MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 136 (2 DOCUMENTS WITH PUBDATES FROM 610823 TO 64031 0)
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00017395
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U
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24
Document Creation Date:
August 23, 2024
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September 8, 1976
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Publication Date:
August 23, 1961
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I 1661
Under the authority_granted in_the_teemorandutt tiated 13 April_1953
sequent me
and the extension of this authority-in sub.
et1136 _ has been approved,- and $8.579.03
the over-e11 Prolect MULTRA funds have been obligated to cover the
subproject's expanses and should_belcharged to cost center 2125139013902. 0_
TSD/Rest
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Research Director
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Distribution:
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liblieve-7-youtol.-4-me that a brief- statement -
wculd be SUMO:lent,- and that this- need nct..be , prepared -by a -
prof essi anal:_atgountant - -
translated fr
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The gures-eiven aro-spiroilma e erd have- been
61-1562
$-8,575.00
'WOWS S ######### 9 ***** $
ssistents . 800;
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Travel 1.500.
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litisc�t.inc,currency eiC9)99649-mooes,49 - 294_
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9. 00, drawn o
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(1) It is hegeby certified that this is Invoice. I__ applying to
Sub-praject No. 136 of MKULTRA.-thatlieiti:ormance is satisfactory9
that services are being accomplished in accordance with mutual a�gree-
agenda of the paments and receipts is on file-
In TSDIRB. that thirn blfl Is just nd Otirt*ct and that payment thereof
(Z) It is_hieby certified th-SA this invoice applies-to Subproject136
of IvilitILTRA Which was duly approved. and that the project ii being
carried out in acco_mlance with the memorandum of 13 April 1953 from
the DCI to the_DD/A, and the extensienTA tMs authority in 1141178 event__
memoranda.
Research Director
The title to any
MEMORANDUM FOR:_ THE RECORD
SUBJECT Project 1/1-1CULT- A,* Subproject 136
The purpos-e-of this subproject is-to support the research of
an "Experimental
Analysis of txtrasensory P� j'I A proposal describing his research
activities s_attached.
esearch effort is moving beyond the cinestion of
whether the_phenornenonextrasensery_perception (ESP), _exists. He is
attempting to approach the twin questions of what are the functional relation-
ships between other_personality factors and ESP_ skills, and what are the
factors that must_be_considered in using ESP as a method of communicati
Any positive_results along these lines would have obvious_utility for the
Agency. It is not_expected_that_ swers would_ernerge fro
initial efforts, He Is one of the few individuals sophisticated in ESP r
search
who has been willing, however, to orient his�effdrts along these fundamental
lines.
This project will_be fundedThrough, th
security and cover purposes, and the accounting for funds expended shall _
conform to the established practices of that organization,
equipment purchased shall remain with th
higher overhead costs.
The total cost of this research for a period of one year is
estimated not to exceed $8,579.00. Charges should be made against
Since he has made separat _ -
contact with the Director's office and may in time become aware of the
elationshipa request for covert security approval has been
initiated.
Approved f(Yr-_0hligation of Funds:
Date
Chie
TSDiResearch. Branch
Distribution: �Aglaia' Only
Attachment : Proposal
PROPOSACTO-T
Experimental Analysis or Extrasensory Perception
Period o time fore which-support i requested: 1 year
When _St. Denis was decapitated, he is supPo ed to
have picked up his head and walked off with it. This led
his custodian to comment,AuDans des-cas pareils, ce-nsest -
que le premier ,pas qui coiite.o* Unfortunately, this maxim
does not seem to_iapply-to=rescarch=in-parapsychologY� _If --_
extrasenaory_perception-(ESP)-exists, it.is_of-fundamental-
importance, and-fundamontal-f)roblett-are -never evey to ---
Solve. But a large body of evidence has.been_aduced-in --- -
favor of the existence of ESP, and -While thissevidence has
left most scientists unconvinced, there is general agreement
that further researeh_is-justified, In a survey of
of the Association, only -
17% said that ESP was_an-"established-faot" or a "likely__ _
possibility'', but 90%-consideredtits_investigation a
'legitimate scientific undertakine,--(L_Estma21121., -
Vol.161 1952, pp.-Mi-951--
I. Objectives-
It-is difficult*to state the Long range objectives
of a research_programlin_parapsycholegy.. The present
investigators are by-no means certain that ESP -exists or
that it is possible=-to-experiment-with-it. They do feel -
that the parapsychologists have made -a strong case and are --
willing to devote research-time-to further study of this
subject.-
�
There_are_three overlapping area which require
special exploration and it_is hoped that substantial
progress can be made.- -These are:-the design or 'repeatable!-_
experiments; the determination of functional relationships
between a variety of psychological variables and ESP test--
Scores; and mapping limits for the utilization of the.
phenomenon,_with special reference to the channel capacity,
the kinds of messages which can be transmitted and spatio-- -
temporal constraints. _
The present research team have concluded that
these objectives would be best served by initiating three
closely connected experimental studies. The first consists
in condUcting group experiments, in which each individual
is treated as possessing a modicum of ESP and teat scores
are predicted on the basis of ratings on a number_of
psychological and physiological scales. The second is to
develop a method to relate patterns of subjective probability
* In such cases, only the first step requires any effort.
,
-
reflected in response sequences to test scores and to
psychological and behavioural_factors.__The third is an
exploration of_the-postulated S? abilities of a few
specially gifted subjects, who will be intensively studied
under flexible conditions, ------
,A large_nuMher_of_group experiments have been
carried Out by previous investigators, They have apparently
succeeded In discriminating between levels of scoring for
persons characterised by different ratings on a number of
psi-variables.- These include IQ, extroversion, effects of
certain drugs, Rorschach protocols, self=iconfidence, belief
In ES?, subject-experimenter relations ecc. But in each
case only .one variable was studiediat-a time, even though
it should have been clear that_other_variahles than the - -
one selected for analysis Were also influencing the results.
It a phenomenon_is caused_ by a number-Of_factors,
.or It atEa-givenstageofinveStigationTit must be treated -
as if It were, it-would be perMiSaible -to.allow-oneTfactor__
to vary at :a time, the other�factors being held�bonStant,7-----
or to consider-the_combinedieffectA)fanumber_of_relevant
factors.: It_one_varied one-factor at a.timeiend_ignored all _
the others, he -would be ill-informed aboUt_theuse-of --
experimental-design.- This-is-unfortunately the situation
Which obtains in parapsychology.
Experiments -in-whith ESP_emerges as a funotion of--
the interrelationeof a:number_of_psivariablesishoulATYleId-
results which meet any-reasonable criterion of' repeatability,
Comparative1y7erUdeene,NariabIe studies" such as those of
Anderson and-White=atiDuke University where ESP depend6-on--
the inter-personalattitudes-of school,children-subjects-
and their teacher, experimenters have apparently -been
Successful_abont'5Wof_thetime"-tverc-though,the variables
have beed_dichotomeus and significance_has been estimated--
'With relatively crude=tests (a student either=likes_or_does
got like his-teacher:and_viee verse; 0 student either_scores
above the expected mean_or scores below it).
The Study of_response sequences is based upon-the
assumption,_defensible_in_the_light-of--recent psychological'
research, that-guessing_patterns_ropresent subjects'
evaluation-of the uncertainty situation in the experiment.
There will be eertain-grossidepartures from randomness for
all subjects, but there will_also_be_idiosyncratic-departure .
These are related to general_behavienra differences, because
what a person considers to be probable-determines to an
important extent what he will do. It is predicted that
/When
,
when subJects are-diVided-Into-response types, these types
will tend.to_score_at_different_levela_in ESP teats, 0t
course it-is not assumed that adopting_a_partioular_pattern
can in any-way-effect-scorea-(exceptin_exptriments where
the model involved in comparing guess _and target sequences
Is the matching_distribution7ratharthan,the binomial
'distribution47-in-whieh-eaae-the-variance may be increased,
though the_expectation-is-not_effected).- It Is assumed
that the guessing lo-attern_and _ the R�Pscore_ are bothi
related to a third-factor.
..TheLworkLwith-individual:stibjects who give- _
promise of_extraordinary_abilities_will_introduce a number-
*of experimental techniques which have been ignored or - - - -
barely hinted at_in_the_past._ A_variety of models of the
manner in which-_information_is transferred by simple simple' variation=of,the_tasks-imposed_On_the_subject,
PreliminaruIeerning-studies, in-which-feedback7of_results
and other kinds--of_reinforcement_are_utilised,_will be '-
introduced at-the same_-time. -If-la-_subject_is found who_can
_score reliably, an attempt-will be-made_to-increase-the _
quantity of_transmittedlinformation_without=increasing
the average prebatility_of=auccess, by making-use-of
straightforward_techniques-borrowtd=from the mathematical
theory of communication.
With_individUl=gubjects, special-
attention-wiliZbe_givenito disessociative.states, which
tend to accompany spontaneousESP-ekperiences. Such .states
can be induced_and_controlled_to=some-extent with_hypnosis
and drugs., Some of this work will make use of qualitative
stimuli, such asndraWings and idtas with_special _ _
associations. -
II. -Methods
Groub Experiments-
NuMerous mathematical models and experimental
designs enable the simultaneous assessment of two or more
independent predictors. Chief among these are multiple
-regression analysis and factorial experimental-designs,�
which are;closelt-Telated logically arid Mathematically.
The essential_idea of the regression model is_that each
individual!sscores on the n_independent variables-and
the ESP criterion=may be located at a point in an n -4- 1
dimensional space. The relation between the criterion
and the predictors is given by a multiple regression
equation which=takes_the form_
= A i X A
Y1.23...N 1 + p, x2 ..# 4. A
yn.12
/where
n X,
11,04W'l4
""',
where A is an intercept and the coefficients of the )00 are
partial regressiOn-coefficients-and-indicate the weighting
allotted to each predictor.-_--- _
- The regression_equation_and each of the,. indePenden
predictors may be tested for significance, If the null
hypothesis is rejected, the accuracy of prediction is of
interest.: This is-best considered in the language 0t
estimation'statistics, where one may speak of confidence -
intervals. That is; for a subject characterised by a
Certain pattern_of_s_cores_on_t_he independent variables,
one may predict with ;95 confi-dence that the subject's
score will fall somewhere between A and �B percent
success. The clearest meaning_of 'repeatability' is
expressed in statements of -this kind, whereby the results
of a series of experiments, not the probabilities attached
to them, may be-compared-to see if they fit the same
Pattern. TheTtidth of the predicted interval-and-the
Confidence=coefficieat or course vary inversely and the
definition of 'repeatability' depends on assigning an
et priori ESP -probability-.
Thevariabios to be considered can be classed
in several ways They will-be-intric psychological
end physiologic]. factors and experimentally manipulable
'factors. Intrinsic factors may be temporary and
Characteristic of the experimental situation, such as
6nnoyarice,_orgeneral personality -characteristics, such
as intelligences Experimentally manipulable factors
include induced attitudes, such as motivation produced
by positive_reinforcement, and purely formal factors,
such as the number of ESP- trials yielding the most accurate
predictions. The selection of variables will depend on a
detailed analystA-of thq results of past research, incidental
observations in experiments with single subjects, apparent
Common factors in 'spontaneous' ESP, and intelligent
.guessing. In the selection of variables, special attention
will be paid to technical problems in scaling and to the
reliability and validity of existing scales. In some cases
ad hoc procedures, such Q sort, will be used.
.Reaconse Patterns. Human beings are notoriously
Inefficient randomisers so would not be inappropriate to
treat response patterns as having two components, ESP and
guessing habits. Guessing habits represent subjects'
subjective evaluation of the sequential -uncertainty
situation in the experiment and depend on such factors
as ability to judge probabilities and imitate randomness,
compulsions with respect to symmetry &e. Such habits will
necessarily interfere with exercise of ESP, because every
time a choice is made habit and psi-information are in
/competition
competition unless they should agree fort9itcluclY. It
might be, for example, that the well knoln decline effect
phenomena are due to the gradual-build Up of habits and
their dominance over ESP.
,It_is, however, not only desirable to correct
for the destructive effects of guessing habits. It may
be that such habits could be used to predict ESP test
'Scores. When one decides to cross the street, his decision - --
about= when to cross depends on his estimate of the chance
that he will be run -over, Behaviour is largelY-determined
bY concepts of probability; and systematic bias in
assessments of uncertainty situations-are known to be
related to personality -types; -It-is tiuite possible that
Some of these types whether_or not they ere similar to the ones ones derived-bypsybhometric techniques or ordinary
Common sense, may be related-to-ESP ability. It might -
in fact be possible_to-derive_an ESP-typology from the
non-ESP component of the ESP guessing pattern.
Thetechniques which will be'used to-analyse
response sequences are-tooicomplicated-to enter-into here,
but will include the-informational estimation of redundanc
as used in the study of-languages -and the construction of
pseudo-languages; autocorrelation; and ad hoc methods to
reduce and classify_the number of possible patterns. The
6ctual analysis will be-carried out by an electronic
Computer. ItLbhould be made clear that the quantity of
ESP in the results of even the-bast subjeets is too small
to interfere with the elucidation of guessing habits. The
data used in this-study will be obtained from group E$P
experiments-which have yielded significant results, high
scoring subjects (including control series and records
taken after-they 'lost' their ability), from special groups
Such as psychotics, children and mediums, and from
psychological and educational tests in which answers are
Of the mul
IndivUuni-$ubleets,_LThe-amount of information
transmitted on_the-average per trial lc-ESP experiments
10g05 + (r/25)1Og2(r/25) + h[(.25-4/100] lo {(25-r)/100]
In binits, whore r is the-number of correct guestes. (This--
-oppears to be the correct model, since there is evidence
that subjects produce the same deviation from chance when
aiming below it as when they aim above, in spite of the
' � fact that p 1/2). Good subjects will tend to have
somewhere between .2 end .6 bits-of information_generally
/available
available to them. This is one of the reasons why ESP
experiments are so difficult. But it may still be possible
to learn a good deal about the phenomenon, even if learning
studies ehould fail, Per it is,possiblo tO vary the _
experimental paradigm to diseriminate between various '
models for the operation of the'phenomenon, such as: -
ESP occurs sporadically but gives perfect information;
ESP always 'occurs -and Multiplies chances of success by
a constant factor. ESP tella the subjeet'one of the -
things the target- is not; ESP, when it -oeeurs, answers
p question of the form--is th-e-target an X?. In additioa
to psi-models, it-will also be necessary to introduce
models which provide more sensitive estimates of ESP. For
example, target material will be introdiTiced whereby guesses -
instead of being of the 'all or nothing' type can be more.or
less right. Again, a number_of_different g values Will -be
Introduced and intermixed to imitate real life situations.
- Learning studies will-be-instituted_in which the:
subject will_be=rewarded7or:-punished-for.his_averall,
Performanee_and reinforced in various waYs--by being -
'told wheth�e .was right, by being toldwhat the target
ae, with electric shock 'ote. Ih7PdditIon, an attempt
Will be made-to-increasethetransmitted information in
Oases whare_the average-probabilitYfof-SUccess_remained
constant. Thus if N4the number=ef-trials_in-whieh
the ith diatingUishatIe_target is -guessed to_bethe 5th,
= the frequency of:i as a _tar8et, ga,=,Ahe_frequency___- _
. 6t. guesses-ofand, N.= the number of trialeANia)N/ga(ti),--_
Which statesthe-ratto-of the frequency with which i-is
'-guessed A.toAk)expected_frequency if there were=no:gUessing
Preference, may Whieh guess_was_the_
best estimate_of-the-target� and the resultant-estimate,-----
Which will depend on the number of trials and .the quantity
of information available7te-theLsub460-t-,-. will approach certainty asymptotically,
BUt the main consideration will be the attitude
and general-disposition-oftthe-subjeet. Wherever possible,
every attempt will be made to-tailor-the taske required to
his preferences and his estimate of good working conditions.
In one case the experimental procedure will be designed to -
achieve favorable -motivation by such devices as instructing
him that he is participating in a study of subception. In
Other cases drugs and psychological tricks will be used to
modify his attitudes, The experimenters will be particularly
interested in disassociative states, from the abaissement de
niveau mental to multiple personality in so-called mediums,
and an attempt will be made to induce a number of states of
this kind, using hypnosis. Hypnosis is seen not as a
/Variable
-7-
variable in itself but as�chni ue for creating various
Subjective states through_suggestiOn.--In these studies and
some others use may be made of qualitative target material,
-trhich may be evaluated with the use of elaborate matching
methods,:which have their origin in-EUlelos solution of
the 'Rencontre-problem._
The expert , 0.G. Soal did with
scussed in the book Modern:Experiments in
re probably the best controlled and host
convincing -6-111:6e ce- fered-for Exploratory- - -
experiments with are already In progress.
III _ Time Required.
Support-is-being -requested for a twelve elonth
period. Thtswilltallow-studtes to be carried out in each
of the three areas discussed above. It-at the end of that
period no results-favoring_the ES? hypothesis have been
- found, the project will-bedrOpPed. If the hypothesis is _
supported, the project will be revalUed-and-ite-ob-jectives
will be.modifie P �- may
'pie to the
IV. Estimated- Budge
Item
Amount Requested
Apparatus for recording-data _-_ X300
Microfilt-Cameraand-projector. 250 -
Computer time*-andTprogramming ' 300 _
Office Equipment 150
Office expenses (postage _'phone,
dtip 300
Repairs to premises a 560 -
Manual computing and , 300
Inducements for subjects 500
m tal-assistants 200
full time) 3,600 _
, 1,000 ,
15% indirect costs
WimmemorEftif
. 7,1460
1,119
8 7
h
provide and- o u
charge. ,
.Th ill provide desk
calculators, n n a limited amount of secretarial
and clerical_assistance without charge. .
Th
allocated pre ses a o s
ch Those-eonsi nt Of-th
bout 570,square feet in area and
nd three large closets.
� Experimental workers other than ill
contribute most without charg .
_ _
V. Qualifications and Tax,-Exemptieh.
The_FSPresearch proje t
flu w
ached ,to the.
There will be an informal advisory committqp
who-will_review the progress of the work, offer suggestions,
about its conduct and consult on -technical proglems. The
members.ofithis committee are:
hief investigator will be
.e:rde D.Phil, wo
ern in
who is ultimately responsible for
C:1 .it editor or the
and t eau re -1
t Ohnica papers.-
Aq the:�p o be carried out
!�;cad the is willing to receive and
issemi the fun a,--a j nds-granted us should be
-considered tax exempt by the U.S-doverament. �
VI. Related Work at Other Universities.
:There are or have been research centers for
parapsychology at-Duke University, Cambridge University,
City College of New York, Harvard University, Stanford
University, The University of Chicago, The University of
Utrecht (which has a chair of Parapsychology), London
University, Pittsburgh University &c.
A general survey of the methods and findings of
parapsychology may be found in Rhine and Pratt (14), an
exhaustive analysis of the research up to 1940 in Rhine
et all (13), and a general review of the subject in Soal
and Bateman (16).
1. /Research
Research inte-pei-veriebleehas been summarised
,by Mangan, 1959 (9). A-recent review of .the experimante
initiated by Anderson and White_is__Van de Castle (15). A
detailed aceennt of-a-major-research project in this is .
chmeidler & McConnel�15). Work relevant to the-sAudy_ _
of response s6quenees has been done by Pratt sad by Soul - - -
(10, 11, 12). General factors-prosUmed related to ESP
and studies_of individual subjects are d1scussed-in1(13) ,
(14) und .(i6) ,- where references are' given.
. The idea_ of _ usi di _ mul tivaria te doeigna-in_group _
experiments appears- to be original. Some of the ileas_about
ver a
o Ire in__
_been_disoussed at_one_time qr
� her in the past, _tut little has been done about _them.
as doneMathematical_work_on the exPerimental
iscrimina ti_an_of_pst,modals a of
_
much usefullinforMationandma
nversations w' h
il.11111=11111=06
VII. Other Support
No_support_for_this_projact has b
Approved by
Principal In estigotor
trQ the .I to the_DD As and the extension ot th1a authority sub- _
� X'
sequent maiorandai- SubproJect lz has been_alrprOviii,
_ � �
of the r411 Project 14CtriarIbk funds have_teen_ohlitisted to cover the
- Research Di