ULTRA Eubprojec. At Date or Or. fizinal 1W16,1 Time Rxtei.--Actl. Allotwicrit tritunt_of Authorization s Covered To - Nuctor !LhI /. kiditional Authorizations.. Covervi- - do�Fctima - Extendocl A11161:-51oat Amovat or ObUgtic _ - invoice libirter Je 1-31,1ARES Arzcont tolanc,b TMt TO:�TSS/OC 1. Date f Obligation _/L_. Pki ose rot flroject:�.11/MAstAX ,Fro-ree-s�sa to Data: 4.�Explratloa Da S.�ProjectMotor FRO/A: -is/CD the Disaster Study, Specifically* to study construct e-beba or_o individuals during Ieriods of_extreme_strass (KtateA 126). Initiatedi September 1960 Contractor: Cost: 44,225.00 - ftatus: unkaNni No. Cost Account /kap .4,449- /9/ Object Class D te 191s9V0 29 Remarks and References /-ve Obligations Obligationsii Inctirred Liquidated Urtliquidated Balance AM191,1. intaniON t _ /two DiviaIca SWIM rlIKULTAy�Sultprojeot 126 �Upier_tha_authority veated ia thr r4 4kt4 13 April 1953 frock the DC! to the VD/At 1L the exterisioa_of this authority In eubnnuent nonorandni Subproject 126 has been spproard 002a5im of the oter**11 IMAM project tura* hes-ticon obligated to corer the subproject's DI* UUoa of blinds thould be charged to talotacrit 15250 1C49.1.90P- reixts. Chis TELDMasearch Moat I CERTIFY THAT ruNDs A;'E. AVAILABLE psucArici,, RirEkt,!CE _ KMARcE C.tot ALI fr.( I ./ �:;.FFICER Diatributiobr Otis, &2M4se res 1 TSDAX 1 TSDPASS 1412401030:04 ?CAI Olt?, FINUCI faVLSION VIA i ?SD t Officer sunecir _nansm, utibproJeot 126, Invoice No. 1 A31eteent 11254009-1902 1. 11111010. Not Via attached covering the-aboveisubprojects Papant should be Inaleollovsi . Cashier's in the mount of 0,225.00 blo to 2. The check. ahead be fonarded WOhLef, TSDIResearch Branch, through TSD et Cefioet, no later than 'Ans.:lay, 11 October 3.9(4. 3. This is a fluid. invoice. wever, since it is anticipated _ _ _ that cdflitional fteS�vill_bo_obligated for this project, the files 0ou1d not bs_closed. Attached: : Invoice is Ceifications Die tribution Orig & 2 Addressee 1 --TSD/FASS - ) ":7 )9 ISA% : 41..?" � ..e.4.t.:/filg" ��...A..11 Apr11 16, 1962 SumMary_Aocounting o grant t_ Travel -- Equipment -- $3,908.26 160.65 _ 21.65 Material-and _Supplies 134.4t Total expencWd lo fro I liavo examined an v:iproved the submitted expenditurv..J. rite! 6 TSS/Cinalical Divisio 1225.00I I extent otth�s� Pro -as reported - Receipt is hereby acknowledged of-the follOying check:A Official-Check-No. -209.A41969�dated Octo -- 1 n he zatAnt7o .0441drawn On 1mb ISUBjECT - =MA, SubPay.isot 126, Invoice No. 1 All(4teent 11.230C9;4902 . 10 /Amass No. 1 is attached co ring the shore subproject. Payeent should_be_stsdelos_follovss Cashierit- w Thia _ceab14 eitiarde4.�ttO 4:biett TSD/Researdi Branehl through TiNdiasidget Officep no later than Tuss4:3/4,i, U October 1 3. Thia_ia_a Mil invoice. Ntverers, since it is anticipated that additional fuYlis viii be_ohligated for this project, the files should not be *Used. Tea/Research Ares& Attached": Invelee & Certifications _ Distributions Cris 21.k 14141Nessee 1-=TSD/FASS' * 2� TSD/RB For 8ervi000 WMo.ime And-Ww Oweb-440.1f.4AW1010411#00411 ***WOW. Mywom CERTIFICATIONS [ (1) It lelhereby_certified that this is Invoice Noi_l applying to Su__ project NO._126_of_MKULTRA, that performance is satisfactory, that servo ices are being accomplIShed in accordance vith mutual_agreemente, that a detailed agenda of the payments and-teceipto-is on-file in TWA:Cc _ that this billlis_just Oil correct and that payment thereof ha not yet - - teen made. f TSD Datek___ (2) It is-herabyleertifieci-that-thie-inVO144 aptAieSAo_SubprOject - - NO. 126 of:MULTRA:VbiCh vas duly approved, an4thatAhe_projegt:is_:_ being carrie1-tUtlin_accordance_vith_th4LMstOrabaAiof:13-.-_APril..19,3 from the E3IIWtheLDO/A4 and-the extension of thicauthority_in &event memoramdt,--- estV-i'�ch-Di7Fe-iro-r-_-_7777�' Date: 15 Beptenber l96O -- MEMORANDUM FOR: TEE RECORD SUBJECT MKULTRA, SuhProiect 12 �_Ifis_requested that Subproject 126 be-approved to suppoft in part the Disaster Study, in accordance with the attached _proposal. Funds requested will_be-used to pay_the salary of-a_principai---- investigator of a sedretaryforoneyear. Expenditure of funds for partial _ payment of alary coomits to providing 'salary f-- for three months and-the salary__ as for the balance of one year. e* The_Disaster Study focuses primarilYup�n-the more con- structie behavior-of_individuals during periods,of_extreme-stress. The resultscould_contribute_to increasing the sophisticstion_of the mission as well.as those goVern*nt agencies-con- cerned vithiaiding-during-disester either in the U.S*- or-abroed-- 30 This-project_vill be funded through for security and cover-purposes,T- Accounting forTfunda_expended_shall conform to the estab1ished_pro7----- cedures of_that_organization.i_No_permanent_equipment has been for the project. 4.--The-tOtal-cost of-this -project-for-a period of one year will be 0,225.00-as-indicated in the atached budget. Charges should-- - be made; 3t AI1otment_15254.009-1902. s cleared and witting of true sponsorship.- No other cleared andiorvitting7individuals vill:be_concernetl vith_the - conduct Of_thenstudy, Attached: Proposal- - Distribution: - Original Only --- APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION OF FUNDS. Date: Resea ec tTT s t 1. NATURE Of hEQUEST: A. APPLAGATION IS NERSRY MADE rOR A &RANT IN 'NE MOUNT OF 0,225,00 roR THC PuRPoSE or COMPLETING A REDEARCH PROJECT ON THE IDLLOVIN41.111ECTI S. 1st ru DISASTER7ANO7T8E-TNERAPEUTIC-SOCIAL SYSTEM:- A- NODE!. CWLSOCIAL-ADAPTATION-TTOISASTER Qvcsuoi-ir ARANTED, WILL-DE USED TO DOHPLIME_RESEARCH ALREADY IN FROGRERS_ANDLIOltRODUCE A_FINAL HANuiERIPT-WHICKiWILLAAYSATISFY_ TNE APPLICANT'S PN.O. DISSERTATION REOUIAtmENTS IN-THE DEPARTNENT_OF_SOCIOLOOT,_ UNIVEAsITT or AND (9) SLAVE AS THE SASE FOR A SURITANT:IAL�PUSLICATTON VITNIN THE 5(11 'Oulu. 2. RESEMICH PUN: AO GEWIDAL Ass: THWPROJECTIR_AINED_AT_THE ANALYTIC-SYNTMER1S-Or A LOSE DOH OF 1ESEAROIDATA-AND7OSSILLYATFONA-AEGARDIN4-HUNWOENATIoR IN DISA1TER14�WITH PARTICVIARAMtHAIWON_THC.7PDSUITC: THCRAPENTICHCCHANISRO WHICH WHAM SOCISTIESIOETELOt TO-0YEACONE pie surrms0i7tossts, Amp PRIVATION OF OISASTE* AND TO RESENERATE-ANDAWITA-Cilt THEIR SOCIAL Urge Out OF DU siimirigut rACTS-THATAWASES-FROM_AN_INTEMOITVAND-EXTENSIVE MST OVLARSI-SCALtiStSASTERSIAIITHATITHET PROouCE-NATANAL-DOCIAL-ADAPTATIONS WHICH RAIMENT, REAME, OA ANCL1ORATC-MANV-OF -THE-PATOoLoolCAL-SENATIORS--NoR- NALLY EXPEDTED UNCER700NOITIONS-OT-GREAT AND-C*1$1114:_THESE NATURAL ADAPTIVE mtaimilipm-pAt-upuALLy-oussumgo-umocR SUCH SADAO musalcs-ACsoanc" "SOLIDARITTu;_ SUTITNESUTERWOTTEN-ORSCUItt WM THAR TNET-AETCAL�. THR PRESENT RESEARCH WILL ATTENDT-TO-EXPLICATE-IN-OONSIDEXASVE DETAlLITHE CONNOR paomigiAARIRICNANISMS-Orir011itlitg-KcIAL ADAPTATION TO-DISAIITERi EFFIcys 011:INDIVIDAJAL ANIVSNALL"RouP-OCHAVIOR, AND MEIN IMPLICATION' fOR THE STUDY Of I AND TRESSES OCCUR SOCIAL FUNCTIOHM, -*$0*t NOAMAL AIDITIOH 0 r 110 SPECIFIC Iw1: THE MORE_SPECIFIC AIMS Of THIS RESEARCH ARE-SPCCIFIEO IN DETAIL 101 ATTACHMENTLWe BRIEFLY OUTLINED, THEY ARE:- 1" TO DEVELOP-AN-EMPIRICALLYSASED ramtvolim oft mom ron1 THE ISTUDY OF COMORO* UNIVUL1AL-MODES70/7SOCTAc-ADAPTATI0N TO-DISASTER' THIS MODEL WILL ATTEMPT TO optclitylumstrvATIoNALAPIArumis OF DiSkSTER-ANO-THE TYPICAL- ADOUSTMSATS TO DISASTUFWWIEH-CONTRIOUTE-TO-TH-C-DEVELOPHENT:OF�A-THERAPENTUE OOCIAL MILIEU" 2. To DOCUMINTi-EtASORATIANO REFINC-THC-SAL1CHT:ELEMENTS OUT I MODEL SY A DETAKESCANALYSISI-OVOISASTER RESEARCH-DATA' 1 3. TO APPLY INC-NODCL-AND ITUDERIV1O-HIPOTHESES TO-CURRENTLY is AVAILAStE DISAOTtR_DATAITO_TESTAMERAXLCONIIIITINCY AND-1.4000RESS_Of_cle" To DtVELOVUE_IMPLICATIONS or THE-MODEL-10R FURTHER-RESCARCM IN DISASTERS AND OTHUE__FORMO�OERTSTINVFORITHEORITICAL. FORMULATIONS RC... CARDING TMI RELATIONOMIUSITVIEN_FERSONAL-AND SOCIAL-41RESSI-THE-EFFECTS Of SOCIAL ISOLATION AND ALIERATION-IN-CONTRTOVTINIFTO NENTALALLNESSJ POSITIVE CONCEPTIONS OF liMENTALA4EALTNI/J Tilt NATURE OF 'THERAPEUTIC COONVOITIES!) AND OTHER SOEIOLOSICAL_ANUODEIlLf114HOLOOICKLiFROSLEWS ENCOMPASSED V* TOUCHED sy TWt MODEL FORRULATION" go Sow( or-onat SIRCLA950, OVER 140 FIELD STUDIES-OF-DISASTER - HAVE SECX CONCUCTED-SY-SOCIAL SEIENTISTS-IN-THE UNITED STATES-AND-SEVERAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES THESE-INCLUDE STUDIES OF EARTKOUARES, �ri0csle3i-exrL0slows, FIRES, FLOOD*, HURRICANE/I-WOE DISASTERS, SOOVSTORRS, TORNADOES, TOXICOLOGICAL EVENTS, AND NISCELLANEOUS-OTHER-AECIPINTS-ANO-DISASTERS4 THE pusLismo AND UNPUSLISMED DICUMLWFURELATIVUTO_THIOC STUDIES-ARI-DETAILED-IN-ATTAEHMENT - Tococ OOCUMENTS, TOGETHER WITH TME PRIMARY OATA OM WMIC$ THEY ARC OUSE WILL SERVE�AS THE NAJOR�SOURCE-0, DATA FOR THIS ANALYSIS* THEY WILL St SUFPLEMENIED eI_DATA_YROM_INI Us S. STRATEOIC SOWN SNOUT_ STUDIES IN WCALO WAA II AND 'ROM IIONE or THE WM CAREIULLY..00CUMENTED O041Ak MISTORICi or DISASTER* THE APPLICANT HAS MOST Of THESE DOCUMENTS-IN Nle PERSONAL PILE. OTHER RELEVANT DATA-CAM SE-OSTA1MED-FROM THE DISASTER RESEW'S GROUP, NATIONAL ACADEMY_Of SCIENCES�NATIONAL RESEARCH COURCIL, WAIHINGTON AND IRON INDIVIDUAL 'MAACK GROUPS OR-WOENCIES� 00 METHOD or PROCEDURE: NIANY OF THE CENTRAL IDEAS TO SC INCORPORATED HERE HAVE ALREADY BEEN OEVELOPED OF THE-APPLICANT IN timious FAPERS THE ESSENTIAL TASK Rtmomme-firto maws ELASORATE, NO SYSTEMATIZE THESE iDCAI AND TO RELATE roue COTH-TO THE EMPIRICAL DATA OF-MASTEN STUDIES-AND TO RELEVANT THEORIES AND-ENPIRICAL STUDIES-IN SOCIOLOCY, SOCIAL PJIC$OLOIYANDII SOCIAL P YCHIATRY* THIS WILL_REOUIRE IME ASSEMOLY, COLLATION, AND COMPARISON or A LOSE 000Y OF DATA-FRON_TME DISASTER RESEARCH LITERATURE AND FROM THE THEOCETICAL AND EMPIRICAIILITERATURC OM STRESS AND CRISIS' INSOFAR Al TINE AND RESOURCES WAIT, DATA-1RO11-PREVIOUSLY..00NDUCTIO DISASTER STUDIES NAY ALSO et RECOOtO AMD-AliADULATED-IN-ORDER TO-DEVELOP-ADDITIONAL DATA R LEVANT TO THE NOM OR PROVIDE PR(Limmorcusfs-or-outivo HYPOTHESES. E. PREVIOUS VORKI ONE ON THIS PROJECT: IN A GENERAL SENSE, THE APPLICANT HAS egiN WORXING ON THIS FROACT-SINCE-JUNE, 1950, WEN HE MAN ACTIVE RESEARCH ON PROOLEKS OF INMAN SEHAVIOR- SINCE /NAT DATE UNTIL THE PRESENT TINE, :KY EATIRE_PKOIESSIONALCAREER-HAS SEEN DEVOTED TO RISKARCR IN THE FOLLOWING POSITIONS: (I) -3- RESEARCH. WORKICONDUCT CD OV*LNG Is THESE POSIT ION1jT I NAVE REEK INTIMATELY ASSOC' ATEDLWITH T-OF T THE PAST TEN YEOJI.S. _ THE PRESENT RESEARCH_jP- ROAI1MWAS- PART !ALLY ADUNDRATED IN A MIER DELIVERED _ _ 3, PM. KAT IONS Ovum. I into_RtnaT s & PAptirts -5- � � AX" Z. PROPOSED BUDGET TWO-THIRDS OT-PR1N41-PACTTNYEST1GAMR/5_SALAR_Y-FOR_JUNE, -JULY, AUGUST,. 1960 $1)515-`�� SALARY Or SECRETAILTrOR 12 MONTHS $226,0A0 TOTAL 0,225.00 --- dt for 225.00 to support_partiallyithe_ principal i ori-and-that of a tt for 2e_ The disaster study specifically_looks_at more cOnstructive beISNior of individuals during-extreme_stress.__ The results7conceivably_could_contribute_to increasing the sophistication_of�CIA's CA mission as yell as help_guide_those governrient_agencies_concerusdvith aiding during disaster-either at home or-abroadi Distribution: Orig & 3 =. MAO Aimatl1IIi - - Dear al-discussionsabout the prospects of lendin somelitu port to ourdeVelopin It now appears tha we cou � very de n elr use some such support to carry us through -a transition period. You may recall My-eXplainin ou th arrangements we had made with he original-plan-was for him to dome �ere__ he firtt_year_and:to spend two-th rdt of his time completinglhis work on the agreed to support him for salary durint-that time. We made arrangements -to utilize_him_only one-third of during the first:year and_to support him accordingly. It was oureeting that dur n hit- -6 r hoitcoulldibegin bWiliIing up his hile Qc.mpleting his an so while c-mpleting his Al is sometimes the_case_with_gbvernmental organ- izations, the signals have changed; 401* told him, rather belatedly,that their grant 'would run out the-31st_of_Nay, 1960, and that they would not be able_to continue to �a him for the balance of the yearas_promised.-- figures that he must spend about three menths-Mere working at rate in order to complete t as originally outlined for and to put himinto_pot_i_t4on for botintiog his. second phase of data analysis from which he eventually hopes_ to produce a book. Naturally thie work will be� completed, whether anyone helps us pick-up the tab or not. I-think that everyone agrees as-to its worth._ It_would help_us_during this_transition - period_if=_Ie_could obtain_some_outside support. If possible, Iiwould_like_to_obt opport to finance A? that portion of his salary wtich Wasto_have_paid .v;) for june,_July, and AugUbt. Based .the earlier agreement,_we_had put him on full salary_begin- ning in September, 1960. _Also, I would_like_t6 re- quest_support for a secretary to assist him in getting the material .completed and t wa k initial- Phase of setting up division. _If_we_can secure suppor or-suc a secre- tary.for_this_period, and including the_balince-of the fiScal-ftar.Lye=can stabilize the position by_ establithint-44141,111salary to begin With the_next biennium. In order_to_provide_this support, we would d 4,225.70-0 (that_would_be $1.-,575to_finance s salary for the balance of the_original year an $2,660-to proVide the secretarial services I mentioned above). .As I mentioned previously, it would be be*t for uslif this request is_favorably______ consi ed to have the:none e-'au �-11 to I think_that the material_enclosed_is sufficiently detailed to describe_the_work, but iUyou-have_any questions_let_me_know.__I_shall look forward to hearing from you regarding this request. The handwriting survey arrived todaylyfor_which_I_- thank-_you;I will returftjt_in accordance 'with your request I am wondering whether;you-intand to produce-_-additional_copies at some Liter -date? Best,regards. WOMOOte--- Knclosures Thematic Prospectus purpose I. MUch Of the tilk�among behavioral scientists working with disaster materials has concerned itself with thence(' for applying -existing theories and concepts from7the_soclal and psychological sciences to_the_disatter materials. The' emphasis-here will be placed on the obverse-side of this . two - sided coin:7'what:the empirical stUdy of disottermaterials_suggeste _ for a revision of sone_existing conceptualizotions and!theories. In partic- ular it will ettempt_to_develop and partially test an empirically - derived' model of human adaptation to dieaster.- a model which focuses attentiOn-en - the breed social responses_to_clitaiter_end_their_effectson_the-social system end small --group responses to disaster. 2. The pretent_paper is simply a prolegomenon, designed to trace in _ broad outline sceo-of_tha_onfranotaslic elements tm be incorporated In - - the model end to-suggest in embryonic form some of the :idies_thatArM be developed In grlistediettatin ifte�f Intl product. Delkorouptik_ The-Neettor Frateh Cenctataliatim 3. At scime_levels of analysis end for some types of problems existing theories-conoming-humen response to stress end crisistmey-- be edoguete for explainingFthe behavioral phenbtens of disaster. O*iring the course of almost_ten_years_ot_continuous work with disaster_reseerch materials, howeveri-1 heve concluded that most current'theorite_and LII IL hypotheses (a) have little oc_no predictive or control:value:at the social system leve1l-lb)-1644 to the selection of non * representative, atypical, or unique-social facts from the stream of bohavioratphehomena in Ceuta': bnd_(c) correspondingly, leave much of the total_behavior In the social field:as_en_unexplained residue. Thete-appears-to he a definite need to -develop fresh conceptualizations or models_which_are more representetional of the repeetedly_- observed phenomena-of disaster, rather then attempting to force the disaster data into existing conceptual molds borrowed from other_contexts. unique valves-of - disaster studies7incontrIbutieg to the social and psychological sciences it we view such studies simply as a testing ground for pre- existent theories. They also provide en exceptional oppoetUnIty to reformulate our basic thought structure shout_the_nature of_hcmen_behavior. Background: _et_afireaseleefreetiegeleTi ' 4. The final paper will detail many of the specific deficiencies of current explanatory rodels for understanding social system responses to disester. Here_we_will_simply suggest some of the major biases that occur when presently - available_models_are applied to disaster materials: 4.1 bell_ellolial_peez. This might be called the "disaster is hell" bias and it takes_many forms in social and psychological theory. Like the commonsense_conceptions of disaster, It assumes that the death, destruction, and disorder caused_by disaster are inevitably "bad" and productive of social_or_personal pathology in the survivors. The-focus on pathology tends to_obscure the fact that disasters may also have positive, adaptive effects_in_the social system. 4.2 Th* Wmeostatis Bias: The pre - disaster, "normal" state or equilibrium is-viewed-0s the standard by which all behaviors are judged. Any change or deviation from this (hypothetical) standard is viewed as pathological, dysfunctional, irrational, etc. This bias also takes numerous subticsub - forms: , e..,Theislyie_thy_Sulture"Sei_au It is assumed that man's sense of integrity and_stabLlety is totally rooted in the uniform and patterned life styles that can be abstracted from the heterogeneity of individual and sealligroup behaviors in on ongoing social_system. Any lois of this steedard_pattern leads to gross disorganization_of_personality ad a strong desire to return to things exactly as they were before. We cry because we seis-our-culture_going down the drain of history. Particularly when applied to urban, mass societies, this thematic emphases tends to - obscure the many Implicit and elicit sources of dissatisfaction and conflict that exist_within a complex social system and to minimize_the divergence of indi_vidual and smell - group norms and values from those char- ectertzing the totaLsocial_system. 4.22 112_29rsistence of Culture" einerAll behavior during and following the disaster is explained in terms of the continuity of the pre - existing social and cultural system; or, "the more Things change, the more they remain the same." It leads not only to a distor- tion in the characterization of the pre - existing social and_cultural system but also to an_ignoring of significant changes in social relation- ships and interactions that occur as a result of disaster. 4.23 The "'IWO Interest"- Bias: Formel authorifles and people with 8 strong vested interest in the pre - existing system of power end control often view their loss of control of the situetion or changes in the expected patterns of behavior as threats to their status and, hence, tend to perceive and describe the different or unexpected behaviors that they see in pathological terns. The clessUc example is the Army's concept of "panic" -- invented by colonels to rationelize and ,explain to superiors why their men acted reasonably end rationally la the face of inedeeuste leadership, training, battle plans, end logistics. There are many more subtle examples,. however: the tendency of the Red Cross and other formal relief agencies to attribute "helplessness" to disaster victims in order to justify a form of organization which emphasizes dependence OA outside aid; a common tendency to use wards like "shock" or "stun"-to-explain why disaster victims prefer to develop their own informal solutioms_rather_than accept assistance of formal agencies, the tendency for police and other control authorities to give gross exaggerations of the_threat_and in of looting aed other forms of anti - social behavior to justify the-continuatioe of * form_of_organ- ization and method_of_operation which has little reality orientation under the changed circumstances of disaster, etc. Thu e bias especially intrudes into studies which are concerned with-the maintenance of formal organizational structures in disaster and which have relied primarily on formal agency iriformants for their data on behavior in disasters. A _ common specific form-in-which this bias manifests itself-is the tendency to project the'coeflict and scapegoating activity among-formal-authorities into the total social_field as a representative form of behavior. _ 4.24 The "OvIsi-INW' Bias: The outside observer usually comes to the scene-of disaster with a mental image of-"normal" behavior. Since the totai social field looks confused-and the behaviorhe observes does not fit his7standard preconceptions of order, he often tends to perceive and describe the behavior as-pathological. There is a-common tendency to perceive the disorder but overlook the emergent order, to see the dramatic deviotion_but to overlook the repetitive and obvious elements of behavior. The disaster reports of experts or specialists in various fields are often_as-biased in this sense as those of laymen, and, in addition, frequently distort the broad social patterns of behavior even more by virtue of a highly_selective focus of attention of-behavioral "problems." 4.3 .he"ntli-ime"-Sf the conceptualizations of crisis and stress_focus attention on a particular segment or time phase of the total process-of behavioral adaptation and make the implicit assumption that this particular_segment is representative of the whole proeess. When applied to disasters this sometimes results in the characterization of behaviors found in-a--particular time phase as the disaster reaction. Unfor- tunately, most of_tht_empirical research on disasters has_not ben focused on tho continuousstudy of the processes of behavioral adaptation through time; hence, the currently - available data are particularly_subject_to this interpretative_bias. 5. These biases, and the theoretical or conceptual formulations from which they arivderived, are-highly useful for certain purposes; but they contain inhorent_limitations for understanding and explaining _ the process byl which social systems overcome the stresses and disorgan- ization of disaster and regenerate their social life. The-microscopic examination of behavioral "problems" in disaster often - times blinds us to the fact that_disasters produce not only destructive, disintegrative effects, but also reconstructive, regenerative human responses.--Throughout history Neon societies have been subjected to devastating destruction from disaster but, with-minor_txceptions, they have always been reconstructed. It is difficnIt to-find a single case in history where a relatively complex social systeM has been-destroyed by disestor alone. Indeed there seemS to be considerable evidence-to support the general validity of Toynbee's 'challenge and response" thesis that those societies which have experienced disaster have not only proceeded rapidly to recoup their losses, but hive also achieved a higher level of integration, productivity, and creativity than they had prior to the disaster.. One of the significant questions that requires more-detailed exploration, therefor*, IS: How and why do human societies recuperate so rapidly from the destructive effects of disasters? The-model to be developed will attempt to make ts smell contri- bution to this broad question. It will take an antithetical point of departure from those theoretical and conceptual formulations_which emphasize the destructive and_pathological processes-and results of crisis and stress. It will consciously be biased by a focus on the reorganizing, regenerative, and revitalizing machanisms-of social adaptation to disaster. The H6401_ General Characteristics - 6. The model to be developed can be-characterized_ty the following general tome: 6.1 Ideal type -- i.e., a hypothetical or:"as if" construct which attempts to abstract a number of critical OSSOOM from the stream of behavioral flux in disaster, and which is unlikely to exist in totally pure form in any particular event. 6.2_1201Dmusi -- in the sense that unique features or outcomes ,..ill largely be_neglected in favor of an emphasis on changes which are basic or common-to a social category; end in the sense that it aims to cut through the differentia of cultural-elaboration in-its search for common behavioral phenomena. 6.3 tnstrumental -- in the sense that-jts_value_is viewed purely in termsot_Its ability to yield testable propositions or hypotheses which improve_our_understanding-_and-control over the phenomena-under-obser- vation. (Or-, in more -down - to - earth terms: How_far_can_you run with this model bifortLits-ussfulness is exhausted?) 6.4 Sociel esycholoqicel -- in the sense that its primary focus will be on the _experience and meaning-of-disester from the point of view of the affected actors as they relate to social phenomena. 6.5 Sociolioicel -- in the sense that it viewS-the behavior of The actors within the context of the larger social systtm and is concerned with the lirkages between large - Scale system components of behavior end smaller sub - system components. 'Definition of "Disaster", 7. For ganeraLorleatational purposes, th following definition of "disaster" will bo_used: an evensoncentrated in timm and SDa.ca, in which it society, or a reletively self - sufficient subdivision of a society.. undergoes severe danoer-and incurs losses to its members acid Its physical appurtenances_such that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment_of all_or some of the essential Niiction of the society is prevented. 8. It shoutdib.note& that this definition places emphasis on events which damage and disrupt the systems of biolocical_ �urvival (subsistence, shelter, health); order (social roles, cultural norms, authority patterns, division of labor, etc.),-meaning (values, shared definitions of reality, communication mechanisms); and reproduction. If an event is disrupting to individuals or wall groups but_does not involve these vital functions of_a society, it may be considered a-crisis or an accident, but it is not, ins the terms used here, a disaster. QiialTer a_a a Form of crilis 9. Much of the_thinking about crisis and stress assumes_a kind __ of linear continuum-ranging-from minor to major, small to_large. W. I. Thomas, for example-defined "crisis" broadly as eny interruption of habit and ranged tne verious types of crisis on a continuum from momentary individual_inforruptions of attention to widespread social catastrophes. This_typo of thinking is useful insofar as it encourages beha- vioral scientistS-to_iwk for similarities and differences-among-the many different typos 'of crisis or stress. It becomes misleading_if the additiOnai assumption is tade_that_the findings derived from one form of crists_caft_ber extrapolated without_chenso to other forms of crisis. The direct extrapola- tion of findings derived from clinical studies, from small - scale experimentally --Induced crises, from individual family crises-p-or-from "accident" type situations to disasters accounts for many of the serious predictive and judgmental errors that have been mede-about behavior in disaster. 1101. It apposirs_usotul to_distinguish three different referentisi _ contexts withinerhtch-stress or_troomes7cen occurs -(a) en intact, ongoing (undisturbed) social system, (b) arieittident - struck (partially disturbed) system; and (c) a_disasterstruck (lb:tally disturbed) system. There art various dimensions_along which these three contexts, maybe distinguished - e.g., the degree to which-the pain, injury, or punishment can be viewed as oriOneting within the system and correspond with pre - existent social distinctions anti_conflicts; the exteht to which existing-social aid cultural solutions can be readily applied to the situation; the extent to which the phenomena of loss-and individual suffering can be hid from-public scrutiny; the size of the socia-unit within which pain end suffering is shared; the extent to which_the larger social system recognizes the suffering of the victims by compensatory changes in the reward structure, etc. Behaviors .in an accident - struck system_may_be expected to differ somewhat from those occurring in response to stresses and losses within an intact, every- day if,, context; but for present purposes the distinctions ere somewhat irrelevant because_the_general societal context remains essentially the same. The ensuing_discussion will be concerned primarily with the contras between the disaster context and the other two contexts. II. There is considerable evidence to suggest that_the_imitial, immediate, or momentary individual and small - group reactions to sudden changes in the_environment are roughly comparable from one form of crisis to another. For example,-the initial perceptions of disaster victims -- the tendency for attention to be narrowed, to assimilate disaster cues to a normal context, to act in terms of the immediate perceptual field -- are closely akin to_those found in other forms of crises. initial emotional responses to situations of danger and loss also seem,to be roughly com- parable -- e.g., the feelings of shock, numbness, end disbelief noted in family bereavement Piave interesting parallels with the_initial responses of disaster victims�lt_is posited here that this commonality or likeness of response from one_form of crisis to another is rooted in the fact that the basic referential framework is the framework of the normal, ongoing social system. The culture_persists 30 long as _PeoPie can continue_to view the phenomena of disaster_as familiar or expected phenomena which can be dealt w!th by pre -established behavioz31 patterns and which have reference only to the self and_immediate_ego - involved _associates._ As soon as the danger and destructive forces of iho disaster are perceived as vastly transcending the_self and the primary reference groups, however, a rapid shift in the referential and motivational framework of behavior occurs. This shift coincides with the recognition that the integrity and con- tinuity of the_society itself --the social system wnich provides the underpinnings without which_the_many social subsystems_cannot continue_to exist -- is endangered. From this point on, we begin to see a step - function or gineric_change in responses to crisis or stress !!- a change which cannot be completely understood in terms of knowledge about the pre - existing system-or-in-terms of knowledge about reactions to stress, trauma, and privation which has bean derived from non - disaster events. Ihalmeroent "Society gf Sufferers" 12. With the recognition of the transcendental quality of,the disaster effects, there emerges-6-'4060y of sufforers,ft white' membership is recruited from the fortuitous involvement in the dangers and privations imposed by the disaster agent. This emergent society develops an interectional_systom uniquely its own--o system which does not have primary reference to the pre - existing system but to the situations and experiences produced by the disaster. Both its membership and interactional pattern emerge in the process of individual and collective activity aimed at comprehending and coping with the effects of the disaster. It is this emergent unit which will be focused upon in the development of the model suggested here. 13. The emergence-of this "socistY of sufferers" i1ps1tdaS1a�1 universal feature of_disesters_where the survivors are permitted to make an unimpeded social adjustment to the disaster effects. Its persletence in time and total effect in changing the pre - existent social system are variables determined_in_large pert by the, scope and destructive power of the disaster, the possibility of continuing Or recurrent danger of similar magnitude, and by the power of remaining societal components to superimpose either the pre - existing system or a variant_system On tha emergent society. In general, however, it is assumed that this society will exist in potent and active_ form long enough to reinstate basic societal functionS and achieve at least minimal life sttbility among its membership. (It may and frequently does continue to exist as a less potent associational and identifications' unit long after this time.) 14. The changes_i_n_structore and forms of interaction adopted by this society of sufferers are posited as both individually and societally therapeutic in'nature_and_effect, in the-sense-that theif: 14.1 RTSONO and ameliorate pre - existing personal_and_soctal conflicts that might endanger the present and future continuity of social life. 14.2 Attenuate or prevent th usual disorganiztng'individual- and smell grouvresponses-to danger, trauma, loss, and_priVation. 14.3 Reduce or pre-Vent-Self - aggressive and anti - social behavior arising-from the_losses and privations imposed_by_the_disaster. 14.4R.- motivate�the_actOrs in the system to devote their onsrgies to societally _reconstructive and regenerative tasks. 15. The therapeutic elements of social adaptation to disaster are usually subsumed under such broad rubrics as "social solidarity" and "morale," but those terms have been used in such si global end static manner that they obscure many of the important phenomono and processes that ctwprise them. The development of the present model will involve an attempt to specify in some detail bOth the situational features of_- - disaster and ills typical adjustments to disaster that contribute to the development of a therapeutic social milieu. For present purposes, these features have been_translated into_mechanisms_a_edeptation and era broadly outlined as follows: 15.1 The source of pain and suffering it-dbjectified and specified as something which is external to and beyond the coiltrol of any individual member of the system. It is defined as something "out there" rather than "inhere" By defining the causative factors at objectively - specifiable "things" in the external environment, anxiety is converted to fear_and human energy is freed to deal directly with the feared_object. (Because the threats and dangers-from disaster come from outside existing social and personal systems,-an-Intograted response of the_system setsystem is facilitated.) 15.2 Tho remedial_measures needed to cope with the feared object and its effects_art_translated into clearly - defined, objective acts which are within the capabilities and resources of the human actors. (Because remedial needs in disaster are_immediate, imperative,'and clearly Specifiable in the_externai environment, consensus on needs and require- ments for need fulfillment_is_rapidly and readily achieved.) 15.5 There is anion)l icit_recognition that the most efficient method of overcoming-personal disorganization and achieving-personal - - reintegration and_stability involves a change of the system within * which the actors perform rather than changing the actorsindividually. The remedial measuros in other words, are viewed as a-colleetive responsibility, requiring change in the collectivity asAiAihole, rather than simply an individual or small - group responsibility. As a consiquence of_this recognition, the "normal," pre -crisis-social system undergoosbasic transformation, involving the-following changes 15.31�Pre - existing values and norms which are discordant with present life conditions are sloughed off and viewed as irrelevant to the-situation. Now_norme end values arist-to fit the present situational_imperatives. The blanking out of_past and future concerns frees human energy for a concentrated attaek on present problems, and permits the actor_to_measure_his ettorts_against standards which are clearly adapted to present and immediate needs. This_direct_and immediate feedback_situation_ produces a satisfying sense of_unity of the actor with the_system. 15.32_Pre - existing invidious social distinctions and constraints to social mobility are eliminated and many of the sources of such invidious-distinction and constraint (e.g., inequalities in the distribution of_goods, services, and other tangible rewards)_are_tempo- rarily removed. There is is general "democratization" of the social structure and the development of a system of societal rewards based on achievement rather_than_ascription. What a person does for_the Present society, rather-than what he represented in the pre - existing society, becomes the basis for judging human acts. 15.33 The constraints against-direct *motional expression and intimate communication are removed. Forms of expressive behavior which are normatlucircvmscribed or inhibited_by cultural taboos and the etiquette of social interaction are not only tolerated but are openly discussed end sanctioned. The entire society talks much more openly and freely about intimate feelings of fear, guilt, shame, despair, hope, love, and other important concerns of human life. 15.34 Sufferers receive a massive dose ot love and reassurance from the other_survi_vore. The society offers 'proof" of its concern for iedividual_suffering not only by.symboliciacts of sympathy and kindness, but also by providing the physical aid needed to minimize the objective basis of punishment end deprivation. What people presently need, rather than who_or_what they_represented in the pre -.existing system, becomes the essential basis for the distribution of scarce -societal resources and services. ' 15.35_A small group_of_the most extrome_suflorers_are singled out eid_socially recognized as a reference point for assessing and comparing one's own deprivations. The actorcen_always point to an objective CaSe_ot_someone who is much "worse off" than he. The extreme sufforers_themeelves are givenepetial compensatory rewards In the form of material_al_d_and_sYmhols of societal recognition for their losses and_sacrifices 15.56 The eveni.precipitating the crisis -Fs used to make a clean troak_with_the past. There is the development of a kind of societal_tabele_Emer-- a wiping of the slate clean_in_terms of pest behavior that has no rolevance_tor present conditions. The actors are absolved from responsibility for what happened before_the event and told in effect: "The rewards and sanctions for behavior are based solely on what you do from now on." There is_continutng public recognition of this societal absolution in the symbolic repre- sentation of the disaster-as an_important juncture in human experience. Subsequent happenings are rated and dated in terms of "Before" end "After" the disaster. 16. Thase-societimchanisms_produce a highly satisfying, "utopian" form of social life rarely attained under normaLconditions Of social functioning. The return to elementary, OrimorY_Oroup forms of interaction one large scale serves to eliminate feelings of isolation, loneliness, anxiety, powerlessness, meaninglessness, normloseness, self - estrangement end other expressions of alienation and conflict end replace them with a new sense of purpose, power, meaningfulness, and unity between self and society. The net result-is a vast amplification end concentration-of_surviving human energy around the societal goofs of survival and recovery-- a concentration of energy which not only eventuates In the reconstruction of the society-bUt-also in many cases enables the society to achieve a higher level of integration, vitality, and productivity then it had prior to the disaster. Thie "amplified rebound" effect can be attributed to the persistence of some of the changes in values,norms, and forms of socitt-itterection developed during the emergency period beyond the point where they are needed to reinstitute the pre - existing level of functioning----or�-in other words, to the institutionalization of tome of the changes-produced by the disaster. 17. It is postulated that these mechanisms and changes appear In societal d1sesters of ell typos, but that they achieve their maxim*, development in disasters which strike Wiscriminantly and unexpectedly, where the threats and dangers are clearly perceivable and specifiable in the external environment, where the dangers and destructive effects con be attacked. by simple, direct, combative action by the_generel populace, where the_accomplishment of ameliorative and reconstructive tasks does not involve obvious mortal danger to the actors, and whir� the process of 'adaptation Is not interfered witii-by the forceful superimposition ot_an_extransous form of suthority end organization 5oint ADOI iereiton$ Of th* Model 18. For purposes of reality testing, this model and its derived Implications can be applied both (a) to the comparison ,of disaster behavior with behavior in other forms of crises and stress; and (b) to the analysis of behavioral phenomena within a disaster framework. The following paragraphs - suggest some of the_hypotheses that can be used in refining and testing the modal within these two fremtworks. 12:1m7aLZ.RmoonwP4 he - or 18.1 The model suggests that the behavior of members of the ii society of sufferers in disaster will differ from the behavior of victims who suffer_comparable kinds of loss or privation -In non - disaster context. Thi-difforences suggested include the following; 18.11 Greater probability of spontaneous remi-ssion of pre - existent neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms. 1M-2 Lesser tendency to deny the existence of a crises. 18-13 I Lesser preoccupation with mattersiotiguilt end other self - punitiVa mechanisms. ' 18.14 Losser_tendency to project blame on.persons-and groups within the society; greater tendency to assess causative factors in naturalistic-terms and locate them outside the system. . 18.15 Lesser tendency to make invidides_distinctions between one's Own_punishment and suffering and that of others. - 18.16 Greater tendency to underestimate own deprivations both absolutely (1.s., in terms of pre - existent standards of Wu.) and relatively (14e., in teta of how others have suffered).- _ 18.17 Less demanding of attention from others (includin relief and control organizatiOns), more grateful for id-received, and more acception of failures or inefficiencies in-others. 18.18 Greater attention to human (interactional) needs end values, lesser attention to material values and symbels. - 18,;19 Greater degree of positive orientotion end feeling of identification with others (reflected in greater capacity to take the roles of culturally - divergent social toes). !18.20 Lesser tendency to engage in categorical-cejeetion or acceptance of other groups in-the-reference society. . 18.21 - Lesser preoccupati-On-with self and familial troubles, greater tendency to view own troubles-and-deprivation.asisociat-rother than personal problems. . 18.22 Greater Willingness to discuss normatly taboo subjects (including -negative self ;=-4VeluatiOnt)-ind to accept normally deviant form�t_behavior. 18.23 Lesser preoccupation with past (pre - crisis) happenings anCevents, greater emphasis-on-present conditions-and future prospects. 18.24 MOre active, outward - oriented behavior-designed to secure meaning-closure and behavioral stabilization. 18.25 More intense, but briefer period of_mourning (accompanied by more-direct and open expression of grief responses). 18.26 Greater optimism about the possibility of changing and restructuring social relationships and achieving personal aspirations. 18.27 Greater tolerance for and capacity to accept social change. 18.28 Getter memory recall of crisis events (lesser tendency to r ress-or-lnhibit recall of painful experiences). 18.29 Greater flexibility and adaptability in subsequent interpersonal crises-(reflected in a reduction in number_and_disruptive quality of interpersonal crises which occur subsequent to the disaster). AnalysiS_of Ditettel BleitYlor 19. SyintroducIng additional analytic distinctions, the model can be used in various ways for analyzing behavior in actual disasters. For Illustrative purposes, hypotheses relating to the following three distinctions are given below: (a) the extent to which survivors-are integrated into the therapeutic society; (6) differences in the mode of operation adopted by outside authorities and agencies vis - a vis the society of sufferers; and (c) differences in behavior in different time phoses in the adaptation cycle. Q22..____LtoTheraeutii_treeofteratior i9.1 The model suggests the usefulness of a distinction between disaster victims who become integrated into the therapeutic society and those_who remain peripheral to it or become detached from it. It may be hypothesized that isolation or removal of individuals from the therapeutic society will delay the process of recovery and make adjustment to the losses incurred in disaster more comparable with those_found in other forms of Crisis -- particularly-if the victim or victims-sr* placed In an intact (non---disaster) social context where there_arv_few_or no_ other victims with whom_they may interact, _A comparison-of _isolated evacuees or persons withdrawn from the area of central interaction with_ persons who are more clearly Integrated into the interactional field of sufferers on thaAlmensionl_suggested_above would enable a_test ol this hypothesis. 19.11 By virtue of physical incapacitation_or_other _ restrictions of opportunity for-inloraction end communication_with other victims, people located within the central interectional field may have different_degreis of exposure to the therapeutic_s4octety. Insofar as these-restriCtions adhere to certen famii i 0 1 or_other_be s i c social roles (e.g., wives with young dependent-children; the aged; etc.), we may expect persons-occupying-these roles to-have less exposure-to the therapeutic effects_of-the society of sufferers and, consequently, to experience greater difficulties in ass imitating the disaster experience and restabilizing their lives. 19.12 Correspondingly, the greater the frequency of contact and communication with numerous other disaster .victims, the greater the expected therapeutic effect on the actors.. yleil_;21JgaratiOnLA4gpted by Qutside controlA Relief. and Rehabilitation Altncies 19.2 The thong, in-norms and values In the society of sufferers oftentimes_goos unrecognized or unevaluated by outside agencies, who attempt to administer to the emergent society In terms of values and norms rooted in the pre - existing structure. It Is hypothesized that the lack of coincidence and concord between the values and norms used by outside egencies and thole adopted by the society of sufferers is a major Source-of negative response and potential conflict found in disaster populations. Since there are usually numerous-outside agencies which operate in a given disaster, and these agencies often have contrasting or different forms of organization and modes of operation (e.g., Red Cross-vs- Sa4vation Army), there are opportunities to test the hypothesis that outside agencies will gain more-rapid and widespread acceptance of their_organizations and methods if they adapt their structure aid mode of operstion_to the emergent norms and structure of the society of sufferers. Mori-specifically, it is suggested that-disaster - struck societies tend to judge the adequacy and efficiency of outside agenciesiby the extent_ to which thescagenciesi modt-Taf_operetion;_ 19;21 _Is_flexibly designed to cover a wide_range of needs, from simple acts of emotional reassurance to the replacement o material losses; 19.22 Assume sfhL,xistericqoLotesUngof *quality and commonality-of suffering_and_doie4 niat attempt to make_fint distinctions - in degrees of loss or suffering; 19.23__Ignores_pre - existing social and cultural distinctions and background characteristics and is based solely on disaster - induced needs; 19.24 Is_rapidly dministered, with minimalLdelay between promise and delivery; : 1923 Places emphasis on basic survival-needs and_humon" (interactional) values, rethar than property rights or pro - existing__ symbols of wealth or_status; . 19:26 Is_delivered_directiY tO-th* viCtims and offered indiscrimjnently, rather_than_requtring initiative action_on_tht_part of the sufferers or "tests_of-eligibility"; 19.27 Is admintitered by direct, personal contact_between givers and receivers;__ . 19.26 Is accompanied by expressions of intimate, personal sentiments, utilizing-the direct, candid, emotional terminology employed by disaster sufferers; 19.29 Permits the sufferers to specify their own needs and to utilize the eld_in_their_own_way; 19.30 It-given with-"no strings attached," no formalistic ritual of giving, and no obvious attempt to exploit the-act of giving for- outside purposes. Time Melts in the Adeptly. CW* 19.4 It is assumed that the development of the society of suffer- ers reaches its-fullest expression in the emergency and immediate post - emergency restorative period (a period that may last for_weeks, months, or %jeers, depending-on-the scope and destructive characteristics of the disaster). As the basic functions of the society become restored and as more and more victims schim4-a-satisfying level of stability the process-of social differentiation returns and the solidarity of the society of sufferers gradually disintegrates or loses-its potency. Coinciding with this shift, the basic contextual reference thifts_from_values and norms associated with societal survival and recovery to more individualized concerns with meterial_symbols of status, from-concerns-with the present to concerns for the future. When people begin re - evaluating their losses, gains, and future prospects within a more stable or "normal" framowork_of_reforence, many of the more common sources of anxiety, alienation, and conflict may reappear. 19.5 The democratizatiOn that occurs in disasters is, in most cases, a democratization of personal suffering and en-equalization in the distribution of survival resources; it is not usually a democratization of the means of production or the real (property) wealth of the society. The relatively pureform of democratic, achievement -oriented society cannot be sustained because the pre - existent sources of social distinction and differentiation remaIn(latently) imbedded in the system. 19.6 It is_postulated that many of the personal and social conflicts that may emerge In the later post - disaster adaptation phase take their point of departure from the-contristing characteristics of social life in the society of sufferers and the differentiated social life which develops in the return to the norms end values of an equilibriated society. A kind of "paradise lost" disenchantment and disillusionment may set in as people realize-that the satisfying gains in intergroup and interpersonal solidarity_are_beginning to disappear, as they see the values and norms of societal_unity and cooperation increasingly replaced by values and norms which reward acts of self - agswandizemant and sociel_competition. 19.7 It is hypothesized that the return to stabilized forms of social life will have a afferent effect on different groups-and individuals, depending on ths extant_to_which the benefits and rewards derived from the society of sufferersAmd the reward structure of post - disaster_life offer sources of InVidious-comparli Specifically, it is hypothesized that: 49.71 Personal and *00411 on (and_their_correlativ* subjective expressions-of resentment, hostility, disillusionment, alienation, self - estrangement, etc.) increase progressively (overlthat characterizing The therapeutic society) in the period following general societal recovery, and are found especially among individuals and groups who achieved_new end higher status, prestige, or feelings of security and personal worth in the society of sufferers, but who lose or experience a relative decline Jn this status, prestige, or security In the subsequent return_to normal_life. (At the operationaLlevel, this suggests a careful look at minority group and lower class members vis w vis their counterparts and at the Individual level, at cases of individuals who othieved high prestige as a result of heroic activity or great personal sacrifices In the disaster, but who do not have_the_kind of social rol* in normel life which allows them to sustain or-capitelize on this prestige.) 19.72 The specific objects of negative appraisal or resentment may vary widely in any particular disaster, but one salient category of such objectsisillJbe agents of the old (pre,- disaster) order (persons or groups) who have retained their relative power position, but whose present (post - diesster) position of status, power, or prestige was not validatall during the twerwcy period by the society of;sufforers. 19.73 Individuals and groups who experienced a rise in status as a consequence of their participation In the society of sufferers and who have a substantial base for consolidating or capitalzLng on this new status (in the form of professional skills, ownership of business, continuation of emergency role in normal emergency organizations, etc.) in the post - disinter society will usually be able to retain their newly - derived status_or achieve "rub off" value from it. Consequently, we may expect people in this category to manifest less personal conflict, greater feelings of_Identity and other positive evaluative-and attutudinal responses than thost_whose newly- gained statuses have not_been secured in the post - disaster society. (At the operational level, this suggests the possible value of a comparison of young, middle - aged males who have played an active rote in-rescue, relief, or rehabilitation-activities, in terms of their possession or non -possession of public rens which permit capitalization_of disaster - achieved statuses.) Work to be Done On;Mlodel,_ 20.- Insofar as-the_evailable time and resources permit, work on the model will invo1ve7the following (items 20-1-7through-20.4 listed roughly in order of priority): 20.1 F4rthet7elaboration and refinement of the_model,_including documentation of salient elements of the model from numerouldttatter sources. 20.2 further_operational specifitation of distinctions inherent in model and of hypotheses relevant to model testing.- . 14pciel Testinq 20.3 Application of model and derived hypotheses to currently - available disisTer_findings to test general consistency end "goodness of fit 20.4 More specific tests of derived hypothesei_by: 20.41 Jobulotion of existing coded date which are presently not tabulated in forms relevant to the model._. (Emphasis here will be placed on some of the more salient or critical hypotheses and on the more systemati_c_existing studies, especially the NOR0-Arkansas study.) 20C42 Selective re - analysis of existipg-Interview data from various field_studits to_develop content Categories which have not been categorized or coded in existing analyses, but which can provide useful tests of hypotheses suggested by the model. 20.43 ColFeCtion of additional dote to lill major-gape in content categor)eivrelevent-to-the model. This may takeitwo possible-form : 20.43177:Assembly and analysis of previously - collected data Which are relevant to tbirmodel, but which have not been brought into a disaster research perspective (e.g., followup-intervieWs with Hiroshima:and Negasaki_survivors collected by the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, miscellaneous-statlitical_dita_on_disaster- struck communities and societies, etc;) 20.432 erief_fietd trips to sites _of previous disaster studies to collect follow - up data (including -pertinent statistical record_data_andinterviews_WItt_speciti-informants_who_can_ furnish information on particular problems pertinent to the_model). Developing-the Implications of the Hlodirl 20.5 The retiilts of_the work accomplisher-din model_building and testing will be_translated_Into: .5_l Suggestions for further research in-disaster and other forms of crisis; 20.52 A statement of theoretics! implications for various sociological and social__ psychological problem areas encompassed_or touched by the model formulation, including: social stress; i 20.521 The relationship between personal and 20.522The effeCts_of_social_itotationiand alienation in �ottributiflgto mental illness; 20.523 Positive conceptions of,"mental_healthu; 20.524 Techniques of soci_etat_Or communal therapy (the *therapeutic coemunity" concept); 20.5251__Pocesses_ot1Institutionalizationland-- social theme. . 2053. The statoment_of_major_implications for practical re ures of disaster preparation, control, relief, and recovery. 011100

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MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 126 (11 DOCUMENTS WITH PUBDATES FROM 600617 TO 62041 6)