hominy,
Kraut Juice, Olives,
Pimientos, Soups, Vegetables
3 Vacuum
404 by 307
37.19
Sweet Potatoes
3 Cylinder
404 by 700
80.54
All Products (except
603 by 700
170.71
Pineapple)
All Products
a. In the statement of each dimension, the first digit gives the
number of whole inches, and the second. and third give the fraction ex-
pressed in sixteenths of an inch. Thus 211 by 400 means that the can
is 2 and 11/16 inches in diameter and 4 inches high. These dimensions
apply only to regular type sanitary or open-top cans.
b. Minimum volume fill means the minimum volume of food in the can
after processing and cooling.
c. Cubic inches may be converted to fluid ounces by multiplying by 0.554.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 26
Standard Sizes of Cans for Fish Products
Used in the US 658/
Item
Weight
Sardine
34
Tuna
8
Flat
8
Sardine
10
Tuna
16
Oval
16
Flat
16
N.A.
64
. Box and Can Markings.
Cans are packed in wooden boxes made of dry wood with a water
content of not over 18 percent. Every box of canned food bears the
following marking 659/:
a.
b.
c.
Name of plant.
Name of canned
Number of cans
food.
in the
box.
d.
Net weight of
can.
e.
Gross weight of box.
f.
Year of manufacture of canned product.
The following information is written on each can 660/:
a. Name of ministry, main administration, and plant.
b. Mark of the main administration.
c. Location of the plant
d. Name of the product.
e. Grade (superior, first class, second class).
f. Net weight.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
In addition to the above, the following information is stamped on
the body of the can 661/:
a. Ministry code letter.
(1) M -- Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry.
(2) R -- Ministry of Fish Industry.
(3) K -- Ministry of Food Industry.
b. Plant number.
c. Year of output, designated by the last number of the year.
The lid of the can is stamped as follows 662/:
a.
b.
c.
Number of the shift --- one digit.
Day of month of manufacture - two digits.
Month -- one of the following letters:
(1)
A -- January
(5)
:D
May
(9)
I -- September
(2)
B -- February
(6)
E
-?-
June
(10)
K -- October
(3)
V -- March
(7)
Zh
July
(11)
L -- November
(4+)
G -- April
(8)
Z
August
(12)
M -- December
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX G
ESTIMATED UTILIZATION PATTERN FOR CANNED FOOD IN THE USSR
1. Outlets.
Canned food produced in the USSR is consumed by the military or
the civilian population, exported, or stockpiled. It is difficult to
determine accurately the quantity of canned food going into each of
the above channels, but the military takes priority as a consumer,
either for immediate use or for future use of stockpiled canned food.
a. Civilian Consumption.
25X1 C
Based on evidence, in Section VI, B, l,* it is assumed that
most of the Soviet canned-food output going into civilian channels is
preserved in glass. jars. In 1951, perhaps as much as 90 percent of
the food preserved in glass jars, or about 608 million glass jars,
could have been made available for Soviet civilian consumption. A
small number of tin cans, rejects for military consumption or stock-
piling needs, could have reached the civilian market. An allowance
of 5 percent of the food preserved in tin cans, or about 48 million
tin cans, might be added to the glass jars noted above for a total of
656 million standard 1+00-gram cans distributed through commercial
channels. This figure compares with the 1951 US figure for civilian
consumption of canned goods of 18 billion to 20 billion standard US
No. 2 cans (weight: about 583 grams). 663/ The estimated civilian
consumption of canned food according to type of container is shown
in Table 27.**
P.17, above.
Table 27 follows on p. 128.
S-E -C -R-E -T
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
 Approve For Feleasg
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
25X1 C
c. Exports.
Detailed information on exports of canned fish is found in
Section VI, B, 3.* If a small tonnage of canned fish from other areas
such as the Baltic or Volga regions are added to Far Eastern exports,
an estimate of about 100 million cans of fish is obtained as the
export total for 1951.
d. Stockpiling.
Stockpiling is a major factor in Soviet wartime supply poten-
tial. Soviet defectors have indicated that considerable quantities of
canned food are currently going into stockpiles. 666/ Accurate
figures on the number of cans of food stockpiled are not obtainable,
but by adding the hypothetical consumption patterns for civilians, the
military, and exports, and subtracting the result of this addition
from total production, a remainder which might indicate theoretical
stockpiling availabilities is obtained. Table 28** breaks down the
utilization pattern of canned goods for civilian, military, and export
consumption. These 3 consumer categories are estimated to have con-
sumed 781 million cans of food in 1951. Subtracted from 1951 esti-
mated total production of 1,637 million cans of food, the above
consumption figure leaves a remainder of an estimated 856 million cans
available for stockpiling. Of this total, an estimated 340.5 million
cans are meat products and an estimated 152.5 million cans are fish
products. The estimated total of 856 million cans of food thus made
available for stockpiling represents over 50 percent of estimated
1951 production of 1,637 million cans.
P.18-,-above.
Table 28 follows on p. 130.
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 Retie, keo1999409/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
C', H
Q81
Approved For elease 199 X9/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF CANNED FOOD IN THE USSR
BY ECONOMIC REGION
1951
As a first step in determining Soviet canned food production by
economic region, the production of canned food by ministry given in
Table 1 was regrouped by type of product canned, fruit and vegetables,
meat, fish, and milk, without regard to ministry.
The tables on plant capacity (see Appendix E) served as a rough
guide for comparing regional productive possibilities and determining
regional production. An approximation was made of plant sizes under
4 categories -- extra-large, large, medium, and small. A rough ratio
of 5 or more for extra-large plants, 4 for large plants, 2 for medium
plants, and 1 for small plants was worked out. The totals for each
region were added, and percentages were computed to establish the
relative position of each region to the over-all total. The actual
total figures for each of the commodities of fruit and vegetables,
meat, and dairy products, were then fractionated according to the per-
centages already computed to obtain regional production figures as
shown in Table 29.*
A different procedure was followed for the computation of canned
fish production. The breakdown of fish canning by fishing areas on
a percentage basis is indicated in Table 30.**
These fishing areas were next redefined on a regional basis and
the relative position of each region within a fishing area was esti-
mated from the plant list. The percentage of the total fish canned
for each fishing area was multiplied by percentages representing
each region's relative position within the area to obtain the weighted
percentages of regional production. The actual canned fish production
for each region was computed by multiplying the actual total by each
regional weighted percentage. Table 31*** indicates the various
stages in this process.
Table 29 follows on p. 132.
Table 30 follows on p. 133.
# Table 31 follows on p. 134+.
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000400060002-7
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Location of Fish Canneries and
Types of Fish Canned in the USSR 667
Location of Fish Canneries
Pacific Area - Khabarovsk Kray
Coast, especially Southeastern
and Southwestern Coasts of
Kamchatka; Primorskiy Kray Coast
centered at Vladivostok; and
Sakhalin Island, especially the
South
Northern Caspian Sea Coast
Coasts of Barents Sea, White Sea,
and Arctic Ocean
Percent
of Total
Type of Fish Canned
Fish Canned
Salmon, Crab, Sardines,
50
Plaice
Sturgeon, Caviar,
22
Caspian Roach
Cod, Herring, Whitefish
10
East Coasts of Black Sea and Sea Red Mullet, Sheatfish,
of Azov Pike-Perch, Mackerel
Southeast Coast of Baltic Sea Sprats
and Gulf of Finland
North and East Coasts of Lake Sturgeon
Baykal
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APPENDIX I
METHODOLOGY
Methods for estimating figures for canned food production are
explained in the text of the various appendixes.
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APPENDIX J
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
The principal gap in information on the Soviet food-canning
industry is in regard to consumption of canned food by both military
and civilian consumers. Consumption data are lacking on a current
basis and even on a historical basis, although future research might
help to clarify the historical picture.
Information on all phases of stockpiling of canned food is largely
lacking and is generally conjectural in this report.
A further point awaiting future clarification is the organiza-
tional and functional relationship of various organizations canning
food: that is, the relationship between All-Union and Union-Repbulic
ministries, between main administrations within a ministry, and
between ministries, as well as other similar relationships.
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APPENDIX K
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
Overt Soviet sources including books, journals, and newspapers
have furnished the basis for most of the material contained in this
report. Of these Soviet sources, the most valuable for statistical
data were publications of the USSR State Planning Commission, includ-
ing the various Plans as well as details of actual accomplishments
announced in the Socialist Construction series or in reports of Plan
fulfillments. St~.tistical and nonstatistical information dealing
with the food-processing industries in the USSR (and including food-
canning) were obtained from handbooks on food processing by Gryuner,
Smirnov, Skrobanskiy, and others and from semiofficial statements by
Mikoyan, former. Commissar of the People's Commissariat of Food
Industry and Zotov and Sivolap, former ministers of the Ministry of
Food Industry. Publications of the prewar USSR Chamber of Commerce,
along with the Soviet Agricultural Encyclopedia, also supplied useful
materials. The Soviet journals Myasnaya Industriya SSSR (Meat In-
dustry of the USSR), Rybnoye Khozyaystvo Fish Economy.,and Molochnaya
Promyshlennost' (Dairy Industry) furnished information on their
respective subjects. Stepanov and Fetisov added data on the organiza-
tion and functions of the meat-packing industry in the USSR, and STATSPEC
Poroshin threw some light on the tin can industry. An official Soviet
Army publication provided materials on the organization, nutrition
STATSPEC
25X1 C
25X1A
and preparation of food for the Soviet Army.
Studies by the US Department of State, by the Intelligence
Division of the Army, by the Army Quartermaster Corps,
were valuable sources of information, and published and
unpub is e materials of the US Departments of Interior, Commerce,
and Agriculture were utilized.
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The reliability of Soviet statistics and all foreign sources,
official and unofficial, which depend primarily on published Soviet
material, is suspect as a consequence of the official Soviet state
policy restricting the dissemination of information about all phases
of Soviet activity. Statistics, when published by the Russians,
frequently take the form of vague percentages set up on unknown
bases and are often misleading.
Secondary Western European sources can be no more reliable than
the Soviet sources quoted. The background., knowledge, intellectual
integrity, and political bias of these secondary sources, however,
tend to qualify the reliability of these official and unofficial
studies.
The data on the various plant names, locations, capacities, and STATSPEC
labor force were obtained from information contained in the Industrial
Register (CCD) files; in Department
of State and Department of the Army publications; and in primary
Soviet sources, including the lists of plants given in the Second and
Third Five Year Plans (1933-37 and 1938-42).
25X1A
2.
3.
4.
25X1A
V.P. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy p:romyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke Development of the Food Industry in the New
Year Plan , Ogiz, GDapolitizdat, Moscow, 194+7, p. 1
Agriculture Monograph No. 9, :Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.,
rover J. Sims, Meat and Meat Animals in World War Two,
USSR Chamber of Commerce, "The Canned Food Industry of the
USSR," Economic Survey, Vol. 8, No. 6, Moscow, Jun 1936,
pp. 12-13.
6. K.M. Poroshin et al., Spravochnik po proizvodstvu zhestyanoy
konservnoy tart' Handbook on the Production of Tin Can
Materials T, Pishchepromizdat.,, Moscow, 1949.
V.S. Smirnov et al., Tovarovedeniye pishchevykh produktov
(Commodity Science of Food Products), Gostorgizdat, Moscow,
1946, p. 541.
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25X1A
A.I. Mikoyan, Pishchevaya industriya ove s ogo Soyuza
(Food Industry of the Soviet Union), Partizdat, 197, p. 8.
9. Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 13-
12. Ibid., p. 13.
13.
Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 13.
Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 14. , 25X1A
Economic Survey, op. cit., p.
11. Mikoyan, op. cit., pp. 32-33?
10.
25X1A2g Myasnnaya Industriya SSSR (Meat Industry of the USSR),
Feb 193b, People's Commissariat of Food.Industry, Moscow,
. 25X1A
25X1A
-le 1
16. Pishchevaya lndustriya SSSR k 20 yu Sovetskoy vlasti
(The Food Industry of the USSR approaching the Twentieth
Anniversary of the Soviet Power), Pishchepromizdat, Moscow
and Leningrad, 1937, p. 38.
19. USSR State Planning Commission, Tretiy pyatiletniy plan
razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva Soyuza SSR (1936-1942)
The Third Five-Year Plan for the Development of the
National Economy of the USSR, 1938-1942), Gospianizdat,
Moscow, 1939, pp. 6&-63-
20. Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 13.
21. V.P. Zotov, Pishchevaya promyshlennost' v novoy pyatiletke
(The Food Industry in the New Five-Year Plan), Pravda,
Moscow, 1948, p. 9.
22. USSR State Planning Commission, Gosudarstvenyy plan razvitiya
narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR na 1941 (State Plan for the
Development of the National Economy of the USSR in 1941),
American Council of Learned Societies Reprint, Baltimore,
Maryland,. 1951, pp. 1, 74, 166.
P. 11.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, op. cit., Mar 1937-
18. Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, op. cit., Mar
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23. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., p. 1~
24. Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 15.
25. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
~~ e, op. cit., p. 1b.
.26. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., pp. 27, 60.
27. Ibid., p. 25.
Zotov, Pishcheyaya promyshlennost' v novoy pyatiletke,
2W1,4, pp, 12,23-
28. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. Cit., p. 83-
29. Report on War Aid Furnished by the United States to the
USSR, June 22, 19 1-September 20, 1945, Foreigh Economic
Section, Office of Foreign Liquidation, State, 28 Nov 1945,
30. Sims, OP- cit., PP. 79, 80.
Memoranda on the Canning of Pork and Beef Tushonka,
2 h Department, Continental Can Co., Inc. R.
25X1A2g
34.
33. 21'l,gmedian of plant files.
35. Estimated on basis of percentage increases given in The
Fifth Five-Year Plan," New York Times, New York, N.Y.,
23 Aug 1952.
36. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
25 M 2 etke, op. Cit., p. 76.
37-
38.
39. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
Xt1iA fie, op. cit., p. 76
CIA FDD file on Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, Frunze, 6 Jan 1951. C.
C.
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40. CIA, median of plant files. S.
41. Ibid.
42. Naum Jasny, The Socialized Agriculture of the USSR, Plans
and Performance, Stanford University Press, Stanford,
California, 19179, p. 637?
43. Economic Survey, op. cit., p. 16.
25X1A
25X1A2g
25X1A2g
25X1A2g
44. USSR State Planning Commission, Vtoroy pyatiletniy plan
razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva Soyuza SSR (The Second
Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy
of the USSR), Gosplanizdat, Moscow, 1934, pp. 61.4 ff.
CIA FDD file on. Molochnaya Promyshlennost' (Dairy Industry),
2, Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry, Moscow.
45. ~g median of plant files. S.
46.
50. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti, v novoy
48.
49.
JANIS, No. 78, Chapter IX, p. 2. C.
Eugenie Bouianovsky, Fishery Resources of the USSR - Sig-
nificance in the Soviet Economy, International Reference
Service Office of International Trade, Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 1950.
Rybnoye Khozyaystvo (Fish Economy), No. 11, 1949, Ministry of
Fish Industry, Moscow.
op. cit.
G.Yu.Vereshchagin, Baykal, Geografgiz, Moscow, 1949,
pp. 146-169.
47. USSR: Economic Regions, 1951, CIA Map No. 12048, Sep 1951,
Scale 1:10,00.0,000.
pyatiletke, op. cit., p. 25-
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53.
54.
25X1A2g
55.
56.
25X1A
5X1A2g
58.
59.
61. Myasnaya'Industriya SSSR, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1911.9.
zves iya, Moscow, 10 Mar 1949.
6o. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
ncv4 n n,.. ,
25X1A2g
62.
63.
25X1 A 64.
65.
66.
67.
25X1A2g
25X1A2g
CIA IR, median of plant files,
Trud, Moscow, 8 Jar. 1950.
Vechernyaya Moskva, Moscow, 18 Aug 1950.
Ibid., 12 Feb 1951.
Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. Cit., p. 77.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 1, 1952.
Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. Cit., p. 9
Mikoyan, op. Cit.
US Legation to Latvia, op. cit., pp. 56, 57.
Vtoroy pyatiletniy plan razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva
S,oyuza SSR, op. cit.
68. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
69. Bruce W. Gonser, Role of Technology in the Future of Tin,
Special Report, Group 2, No. 7, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio, 18 Sep 1951.
70.
71. Trud, Moscow, 21. Mar 1951.
72. Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 4, 1950, p. 14.
25X1A
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73. V.S. Gryuner et al., Tovarovedeniye pishchevykh produktov
(Commodity Science of Food Products), Volumes I-II,
Gostorgizdat, Moscow, 1949, Vol. II, p. 203.
74. Zotov, Pishchevaya promyshlennost' v novoy pyatiletke,
75.
76.
25*1 ., p. 12.
77. General Organization Administration and Strength of Supply
Service in Peace and War, USSR XXI l Sheet 1, 13 Jul
78.
25X1A2g
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
85.
86. Gryuner, op. cit., Vol. )4, p. 171.
25X1A2g 87.
89. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
25X1A2g 9o.
91.
92.
atiletke, op. cit., p. .
93. CIA IR, median of plant files. S.
94. New York Times, op. cit., p. 6.
95? Ibid.
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25X1A2g
96. Data from National Canning Institute, Washington, D.C.
97. Economic Survey,. op. cit., p. 13-
98. Ibid., p. 51T.-
. -
Mikoyan, op. cit., pp. 32-33.
99. Economic Survey, -OP. cit., pp. 13, 14.
100. Zotov, Pishchevaya promyshlennost' v novoy pyatiletke,
op. cit., p. 9..
101. USSR State Planning Commission, Itogi vypolneniya
vtorogo pyatiletnego p:Lana razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva
Soyuza SSSR (Results of the Fulfillment of the Second
Five-Year Plan for the Development of- the Economy of the
USSR), Gosplanizdat, Moscow, 1939, p. 86.
102. Smirnov, op. cit., p. 5k-1.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. USSR State Planning Commission, Itogi vypolneniya vtorogo
pyatiletnego plana razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva
Sioyuza SSSR, op. cit., p .7
Zotov, Pishchevaya promyshlennost' v novoy pyatiletke,
op. cit., p. 9.
107.
108.
log.
razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR na 1941, op. cit.,
I?-
110. USSR State Planning Commission, Gosudarstvenyy plan
Vechernyaya Moskva, Moscow, 28 Jan 191+6.
Krasnyy Flot, Moscow, 24- Jan 1946.
Soviet Monitor, London, 17 Jan 1948. C.
pp. 1, 7T+, 16b .
Pravda, Moscow, 13 Mar 1949.
Pravda, Moscow, 22 Aug 1. 0.
-1 1
Izvestiya, Moscow, 10 Mar 1951.
Bol'shevik, No. 4, Moscow, Feb 1952; p.
Ibid.
25X1 A2g118.
1.19 .
120.
25X1 A8a21.
122.
123.
121x-.
43?
USSR State Planning Commission, Gosudarstvenyy plan
razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR na 19 1, op. cit.,
pp. 74, 166.
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.25X1 A2g 128.
25X1A2g
25X1A8a 134.
25X1A2g
25X1A8a
25X1A8a
25X1A2g
Vechern a a Moskva, Moscow, 28 Jan 1946.
Bouianovsky, op. cit., p. 1.
Ibid., p. 13.
USSR State Planning Commission, Gosudarstvenyy plan
razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR na 1941, op. cit.,
p. 166.
CIA IR, median of plant files. S.
pyati.letke, op. cit., p. 1.
Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
125.
126.
127.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
135?
136.
137.
138.
Bol'shevik, No. 4, p. 43.
R bnoye Khozyaystvo, No. 2, 1951,
ME= Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, No. , 1952,
Ibid.
Bouianovsky, op. cit., p. 1.
Bol'shevik, No. , p. IF,=
p. 1.
p. 2.
Bouianovsky, op. cit., p. 13.
Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, No. 2, 1951.
Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, No. 4, 1952.
CIA. Estimates.
Myasnaya i Mo_lochnaya Promyshlennost (Meat and Dairy
Industry), No. , 19 , Ministry of Meat and Dairy
Industry, Moscow.
Pravda, Moscow, 10 Mar 1951.
Ibid.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 1, .1950, p. b.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 1, 1949, p. 4.
Molochnaya Promyshlennost', No. 3, 1951, p. 1.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 1, 1950, p. 1.
Pravda, Moscow, 10 Mar 1951.
Myasnaya Industriya SSSR, No. 1, 1952, p. 1.
New York Times, op. cit.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
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156. Sotsialisticheskoye stroitel'stvo (Socialist Construction),
Gosplan, Moscow, 193&,-p.--225--
157. Ibid.
158 Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., p. 89.
USSR State Planning Commission, Gosudarstvenyy plan razvitiya
narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR na 1941, op. cit., p. 67-
159. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennost v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., pp-. -27
, 83.
160. Consultation with Department of Interior, Bureau of Min
25X1A
161. "Tinplate in the Canning Industry," Tin, Jan 1949, Tin
Producers' Association, London, p. 7.
162. Poroshin, op. cit., p. 313.
163. Data from American Iron and Steel Institute quoted in
Munitions' Board, Basic Data for Obtaining Stockpile
Objectives, 21 May;1951. S.
164. R.N. Shreve, The Chemical Process Industries, New York,
1945, p. 224.
E.R. Riegel, Industrial Chemistry, New York, 1949, p. 209.
165. Poroshin, op. cit., p. 313.
25X1A 166. Data from National Canning Institute, Washington, D.C.
_ r-
168. CIA IR, median cf' plant files. S.
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid.
25X1A2g 171.
172. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., p. 77.
174.
175.
176.
177.
25X1A2g
Izvestiya Akademi Nauk SSSR-, Otdele.niye Ekonomiki i
Prava, No. 1, 1952, Moscow, p. 11.
USSR Embassy to the United States, Special Supplement on
the Fourth Five-Year Plan.
United States Foreign Trade in Agricultural Products,
Office of Foreign Agricultural. Relations, Department
of Agriculture, Washington., D.C., Apr 1946.
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25X1A
25X1A
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186. Zarya Vostoka, Tbilisi, 2.1 Jul 19 9.
187. Kommunist Tadzhikistana, Stalinabad, 20 Jun 1951.
188. Kommunist, Yerevan, 25 Jul 1951-
189.
190. Zotov, Razvitiye pishchevoy promyshlennosti v novoy
pyatiletke, op. cit., p. 62.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
25X1A
K.P. Fetisov, Glavmyaso: statistiko-ekonomicheskiy
spravochnik (Main Administration of Meat Industry:
ook of Economic Statistics), People's Commissariat
Z od Industry, Pishchepromizdat, 1936.
197.
25X1A
198. Fetisov, op. cit.
199. Trud, Moscow, 1 Nov 1951.
200. B.D. Stepanov, Organizatsiya proizvodstva na myasnykh
predpriyatiyakh Organization of Production in Meat
Enterprises), Pishchepromizdat, Moscow, 1946, pp. 24, 93-
201. Fetisov, op. cit.
CIA IR, median of plant files. S.
202.
203.
204.
205.
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610. Izvestiya, Moscow 8 Apr 1950.
611.
612.
613-
614.
615.
616.
617-
618.
619.
620.
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.
626,
627-
628.
629.
630.
631.
632.
633-
634.
635.
636.
637-
638.
639.
640. Gryuner, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 203.
641. P.P. Lobanov, Sel'skokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya,
Third Edition, Revised, Sel'khozizdat, Moscow, 1951,
Vol. 2, p. 473-
642. Ibid., p. 474.
Gryuner, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 174-179.
Smirnov, op. cit., p. 486.
643. Ibid., P--7572.
Lobanov, op. cit., p. 4'7.5.
G.G. Skrobanskiy, Tovarbvedeniye pishchevykh produktov
(Commodity Science of Food Products), Gostorgizdat, Moscow,
1948, p. 500.
Gryuner, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 380-383.
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644. Ibid.
645. Ibid.
Smirnov, op. cit., p. 226.
Lobanov, op. cit., p. 476.
646. Ibid., p. 77-7-
647- Organizatsiya, pitaniya i prigotovleniye pishchi v krasnoy
armii Organization, Nutrition and Preparation of Food
in the Red Army), Gosvoyenizdat, Moscow, 1940, p. 182.
648. Smirnov, op. cit., p. 486.
649. Ibid., p. 7 86.`
Organizatisya pitaniya i prigotovleniye pishchi v krasnoy
armii, op. cit., p. 183.
65o. Ibid., p-.183.
651. Smirnov; op. cit., p. 486.
652. Organizatisya pitaniya i prigotovleniye pishchi v krasnoy
armii, op. cit., p. l d4.
653. Ibid., p.18 ..
654. Ibid., pp. 184, 195.
655. Ibid., p. 184.
656. Poroshin, op: cit., pp. 4-8.
657. US Department of Commerce, Cans for Fruits and Vegetables
Simplified Practice Recommendation R 155-49, Washington,
D.C., Jun 19 9.
658. Data from National Canning Institute, Washington, D.C.
659. Gryuner, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 218.
660. Skrobanskiy, op. cit., p. 465.
661. Ibid., p. 465.-
Smirnov, op. cit., Vol.2, p. 174.
662. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 174.
Skrobanskiy, op. cit., p. 465.
663. Data from National Canning Institute, Washington, D.C.
664. General Organization, op. cit., p. 329.
665. Ibid., PP- 326-336.
666.
667. Bouianovsky,.op. cit., pp. 3, 12.
25X1A Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, No. 11, 1949.
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Vereshchagin, op. cit.
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