MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 97 (24 DOCUMENTS WITH PUBDATES FROM 590422 TO 621101 )

• Document Type: SPECIALCOLLECTION
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 00017500
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 58
• Document Creation Date: September 25, 2024
• Document Release Date: September 8, 1976
• Publication Date: April 22, 1959

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Nov. 1, 1962
Final Account ng
Balance Sept. 30, 1960 8,247.02 :
Disbursementp:
Salaries and wages
4,757.70
Supplies and Services
1,063.65
Equipment
2,059.89
Travel
365.78
Total Dishirseiuents
8 247.2.02
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MEMORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD
SUBJECT : Continuation of MKULTRA, Subproject 97
� 1. The purpose of Project MKULTRA, Subprojcct 97 is
.to supplement the research program of Dro
�
report.,
n accordance with the
tached -proposal and progress
2. Long term suppor�or -this study.haa been provided
by two grants fr
The
present request is intende4 to supplement the project and provide�
a mechanism for evaluating certain techniques or influencing hymen
behavior that may have Agency significance. Thiz support will make
it possible to have continued free access to the project and, when
applicable, use the facility for consultation and sup r'.
3,_ 111.[e_project will be funded through ti)
for security and
purposes and the University of will supply th
with copies of the records of dtsburereants:related to the operation- -
of the project at its termination. . Title to any permanent equipment
purchased under this project 'will be retained by the University in
lieu of overhead charges. Any unused funds will be returned to the
upon termination of the grant.
re -
4. The total cost of this project for a pericd of
six months is estimated not to exceed $8,750.00, Char
be made against Allotment 0 1009-4902.
hould
holds a covert Agency clearance and
�
is Iiitting of sponsorship, all others are unwitting.
Chief
TSS/Chemicel Division
APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION
OF FIRMS:
Research Dire or
Date:_
Attached:
Proposed Budget
Proposal w/Progress
Report
Distribution:
Original Oaly
w
" .attial SalLry)
Asw..tae, Pet (Fart Tin)
aur.i R,c.norch ilsistant
(Pnrt Ti:)
tssto, ogfica
c' cc5prinb
Tot,11I
950
1875
1600
3025
1100
W,W77..W.W WiSti,
0750
"11111111111111
PI:ogress Report of Reseztreh Proj6et
University o
Deccber .
Tithrod
T4is ia a re t't Of progress during the period jay 1, 1958p to
pr-w,Oxer 1p 1959, on tho above broicto Onda durivg the period July
1, 1958 to
tho present have been sppplicd by tuo eranta f.rom the
A tho UaLvelty Re5oczch
Coicrxittos,. Additional funds airlee July J., 159 bavo been supplied by
The majority of
the profoesiopl time on the pNijoct has bp-m volutitred by mInbers
of the .137.-,1-tn,eilta ofToyehary aad Pziychalogyt UDiveroity Of
a[ld M..iteDPS 0?'tha,staff of
nonpitalo, Without this
effE-3tive and 1.,b1..antilu cbopartion progress en the project voUld have
be i?osolblet,
Per. iopals' of Pi'o ozd search
of the researoh-pial bontaind in an tarlior pPoppcsalo
osaA,e.� la thoroughly far.1.1.5.srtiUla thlax, ha Orpt wish to turn
at. e:=K:fe te II. Ulintilo,Ai- in .A taa -6t,tA6ib!A-of the major oKceAta
in tho rooseh doolguo
Thn gEinoval al.0 of this research is to make an
iuttNyil7e Ccty of" the pree.esa of olvon in per3on31.ity and behavior
a I. (..,1reo in nebit-.ephre*.lie avid normal indivibual during the period
of vs:::hotharnpy0
C.
T.afp!
en0 ue.'',c of toreeevtie will.bo positively
thel ev;1:,;.y- to 'Wotoh MEI 1:,hovapyo �Xi:A
:711 the )ext:Icilar el.tent-therapist relationni'
thc�-efT 'zro none hypothosised by
TT* The psecet.a of personality change in psychotherapy va1 be govad
to be the .'::2.1TO in the chronic schisophronic, the acute cohivophrenic4
and no vell-ajustod norm:A person.
The rvocts of therapy will occIlr to a significantly greater
0c3nE73. in the voup of individuals to ,ohom therapy has beon offered
than in a centol gronp paired aa4 matched to the experimental voupo
in 1-bich such idividnal therapy has not been offered*
sg eight the;:apists is t,ivcn a trird of clients which
irel.es an .aciAo schi9�op!wanic, a chronic schiaphrenic, and a normal*
Eueh of these throe eliens has a matched control uho does net receive
therapy*
The deArs :7.6 a :3g2a2x2x2 factorial deign Indicated in the
follsArg charto
. 9
1.!latl"
LOW
12U�,
Exoer4m$ntal
Contras
Acute Chronic 1:orma1 Acute Caroni� Vomal
A
Ugh -0 D F x x x
Old
limr F G 0 x
FLMMI
High 0 A B x
Ymg
.T.,o.g 0 0 x x
1.0 Old tAK-i yonn3 refer to a(1 compered to median for group�
2. nigh and low raer to eci.2aUonacupational 534 j'
3 Lttr w.lf,:tr to tb? ther:vists, .vzAgaod to a.vandomly
t.;,,ltod
114 eeabrol (isjf%catod by *:,7111 voccille tbe same battery
tsatal and P::VIM%:*0;:l OX; co.pv.i.montal individuals, but
_ .
tb6.,:pfc
?0',7�
V-xiablc:s
lo Exooriv-e.uLal -,lbjoet-o (A) .1rd col'-to" (f-.04)0 48 individwals in dowit,
& Acute - Chronic - Venni*
loctet, Loss th?n 8 rinths total hospltalina:tions ond careent
staff diagnosis of cahizoffe,n,knia.
Chrerio: Vore than 8 months boll bon aid staff dinnosis
or .tVoirophrsn,l.avithin last, five yeareo
�
}riufL InviFt1nelastcd by tots and rJtio3s as
acVuntol: who nAVI the hospital pop-illation on
chal'aoterinticb bebno
All ci-e: inddeals icexv hori:�IoaLal colmn of tha chart. ere mateko3
on ne next three itsgiso
3. Ae: Yatcbcd ea ro104 or nyoune in terrag of the Malan age
ch,Jonlvb (38) end out oshimpxanic3 (33) fim the, 81,ate of
1.10 Sol-co
5. Ed..-nozbo-.1-oczupatiall: Cllened as high or loaA nning a modification
of the Hellingsh-eF�d-nedlich Ocaleo
Esob epoulnInLal-ccutrol ir is. rot only Il'Atched on tho above ltemsp
but also on the foilowingo
6. Eatiog of dsgrao of psy-:!,ho-13ooi:A disturbenoc mada on basis of
no6If3ed Lnboryo Heal:c,h-Siol!:noss Foaleo
7e disorepnrey of no Kere tlien nine years vithin
th gona&I clas31-acation of veld� uyouni�1,0
Yhe n:-.17)o-,.' a no pair to rocaivo tberx�ty is colost,ed bjthe to of a a-Dino
fo2. Folection n1
10 D1,�:,,.nssis of sehtzaphrenia conpli.entione seeh :30 brain dmogo
oe mantal defect('
2. lo trr0 than 50 trastmmts of FsT and/or 1U prior to sabctiono
30 re puchwxrpry0
latelligonca (80) cor.fid. by pt adr.ifel!:tration of
itor11.61111.; Zaplli.{:,cwo
� boZ; cno, 15 arxi ,5'90
-.ent )f Popolntions
Hospital:- &ory patient who meets tho abovo criteria is admitted to
the project regardless of ward Xn order to identify all
the patients who meet the criteria a distillation of all
hes,pital roeorde ha3 been made*
Vor:flols: 'AL-% e4fucational-ocenpaticorl nortla"th wore recruited �rozl a
local church coup-Leal club0
edw-.i.,�nal-oecnpational nomals selected from a general
hospital personnel List of lea jgacomo employees*
Awo.';hor group repror,e-Iting the agricultural do oat evident
the hospital population As coirtg through references froa
rnral social work agentn.
Initini and at Six Hor.j.hs Inteivals
Ennorientn.1.3 and controls receive the samo battery of teats which
04r3;,:;b3 of:
Rerchaoh, M.913 TAT, Q Sol-t (a series of eighty cardo each containitg
a solf:-velAeen::, staLs.ent which are placed according to n pecified
dictriution from nose statemente least like the inaividnal to those
nest like bin), 11.V.S, The Stroop Interference Teat., F Scale, (or
c)ale as it lo airlo knrnfo� has haeo usaful in distingvishing
betuce:1 pnpie who rasoond to therapy and those who eo not), Truer.
Anaie-;,j Scalep Handwriting saqlpleo
This battery is administered an soon an a subject in admitt d to the
pro;lect, and at six month intervals.
1 and at Thror, Months Into-.,.val
in ajdition to the above there are other measures which are ;ivon at
shorter intervals.
Sampling Interview: Both experimentals and controls arc given an half
hour reees:ded interview condactod by a psychiatrist who is not one
o tho project th3rapis:ts and who has no other contact with the
patients.. From nis data the following material will be Wiailablso
10 Instruments developed for the therapeutic interviews will
be applic,9ble to tho sample intervie.430
20 liOr mperiental subje:)ts, comparisons ars possible betwc3en
their hehnv:lor with two different interviecra.
30 All subjeCts en n be comp. oa in their 5.nteraction with one
standard iotervielisr.
lehavior Rating ec.,,.;101 Appljinable to hospital population only
filled ovt by -ward paasonc),
79 A
Nilieu scale: fpi.1cab]e only to cetp..ol:ental
the thorapiot*
Relationship luvouteryt Developed by 1)arystt-Lenaard0 Administered to
L herapy patients and their therapists in order to measure tho
therapeutic relationship." AlEo adnlinistcrad to controls who aro
asked to fill it out in regard to "the person uho hoe meant the
most to ye-a in your trouticon
'Elze testing schedule is ilaintained whether the patients are in the
hospitel, transferred or discharged*
03-j?,f
- Part XI* Progress Already
on of Matched VoDulations
Hospital: 32 of the 48 cells in the (1-2sisn ere to be filled by
,soltalir.cd AudiNidvAe0 31 of those have been filled*
In three instaueas thus The, the individual refnsed to to tested:,
refuscd to be re-en in thorny, or refused to have interviews recorded*
ina;:ler tloe';-s of Lata we reobtainable* Yu Cr!ese insi.anees
altative :.ledividuals were selecteC, zt.A placed in the d,rsiol."
Ho7v,v,:t0 all rmaible data is being collectod�hents, therapy notcap
ota0--!!reza the e-ig:;cal solestose, SJ that the deglea of bias (if Lny)
ii:golvnd in the une of these alteenates can be estimated* Thcs 34
,indAviduals have been selected in filling the 31 cells*
Normal: Of the 16 normals to he selected have been selected and
a othirs nra in pl-ecou or being selected ..rom on avileble group of /100
PV3,7,3 hAO tscn handicapped by leek of funds and lack of psychometrist
tiw*
Ad_inistratien n.,) endi1E7..-roa
Initial: The initial 'battery has been administered-to the
03:parimf,n13 and co
.1-eas ziabl_1e6.1d. 1'0 t,he study* ;:linea ib ha o not
hnen poesible TO administer every test to every indivldnal and since
Keneso; the mr:;nv of 1:,r1 Elven varies somewhat -�
groA tot to toJt aa follow;;;*
norschnsh
TAT
,Si-Aroop
i. Scale.
TrufizLiity Ssa
Har..tdza=;.i_ting
...as Months Te5ta a d Msa:anroo
Th2 rirst '7,111:Tx1 month priod has alreaay be completrA. for a
ni.12';"mr of iAldividualss and fron this talAea the fo1lo-all3g t,a$ts aro
ayailableo ara in addition to eotso)
Saa911.n XateKTIcyl 27
. 20
:aicuSaals
p,olationeolp Invont"
(Thavi.lpist) 10
Rolationsblp Invantory
(ERprito-sitals tt
Gr)ntvals) 13
BEtt'.7,
01:17. zcth1>a1tOry 3,0 bf.:d.:41g to 9 (3A-
and 6 controls. Tho rollo7Aing ha'uo baol completc00
TAT10
0, Sort .
'JP
9
g.WOOp
17 Se
Tim.a.!c Saalo
10
Hlndyrz
7
Sampliuig 11-Iterv1ow
16
Pirten� og t;.le expvizysont,aLs bsva boca cnagadu thorapy, but
tetn
kiva a11 thair t:tarnpy.
vo ha't,'o t:A.:a oe,;:s-Mbd intcrvi!,ms
fro'.a this group. In addition there are a few diebat.�LOf a
intorvicos hold in the lo,olation room or undo, other circumstances
rhoL'e the rocoor failed or recordiugs were not possible.,
Ldditimla.1
Owplete rocords of patients mrdicotion and the n-,1a:bor and
relationship of visitors has been col-I-acted to date and is being
nk inta.
rcett t , surisv of patients: rscoeds we new have eenplote
on nil pal,lects in the hospital Concerning ago, diagnosis, senal�io
thczrcpyIn :-..xe.:3 of 50, loQabfton in sbate, cud Yilo Lunber.
Colople6c veclologi.cal data in LbOVt to he compilcd on the pati.cntS
in tho projcb.
rn
1.fork hac begwl on transcribing intervisTs.
- Part, Iii: 0 -Onrrent _nation of ProAcct.
thC or; to
0(2) Of the vestset wo have onsowItered is one vhish
in-d teen part:ially foreseen, namely tlao abc,erco o.1! Eetivation or
corsoi.lue eeire for help.
.an individuals vee selected tv objective criteria of the sort
vo havc it moe.os that pay of thoA feel no roccl for therapy, sod
are ,nob regarded by hos,dital staff as good hots for therapy. 'Alen in
eC61tiou It-lacy of those individuals pro of: relatively low socie,.ednestional
st�Avs, 1.*arc .accorcaug to llollirzol:oad ;tvid R&aich, tharopf is not a
per c tholv e,4ecLation, the OdEficultics aro mult.iplicdo
at the outset that this was as scvevo a toet of
p'ycl%Q,hc,.apy as could be Oar o4e.riceo to duto eoroiy
.1.; to ;-,licvdceo that
Th
it has often b0,3n noIntalred that the typo of data collec:Led in
this rojcct an the type of recording, stratAfloation arta control
pkoc0..,rec attaNpted In it aro impocsible in a hospitoli%od setting�
The Cif:acuities aro *aid to plc,00 arch Units upon eiperillental Ogor
es to TAnko the z'ssults-sciontifieolly Tlection.9ble0
Tha difficAtioa us have oncountered in this projet, cortatnly
that 1:Inst af the po:olishad 61covssIor.ls of the difficulty of
cr�ch resew:eh are very :early olocuratc�
n-.3st diffioultIoo ceneern r.rronl,,e;tAs betwceo pe.:oploo For.
ono pi=rslm-aat dlfficnity liez in findig, red r=ainiug in
f=p031-ifla ii dee1ec It hna oftcn tal!en mlny hours of
erfor:), e.:-:panf!s.d over a period of a ,.leek or nave, bcfclr a given
sp...i.nds one ho-,r with o psylhom".-,tri0 Often many
att 1:lust 3)::i befove one tsst is WnQCOOrtt*U. a261-10711.:ter26.
SoroVhs,.eo zny weelce of vach efforbE are raqvir'.:�0 bcfero an indi-0.0ual
cmniss a toL.. battery� Urforececn event* it? are with the patientOG
thwi.:13 tr
�efor, dischrr3e, or clae in his psychological
ctctrs-xp.atis..ea Invalidate the results or many of eff.'"ort�
�want of tie and worh to be or.-pendod for a given resca.r4h
result is SO gaificd that :IA is often difficult tdik,-,-`Aniv..tsh a
painfully cIe progrees� Only a devoted staff cap
Ours thin�
If the cnory;lua tire expenlituro if3 011-Z6 aC.V.".CIACO, the basic
ciTzation is: doss thio verj slaw p'49gr,11:-.1a add up to .a suffiolca%ly
recarch to uulantIflo con,:linaiTo.c? Or does .even
the
aoarnl.atc4 data svi.*Tcr fro:,11 3iv.1!;ationo uh:;_ch throw de-aht, Qn ito
7-1-o0 Ia the preoent ttnao of the po*A14 can begin to ocower thic
cltestio� Yo have co-ac for enough to be able to diotingvich :Amu
difFfionLts arld less from itharent "htnitaLions placed on soientifio
ric.er0
Iaor tD D,-;ta icIe
Or_e of our groa%ast ba?viers has bscu lack of funds� Although thwo
is a ateeal of data acawmulated already we have been usable to make
oven a &tartoa its analysis ek,.:4) to lack of feads and personnel�
TUG pabl_em is besomla3 'lore aeuto as the toot protecola, recordings
of savlirg intarstiem) and of therapy iutouvicus, and other manureznb
data c ,etirua topilJa3tpo
The
P:on the prevess alraa,dy nada it a?pears that the following are
defiroly passible:
) A po-salation soloatsd aacordinz, to a nt,ratified denin of variablesp
cceial ellesp ar,4 length of hospttaatioa0
3::'Inentalro1 pair.; u:.tahed on th.ose varficbles xU on en
soAc of the degree of dsturbanco�
c) A lie that battery eensIstinv, eC the i-erschnh, MPS, TV eta
ral oncv msaevreo.
the P,ses:.reh
a) 12eeedic rcarded samplirg intervic7s og all oxpsuiric,atals end
cmt2als with on,,f; stsndavd interviewer�
n't.v,--v3-1.:. all therapy hotv20
Com2artivo analysis of the process c).: therou in schisophreuics
nnd norLials, in the inenyueyn alreedy planned in this study and in
ary ra!:: ueya which ney be devised�
taema in theData
ce fooat.eae4o of the daa uo are eolleeting is important both for
te*!;,in oar oul hynetheses ord fer the Ozting of bnotheses by ethc,rs
Vla da'z.a As rYablishod er otheruic.: 31ado available� 1:lany significant
The str..7.biylug variables�ago, sex, ohronAcIty$
voelo�earcritionel lesel�can be atudied in relation to to irdIvidual9a
z,.oceptaz= of thompy� proeoce changes in thenapy, ontco4e of therapy.
The various measures�of the client vemonalitY,, of the cllent/s
behavior, of the tharaoeutio relationship, of the process changes in
therap,c�oan be studiod in noir mnny istezTolaionchipao
The :-.-elationship of rtoaavms applied to the sawoling intervim-s
to mlasurea applied to the therf=pentio intorilicus opens a wide field
of istigatior A first sLedy in this arca tIfl be to compare, in
a series of patients, the first interview* held by the theraeist vith
the first intee.riews Mid by the sn,pling ilatervievoro
The rulationship of various pvehemalic iestrumc.nts to indices
of proa.asc in therapy end to degree of nsvarKent in therapy, can be
studir,10
In shot., it airesdy appeArs clear that the devign oan be carried
thronh� approiately aa piennod, with a vatiofectory degree of rigor*
The groups can be /ooated, the individuals can be matched, the tests
. can be ac;:linistmd, therapy can be offered, p?ecordings can be rade, in
meet iast9ecen. Thee s.sa will be able to test net only the pojor
hycothee rb forth In the Lea:inning of Valn report, bAt a wealth of
additional hypoth,ess ,,,,!hiph the data mal..-os possible?,
ihtrre of t!la Findin,J*
It re u sees clear that the TiudiogG of the research uill be of the
oreor *r.K;ested by the followin stv.tomx:tso
It iG (or is not) possible for therapists to est,.,blish the sumo
C onditions_ of ther4vuLth achi%oplirenies as with aevirtals,,
Yee precceOo thlea7 imiAlies (op Cf)3 not involv0 the San
charocorisV5,o a',..tegns in schizophvanice 4ts ia
Zia corditiens (2:1: eZEeeq,ive 'therapy end the process of effective �
t11:.1.,v7, in e.�NortvAcIl Id ifl n I.e iG (or is not) the oama
e the co L,%ttO of til2alv- atO th-:1 prepoos of therapy as previously�
iwnetlEatnd in nalrotie
1�AliMMIM.W..,
Tho procos of thorax involVez changeo a, 1.), 0, ct0, in ell
Eroupe, but not ohanizoac, ,11, etc�
ti:baro 13 (c:v Js not) a pooitivo corrolatIon boteeou the axlotengo
of the con:Utiono ct; thorapy in a re).atiorn-4hip aad the dearee QK
the proaaeo eootiaua.
Ttero is a pooitive ocTolatlon bl;tworn tbo conitiono of therapy
and proccss ahanNe a, b, o, etc, but so such correlation With
olingeo Xp S; otc.
The canditioue; of therapy aro (or are not) eotallj assoc.:I:abed uith
pronqns in ioaviduelo dosirig therapy aud the.z,0 not
wItt it-:d,i,v1dualu of blE,h,e.r and ?Geer soolo-edveational
state, uf..th T-Ialos and fe-xales, vith mar:coly disturbod and loco
aiste21,ad :;-.'!hizoc,honloco
Mnditioa 6. in the rel&tionahio 5.3 moro pooltimolyoorreintcd vith
procso nhi..cla in tho client, tIlan ara,00rdition3 bj c, or (14
1-1r,11 Pr6;iects
�
It 1- -4. ;:r.t.44 in the oviginal propaal that a5 wo '470r1od, ne
.proje-to havirg _to do with thorapy ulth sahizophront, , aould douP'155*
bo df2.volopooc. - such i8 under uay and Uill 0,,,:sf2,vibc..d veity briefly.
:In ti1i about. z� uus of dealisa- with tho prob-kem of yiletivationo
we dovissO �a wa,F of w4ing thoragy available, and aro trsimi: this out.
on ozw rd l thin yard thore ere 1?4 chronic psychoLlo patient.,
rental 3.3 :)3d and orgaio cases having heon tr3n3fod0
Eine thoraoi5to havEr) sot up a CIULE3 vlakIng thow!olvoo svalloble,
u5u%lly for to hours en V13 .A re3.51 has hson resorv'od
fo2 ' 'Tti- ri,-Pra that, t'InralAvb is avail-able oach dey
Suudv� thrn Icrd2-y. On any given d3yL3c to five 1":0/0:7; o)?'n,.7:rapIst
thrt3 avallabI* A patict)t may (lona in for a short or lonFor
cont or tho.thorapi*t iiay go out on tho ward to aZer onl-,aotQ All
ara .61unt;A.7. !lora aro bold at tho recilo3t oi!
tho thoraDlot.
!AroJoat has 13:-7,a, vAy 1Tv.(3 hanhry To dato thora has
bc:sa coni,713t ulth.23 a tl!.t.1 on tte vardo. Thoro have bsen
:;;Ore_.3 a full hour� its , �
night bo eipoebed a Inv:. r.mbt?,r of Va.') ittovvioJg vro with a zm,
ne:b-r a indAvidvals, marly o thira �AIth ore mrao
is alrecly evidc;nce that EC140 of these ohroplo
vtabe hoscatal pat5,onki vro otrz,-ady 1,1'1�o',,r7na thcrap;utio movcriontaWe
sa-z.f.4 t, he Csding, uin sin.0 arectixeoe, vith the problea ot
mkiuz! eitpy pr.ychologically availsblo to nb.?,ok vardn pAtenso
tbr:30f 15.59
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arrive =1 few dIy
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first 1,31..I7 The rctcon6
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ce tl.;.:1'pl.-(2 or' 1%,::.::�,..,a.r.o*:. ooveroJ
- ti.i.1.2.1 :j.E.;ViitAiit-...,t 7 Or -f1,1k,"�:. iKnr-;0-,1 In
rroczuv...;`).u.: ;�,:-.c1 rt.,.% ort.int t.3,1,.ta �7,1,21.3.1.1.��:: prov!alea for our
-1-.:o-r.
to
po.!.-, i�ich e,rov..: out of thci :Andy
� ) roaicvin! "c1-.A.30:
11,12--.1inrtiirt IY'r a !irt.-into
c ti
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to �
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. o�.1.1 upon ur,
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16:7.t1-X;a0
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I tEqc!phon:A 1:1_71 Txr ictter of Jay 29th wprivod. 14)
i3 so-yy 6olly unf'ortltoly 117.,3 ho%:,n unrAblo to ciA
tha anthoriatIon for r al'ount
chol! for :i75.'"?0 to ti.o ilniverA.ty
1,711-1 ffo-1.'aC of tbo Tha nr.cond paylwnt Ni11
ba vAdo on cirinhollt Ootoborit
fro.
I cpprecieto very mnh indesd ytur ttor of JO, 30. It Jo
Kt helpful to no to krow that we will bo officially Aszutiod
of tlro gr47,7At of te.�750.. The eoley in &pcidiug vhothor it right
V4 a larger nua uill not create any d1fficult7 hore but uriaortsinty
as to ut6thvr the lasoor maunt could bo oountod vpn huo borm
troublculA.
tja viii count on receiv rg the check for thiu cAouvt in it Juky
to indicacid in pur lottor. Knowing that it io Co:Ang, I can
borrow Lon4 fro ffortat sources to ntot the ne.acwory payroll
it for July. '
I apprzciate wry mnch rour efforts to oipodito thi ttr, tort
I En, apia, yo:ey cratoful to the tooioty for t tt Joh *owe
et a moot oppartvtro in cricciel ta,%� -b0 far-to-tho reEpoaroh is
concermde
1,
havo tolk;td yi ,md kmw hto
oelifcronza on 71O1O2t1yotsurow,n;:,. I um eltd to kmu that
it osod wry valuable to you too. I rocd pour 1:,1.r.orandupl on this
ulth if.toroote
Va'y boat rogard3.
juno fs'
-in 0 mii-hz4
0r,louV. it (;11:,pc,,cits cs I should be (foie t'o ycu or
nobu pt050 CCC1 lat-tc.r o corifirrlAon r4y
that tIle v,07, (11.13i.,ov.c,71 (Ind ira35-
rattIcAhion3 Ftlyrnnt (if tho Elrly:c amount 13 not opprz,vc) hi 1,:1,�;;
I cal_fflI skk succ.c.s4 oF Our Cit4 pootiro
on
rilcasurom,mts and cf.ii coiltInutnz cf17-cdf'r,Liprepar..
cfiirJ1 of our
Sheorety yot-
7:":1100.1HVO
RECEIPT
9
Receipt le hereby P lowleaged of the following:_
ls Che in the amount of48,750.00, dr
Awayable to
/9
No.
Cost Account 05.Ar* '''f� sr' 194'4
Object Clas
Date
� -
. Rrnirks and References
Obligations
Incurred
Obligations
Liquidated
"Unliquidated
Ralalice
sz sEt,
v 195q
0
Al/ i
(1,--1.13 . 44
�
�
,
�
,._
�
:7- n
:t;:o0 I i.5.3
.Cs.2
fc,r-vrwa
:t Cit by '.2-o; 7fayi
11,r)3.1. ILvol_c4;4
zt.7t bz,4 *_Cor
t;::7 ti.ag
1952,
yv.,.:41.1-;) CtfiC$131T.Cire:3
t
projzat
!.3
' /tiVPS P4:;19'2::9
.
,
Por servico
er-k.
It is hrreby certified thi-A is Invoice No. 1 epp ving to
I'oject No.- 97 of MKULTEA, that pclaomance i4 satisgE-ccto-ry, that services
- ero eir r_yeoq!IlisheJ in aecoraanee with uutual n%rcoments, that a de-
teilcd a!�::e-czda v;r: tbe prqmeilto end re.coipt3 is on in-TX/00 that
thia bill la 3ut:t and covet era timt vJayalast therc,of has not yot been
mar:o.
io:DiceA
(2) It is 'hereby certified tbat this invoice ppiles to Oubpropet
97 of MUM which wo dnly c.A.mrovody and that the proi,cet is being
earl-led ovt is cceordance with the ms:::norndum of 134111 1953 groa
tho MI to the PD/A, end the extonsion OE this att.0:Lor1.ty in subsequent
nemoranaa.
ratez
Dimctor
VOL:CI C�
; i.;11v1o1ort
taattJyrity 1;AI:11U-A in
dritcA
i",prii 53 fr,at2 I t tba 1)3VA -11:c t.?
qthOrtty i0:11,1L="Z
obltild to etwzil,,
0-c9.11.1 ., to 14.11Qtr,-#.11-,c11:
rc,A-1;
FO3OUCA
�
,
to,-
ri;:3/CD
ezI73
TO: T35/0C
ie of Obligatiore:
A
Support of
Pu.rri.ono of. Proje*za,..e,
work in
3. Prog,70-7,130
�
5. Proicct Moo
FROM: TSS/CD
VaMORNNDUR FOR: THE RECORD
SUBJECT : MATRA, Subproject 97
It is requested that -Subproject 97 be approyed in order
to suppleMent the research program of Dr, 1iversit.
Proposal.
the
n accordance with
e attached
. Long term support for this study-has been provided by
The _present proposal is
intended to supplement the project-and provide a mechanism for eval-
uating certainAdthniques of influenciflg_human behavior-that may have -
Agency significance. This support will-WSJce it possible to have free
access to the project and, when appliCable -Luse_the facility for deft-.
sultation and support.
:3, This project will be -funded through
for security cover purpose
-nd the Universit n will supply th
with copies of
the records of disbursements related to the operation Of the project
at its termination. Title to permanent equipment purchased under this
project will be retained by the University in lieu of overhead charges.
Any unused funds will be retur4ed to the Society upon termination of
the grant.
li. The total cost of this project for A period of alx
months is _estimated not to exceed 0,750,00. Ch'arges should be made
against Allotment 0525-1009-4 02
5. Prof. holds a covert Agency clearance And 10
witting of sponsorship) all others are unwitting.
APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION
OF IUNDS;
Resereh DA.rec
Date:
Attached;
Proposal 80 Budget
Distribution:
Original Only
Chief
TSS/Chemical Division
PROPOSED Bufwa.
deNil Prin('i igator
(D part time)
Pro ect Anocitte reeat'ch coordinator
Ph.D.)
-Conaultant
-(part t
time)
Ph .t.
, Ph.D.
M. D.
M. S.
5,000
2,500
4,250
Le ua buppo v
Universit
TOTAL
13)750
1 5
8,750.
7-4
A Ps.ar ch e.s t icat i on
_
Di of teri for the Proiect Group
by
General fnri,ose
The YvIlTPV aim of this research hroject is to male an intensive study
DE I ne roceEs of ebance in personality and behavior as it occur in
schizo-trenic and normal individuals during a period or psychotherapy.
Savetal therapists will each undertake psychotherapy with a trio of.
clients simultaneously. One mEmber of the trio will be a chronic
schitoohrentc, another a more acute schizophrenic and the third, a
person of better than avera.Le adjustment from the conmonitv, The
tests and research instruments administered to this grocri of clients,
and the recorded client-therapist interviews, Will be the primary
material for analysis and conrarison.
The researen is.based on two assunptions for which there is empirical
support; (1) That the conditions which facilitate therapeutic change
are measurable a the relationshin between therapist and client or patient;
(2) That the process of psychotherapy is, in some of its aspects, an
orderly and measurable process.
The cvhtral hypotheses are as follows.
(1) It is hvoothesized that the e,rearer the decree to which the conditions
of therapy exist in the relationship the st.reatEI will to the evidences of
therapeutic process or movement in the client. (The coniotions are those
hypothesized bv' as neeiisser,, and sOfficient for theratentic
change. These hypott-iArecythe tainnort-Ixeq recent research.)
(2) It is hypothesized that. given equivalent conditions of therapy, the
11-K-locs of prccess or movement will be the same in the chronic schizoPhtenic,
the mnte avute schizoohrenic ann the well adjusted person.
(;) It is hypo:.hesized that thv process of therapy will occur to a significantly
, _ .
Krehtet dearce in th. irotlIi of Indivicanils to whom Onqapv has been offered
then in n eent::01 ptoup rstrd arai matched to the experimental 0�04p, in
whi eh suc�h i ndivi dual theielly los no/ been of feted.
oil of the Study
The woCr. or thIs tnvestipAt .
I WI Id u;,on s�woral str,,ams of provionf,
I ''.eateh The:c. ale pr itr'ni. ly: studiv:; of pz--vi..bothropv with schizophreutc.s:
studics of psv.!hotherapv with clinic clients; studies oF the essential
W tn:-.;rapy: and wort elueidating the process of therapy, 'each
of ti. 't sttans will he coimrierted upon very briefly.
Althou a e'us t :ih uamount of research has been done on schizorhrenia,
review, s concur in the opinion that almr-Ft no conclusive studies havp
bepn mar., t2, 2a, 31). Rash: questions relating tb the psychological
arpi a': ors involved iu the or development and It
si'hivo.;hrenia have not vet been anFwered. Since the bulA of research in
tuis protilem area has been conducted from an organic poirt of view, psych-
olce:cat investigations pre-especially lacking. Psychological publications
on scnizo.,hrenia, and particularly the psychotherapy of schizophrenia,
are most iv C3Se renocts, observations and theoretical formulations. Only
five stuaes have been feuna which attempt to investigate psychotherapy with
schizephirnics experimentally, using conttols, pre and post testing and
statistical tec"miques (3, 14, 27, 29, 30). Thrpe of these five have
investigat,?d certain fm-oFF aspects of the therapeutic relationship as
correlated With outcome. The other two make a beginning in inveutigating
certain phtises of outcome. The present project pushes beyond these in its
study of more cruel al and subtle Aspects of the relatiorship, and in its
iovestigaticut of the Er,--cess of change, rather than focusing on the wore
gross aspects of outcome.
As to non-hospitalized individuals, a very considerable amount of research
has beenponi3 to measure the outcomes of psyChotherapy in maladjusted
and disturlied individuals. (24) The senior investigator has been much
involved in this wort, Some of the most useful studies have been Studies
cf individual cases (9, 17, 18, 20, 21), both successful and un,
in their outcomes. In 'these studies, using methods developed by
, the populations for study consist of large numbers of z'esrLis
onP point in time which can be correlated with large numbess of responses
at s later point. By taking Foch measures before, during and aftei psycho-
therapy, and at a later follownp point, we have been able to mate valuable
empirical studies of the process of chenve ir one indivIdual, using
correlational techniques, factor analysis, and other arAopriate statistical
proceduresi fhis study will utilize manv of these same research procedures,
and some new ones, in work with hospitalized pyellotic 'Nitieuts, and well-
adjusted norm's', individuals.
Two recent the(xetical develooments have stimulAted the formation of tools
which will be Useful in this investigstion. The first sf these is a tteocy
of tht necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change (2;e).
This has Loon tested out on clieots coming to a clinic (1, 8), The findingF
tend to support the theory, and instruments have been developed for me: suring
subtle relationship conditicps such as quality of empathy, degree of positive
regar0, deuce of genuineness in the therapist.
A second thecratical development has b"�beotv of the process A psycho-
thterapv (270. Au .o.,trational has been based on this theory (29
theri is Cceinning eviOence that Un Scale has some reliability and
validity (.M).
Philding on theSc foundations of previous workthe present study aims.to
test t 1_,1 owing ilenetal rroposition. It hvtothesizes that to the degree
that the tleoretically &fined corwlitions or theracy exist in the relation-
one will find indices of movement or process in. the ittelividual client,
whethel that client is schizophrenic or normni. This hv rothesis in held
for the necrotic client as well, hut since a considerable body of research
evidence exists tor that rroup the present study will concentrate on the
process of isvehetherapy in two extreme groups--the hospitalized schizophrenic
and the thorouchiv adequate notmal indiviJual,
TIIE Li-.S ION OY TtlE Z.T1,1DY
The research involves the folleming neneral steps. As given beim:, the
st-4,5 are in roughly chronological order.
Rrief Description of Phases of the Research
_
1,1
I. l'sing definite criteria, three population groups will be selected.
Croup A cili be a group of chronic schizophrenics, group R of more
acute schizophrenics, group C will he normally well-ce'usted mdlvi duals.
Group A is so defined as to icolude patients froa
05 Pi tat who
meet the folloil'ng criteria: a hosiiital diaelnosis of schizoPhienia
hosp,talized 8 months or more; living within driving distance or
no prior evidence of mental defect; not lobotomized:. less than 50 EST or
1ST; no somatic therapy in past 2 months.
Group It includes those who meet similar criteria, _except that they have
been hospitalized for less than 8 months.
Group C, the normal or well-adjusted group, will be chosen in the followl.ng
manner. These individuals will be recruited from church and other groups.
They will be asked to volunteer for research in personality. No mention
will be made of the possibility of therapy. It will he explained that some
will be asked to devote a short period of time, others longer periods, but
that if they see ask 'd to devote a loKer period of time to the research,
it is believed that they will tind thk experience useful and cducstional.
It is felt that this method avoids the selective factor which would operate
if people volunteered for therapy. It selects a well-adjusted group who
have not previously indicated any desire for therapy.
Within these groups there will he matched pairs of individuals,
matched for are, sex, socio-edlucational status ard degree of psycho-
social malfunctioning. one member or each such matched pair, chosen
by a toss Of a coin; will have individual psychotherapy made available
to him. The other will serve as a control.
Careful rules have been set up for carrying out the matching of these pairs.
The matching in soelo-cducational status is based 00 the sca!es used by
Dolling,shead and Redlich (10). The matchinv in degree of malfunctioning is
based upon a modification of ilie Lutotal..y Health-Sickness Scale (16).
III. A battevv.of research instruments will be ,idministered to both therapy
:!:,:f'echieol individuals or filled out by tho5c staff memhers who deal
with them. In the case of the individuals in ther any these instrumento
-NTi-11-tre-or'ministrre,l eithet prior to theronv or dining the initfal
nericd thetnev. insiruTinnts hav teen selected to measure
sta!--e of process development of the individual, and the qualities
the t(lationship with tte therapist.
thst ts used include; an a..nraisal interview, to obtaitr a .
samoline- of tee:oensonol exoressiveness of each therar,v and control individu
the torscatc;the 1Mh11 a !)-sott of self items; five ca!-Os selected from
A YA1: its :-.iroop Interference lest; the kelationship Inventory devised
he tairett-Lennard (1) designed to measure the qualitiei or the therapeutic
relAt)onstih (0T in the case or the control individual, the relationship
wi t the pecans who means the most to him); the Wittenborn Behavior Rating
Scale (i2), filled out tv the hospital staff; and several other instruments
still in exneri-!iental form.
In addition to the above instruments which will be administered, the recorded
interviews will be available for ana-lysis by various means. Some of the
t I, -ill be used are as follows; the ratina method developed by
e bate various qualit.i as of the th apeutic relationship;
rently developed bv
attltnoes Iowa:6 self.
IV. A trio of ges,-O_ne_chnrinic schi-zophrenic, one more acute schizochrenic,
and one normal, will be chcrsen.for each therapist. lhe method of
selection will be such as to preclude bias, and to Provide overall,
a roughly ret4-esentative sample of more chronic aild vore acute schiz-
ophrenics, and a group of normals matched with them in age, sex,
and gocin-educational status.
The rather involved method of stratification and mathhing by which this
is achieved is indicated in the "Cgaphic-Summary" on the next page which
vives a picture of the 48 clients in the study and the manner in which the
24 members in the therapy erouo are assigned to the therapists.
If in i,eneral our findines support our hypotheses, then the stratification
described in the C;raphic Summary will have been large 1'. unnecessary, Rut
if our findins are ambieucus or neeative, then the sti-aAification will
assist greatThs in further analysis. . We can determine, whether the process
of therapy ocCors more markedly only in certain diaenostic groups, sor
nrimnrilv in a certain ag,e group, nr primarily with individuals of a
certain socio7educotional status. or in move or less disturbed clients, or
with individuals who work iti.th a certain therapist, etc.
Thug our rationale of selection and matchina, stated very briefly, is as
follcms.
1. Our eroups are chosen to be as tepresentative as possible, usine
stratification rothen than pure randomness to ochicve this.
"'
A CrPhIC Summary of the I nth v a1 i n the to'sg:arch
Toe Conttoi Grouo
Cant ro1s
Croup A Croup R Gropp C
PP,i.1-1(4,..,ais) ere natche to, ace, socio-ediRational :::� .71-17--- -r-111:0;m71
statn, anti SPY.
In ti;.-' crlart to the riCtit, and 0 stand tor 111::";1�11' HYM
HOF HYM
BOP
wore
C'onos A. .f, anci C (more (1114-.011,, Tori- ni:utr,, chronic: acnre
,.
'yoenc" An,- "010", rn;it Is, apovc or beIow.,the HIM
mc.'ian aor ot the croup. 11.arnt L SdaPd e..;:r 'Itch LYE' LYP LYF
ano low soeio-ucational start's, M And / trt LYM LYM LYM
make de.; 1.11a;,.--. LOC LOi' LOF
LOM LOM LOM
Thet "v Crour
Thi proup is stratified in a fashion identical Therapy Grotto
with ti r controts, and each indivinpal it, palri.d i.,0:th
the corr-enond:np indiyinual in the control ,,roup. Graun AT Group MT Group CT _
more
' TI'. -t 1-airs ark- watobed not only tor ae, sorio- Normal
edne8tona1 stal.us and sex, hut also ':or Acpree cht0n1c ..11:47t'e.
.---7
of Tsveho- h e The di e derision as to iif.l' - - - - 11YE =
Ozich mrmher of the pair receives the.rapy s .HYM MYM
made by flioDing HOF HOP a coin. HOP
!IOM H CM
RCM
LYF LYF LYF
LYM
LYM
LOh LOF
LYM
LOM 11.(t)1,)11 LW
The Therapists
filch of the eiPlit therapists carries on tht-tary with a diversltied trio,
wade up at one chronic, one arute, and waif normal Inriivi�lu.a1. Thr kascs.
with which each theraAst works is inCicated
1IYht LVI 110,M LYM 1IY1 Oil 11C/F i OM 1,Yr. 1.011 LYM I01:
N,
\,
1 T2 14
LOM LUC I1(I LYM HC� 1'01-'JJYM L�1: HYM "E
L/9
2. ('u tiipd5 will te selecteti in such a way as to give each therati
vtwic.tC t;.a3c,F with which to wott,, so that if the process iS SiMilar.
tiii s w ilLecrcss indiOduals ot dtffering characteristics.
3. !!;rw,1 ca';(- will he matched in acte, sex, and socic-educational
statIls with a opirro control individual to provide an adequate test oi tha
thit VttSt tnt there wi It bi a sicnificant difference between. c gcoUp
phi, was- ihtra-re and one vhich dots not.
or mor.e therapists differing rather widely in amount of therapeutic
cvrrrienre and differine to some degree in approach to therapy will
undertake the psychotherapy. *g'.ach thorarist will work with tha trio
Caf'S ,C.It'Ct(!.? ion him, one chronic schizephrenic,-one acute, and
one normal inUiyidual. -Interviews wil1 he held as frequently as
necessary or feasible. All interviews will be tare recorded.
The therapeutic.interyiews will he continued as lone as desired with
meWiers of all three proups. If the !,:atients are discharged from the
hospital during ,the period of thErapv, they will continue to be seen on
an ont-patient basis.
In addition to trained therapists it may be Possible, during the course
of the project, .to utilize one or more lay persons selected for their
naturally theraeutic atti-tudes. Such persons would be encouraged to sPend
an amount of tine equivalent to therapy with one or more patients who would
to studird in the same fashion as those in the therapy group. The civ
here would he to see whether therapeutic attitudes, even without professional
training, may be influential in producing personality change.
In all of the hospital therapy cases the natient will be placed in charge
of one ot the physicians cooperating closely with the project. This
Physician will have the final restonsibility for the therapy and for the
patient's welfare, It will be a part of his resnonsibility to avoid the
use of F,,T or chemotherapy unless absolutely necessary. The purpose of thit!
condition is to pive as much of a trial as Possible to the process of
psvebotherapv without other treatment means neinc.: utilized.
VI.
The battery of research instruments will be readministered at intervals
to all the:aoit cases and all controls. ::omr tmeasures will be rereated
every 3 months, others every 6 months, This will give repeated
measurements of the degree to which the conditions of therapy exist
for any given individual it het in the therapy relationship of some other
meaningful relationship. It will also give teneated me4surements of
some of the indices of the process of thrrauntie change, (Most of the
indices of process will, for the therapy group, he derived from the
tecorded interviews.)
!7;inee 11t length _of therapy is likely to be different in the schizophrenic
and normal sects, the only schedule which can be set up is that the battery
of research. inttumrnts will he ruportted ever 6 month's after therapy is over,
for a minimum total period of 1:7, months. Testing, should be carried on for
one year after therapy is completed. The matchud control Wfvidual will be
t6sted as long FIS the therapy ease with which ha is matched.
/
VI I.
ttu cnIta t-lem ;be rshaich tfIMI1s and (equally imnor ntiv) the
dicta tt ,a the vc,-eorlot interviews will bv4analy2,ed to lest the general
Itv thest-s ttU Oh ci pievioustv: that the greater the degree to
t he con.lt tions of t rat.v ex � the �fore nar}:c d wi 11 be the
theratiticiitovezmeni:: that the process of tberacv wilt not be sign-
ifiercotly different in the tfoiee therapy orontts: thal the Process
et tbetav will occur TO a S1210 ti:antly lesser deFree in the control
th 1 io l'q'ffletatzon,
Yo�, o rice OlentS 11z:on wry.- the 0.ata will be anolve.cd so as to test
these hipiWes.-s iS contained .rt which follows on AnalvsiS of
Process.
�
VIII, the findihs will he re arid in article or boot,. form for rePoting
to the professions Or rnvehologv ant psvciliatrv.
The recorded lest iota, an other materials from the project
will be carefully preaeryed so as to be made availahle to any qualiiied
research worf,tor 'oho wishes to ticspe futrher stole oi the material,
Some or the recerlod InIerVicW, may t.e made avaitahle frr t,acbin,t purposes
with pst-rholocisfs and usNehiatrist
Analysts l'reeess
Since this estigation focuses forget, upoLthe proeess. of Cherawv rather
than upon its outcome, it seems worthwhile to d.?ftne.our or this term,
and to diseuss the ways in which we expaet to test hyrotheses relating to
proces'..
In the erg,:rint.ial flow of events n a series of therapeutic interviews,
certain characteristic sequences have been noted clinica:tv, These mat ho
thought of aF eyidenee of thera:,eutic movement or process, ot the changing
which is goinc on, s,ince research can never studv flow rtself, process
becomes defined operationally as those diseriminable ctivacte.tsztie sequences
which exhibit change over relatively short petiods of tilw, Thus the individual
nay become Mor.e expressive of self-related feelings neew than he was a menth
ago, or communicate less of non-self material, and more of self-description.
Thouclt such indicators of process are related to oPteoac, they come from
a different oncer of discourse, Lod renresentpoints in a sectuential flow
of events, rather than single end-points such AS cure,.reeovery, or social
adjustment, which are terms relatinc to outrome.
As a basis for testing our propositions tegording movement in therapy we
will have various "samplings" of behavior gathered at difterent points in
time. There will he the interview interactions between-client and th'erapistt
the interactton between the client and aperaisal interviewer; the sillutions
of client bchavioi by means of objective and ,:4-0i,C1iVe tests: the observations
of hig behavior. Our hypotheses are such that they predict sequential
change in these semPlings, in defined directions.
In ore.ef to elarifv.the directions, we have set up some thirty continua
which define the qualities of chahge associated with psychotherapy or
with the development ot a more integrated or Plote optimlim personality.
Some of these continua bovv.to do with: the Wiv tho individual perceives
S Lttitudes cq.,ward tijwell the mannor in which he exbetiences.
�� -
h.s irecdom to communieate himself. r..thers have to do
7narner in wNicn the individual rcletos to his prohlems; his
('n`!.(it' ti his own (eeliccs:hi anivet o expericticinc., his manner of
perceiving,. !-Jtilt ot'ters havt� to 00 witti: his manner of construine ex-
nis:.aanner ot relative to oth,ersz hit manner of problem-solvingT,
the ao,..e: ot rigidity In his hehavior. In each of coattinna we have
,,perational moans (sometimes crude) for oeti-:rnining DiaceMent of any
'vet) ale ct behavior. .
To IL ST a row o rhse continua an0 tic way in which hehavior samples
tnav he located on them, ma'; give a clearer nieture oi the method. The
two creis 0! ,---a,711 continuum at cefinod, and the instruments on
11-1 !ittlremc-.nt is hased are -listed.
1 Client petceives self rigidly,
in def-insive fashion
Avoids all exceriences of self as
I nitiator or choice, action, or
kas!-In ale of Locus nC .vritilation (19).
Client perceives sale as ii d,
ehanZing-. person, reasonably
related to self-ideal.
Acceptant-1v exoeriences so.lf
as initiator of choce, action,
and values,
14. Ceelincs coehilatted, loartul exeeriencin9:
but cen7;ed as feelings. of feelinrs,
Process Scale
19. Perception is stereotyped, peorly
related to reality,
Jonieti. Scale for analyzing Rorschach (1.0
Acceptant experiencing
of feelings and per-
sonal meanings.
Perception is reality oriented,
more tentative, more fluid.
Using these concepts of samplings of behavior and process continua, the
hypotheses of the study can now he stated in operational form, in an order
suited to their logical presentation.
1. 5amplings of hehayior taken from the control group at early, middle.,
and late points in the study will show no significant movement on the
Process continua.
It. SamrlingS of behavior tialen from the therapy grout:, at early, middle,
and late points in the study will show.sinificant movement on the
procesC continua and will show significantly greater movement than
Is jonnd in the .control irsouP.
ITI, lindings reording movement on the process continua will not be
significantly different tor Group A (ehronic) Croup 13 (acute) or
Olcoo C (normal).
IV, Process chntwes tuom left to rich t on the continua for the whole group
(Groups A, g, C, and controls) wi Il be positively correlated with the
to whieh tht: conditions of therapv (as operationelly defined) ore
'ived bv each individual as existinr1 in his relationship experience_
Nat of the rindins
It is anticil,ated:that th fir.hrTs of the research will includa state:tee
of this order.
It is (or i. not) possible for therapists to establish .the Same
conditions; of therapy with schizophrenics as with nermala.
The Droces et therapy involves (or does not involve) the Same chAr�
acteristic,cheneos in sehizontrenics as in normals.
The conditions ot effective therapy and the process of effective
therapy in schizo-ohrenics arul in normals is (or is not) OP anise as
the con or therapy and .tne f.,ress ot therapy as previously
investieated in neurotic indiyidual:'
The !;rocess of therapy invo)ves chances a,b,c, etc, in all groups
but not ohart=scs x,y,z, etc.
There is or is not) a positive correlation between the existence
of the conditions of therapy in a relationship and the degree of
movement on the process continua.
There is a positive ,orrelation between the conditions of therapy
and process changes a.h,c, etc, but no such correlation with process
_changes x,v,z� etc.
The conditions of therapy are (or are not) equally associated with
process charwes in individuals desiring therapy and those not
desirine it, with individuals of higher and luder socioeducational
status, with males end females, with markedly distorted and less
disturbed schizophrenics.
The attitudinal conditions of therapy are (or Are not) as well established
by lay persons as by professionally trained persona.
Condition a in the relationship is more positively correlated with
process change in the client, than are conditions b,c,or d.
These statements may suggest the nature of -some ..of the findings.
Silni_ticance of the Investigation
Some of the significant aspects of this program may be mentioned briefly,
Interviews will be recorded, providing ,!aluable
study hut for other investigations of schizophrenia.
data
not
only for this
The control r)roceduresjsre extensive, and will permit accurate int,tpretation.
of ositive or negative findings.
By selecting reasonably representative roups the therapists will he
forced to deal with NO very difficult problems which have not heretofore
been studieel: therapy for the individual who does not consciously wish
therapy, or consciously resista it; therapy for the individual of lower
socio�cducational status, a problem highlighted by the recent study by
Hollingshead and Redlich (10).
It will be possible to study, in directly comparable groups, the process.
of psychotherapy as it operates in psychotics, and as it operates in .healthy
individwils:-. This sttotld throw light on a variety of basic issues.
412-dr
In add.ntion, whether the lindtrigs of th.., nrolocl. 81(.. pcs tive or negative,
the7,s,bonin throW liRht on tho nature of schivonarenia or schizophrenic
no Ii throw further light on the natilre of psychotherapy and the
th-mnapeuric relationship; should add to our knowledge as tc the process by
which nerso nlitv chanres: should indicate whether this proces$ is the
same ill the neurotic, senizonnienic and normal: should he theoretically
significant in indicating the degree to wnieh personality and behavior can
chance: should indicate whethat well-adjusted individuals can profit. tram
psychotherane; mae sugg?st the basis for large-scale therapeutic procedures
with psvrholic pa7ient.
Present Status of the Progrnm
_
On the basis of al initi ant rim, th
through tke University-. .SeA ,c1 1 15 is
already elier way-. At tie dte o' this writing-(Anril_15,- 1.95,9) sixteen
hospitalized schizophrenics and two el 1-adjusted normals are tested and
matched, and more than lOn interviews have been held with the therapy
members of the pairs. Five therapists are conducting the therapy. and three
other therapists are readv to begin. A project 9roup of ten individuals
is actively at wcrk on th, various'nhases of the study�selection and
-a ching of individuals, testing, aprraisal interviews, theran
serves as the coordinator of this group, and he and D
major iro,estigative responsibilities The projeft has the approvAl of -
-
Research 'ommittee of i sptal and
Pr arid the Snfsefintendenr, Dr.
of the Director of the Division Of Mental -Hygiene,
generous cooperation of these men and of the staff a
wake the project possible.
The Dsvelopment of the Proram
of Clinical Director.,
and tfre'approva'r The
has helped to
It is no doubt evident that the study described Ebove is simply another step
in a continuing program of investigation of many aspects of psychotherapy with
many types of individuals.. Out of this study will come leads for further work.
,While it cannot be predicted with certainty what directions the continuing
program will take, two possibilities, already under consideration, will
indicate some of the current tlinking.
Depending on the findings with the first block of 48 indlviduals, a second
block of similar basic design may be iniaugnrated, selecting the new block
in such a way as to settle issues raised in the initial study.
Another quite afferent possibility will almost certainly be carried out
in one form or another. ['his will be to make therapy evnilable, on as
simple a hnSis ns possible, during given hours on a given ward of either
chronic or acute psychotics. A theranist will spend perhaps two hours con
two days per ilea in n ward, and will see for brief interviews (nrObfihlY
2) minutes) each patient who wishes to see him. All interviews will he
recorded, end will to available for various types of analysis. This will
extend the range of types of disturbed individuals seen, wil.1 investigate the
extent to which therapy will he sought ir easily rivaila;Ile, and way Oct A
pattern which could be follmni by hospital pychiatrifits and psychologists
therapy is veuy limited,
IN, reason Lox mentioning the two future possibilities is t mdicati: that
th.base pima invukves cot simply one project but a contiruing investigation
01 loFsibilities and limitations ol psychotherapy with individualS with
varying devees ot disturhance,and the nature of the process of personality
cha.nvo in psichotheraoii.
101
� vet 1,1,,
1 Rarrett-Lennar-,., 0, T., Dimensione ot the clientos experiena of his
theranist te:56ciate3 w:th nessonalitv changer.. Unpublished Ph. P.
Oissurtation, '41iversity of Chionro, 1959,
2. Bella), L. tromentia eraecox: the past lecadew:"; work anA !)rent status;
a rt-vieo and cyan:atien. New York: Grunt and Stratton, 1948.
2a. Belli-11,, L. ?.e,1.) Schizon:hreni - a review of the syndrome. New York:
_ _ _
LC90b Press, 1958.
3. Betz, R. J.:and Whitehorn, J.C., The relationship of the therapist to
the outcome. of therapy in schizonhrenia. Pf::vchi:atri:c Pas.Reports
no. 5. Ameriean Psychiatric Association, Washington D. G., 1954,
Praaten, L. j.. Some exploratory Studies of the discomfort-relief
quotient and related measures. Munselin Center Discussion Papers,
Universiry of Chicaeo vol. 2, no. 24, 1956.
Bro3v, F. FL, and iredirch, C. (eds) rsvohOtherwA with Schizophrenics
New York; International Univ. Pres. 1.9c2.
6, Butler, j. M. Assessing psychwherapeirtic protocols with content
coefficients. J. Clin. Psycho:. 19r)2, 8, 199-02,
7. Butler, J. M., and Haiv.h, C. V., Changes in_the relation betwcan self
-
concerts and ideal concepts consiquent upon cliant-centered counseling.
C. Y. Roe,ers and R. F. Dymond (edg) Psychotherapy and Personality
Change Cr:AC:ego Univer. Press', 1954, pD.
8. Palkides, G. An investigation ot therapeutic success as a (unction of
four therapist variables. Unpuh. Ph. I), dissertation Ilnivar. of
Chicago, 1958.
9, Hartley, N. W. A 9-technique study of chatves in the sell --concept
during psychotherapy. thipub. Ph.D. thesis, Univer. of Chicago, 1951.
10. Hollingshead, A. R., and Redlict!,- F. C. Social Class and Mental Illness
Wiley, 1910,
11, Jonietz, A. K., A study of char es in pyrception in relation to psycho-
therapy. ilnpuh. Ph.D. dissertation, Univer. of ChicW, 1950,
12, Kauffman, P. E., nhd Raimy, V. C., Two methods of assessing therapeutic
progress. J. Atqlorm, So, Psychol. 1949, 44, 379-385.
13, Kirtner, V, L. and Cartwright, D. S., Success and failure in client-
centered thin.bln as a funotion of initial in,therapy 1%ehavior. Jour,
Consult. rsYch61. 22, 1958, 529-533
14, Lindslry. p. R., Op..A-Ant roWitioning methods arnlied to research in
chronic schizophrenia. Psychietric_Resenrrh Rrponts no. 5, American
Vs.chiatri-c Associatiou. Washington D. C. 191,4.
1 te
N,I,-�n C. C. he!,carch ON Vq-ao0ox.
TI,k. Nat Jona i Corvit tek- on Mt,n I
Vashinton,.D. C.
A i.�..al'ir.sknr-ps 0pW)1. Mantisrlpt made
th-�,
NaOlatiA, 13, R , A fac stujv t 011(-.0-cuntorcd tlirapv; the case
(o Miss Ptit.t. l'fahutt. M. A. thosif.., Itnivr. of Chioavo, 1952.
97-d/
1 t,. Nunnall, c".., An invsti:!ation ot som propoitions of self-
concDttort: thf ca: of Miss t.n. J: A.t.-enorm. Soe. Psychol. 1955, 50, 87-92
19. iiaskih, N. J. , An ohjJ,-Jiv st1)0' or 1hr- tocu-of-evaluation ...actor in
In ano I. A. Fr,vor (is.) Soc-ces:, ;n
Cnap, 6. Nw Yor: i;rune and :-tratton, 1952.
Sie-0!�'n0n, ki..�The of ehavior. Univer, of Chicnr.o Ercss, 193
27. Stotskv, E., Pastc,n, 1aol C. cd Valdask, N. An evaLuation of. ttit
COU11.511n2. of chronic scnizopht.,nics, 3._of_fonsnIt_.Psycho_t_ 1955
eT. Valker, A. V., Rbbftn, E. Ai and P.177i,n, C. R., Develonment of a
scale to meashre N.ocess chanres in vsychotlievaoy, Papc(r ivon at
APA cov�o;ii-lon, 1W8.
!,,hit(hot-t, 3. C., A cotittla(ison ot osv-hothornp.tntic relationships between
pll�t=ici;tn hnd schizorcnie !-,:tticnis when insulin f2.111R is cotabined Wi IL
pl,vel.othorra:,v, PnA.trh('.sn 1,svchothorapy is ut..cd al cue. Acn.. .1:-Pnvehtat,,
901, A!,ril 952.
J, C., and J. J.. A siodv ot nsvchothermpoh cc
!,Qtw,t--11 tAy.,715-iins 0101 tolii.7(1)11zo,lic ratints. Am. 1 Psvf'Alitit,.
111--a?1, IA!'41
13
, A. Jr , , Psvrhot1n�rancutI cs and thc hi zophrente react i
, or kInd Mental Di s. UPid vol. . 1, 109-140.
.
52. Yi ttenrn, 3. )4. , WI t tenhrn psvchi et ri r ratine -scales. N, V.
Psycho!. Corp. 1955.
Budret requested fr .
tor nettoC 7/1 9-- 1/1/60
Budget for carrying on program at optimal level
for 6 months eq uest. previous
!' page)
Support availat:sle from the Univetsitv of
Research Committee for this 6 mont
Funds requested for on
Nal program
Budg tor caryying on program at minimal level
for 6 months, until optimal funds availahl
Supcort availelje trom the University
Reseerch.Committee for this 6 mot
Funds requested for minimal program
: $21,189
5,000
$16,189
$13,750
5,000
S8,70
Proposed Bad? is t
Per,.
PtiLc; a! 1n...est! to
part ti m>)
ir(}0r1 A. rt:search coorciinal.or.
Pr: . D
Requested
$0000
Otir
Source
2000
M. D. (uatt time) 0 2500
twe) 0500
Ph. D.
Ph.D.
M D.
M, D.
S.
o�-. 'hiP (full time, data analy:sis)
PtoA Ass,stant (one full time or two half
(psychometrist)
tie,ministrative Assistant.-(seletton, matchinc, 5500
intake of patients; schertelinv, appointments)
heeerds Sk-.ctetary (halt i.i.Me)
3 Ee.-7earch Assistants (pert t 0 )
Hourly helc (clerieal tars)
oCLai Sectirit� anu itirernt
I el at Ftiuittnent
_
7500
time 6000
;
1800
6000
2000
2303
$371(73� $37103
ia ;corders and miertntioneS 600 -
Files am: cabi.nets 200
Tyoewriters 35
Consumable stn.Tlics
I.ec'rdi tacr 2000
Folders, Cared, Office supulies 250
Psycholort,ical teats 100
Travel
'or staff to tie. follewup testing 300
Other Exr�cnses
Payments to control subjects for testirm time 500
Sound-d.smpening of offices for recordirw. 1000
i52-7---C-S 5275
SW,tetal ,4237
63,57_
146755�
Overhead (151.)
Seciii..1 veer
Th i t vetd
Fourth, ye AI
Total tequest
64000
64060
40�J(10.,
$17-67)..55
1�...�
A-fp-2 ilutitc
CS- with o v:11 n14r,iiell .
'.3-jtan.1 cA-1,11 0 MIOL-301 boti,-t of VI!-I161 YllrAM
1-,f;) cor;,,sitl-:;r;,,:i.- to 4:-.),iievcr, f4.z11,10
cc o3;t
,v).f tha
I cm ettv:hing a description of the research progr
with schisophravica riomels whieh a group of
on uith initial support from the University of
Co=lttco.
I v.wld like to telt it this c mld be-oermi
61:ppvrt by tts Itck-xd of th �TUle vs ars
7,5tCc t t iml end oont mppart from .
To this cad yen will find att
a. A descriptiem of the presroo:&n4 its retouch de4ign.
b. ib� trequest yhich ye *re pl6nnin to oanit
y �therapy
tre
ResstaiA
A doulaft brestet req-.2sat to th �r-tte sin vs-ath4 _
Palled Jzly 1, 1959. osat ie statai in Vrao
of ta crptivm1 Weal ot eepport, C5i ono in tares of t
wirisAl level of oupport which woold moblo ti to contixso
until cm MR Otmia more oubooAtial ba-alug.
If ie yaur .A:wtet thio io vl-opprepricto reqetst to,sub.sit to
tZle Eotrd, I wo;44 hapill to hAve yam send toploe tkie
Etrtl(rz4 this it) to the oesere ef ti reard tor tb*ir
coniderttioa tni ovaloattoo.
4 tvgust 19,9
111.4.10114I11IR4 accip
SMIXT FKULTPA
The autount or 039.72 remainir,1.t thisp o lect will
accountecl for by thc! Utiversity 1i1 their
final accounting of Su:bp:raj:act 97.
TM Research Breih
�