PEOPLE'S CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00457R007100010009-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 4, 2001
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: December 1, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

people S
4+ %q C11iina
December 1, 1950
China's Voice at World Peace
Congress Kuo Mo-jo
The "Sun of Happiness" Is Rising
In Tibet Yu Shah
Into the Boots of Japanese
Imperialism C. C. Fang
11
Supplement:
Statements on the Illegal MacArthur
Report and Diplomatic Notes on Tibet
Vol. II
RES I RiCTED
10009-7
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People's China
41, Yang Shih Ta Chieh, Peking, China
This journal appears on the 1st and 16th of each
month in both English and Russian. Entered as first-class
printed matter at the General Post Office of North China,
December 20, 1949.
CONTENTS
Peace Will Conquer War ..................................
Free Tibet from the Imperialist Intrigues ...................
ARCHIVE
Vol. 2, No. 11
EDITORIALS
Manifesto to the Peoples of the World .....................
5
SPECIAL ARTICLES
China's Voice at World Peace Congress
Kuo Mo-jo ........
6
The "Sun of Happiness" is Rising in Tibet
Yu Shah .........
8
Into the Boots of Japanese Imperialism
C. C. Fang
10
Victory on the Cotton Front
Su Tuan .........
12
CULTURAL FRONT
Our Writers at the Peace Congress .........................
14
PICTORIALS
PLA Marches into Tibet ...................................
15
Aid Korea, Protect Our Fatherland ! .......................
1S
FEATURES
Transformation of a Mill Chow Hsueh-sheng.
19
Why Chang Yi-yuan Volunteered for Korea Chiao Yu-jen .....
22
Chinese and Koreans Fought
the Japanese Too Chang Chao ......
24
A Letter from a Returned Student P. W. Lin ........
26
CURRENT CHINA
November 11 - 25, 1950 ..................................
27
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' itl by the Foreign Languages Press, 26, Kuo Hui Chieh, Peking, China.
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Vol. t, No. ecem er 1,
PEACE WILL CONQUER WAR
The Second World Peace Congress at Warsaw
has given mankind an historic programme of action
to defend peace. By their establishment of the World
Council of Peace, by their manifesto and proposals
to enable the United Nations to fulfil the hopes
placed in it by the peoples, and by their call to end
the war in Korea, these representatives of 80 nations
have manifested the resolute demand for peace of
all people of good will.
No government that sincerely wants peace for
the people can refuse to support these just, reason-
able and feasible demands.
Backed by the over 500 millions who signed
the Stokhoom Peace Ap real, these demands repre-
sent the vital interests of all mankind.
The Chinese people have expressed their firm
support, for the activities and resolutions of the
World ? Peace. Congress, They are ready to work
under the leadership of the World Peace Council.
Over. 223.000,000 of them have signed the peace
;appeal. They demand their place at the U.N. pre-
cisely to enable it to fulfil its work for peace. In
face of, the grave threats to peace in Asia, they have
given substantial testimony of their will to peace.
The. flames of war already lick the borders of
China. The U.S. imperialists have invaded Korea.
Their wanton #lestructivenesr and atrocities, and
the atrocities of their puppets and allies - for which
they and their British and other satellites cannot
escape responsibility - sicken the conscience of
mankind. The U.S. imperialists have seized the
Chinese, island of Taiwan and sent their fleet, re-
inforced by their accomplices, to protect the remnant
Chiang Kai-shek clique there; U.S. planes have
violated China's. northeastern frontiers to bomb and
strafe. the people. America also interferes against
the democratic movement in Viet-Nam.
China knows that these are all parts of a single
strategic plan to smash the national liberation move-
ments in the colonies and semi-colonies, to attack
the vital centres of human freedom and achieve
American world domination.
The Cl inepe people have therefore reacted to
these threats to peacein the Far East with resolute
major contribution to the cause of
action. In' a
peace and to check the spread of war, the Chinese
people's volunteers fighting alongside the deathless
patriots of Korean People's Army have already given
pause to the armies of the U.S. gangsters who have
run amok in. Korea. The PLA is now marching to
liberate Tibet, re-unite it with the mother country,
and prevent it'from ever again being used as'a nest
of imperialist intrigue or a springboard of aggres-
sion against the rest of China or the USSR. Steps
to liberate Taiwan, solemn warnings to the French
colonialists against further outrageous -intrusions
across the Viet-Nam-China border, full support of
the Soviet Union's note on the illegal release of
Japanese war 'criminals by MacArthur and the in-
tensified activity of the whole people in peaceful
construction - all these are part of the contribution
of the Chinese People's Republic to the fight for
peace, to defeat any aggression and preparations
for aggressive war.
As the frustrated warmongers are forced the
more fully to expose their vile purposes to the world,
and as they extend the scope of their adventurist
acts, it becomes ever more clear that the fight against
aggression is the fight for peace. Unless the flames
of war are smothered, wherever they are kindled they
will spread. 'The present action of the Chinese volun-
teers is of crucial importance for peace throughout
the world. They have thwarted the insolent attempt
of the warmongers to use the Hitler method of
attacking their victims one by one while preventing
the peace-loving forces by lies, threats and blackmail
from giving timely aid to each other.
It is not to be imagined that either the Korean
or the Chinese people will permit themselves to be
thrust back into the bloody hell of colonialism. The
Japanese fascists suffered catastrophe in their at-
tempt to subjugate these countries. But if the
lesson of history is not enough for their U.S. succes-
sors, they will certainly get some'further practical
instructions of the type they have already received.
Before they further rouse the anger of the great
475,000,000 Chinese people, let the U.S. imperialists
pause at the thought that, unless they withdraw now,
and permit a peaceful settlement of the Korean ques-
tion, they have already committed several scores of
thousands of their troops to a protracted war in
Korea. ? And it would be as well for the U.S. satel-
lites in Downing Street and elsewhere to consider
whither their servility to their American masters is
leading them.
The Chinese volunteers and the $PA are in the
front line of the struggle for world peace. If the
U.S. aggressors were to succeed in their adventure
here, they would be encouraged to try the same tech-
nique in any other place of their own choosing.
But the initiative is in the hands of the peace
forces. This is the message of the Warsaw Con-
gress, inspired by the calm confidence+ of Soviet
Union and the People's Republic of China, and their
refusal to be diverted from their peaceful purposes
by repeated provocations of the warmongers around
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their borders. This is the forebearance of strength
born of confidence in the millions of men and women
who detest war and who want to build, not destroy.
With this mighty support the World Peace Con-
gress speaks with authority, reinforcing the con-
fidence of partisans of peace the world over.
"Let us join our efforts and demand an end to
the war which is devastating Korea today and which
threatens to set the whole world aflame tomorrow!
It is useless to wait for peace - peace must be won!"
Peace can be won by the united strength and
initiative of the peoples. Peace shall be won.
The Trumans, Churchills, Attlees and Bevins
know well the attractive force of such an appeal to
the reason, conscience and vital interests of man-
kind. That is why they strove so hard and so basely
to prevent the holding of this congress for peace.
But the will of the people for peace cannot be thus
frustrated. The Congress was held with even greater
publicity for its aims in Warsaw.
The effort for peace, however, must be sustained.
It must not be thought that a victory for the peace
forces on one front alone will deter the warmongers.
Fevereishly re-arming the remnant forces of fascism
in Western Germany and Japan, they are preparing
new adventures in Europe as well as in Asia. But
each new victory for peace serves to mobilise and con-
solidate the peace forces. The peace front headed
by the great Soviet Union is already stronger than
the imperialist camp. Each new victory for peace
will still further increase that superiority until the
unleashing of another world war becomes too risky
a gamble even for such inveterate gamblers as those
of Wall Street. '
Free Tibet from Imperialist Intrigues
The greatest elation has been aroused through-
out China by the news of the progress made in the
liberation of Tibet. The Tibetans themselves show
their joy by the enthusiastic support, they give to
the People's Liberation Army on its march to Lhasa.
At long last, Tibet will be freed from imperialist
interference and exploitation.
Balked of their prey, the imperialists are making
last minute attempts to obstruct this act which will
complete the liberation of continental China. The hos-
tile moves by the Anglo-American bloc in recent weeks
in regard to Tibet have naturally been co-ordinated
with- the other campaigns of slanders and aggres-
sions, by the American warmongers in Korea, Tai-
wan, Viet-Nam and elsewhere fir Asia. Even to the
Roof of the World, Washington pursues its now well
advertised plot of encirclement against the Chinese
People's Republic.
The American imperialists have instigated one
of their pocket satellites - El Salvador - to bring
what they call the "question" of. Tibet before the
United Nations. NQ words need be wasted on the
Salvadorean "proposals," if only because such an
attempt flagrantly violates Articles II of the United
Nations Charter prohibiting intervention in the
internal affairs of sovereign states. One may recall,
however, that this is not the first time the ruling
clique of El Salvador has conspired against the'
Chinese people for the sake of a few dollars. In
1934, the El Salvador marionettes "recognised" the
Japanese puppet state of "Manchukuo" and describ-
ed this outrageous act as "purely a matter of busi-
ness, an outgrowth of El Salvador's acute need of
new `markets for her coffee."
In effecting the liberation of Tibet, the Central
People';s Government is exercising its sovereign
rights over its own territory. It will, therefore,
tolerate no interference in this from any quarter. It
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is of course not surprising that the aggressive
Anglo-American bloc shows their fangs over libera-
tion of an area which these, blood-thirsty warmongers
were aiming to develop as a base for renewed aggres-
,sion against China, but it would be most regrettable
if any Asian nation laying claim to independence of
action, should be so misled as to attempt to obstruct
the Chinese people in fulfilling their sacred task of
emancipating Tibet.
As the Central People's Government of China
showed by its patience -in awaiting the Tibetan
peace delegates, it appreciates the fact that be-
cause of its proximity, India naturally desires
to see peace reign in Tibet, but equally, India
should appreciate the fact that the speedy liberation
of Tibet from the orbit of imperialist intrigues will,
in the first place, guarantee security and peace in
Tibet. China is, therefore, reluctant to believe that
India might lend herself to the sinister Anglo-Ameri-
can influences now working against the legitimate
interests of the Chinese people.
We cherish the friendship that has been develop-
ing with the Indiaq people who are also struggling
for complete elnancipation from imperialist intrigues.
If China hopes and believes that India' will not be-
come, in regard to Tibet, a cat's paw of the Anglo?-
American imperialist bloc against Chnia, it is be-
cause the Chinese people have faith in the value
of the costly lessons that both peoples have learnt
from the oppressidhs of the imperialists. It is also
because the Chinese people believe that India will
understand that it is to their mutual interests, as
it is of all 'Asian nations and progressive peoples,
that imperialism should be ended forever in Asia.
All those truly desirous of peace will hail the heroic
PLA marching to fulfil its historic mission oflibera-
tion in the very heart of Asia which will deprive
the imperialists of yet another base of the projected
encirclement of, China
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MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLES
OF THE WORLD
-- Adopted by the Second World Peace Congress in Warsaw --
W a r 'threatens
mankind - children,
women and men. The
United Nations is not
justifying the hopes,
placed in it by the peo-
ples of maintaining
peace and tranquillity.
The lives of people and
the achievements of
human culture are in
danger.
The peoples are
willing to hope that
the United Nations will
resolutely turn back to
those principles on
which it was created
after the Second World
War in order to ensure
freedom, peace and mutual respect
among nations. But the peoples of the
world rely still more upon themselves,
upon their own determination and good
will. It is clear to every sensible person
that whoever states that "war is inevit-
able," slanders mankind.
In reading this message of the
Second World Peace Congress in War .
saw,- adopted on behalf of the peoples
of SO countries, remember that the
struggle for peace is your own vital in-
terest, know that hundreds of millions
of champions of peace unite to stretch
out their hands to you and call upon
you* to take part in. the roost noble..
? struggle ever waged by mankind, firmly
. confident of its outcome.
It is useless to wait for peace -
peace must be won. Let us unite our
efforts and demand the termination
of the war which is devastating Korea
today and which threatens to set the
whole world aflame tomorrow.
Let us oppose the
attempts to kindle war
again in Germany and
in Japan.
'In unity with 500
million people who
have signed the Stock-
holm peace appeal we
demand : Prohibition
of the atomic weapon,
universal disarmament
and control over these
measures. It is tech-
nically possible to
secure strict control
over universal dis-
armament and destruc-
tion of atomic .weapons.
All that is necessary is
the will to do it.
Let us compel the adoption of laws
which make war propaganda a punish-
able offence. Let us present our pro-
posals for the defence of peace - drawn
up by the Second World Peace Congress
- to members of our parliaments, to,
our governments and to the United
Nations.
United, the peace forces in all coun-
tries are strong enough, the voices of
the people of the world ate loud enough
to insist on bringing about the meeting
of representatives of the Five Great
Powers.
The Second World Peace Congress
has proved more forcefully than ever
before that people from all parts of the
globe can agree among themselves in
spite of differing viewpoints to -avert
the disaster of war and ' to maintain
peace.
Let governments act in the same
way and. the cause of peace will be
saved.'
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CHINA'S VOICE AT WORLD
PEACE CONGRESS
Our Chinese delegation and the delegations of
other countries of the East have travelled over 10,000
kilometers in order to reach Europe. Originally, we
intended to go to Sheffield and shake hands with
the British people. This was not possible. However,
we are now welcomed in Warsaw.
Even in the East we have heard about the exist-
ence of some kind of "iron curtain." However, on
our way from Siberia to Eastern Europe we saw no
iron curtain. It is only over the English Channel
that we eventually discovered it.
The British government in fact has prevented
the peoples of various countries from meeting the
British people. The British government, because it
is afraid of peace, has put obstacles in the way of
the peace movement. There is, however, nothing
strange about this action from the viewpoint of the
peoples of the East. Indeed, at present, in our part
of the world, the aggressive bloc headed by Ameri-
ca'n imperialism has passed beyond the. stage of
simply creating obstacles in the way of the peace
cause to the direct violation of peace itself, from
war cries to aggression itself. The adventurous
aggressive war of the American imperialists in
Korea. has already approached the Chinese-Korean
frontier. The United States of America, simultane-
ously with its aggression in Korea, seized our island
of Taiwan. Its planes have in addition invaded our
Northeast, the coastal areas of Shantung Province,
and Shantung Province itself, wantonly strafing and
bombing our territory. The United States of
America openly interferes in the national liberation
struggle of the peoples of Viet-Nam, the Philippines
and other countries in Southeast Asia and ruthless-
ly suppresses this struggle.
"Favours" of the "Good American Friends"
The American imperialists whn are all the while
planning aggression and interference in the internal
affairs of other states, hypocritically declare that
other states are carrying out aggression. Thus, they
presumptuously assert that the Koreans are carry-
ing out aggression, on Korea, that the Chinese are
carrying out aggression on the Chinese island of
Taiwan. Thus, the American imperialists set'them-
selves up as the "saviours of peace." They call their
aggression moral assistance, and their establishment
of world domination-a; favour.
Mo-jo
Thus, if you are speaking of the defence of
peace and security, they also speak of the f`defeence
of peace and security." If you are speaking of
fighting for freedom and democracy, they also speak
of "fighting for freedom and democracy," and in so
doing they contend that only their freedom and demo--
Messrs. Truman and Acheson recently stated,
- didn't they-that they were good friends of the
peoples of the East. You see, they claim that not
only Are they good friends but great saviours of the
peoples of the East as well!
For 50 years our country was the victim of the
continuogs aggression of Japanese imperialism.
After eight years of a strenuous defensive war, we
finally succeeded in routing the Japanese imperial-
ists.
In the early part of the difficult Anti-Japanese
War, the first and only country to help us was the
Soviet Union. What= was the United States of
America doing then? During that period, it traded
with the Japanese, selling them huge quantities of
scrap metal, petrol, cotton and equipment, thereby
enabling the Japanese to massacre our people and
causing us inestimable losses in manpower and pro-
perty. This is what the "good American friends"
call a "great favour."
After . Japan's surrender, the Chinese people
longed for peaceful construction. But the American
imperialists supported the Kuomintang gangsters in
every way. They did everything to help Chiang
Kai-shek, providing him with planes, guns, tanks,
warships, dollars and equipment, and American mill-
,tart' surplus material. They secured, with Chiang
Kai-shek's help, special privileges on land, sea and
in the air which grossly violated our sovereignty.
They manoeuvred Chiang Kai-shek into unleashing a
civil war and dooming the Chinese people to four
more years of sufferings. This indeed was what the
"good American friends" call a "great favour."
And now, is it not the "good American friends"
who still support Chiang . Kai-shek? Is it not these
same "good American friends who, having been
routed on China's mainland, grabbed our island of
Taiwan and advanced their so-called defence line to
the Taiwan . Strait? - Japanese imperialism is our
sworn enemy. Nevertheless., protected and nurtui-dd
by the "good American friends," Japanese imperial-
ism is rapidly 'reassuming its warlike countenance.
This is what the "good American friends" call .a
by Kuo Mo-jo, head of the Chinese Peace Delegation. "great favour."
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Lording it over the United Nations, the United
States of America, converting the United Nations
into its ,owns private domain, is utilising the United
Nations as a' mask for its own criminal actions.
The United States supports the Chiang Kai-shek re-
presentative in the United Nations as the representa-
tive of the Chinese people, although he is not sup-
ported by a single Chinese. The United States
stubbornly refuses to grant the People's Republic
of China the right to send the legal representative
of the Chinese people to the United Nations. This
is what the "good American friends" call a "great
favour."
Of course, the "good American friends" may
arrogantly say, "We respect the use of demeepatic
methods. for settling questions, all United Nations
decisions are based on the principle of the sub-
ordination of the minority to 'the majority." All
right, then. If we take figures, however, we shall
easily expose the American voting machine. The
total population of states which are members of the
United Nations is 1,850 millions. If the decision of
the majority is to be respected, is it not necessary
while voting to take' into, account the size of the
population represented by the vote? . Yet Chiang
Kai-shek's delegate, who'represents only himself and
a handful of.reactionaries, has a vote in the United
Nations whereas the' 475 million people of the Chin-
ese People's Republic have none. And this is called
tie democratic metho
d for settling questions.
The American imperialists desecrate the United
Nations. Thus, by their criminal aggressive actions
in, Korea they have made of the United Nations
flag a rag to hide their shame. This is indeed a
monstrous insult to 1,850 million people.
American aggressive troops have already cross-
ed the 38th Parallel, seized Pyongyang and Wonsan
and approached the bank of the Yalu River. Ameri-
can planes daily bomb peaceful towns and villages
in North Korea, machine-gunning the civilian
population -old people,-women and children. More-
over, they have repeatedly crossed the Yalu River,
and barbarously bombed and strafed our Northeast
and Shantung Province. This is precisely what the
"good American friends" call a "great favour" to
the peoples of the East.
Naturally, we speak here of the American im-
perialists and not of the American people. The
American people are as peace-loving as the peoples
of other countries, as peace-loving as the Chinese
(Continued on Page 30)
STATEMENT OF CHINESE PEACE DELEGATION
The Chinese Delegation at the close of the with the people of all other countries in the
World Peace Congress has made the following
statement :
The Second Peace Congress has emerged
with a victory of tremendous historic signi-
iicance. it fly mani:iested, the solid deter-
mination of all the people of good will to
defend peace and the unity and consolidation
of the world camp of peace.
In the Congress, two thousand and more
delegates have freely and widely exchanged
opinions on the defence of world peace and
have jointly worked out a resolution for
will further broaden the world camp of peace
and serve, as a powerful guarantee that peace
yvill defeat war.
The Chinese people firmly support the
gress and its appeal to the United Nations.
They firmly support the Congress resolutions
on the banning of atomic weapons and carry-
ing out of the general armaments reduction,
on the prohibition of war, propaganda, on the
strengthening and increasing of economic
on the, fixing of a definition of aggression. The
people of China are willing to work under the
leadership of the World Peace Council just
fight to stop war and defend peace.
We maintain that the aggressive war'-of
the United States government in Korea must
be stopped immediately. The invading forces
and the Korean question should be solved
the Korean people.
MacArthur by the majority of the.delegates
to the Peace Congress vividly expresses the
Taiwan fully conforms with the hopes and
desires of the people in China as well as in
Only participation of representatives of
the People's Republic of China, with its popula-
tion of 475 millions, in the United Nations will
peace and security.
After the Congress, we believe the- world
peace movement will enter a new stage. The
people of various countries should follow the
spirit of this Congress and unite as one in their
common struggle. Peace is sure to conquer war.
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The "Sun' of Happiness" is Rising in Tibet
Yu Shah
There is an ancient parable in a Tibetan scrip-
~ure that foretells of the coming of a new life out
of the far north, a life without exploitation, injus-
tice, sorrow or fear. People will live in plenty and
this new life will spread over the whole world and
then there will be no war. The sun of happiness,
it says, will shine forth over the land and the club
of sorrow will be cast forever into the waters.
Sorrow and oppression have indeed been the
lot of the Tibetan people. Tibet is not the Shangri-
la of romancers. It is a land of serfs, of Voverty
and illiteracy. Nomad 'cattle breeding and, in the
south, agriculture are the principal pursuits.
Modern industry is almost non-existent and the
abundant natural resources hardly touched. Because
of its position, it has long been the target of im-
perialist oppression and intrigue. And foreign
interference helped to hol,back the fore@s of pro-
gress.
Over #he past two centuries, British imperialism
Pad, more recently, American imperialism have
worked and schemed to wrest this part of China
from its mother country; they imposed their influence
there with, the aid of backward forces and in recent
years prepared to use it. as a base for their designs
on China and the Soviet Union.
Yet, despite all their efforts, the close unity of
Tibet with the rest of China has withstood all trials.
lend now Tibet is being re-united with its mother-
land. What some British' geographers call "the
Dead Heart of Asia" is pulsing with renewed life.
The Chinese People's Liberation Army is over-
Tming seemingly
impossible difficul-
ties and bringing
liberation and a
new life to the
~iibetan people. The
Tibetan people are
taking their future
ipto their own
hands and, ridding
themselves of the
vicious influence of
British and Ameri-
can imperialism.
As early as 461
A.D., the marriage
of the Tibetan ruler
to a princess of
China drew the two
kingdoms close.- To
this day in Lhasa
stands a pillar of
stone on w
hick is
carved the treaty made between the rulers of
Tibet and China in the eighth century, "uniting
their kingdoms." When Kublai Khan, successor
to the legendary Genghis Khan, became Em-
peror of China in the 13th century, Tibetans
were ranked as second of the four classes of sub-
jects in China. He entrusted the administration of
Tibet to the head lama of the monastery of Sa-Kya.
The tile of "Dalai" Lama, given to the political head
of the Buddhist church, is in fact a Mongol title. But
the central Chinese government controlled the collec-
tion of taxes through its ambans, or local governors,
and endorsed the appointment of the Dalai Lama.
In modern tunes, , a number of international
agreements embody the, recognition of China's
sovereignty in Tibet. Both Britain and Tsarist
Russia, for example, acknowledged Tibet to be part
of Chink when they signed the agreement of 1907.
Even at the Conference of Simla in 1913, when the
British forced the Chinese delegation to sign a draft
agreement involving serious encroachment on China's
sovereignty in Tibet, the British dared not declare
the severance of Tibet from China. And though
the Chinese government was under Yuan Shih-kai
who had treacherously accepted the notorious 21
Demands of the Japanese imperialists, yet it dis-
avowed its representatives and did not ratify the
Simla draft agreement, so great was the anger of
the Chinese people.
On the founding of the Republic of China, Dr.
Sun Yat-sen declared immediately that the Tibetan
people were among the five major nationalities of
China, and Tibet remained part of China even
I e~R[!M '~~g{{U'CAN
during the corrupt
rule of Chiang 'Kai-
shek. The present
Dalai Lama was
appointed by gov-
ernment and
arrived in Lhasa in
1940, accompanied
by a Chinese:
escort. In a letter
to the Chinese Gov-
ernment in 1945,
the British For-
eign Minister clear-
ly recognised that
in international
law Tibet is part.
of China.
Represent
atives of Tibet
were present at the
People's Political
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I1 IIII11II`I I~ I~ 11.JIi,LLIILILLL~-l1 L
ilLi I _
Map of Southwest China Showing Tibet
 Approved For Release 20g,' {bfE*;ooc&wR82-00457R0071.00010009-7
Consultative Conference in Peking in 1949. They
,took part in the declaration of the People's Republic
of China and in the drawing up of the Common Pro-
gramme which instructed the new People's , Govern-
ment to "liberate all the territory of China and ac-
complish the task of unifying China."
It is not only politically that the Tibetans are
linked with China. Communication in economic,
cultural and religious life has never been inter-
rupted. Caravans cro$s the deserts and mountain
I ranges with hides from inner Tibet to the provinces
of ' Sikang, Sinkiang and Chinghai to receive in
exchange. cloth, tea and other goods. Many Tibetan
lamas live in Sikang, Szechuan and other provinces.
The Chinese and Tibetan languages have much in
common, Buddhism found its way along the routes
from Tibet and spread through. China.
In fact, Tibet has never been isolated from the
rest of China. The reputation for isolation that
-Tibet still- has in foreign countries results from the
deliberate political policy adopted in the 19th cen-
tury as a defence', against the grasping hands of
foreigners, particularly the British. It was an
isolation from foreign intrusion alone.
British Intrigues
Hitler learned much from the methods of the
British, imperialists towards countries which they
wished to grab. In Tibet, too,. ever since Warren
Hastings began to push British interests, after the
conquest of India and Burma, British imperialism
used all its armoury of wiles and brutality to subdue
the area. It sent din armies, made offers of trade,
fomented si strife among various groups of Buddhist
priests and, above all, strove to foster in Tibet an
antipathy towards China, using reactionary circles
to put forward demands for so-called "independence."
In 1790, the Gurkhas of Nepal, who had invaded
Tibet- with British encouragement, were driven out
by a joint force of Chinese and Tibetans. It was
clear to the 1Tibetans that, they were now to be
exposed to all kinds of new pressures. They agreed
to close their frontiers and allow all foreign ques-
tions to be dealt with directly by the ambans.
By the end of the 19th century, despite all their
efforts, including military invasion in 1888, Britian
only succeeded in annexing Sikkim and Bhutan,
south of the Himalayas. But in 1904, taking advan-
tage of the Russo-Japanese War, British troops
under Colonel Younghusband invaded in strength,
well knowing that now the Manchu government in
Peking was too weak to protect the Tibetans.
The Tibetans put up a stiff resistance. They.
fought heroically with their matchlocks and spears,
but could not withstand the British guns. Killing,
pillaging and burning their way forward, destroying
many monasteries, the British expedition arrived in
Lhasa, travelling by routes carefully spied out for
them by missionaries, explorers and merchants.
Large quantities of invaluable curios and precious
removed to grace the residences of the British colon-
ialists in India.
But the Tibetans were never subdued. The '
expedition could not maintain itself in Lhasa. Britain
was forced in 1906 to renounce the "treaty" imposed
(Continued on Page 31)
PROCLAMATION
ON TIBET
Here is the main part of a proclamation
issued jointly by the Southwest Military and
Administrative Committee and the PLA South-
west Military Command on Nov. 9, 1950:
"With serious concern for the people of
Tibet, who have suffered long years of oppres-
sion under the American and British imperial-
ists and Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary govern-
ment, Chairman Mao Tse-tung of the Central
People's Government and Commander-in-Chief
Chu Teh of the People's Liberation Army
ordered the PLA troops to enter Tibet for the
purpose of assisting the Tibetan people to
-free themselves from oppression forever.
"All the Tibetan people, including all
lamas, should now create rt solid unity to give
the PLA adequate assistance in ridding Tibet
of imperialist influence and establishing re-
gional self-government for the Tibetan people.
They should, at the same time, build fraternal
relations, on the basis of friendship and mutual
help, with other nationalities within the coun-
try and together construct a new Tibet within
New China.
"With the entry of the PLA into Tibet;
the life and property of Tibetan lamas and
people will be protected. Freedom of religious
belief will be safeguarded, and lama temples
will be protected. Assistance will be rendered
to the Tibetan people in the direction of deve-
loping their educational, agricultural, pastoral,
industrial and commercial enterprises, and
their living conditions will be improved. No
change will be made in the existing admini-
strative and military systems of Tibet., The
existing Tibetan troops will become a part of
the national defence forces of the People's
Republic of China. All lamas, officials and
chieftains may remain at their posts. Matters
relating to reforms in Tibet will be handled
completely in accordance with the will of the
Tibetan people and by means of consultation
between the Tibetan people and the Tibetan
leaders. Pro-imperialist and KMT officials,
concerning' whom there is definite evidence
that they had severed relations with the im-
perialists and KMT and who will not carry
out any sabotage or put up resistance, may
remain at their posts irrespective of their past
history.s'
articles, as the London Times described later, were rwsa?+-!aw..ar4!.+wf~~w.f.' .ug.!r~!.waa.w!a+.wfow*.r~,~
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 18
Approved For Release 2006,k1e,82-00457R007100010009-7.
Into the Boots, of Japanese. Imperialism
C. C. Fang
When Japanese imperialism capitulated to the
United Nations in 1945, the Asian peoples had high
hones of achieving their just demands for national
liberation. They had contributed no small measure,
of blood and treasure to that victory. The older
imperialist Powers - Britain, France and the Nether-
lands - were too exhausted to resume immediately
their "White Man's Burden."
But no sooner had the instrument of Japanese
surrender been signed than Asia found that the
representatives of Wall Street had stepped into the
jack-boots of Japanese imperialism.
In South Korea, the Philippines, Indo-China,
Indonesia and Malaya, the great hope of early
liberation was shattered by imperialist repressions
financed, co-ordinated and, to a large extent, armed
,by the U.S.A., But, like their Japanese predecessors,
the Americans concentrated their major effort
against China and, like them too, it was here that
they suffered their biggest defeat. The U.S.-
sponsored Chiang Kai-shek regime was, in U. S.
Secretary of State Acheson's own words, "repudiated
by the Chinese people."
The establishment of the Central People's Gov-
ernment an October 1, 1949, ended that chapter of
American intervention in China. The people's
nation-wide victory pmashed the immediate U.S.
hope of dominating China's strategic bases and re-
sources through the hands of its KMT puppet.
The events of the last year, however, have shown
that American imperialism is loathe to give up the
major aim in Asia. Thus, the record of post-war
U.S. imperialism in regard to China is well worth-
,while recapitulating at this stage because it reveals
some of the typical methods of American imperial-
ism. It shows with what malevolent cunning and
doggedness it has pursued its aims and why the de-
feat of its favourite lackey has now. forced it to
carry out its aggression openly with its own troops
and such of its satellites as it can muster.
By V-J Day, the democratic elements in China
led by the Chinese Communist Party - the backbone.
of the resistance movement - had grown into a
powerful force in a territory with a population of
over 100 millions.' It was, therefore, clear to the
reactionaries that imperialist rule could only be
restored over all. China, if the Chinese Communist
Party were destroyed together with the Eighth
Route and New Fourth Armies and their auxiliaries
- the armed forces of the people.
,)'he Choice is Ours-- Acheson
In the U.S. State Department's White Paper of
August, 1949, Acheson mentions three alternatives
.for U.S. policy towards China in this post-war
period: "(1) it could have pulled out lock, stock
and barrel; (2) it could have intervened. militarily
on a major scale' to assist the Nationalists destroy
the Communists; (3) it could, while assisting the
Nationalists to assert their authority over as much
of China as possible, endeavour to avoid a civil war
by working for a compromise between the two sides."
The U.S. chose the second alternative under the
guise of the third. In grder "to destroy the Corn-
munists" - who at the 'time of the Japanese sur-
render led the population of an area stretching from
the Northeast to Central China and a considerable
part of South China and Hainan Island-it was
necessary to move. the Chiang Kai-shek troops as
quickly as possible to take over major centres direct
from the Japanese and "inherit" these bases for the
coming all-out offensive against the popular forces.
Time was against them, so the Americans had re-
course to a characteristically base political trick.
The Liberated Areas were invited tot a conference
to "discuss matters of national importance." U.S.
Ambassador Hurley himself flew to Yenan to press
the invitation. But, as Chiang Kai-shek later made
clear, this invitation was a gesture aimed only to
gain time for deployment of his attacking, troops.
The failure of negotiations, which he could of course
P 413_-~, i;.~4u
21-1 ;tF ~ ~:,Eii __" 1.
Picture Gallery of a Warmonger
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 Approved For Release 20PAmy'9'SC 82-00457R007100010009-7
ensure, would be the pretext for launching his "puni-
tive expedition" against fhe' Liberated Areas. .
Eager to explore every method , off, achieving a
peaceful development for China,. the Chinese Com-
munist Party, while by no means blind to the re-
actionaries' deceptions, accepted the invitation. On
August 25, 1945, it published its statement on how
peace could be achieved, and a few days later Chair-
man Mao Tse-tung himself flew to Chungking. Thus
the reactionaries' bluff was called and Chiang and
his American masters were forced to expose them-
selves' to the Chinese people in all their hypocrisy.
Chiang raised one transparent excuse'after an-
other to prevent agreement being reached, and the
negotiations dragged on from August 28 to October
10. During these seven weeks, the United States as-
sisted Chiang Kai-shek to mobilise 800,000 troops
into positions for the offensive against the People's
Army. The entire U.S. Air Transport Command and
all its available naval vessels in China were diverted
to taking KMT troops to Central, North and North-
east China. The New 6th Army, the. 94th Army,
the 74th Army, and the 93rd Army were immediate-
ly rushed from various points in South and South-
China to Shanghai and Nanking, thence to
west
North and eventually to Northeast China. A. C.
Wedemeyer, then U.S. Commander-in-Chief in China,
boasted that "this has been the greatest movement
of troops by air in history."
Actions Louder Than Words--Acheson
Before the negotiations in Chungking were 1 nal-
ly broken off, the initial batch of the KMT troops
had been moved to the various war fronts. Troop
movements continued into the next year. In early
November, 1945, 31 American naval transports took
KMT troops to Chingwangtao in North China;
U.S. naval vessels and marines covered the landing
of the KMT 8th Army at Tsingtao - the first move
in the attempted 'liquidation of the people's forces
in Shantung; the KMT 53rd. and 54th Armies were
flown in Julie, 1946, to Northeast China. Thus in
nine months alone' from September, 1945 to June,
1946, over 540,000 KMT troops were deployed for
battle by American transports and most of the troops
were American armed and trained.
But this was not all. American units themselves
landed in force at Tsingtao, Chefoo, Weihaiwei and
later at Shanghai and Tientsin. U.S. forces extend-
ed. their operations to Nanking and other major
cities as, well as along important sections and at
junctions of the Shanghai-Nanking and Peking-Sui-
yuan. Railways. A large American force with trains,
planes and artillery virtually controlled Peking.
U.S. officers were attached to all of Chiang Kai-
shek's' forward units in the capacity of "advisers."
Including naval forces and marines, the U.S.
forces participating in the civil war on Chiang Kai-
shek's side numbered over 113,000 men. More
American troops were deployed in China after the end
of the war with Japan than at any time when the
battle against the Japanese fascists was at its height.
And yet throughout this early period of preparation
for civil war, the Americans were telling the world
that they were "mediating" between the Liberated
Areas and the Chiang Kai-shek dictatorship, that
they had no intention of "getting involved" and so
forth.
The U.S. war-time Chief-of-Staff General Mar-
shall was at this time in charge of this "mediation"
in China. It was he who authorised the turning
over of huge U.S. war surplus stores to' Chiang and
the despatch of new arms from the United States.
It was he who negotiated the Truce Agreement be-
tween the People's Armies and the KMT which ex-
cluded from its operations the Northeast where
the U.S. had assisted Chiang to move up an over-
whelmingly large and well equipped force. Marshall
helped to drag out Chiang's phoney peace and truce
negotiations for months while U.S. armaments and
supplies poured in for the KMT armies. The U.S.
imperialists calculated that once the people's forces
were destroyed in the Northeast, the KMT could
make short work of the People's Army south of the
Great Wall. The Americans correctly estimated the
strategic importance of the Northeast, but it was not
the People's Army, but Chiang Kai-shek who was
kicked out of the Northeast. This defeat was deci-
sive for the outcome of the People's War of Libera-
tion. 1.
Seldom in the whole history of imperialism has
a power poured out so much treasure and suffered
so resounding a defeat. In the few years between
the Japanese surrender and Chiang's expulsion from
(Continued on Page 29)
By Lit Si-an
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 Approved For Release 200RIINM'S l fl 82-00457ROO7100010009-7
Victory on the Cotton
Su Tuan
With steady gains reported all along the nation's
economic front, the rehabilitation and development
of the cotton industry was to he expected. Never-
theless, the speed and degree of rehabilitation have
been impressive even for New China. Set goals have
been met and even surpassed. Just as the People's
Government successfully solved the much mooted
problem of China's food shortages, by encouraging
production among the enthusiastic liberated peasan-
try, so has it tackled the problem of raising produc-
tion in the cotton industry. Results have been so
encouraging that the day is now in sight when each
one of China's 475 millions will have enough to wear.
According to the latest estimates, 700,000 tons
of ginned cotton have been harvested this autumn.
The goal set by the government early in 1950 for
this year was 650,000 tons. Figures for the present
year outstrip the average yield for the five years
preceding the Anti-Japanese War when the area
planted to cotton was largest. This means that
China's textile mills are in the main assured of
adequate supplies of raw materials. And this will
also reduce urban unemployment.
It was in April of this year - at the time wheh
the cotton planting season was about to start-
that the All-China Federation of Labour called for
emergency help for 100,000 jobless workers in Shang-
hai. One reason for this unemployment was the
difficulties which the textile mills, the most important
Shanghai industry, faced through lack of raw
materials. Many of the spinning and weaving shops
which once worked day and night were forced to
operate on reduced shifts.. Some mills suspended
operations altogether.
This distressing situation was not peculiar to
Shanghai. Textile mills in other cities faced the
same problem. Of the 5,200,000 spindles which
China has, about 4,200,000 were then in operation.
But the ginned cotton was far from sufficient to feed
all these spindles.
The cotton `industry, like other Chinese indus-
tries, was until recently semi-colonial in nature in
its dependence on foreign sources for raw, materials
and markets. Figures in the following table show
how China in the past depended on foreign cotton,
ehiefly American, to run its textile industry.
YEAR IMPORT
Metric Tons
1931-36 (annual average) ...... 139,739.33
1937-45 ...... 78,620.00
1946-48 ,, 164,046.53
1949 ...................... 51,627.40
In the early part of 1950, a small amount had
to be imported until New China's first cotton harvest
Front
could be gathered. This year, with the cotton
harvest estimated at. 700,000 tons, the problem of
an adequate supply of raw cotton is nearing solu-
tion. This means that. the textile mills, as well as
a number of other industries connected with spin-
ning and weaving, can face the future on a sound
basis. With the foreign exchange saved as a result
of the sharp reduction of cotton imports, it will be
possible to purchase machines to speed up the coun-
try's industrialisation.
When the. Central People's
Government drew up its over-
all plan for agricultural pro-
duction at the beginning of
1950, many people thought that
the target of 650,000 tons of
ginned cotton was too high.
To fully appreciate what the completion and over-
fulfilment of this target means, the results must
be viewed against the terrible destruction which
war brought to the cotton-growing areas and the
deliberate KMT-planned disasters, such as the
breaching of dykes. `
During the five years immediately preceding the
Anti-Japanese War, the average cotton output was
approximately 638,000 tons per year. But it drop-
ped steadily until 1949 when the total harvest was
only 425,000 tons.
This was due, first of all, to' the dumping of
imported cotton and the resulting low price for
home-grown cotton. For one pound of cotton in
1936, a peasant could buy 11 pounds of millet. But
this ratio fell drastically in the years from 1938 to
1943 until it reached 1:5. At this 'point, it was
simply not worth the farmers' while to plant cotton.
After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the KMT
threw the market wide open to the Americans. The.
bureaucratic capitalists, moreover, bought whatever
cotton the peasants still grew at arbitrarily low
prices. The result was that the area planted to
cotton shrank rapidly.
Another reason for the sharp decrease in the
size of the cotton-growing area was the food short-
age caused by the protracted war. Without enough
grain to eat, the peasants had'to reducethe area
planted to cotton so that more food could be raised.
In addition to all this, there were war-time
shortages of manpower and draught animals, fre-
quent floods, droughts and plagues of pests. Then,
too, there was a breakdown . of trade between the
countryside and the cities. It was, therefore, not
strange that the total cotton yield as well as the
output per hectare diminished each year. In Shensi,
for example, the cotton-growing area was reduced
by 65 per cent during the past five years.
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 In the new society emerging after liberation
we have an altogether different situation. Targets
set by the overall national plan were increased by
the local governments and then expanded further
by the farmers themselves at the time of sowing.
The harvested areas for cotton this year is estimated
at around 3,373,000 hectares, or 12 per cent above.
the government target.
Why has there been this victory? Why have
the farmers been enthusiastic about growing cotton?
Why, for example, has the cotton area in Hopei
Province increased from 660,000 hectares last year
to 980,000 this year? And why has the area planted
to.cotton in Northeast China increased by 280 per
cent since liberation - larger than the record cotton.
area under Japanese occupation?
The reasons for the the victory are found in the
following factors:
(1) the War of Liberation being practidally com-
pleted, peasants have been released from war-time
duties. With land reform already carried out in the
old liberated areas and rent reduction in the newly
liberated areas, peasants have shown a new zeal for
production.' And this enthusiasm has raised their
production levels.
(2) In addition to the general enthusiasm and
higher political consciousness resulting from the
government's overall policy, the Central People's
Government has paid special attention to the estab-
lishment of a reasonable ratio between cotton and
grain prices in order to raise. the peasants' interest
in planting cotton. The planting of cotton has been
made more profitable than the planting ' of grain.
In some areas, contracts were drawn up between
farmers and state trading companies, whereby the
former were guaranteed manufactured goods in
advance of payment against the cotton harvest. The
government has also announced that cotton, as well
as grain, can be used to pay agricultural taxes-in-
kind.
(3) In sharp contrast to the KMT, the People's
Government l}as seriously tackled the water con-
servancy problem. The anti-flood campaign was on
a vast scale. In building dykes and canals alone,
360,000,000 cubic metres of earth were moved. Corn-
ssoAOO
suo,ooo
roved_For,Release 20f/'G C 82.00457R0p7100010009-7
petent water conservancy work has gone a long way
in securing the present cotton harvest.
Then, too, the People's Government set up more
special experimental farms and nurseries for culti-
vating selected cottdn seeds; it provided farmers
with insecticides, sprayers and fertilisers, imported
good quality seeds and distributed them to all cotton
areas. The equivalent in value of 30,000 tons of
grain was invested'ih such undertakings.
(4) Lastly, the cadres and Party members as.
signed to work in cotton areas worked at their jobs
tirelessly. In key areas they organised teams of
experts to direct, the farmers in cotton growing,
they utilised' newspapers and pamphlets to praise
model cotton-growers and publicise various planting
experiences, They patiently convinced the peasants
of the need and advantages of growing cotton.
The results have indeed been striking. The
broad cotton belts in the vast basins of the Yellow
and Yangtse Rivers, on the great plains of the
Northwest, and in Northeast China, are a delight
to the eyes of a -cotton farmer. The average yield
per hectare is expected to come close to the best pre-
war level of 194 kilograms of raw cotton per hectare.
Some 16.4 per cent of the total area under cot-
ton has been planted with the' long' staple variety,
which previously was always imported from abroad.
This has now been introduced into every cotton-
growing area in China.
Though achievements on the cotton front have
been great, there is still a big task ahead before
supply can wholly, satisfy demand. For the demand
for cotton is rising steadily as the living conditions
of the people improve. The increased demand for
cotton is shown on -the example of the Northeast
where 800,000 bolts of cloth were used in 1947,
1,200,000 in 1948, and 3,200,000 in 1949. In 1950,
it has been estimated that the people of the North-
east will want over 9,000,000 bolts of cloth.
To produce one bolt of cloth, 5.25 kilos of raw
cotton are needed. The population of the Northeast
is about one-twelfth of the total population. Thus,
if the people's demands in the Northeast are taken
as a standard, at least 600,000 tons of ginned cotton
will be needed to supply the textile industry alone.
If other uses for cotton, such as medical and
chemical uses, padded clothes ' and quilts, and so on,
are taken into consideration., at least 900,000 tons of
ginned cotton will be needed to meet these needs.
As it is, the present 760,000 tons of ginned
cotton will, generally speaking, be adequate to keep
the country's textile industry running for a whole
year. Btit naturally more than just this is needed.
And this goal,{ too, is within reach. A Three-Year
Plan has already been worked out laying special
emphasis on the selection of seeds and on increasing
the yield in every unit area. By 1953, cotton experts
expect that China will not only be in a position to
fully meet her own needs, but will have a surplus
for export to meet the needs of others.
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 14
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Our Writers at the Peace Congress
In the field of literature a
poet, essayist, novelist, playwright,
critic and translator of the first
order; in the field of science - a
highly regarded historian and
archaeologist; a daring revolution-
ary, a skilled organiser, an eloquent
orator noted for the beauty of his
language and his diction -such is
Kuo Mo-jo, a man of parts, the
leader of China's delegation to both
the First and Second World Peace
Congresses.
A non-party member of the Peo-
ple's Political Consultative Con-
ference that founded the People's
Republic, Kuo Mo-jo was im-
mediately appointed to the post of
Vice-Premier of the Central Peo-
ple's Government. It was` an ap-
pointment that, among other
things, reaffirmed the age-old re-
gard that China has for literature.
Kuo Mo-jo was born in Szechuan
in 1892, and received a strictly
classical early education, but as
soon as he had the choice, he de-
cided to take up the study of
medical science. He went to Japan,
and it was while he was studying
anatomy there that he began to
read Heine, Turgeniev, Spinoza and
Goethe and started to write and
translate. He never followed his
profession, though he graduated as
a doctor, but threw himself into
literary work and the lively art
controversies of the day.
Art for the People
The literary Creation'Society he
founded was dedicated at first to
"art for art's sake." But he soon
saw through this self-deception and
became one of the staunchest pro-
tagonists of "art for the people."
The Creation Society thereafter
exerted a considerable influence
over the .youth of. the- day. s At this
time, he_p'ublished The Goc(dess,.his
first colkection of poems ,(1921) ,
and many prose writings and tran-
slations including Faust (1920).
In 1923, the Great Revolution
swept him up in its tide. He took
part in the Northern Expedition as
a director of revolutionary pro-
paganda. Then the Chiang Kai-
shek counter-revolution and terror
forced him to escape abroad, and
for the next ten years he lived in
Japan. Under the watchful eyes
of the Japanese police, he turned
his political activities into a new
sphere. j He translated Marx's
Critique of Political Economy and
German Ideology. These studies
gave him a deeper understanding
of the materialist conception of his-
tory and aided him in his work
Researches into Ancient Society.
Seeking further source material, he
probed into the hieroglyphs on an-
cient oracle bones and bronzes, del-'
ving deeper than any of his con-
temporaries into the structure and
character of ancient Chinese
society.
Then came the Japanese invasion
of China in 1937. Kuo Mo-jo im-
mediately returned home to take
his place in the leadership of the
People's United Front against the
aggressor. As Director of the Cul-
tural Bureau of the Political-Minis-
try, he saved many treasures of
China's cultural heritage and en-
couraged and organised the patrio-
tic efforts of writers and artists.
It was at the time when defeat-
ism and reaction finally complete-
ly dominated the KMT and split
the United Front that he produced
his series -of six. historical plays,
including Chu Yuan, that infused a
,new quality into contemporary
theatrical art and heartened all
progressives in the KMT-control-
led areas. In 1943, he published
two new profound books: The
'Bronze Age and the Ten Critiques
of the philosophers of the Chow
and Ching times, Confucius, Men-
cius, Mo-tse, ' Chuang-tsu and
others.
Returning in 1945 from a visit to
the Soviet Union, he arrived in
Chungking in time to takk part in
the peace negotiations between the
KMT and the Chinese Communist
Party. He also participated in the
January 1946 All-Party Political
Consultative Conference that met
to formulate the terms of peace.
Fight for Peace
Leading the great mass rally in
Chungking that celebrated the
holding of this conference and
its work for peace, Kuo Mo-jo,
together with other democrats, was
attacked by KMT thugs. When the
KMT launched the civil war, he
again succeeded in escaping to
Hongkong, from whence he reach-
ed the Liberation Areas. Follow-
ing the formation of the People's
Government, he was concurrently
appointed Chairman of the Cultural
and Educational Committee of the
Government, President of the
Academia Sinica, and was elected
Chairman of the All-China Associa-
tion of Writers and Artists.
He has taken part in many inter-
national conferences, served his
people on many special commis-
sions. He recently led the people's
mission to fighting Korea. And he
still finds time to inspire and per-
sonally encourage many of the
young writers and artists of New
China.
On this latest mission of peace
to the Second World Peace Con-
gress, he his been accompanied by
the novelist Pa Chin, noted for his
short stories and for his long
trilogy on the break-up of the big
family system, the search of
ardent young intellectuals grown
out'of such a family for the truth,
and their merging with the revolu-
tionary workingclass. Three.poets_
also comprise part of the delega=tion: Emi Sjao, who is internation-
ally known as a partisan of peace;
Feng Nai-chao; and Yuan Shui-poi,
who is also a song and ballad
writer of great popularity.
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 ApprpVor Re1,e?,~p14/ q,82-OJ34~Af100010009-7
The PLA started its lot) ir--awaited march into Tibet in October to help the Tibetan
people rid themselves of imperialist oppression and institute regional self-government.
Tibetans of the SikangTibet plateau welcome the PLA. As their banners
show, they 1?,leris:e themselves to i rcc the People'; Army every possible support.
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 Approved For Release 2001/12/04: CIA-RDP82-00457R007100010009-7
PIA mcn fnawc equipment across a
,~e% r %%hilt '1"0 i- bvim, hui]l_
'T'ibetan Hamad
i:u~~uae'o to i
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 Approved For Release 2001/12/04: RDP -004
Lamas welcome the I'I A, an aim, w}urh respects their religious freedom, customs and habits.
tvw+ their native " ? "?
y?n P tho 1'Ia~. ' _-r< ?:,r (L inrt.it, liberated on O&?tohct 15).
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 App.ti F jK; Or]V6tt4`-ftf2-V`ft @ JQpP-7
udents of the College for Mongolians and Tibeta
"The American and KMT bandits shall not take the land
from me!" says a peasant volunteer in suburban Peking.
Workers of the Peking Farm Tool factory sign a letter to
Chairman ! io, ali'eriiig their aid 1., Korea.
V
Peking voice their determination to go to resist
the American aggressors in Korea.
Students of the People's University in Peking,'
give a rousing send-Off to a volunteer.
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 Approved For Release 2 0. 9 6P82-00457R00710001 QQ 7
Transformation of a Mill
Over the gate the signboard
says, "China Textile Corporation,
Tientsin No. 2 Factory." From
the road you can hear the hum of
machinery, the rattle of looms and
whir of spindles. Looking through
the gate, you catch an occasional
glimpse of a woman worker-for
most of the..s'tate-owned plant's
5,000 workers are women - scurry-
ing across the courtyard in her
white apron. But what attracts
your attention most is a huge
board, placed just inside the
gate, and painted on it lines
that curve upward, lines that mean
more cotton from each of the 98,040
spindles, more cloth from each of
the looms, ? and beside it the notice
board on the wall, crammed with
cartoons,' challenges and competi-
tion results-. "No. 2 Team beats
No. 7 by 50.17 yards to 49.10" and
"Honour Model Worker Liu."
You go up to the board. Those
figures up there. You , would
scarcely believe it possible if you'd
stood on the same spot less than
two years ago, when Tientsin's
liberation was already certain and
the workers were organising to pre-
vent KMT looting and damage. And
if you'd been there thirty years be-
fore, in 1919, when the factory,
founded by the Northern Warlords,
was first opened, you'd have said
those curving lines and the state-
ments they make were preposter-
ous, a nonsensical dream. Yet
those figures-that rise of cloth
from 40 yards to 46.96 yards on
the same' loom in the. same time -
. were made by some of the very
same men and women who endured
thirty years of near-slavery, who
loitered. and slacked and sabotaged
in reprisal against harsh, oppres-
sive conditions.
It was in 1936, that the factory
was,sold, :to :the Japanese. Condi-
tions under the, Northern Warlords,
rulers of the Hopei plains, had
been bad. Under the Japanese
they were worse.. The new super-
visors were more skilled in indus-
Chow Hsueh-sheng
trial technique and industrial ex-
ploitation. They could, detect de-
fective work at a glance. They
didn't hesitate to pay the workers
wages which would only keep them
for ten days out of the month, and
drive theft to cover the other
twenty days' expenses. Nor did
they hesitate, when the workers
turned to theft as the only way
out, to have their guards search
them as they went off work and
to torture anyone found stealing,
even to the extent of having trained
dogs tear their underwear down
and standing them, men' and women,
naked at the factory gate.
Nine years later, in 1945, the
factory fell into the hands of the
Kuhmintang. There were three
months of idleness before produc-
tion started again, months during
which the workers had to fend for
themselves, Then production began
again, yet with an accompanying
oppression worse than any they had
experienced under the Japanese.
For now they were under bureau-
crats who knew nothing of indus-
try, whose only concern was for
profits, and whose only method to
get production out of mill workers
was to set them under secret ser-
vice agents, petty racketeers and
gang bosses - all hired not for any
technical knowledge they had, but
for their experience in "controlling"
workers and extracting more yard
and cloth, more work, from them
by threats and terrorism. The
company trade union was only an-
other extension of this, another
means to control the workers in the
interests of a bureaucratic manage-
ment devoted to quick profits and
speculative markets. ?
The workers themselves counted
for nothing. In sickness they were
neglected, in trouble they were" dis-_
regarded. Useful as creators of
wealth, they were carefully pre-
vented from sharing in their own
creation. And lest there should be
any semblance of unity between
19
staff and workers to threaten the
disunity upon which corruption
thrived, the divisions between staff
- whose rolls were padded with the
management's friends, relatives
and . political off-siders - and
woker?s were encouraged and nur-
tiired. The one group rode to and-
from work in a specially-provided
bus. The other walked. The one
could enter and leave the plant
freely. The other, going and com-
ing, must stop and be subjected to
an ignominious search. The one
looked down on the workers as dirty
manual labourers. The other con-
temptuously named the staff the
bosses' "dog legs."
If management had any policy, it
was : "Divide and, rule. Give
nothing. Get what you can."
From this calculated chaos the fac-
tory was liberated b the PLA on
January 15, 1949.
Liberation Brings Stability
To bring in order, however, was
not. easy. Fears and suspicions
deliberately spread by KMT ele-
ments in the months before libera-
tion had to be allayed. Some said,
"New officials will be like any
former other officials. What dif-
ference will you find between KMT
and the Communist? What does
either care for the worker?"
On January 16, the day after the
PLA entered the plant, meetings
were held throughout the factory.
Activists, PLA representatives and
Communist Party members talked
,to groups of workers, explaining
the all-important task of putting
the factory to work again. The
co-operation of many was won.
Next day, most reassuring and set-
tling sight of all, thick black smoke.
coiled up' from the tall factory
chimney once more. The first.
round had been won. ..
With work resumed, production
had .to be raised. Urgent and in-
evitable"yas reorganisation of the
factory was, temporarily and for
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 Approved For Release 20014,62=00457R007100010009-7
the sake of production, no basic authorities they would use high-
changes in personnel or operation sounding phrases, ' while to the
were made. Only those few whose workers they would say, _ "Those
crimes had been gross and serious PLA bumpkins, they can't do
were dismissed. The rest stayed. without the likes of us.", They
But such. oppression of the found excuses to transfer, Politic-
workers could not continue. Wage ally active workers to old and
inequities were adjusted by com- worn-opt machines, and when their
puting wages in terms of `corn- output fell, they would hold them
flour, the staple food, so that up to ridicule. If such a worker
the average worker's wage rose protested, they would accuse him
from the equivalent of 90 cat- of violating "labour discipline."
ties of corn-flour a'month to ago. By subterfuge, certain of the
Moreover, to provide incentive, supervisors edged back into their
wages were tied to output, and as old positions of dominance over the
production increased, pay-checks workers. The workers themselves,
grew fatter. The old trade union were confused. There was a strong
of the factory was dissolved im- undercurrent of dissatisfaction.
mediately and replaced by one "How," one of the workers asked,
democratically organised and elect- "can we be liberated with these old
ed, and the union was able to give fellows still in charge?"
emergency welfare relief to any A mass movement against the
worker in need of it. reactionary f(wemen and super-
The effect of these measures was visors was then started, a move-
felt at once. They brought to No. 2 ment, however, directed along the
Mill a hitherto unknown stability lines of criticism and re-educatiYin.
within a . few weeks. And this Workers were encouraged to raise
stability, in turn, was the first step criticism at a whole series of meet-
in the transformation of the mill ings held by every department. The
from a bureaucratic' capitalist con- results were'
cer, u to a New Democratic enter- hopeful. Most
prise.
Overcoming Obstacles
of the reaction-
ary elements
agreed to
The next step was to raise the change their
workers' political and technical ways, and went
level. This was imperative if real of f together
productive energies were. to be with some of the activists to
released and the factory 'was to attend training classes in basic
work in harmony. In May, five Marxism, the class derivation of
months after Liberation, the textile their 'old concepts, working style
mill began to introduce the system and New Democracy.
of democratic factory management, At the same time, five workers,
designed tp meet these needs, with well-liked by their fellow-workers
the organisation of a management and each with 20 or more years of
committee to which the workers experience, were promoted to be
elected their own representatives. technicians in charge of certain
Many difficulties faced the new departments. The mill's engineers
committee. They came firstly gave them special training courses
from the activities of the rag-tag in their new duties. And these
reactionary elements through whom promotions from among their own
bureaucratic capital had..oneo, ruled group, coupled with the attack on
the workers. , In order to preserve the old forces, were a great en-
the enterprise as an integral couragement to other workers.
whole at the time of Liberation, the Of all the old supervisors, only
government policy had allowed one refused to admit his mistakes.
many of these elements, reactionary He was sent home for two months
foremen and supervisors, to remain to reconsider the matter thorough
at their old posts. It was not long ly. When he returned, however, he
before some of them began slyly still clung to his old ways, and the
to sabotage production. To the mill had no option but to dismiss
him. Immediately, production in
the department he' once controlled
went up by one yard per loom per
work shift.
Division Among Employees
Another major obstacle which
faced the committee was the divi-
sion between the technical and
clerical staff on the one hand and
the workers on the other. These
two groups had to be brought
together. Technique could no
more be divorced from labour than
theory from practice.
The KMT's counter-revolution-
ary propaganda had had more
effect on the staff than on the
workers. The staff felt more reas-
sured after Liberation, but anta-
gonisms between the two groups
persisted, though the forms they
took were different. While in the
old days the workers looked on
these people as the bosses' "dog
legs or "orderlies," the staff's con-
tempt for the workers was now
tempered a little by fear. ""The
workers may have become thelead-
ing class, but what do they know
about mathematics or any of the
sciences ?" some thought to them-
selves. Others thought opportun-
ism more profitable, flattering the
workers, accepting all their sugges-
tions, even the unwise ones. Be-
cause of this, the factory inspec-
tion system grew very lax and
production suffered.
To overcome these divisions, staff
members and workers were brought
together in small groups to talk out
their differences. Activists, Party
and trade union representatives
stressed that the technical staff was
really part of the broad working
class and would be accepted by that
class once their attitudes changed.
Joint meetings of technicians,
supervisors and workers considered
production 'problems,. and mutual
respect increased. Some of the staff
were astonished at the valuable
suggestions workerg made on the
basis of their long practical ex-
perience. - The workers, for their
part, were grateful for suggestions
from the staff which improved pro-
duction methods, many of which led
to better working conditions and
higher incomes.
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 Approved For Release t /(% C A4-AQP82-0Q457ROO71 oQQ J Q.o lg-7 21
By May, 1950, when the three- don't. And the women workers - of the Com-
month city-wide production drive they shout `lazy bones' at you, if munist Party
was ipaugurated, the growing unity you don't give their work frequent and New De-
between staff and workers 'was and careful' inspection." mocratic Youth
evident. Even backward workers League, and
As the workers came to feel more five repre-
were drawn into the. production and more that the factory was
drive, which not only raised the theirs, they developed a sharper s e n t a t i v e s
elected among
general political level of all. the interest in the activities of the
to a real re- quick to the workers.
workers but also led
b ecame
Th
_
ey
leaders.
At monthly
lease of latent initiative and crea- notice any evidences of bungling,
tiveness among," them. negligence or incompetence and meetings, dir-
ector and top
Throughout the preceding they criticised immediately, lest the officials of the, mill reported
month, , the factory was busy with set-back affect overall production. to a large number mill of elected
preparations. Production norms Workers now understood the prac-
workers' representatives. These in
were Worked out in. detail, not tical value of mathematics, science turn reported se the entire factory
simply for departments and sec- and technical training and demand- And through these
could these
tions but for each machine. In- ed that facilities be made available personnel.
dividual and collective targets were for them to study these subjects meetings l. the A dethro cri~
agreed upon through group discus- and raise their technical level. ticise their own shortcomings and
sions. Competition regulations Many new classes were opened for could receive the criticisms of the
were outlined. All those surpassing them with highly skilled workers rank-and-file. Here was a channel
a given norms were to be awarded and technical experts as teachers, for democratic control, making of
yellow flags while those with still At a later stage in the the many little groups, each with its
campaign, private interests, one working unit
higher achievements were to be the workers developed a system of with united aim and united
honoured red flags. A sum equal signing inter-departmental con- wrength.
to 20 per cent of the factory tracts for the delivery of semi-
payroll was set' aside for special processed goods. These 'contracts,
monetary awards. - specifying the quality, quantity And, that big board inside the
The main emphasis of the cam- and time of delivery, minimised de- factory's gate, it means many
paign was placed upon rationalis- lays caused by lack of materials, things, not just production in-
ing production in such a way as to and better planning was possible. creases. It means the workers
save labour, cut costs and raise In terms of heightening the have come to understand that in
quality. lluring the drive, the workers' political consciousness, this state-owned plant they are
workers proposed a total of thirty- uniting all sections of the factory the masters, and democratic factory
four major rationalisations which and developing democratic manage- management is management by the
save the factory large sums ' of ment, the campaign was a success. workers. It means that workers
money. One worker suggested that In terms of hard statistics, too, it and technicians, supervisors and
worn-out spindles be turned upside. was a success. Cloth production, clerks, are working as one body,
down, given a special finish and be for example, which in April, a he artificial divisions and old
used again, thus making use of month before the campaign, reached hand tstilhe are breaking down. old
thousands of high-speed steel spin- 143,57$ bolts, rose to/ 155,840 bolts means that labour is no longer a
ales which might otherwise have by July. In the same period, the heavy task forced on ? men and
been cast away. Others suggested percentage of first-grade Moth in- women with whips and clubs,, but
certain improvements in the looms creased from 97,62 to 98.49. While a conscious act of creation to be
which resulted in higher quality average production per loom in taken up with enthusiasm.
cloth. KMT days never exceeded 40.5
From, this time on, to see workers yards per loom for a 1,0-hour, shift, As you turn from the board to
and technicians talking over tech- it reached 46.96 yards in July, 1950. leave, some of the workers are
nical problems was. `a common.. ' The production drive, spearhead- going off shift. One, Lao Chen,
sight. Supervisors found workers ed in the factory by. the Democratic calls out across the courtyard.
no longer resented' inspection of , Management Committee, also had' . "Are you leaving? Wait!, I'm
the effect of strengthening the going too." , Together you go out
their output. On the con iciest whole system of democratic man- of the gate. "Hey", he exclaims,
wo ors now demanded the strictest agement. The committee adopted "don't you notice anything?" "Well
inspection, for otherwise how could its present form -13 members, ?" "Why, they don't search us
their work qualify for ari award? comprising the factory director, any more! You remember the
One tgchniclan , amazed at the three engineers, a representative former days, every morning and
change, said, "Why, you'd be from. the Tientsin Military Admini- evening? But we've put an end
hated for inspecting before Libera- stration Council, the chairman of to that too. Buddha, they say,
tion. After Liberation, activists the factory's trade union, two must, have incense, but man must
remonstrate, ith you if you secretaries of the factory branches have dignity."
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 22 Approved For Release 20011PI10P, A-00457R007100010009-7
why Chan Yi uan Volunteered For
9 Y Korea
Chiao Yu-jen
The courtyard of the big cement what they turned out in a year. So combined," he told me and added,
works not far from Peking was when Peking.was liberated, we re- "Do you see my point of view now?"
alive with moverpent. One -shift fused to leave with the KMT, he asked; "In our neighbourhood,
of workers was clocking on and ex- though we didn't really expect a new textile factory is going up.
changing quips with others who much change. We were too much There is no question of starvation
were coming off work. The huge in. the dark, and unemployment now. More and
chimney belched a thick brown "But this time, things turned out more workers will get new jobs."
smoke. A train fully loaded with different. About the middle of "What about "No
bags of cement whistled shrilly as your wages?" bags ofd em. December, a military man dressed question," he said, "I live much
in plain cotton-padded clothes turn- better now. With the wage I earn
To Chang Yi-yuan, it was part ed up at our factory. He told I can buy two and half times the
of his everyday life. I could see, us to keep the factory in good goods that I could before. It is not
as he had shown me round, that he order and gave us an hour's poll- only enough to feed my family of
knew this placeinside out and loved +;,...i
.-.. ,,wU~ ua+tcu i+uu wuy lie x,ttu how we began to learn what was to save a little."
volunteered to fight in Korea and happening. He told us starva- He took me to his home, ten
he had paused before he replied. tion and unemployment would
minutes' walk from the factory,
"It's not easy for me to tell never trouble us again. He said one of a row of neat brick cottages
you," he finally answered. "I think we were the masters of the factory that was formerly reserved for the
-you'll only fully understand if I tell now. It was all strange to us at technicians and higher office
you something of my life in the first, workers. ' Formerly, the. csianual
past. That,.and our life today, is "By April 15 last year, produc- workers had to live in hovels in the
what decided- me." He deliberated tion was going ahead. Many of nearby village.
as he looked around the works.
k
h
our wor
ers w
o had been dismiss- The management has built SO
"I've been here ever since it was ed by the KMT returned to the new dwellings for married workers
built by the Japs ten years ago. factory. This impressed me more and, in addition, there are special
Same kilns, same boiler, same than anything else. `The Com- quarters for unmarried workers,
buildings and even many of the munists are not telling lies, they with a canteen and bathrooms.
??^e
n
B
t wh
t
di
e
me
.
u
a
a
ffer
nce
aivn nc wnnlr T +1,nn-1,+
now: .
"Ten years ago, we were recruit- No. 1 Kiln Chang Yi-yuan's wife who made us
ed by the Japanese not as workers, "On May Day last year, the mili- a meal, including meat and food
but slaves,, real slaves. All the tary representative called on us to made of good flour. The house was
foremen and skilled workers were restore the No. 1 kiln which had neat and cosy with a dining room
Japanese, let alone the technicians. lain idle for five years. I got my that is also used as a. living room,
They beat us. .We earned starva- brigade together and we volunteer- a bedroom and a kitchen. He told
toin wages, scarcely enough to keep ed for the job. I really don't know me that the rent, electricity and
alive. But there was no choice. where I drew my courage. But you 'piped water were all free of charge.
"Before see, we turned out a smart job. On In addition, the management had
I .d here I was a July 1, the kiln started to work. suplied them with furniture.
year in, year out, tenant. I drudged me drudged for the landlord e Four kilns working all together! As I entered the door, his little
I couldn't t save av
a -The Japanese never' dared to try, son aged about eight was leaning
was all catty gram. So, you see, i yet we did it. What a marvel! against a table, reciting lessons.
the same; a slave the e We all felt as though we had been Chang told me his son was studying
farm or 'in, the factory. When I - school, into the future I could see re-born." at the primary jointly run
nothing but 'darkness. Chang Yi-yuan smiled proudly. by the factory and the railway
"Then He led. me round the No. 1 kiln and centre. Schooling is free.. I noticed
the KMT came. For us it gave e a piece of coloured glass. a new. coat hanging on the wall of
was just the same as before
if not
,
Through the holes of the kiln I saw
worse. Those, gangsters didn't the raw meal squirting. "By
know what they were doing at all. the end of this month, we will have
They spoiled the machines and produced in this factory in 11
turned everything into mess. Half months as much cement as was
the workers were sacked. It takes turned out in four years and three
us one month today to produce months by the Japanese and KMT
the living room. Chapg bought it
1a'st month out. of his savings.'
He later took me to the factory
clinic where both the workers and
their families enjoy free medical
care, to the co-operative where
they can buy daily necessities at
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 a -
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.,reduced prices, the small library
and their club, all built since libera-
tion, Chang told me. he factory
dramatic group was well-known in
the surrounding villages. It has
even given performances of two
plays, written.'by the workers them-
selves, in the Peking Working
People's Palace of Culture.
Warrior's Heart
"Do you see now why I; volun-
teered? he " asked. "Under the
KMT. no man in his right mind
would volunteer to fight. But I've
got, something to fight for now.
I'm a free, man. If I die to keep
war away from my country, I'll die
proudly.
"Mind you, it took me seine time
to decide. I did not give much
thought to what was happening in
Korea till recently. I did not think
it was my: business. . And I just
could not believe the Americans
were so inhuman.
"But then they crossed the 38th
Parallel and more and. more evid-
ence came of how they were wiping
out old and young, men, woman
and children. ' I heard of the
attacks on,our own Northeast, my
blood began to boil.
"Even then, I still thought my
place was here in the factory,
pushing `up production. I've been
elected a model worker. Our
cement has helped to rebuild the
railways all the way from Mukden
to Canton, Much of the materials
used to widen and beautify the
roads in Peking and build new
seweys come from, here. I'mnot :I
youngster and, I thought, so long
a~ my production chart goes up, I'm
doiflg my share.
",Then the, America,lis started
knifing towards our borders. We
rfiad? the statement of our Foreign
Ninister Chou?En-lai and discussed
it. We began to realise how serious
things were.
"We held a meeting. in our fac-
tory. I know all the lads. I know
what goes on in their minds. Feng
cheng-sheng, who is a young .Com-
munist, was first to get up and
speak. `The factory belongs to us,
workers. It is our rice-bowl,' he
said. 'The whole country is ours.
here , is, this fighting going to
end? Shall we wait till they start
what we all 'have, and what we ar
today, our life, work, studies, train-
ini, our homes, are all due to Chair-
man Mao Tsi-tung and the Com-
munist Party. As a Communist,,it
is my duty to go to Korea. We
must, stop the fighting there. We
must have peace to build up Our
country.'
"Su Shang-wu of the boiler de-
partment spoke next. His life was
a hard one in the old days. He was
a, poor peasant. The landlord put
his mother and brother in prison
and only let them out on condition
Su went into the army. Su said,
'I've been beaten and insulted
enough. We can't have the old kind
of life back again. It breaks my
heart to see what they're doing to
the Koreans. I know how to
handle a gun, and a machine grin
too, and other weapons. I'm a good
shot. And if I die, I'll die willingly
to safeguard our new, good life.'
"Next came young Tsao Yang.
He had been the most cunning
draft dodger I've ever known. 'I
used to run away from any, fight-
ing,' he admitted. 'But this time
I want to run right into it. I. never
want to have hide agaili. I know
what I'm doing. I want to go, even
if I have to get killed so that the
American money bags are kept out.'
"What impressed me most was
when our foreman, Yang Mou, got
up. , He's 31 and has eight people
in his family dependent on
him. All the bitterness of
his past life came out as
he spoke and you could
hear a pin drop. He had
been a child worker in
a knitwear factory. At
18, he was conscripted into the
Japanese puppet police force. He
ran away and finally became an
apprentice fireman in our bailer
room. He once fell asleep through
overwork and was handcuffed,
made to kneel on a piece of wood
and hold another piece of wood
above his head while a Japanese
lashed his bare back with a, whip,
threatening from time to time to
shoot him.
"Yang said quietly, 'I would
rather die myself now, so that my
family can remain free, so that all
our workers and our factory can
be protected, so that all our people
can be protected. I think all work-
ers, even those that have not volun.
teered for individual considerations,
have the same opinion.'
"I tell you it shook me, I went
Home and that night I could hardly
sleep.. I kept thinking of the grand
life that we were beginning to live
and how it was all threatened by
the American imperialist war.
"In. the morning I read in the
paper the statement of all the de-
mocratic parties of the country.
That settled it for me. I told my
wife I wanted to go to Korea. To
my joy, she said she understood.
She even seemed proud of me. She
said she. would find work in the
textile. mill and keep the home
going. I went straight to the -trade
union centre and registered as a
,.,:volunteer,."
Not everyone in this factory has
volunteered to go to Korea. Some
have over-riding family or other
good reasons. And not all that
volunteered will be able 'to get
awa'. But I had found the
answers to the question that was
in my mind when I went down to
this important cement works
- what made. up the fine
spirit of this factory, with its
unusual ? production record, its
model workers, its large number
of volunteers.
Slogans around the fac-
tory that expressed this
spirit caught my attention
as I took a final look
round. In the boiler room
was the pledge: "We will
work in with the kilns
to achieve our new targets. We
guarantee not a single drop of oil
will be wasted. No breakdowns,
major or minor." In the courtyard
was a sign: "The kilns are our can-
nons, the' mills our machine guns.
The faster they turn, the more the
enemy trembles," and at the gate,
the slogan that is now a common
sight everywhere in China: "STOP
THE AMERICANS, HELP THE
KOREANS AND SAFEGUARD OUR
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 24 Approved For Release 2001/fk8f LA-MfA 00457R007100010009-7
Chinese and Koreans Fought
the Japanese Too
Chang Chao
This Js not the first time that
Korean and Chinese patriots have
battled together against invaders
of their countries. Their joint
guerrilla warfare was a thorn in
the side of the Mikado's armies
throughout the 1931-45 Japanese
invasion of China.
After Korea was annexed by the
Japanese in 1905, thousands of
Korean patriots and revolutionaries
found sanctuary in China. And
when the imperial armies pushed
on into Mukden on Sept. 18, 1931,
those in the N orthcast were among
the first to take up arms in defence
of their adopted country. In those
first few months they joined the
revolt of the Chinese population of
the Chientao district; they cutthe
Tunghwa-Kirin Railway. At tai-
yuan, they destroyed the Japanese
police headquarters. But in those
early days, the Northeast guerrillas
were poorly organised and ` had
little military knowledge. Betrayed
by the KMT government, they suf-
fered heavy defeats. Some detach-
ments were wiped out to a man.
Those that tsurvived were forced to
separate into small groups based in
remote areas - the Forest and
Mountain Detachments.
It was out of these unco-ordinat-
ed bands that the Chinese Com-
munist Party forged the heroic
Anti-Japanese United Democratic
Armies (the AJUDA) and gradual-
ly enrolled the masses of the people
in a widespread rear organisation
and reserve for mobile guerrilla
warfare. By the 'end of 1932, the
movement had recovered from its
early defeats. It became a force
that pinned down large enemy
forces until the day of Japan's final
defeat. A year after its formal
inauguration in 1936, the AJUDA
had ? three Route Armies 90,000
strong, in which the Korean
patriots 'played an outstanding
role. Kim II-sung was once a
Divisional Commander. Kim Tze
was Political Com-
missar of the Third
Route Army. Many
other divisional
commanders and
commissars were
also Koreans.
The famous Rock
Guerrilla Detach-
ment, predecessor
of the First Route
Army based in
Liaoning Province,
was led by Li
Hung-kwang, an outstanding
Korean Communist who later met
his death in battle. As the First
Route Army, with Li as its Chief-of-
Staff, it inflicted heavy punishment-
on the Japanese in the Po Li River
area. Its fame- spread. Many
Northeast railway workers joined
it and became noted experts at
railway demolition work. On more
than one occasion it carried opera-
tions up to the very walls of
Mukden, the main Japanese-held
city, and finally became so trouble-
some to the invaders that the im-
perial staff in the autumn of 1937
decided to destroy it in a major
campaign with over 7,000 crack
troops.
The First Route Army suffered
heavily, but 400 survivors broke
through the encirlement and re-
treated to the banks of the Yalu
River on Korea's border. From this
new base, aided by tough Chinese
and Korean lumbermen of. the
Changpai forests, it interfered con-
tinually with ' Japanese, timber
shipments and permanently en-
gaged a large Japanese punitive
force.
It was from among the men of
this Army that General Kim Il-
sung in 1936 led his Sixth Division
to carry the struggle over the
border into North Korea. When
Yang Ching-yu, commandet of the
First Army, was killed in action,
the Army rallied around General
Kim Il-sung. The First Army was
in being and harassing the Japan-
ese to the end of the war. Under
General Kim's leadership, under-
ground revolutionary work was
organised in the vital centres of
Japanese rule in Korea so that
when the Soviet Armies launched
their liberation offensive, against
the Japanese in Northeast China
and Korea, the Korean people's
movement was able, along with the
Northeast volunteers, to give sub-
stantial assistance to the Soviet
forces and establish the people's
rule in the liberated areas.
In Kirin's eastern mountains,
Korean revolutionaries formed the
basic core of the East Manchurian
Guerrilla Detachment. Later,
joined with the guerrilla detach-
ments which had been forced to
retreat from central area of North-
east China, they formed the Second
AJUDA Route Army, a force that
became noted for its intrepid raids
on Japanese communications. It
was the fear of this close and effec-
tive co-operation between the two
peoples that decided the Japanese
command to wipe out the whole
guerrilla area. On the basis -of its
notorious "Three-All Policy" of
"Kill All, Burn All, Loot A111"
villages suspected of hiding guer-
rillas were razed to the ground.
The men folk were killed or driven
off to slave labour on the northern
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fortifications. Women and children
were herded into stockaded con-
centration camps? or sold as slaves
to factories or houses of prostitu-
tion. On the approach of Japanese
troops, whole villages fled from
their homes.to the hills and forests.
The guerrillas, however, were
ineradicable, for they were the im-
mortal people. They turned re-
treats into advances. _ Hard pressed
in China, in 1.943, with their gallant
commander And political commissar
killed, the ' 2nd Army despatched
the Korean comrades under their
commander Ching Tse-tseng into
Korea, where they engaged the
Japanese garrisons until the end
of the war.
Thousand: of Koreans were
among the more than 160,000
fighters of the AJUD~A units and
militiamen who, after 14 years of
constant battle, co-operated in the
advance, of the Soviet Armies
against the Japanese and celebrated
V-J Day under victorious arms.
When the war ended, many of
those Korean com~ades ieturned to
their own liberated land while
others planned to stay in the North-
east. Under the People's Govern-
ment, they received their share of
land under the land reform and
began their lives anew. But still
another trial awaited them.
The United Democratic Armies
of the Northeast and the People's
Government were in effective con-
trol of the strategic Northeast.
The Kuomintang, aided and insti-
gated by the Americans, poured in
tropps by ship and plane to wipe
out the people's forces and restore
the Chiang dictatorship. The peo-
ple's forces fought back. Chinese
and Korean guerrillas put on their
uniforms again. In the ensuing
War of Liberation, 'Koreans and
Chinese fought side by side on
every major 1 battlefield of the.
Northeast and many Korean demo-
crats later 'aided the PLA on its
victorious advance from North to
South China.
Throughout Korea and China and
in Northeast China especially, this
comradeship-in-arms of - the two
peoples has left an ineffaceable
tradition. "We two peoples are as
close as lips and teeth," say the
peasants of the Yalu valleys. The
legendary tales of the campaigns
are common to* both sides of the
border. The people of the North-
east are as proud of their. Korean
heroes as of their own.
If the American invaders in
Korea still want to know what kind
of people they are trying to sup-
press, they would do well to read
the history of the campaign of the
AJUDA. Its fighters, men and
women, gave countless examples of
heroism. Many of the girl fighters
whose tragic story is told in the
film "Daughters of China" were
Koreans. The Korean heroine
Kim Tong-san could lay mines as
well as she could sew. She derailed
many enemy trains. Now shg is a
labour heroine in production. Out-
numbered ten to one, the Korean
commander Li Kwang-lin and his
men fought to their last bullet and
then with their bare hands until
not a man remained alive. Name-
less, because all her family had
been wiped out by the Japanese, a
Korean girl singer and, dancer of
the Chientao region People's Enter-
tainment . Troupe fell into the
Japanese hands. Even under
threat of death, this eight-year-old
child refused to betray her friends
and perished shouting the slogan
"Down with the Japanese im-
perialists!"
The battles against the Japanese
invaders and the U.S.-supported
Chiang, Kai-shek clique were by no
means the only time Korean and
Chinese democrats fought side by
side. Korean revolutionaries, like
the Korean people in general, have
for centuries regarded China with
a special feeling of kinship. Since
25
the enslavement of their own coun-
try by Japan, they have looked to
China's liberation as the herald of
their own. Korean revolutionaries
took part in the overthrow of the
Manchu dynasty,, in the Northern
Expedition of the Great Revolution
in 1925-27 and in the struggles of
the Agrarian Revolution. But it
was in the joint battles against the
Japanese and Chiang-American
forces that they built up those
especially close relations of mutual
regard 'that have become an exam-
ple of revolutionary international-
ism in the Asian peoples' struggle
for freedom from a common im-
perialist foe.
These two peoples have learned
well the lessons of those times.
Fourteen years of struggle taught
them the need and invincibility of
unity. Peasants of the Yalu River
valleys say: "If the lips are gone,
the teeth will suffer from the cold."
So the people of the Northeast
needed no urging when the new
invasion of Korea threatened the
freedom of their neighbours and
their own hearths and homes.
Followed by the rest of the Chinese
people, they have volunteered in
their tens of thousands for service
with the Korean People's Army.
Such are the present opponents
of the American invaders in
Korea. They will not be cowed by
atrocities, such as the U.S. forces
and their puppets are now. perpe-
trating. They have been steeled in
battles with a foe just as atrocious.
In addition, the guerrillas of yes-
terday are now armed with
weapons as good as those of their
enemies. But neither technique
nor terror will decide this war. The
men behind the weapons will do
that. The joint struggles of the
Korean and Chinese people in the
past show the quality of the,
fighters who man the jets and
rocket-guns that are decimating
the latest invaders of Asia's main-
land.
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 Approved For Release 2001x-00457R007100010009-7
A LETTER FROM A RETURNED STUDENT
Dear Editor,
This morning I volunteered to
fight against the American in-
vaders in Korea. Thousands have
volunteered before me and still
more will do so in the future.
Many are already fighting on the
battlefront.
I am one of the many students
who have recently returned from
the United States. _ I always loved
my country, but never have I loved
it so much as I do now, after
having seen the many wonderful
changes which have taken place
during my absence.
The first people I met in New
China were a group of sailors on
the tugboat that took me from the
freighter. to the wharf at Taku Bar.
How they welcomed me back!
They said to me, "We are con-
structing a new country. Here is
your chance. Make good use of
what you have learned in the
university."
Then they went on to tell me
about their. life after liberation.
"Yes," remarked one sailor, "you
will be surprised to find how many
things have changed in so short a
time." '
"I have an extremely large
family to support," said another,
"but now even our family can live
happily. . . . You know," he co4i-
tinued, "this month we decided to
unload twice as much as before
and we.are working doubly hard to
overfulfil our target."
One of the sailors handed me
a book on the history of the Chinese
revglution. "This is our textbook.
Besides the literacy classes, we read
and discuss this book and have ses-
sions of criticism and self-criticism
to improve our political conscious-
Hess."
On the train from Taku Bar to
Tientsin, I sat next to an old peas-
ant and his grand-daughter. All
the way he kept commenting on the
crops on both sides of the track.
"See how well the kaoliang has
grown. A few more rainless days
and this will surely be a bumper
crop. The PLA have done it again,
you know," he said to me. "They
cleared away the ruins of the Kl1tT
fortresses, ploughed the field, dug
an irrigation canal, and planted
the seeds - all in three days.
. . "
Fearing that perhaps I wasn't
interested, his grand-daughter ex-
plained, "Grandpa used to curse
the troops -the Japs, the Amer-
icans, the KMT gangsters, and a
lot of others whose names I don't
remember. But how he loves to
talk about the PLA !"
The old man smiled and went
on: "Why shouldn't I talk about
the PLA? Several years ago, I
was one of the coolies drafted to
work on this road. Now I ride on
it -a thing I wouldn't even dare
dream of before. Last winter in
the land reform my two sons each
got five snow of land. Now we are
doing fine. We can afford to go to
Tientsin to see your Third Uncle -
he's doing well as a factory hand
in the No. 7 Mill of the China Tex-
tile Corporation. Eh, can I talk
too much about our liberators?"
Here in Peking the transforma-
tion is remarkable. I have a feel-
ing that the whole city pulsates
with new life. The cadres who
work harder than everyone else live
more simply than others. Then
there are the workers who work
from morning till night in every
part of the city clearing away the
rubbish left through decades of
neglect. New streetcars . . . new
roads . new people. Above all,
there was the mammoth October
1st parade in which the whole city
joined to celebrate the National
Day. Can there be any doubt that
a new country has been born?
As a newcomer to Peking, I con-
stant ' ly feel the urge to ask my-
self: Was it like this before?
Have I ever seen a Chinese city
without ;a single beggar as today in
Peking? Have I ever picked up
a newspaper and read. articles by
high ranking officials which go into
serious ,and detailed self-criticism
as in the People's Daily? I could
go on indefinitely asking myself
such questions. And the answer-
always a simple NO.
'A's for the "American way of
life" I witnessed, my main impres-
sions are of jobless young men sit-
ting on park benches, weary-look-
ing workers reading comic strips
in subways, drunks inside a bar
hovering around a television set
watching some stupid or corrupt-
ing program, and schoolboys gossip-
ing to each other about Superman
and western cowboys.
Today no people are so hated by
the Chinese as the American im-
perialists. Ask the man on the
street what he thinks of the Ameri-
can invaders and he will tell you in
no uncertain terms. Often you will
find he himself or his friends or
relatives have suffered through
American business dealings, bombs'
or troops. But even more i~ his
hatred directed against the Ameri-
can imperialists for the fact that
they will not let us alone to get on
with our peaceful construction.
Three months -of life in New
China -have -given me a new
strength and new faith in my coun-
try. Like all my countrymen, I feel
now that this country is ours. No
one is going to destroy it. We will
fight for the beautiful future be-
fore us.
Dear Editor, I am leaving for
the Korean front in a few days.
There I may fight Will, Bob and
other American boys whom I knew
as friends in the States. But do
I hesitate? No. I'll fight them
to the bitter end, so long
as they serve as the tools of
an imperialism
Which threatens
to plunder and
enslave our
country.
Sincerely ;yours,
P. W. LIN
Peking, Nos'ember 16, 1950.
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 Approved For Release 2 S Q R14P82-00457R007100010009-7
CURRENT CHINA Nov. 11- 25,'1950
M
World Peace Congress
The Chinese delegation to the
,World Peace Congress in. Warsaw
'issued on Nov. 24 a statement on
behalf of their country, pledging
full support for the Congress Mani-
'fest9, the new World Peace Council
and its proposals to the U.N.
The five proposals of the Chinese
people's peace mandate were sub-
'mitted to the Congress by Kuo Mo-
jo, head of the Chinese delegation,
.in his warmly applauded speech to
the Congress on Nov. 18.
The Congress proceedings have
been widely publicised in China.
',Democratic parties. and ponular
organisations all sent greetings to
the Congress and also protested to
the British government which pre-
'vented the Congress from being
,held in Sheffield.
The collection of signatures for
,the Stockholm appeal, which wound
up in China on the day of the open-
ing of the Congress: reached a total
of 223,739.545 or ove- 47 per cent
of the whole population of China.
,,Service. Teams for Ka-'ea
Accusation meetings against the
American aggressors have been
held by people in factories, villages,
schools and institutions throughout
v China. Letters are pouring in to
;the editorial offices of the leading
newspapers from workers, profes-
sore, housewives, wounded soldiers
and returned students from. the
U.S.A. From their own ex-
periences, they denounce U.S.
brutalities witnessed during the
KMT days and expose the aggres-
sive nature of American imperial-
ism.
Meanwhile, non-combatant ser-
, vice teams of blood donors, stret-
cher bearers, nurses and enter-
`tainers are, being organised by
workers and students in Peking,
Changchun `and other places for
volunteer duties in Korea.
The Chinese People's Committee
for World Peace and against
Approved
Wu Hsiu-chuan in
New York
Wu Hsiu-chuan, special de-
legate of China to the U.N.
meeting, arrived in New Yoi1'kk
on Nov. 24, with his adviser
Chiao Kuan-hua and seven
members of the delegation.
The Chinese delegate will be
present to discuss his coun-
try's charge of American
aggression in Taiwan and
also the Soviet charge of U.S.
aggression against China.
On arrival Wu expressed
the hope that China's charge
"will receive just treatment
in the Security Council. If
so, it will be helpful to peace
and security in the Pacific
and in Asia."
French . Air Intrusions
During the 61 days from Sept. 1
to Oct. 31, a total of 120 French
planes intruded into China's terri-
torial air on 50 occasions in the
region of the frontier areas of the
three provinces of Kwangtung,
Kwangsi and Yunnan, bordering on
Viet-Nam, says a statement by the
.spokesman of the Ministry of For-
eign Affairs published on Nov. 23.
French land forces made 13 incur-
sions into Chinese territory during
the same period. According to in-
.complete data, 33 Chinese citizens
were killed and 20 severely injured
by the raiding of French planes and
attack of the French land forces.
The statement also revealed that
between Dec.-14, 1949, and Aug. 31,
1950, French land forces crossed
into Chinese territory on 25 occa-
sions while the French air forces
made 18 incursions. There were
37 casualties, over 14 of which
were fatal.
The spokesman stated that the
French government must bear full
responsibility for these savage
acts; that the Chinese people's
defence forces have been ordered
to deal heavy counter blows to the
intruders and that the government
has lodged a firm protest with the
French government, reserving the
right to demand compensation for
the losses sustained and to make
other relevant demands.
INTERNATIONAL
American Aggression is daily re-
ceiving coiAributions for the KPA
and the Chinese people's volun-
teers-huge numbers of gift
parcels containing towels, socks,
gloves, cigarettes, soap and otter
articles. Young Pioneers of Nan-
king are contributing their pocket
money to buy a tank for the volun-
teers.
Japanese War Criminals
The Chinese People's Government
has received from the Soviet
Government a copy of its Nov. 19
Note to the U.S.A. protesting
against the unwarranted release of
arch-war criminal Mamoru Shige-
mitsu. Foreign Minister Chou
En-lai in a statement issued on
Nov. 23 supported the just stand
of the Soviet government. He
stated that the 'U.S. government
will to held fully responsible for
all consequences resulting from
MacArthur's unauthorised release
of Japanese war criminals.
Tsai Chang, president of the All-
China Federation of Democratic
Women, cabled French Premier
.Plevin 'protesting against the
illegal trial of Mme. Cotton, , Vice-
.,Chairman of the World Peace Con-
gress and Chairman of the WIDF.
Young people in the major cities
of China marked World Youth Day
on Nov. 10 and International
Students' Day on Nov. 17 with
intensified activities against U.S.
aggression and in defence of world
peace.
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 28
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Patriotic Emulation Drive
A nation-wide patriotic emula-
tion drive is surgfng through the
factories of China. The campaign,
initiated by model worker Chao
Kuo-yu of the No. 3 Machine Tool
factory, is the workers' answer: to
American aggressions in Korea and
the Northeast.
In Northeast China, the 200,000
railway workers have pledged
themselves to fulfil all transport
assignment under all conditions.
Responding to the challenge,
workers of the Mukden Tele-cam-
munications Administration have
guaranteed speedier and more ac-
curate service under all conditions.
Workers in a Tientsin electric
furnace shop have overfulfilled
their production plan for the year
by 7 per cent two months ahead
of schedule. Together with other
Tientsin workers, they have written
to Chairman Mao expressing their
deep anger at America's aggres-
sions and their determination, to
do their part to defeat the enemy.
The coke furnace workers of
Taiyuan have created a new record
by completing 180 per cent of their
production schedule for October.
They have challenged other fac-
tories in Taivuan to-a friendly corn-
petition. The Shanghai Electrical
Appliances Plant fulfilled this
year's production plan for trans-
formers by the end of October.
It has now already overfulfilled the
plan by 11 per cent.
Here and There
The All-China "Conference on
Dramatic Arts opened in Peking on
Nov. 25 to discuss the reform of
the Chinese classical opera. An
Exhibition of Theatrical Art open-
ed on the same day.
A movement is spreading through
the universities in ' Peking to boy-
cott the "Voice of AmericiV' as' a
source of rumours` and slanders.
Meanwhile, Lavrenyev's play Voice
of America has had its first per-
formance in Peking.
A Soviet cultural delegation led
by N. Golosen, Vice-President of
the Arts Committee of the Council
of Ministers of the USSR, and
R. Gulainoz, Vice-Ohairman of the
Council of Minister of the Uzbek
Soviet Socialist Republic, arrived
in China on Nov. 21 to exchange
experiences with Chinese workers
in the fields of literature and art.
Stalin's article Concerning Mar-
xism in Linguistics was discussed
here recently at a p eethig spon-
sored by the Academia Sinica.
#Land Reform Under Way
During the slack farming season in the nextfew months, land
reform --including the taking over of land from the landlord and
distributing it among the peasantry-will take place over 'a big
part of China, including a total rural population of over 100 million
people. Preparations are well under way, as shown in the reports
from two major areas.
East China
In the four and a half months
since-the-new Land Reform Law,
cadres both in the countryside
and towns have worked hard to
master its principles and pre-
pare to apply it. It has been
received with the deepest ap-
proval and. enthusiasm.
Experiments in 370 hsiang
(each comprises several villages)
have provided valuable experi-
ence of the problems likely to
arise.
Peasant associations, the
executive organs for the carry-
ing through of land reform,
have been playing a leading part
in building up a broad anti-
feudal united front. Not only
farm labourers and poor peas-
ants, but middle peasants, poor
intellectuals and all other demo-
cratic elements are drawn-in.
Land reform committees to
guide the work have been set
up in each administrative unit,
from the county upwards, with
representatives of all democra-
tic classes and parties. People's
tribunals are established to ad-
minister justice, should any die-
hard landlord attempt to sabo-
tage. A telephone network links
every county with the higher
administrative organs.
Over 100,000. cadres are ready
to weigh in, .: after intensive
.training in policy and practice,
including both local cadres,
familiar with their localities,
and experts in the details of
policy and the law.
University and middle school
students of Shanghai, Nanking,
Hangchow and other cities have
enlisted by the thousand to join
in the work during their winter
vacation. Actors, drama .teams,
writers, cartoonists and trou-
badours from all centres in the
area are preparing to join the
villagers and play their part in
helping the peasantry to ward
off the 3,000 years of landlord
oppression.
By March, 1951, some 50
million rural folk will have the
first experience of the great
benefits of this movement.
Added to the parts of East
China where land reform has al-
ready been completed, this will
mean that between 80 to 86 per
cent of the rural population in
East China will be free of the
restrictive feudal landownership
system.
Northwest China
In the newly liberated North-
west, land distribution will take
place in an area with 7,600,000
people, mainly in the fertile
Central Shensi plain and part
of . Kansu and Ningsia.
Peasant associations in the
area have grown to it total
membership of 800,000. They
have gained strength in the
course of establishing social
order and applying social re-
forms during the past months,
including wiping out the KMT
remnants, exposing local despots
and reducing rents.
Some 15,000 cadres-young
intellectuals as well as peasant
leaders -have completed one to
three months' training, studying
the relevant laws and policy, in-
cluding the Decisions Concern-
ing the Differentiation of Class
Status in the Countryside. .
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INTO THE BOOTS OF JAPANESE
IMPERIALISM
(Contsnuea from t'aye 11)
the mainland from 1945 to 1949, the American im-
perialists lavished over US$6,000,000,000 on the
Chiang regime. It was'the Pentagon's plan to equip
75 divisions of Chiang Kai-shek's forces by 1950.
,The United States had fully armed 64 divisions,. 18
special road police columns, 20 security police regi-
ments, and one paratroop corps before the end of
January, 1947. Under a single agreement of June
28, 1946, the U.S. undertook to furnish Chiang with
over a thousand planes, 7,000 field guns and other
military equipment. And as late as November, 1949,
under a secret agreement with the Chiang remnants
on Taiwan, the U.S. was still undertaking to furnish
equipment for five divisions of puppet troops,
together with 16. war vessels, radar equipment and
additional planes while another US$150,000,000 of
"economic aid" was granted.
More Kicks Than Halfpence --Acheson
Such "assistance," however, had to be paid for.
And Chiang, in his turn, was lavish with property
and rights of. the Chinese people. Under the Sino-
American, Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation of November 4, 1946, the Americans were
given a stranglehold on China's economy, through
their control of customs' legislation, rights of inland
navigation, and of investment. U.S. control was
further extended to China's air through arrange-
ments for the extension of U.S. air lines under the
Sino-American Air Transport Agreement. Military
bases dominating China and threatening the USSR
were also pledged to, the. U.S. So far as he was
able, Chiang Kai-shek obediently turned China into
a colony of the USA, putting its vast resources of
manpower, and natural wealth at their disposal to
further? their aggressive expansionist schemes of
.world domination in Asia.
These vast imperialist schemes, however, were
overturned by the democratic Chinese people. Despite
the aid of their U.S. advisers, the 8,000,000 American
equipped troops -of Chiang Kai-shek were routed by
the People's Liberation Army in 'a series of brilliant
campaigns. Huge quantities of U.S. arms were cap-
tured to equip the people's forces.
The American imperialists no longer bother to
maintain the fiction of their non-intervention in the
civil war in China. Acheson in his notorious White
Paper excuses his own failure by opining that "the
failure of the Chinese Nationalist Government . . .
does not stem from inadequacy of American aid."
He admits that the Chiang regime was too rotten
to save. It "had lost the popular support," Acheson
sags euphemistically. He might have added that
the Chinese people repudiated the Chiang regime as
it was a corrupt tool of American imperialism.
As Acheson wrote to Truman on July 30, 1949,
29
was beyond the control of the Government of the
United States." If the American imperialists had
drawn the logical conclusion from the catastrophe
in China, they would indeed have "pulled out lock,
stock and barrel." But the logic of the imperialists
is not the logic of the people.
Their defeat has set them seeking new, and even
more adventurous means of regaining their lost posi-
tions in Asia.
Realising that the Central People's Government
enjoys the fullest confidence and support of the
people and has established a strong, efficient and
stable regime that prevents the success of any plots
initiated inside continental China, the U.S. 'expan
sionists have reverted to the old imperialist policy
of encirclement. This was tried, and failed, against
the young USSR, but, given a new name today -
"containment" - it is now being tried again, this
time against a vast area that. includes no less than
half the world's population.
With this aim in view, the American imperialists
have helped to establish a string of puppet regimes
around China's borders - the Syngman Rhee clique
in Korea, the Yoshida Government in Japan, Chiang
Kai-shek in Taiwan, the "phantom Emperor" Bao
Dai in Indo-China, Phibul Songramm in Siam and
Quirino in the Philippines.
The Place to Begin is Korea - Acheson
Developing this strategy and in an attempt to
strengthen and even advance these exterior lines,
the U.S, launched the attack on the Korean people
on June 25, through the hands of its puppet Syng-
man Rhee: Two days later, it announced that its
Seventh Fleet had been despatched to prevent the
liberation of Taiwan by the Chinese People's Army.
Their defeats in Korea increased the desperation of
the Wall Street imperialists. They became even
more open and reckless in adventures which previous-
ly they had tried to camouflage.
They did not even trouble to get a U.N. "resolu-
tion" to cover their intervention in Taiwan, and
their aggression becomes daily more open. Ameri-
can news agencies report that in addition to the
250 U.S. tanks sent to Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan
(reported on Jan. 3, 1950), further supplies includ-
ing air force units have been sent and large numbers
of "retired" American, officers are arriving together
with some 4,000 Japanese experts under the com-
mand of the war criminal Hiroshi 'Nemoto, recently
released :by MacArthur.. MacArthur, who appears to
consider himself imperialist America's Man of
Destiny in Asia, already speaks of Taiwan as "an
integral part of. American defence in the Pacific."
But in addition to these provocative acts of
occupying an island province that is by history and
solemn international, agreements indisputably re-
garded as Chinese, the Truman Administration has
now carried its aggression in Korea up to the very
borders of China and beyond. A spokesman of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Chinese People's
Government has listed no less than 88 plus 28 viola-
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tions of the air frontiers of the People's Republic
of China between November 10 and 14. In these
raids, bombs and' machine-gunning have killed and
wounded scores of Chinese citizens and destroyed
considerable property. Thee statements of American
commanders and official spokesmen have become
more and more provocative and aggressive. A
spokesman of MacArthur expresses doubts whether
the Yalu is really the natural boundary between
Korea and China; MacArthur himself talks darkly
about the volunteers from China having a "bomb-
free base.'
a We have seen that Marshall, once again recalled
to active planning in the U.S. headquarters, and
other U.S. warmongers know well the importance of
the northeastern provinces- to China's economy and
security. General Wedemeyer, after Marshall's. de-
parture from China, stressed this again when in his
report to Truman of September, 1947, he proposed
that these Chinese provinces be detached and placed
under the trusteeship of the U.S.-doininated United
Nations. This report was suppressed at the time
for fear of the unfavourable reactions of world
opinion, but the American ambitions it too
brazenly expressed have, far from being suppressed,
been encouraged in the highest circles among Wall
Street's agents in Washington.
The Progress of Imperialism - Acheson
Today the movements of American expansion in
Asia are making the Chinese people and political
commentators throughout the world recall to mind
the dictums first expressed in the notorious Tanaka
Memorial to the Japanese Emperor that was dis-
closed in 1927: "to conquer the world, Japan must
first -conquer Asia; and to conquer Asia, Japan must
first conquer China; to conquer China, Japan must
first conquer Manchuria; to conquer Manchuria,
Japan must first conquer Korea. . ." It requires
no great effort of imagination to read America for
Japan and see how the cap fits.
,: The U.S. imperialists in the post-war world have
shown themselves to be the arch enemy of the Chin-
ese people. They have not scrupled to: use the most
reactionary, corrupt and bloody instruments in their
attempts to dominate China. In their new attempt to
interfere and retard China's peaceful construction by
direct aggression against Taiwan and the Northeast,
they-have once again called to aid the putrid rem-
nants of the Chiang regime and the foulest reaction-
aries in Asia and -among the Japanese fascists.
E The fact that imperialist America still attempts
to disguise her aggressions . against Taiwan, Korea
and China's Northeast with the cloak of illegal U.N.
decisions cannot deceive the Chinese people who are
grown wise to such' deceptions. They have already
solemnly warned these aged Caesars seeking Asian
empires. Warnings, however, have failed to make
the aggressor pause. Chinese volunteers fighting in
the ranks of the KPA have already dealt heavy
blows to the aggressor. This has had a somewhat
sobering effect on the warmongers. IM U more
such lessons are needed, there is no doubt that the
Korean and Chinese people, supported by the mighty
democratic peace camp, headed by the Soviet Union,
will know what to do.
CHINA'S VOICE AT WORLD PEACE
CONGRESS
(Continued from Page 7)
people. But they are oppressed and threatened by
the American imperialists.
Enough of this-we will say no more about
these "great favours," for they are countless and
we could not record them all.
But, for the sake of comparison, let me also men-
tion something of our impressions of the Soviet Union.
Immediately after the victory of the Great
October Revolution, the Soviet Union voluntarily
proclaimed null and void all unequal treaties con-
cluded with China by the tsarist government and
showed constant sympathy for our people's libera-
tion struggle. On the very day following the found-
ing of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the
Soviet Union established friendly relations with her.
Subsequently, a Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual Assistance was concluded for
the purpose of jointly preventing imperialist aggres-
sion in. the East, for the joint defence of world peace
and security and for unreserved mutual assistance
in the economic and cultural fields on the basis of
equality and reciprocity.
Are these comparisons not clear enough? The
Soviet Union helps the Chinese people while the
United States of America helps the butcher, Chiang
Kai-shek.- The Soviet Union united with China to
prevent the revival of Japanese imperialism, while
the United States goes all out to revive this im-
perialism in order to attack us. The Soviet Union
helps us in our peaceful construction 'while the
United States seizes our island of Taiwan, invades
our neighbours, threatens our security and destroys
peace in Asia to prevent our peaceful construction.
The Soviet Union in every way supports the seating
of our delegates to the United Nations. The United
States hampers it in every way.
At the United Nations Generl Assembly, the
Soviet Union submits peace proposals while the
United States utilises the United Nations for effect-
ing aggression. The Soviet Union is changing
nature with the help of atomic energy, whereas the
United States threatens the entire human race with
the atom bomb.
We Chinese people love peace. The fact that
223,500,000 people in China have already signed the
Stockholm Appeal testifies to this. But precisely be-
cause we love peace, we resolutely oppose aggression.
The American imperialists are rendering all-out
assistance to Chiang Kai-shek. Although they have
suffered defeat in- China, they do not want to turn
this lesson to good account. They continue as before
to threaten peace in the East and West. We peoples
of the East, defending the cause of peace, do not
yield to the aggressors. We cannot step aside and
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remain indifferent to the sufferings of the Korean
people. For the purpose of defending Asia and
world peace, we must carry the struggle against
American aggression to a successful conclusion.
The Chinese people fully support the convoca-
tion of the Second World Peace Congress. The
Chinese delegation fully agrees with the proposals
contained in the report made by the president of the
Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress,
Joliot-Curie, particularly those concerning the
United Nations.
This agency, set up after the Second World War
for safeguarding peace and the security of nations,
has now become a screen behind which aggressors
violate peace. The United Nations Charter has come
to mean just so much paper. The principle of una-
nimity in the Security Council is also undermined.
This is precisely why the United Nations has lost
its prestige. We hope that the United Nations will
be able to regain its prestige, to free itself from the
domination of the American imperialists, and that
it will work justly and conscientiously for the benefit
and security of peace-loving peoples the world over
instead of doing just the opposite.
To achieve this, it is necessary to observe the
United Nations Charter, the principle of the una-
nimity of the five great Powers, and to repeal all
unlawful decisions which violate the Charter and
the unanimity principle. Representatives of the five
great Powers must include the legal representa-
tive of the 475 million people of the Chinese People's
Republic, not a pseudo-representative who is the
representative of the Kuomintang gang and a mere
handful of people.
We hope that the United Nations will be able
speedily to take the necessary steps to achieve this
purpose.
If eventually the United Nations is unable to
justify these hopes, we shall not stand by with
folded arms and watch peace throughout the world
being threatened and violated. We Chinese people
want to take more effective measures to safeguard
world peace and the security of nations together
with the British, American, French, Italian, Soviet,
Polish, Viet-Namese, Korean, Mongolian and all other
peace-loving peoples of the world.
The Chinese people have instructed our delega-
tion to put forward five proposals at this Congress.
These are:
1. To end the aggression of the United States
and other countries in Korea; to demand the with-
drawal of all the troops of foreign aggressors from
Korea; to realise a peaceful settlement of the Korean
question which is the central problem in the present
struggle for world peace.
2. To demand an immediate end to all and
every interference by the United States in the libera-
tion of Taiwan Island by the Chinese people.
3. To demand that MacArthur be branded a
war instigator. He is the main organiser of aggres-
sion in the Far East and the main instigator for
converting the war in Korea into world war.
:82-00457R007100010009-7 31
4. Resolutely to oppose the use of atomic
weapons and other types of weapons of mass
annihilation, and to demand that the government
which is the first to use atomic weapons be regarded
as a war criminal, and be punished.
5. To demand that all states simultaneously
reduce armaments, to establish effective control of
this program; and to suggest that the peoples of the
various countries render mutual assistance in econo-
mic and cultural construction under conditions of
peaceful co-existence.
The fate of Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo is still
fresh in our memory. Although those who cultivate
the fascist plague have a short memory, the peoples
of the world have not forgotten. Those who oppose
the people are always punished by the people, and
those whose crimes against the people are doubly
grave will be doubly punished. Those who, at one
and the same time, want to pursue the criminal
ambitions of both Nazi Germany and Mikado Japan
will receive from the people a punishment as great
as that meted out to Nazi Germany and Mikado
Japan combined.
For a lasting world peace !
Down with the instigators of another war and
imperialist aggressors!
. Long live the great unity of the peace-loving
peoples of all countries !
THE "SUN OF HAPPINESS" IS RISING
- IN TIBET (Continued from Page 9)
on the local authorities in Tibet by Colonel Young-
husband's bayonets and to begin negotiations with
the central government in China. By the Anglo-
Russian agreement of 1907, Britain undertook not to
interfere in Tibet's internal affairs or to try to secure
concessions or privileges there and to conduct her
relations with Tibet in future only through China.
Of course, this did not stop Britain from con-
tinuing her intrigue. She took advantage of the
infant Chinese Republic after the 1911 Revolution
and later of the corrupt Kuomintang regime to
extend her position in Tibet. She erected telegraph
lines, took control over the postal service, kept gar-
rison troops at Gyangtze and Yatung and from
1936 onwards stationed a political mission perman-
ently in Lhasa. For the people, the result was
heavier taxes, higher prices and the maintenance in.
position of the most reactionary rulers.
In 1947, Britain formally transferred to India
her so-called "rights and obligations" with respect
to Tibet. But an Englishman still heads the political
mission in Lhasa which is now described as an
Indian mission.
America Takes a Hand
In Asia, as in Europe, the American and British
imperialists manoeuvred for post-war pickings - even
while the Soviet Union was pouring out its life and
blood to defeat the fascists. In Tibet, while Amer-
ican imperialism left most of the dirty work to
their British satellites, it also began to take a
direct hand.
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Agents of the Office of Strategic Services were
sent into Tibet during the war to study and make
aerial surveys of the territory. In 1943, the Tibetan
authorities, at the instigation of the British and
Americans, suddenly inaugurated a "Bureau of
Foreign Affairs," making it the sole channel of con-
tact for all diplomatic bodies in Lhasa. Both the
British mission and the American military mission
in Lhasa immediately moved in on this "Bureau."
,The Chinese officials who were now expected to work
through the new channel found themselves in a
difficult situation.
As the Chinese People's Liberation Army began
to gain victories, the imperialists increased their
efforts to cut Tibet off from China. In November.
1947, the imperialists instigated the Tibetans to send
out a mission from Lhasa ostensibly to develop trade
with the U.S.A. and Great Britain.
Though the great powers had confirmed at the
end of the war that Tibet was part of China, this
"trade mission" on its arrival in India was accorded
the reception usually reserved for diplomatic per-
sonnel. It made contacts with American and British
officials and made its way to Hongkong. There the
American consulate took the unprecedented step of
issuing them with visas on the basis of their own,
and not Chinese, passports.
The "mission" was received royally in the United
States and stayed for over a year there and in.
Great Britain. The Kuomintang's weak protest at
this gross infringement of Chinese sovereignty was
brusquely brushed aside and the puppet "mission"
returned to Tibet with an aura of independent status.
It is perhaps worth noting, as a passing reflection
on the importance of its trading activities, that
Tibet's total annual foreign trade amounts to no
more than two million U.S. dollars.
On July 8, 1949, the Chinese officials were ex-
pelled from Tibet. The Chinese government wire-
less station in Lhasaand Chinese schools were closed
down. All Chinese officials and residents were order-
ed to leave Tibet forthwith. When the news was
allowed to come out on July 22, it was accompanied
by lurid and contradictory stories of "a Communist
revolt."
However, as early as February, information had
already leaked out in the British press that a plan
to "save Tibet from Communism" was being worked
out in Tibetan monasteries; and some time after
the event, the London Times frankly admitted the
truth that allegations of a Communist plot were
made to cover up the new moves "to shake off Chin-
ese control."
New British and American agents began to
make their appearance in Tibet. Towards the end
of the year came the much publicised mission of a
certain Lowell Thomas, an American "radio com-
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mentator," bringing with him valuable gifts for
Tibetan officials.
The value of Thomas' protestations that his was
purely the adventurous expedition of a keen explorer
may be assessed from several interesting facts. On
his way out, he had a talk about his mission with
General MacArthur in Tokyo. On its way back
from Lhasa, the Thomas party was met in Silguri,
on the Indian-Chinese border, by a military plane
despatched by the American Embassy in Delhi, and
the American Vice Consul Bisbee went to accompany
them.
Back in New York, Thomas delivered himself
of some rather curious remarks for a non-political
explorer. "What the rulers of Tibet want to know,"
he said on October 17, 1949, "is whether they can
get help from the United States now, or in the event
of a Communist invasion. If they can get help, they
want two things - advisers on guerrilla warfare
and more modern weapons."
Reports began to appear in the American press
about preparations in the U.S.A. to recognise Tibet
as a sovereign and independent state and support
its application for membership of the U.N.
In February, a Tibetan delegation set out for
Peking to negotiate the peaceful liberation of Tibet,
but "According to all sources of information," writes
the Peking People's Daily, "while the Lhasa delegates
were in India, the British High. Commissioner in
New Delhi, Sir Archibald Nye, and other imperialist
elements did their best to persuade the delegation
against reaching agreement with the Central Peo-
ple's Government." It was, therefore, not surprising
that the Tibetan delegation was unable to secure
visas to pass through Hongkong. Nor is it strange,
though somewhat ludicrous, that at the U.N. tiny
El Salvador, a client state of the U.S.A., should
suddenly embrace the cause of the distant giant
Tibet. Thus up to the last moment the imperialists
and their satellites have continued their intrigues
against Tibetan liberation.
In this context, the Central People's Government
has expressed China's surprise and regret that the
Indian Government should reproach it for taking
action that will finally liberate the whole of its main-
land territory and free Tibet from foreign imperial-
ist interference and oppression.
In October, in accordance with the principles of
the Common Programme of the PPCC, the People's
Liberation Army began its advance into Tibet. As
in other areas inhabited by national minorities, the
strictest respect for local customs is being observed.
Regional autonomy, equality for all nationalities and
religious freedom is assured to the people. For
Tibet the long night is ending. The sun of happi-
ness will shine forth over the land!
je,
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