MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 134 (13 DOCUMENTS WITH PUBDATES FROM 610529 TO 6401 23)
Document Type:
Keywords:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
00017393
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
U
Document Page Count:
58
Document Creation Date:
August 23, 2024
Document Release Date:
September 8, 1976
Sequence Number:
Case Number:
Publication Date:
May 29, 1961
File:
Attachment | Size |
---|---|
MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 134 [8144489].pdf | 3.27 MB |
Body:
A ,..
-..0.:4
1i.;
I 1 kt
_ 1,,,21.,t1-111"11p,--L/')-
..-r
Davoica
.LJL4uikt
'4.1
ratt.;�,�4:71.�Tid
�
�
*or
-
Purpose: To do_exploratory research upon the relation of component
patterns of measurements of physique-(tody typing) to patterns of -
personality Characteristics (MKULTRA-134).
Initiated: Oily 1961
Contractor:
Coat:
Status: Actual work is expected to commence in-Septemte 1; _
Cost Account cafe.t.i= /..ffe At, .2
Object Class
Date
Rein
and_RefeterTcos
Obligaions Obligations
Incurred Liquidated
Unliquidated
Balance
9 AUG
`4 196i
61,0*
(When Filled In) -
DNS: 2, � tay.10-6)
t:nORAIV,111 Vc.2.1 712, LOCYPEICILLIn
XULTRA,,Sabproject
tjid.cr the vutthozity -_-c-Jtutt4-71 afistiA
from t.;:iaD te) tta the-: exte:roff4A auttlor-Ity tn20.0-
5e.cnnut bala,a�overl,_ezd__$.22iia0.414-
of tb.e covar_the
ctub.).roject ex:penr:ea--t.,r1-1-7-f.Cae:r-'ar.1-11-Ve:Iiit,.t:'?.
A91-z1D-Po
rfr-IIIS1
C1*-7:!ZZA
-
blue:
1)11
Orig. Z5 2 -
1- TSD/FASS
Z ---TSD/RB
Obie _
TiFf MAT Ft.;NMACANA/ABU; -
ret2,A7pN AV:Re4Cf
J.1711Z
P94S4 .70 ALI o.rmr,Nr th,vizej.�
121r6It
AUTMOR':iNti OfikaR
MEMORANDUM R: Chief, Finance Division
VIA TSD/Cludget Officer
SUBJECT MICULTRA, Subproject 134, Zn�Ie Ito.
Allotment 21254390.3902
1. Invoice No. 1 coverin. the above buhproJoetiattacbod.
Payment should be made as follows:
check in the amount of 22,00 00 drawn ont
� payable to the k3
Z. Please forward the check_to_ChIef, T80/Research Branch
through-TSD/Budget Officer by 24 July. 1961,
3._ This is a final invoice. Howavor, since it is anticipated
that additional funds will be obligated for this project, the fileeI
should not be closed.
Attachment:
Invotce& Certifications
Distribution:
Orig Li Z Addressee
TSD/Rasearch Branch
(VIlen pilled in)
CONFIDENTIAL FUNDS POSTING VOUCHER
VOUCHER .. 7-12
DATE 2-6
VOUCHER NO. 7-12
DESCRIPTION-ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS 13-33
-----......
34-39
STATION
40-42
EXPEND
43
F
u
45-4
PAT
47-52
�OLIO.
REF. NO.
53
54-57
GENERAL
56.67
ALLOT. OR
ACCT. NO.
COST
60.70
DUE
DATE
7t,eo
AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION-
ADVANCE ACCOUNTS 13-27
p.e. No.
CODE
PROP. NO.
PNOJCCV NO.
CODE
m
0
PER.
LIO.
... ' ''
AOTANCE
ACC T.NO.
CA
YR
LEDGER
ACCT. NO.
2.67
CA
OBJECT
DEBIT
CREDIT
V
S
EMI. NO.
......INO.....
X REP. NO.
CLAS
S
LtiLl lwJ.06-1-2>-.12/10-3,442-7-6-
&c...1
.2a:oevie,
Ilk
--/,'"
/0
3??
. .
.
U...
�
4
4
�
,.........
�
.
L
I
�
I
I
...
. ..
...
4
.
4
1
. ..
I :
..
.. �
I
EXPLANATION OF ENTRY
1
I
TOTALS
I
i
1
1
1 I11qLz.f't
. '
1
PREPA
DATE
R(VIEWFO NY
CERTIcIEO
OP PAYMENT OR CREDIT '
!DATE
.
1
1
I
DATE
SIIGNATURC
I H
or
cardrylom
OFFICER
1 1 1
FORM &Az. . .49
10.59 EP1.10 USE PREVIOUS (OPTION ,.
-. . .. .
1
(O.
ACCOUNTING BY INDIVIDUAL
FOR ADVANCE
4
Nor: Follow instructiona on R
SUOMOTTED BY
VOUCHER NO. (Finance use sniy)
I IIIKULTRA Sub 134
PERIOD OF ACCOUNTING
FRom
1 Sept. 1961
TO
15 Nov. 1963
RECEIPTS
DISBURSEMENTS
I. CASH ON HAND BEGINNING OF PERIOD
B
yOuC E
DATE
DESCRIPTION
AMOUNT
la,
�Rx , EaRT
DATE
DESCRIPTION
1.1111111111Pri"
l'
i, . 11 ValiCe
See Attacked. Certilicatio
IVO CO . 1
1 . AIIMO4IMMI11111111
.
,
22 0 -
itir
3a,
, 22 0 .0
ll
A. REFUNDED
HEREWITH
cAsHI . c CcA
fl.o.cvIAAAC
I I
5. C'ASIt'ION,
MAHE/ ENDd, OF PEN,
OD I
11
1
1
11
TOTAL TO ACCOUNT FOR
tio2 1 000.00
I I L 111
11DTAL' 1ACCOUNTED
FOR I I
' e 000.0
i
1 CERTIFY 'FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE
H
I, APPROVED
I
I
1I
cer4ifil7Aahe
eipendi4ures
listed hereonsind
OBLIGATION REFERENCE O. CHARGE ALLOTMENT
1--
138 212513903902
NO.
OATE
, SP 41
,61
1
SIGNATURE
'1..
I1
DNElf
11,'
OF: AP
6027117.8
L 'ROT
1
IN GI: OFFICER
116
1
1
I.00i.ditHhelrlefoiliteli
on lAny;
pees
ileia accauntin's
attachment,
,preonfidenti'al
were ., incurred
natarelthet!
not been.
Isi:lesue4nd CO
feceied'..andiLthet
rect'
for of nt,icial
payment
' I
pus*
or
DATE
SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZING
'OFFICER
H
CERTIF
ED
FOR
'PAYMENT OR
CRED
!IH
SIGNATURE
OF PAYEE,
2 3 i
, '1954
ATE i
1 1,
1!
Si GNATURE'[OF
1
,
CERTIFYING
i:.,FF leER
I
'
I
1
I
J
,
, SPACE BELOW
FOR
EXCLUSIVE
USE OF FINANSE
DIVISION
1
Pk7PARED ey
if"-N
,
REVIEWEDI
ST
1
I
V :
VOUCHER No. 7-12
� ,. 23* 99
I
DESCRIPTION � ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS
020-42
11
PEN�
5.45
RAN1
47-
00100
52 ,
3
II
34.
1 I
=I;
ALLOT.
ICTI
!
LEDGER
ODE
I 'V
AM OUNT
ESCRI TIO � ITCIPAS 13.3$
34.39
1 0.
EIVIIIntivz.11421.
g:iH...4,
A0,7,,,.
N
�
I I
47d
14
K. NO.
OBJECT
DESCRIPTION � ADVANCE ACCOUNTS, IS�24. '
1
PAYABLE
V 1 ,,le*Ip
IAA,:
'HIV,
.
HI
'
I lAlvVADV.Ao.
1-IA9M
OK PIT
C 00 I
, I
I
I
I
I
Il
II
:I
I
I VI
I'
II
!I
I
IIi
11
,
' � I �
�
I
il
I
I
1
FORWI 282 USE PREVIOUS ,
Ii-ST toorroms.
1 �
' ' ,........
� 1
,-
� I ,
40
V.=
A-Stipend
B-ClericaX & Tseting
Asristance
C7Fores
D.-Oost
2-Cost lo.d.
r- Travel
0-Office Expenses
1H, I
11-Te3tilEquipment
J -Books & Journals
K-ContingenoieS
to Subjeots
of Omputation
Puialcation
ACCOUNTING OF
Am'ts Carried
over from
71r$7 Tetz___
840.00
600,00
292 30
35
89
$3,172 50
Allocation
for second
Year Other Sources
$11,400.00
2,000.00 $200.00
7,`
Funds from
600.00 37.50
000
H
0.00
J.,2001.00
,
400.00
20000
00
$17,000.00
71r
23:35
221.00
�����11.1111�.01111=1�����0
$290.35
Total
Alcallable
November 18, 1963
Total
$Rent
$11,400.00
2,200.00
$13,300.00
2,651.00
67!
50
3,65..110
00
1,661600
6161. 00
110-
Eto,
406.90
'
1
4371.
70
1,609.32
422:00
101.93
302.89
2'5.15
1.12296
!_2(..1),46.85
_
20,462,85
r certify i;)'a. imve becn
'satisfactorily rcy(.1-0 I
were Incurred cn
Balance as
21_01.1a5a1
- $1,900.00
- 451.00
272.00
^ 174.00
. 560.24
92.90
171.62
320.07
_LS-5AZ
nil
Feb 1963
Raceiv
Expended: _
Salary-of Priheipal Investigator_ 10;800.00
Clerical-and. Testihg-ASsit. 1�473i22_ - - -
Fees-to Subjects --14-980.00
Cost of _Comoutation 160.00
Travel- - -307.70
Office Expenses
Test _Eqaoment -
Book--and Jotirnars-
-- -
Total Expenditures -- -
Balance be mlied to next
year grant
1, 283 63
2,423. 83
197.11
19?.99
$18,827.30
This-is a true statement of ac oun ing _
as-reported to the Fund.-
-
TPS/ChcrrIcal
Receipt is hereby acknowledged of Treasurerls Check_ No. 184788,
dated August 1.1, 1961, drawn on the
in the amount of
to
22, 000. 00, payable
hisit_Pinsenso lXvisiore
t TSD/Bodget Officer
MWLTA$tbtojoct
t)
Allotment 212,V.13.90.;$902
l� -Invoice No. 1 covering the above subproject la atbached.
Payment should be made as follows:
heck t the
� payable to
22 Oa;
OA &
Pinata forward titheok to Melt TSD/R search Dranc
titiouth 21Diatidget Officer by 7.4 Ally
30_ Thitis a anal invoice. tioweverg ainte it is anticipated
that additional funds will ht_oblipted for ttds project, the Mee
should not be cloud.
Machine/4h
Invoke & C.tificstions
ChiSL
TSD/Resoarch Drench
Distribution:
Otis is 2, Adlresseo
1 - TSD/FASS
.2TSD/RB
TSD/R13
For Services
a el a a -a-a-a- a - fl� -_ at _1r
CERTIFICATIONS
(I) It is hereby-certified-that-this is Invoice_i applytng to sub.project
of IIKULTRA� that perforce is satieffaakry, that services are being
acc-eailhed in accordance -with mutual _agree-mts, that a detailed -agenda of
the payments and receipts is_on_file_in Min, that this bill-is just and
correct and that-payment_thereof has not yet been made.
Date:
".14.
Chief;'TSD/Reseurcii Branch'
(2) It is hereby_certifiedlthttet_this_inv_oice applies to SubProjeet_i_,_,
of MKULTRA which vasmduly approved, and. that the project is being c."1-a-d�out
In accordance with the memorandum of 13 April 3.953 from the DC1 to the DD/A,
and the extsusion-of-this_authority_in_ subseqtent_memoranda.-
Date:
_
_
Research Director
MDRANDUDI Ti
A111111011 � :Fimice
S.PZJW.T MULTM, Subnrojeot,___134
UMer the euthoriV Exulted in the_temoradtius dated 13 April 1953
the DCI to tte alA-thtensibil Or-this authority-in sub-
sequant
_has beta approvek,_=.1422.s00:0.1
' of tbe ovat-elLProJ et-MUMMA ruad3 have boen ob11te4 to cover -tbn
sublyCO.V.Ot I ear*W: 0-9 rza should be_ch.TA,.1..eit to- cc.st. centre 1.139O. 39
AFTROVSD FCR OBLIGATRH-
OV FUNDS:
Reszarca Direotor
Date.:
Distributiul:
Orig. Es 2 - thirenese
1 - TSD/FASS
2 TSD/RB
TEO/Research BranCh
Memorandum to:
Subject: RecOmmendotion fOrfundin
'
June 9, 1961
$22,000.00
After considerable deliberation on the �ropoial, its funding
is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable
products which have i�wed from previous research. It is contemplated that
Dr. Dr� and Dr can strengthen the research accomplished 0.
throug monitorship an close gut once. This is an important area of research and
one which we have wanted to start for a long time. We would like to get someone
of better stature working in the area, but this appears to be the best we can
accomplish at the moment.
This work fits into our indirect assessment re uirement and will contribute
to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which D enbaging.
Its funding is recommended.
eb
Enc: 2 (prosoi and comments
by
I) accordanc$-With your reitiest4-I am cUtatting a
revised proposal ,m1 budget-for a study in constitutional Psy-,
choiogy. During the one-year period-from September 1, 1961 to-.
August 31, 1962, I propose to carry out an extension of the-study
which I reported to You last months
. he objective of this study is to exploro and (define
the nature and_extent of relationships which, on the basis of
the pilot studY, Wear to exist between anthrepometric dimen-
sions developed_by Sheldon and others and selected psychological
dimensions of temperament, perception, leaming, intelligence,
-
and personality. These psychological dimensions-will be defined
largely as they-were in, the-pilot proleet but with certain -
changes and additions vhich-Vill be�outlined in this letter.
The ',strategy" of this stUdy is to gathek-&-Vide rpge
of data, from anthropometrio measurements, through-cognitive. -
functions to personality dimensions, on a relativeltsmall number
of subjects. Broadly statedi-thes.purpese of this_strategy-is
to elucidate and_explain the inter.relatedness of human behavior
as it is manifested by an individual on several_different levels
of functioning. I- think that constitutional psychology offers ---
some promise asArbasid-for the integration Of observations from
biologY, psychology, and axiologY into a coherent_pattern of
relationships.
As yoti-kmow from reading .my laMt report, the artalYsie---
of the pilot MAIO is not completed. Nevertheless, the available
analysis points_out the value of several changes-in-thinking and
procedure:
1. The pilot project was based in_part on the assnmption
that Sheldonlo_method for cla'Ssitying human physiques is
psychologically-ineaningfa7.� Attire studies Should View Sheldon's
methods more critically, prefe �
familiarity with-bis methods
Tne tim g of this study
m s is step esse jilt
et c se wl not ben able to rel:f on
thous� of pte-somatotYPed subjects.
2. The pilot project ha i indicated that physical dimensions
other than soMatotYpe, such as height and bead size, apparently
correlate with peYchologieal ft/notions. I. plan to search the
literature for other potentially significant physical dimensions
for inclusion in this research. Seeent studies by Teddenham
And Veendenberg will be avilable for this purpose,.
3. With regard to the7relatiensh0 between phyeitetee and
temperament, the.pilot study made an enobtrusive-but productive
break with Sholdenes thUking. The-teed of persisting in Sheldonts
view that physique and temperament are two sides -of the same
coin, I workel with the idea that the differences between the
components of physique and components ot-temporameDt are signifee
cant in their own right.- Some of the-highest corrolationt and -
most provocative findings emerged from this departure. Those
promising results underline the value of revising aDd refining
the self-administered tem erament scale. This summer, I-OIen
to gather more data_onethis test from somatotyped subjects.
Other investigators have been working indopendentle on the task
of devising a self.administered rating scale. Teexpect to be
able to use theirefindinge, too.
4. The pilot study s6Ught corr64tions'between-CAI3 silb-tests
and components of physique. Any-Mt/re study will use Sennderst
factorial studies of the Wechslerscales. It 13 uy hope that
relationships which were merely-suggestive but not statistically
significant will be replaced by correlations which are statistic.
ally stronger and psycholOgically more meaningful.
5. Both of the percept/al tasks used in the pilot itUdY
dewed signifieMet_correlations with aspects of physique. This
suggests that the field of perception may be aneospeciallY
fruitful intermediate ground between physique and personality.
intend to use-addit(i-zal perceptual tasks and will giveeprimary _
consideration to Yehose which have shown evidence of relatedness -
to perscnalitv�variables.
6. The results of the Pilot project indicate several ways in
which the battery-of-learnite taskd coeld-be revisede One
task, nonsense-syllable learning; should probably be dropped.
A conditioning experiment which uses a pleasant stimulus could.
theoretically, lead to quite -different relationships with physique.
The possibility of finding ether simpler and purer learning
tasks will be explored.
?. Participants in the pilot project were given three paperand-peneil personality tests: the-IMPI, the brers-Dritgs, and
the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test. (To date, only the MgP1-
scores have been included in the statistical analysis). At
present time, two other tests are being considered for inclusion
in the battery. The Guilferd-Zimmermenn Temperament &a3.� appears -
to be closer in conception to Sheldenis ideas than any_eethor
standard test of its kind. Moreover, its dimensions are framed
in terms of normally functioning adults, the kind of subjects
intend to use. Eorschachis ideas about the psychological-moaning
of color) movement) and form responses to inkblots appear to _
parallel the dimensions of affecti.conation, and cogniSibli-.--
Holteman's version of Rorschach's test may be a suitable vehicle
for testing these relationships,
8. I intend to_calect_preliminary data concerni value
orientation) vocational,speoialization) and transcendental and
religious Axperiencit.- At this stages these data would be
essentially exploratOrYs� MY intention is to develop a batteM
of psychological -stales whichiVill_provide as broad a-oross-
sectional view of each.subject as is practical.
9. Because-this'study-is primarily concernetLwitR_the_
relationships between somatotype and pysdhologicalfunctions,
it is most important to use subjects uho represent the full _ranges
of each of he three somatotype scales. - This vill_be_wy_ primary
concern in the selection of subjects. I am assured or an adequate
supply or subjects from several sources: colleges, service-
organizationgt an oPinion-pel.iing concern, and 4 clinical training
program.- In addition to group-adminissd tests' I expect to
spend the equivalent_of_a full. day in face-to-face_testing of
each subject. During the six-month period to be devoted to the
collection of-data)_Lplan to test at least 100 subjects and
possibly as many as 3.500 -
Budget
Stipond..!....00-movuvoulw44t44," $10_000
Clerical and-testing assistance.. 1)200
Fees to _ 3)000
Cost of computation.m.......... 1)
Cost.of publication,......0000... 600
- 600
Office expenses..tm.... 1)500
Bomatotyping ewipment and other
test 2)000
Books and journa1s...m..0mm 300
Contingencies....
$221000
APProximai2-21201 PohedUlo
Sept.) Oct.) and Nov. 19611 Preparation of test_batteiy and
making arrange-plants for subjects.
Dec. 19611 Jani-to_May 1962: Testing and data collection. _
June to ALig. 19621 AnaiYsis of data and reporting of
results. _
I hope -that this brief revision wilt facilitate a
favorabla decision concerning 0Y proposal. I am looking forward
if full attention to this project as noon as
et expires at the npd of I .am Pleased that
hat _kindly agreed to act as a consultant to me
stages of this study
Thanks again for yokir consideration and oncourageent.
1. The report as it stands-is poorly organized. (I presume
it is not a final product.) It is-hard to get a clear picture of -
what he has found.
2 s eample (as he -admits) is far fr Ideal in -
size and in_its-highly_selective character.
1. He-has more variables_(60 to 70) than subjects. A
complete correlation matrix would contain some 3,000 coefficients.
0
4. I wish he bad reported_some_meana, etc., as a-partial check
on the sample. Wechsler_inter--r's_would.be_especially_helpful.
5. The_difference_scores aria ratio scores ate -deceptively -
tricky. Correlations -involving them are full Of artifact. They ---
cannot be used in factorlamelYsis-
6. Nevertheless, some_of_the_findings are provocative, and
more work of_thia_sort_should_be dohe. I would recommend a larger
number of aubjecti,_better_representative_of_the general -population. -
The data to_be-analyzed_should_be 'experimentallyjindependenti-(e.g.,
no difference-or_ratio_scores). -Raw" physical measurements -es well
as somatotypaa_aould be included._ ,
7. should be consulted. He hasAone_consider-
able wont
MEMORANDUM FOR:---THE RECORD
TTS
1. Th
les of
. MKULTRA, -Subproject 134_
thi Pub ro ect is to
t the research
is proposal, including an pstImate a u ge , an
the results o earlier- pilot studies which led to the present proposal
are attached. -
Z. The relevance of this study for the Agency, although ,
frankly exploratory in nature, is in' its potential contribution to clandestine
indirect assess ent, e., without the subject's awareness. Previous
work by Dr. and his associates, as well as others, has de- a
veloped some promising but inexact relationships between body type and
temperam ersonality characteristics). It is from this earlier work _
that Mr. will develop his line of research. The departure from e,
earlier thin ing w ich examines component patterns of physiques in rela-
tion to component patterns of -temperament osal) ap
roductive approach.-- Dr.
has agreed to
on pro so ign an a i ti al analysis:. A by-product o this
research will provide 'Dr additional data which will be useful
in advancing his program (MKULTR A, Subproject 77).
- Fundin and monitoring of this project _will be handled by
in the regular manner.�Accounting for the
unds e-pena e ow procedures previously established by the
Permanent e uipment required for the project will become the
property of the
4. The estimated cost of-this-subproject will be $22,000.00 for
a period of one year. Charges-should be made against Allotnient No.
2125-1390-3902.-
5. MI% is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor,
nor is there_any intent to make him wi
cleared and_witting consultant to the
Distribution:
Original_Only
Attached:
Proposal
APPROVED_V3RTOBLIGATIO1-0E-FUNDS -
Re sea
Date:
ORIENTATIONs
The contention_that_psychological functions vary in
relation to physical structure is as old aS the studY otpsy-
ohcaolgy. There has_been_muoh interest In the relationships
between physique on_the_one hand and temperament, disease, and -
psychosis on_the other. pone studies have beenAione of the re
lationship between_physique and intelligence (Naccarati,
Sheldon). One investigator .(Morris) has aqempted to relate
value-orientation to physique. Very few studies are known to
exist of therelationships between physique and snoh cognitive
functions as peaception and learning.
There-axe-several assnmWons implicit in this 1study.
The basic one_is that_an_individual 1�iag�s in any activity in
such a way that_his_behavior_is affected_to someextent by each
aspect of his total being (as well as .by the nature of the_task,
the tine-space-matrix inwhich_it oceure, and the social leanthgs
which are imputed to it). One's physiqne is a system which can,
for experimental convenience, be conceptualized as a concatena-
tion of several functional or structural sub-systems. Sheldonis
method offers one-way-of conceptually ar4lyzing the hnnan organtsa.
For the purposes-of this studY,it is assnmed that this method
is meaningful in terms of_certain psychological variables. These
variables are affect, eonation, and cognition. Shpldon refers
to the endmorphic component of physique as a measure of its
tendency to seek and value affective oxperiences.___Umilarly,
the mesomorphic component is thought to correlate with the urge
for conative expression and the ectomorphic component is seen
by Sheldon as_the_index of cognitive warm's*. :113% 43 endc-
morphy, mesomorphy, or ectomorphy cannot exist _independently,
neither singly nor in pairs, but only in different proportions
to each other, it also appears that neither affect,. conation, nor
cognition can-everibe observed withont the active presence of
each other,. The psychological act, no matter -how etrikingly.it
may appear to be purely affeetive, conative,!orcognitive, must
always incorporate at least mthtat quanta of the_other_tWo
psychological components. The human robot, the mystic, and the
dreamer approach the asymptotic extremes of absence of affect,
conation, and_cbgnition, respectively.
Different theories Of learning have given differential
emphases to. the roles of man's affective, conative, and cognitive
qnalities. Theories _emphasizing the roles of_reward_and punish-
ment in learning have tended to minimize intrinste meaning in
the content of the learning and to make effort sub-serve emotional
needs. Such_theories_could be considered primarily affective in
their orientation. Pavlovian conditioning is considered a
paradigm of "affective" learning. When An explanation of loam-
ing emphasizes -drill, repetition, or exercise, it tends to reduce
both emotion and meaning to subord&nate and insignificant roles
in their influence on the process. This approach is primarily
coative. It is illustrated by Thorndikels Lay of Ekercise and
authripis emphasis on the necessity for contiviity between
stimulus and action for learning to take place. -- The
gestalt-psychological approach, in its emphases on the perceived
meaning of the material to be learned and on the role of meaning
in the learning process tends to minimize the importance of both
feelings and strivings. It therefore proposes-a-theory of learn-
ing which is primarily cognitive. The gestalt_laws_of organiza-
tion emphasize_tbe_noetic pr9cess instead of feelings and strivings.
This sequence-of assumptions lies at the_basis_of-the
present studys
1. Kant's trichotomous division of-psycholoti al man into
affective, conlittiv9, and cognitive aspects is at least
heuristically useful.
2.Sheldonis somatotypes function differentially so that
endomorphs seek affective experiencto mesomorphs-respond
more effectively to conative opportunities, and
ectomorphs are most sensitive to cognitive patterns.
3. Valid_distinctions can be made between _learning theories
according to the relative Importance they ascribe to
the affective, conative, and tOgnitive_aspects or
9rganismic behavior._ _
Building on these assumptions, it follow that if one
develops a battery of learning tasks which are sufficiently
different from one another as to evoke different levels of
affective, conativel and cognitive behpiorl and if 9ne administers
this battery-of tasks to somatotyped subjects, the subjects shoild
differ significantly in their ability to learn-the different
kinds of tasks according to differences in their somatotypes.
BYPODIESSS COMUNING IsHABNINGs
1.
Conditioning can be viewed_as_the_passive
(non-conattve) learning of an intrinsically meaninglees_lcogni-
tively weak) relationship (e.g., light Precedes air -puff to eye)
in order to attain _a directly physical gratification or avoid
a comparable disccefort. Sheldon says endomorphs tend_to_seek
physical comfort.___This_Le_ono aspect of their tendency to organize
their lives along affecttVely satisfying lives. If he is right,_
then ondomorphs_shculd_learn a pain-reinforced CH,more eaeilY
than either iesomorphs or ectomorphs. For-this-pirpose, eye-blink
conditioning irastited.
2.
Sheldonis description of
the somatotoni itemperament (which for tam is.eesentially synony-
mous with mesovorphy) indicates a pleasure-in-function in a
physical sense regardless of the absence of the possibilities
for deriving either cognitive meanings or affective_gratifica-
tion frokthe-activity. He sees the mesomorph-as_oriented toward
skeleto-muscular action for the sheer pleasnre-of_the act itself.
If sof thep performance on a learning -task which emphasizes drill
of neuro-muscular responses in which neither fine _cognitive die-
criminations'nor affeCtive satisfactions are of moment should
correlate positively with mesomorphy. To test this hypothesis,
a finger-maze was _used._
3. Ectomorphy correlates positively with the_abllity to learn
cognitive patterns and to order experience meaningfully. Sheldon
thinks that as-ectomorphy increases, there is
reliance on cognition as the major mode of coping with life's
problems. Habit-formation is weak and there is less
concern about physical comfort. Knowledge and understanding are
more importan than either power and achievement_(the conative
goals) or_-_security and comfort (the affective goats). If this
is so, then there 51141d be a positive correlation between ec
morphy and_both_sensory discriminations and the learning of
transferable _principles. In order to test this hypothesis, two
kinds of were used, One was a seriesiof-60_"memory-for-
designs". problems given concurrently with the conditioning trials.
The other-vas a modification of Katonals match-stick experiment. ,
It is expected that (a) ectourphy_wIll_gniTellie-WItiveLE
develop:- 1jtLt.4z erinciele
4, Endopenia should correlate positivelY with the ability to
learn nev-senSorimotor patterns which compete with old ones.
The reasoning behind this hypothesis is that while mesomorphy
provides the needed_sensorimotor skill and_ectomorphy provides
the freedom from established patterns of,response endomorphy
could be-expected to work against suceesp on this kind of learn-
ing task becausuno-affectively meaningful goal is available.
The task to_boAlsed for correlation with.endopenia is mirrors-
drawing of_a_star pattern. This task will be scored both for
time and for accuracy. With regar4 to time, it is hypothesized
that sagl
because of freedom from_boundedness to
established patterns of eye-hand coordination. With regard to
accuracy, it is hypothesized that assepenhyallladualiktualh
tmat-szr9s15(line-cressings) Ul_mIrrer.uitAaug because
skeleto-mascular control.
5.
� :4esdoorphs are characterized by aieltion
as practical, conative, and-intentional in:their behavior. If so,
then mesomorphy should militate against the passive learning of
unintentional, apparently useless material. 3oreover, the rola...
tive passivity,of endomorphy and the hyperrattontionality of
ectogorphy-shoild tend to enhance this kind of learning. As
measure of incidental-learning, a 50-item multiple chpice test was
devised from WATS items. The WATS vas givenLto_ell_subjects,,
and the test _of incidental learning followed the WAIS by about
three weeks._
6. Earacutilis9.1.20.-.2siiitivitLILY-it4xe
If ectomorDhp-seek meaning in their cognitive experiences, it
might be thought that ectopones would be the most ready to accept
and work with material whin is designed to-be as devoid of meazp.
ing as possible.Aoreover, if, as Sheldon says, ectomorphs are
relatively weak at memorization, then ectopenes might be better
at a task of rote memory than other somatotypes. Tg test this
hypothesis, four series of nonsense syllables were used. Each
series of eight syllables vas learned according to the serial
anticipation method.
HYP0THESES_COMERNING PEDCEPTUAL FUNCTIMS:
Proficiency on the hbedded-Figures Test (Witkinle
Form) has been shovn-to correlate significantly with field-
independencei which, according to Witkin et al., is more common
hr active people who manifest high self-esteem and considerable
awareness of their_own motives. According to Sheldon, activity
correlates vith_mesomorphy and self-awareness correlates vith
ectoL�Jrphy. Endomorphs, being naturally Jee_active_and more
extraverted affectively, would supposedly be more-field-dependebt.
It is therefore_hypothesized that
tixa zugizeitia11.11=aaa �
� Peeple differ_ in the extent to vhich_they are tubject
to optical illusions. Conceivably, differencesiin_somatotype
might cast some:light on the nature of the perceptual difference.
Ectomorphy:is_thcmght by Sheldon to anhance!attentlonality and
cognitive vigilance. It makes for inhibitims-of�:udgment,and
the,exerciseof care in arriving at decisio is-attitude
should vork:agalnst the effect-Of an optical illusion. _The more
spontanecos-roggensosi_of the ectopent shoulditherefore tewFtc
accept the iltugion. It was_therefore hypothesized that musulje.
ttawatela�
tad&
HYPOTHESES CONCERla KG_THE_RELITIONSKIFS- BRUM -PICISIVE
VIIPERAXEINT:
Sheldonts findings cancerning the relationships between
physique and temperament have been critioimed on the grounds that
the same pertion-(Sheldon) rated his subjeits for_both soiatotype
and temperaments Since the publication of his original study,
there have been_no reports of atteapts to either replicate or
disprove his findings. This present study includes an initial
attempt to devise-an-nobjective" self-rating-scale which obtiates
this important objeCtion to Daeldonts-aethod.- A self-rating
scale of 178 itoms_was_prepared from Sheldents descriptions of
viscerotonial somatotoniap and cerebrotonia. is hypothesized
that the following relations will be foundl-
1.
3.
I..
Pat viW 110-1141r�lanstiPtP01.0, UN' caatotoniclo
BYPOTHESES CONCEBNING-PHY-ECKUB-AND-INTELLIGITCE:
Both Naccarati and Sheldon have donestudies_th4t
demonstrated low_positilie correlAtions between_IQ and linearity
of physique. This finding in itself is of limited interest.
Since the tinfe-Wh-en-these studies were donei-much vork has been
done on the -meaning of sub-test profiles with the hope of develop-
ing profile patterns which correlate with aspects of personality.
With varying_dscrees of systematization, psychologists cling to
the notion that the specific variances of 8.0-test (mores on
such tests asAhe-__WgS_provide information about personality.
Working on this assubtions if significant correlations can be
shown to exist-betVeen_WAIS sub-tests and somatotype components
and between-WATS sub,tests and Wiperament.self-ratings, one
should be able to make $044 deductiOns about the vatue of the
WAIS for the description of personality.
We are_therefore hypothesising that'
1.
igateaStrphr....11410,11.Y.M.J.2.
2.
SAMPLE:
Fifty a4nit male Protestant theological stndents-and
mlnisterswere_used_as snbjects. They were_all_photographe4
and somatotyped by_Sheldpn or his assistants.They copstitnted
a fairly homogeneoug-gronpin that all are college graduates, all
hie had soge-exposnre-to clinical pastoral_traihing as a part-
ot their edncation for the-Min/stria and all are of Northern
European sto4.
We would have preferred tg have chocen_ortr_snbjects on
the basis of somatotype, hit because.this yas-not practical, we
had to workdith_a_sample which was unselected according to this
criterion. In hit "Atlas of-Men", Sheldon: gives the means and
standard.deviations for each component, based on_a sample of _
12,000 subjects, as follows:
21
NMd0morphy
1.10
3.34
Masomorphy
4.11
1.03
Ectomorphy
3.42
1.18
For the 46 subjects frcm whom are -obtained enough tes
date. to include in our statistical analysis) the comparable
figures are;:
C".
Endomorphy 4.00 1.27
Mesomorphy 4i17 3.60
Ectomorphy 3.22 1.19
A cowarison of these tables show' that our range of mesomorphy
ie much narroverithan Sheldon's norms and thatIour_subjects rank
substantially-higher in endolbrphy. The forserish_ortcoming will
--
make it tiifficiat_for tit to 4ccept or reject hypotheses involving
the influence of.mesomorphy unless the relevant correlations
meet rigid tests of statistical significance:
EXPERI MEN TA ED_ T,?6'1" BATTgrat
Each subject was given a number of tests which includedt
1. Somatotyping.
2. "The-Eost6t-Scale for Temperament"va self=rating-scale
based an SheldonlI !Varieties of Temperament".
3.%o trials on the Muller-Lyer Illusion -in a small)
hand-size ve41an. w_ _
WitIsinls-form of Gottedbaldt's eobedded:figares test.
5. A full WATS except for the Vocabalary sub-test. The
PrioatIonal Testing Service experimental version was _
used but was scored in the standard way.
6. Eight runs on a finger-maze, scored for time) number of
blind alleys entered and number of directionalrsversals.
This task was presented in two sessions of tcir trials
each.
7. Foir series_of,_eight nonsense 9yliables each, presented
on_a_memoryArom, scored for_number_of_trials up to
but not including two consecutive correct trials. This
task was presented in two sessions-of two series each.
8. Sixteen airor draitings of a star, scored-forr_both time
and linecrossings. This task was_presnnted_in two
sessions of eight trials each.
9.An-especially prepared version of the_Katona matchrstick
experiment which employed ton trials_onifpur_different _
problep, scored for time and number of successes.
10. A_meatsure-of incidental learning based on the :VATS, scored
for rnaber of correct answers.
U. An-eyeblink conditioning experiment, scored for ampli-
Aude_of responses on a scale of 0 5 from which an
index of_conditioning was derived by_dividing-mean
amplitude of response to test trials by mean amplitude
of response to_acquisition trials. Th9 standard dev19-
tion_of_each subjects response amplitudes to all acquisi-
tion trials was computed as an index of variability of
responsei
12. A "memory-forrdesigns" task was 4evelop94 primarily to
enhanceattentiveness and_cooperation during the per
blink conditioning procedure. It is scored for number
of correct responses.
TREATXENT OUDATA:
1. Preductmoment_correlations are the primary-tools for
the anatysis pf data. The matrix of Ithter.corrsiatiOns will be
used for computing appropriate multiple and partial correlations
1
and for factor analysis.
2. Special_indices_have_been_computed from the_s9matotyPe _
ratings foremlopenia, mesopenias and ectopenia because of their
theoretical significance_in_SheldonIssystem.
3. Similar indices have_been_computed fot_the temperamental
components derived from The Boston Scale for -Temperament". '
4. Difference-scores will be computed betwgent
a. bum of somatotype components less sum-of te perament
� componentSt- E - ST
b. Visceropenial_F"V
c. SOmatopeniat M-S
d. Cerebropeniat X-C
0. Cerebrosies Xp-Cp
f. Viscerosist Ep-Vp
g. Somatorosist
These difference*scores vgre prepared because it_is_anticipated
th4t f9r some cognitive functions, the differences between
physique and temperament may be predictive of functions. The
derivations and meanings of these scores are explained_tn_the
glossary.
Other data were collect9d_on_our_subjects without _specific
hyp9thesis as to ho y they would correlated with_the_meargres
around which the study was planned. They have-been included in
the correlation matrix and the factor analysis:
1. Read_tengths.
2. Head widths.
3. Sheidonts nandrion ratings.
4. Sheldon's "gynic" ratings.
5. Thirteen NMPI scoress Ls Fs Ks .D, Pds Mfs Pas
Pts Sol Has Si.
lams
When N at16, the staMard error or a coefficient or
correlation is �149 if the population correlation is assumed
to be zero. Therefore, coefficients of correlation_vithim this ,
range will_be_considered,t6:be_of_ipsignificant magnitude. The
following table will be used for gauging the approximate level
of significance_of_the_coefficients of correlations
.05;
Levol_ofitignificances
.10
.02,01
005
.292
_.347
.314
.419
Correlation coefficient:
c246
The present meth-bd of analysis does_not_deal_with the
PcssibiiitY that curvilinear relationships-W-exiet between
some of our dimensions. It is aa;ly in_the-use of gcores for time
that we have made an effort to_avoi(LoarvilinearLftinctions. In
those eases such as the time for p_ nco thI the_embedded-
figOres test, the finger-m4ze, the mirrorldrawing, etc., the
total time_taken_by.each_subjddt was converted_to_its_logarithm
for correlational_purposes.
_
With only 46 cases, we felt that it vas futile to IattOpt 11111
to estimate _either graphically or statistically the presence of
curviliDearity in the thclsWe of relationships .included in
this study_c_This study should therefore be evaluated with .he'
Iderstanding that there may be many "false negatives" in our
results.
lit This studr-may east light on the feasibility of replioatlng
Sheldon's correlations betveen physique and temperament.
By
*capering SneldonAs_concepts with a variety of_other psychological
functions, patterns_of_order_vd,interdependence-may arise sp
that differences between Individuals in learning and perceptual
functions may-be_clified._ On_the_other handl.information as
to haw to sharpenSheldon's concepts may grow.out of an applica.
tion of the data in the opposite direction. It may be possible
to devise cognitive tests of temperament which are_difficult to
falsify because_they lac* face validity.
2. This study may help to eTtend.constittitional_psychology
beyond medical-psychiatric purlieus and to plant it_more stabIY
within the realm of_psychology proper. Constitutional psychology
may offer some-promise for defining the range; of weal psy-
chelogical functions. lIt could cenceivably contribute to a
plUralistic psychology of-individual differences.
3. If this study succeed$ in elucidating some_of_the inter.
relationships between�structure, cognition, ti personality, it
vill provide.exporimental suppgrt for the doctripe of holgsm and
may also provide a naw conteptaal approach for-further studies.
If it can be demonstrated that significan_ortions _of the
variances of .a variety _of mchological functions can be accounted
for in terms of strnctgral differences, a more stable basis for
psychological system4tuilding_may be aehieveC To this extent,
the protiem of explanation would bie shUnte4-te-ths biological,
and presumably more controllable level of exiitence.
RESULTS;
L. The experiment clearly rejects the hypothesis thatendoorphy
correlates-vith_eye-blink conditioning (see -Figure 1), _Instead,
it shows that:bye...blink conditioning correlates_at_better-than
the .05 level_with_ectomorphy,_ and negatively vith_both_ondo-
morphy and mesomorphy. The reason for the;failure of the experi-
ment to support the hypothesis may be bscause-we-did not distinguith
between theLadiant-ancl_abient tendeneies ascribe-Lto_endomorphy
and ectomorphy. In chosing a conditioning!experiment_which
measured ablent behavior (blinking in order-to_avoid.an_uncomfort-
able puff!of:air)___aa_the index of conditioning, we have apparently
created a,sitliatien_in:which the-ectomorphls_t9ndeney to with-
drsw41 wasevo144.-- 0, the otner hand, the;resTits .3uggest two
things;
a. Sheidon's claim ttlat eCtomorphs telerata, even seek
uncomfortable situations, crampedipostures, and the
like_seems dubious.
b. TheAuestion arises as to whetherAndomorphs-might
condition more_readily than_ectomorehs_when-theCS
is-a pleasure-eve?ing one insteadlot_l_discomforting one,
In any event,- the results indicate clearly:that ease of
blthl!. conditioning correlatessignificantly-(+.34) with aleldonts
measure of_ectomorphy and-with self-ratirigt-for the temperamental
trait of derebrotonia (f.33). This-is further supported_by an r
of +.25 with the_social_introversion scalejof_the_ARPI,_which
correlates-+.50 with eerebrotenia. Cther correlations Of_eye-
blink conditioiing 'which attain the .05 leieler-better are;
a. -.Al with-age
b. +.31 with cephalic index
c. -.29 with visceropenia (the difference between endomorphy_
and viseerotonia)
A. +.40 with the .14f scale a the 14101
In summary, the particulr-kind of CR evoked_by this stxperimsntal
setup is associated7vith ectomorphy, introversion, yoilth, rodnd-
headodness, It #.0311101.4 SCOT* ea the Kiln, and-a-tendency toward
asceticism,
2. According to this seete,d-hypothesis, INS omorphy was-expected
to correlate with performance on the fing.or maze. 1W-of the
three moastires of perfor-mance- (timo and number of blind alleys -t
entered) were-uncorrelited witb mesomorphy; but the_third, matter
o dirsetion reversgo1.was find to deoreaso significantly as
the nesosorAy of mg subjects increased (r -.34)-(sae Firdre 2).
A partial r ruling ant the-effect of FSIQ brings this up to +,38,
nearly significant at-the .01 level. Horemver, correlations
with endomorpby and-ectomorphy were nil (.+.11_and +.081 respectively),
In-lYerforming a fingev-maze task, freedom from direction
reversals correlates positively with masomorphy. It also cor-
relates positively with two WATS sub.;testsi Arithmetio.(+.33)
and Object Assembly (+434). It correlates +.44 with fll scale
IQ and +.3? with performance on the ettbe4ded-fignres test. It
also correlates positively with two measnres of learning;
a. freedom tram line-crossings on mirror drawings iii+7
b, profieiency at incidental leCmings +.35
Significant correlation are faand with fetTir of the Mot i0�J31
a. Kr 2
b. Has
0, pa. .4
de
One -suggestive finding is that as the score forT
viscerosis (the difference boteeen endopenia and7visceroPshka)
grows, the _frequency of direction-reversals increases. The
correlation is +.30, which is significant at the .O level. This
is one of the several tnlications from thisexperiment,that to
-
some extent greater than chance, there are: cognitive function
which depend_in_part on the relationship between one's physique
and one's temperament. Findings of this sort appear to to
especially =relevant for the development of a useful -holistic
psychology.
'Ctr-present_scores for combinations_of_dimensions (such
as vigcerogis)_surfer from 4 weakness vhicb_will be corrected
for subsequent analyses of the data. Because they are either
ratios or differences of ratios, they tend to exaggerate difra
ferences on oneside-ot their mid-points and to minimize dif-
ferences on the other side. This flaw has boon corrected for
a re-analysis.
3.. No hypotheses were made concerning the kinds of tasks which
woad correlate-with ettomorphy. In neither casef Memory-for--
Nsigns and Katona !latch-Stick Problems, were the hypotheses
supported.
Memorplor-Degigns correlated-0.22 with ectomorphy and
444. with-endomorphy. The fact that data.frocconlY 37 cases
were available suggests that with more data, multiple correla.
tions for X7D between endomorphy and ectomorphy might well veach
a_satisfaetory level of statistical signifieanee (see Figure 3).
But of more immediate interest is the -.,39 correlation of endo-
ponies this is significant at the .011evel and strongly srUigests
that performanee-on this task does vary with phys n a
manner not anticipated by our theory.
XrD performlnce also correlates positively with rote
memory for nonsense-sYllables (+.41) and with all_three_finge
maze scores (BA: +.40, DR! +.231 Time: +.47).
It was hypothesiied thAt proficiency.in_the Katona Matht� iek Problem _would, correlate with ectomorphY. The experimental
results clearly refnte-the hypothesis both ttLxgar1toIispeed
and accuracy of performance. Althongh none oLthe_threestMTTI� components_of_physive correlated significantly with either
performance scoreonitbis_task, mesomorphy holds a clear edge
both 'for speed_and_aoonracy (+.23 and +.2�.i aleldohis "arldictl
score, a messur9-of masculinity of physique (the details of which
have not been.pwblished yet), correlates +.2e ar4 +.29 with
speed and aconracyirespectively. The latter MVPs is signif
cant at the 505 level.
A stndy of the statistically siolificant_correlations
between this-task and the other dimensions inglnde ih this
stady evokes-some7elteeMate hypotheses. Because_success-at the
match-stick problems correlates with mesomorphic aniric
(+.29), and somatotenie(+.33) traits, it seems reasonable to
hypothesize that this kind of learning is a specialty-of aggres-
sively masenline_men. But_this interpretatioo is complicated _
by the 6bservation that the endomorph who snppresses his
secnrity-seeking viscerotonio needs in fuvor of_a_more ascetic
orientation seeme-to_do_well on the match-etick problems
Conversely, it is the endopene who describes himself as_the_self-
ineinlgent viscerotonic who does most poorly with this task (....50).
fore again is evidence to suggest that Sheldon's physical and
tempgramental conceptIrallza.tions may serve a [pore dynamic role
in supporting the substructure of cognitive functions than
Sheldon himself -imagined. Our very failure to replicate eldonts
high correlations -between physique and temperament _may be the
clue to even more interesting relationships.
31ccess-on-this task correlates positively -with Verbal IQ
(+133), ?fl-scale IQ (+433)1 Dionysian temperament (+.33), and
the sum of andric_-_and un!.c scores (*.31). Tt_correlates
negatively with the Christian temperament (-131)) the ratio
of viscerotonia to somatotonia (-.35), and the K-seale of the
XVI
Quick_ performance on the -match-stick problems correlates
POitiv01y with WAIS Similarities (t.31), Verbal IQ -(+.30), _
Poll-scale IQ (t.34). It correlates negatively with the index
for viscerosis (- 42).
4. Rote learning or nonsense syllables i the only cognitive task
which did not sh,sy any correlations of note with_aleldon's coal-
ponents of pli,ysictue. Nor, for that matters did it correlate
with self-ratings of tempersAent. Through chancelthere happens
to be a smidgeon-of igiformation which prevents this skirmish
from being a total _defeat for constitutional psychology. Pro-
ficiency at the learning of nonsense syllables does correlate:,
negatively at better than the .05 level with a secondary measure
of physiques Sheldonss recently developed 'Wale, or feminoid
score. There are also three positive correttions to be gleaned
from the intercorrelation matrix'
a. Speed on the finger maze: 4,30
b.-- N6Mory-for-Design3t ' +.41
c. The Pd scale of the MMP/:. +_.33
Our original hypothesis that rote ,learning would correlate with _
ectopenia plAst be_rejected. Because there is no:signifioilnt_
difference between the performances of ectomorphs _and ectopenes
on this task, Sheldonts_stAtepat that ectomorphsiaro poor at
rote laarningAs_cast into doubt. _
This task Is correlation with Memory-for4Designs_was
+.41, This is not surprising in that both tisksAnvolve_rote
learning of material_which i_a_presented v1sjia1ly and rehearsed -
verbally.
An observation_4boul,the performance of oorlsubjects
on this task mat-subsequently prove to be ofinterest within
the larger picture. Proficiency on this task seems to decrease
with age. The:fact_thatLour_correlation wits on1y.27Thence_
not significant at the .05 level, may be due to our relatively
narrow age range,from 22 to 39. The mean age is 2e.2 and the
standard deviation_is 5.4.- This is obviously skewed-toward the
side ef_yonth.T-.Hadwensed_more_older_sebjeets, or had our
distribution of ages been more nearly Gaussian,-the evidence
for a negative effect of age on rote learning ability might
have been rabstantiated statistically.
52 In the ease -of Mirror Drawing, both hypotheses -receive
qualified support from the data, ?.ctomorphy correlates +.25
with speed of performance _(see Figure 6) while_ectopenia
correlates 26 with that dimension. However, the differences
21
in the correlation of speed along the ectomorphy�ectopenia
dimension and along the endomorphy-endovInia dimension are so
slight that the question as to which of these tvo dimensions
is the better predictor of speed of mirror-drawing is left open.
Moreover, the fact that the three indices of physique Which are
positively correlated with speed all suppress endomorphy,_and
the three which are_negatively correlated with .speed.incinde
endomorphy tend to indicate that a more intensive study with
a wider range of_somatotypes and more subjects might indicate
thkt the endomorphy-endopenia dimension is the best_somatotype
indicator of speed or,mirror-drawing.
A similar situation obtains with regard_to the_acortracY
score for mirrozwdraving (see Figure 7). Our hypothesis that
accnracy shoild correlate with mesomorphy is supported (+.36).
It is enhancedby the fact th,st mesopenia shows-the highest
negative correlation with accuracy (--.26). (These findings are
espesially interesting in view of.the narrow range of mesomorphy
in onT samPlei It-does not seem nnreasonable to _expect that
from a sagple.vhich_represents an average distribution of meso-
morphy slbstantially larger correlations milat be obtaine4).
pnt again, Wilt we compare those indices-of physique
which correlate_positively with accuracy with those utich cor-
relate negatively, we find-that with more data, it might have
been demonetrated that the ectomorphy-gotopstia dimension is a
better predictor of mirrot-draving accuracy than-_the gesomorPhY-
mesopenia dimension. In either event, the present-study-indicates
clearlythat performance on mirror-drawing, both in terms of speed
and accuracy, correlates significantly with somatotypei
If one were to_follow_Sbeldonts thinking, one might
expect that if_a sccre_on_a cognitive task correlates_with a
component of physigne, it could be expected to correlate in
the same direction_vith_the_corrosponding aspect otteperaaent.
It has already been shodn that this is pot rmcesaarily the
case. The scale_for_mirrorTdrawing_accuraey is a striking in
stanza of a negation of the_above snpposition. AccitracY_cor-
relates positively with mesemorphy trit negatively with somato, _
tonia, its temperamental connterpprt. (In this stndy mesomorft
and somatotonia_were_essentially nricorrelated_r+.(4)). In
fact, accnracy correlataS-4-.47 with the_differencp between
mesomorphy,and_somatotonlai__This finding seems grate plansible
when trnslated into_ordinary langnages As'a-personis physical
potential for-assertive, aggressive action increases and as
his self-rating for his behavior_becomes m9re passive pnd com-
pliant, then-his_tendency to perform carefnilY and accnrateLY
on an nnfamiliar_and_rather_tricky learningitask will_increase.
We feel that this_statistically nnimpeachable.finding is
one of thp most provocative resnits_of the present stndy. Like
the various stndies_of_the_relationships between perception_and
personality done tn_the past twenty Years, it provides a clne
as to_hov_to-maP the nexns of_inter-relationships between the
varions tnnotions of_the organism. But it goes one step farther
than .previous stndies tn that it_correlates a stable physical.
measnre with both a cognitive and a personality_measnre. In so
doing, it points to how we neY beOadon the base of-Wchological
theory - and possibly stabilivs_this base by rooting it in a
biological fonndation.
The time dimension on mirrorviraving did net
or relate
at the 05 level with any other measure 41 this study. Eowever
the acceracy dimension attained significant levels of correla-
tion withgeveral other dimensions. Those not mentioned in
_
the previons discussion are:
a. The-avoidanee_of-blind alleys on the finger maze (4.30.
B. The avoidance of direction reversals on_the
finger maze (+.47).
c. The greater the difference between the sem of the somato-
type-components and the sum of the tee00c**4nt self..
ratings, the fewer the line-crossings-_(4.15).
d. The greater the difference between endomorphy and
viscerotonia, the-fewer the line-crossings (4..31).
e. The greater the difference between ectopenia_and cerebro-
penie, the fewer the line-crossings (+.34).
t. The greater the difference between mesopenia and somata..
penis' the more frequent the line-crossings (-.35).
(This_is_little more than a re-statement of the relation-
ship between acceracy and the difference between meso-
m9rphy and somatotonia).
6. We mnst reject the hypothesis that profloiency at incidental
learning correletes_with mesopenia (see Figure 8). The correla-
tion is only *Al but it is the highest positive correlation
between a-somatotype rating and this learning task. Moreover,
incidental learning correlates -.23 with mesomorphy. - The
multiple correlation is +0281 still too�low to satisfy the 5%
standard of significance. A more careful study or this relation-
ship may yet either support the original hypothesis or strongly
Indicate an alternative bnt related one, viz.i that incidental
learning correlates_negatively with mesomorphy. The present
test of the hypothesis is limited by.,the constricted range 9f
masomorphy in-omr sample, the difficulties entalled_in_proomring
scores for incidental learning under standardized conditions,
and the deficiency of cur present scale of mesopenia. _ This last
weakness is the e4siest to improve. This will be done for the_
final report of onr_findings.
The only significant correlations of-incidental learning
were with finger-we speed-( +.46)� freedom from-direction
reversals on'the finger-maze (+.35), and the MIX scale' of the
7. The hypothesis that the_embedded-figures test would correlate
with endopenia is not onl decisively rejeoted_bnt_reversed_by
our data. Ell_oorrelates_negatively with endopenia (-133) and
positively with endomorphy (+03) (see ligurel9). A similar
bnt weaker relationship is fbund between UT and-selfratings
for temperament. E7T correlates_to_a_significant degree with
head size (+.134), three WAIS sub-tests (Di +.341 PC: +.41;
BD; +.29), a11 three finger-maze scores 113A; +1,331 DB: +.371
Times +.37)1.781Q (1.36), .4nd the Pa scale of.the_NNPI S-.34).
Performance on this particular perceptual task is obvionsly
strongly releteci_to_physical, cognitive, tnd personality mearnres.
Despite the unquestionalae failnre of our hypothesie, tl3e data
indicate that this measure shonld be an especially risen; tool
for fgrther study of the inter-relationships _between strnotnre
and fnuction
Since the york_ofWitkin et al., it� has been known that
men consistently oat-perform women on this task. No sagefac&orY
explemation-of this difference has yet been proposed. CMr �ride
mearnre of head size. (length pins width) corselates at better
than the 405 level with proficiency at this-task.__We_also know
that men's heads hare abont 7% more cranial capacity than
women's. It may therefore be hypothesized that either head size
or some other physical attribnte closelyerelated_to it_loranial
capacity, inter-pnpillary dittance, etc.) may acconnt for tench
of the sex_variance-on-this task.
8. Althongh the data_do_not nneenivocglly ampport_oer hypothesis
that resistance to the Mnller-Lyer Iilnsion correlates with
ectomorphYi-they.do indicate a significant relationship between
somatotype-and snsceptillity to the illnsion (gee Fiore 10).
The dimension_of_physigne which best predicts onr enbjects,
responses to_this_test_is_endomorphp-endopenia. it there is
so little difference _between the correlations between these
poles (-.22 and 4.37) tnd those fcmnd betwe9n-ectolorphy and-
ectopgnia (.1.25 and -.2) that it behooves ns_to_enspend jndg-
vent until a more care is done using more-snbjects and
S. better apparatns In the meanwhile, it.is_of interest to note
that the dimension of temperament self-ratings which best prew
diets response to this_tagk is_cerebrotonia-cerebropenia (4-.41
and -.28), the analogne of ectomorphyeectopenia. In this
case, the -difference is significant at better.than the .01 lev0)1�
Foroarrnbjects, resistance to the-Nhller-Lyer_IlInSion _
correlates negatively with age (-01), negatively with the ratio
of viscerotonia-to cerebroton14-(-.31) and with two MMPI scalee
(Lt -.381 Ks.32). It correlates positively with two other
1,01PI scales (it_.36; Sit +.38) and with erldopertia (+,37).
HYPOTHESES CONOMNING-PHYSIVE AND rai2ERAVENTi
Md932LOY.
3122=g4K-
gai2R2124
Viscerotonia
+.56
-.38
.39
Somatotonia
+.05
+.04
Cerebrotorda
-.33
+�04
t. 2e
Our first hypothesis is supported by the data; endomorphy cor-
relates with_self,ratinge from viscerotonia at far bettor than
the .01 level -and It correlates negatively with_the other two
soaatotype components at the .01 level.
the:case:or:the second hypothesis,- oar -data indicate
no correlations at alli We think that this negative result is
not due to the:14ck of relationship betweon mesvmorphy and somato-
tonia, bnt rather_to_three possible tutors:
1. The narrowirange_of mesoaorVNt in otrAmmple.
2 The crudity of �lir preliminary attempts to develop a
scale :for somatetonia.
3. The special nature of our sample which, being composed
entirely of ministers and theological 4ndents, may be
expected_to_have more conflict and confusion concerning
the aggressive aspect of temperament than concerning the
other two aspects.
The data also reject th@ hypothesized relationships
between cerebrotonia and physique. Cerebrotonials correlation
with eotomorphy-falls just below the .05 level of significance.
But its correlation with mosomorphy is nilAnd with endomorphy
is significantly negative.
In Summary, out of nineinter.correlationt Seven 'fit'
our hypothesensi-ene-clearly ojeets it (WesoAcrphysomatotOnia),
and one is equivecal-(eetomorphy-cerebroton10.-7Dot:this last
item does ettaip_a significant level. when the effect of height.
iq partiallect_omt-of ectomorphy. This raises the r to +.33 -and
sugdests that Sheldon's present method for ratire: eetomorphy
may tend to alienate it .from celebrotonla by beinc too closely
tied to the aspect of height. (The correlation -between ecto-
morphy and height is /.77).
In view of the shortcoslinos_of our sunple and the
acknlowledged deficiencies of our preliminary instrumen.t_for__
measuring temperaont� sie believe thlt the,,present mialts are
good !plough to justify a more tfitensive_study with a refined
instrame4 on_a_moreirepresentative population. _
Subjects who rate themselves as high in viscerotonia
tend to be scoredihigh by Seidon on the gynic scale (i.37).
They do relatizely poorly at C (e.29) and DS (".30) on the WATS.
On the AMp.I, they score high on :43 (t-.34) and low on is (-.30),
Subjects-who rate themselves as high in_aom4otopia
make more erreraonithe mirror-drawing test;(+.30)-bUt score
more succ93sea_on the match-stick problems (+432).
Subjects-yhe rate thems0Ves at high in cereb*tonia _
tend to be: the younger-ones-(T.61). They resist the Ahller-Lyer
Illusion (+.41). They do well on the PA sub-.test Of th9 WATS
(*.36). They condition readily to the eye-blink procedure (/.33).
On the IMPI1 corebrotonia correlates positively with the D
(+AO and the _Si (4-.50) scales, but negatively with7the_K_(.! 4), _
He (-.38), and-Ny (-.41) scales.
2
HYPOTHESES COECEIJUNG-PHYSIQUE girt INTEr,LIGENC
The WATS Pull-Scale Ig_correlates with endomorphy
0.0 with mesomorphy, and +.2:: with ectomorph/. Althouzh these
results do not_attthth�wthtal standard fc.r ztatistieal
significance, they groe with the previously reperted findings
of both raccarati and Sheldon. It miLl-.1t_thereforeseem reason-
able to cencludeAhat_when intelligence is considered 10allY.
a small but stablo-correMion obtains between-it and an index
of the linearity andforksthenia andior thin-ness of physique,
But &heldonis present_method_of rating this aspect of physic/lie,
which he callsiectomorphys correlates with FAQ essentialLy
because of its common variance witriheight it.77), which, in
itself, correlates +.31 with FSIQ,
The partial r_botween ectomorphy and-IQ with
height=held-constant .
TheIptizbetwen height and IQ with
ectomorphy held constAnt se220.
Therefore height, the simpler measure, accounts more_parsimoni-
ously for the7inerement in IQ which-is associated with ectomorphy
in our da.ta.
ill-se-ale IQ correlat9s at the .205 level or better with
performance on only three of our perceptual 4nd learning tasks.
These ares
1. EFT.f36:_ IlIlLILlIL_IL I:: LIII
2. Finger-maze blind-alloy avoidance: +.33
3, einger-maze direction-reversal aVoldancel +.44
4. iinar-maze speed: i.43
5. Match-stick speeds +.34
6,, MatCh,..3tiCti 311CCO331 +.33
HYpOTHESES CONCERNING THE BELATIONWIPS BETWEEN WAIS SUB-TEsT
SCORES AND PHYSIQUE AND BETWEEN WAIS SUB-TEST SCORES AND_TWERAMENT
At the time of thiswritin*, the available scales for
endopenias mesePenial ectopenia and their temperamental-counter-
parts are weakened_by a rational limitation whioh_prevents them
from being used_in a definitive way in order to_do a_thorough
check for relationAhips between sub-test scores and both:physique
and temperament. Therefore, final statements :concerning this
part of the study will have to wait until the revised scales
for certain physical and temperamental aspects have_been_cor- -
related vith the WAIS data.
However_it_seems plansible to expect that vhen the new
correlations.are-availables they vill probably be at]�II
as
high as the present_ones_and_in the same_directions. So the
following initial_findings from the presentlY;availtble correla-
tion matrix are offered_tentattfelyi
1. Components of phYsique have correlated.signiflcantly with
three WAIS enb,tests at the .05 level or betters -
Partial r with
4, PA orrelates +.32 with ectoworphynit
b. BD correlates +.29 with mesopenia +.20
c. 06 correlates +.33 with ectomorphy.
+.12
AS in-the cafe of the correlation between FSIQ and
ectomorphys the influence of heights because of_its participation
in the score for ectomorphys sess to be-the main physical
correlate of.bigh DIS scores. The partial r for:DS and ectomorphy
with height rnied ont +.12. To a lessor_degreei- this is also
the case in regard to PA and BD. A partial r;for BD and_mesopehia
with height ruled out is only +.20. A partial r for PA and
ectomorph' vIth-hoight ruled out is only +.19.
2. Foir_sitb-tests correlate at he .05 lovel_or better with
components of temperament:
Partial. with
helcht�D211.1.-cuI
a. e_correlates 4.37 with vieceropenla
b. D correlates -.30 with visceropenia
c DS correlates -.30 with viscerotonia -.22
d. .PA-correlates *.36 with corebrotonia +.36
-
The_compntation of pgrtial Os in order_to rnle out the
inflnence of height only rodnced the correlation between DS and
crebrotonla below the .05 level of significance.
At tga_point in the analysis of the d, PA le the
only wArs sub-test4hich manifests both a significant correlation
with a dimension of physique and a significant correlation
with the corresponding dimension of temperament. __There are
several other sub-tests which approach these criteria with our
presently available scores and whieh_may meet them with the new
scores. And again, theproblem of a roftricted_range_of somato-
type ratings in onr popnlation may acconnt for the pancity of
significant Os in this area.
Mical:4=1
The presently available results of this pilot project
should be evaluated within the context of these_limitations and
cautions;
1. Several of the lumped dimensions which we have-used-for
this analysis contain a weakness inherentiin their character
as ratios. This has been mentioned earlier in this report.
These ratios willibe replaced by difference-scores whiet.
more nearly-approximate_linear functions,- and-which should
give more-accurate_pictures of the interrelationships_
between the_concepts wtlich these scores:represent-and cur
other dimen�ions.
2. The small number of subjects makes it impracticil tocheck
for curvilinearity of relationships.
The incomplete and detewhat unrepresentative_range of
somatotype-scores-in onr sample yaggests that with a mob?
normal range or physiques, the obtainedrrelationships could
be quite diffgrent.
4. The homogeneous character of oar gample.represents both a
strength and aweakness_of_the study. The latter is the
qnegtion-of the applicability of the indings to the general
poptlatIon,
5. One result of this homogeneity of sample.is the generally
high verbalitelligence scores of our subjects. Because
subjects fregnently approached or "hit the ceiling" of these
sub-tats, numerous correlations which did not meet the
standard-tests of significance might conceivably have done
so if the ceilings of the sub-tests had been higher. A
00sequent analysts will check for this possibility by
using the full ranges of the ETS modification_of the WA S.
6. Although Sheldon's scores have been standardized to a high
degree of reliability, it,is possible that with modifica-
tions in _weightings of source data from which the somato-
type scores are computed, phygical indices -which are
psychologically more meaningful may be derived. (An illus-
tration of this possibility is the case of ectomorphy which
correlates better with ceribrotopia after its high relation-
ship with height is partiall0 ant). For _this purpose,
both ponderal indices and -trunk indices which, along with
height,_are_the main source data for somatotype ratings,
will be _included in the next analysis.
7. It maY well, be possible to find learning and perceptual
tasks-which_are more purely representativefof-affective,
conativio, or cognitive propensities than the ones used in
this stftly. NonsUse-syllable learning Is the most strik-
ing failure in this respect.
Much can be done to improve the first experimental version
of the Boston Scale for Temperament. The results of an
independent attempt to devise a self-rating scale will soon
be available for this purpose.
With=these limitations in mind, a rovigw of the fate of
our hypotheses concerning learning and physique shows that two
of them, the relationship of performance to meso-
morphy and the relationship of mirror-drawing errors to.
stesomorphy, are acceptable. Only on hypothesis the relatio*.
ship between ectopenia and tne learning of nonsense_syllables,
is rejected without any possible alternative explanations. Two
hypotheses are rejected, bit in each case, anon-hypothesized
relation&Iip was established_to a_statistically significant
degree:
1. Eye-blink cenditioning did not correlate:with endomorphy_
it did correlate with edtomorphy.
2. MOmory-for-Designs did not correlate with ectomorphy
bit did_correlateiith endopenia._
One learnt . task showed a low but suggestive correla-
tion consonant_xith_the_hypothesis. This is the relationship
between mirrordrawing time and ectomorphY. L
Two other hypotheses are rejected, bit alternatives
which dovnot_achieve_significant levels of ciorrelation are
:suggested by the data:
I. Matchstick_test_performance does not correlate with
ectomorphy-but does correlate suggestively with meso-
morphy.
2. Ipcidental learning does htt correlate with mesopenia
bit does_correlate_negatively with mesomorphy-to a
sUggest/ve degrees
In the case of our perceptual tasks, the Embedded-Figures- -
Test correlated positively with endomorphy instead of negatively.
This significant correlation flew in the face of the hypothesized
relationship.
Susceptibility to the Ahller-Lizer Illusion correlated_
with its hypothesized aspect of 1hya1qne, but not to a significant
degree. Instead, it correlated significantly with endopenia
a related measure
Of thenine_hypotheses concerning the:relationships
between physique and-temperamentl_three predicted_pesitive
correlations and six predicted either no correlations 9r nega!!____
tive ones! Of the first three, one vas supported unequivocally, -
one was lust as clearly rejected,- while a third-had-to be re-
_
jgoted because-the correlation closely approachedAmt_did:not
qUite attain level of A1114ix of the
hypotheses at nil, or negstite relationships were accepted.
Our 'various hypotheses concerning the relationships
between intelligence, physiquel_and temperament were reviewed
tentatively. Many suggestive but statistically insignificant
relationships were found. Three WAI� sub-tests (PA,_BD, An4-Ds)
correlated significantly with physique. Four WAIS sub-tests
correlated significantly with temperament (C, DI PA, DS). Only
FA correlated significantly with both a component of physique _
and its corresponding'component of-temperament. The law.positive
correlation between IQ and linearity (ectomorphy) previously
found by both Naccar4ti and gheldon was replicated.
A more thorough discussion of the results of this study
should await refined statistical analysis. In the meanwhile, it
seems apparent that there are significant relationships between -
physique and psychological functions at several different levels
and that the_present_method of investigating these relation-
ships is worthy of further exploitation.
.11415.131Z
Several 'lumped-parameters were devised-from the scores
for somatotype and for-_telperament for the purpose of correlating
them with the_scores-mour cognitive and Personality meaTares.
Their meanings-within_aleldonts sy- em and the
were devised are-listed bdiow:
1. Endopenia_lime;0120011Y7J ec,,Qm9VQW__is the-measure-of the
endomorpny
distance at which .i-subject stands from the7endeMeTPhie _-
extreme# The�tendency toward lean, raw-bonod-mnscularity.
2. Aesopenia ( ') is. thelmoasure of the
mes-omerp.
distance at which a person stands from thei-mes_morpbio_extreme,___
The tendency-toward weakness and softhesof=physlopte.-_--
3. Ectopenia (1114
ec_ omorp v�) is the_measure-of the
distanceatiwhieh_a_person-stands from theectemorptic,,
extreme. . The_tendency toward stocky, wellpidded'mnsculatitY.
Dionystinisa t1W.P.-Dat=0J-ISQUidatisiga) is _the. measure of -
-Cerebretonia
the distance at which a person rates himself fro the cereo__
brotonic'extreme.The impulsive, expressive -ontrgeing
temperament.
is-the measure of
5. PrometheanisaJ
V scero on a
the distance-at which a person rates himself from the
viscerotonic extreme. The bold, adventuresome, hardy
temperament,_
6. Christianism ( is the measure of
soma o on A
the distance at which a person rates himself from the
scaatotonic extreme. The_Passive, sensitivei self-denying
temperament.
7, Viscoropenia_(endostorphy less viscerotonta) is the measure
or how greatly a subject's score for endomorphy exceeds his
self-rating in viscero,tonia.. Asceticism and the denial of
needs forLphysical security.
Somatopenta (megomorphy less somatotonia) is the measure
tow greatly a subject's score for mesomorphy exceedsihiS--- - -
self-rating in somatotonia. Passtvity and_the_denial of
assertive propensities.
9. Cerebropenial(egtomorphy less cerobrotonia) is the measure of _
how greatly a subject's score for ectomorphy exceeds his
self-rating in cerebrotonia. Forced involvement and the
denial of introversive needs.
10. Viscerosis(end9penia_less_Prometheanism) is the measure of
-
hew greatly a subject's self-ratings for.Promotheanism are
exceeded by endoponta. Sybaritic grasptng for pleasure
and excitement.
U. Somatorosis(me�openia less Christianism) is the measure of
how greatly a subject's self-ratings foriChristianism are
exceeded by his me^openia. Exaggerated aggressiveness and
tension to dominate.
12. Corebrosislectopenia less Dionysianism).is the _measure of
how greatly a subject's self-ratings for.Dionysianism are
exceeded by his ectopenia. Withdrawal into the_calm of
one's inner life.